GENERAL REFERENCE MANUAL
Contents
1. 18 42 p w 66 p p ER 35 As ene mp pe res Teo e L ENKTSEUGETSZEIHETTENENENE 22 D 1 46 D 70 F 94 223 A 157 71 79 5 Ep per pres el Ties B Lower case letters are entered with the corresponding upper case letters and CONSTANTS ON CARD KEYS TO CONSTANTS ON CARD KEYS TO TOUCH TT Variable 444 7175495 SP al E REP Rey rR e CO OC OC OC CO N Oy Bl Wy S N Oy WY GW N e Hh El Q Q D O T b C 2 a meer ER LLL 56 Least Square s Fit to a Parabolic Function PROGRAM INSTUCTIONS SIDE NO B aege axlo s e 7 2 amp z5 p8 s Je s Ax 27 Fx jS3 AY 75 e i 9 2 ps v S 76 s c w 29 o ss p7x v i Pe ex 30 em M Ex 5 l3 7 E 32 Av 55 A 7 s gs z pe g se h s few s Tew or SIME Eg 55 6 E 60 Teg so ae E Lx pepe ey Cz 71 7 95 ET ays feel m Dg si N Pappe D 83 pe D x 85 Age 96 sates ery pEx ss est A 78 c foo H sp s Fjo A aE 1 HES eee H H e Ol Ol OGO aG Oly BY GW NM fF N Ory Bl o MTF Lower case letters are entered with the corresponding upper case letters and e g CONSTANTS ON CARD KEYS TO CONSTANTS ON CARD KEYS TO TOUCH TOUCH 57 Least Square s Fit to a Parabolic Function y2. PROGRAMMA 101 GENERAL REFERENCE MANUAL a Programma 101 general reference manual Preface Programma 101 is a completely self contained desk top machine capable of operating in manual mode as a high speed electronic printing calculator in program mode as an automatic computer with the ability to follow stored instructions or in a combination of the two modes This manual discusses the operation and capabilities of Programma 101 in all of its modes It is divided into a description of the computer an explanation of its program language and a brief presentation of the procedures and techniques for its programming and use Contents Computer Components Memory Keyboard Decimal Wheel Split Register General Operations Start S Clear Print ei i Vertical Spacing Data Transfer Operations TO Ay From M Exchange D R Exchange Decimal Part To M Arithmetic Operations Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Square Root Absolute Value Jump Operations Unconditional Jumps Conditional Jumps Constants ba doris Constants in Registers Constants as Instructions Computer Utilization To Record a Program Read Record D and E To Print a Program ro Use a Program g Automatic Internal Checks Manual Mode Computer Exercise Changing The Ribbon Insertion of Paper Roll Programming Techiques Rounding Techniques Instruction Data Storage le P T C amp ounters work ed acki
3. Side C is independent of Sides A and B Computer prints a A b a ib Return to Step 16 for plotting a new curve with Log a and b known Return to Step 1 for fitting a new curve 2 Mou RO Elak 9451141431 be Elak 7 25107858 e l 0 96701158 RO 2lyXlnY 0 05161417 CO Ly 0 76280178 DO INSERT 108 R RS Loga 67910338 do b 0 89791439 E9 Tusx uey 0 95610925 Ao Lewy DEPRESS RESET AND ee SIDE C 9467919338 89791439 a 4477642946 A0 gs 5 70573930 bo 60 Index A Register 7 18 20 Absolute Value 29 Accumulator 7 Addition 24 Addresses Register 13 Arithmetic Keys 14 Arithmetic Operations 23 29 Arithmetic Unit 6 Automatic Internal Checks 16 38 B Register 7 9 b Register 7 9 Branching 30 C Register 7 9 c Register 7 9 Capacity memory 7 register 7 printing 7 Card Magnetic Program 9 11 36 38 Card Reader Recorder 6 Chaining Program Cards 53 Clear Entry Key 13 36 Clear Key 14 Clear Operation 17 Combination Mode 39 Conditional Jumps 32 Constants entry 34 generation of 35 49 in a program 35 storage of in registers 34 Control Unit 6 Correct Performance Light 11 Counters 50 D Register 7 9 21 37 d Register 7 9 21 37 D R Exchange 21 53 Decimal handling 15 point key 13 wheel 11 15 Decimal Part to M 22 47 51 Division 27 olivetti canada Limited 1390 Don Mills Road Don Mill
4. A 54 SIDE C Least Square s Fit to a Parabolic Function y ax sots s nucncws TEE C j4is zis 2io 3 atet2 5 67 INTERCEPTS FOR PLOTTING THE FUNCTION ON LOG LOG PAPER INPUT Log a from any curve desired a B if k 10 then E Log 10 2 3025 850930 k e then E 1 OUTPUT Intercept with X 1 a Intercept with Y 1 Unless altered the program computes all logarithms to the base 10 FORMULAS PARAMETERS Log a ELogYZiLoqX ZLogXLogY2LogX n Z LogX XLogx nXLogXLogY XLogYXLogX nX LogX 2 XLogX 2 s b a CORRELATION COEFFICIENT Ss yaloztosri XLogY f STANDARD ERROR OF ESTIMATE 2 LogX LogY LogY Loga bLogX n f Etoo 2Loga XLogY 2b ZLogXLogY n n Loga 2 2bLoga ZLogX b2x Logx LogX LogY 55 Least Square s Fit to a Parabolic Function y ax EGE one Cw RE msll 5 hie PROGRAM INSTUCTIONS SIDE NO A pt fav 25 wv elr 197 Mw Operand 2 s 2e Bw so av m 98 3 X 277 p s s E L2 AW 29 Erg re ep ERFZASEGNUNEJLEI IDEEN L6 gx 99 sa woven ERE x p Le AA 9e ede yu 3 3 eA SS M jor E po Worse Arwic ww p Ise NECK WC NIE EAN gre x ee par so CE per S Bees ERIS juo 15 E 39 p w 63 A w 87 16 E V 10 B 64 B 88 ss cre 7 Ee 5 E R Operand Variable 17 41 Bg
5. Dv DM VM gt A A ev e3M VM DA A Ev EM VM DA A N f gt M VM DA A Fy FM VM gt A A EXAMPLE Decimal Wheel set at 2 M A R B BEFORE 5 7 00 7 00 3 00 BV AFTER 3 46 1 73 7 10 3 00 An example of using this instruction manually would be to enter the factor 3 on the keyboard and depress the key V The extracted root will print automatically only when the instruction is performed manually If the factor were in a register e g B a depression of the keys B Y would instruct the computer to take the square root of the contents of the B register 3 y 1 73 A 1 73 A9 28 T Absolute Value The absolute value instruction Aft changes the contents of the A register if negative to positive EXAMPLE Decimal Wheel set at 2 M A R B BEFORE 3 6 4 8 Ag AFTER 3 6 4 8 29 Jump Operations The Jump operation directs the computer to depart from the normal sequence of step by step instructions and jump to a pre selected point in the program These instructions provide both internal and external manual decision capability and are useful to e Create loops that allow repetitive sequences in a program to be executed e Select alternate routines or subroutines at the discretion of the operator e Automatically branch to alternate routines or subroutines according to the value in the A register The jump operation requires two related instructions 1 Point of origin where to start the jump Interrupt
6. a simple calculation c a b to illustrate conditional jumps by testing for a or O value in the A register Starting point of program reached by touching the key V AV Stop computer to enter value for a S Transfer value a to the A register Stop computer to enter value for b S Subtract b from a developing c in the A register Exchange c to the M register for retention Transfer c to the A register for testing If c 0 jump to AN If c 0 take absolute value of c If c gt 0 jump to B W If c O space tape one line Return to starting point AV B Entry to routine for c gt O Print negative c retained in the M register Return to starting point AV Entry to routine for c gt 0 As Print positive c in the A register A Return to starting point AV 0 COL KOS KC VCS OS O MENS 33 Constants Constants in Registers Programma 101 can store numeric values e g constants to be used within the program on the magnetic card Numeric values entered into the registers 0 E and F or their splits can be directly stored together with the program on the magnetic card when the RECORD PROGRAM switch is ON in When the card is read the same values are retrieved from the card and recorded into the original registers This feature provides the capability of storing on the card e up to 3 values of 22 digits each or e upto 6 values of 11 digits each or any combination thereof When prog
7. cM A M A R C cM A M A R d dM A M A R D DM A M A R e eM A M A R E ES M A M A R F f gt M A M A R F FM A M A R EXAMPLE Decimal Wheel set at 2 M A R B BEFORE 5 7 00 9 1234 3 00 B AFTER 3 00 2 33 0 01 3 00 An example of using this instruction manually would be assume the dividend 7 00 is in the b B register and the divisor 3 00 is in the B register Transfer the dividend to the A register by depressing keys B V Pa We WA woe ww bY Divide the dividend by the divisor by depressing keys B wee ee es B The quotient will print automatically only when the instrietlanis performed manually 2 33 A It should be noted that the remainder is in the R register and will be printed by depressing the keys RO cee MP DEM E ME REOS PEPPER ONES 0 01R Decimal Wheel set at 2 27 Square Root An instruction containing the operation Y directs the computer to 1ST PHASE Transfer the contents of the selected register to M while retaining them in the original register 2ND PHASE Extract the square root of the contents of M as an absolute value obtaining in A the result truncated according to the setting of the Decimal Wheel The R register contains a nonfunctional remainder At the end of the operation M contains double the square root INSTRUCTION PHASE 1 PHASE2 TRUNCATED RESULT VM gt A A Rv RM VM DA A AN ADM VM DA A b v bM VM gt A A BY BM VM DA A cv cM VM DA A cv CM VM gt A A dV dM VM gt A A
8. entered as part of the program When the computer carries out this special series of instructions the value is generated in the M register Before recording the program the programmer generates the instructions for the required value in the following manner 1 Turn PRINT PROGRAM switch ON in 2 Turn RECORD PROGRAM switch OFF out 3 Touch GENERAL RESET 4 Enter the value to be generated 5 Touch the Keys A Repeat steps 3 through 5 for each value The computer will print the sequence of instructions that corresponds to the entered value Then the programmer enters these instructions as a part of the program following the special instruction a4 A 4 the special instruction must precede each value generated within the program This method is primarily useful for values with few digits and or utilized only once within a program routine The following chart may be useful in writing constants into a program without utilizing the Programma to convert the constant into instruction form R Positive digit S 0 D Positive hi order digit Vii F Negative digit 12 E Negative hi order digit t 3 decimal point included with A units position of the integer 5 x 6 7 18 9 EXAMPLE to generate 31 68 within a program the instructions would be A fN To start special series of instructions R 8 Rx 6 R W 1 D f 3andto terminate special series of instructions Note
9. go to Step 9 Depress Z Computer prints n R X Logx b LogX ce X LogY B 2 LogXLogY c X LogY p Without depressing the General Reset Key Insert Side B of Program Card Note If it is desired to add the new data to a previous fit then simply add the previous n XLogX Xi LogX etc to the corresponding register in the current print out and store in the indicated registers Then Depress RS Insert Side B and continue with Step 13 depressing RS Again 1 A 3 075 2 33 2 350 2 27 2 450 PEE 2 550 1 82 5 05 1 32 4 199 1 05 8 500 ww wu D 3 76 0 46 9 5 9 39 4 999 1 49 4 209 1 25 4 759 1 25 5 179 1 0 5 80 1 95 59 5 67 Least Square s Fit to a Parabolic Function y axb Med leis iis 2jo 3 iie OPERATING PROCEDURE wc OF wo or sote i sS nucncws OPERATIONS DIGIT CAPACITY DECIMAL WHEEL SETTING 7 10 WHOLE NOS DECIMALS 13 14 15 20 21 22 23 24 Depress RS Computer prints Log a b i 99 Doptsogo S Return to Step 1 for a new set of points If it is desired to plot the fitted curve on Log Log paper go to Step 16 Depress General Reset Key Insert Side C of Program Card Depress V Enter Logy a and Depress Start Enter b and Depress Start Note these parameters may be from any curve desired
10. that the value is generated starting with the least significant digit The decimal locater 1 is included with the instruction creating the units position of the integer 35 Computer Utilization 1 2 3 4 5 Iti 6 7 8 To Record a Program Once the sequence of steps to solve a problem has been developed on coding sheets the operator enters the program into the computer by depressing the keys corresponding to the instruction sequence Turn computer ON Touch GENERAL RESET Turn RECORD PROGRAM switch ON in Enter in order the instructions that comprise the program See example Touch A Touch V etc The computer will print when the complete instruction has been entered To correct an error the CLEAR ENTRY key is used Touching the CLEAR ENTRY key will clear ONLY a the last instruction printed or b that portion of an instruction entered on the keyboard After writing the program turn RECORD PROGRAM switch OFF out If constants are to be used by the program enter the constant figure and transfer it to the appropriate register EXAMPLE to store 89 14 in d register enter 8 9 1 4 on the keyboard in order touch keys D tin succession The constant 89 14 is now stored in d register 9 The computer is now ready to use the completed progrem 10 To store the program and constants permanently on a maQfietic card turn RECORD PROGRAM switch ON in and insert the magnetic card into t
11. the sum truncated according to the setting of the Decimal Wheel The complete sum is in R M contains the addend RESULTS INSTRUCTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 TRUNCATED COMPLETE A M A R R RIM A M A R A AIM A M A R B bM A M A R B BM A M A R C c gt M A M A R C cM A M A R D dM A M A R D DM A M A R E eM A M A R E EM A M A R F f gt M A M A R F FM A M A R EXAMPLE Decimal Wheel set at 2 M A R B BEFORE 5 7 2567 9 00 3 255 B AFTER 3 255 10 51 10 5117 3 255 An example of using this instruction manually to add 2 factors would be Enter factor 1 on keyboard and transfer to A Register by depressing Yr 1 1532 Enter factor 2 on keyboard and add to A register by depressing 16 33236 Print sum by depressing key A eee 17 48556 A 9 For this example the Decimal Wheel was set at 5 24 Subtraction An instruction containing the operation directs the computer to subtract the contents of the selected register subtrahend from the contents of the A register minuend and is executed in two phaaes 1ST PHASE Transfer the contents of the selected register subtrahend to II while ratalning them In the original register 2ND PHASE Subtract the contents of M from the contents of A minuend obtaining in A the difference truncated according to the setting of the Decima Wheel The complete difference is in R M contains the subtrahend RESULTS INSTRUCTION PHASE1 PHASE2 TRUNCATED COMPL
12. A R cx c gt M AxM A R ex C39M AxM A R d x d M AxM A R Dx DM AxM A R ex eM AxM A R Ex EM AxM A R Fx f gt M AxM A R Fx FM AxM A R EXAMPLE Decimal Wheel set at 2 M A R B BEFORE 5 7 25 9 00 3 25 Bx AFTER 3 25 23 56 23 5625 3 25 An example of using this instruction manually would be Enter the multiplier dn the keyboard and transfer to the A register by depressing Ny 7 25 Enter the multiplicand on the keyboard and depress the x key ls 3 25 X The product will print automatically only when the instruction is performed manually ERs ate stad at IOS aa a e a Na E o A a E E E R TEC EE TE 23 56 A 9 It should be noted that the complete product is available in the R register and will be printed by depressing the keys R uaaa aaa a a a 23 5625 R 26 e Division An instruction containing the operation directs the computer to divide the contents of A register dividend by the contents of the selected register divisor and is executed in two phases 1ST PHASE Transfer the contents of the addressed register to M while retaining them in the original register 2ND PHASE Divide the contents of A by the contents of M obtaining in A the quotient truncated according to the setting of the Decimal Wheel The decimally correct fractional remainder is in R M contains the divisor INSTRUCTION PHASE1 PHASE 2 TRUNCATED COMPLETE A M A R R RM A M A R A AM A M A R b bM A M A R B BM A M A R c
13. AM switch OFF out Turn the PRINT PROGRAM switch OFF out Set DECIMAL WHEEL to desired number Enter a and Transfer to B Enter D and Transfer to B Move 9 B to A register Add 3 8 to 9 A Print anawer in A Transfer answer to C Move 9 B to A register Subtract 3 B from 9 A Print answer In A Add answer A and GT C Store new GT In C Move 9 B to A register Multiply 3 B X 9 A Answer prints automatically Add answer A and GT C Store GT in C Move 9 B to A register Divide 3 B into 9 A Answer prints automatically Add answer A and GT C Store new GT in C Take square root of 9 B Answer prints automatically Add answer A and GT C Store new GT in C Print GT Programma prints T ees ocO0 g ugcocUc gt 04 2 2 Oo UJ 1 pgooor x gt N J OF no L 3 A9 C C bv 3A C C 51Ce 40 The following instructions solve the same problem in program mode Starting Point of Program Clear register for accumulation of answers Stop program for entry of factor a Transfer factor a to B Stop program for entry of factor b Transfer factorb to B Transfer factor a to A register Add factor B to factor a in A register Print answer in A register Transfer answer to C register GT Transfer factor a to A register Subtract factor b fronTfactor a in A register Print answer in A register Add ans
14. AZ Z 31 Conditional Jumps these jumps choose one of two alternatives by testing the A a A contents of the A register for the fol owing condition If the contents of the A register are GREATER THAN 0 the program jumps to the corresponding C A A Reference Point ZERO OR LESS the program continues with the next instruction in sequence A e A List of Conditional Jump Instructions r A fA POINT OF ORIGIN REFERENCE POINT M aV W aW Y aY Z aZ cV bV cw bW cY bY cZ bZ dv eV dw eW dY eY dZ eZ rv fV rw fw rY fY rZ fZ The lower case letters shown in the above lists are obtained by entering the corresponding upper case letter and touching the key e g r R An abbreviated form of the above chart is created by combining V W Y Z with the following A gt ad cA gt bA dA gt eA A V W Yor Z rA gt fA 32 The Conditional Jump can not directly differentiate between a negative value and zero If the A register has a negative value the distinction may be made by a two test procedure 1 The value of A is tested If the jump occurs this value is positive if the jump does not occur the Af absolute value instruction is executed 2 The value of A is again tested If the jump occurs the value is negative If the jump does not occur the value is zero If necessary the program can re establish the initial algebraic condition of A The following sample program is for
15. ETE A M A R R RM A M A R A ADM A M A R b b gt M A M A R B BM A M A R C cM A M A R C c gt M A M A R d dM A M A R D DM A M A R e e gt M A M A R E EM A M A R f f gt M A M A R F FM A M A R EXAMPLE Decimal Wheel set at 2 M A R B BEFORE 5 7 2567 9 00 3 255 B AFTER 3 255 4 00 4 0017 3 255 An example of using this Instruction manually to subtract 2 factors would be assume factor 1 7 2567 is in the b B register and factor 2 3 255 is in the B register Transfer factor 1 to the A register by depressing keys B Sohal dh as Mee ches Ay a jet a ae tok bY Subtract the second factor by depressing keys B 1 ce a B Print the difference by depressing A 9 l una nanana aa aa 4 0017 A For this example the Decimal Wheel was set at 4 25 Multiplication An instruction containing the operation X directs the computer to multiply the contents of the selected register multiplicand by the contents of the A register multiplier and is executed in two phases 1ST PHASE Transfer the contents of the addressed register to M while retaining them in the original register 2ND PHASE Multiply the contents of M by the contents of A obtaining in A the product truncated according to the setting of the Decimal Wheel The complete product is in R M contains the multiplicand RESULTS INSTRUCTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 TRUNCATED COMPLETE X AxM A R Rx RIM AxM A R Ax AIM AxM A R Bx bM AxM A R B x BM AxM
16. am card is inserted Information is read into the D and E registers exclusively The contents of the other registers are unaffected To Print a Program Once a program has been recorded on a magnetic card the entire sequence of instructions forming the program can be printed out This is normally used to analyze a new program to insure correct entry or to locate an error in the program 1 To locate the initial instruction of a program insert the program card 2 Turn PRINT PROGRAM ON in touch the Print key 0 3 The computer will print the instructions in their programmed sequence 4 The computer will stop at each Stop S instruction To continue the printing of the instructions touch the Print key 4 5 When the entire program has been printed turn PRINT PROGRAM OFF out To locate an error within a program after the Error light has gone on follow steps 2 through 5 above This prints the instructions from the present location in the program The ihstructiofl immediately preceding the first printed instruction caused the activation of the Error light 37 To Use a Program 1 Turn computer ON 2 Touch GENERAL RESET 3 Turn RECORD PROGRAM and PRINT PROGRAM switches OFF out 4 Set DECIMAL WHEEL to desired position 4 Insert the program card into the computer The program card can be removed from the computer at any time since the program is transferred directly to the memory If the program is to be repe
17. ated the program card need not be reinserted since the program remains in the computer 5 Depress the proper ROUTINE SELECTION key 6 Operations will occur as explained in the operating procedure The keyboard will lock during computations When variable factors are to be entered the program will stop and the keyboard will be unlocked to permit data entry Automatic Internal Checks Programma 101 provides a system of automatic internal checks to assure the operator that all components are functioning properly The red ERROR light is the visual indication that a mis operation has been detected When a magnetic program card is misread the error indicated is usually either the result of a damaged or dirty card or the improper insertion of the card examine the physical condition of the card and if there is no evidence of damage reinsert the card properly The following mis operations are indicated by the Error light e Capacity exceeded by computation The original contents of registers A and R are destroyed e Capacity of a split register exceeded by a transfer The transfer is not performed e Division by zero e Keyboard entry capacity exceeded To repeat the entry correctly the clear entry key must first be depressed e An erroneous attempt has been made to store data and instructions in the same register See discussion of storage of data and instructions in the same register the following steps provide the i
18. axb 5 ni onions IRE fsis uis ziol 5 biei 5 67 PROGRAM INSTUCTIONS SIDE NO C aTa eav is 5L LL 2 7 po D 991 s p 7 amp 8 59 ra s 25 y 92 ms s w z s s 7 Pe Ex se rw w al D 7 AY 31 55 p N s ca z cx pe sol h s B s5 v sf 13 of D 34 Asy sat 82 u w 3 7 p9 ssf D z p v se A ea 3 a 7v 37 B 9 ss at w ss v e eof stesso lel 9 ne ge 40 Jel M v es lef el h ne cx a fel sof 13 psa e h zo r a fel 92 3 pg 4 jet sf 22 D 5 70 Jaf Es A 47 af sf aot EEA mL gp pp m i na ara pte e ololololo J Op Be WS NMI n Op AT WS Nje Lower case letters are entered with the corresponding upper case letters and CONSTANTS ON CARD KEYS TO CONSTANTS ON CARD KEYS TO TOUCH TOUCH 58 y ax OPERATING PROCEDURE Least Square s Fit to a Parabolic Function mee 1 81 2 OPERATIONS DIGIT CAPACITY DECIMAL WHEEL SETTING 7 10 WHOLE NOS DECIMALS 10 11 12 Depress General Reset Key Turn Record Program OFF Turn Print Program OFF Insert Side A of Program Card Depress V Enter Xi and Depress Start Enter Yi and Depress Start Return to Step 6 unti data is exhausted Then
19. computer memory Once inserted the card may be removed from the computer 10 without disturbing the stored instructions Note the read write device uses only half the magnetic card consequently two sets of 120 instructions and or constants may be stored on a single card 11 The KEYBOARD RELEASE KEY reactivates a locked keyboard If two or more keys are depressed simultaneously the keyboard will lock to indicate a misoperation Because the operator does not know what entry was accepted by the computer after touching the Keyboard Release key the Clear Entry key 16 MUST next be depressed and the complete figure re entered 12 TAPE ADVANCE advances the paper tape 13 TAPE RELEASE LEVER enables precise finger tip adjustment when changing tape rolls 11 14 The ROUTINE SELECTION KEYS V W Y and Z direct the computer to the proper program or subroutine 15 The NUMERIC KEYBOARD uses the ten key entry system with provision for entry of a decimal point and a negative sign Keyboard entries are automatically stored in the M register 16 The CLEAR ENTRY KEY clears the entire keyboard entry When keying in a program a depression of the clear key will erase the last instruction that has been entered 17 The START KEY restarts the computer in programmed operation and is used to code a stop instruction when keying in programs 18 The REGISTER ADDRESS KEYS A B C D E F and R identify the corresponding registers The ope
20. contents of every register in the sequence like a row of dominoes Consider for example this program for a moving average where N 5 A V 19 Cit Ait generate S entern lt a D N5 i T E rounding WIES ES C in division D t D domino z B S entern D ft technique K D ft C 1 S entern E i C V return to BV E 1 E S enter n D E ft D BV C Graphically the domino technique would appear as follows MTATART oT eT eT CT avTovTelTetriTr etr n imiv m m j MjAjR s Bje c djoj ej tEj rir fmt if wef st mt M JA R se s c cja pjej E r et n Ivwimimin R s epe se eTe e es mol fmt mim inst w 4 RT T8Te eT eT Te TET 4T e oe ii j i mn nns A R e s8S e e e 8 5 8T Te 34195 T ee F ct sL IL I L I NE 52 Chaining Occasionally a program might be required which exceeds 120 instructions the internal instruction capacity of Programma Since only five of Programma s ten registers are recorded on a magnetic card there are five registers available for the storage of as many as eight intermediate results requiring further processing The procedure for chaining program cards requires that the program be segmented at some convenient point and that all significant intermediate results be stored in M A R Band C before concluding the first phase of the program Assume for example that we have intermediate results in th
21. e following registers requiring further processing BEFORE M MjA R bs B ecrTc ote ett ee ee A set of instructions similar to those which appear on this page would be added to the program so that the operator having entered all x and y values would depress the key Z which would initialize a series of transfer operations to store intermediate results between cards mns MMC nn o eo o N AFTER PR e 8a e c a o e t mxx xts j AV The first series of instructions of the subsequent card must RS incorporate an RS instruction to transfer the contents of R ss back to registers D and d prior to any arithmetic operation or Sidon reference to the R register On the following pages is a typical program from the Olivetti Underwood program library which illustrates many of the techniques described previously 53 Least Square s Fit to a Parabolic Function y ax amu JER sitvetti under oed Programma 101 1 812 This program will perform an unweighted least square s fit to a parabolic function y ax given as input a set of X Y pairs The program consists of three sides of a card and will yield the fol lowing information SIDE A INPUT OUTPUT Xi Yi n Re X gt 1 YXLogX be X LogX c YXLogY B YXLogX LogY C X Logy De SIDEB CONTINUATION OF SIDE A OUTPUT Log a de b Ee correlation coefficient rLogx LogY A standard error of estimate Siogx Logy
22. e k time it drops through Counter to exit on the k 1 th cycle Assume k is initially in register C AY LOOP ct V path for k times gt a V at EXIT dt gt on the k 1 it drops through 50 Packing a Register This routine illustrates the concept of packing a register Frequently it becomes necessary to store a group of constants in just one register The following routine exemplifies how each of the constants might be stored in one register and isolated for manipulation Let us assume that we wish to store the constants 453 281 397 and 024 all in one register This can be accomplished by creating the compound number 453281397 024 and storing it in the D register Note that each of the constants must have the same number of digits The generated number 1000 will enable us to isolate each of the three digit constants contained within the compound number AV by A M R S RS RS bY Set decimal wheel to 3 Bring compound number to A Generate the constant 1000 in the M register Divide Store remaining portion of compound number in D Isolated number to A Enter some factor Multiply Print result Vertical up space Return to AV 5 The Domino Technique This program illustrates a procedure referred to as the domino technique This technique is particularly useful in applications such as a moving average in which the entry of each subsequent value displaces the
23. e register is identified with the lower case letter corresponding to its companion s designation The lower case designation is obtained by entering the corresponding upper case letter and touching the I key e g c C o The right side of the split register retains its original upper case letter designation The computer has built in self regulating circuitry that alerts the operator with an error light if an attempt has been made to transfer a value larger than 11 digits to a split register or to split a register that already contains a value greater than 11 digits Nevertheless a register can be used as both a whole and a split register at varying times throughout a program by using the clear instruction before shifting from whole to split or vice versa For example In phase one of a program register B is used as a split register b B then in phase two register B is to be used as a whole register 1 At the end of phase 1 a B instruction frees the left side of the register so that in phase 2 it can be used in conjunction with the right side as a whole register 2 At the end of phase 2 a B instruction frees the whole register so that it can be used as a split register when the program starts again with phase 1 16 General Operations Start S The instruction S used in creating a program directs the computer to stop and release the keyboard for the entry of figures or the selection of a subroutine After figure
24. ed in the R register DIVISION The quotient is retained in the A register and is carried out only to the number of decimal places indicated by the setting of the Decimal Wheel The decimally correct remainder is retained in the R register SQUARE ROOT The root is retained in the A register and is extracted to the number of decimal places indicated by the setting O1 the Decimal Wheel The R registerr contains a non functional remainder As it effects KEYBOARD ENTRIES When entering decimal numbers the Decimal Point key is touched in its proper position e g to enter 12 6 enter 1 then 2 then touch the Decimal Point key and finally enter 6 To enter numbers less than 1 a zero must be entered before the decimal point e g 07 would be entered as 0 07 Regardless of the setting of the Decimal Wheel the complete figure entered on the keyboard will be printed when the Start key or an operation key is touched As it affects OUTPUT PRINTING All printed output except that of the R register is truncated to the setting of the Decimal Wheel As it affects TRANSFER OPERATIONS Regardless of the setting of the Decimal Wheel the complete figure in the selected register will be transferred 15 Split Register As was pointed out in the preceding pages each of the B C 0 E and F registers can be split into two parts each with a capacity of 11 digits plus decimal point and sign The left part of th
25. egisters M A and R are operating registers and take part in all arithmetic operations The M register is the Median or distributive register ALL keyboard figure entries are held in the M register and distributed to the other registers as instructed The A register functions with the arithmetic unit to form the Accumulator Arithmetic results are developed and retained in the A register A result of up to 23 digits can be produced in the A register The R register retains e The complete results in addition and subtraction e The complete product in multiplication The remainder in division e A nonfunctional remainder in square root The five remaining registers B C D E and F are storage registers Each can be split into two registers with a capacity of 11 digits plus decimal point and sign When storage registers are split the right portion of the split register retains its original designation while the left side is identified with the corresponding lower case letter The lower case designation is obtained by entering the corresponding upper case letter and depressing the key e g c C The registers F E and D and their splits have the additional capability of storing program instructions and constants to be used within programs When these registers or their splits are used as instruction registers the instructions follow an overflow pattern so that after the instruction registers are at capacity the remain
26. elease Lever 11 Test Instructions 32 33 To A 18 Transfer Keys 14 Transfer Operations 18 Unconditional Jumps 31 Vertical Space 17 Zero division by 11 38 testing for 33 447 3551 olivetti programma 101 of id na me eT er lt jus el 2 25 fo p L5 a fa 5 a reas qai e s 29 fs m D e so ja m D LL 3s E45 3 eoOjo jo WITO O C2 pln olol olo J AJAJ eA N Ce N n Ea EA EI E29 2r
27. entry the program is restarted by touching the Start key 5 The program can also be restarted by touching a Routine Selection key When the S instruction stops the program the computer may also be operated in the manual mode without disturbing the program instructions in memory Any figures entered on the keyboard before depression of Start or an operation key will be printed automatically x The clear operation directs the computer to clear the selected register The M and R registers can not be cleared with this instruction When the computer is operated manually this key will also cause it to print the contents of the selected register EXAMPLE Assume register B contains 3 14159 prior to the execution of a B instruction After execution of the instruction the register is blank Note that the contents of other registers are not affected Clear M A R B BEFORE 5 12 1 00 0 11 3 14159 B AFTER 5 12 1 00 0 11 Print The print operation directs the computer to print the con nts of the selected register while retaining them in the register The number of decimal places in the printed result is controlled by the Decimal Wheel EXAMPLE A results 2 71828 A9 B results 1 77245 b Vertical Spacing The instruction directs the computer to advance the tape one vertical space without printing Te 17 I Data Transfer Operations ToA An instruction containing the operation v directs the computer t
28. etting of the Decimal Wheel has no effect on this operation EXAMPLE Decimal Wheel set at 3 M A R B BEFORE 2 6 5 231 20 18 AFTER 0 231 5 231 20 18 22 Arithmetic Operations All arithmetic operations are performed in the operating registers M A and R An arithmetic operation is performed in two phases 1 The contents of the selected register are automatically transferred to the M register The M register is selected automatically if no other register Is Indicated 2 The operation Is carried out in the M A and R registers Programma 101 can perform these arithmetic operations X V and absolute value Figures are accepted and computed algebraically A negative value is entered by depressing the negative key at any time during the entry of a figure If there is no negative indication the computer will accept the figure as positive The Subtract operation key is separate from the numeric keyboard and is used exclusively for subtraction These operations are described in detail in the following pages 23 Addition An instruction containing the operation 4 directs the computer to add the contents of the selected register addend to the contents of the Aregister augend and is executed in two phases 1ST PHASE Transfer the contents of the selected register addend to M while retaining them in the original register 2ND PHASE Add the contents of M to the contents of A augend obtaining in A
29. f Constants as instructions b M Db B M B c Ac C Ac d Dd D D e M De E DE Dr F Ar EXAMPLE Decimal Wheel set at 2 M A R B BEFORE 19 333 5 00 16 00 30 00 B AFTER 19 333 5 00 16 00 19 333 An example of using this instruction manually to store a number e g 19 333 in the B register would be to enter 19 333 on the keyboard and then depress the B and keys When the key is depressed the data will be transferred to B and the computer will print both the number and the instruction executed e g 19 333 B If B were then manually performed the same value would be transferred from M to b and the instructions would print on the tape to indicate that the number previously entered was also transferred to b e g b 19 Exchange An instruction containing the operation directs the computer to exchange the contents of the A register with the contents of the addressed register The contents of M are not affected except by the exchange between A and M The contents of the R register are not affected The setting of the Decimal Wheel has no effect on this operation INSTRUCTION RESULT t MoA R operates asR VY RA At Absolute Value bg boA Bt BoA ct CoA Ct CoA d doa D D amp A eg eodA Et ESA f2 feA F1 F amp A EXAMPLE Decimal Wheel set at 2 M A R B BEFORE 6 9 0014 12 00 15 123 Bt AFTER 6 15 123 12 00 9 0014 This instruction can be used manually howeve
30. h program instructions and a number in the same half of a register F f E e D d is as follows 1 Instructions are keyed into the computer in the usual manner except that if it is decided to use a portion of a half register for the storage of a constant or an accumulation an S should be entered in the program for each digit in the constant or anticipated accumulation 2 To use the LOWER HALF of a register f e d in this manner there must be a signal stop an S in the 12th position of the register concerned see Fig 1 To use the UPPER HALF of a register F E D in this manner there must be a signal stop an S in the 24th position of the register concerned see Fig 2 3 Digits Allotted Signa Stop lor Using e 4 Digits Allotted bo 1 21 f m 23 Signal Stop 24 tor Using E Fig 1 Fig 2 47 3 The instruction immediately following the space allotted for the number must be either a stop an S see Fig 3 or an A reference point AV AW AY AZ aV aW aY or aZ see Fig 4 Unless it is a signal stop there is no restriction on the instruction immediately preceding the space allotted for the number Normally it would be an origin point to enable the program to skip around the number and continue with subsequent instructions Similarly the instruction immediately following the space allotted for the number would be an A reference point or a stop followed by any reference point see Fig
31. he computer 11 Turn RECORD PROGRAM switch OFF out 12 The program and constant are now stored both internally and externally on the magnetic card 36 Read Record D and E Constants and instructions 1 can be entered from the keyboard directly into registers E and D 2 can be recorded from only registers E and D onto a card or 3 read from a card only into registers E and D without affecting the contents of other program registers This technique can be utilized most effectively for the creation and use of subroutine or module programs 1 1 To enter instructions from the keyboard directly into registers E and D completely by passing instruction registers 1 and 2 and storage register F Turn computer ON Touch GENERAL RESET Turn RECORD PROGRAM switch ON in Turn PRINT PROGRAM switch ON in Enter in order the instructions that comprise the subroutine or modular program The instructions will be received first by E then e than D then d if the maximum capacity of 48 instructions are utilized 2 Ifthe information in the D and E registers is to be recorded onto a magnetic card BOTH the RECORD PROGRAM switch and the PRINT PROGRAM switch must be ON in Insert magnetic card The transfer of information will be from the D and E registers of the memory to the program card 3 If the contents of a card are to be read only into the D and E registers The PRINT PROGRAM switch is tumed ON in and the progr
32. ing instructions will be received first by F then f then E then e then D and finally d Programs of up to 120 instructions can be stored internally as shown above When registers D E and F and their splits are not used for instructions they are free to store constants or intermediate results D E The following formats show the separation and capacities of the ten registers M M 4 22 DIGIT NUMBERS Format 1 This represents the storage registers used as complete registers M A R always complete B C D E F complete in this case M a ll 11 DIGIT NUMBERS 11 DIGIT NUMBERS b B Format 2 This represents the storage registers when split b B c C d D e E and f F 3 X 4 11 DIGIT NUMBERS 11 INSTRUCTIONS f F Format 3 This represents the split registers with numeric and instruction storage e g d D e E and f F 4 _ YN STH 24 INSTRUCTIONS Format 4 This represents the complete instruction registers Registers 1 and 2 registers F E and D when used only for instructions Printed output Storage Registers Program Registers Operating Registers Constants or Program Additional Instructions Instructions Keyboard 1 The ON OFF KEY is a dual purpose switch for both the ON and OFF positions Note the OFF position automatically clears all stored data and instructions 2 The ERROR reel LIGHT lights when the co
33. ing the sequence 2 Reference point where the jump will arrive restarting the sequence There are two types of jump instructions e Unconditional jumps e Conditional Jumps 30 Unconditional Jumps these jumps are executed whenever the instruction is read List of Unconditional Jump Instructions A gt AA CA gt BA POINT OF ORIGIN normally used to initiate V program or to select a W subroutine manually Y REFERENCE POINT AW DAS EA BV RAS FA An abbreviated form of this list is to combine V W Y or Z as follows A9 AA CA3BA DAEA RAS FA A V W YorZ All programs normally begin with the reference point of an unconditional jump instruction Reference Points AV AW AY AZ are used so the program sequence can be started simply by touching Routine Selection key V W Y or Z However any point of origin may be selected from the keyboard EXAMPLE Following are illustrative routines reflecting the use of routine selection keys to select a programmed sequence Key V 9 a b Key Ww a b Key Y 9 axb KeyZ 9 a b AV AW AY AZ Enter a S Enter a S Enter a S Enter a S Transferato A Transfer a to A 1 Transfer ato A Transferato A Enter b S Enter b S Enter b S Enter b S Add b to a Subtract b froma Multiplyb a X Divideabyb Print Sum A9 PrintDifference A PrintProduct A PrintQuotient A9 Space Tape 9 Space Tape 9 Space Tape 9 Space Tape 9 Seek AV V Seek AW Ww Seek AY Y Seek
34. l portion of the contents of A to M Add decimal portion to contents of A amp Transfer the decimal portion of the contents of A to M Subtract decimal portion from the contents of A D Divide the contents of the A register by 10 to shift the decimal A Print rounded answer This routine requires 7 instructions and 1 register containing a constant 10 where n is equal to the position to which rounding is desired 46 Instruction Data Storage Storage of data and instructions in the same half of a register A technique has been developed which allows the storage of both a number and program instructions in the same half of a register F f E e D d This technique permits the programmer to address a register having both a number and instructions in it and perform any transfer arithmetic print or clear operation with the number without disturbing the instructions in that register and without getting an error light The number which may be either a constant or accumulation must precede the instructions and must not exceed the space allotted for it For this purpose the registers should be considered as 24 digit registers with the upper half F E D containing positions 1 12 and the lower half f e d containing positions 13 24 A two digit number in the upper half of a register would thus occupy positions 1 and 2 A two digit number in the lower half would occupy positions 13 and 14 The procedure for storing bot
35. mputer is turned on and whenever the computer detects an operational error e g exceeding capacity division by zero 3 The GENERAL RESET KEY erases all data and instructions from the computer and turns off the error light 4 The CORRECT PERFORMANCE green LIGHT indicates the computer is functioning properly A steady light indicates that the computer is ready for an operator decision a flickering light indicates the computer is executing programmed instructions and that the keyboard is locked 5 The DECIMAL WHEEL determines the number of decimal places to which computations will be carried out in the A register and the decimal places in the printed output except for results from the R register 8 The RECORD PROGRAM SWITCH when ON in directs the computer to store instructions either in the memory from the keyboard or onto a magnetic program card from the memory The RECORD PROGRAM SWITCH must be OFF out to load instructions from a magnetic program card into the memory 7 The PRINT PROGRAM SWITCH when ON in directs the computer to print out the instructions stored in memory from its present location in the program to the next Stop instruction 5 whenever the Print key 20 is depressed 8 The MAGNETIC PROGRAM CARD is a plastic card with a ferrous oxide backing used to record programs magnetically for external storage The card is inserted into a read write device 9 to record instructions and or constants into or from the
36. n Programma on 4 Feed the tape over the guide bar b and under the print cylinder Depress the tape advance lever c to feed tape through the printing unit 5 Depress tape release lever to adjust tape alignment 43 Programming Techniques Following are some frequently encountered mathematical statements and suggested Programma solutions assuming the value a is in the A register a 1 A Divide a by itself creating 1 in the A register Addato 1 giving a 1 a 1 A Divide a by itself creating 1 in the A register f Exchange the contents of M a and the contents of A 1 Subtract 1 from a giving a 1 1 a A Divide a by itself creating 1 in the A register Subtract a from 1 giving 1 a a 1 a Ax Multiply a by itself giving a in the A register Adda from M to a giving a a which is equal to a 1 a a a 1 Ay Multiple a by itself giving a Subtract a from a giving a a which is equal to a a 1 a 1 a Ay Multiply a by itself giving a Exchange the contents of M a with the contents of A a Subtract a from a giving a a which is equal to a 1 a 44 Rounding Techniques Following are routines for rounding to the setting of the Decimal Wheel in addition subtraction and multiplication Assume one value is stored in the B register and the second value in the e register ADDITION SUBTRACTION MULTIPLICATION BW Bw BW Transfer first value to A registe
37. nformation basic to the analysis of the above errors e print out all registers e print out program from point of error the instruction immediately preceding the first printed instruction is the operation that caused the error e print out the complete program 38 Manual Mode Programma 101 can be operated manually as an electronic calculator The rules given in the preceding pages for computer instructions apply also to manual operations with the following exceptions 1 The results of multiplication division and square root will be printed automatically 2 The results of addition and subtraction will be printed only by touching the keys A and in sequence 3 The key when touched will cause both printing and clearing of the selected register except M and R The computer can also be operated manually while it is being used in program mode at any stop instruction in the program In this case the operator should be careful when entering figures in the registers not to affect the contents of the registers used by the program 39 Computer Exercise The following exercise shows you how to e use the Programma manually e write a program The problem used is a b ans a b ans axb ans a b ans Va ans grand total GT Assuume a 9 and b 3 The following operatIonl solve the problem manually Turn the computer ON Depress the GENERAL RESET key Turn the RECORD PROGR
38. ng a Register he Domino Technique haining Sample Program Page 11 L5 16 T7 17 17 17 17 18 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2 28 29 30 31 32 34 34 35 36 36 37 3d 38 38 39 40 42 43 44 45 47 50 51 52 s 63 54 60 Computer Components Programma 101 is composed of the following elements Memory To store numeric data and program instructions Electric Keyboard For numeric entry manual operation and compiling program instructions Printing Unit Serial printing from right to left at 30 characters per second this unit prints all keyboard entries programmed output and instructions Magnetic Card Reader Recorder The device through which instructions and constants for a program can be stored on and retrieved from a magnetic card Control and Arithmetic Units The Control Unit is the administrative section of the computer It receives the incoming information determines the computation to be performed and directs the Arithmetic Unit where to find the information and what operation to perform Control and Arithmetic Units Magnetic Program Card Memory The memory is composed of ten registers Eight are storage registers and two are used exclusively for instructions The two instruction registers can store a total of 48 instructions The eight storage registers M A R B C D E and F have a capacity of 22 digits plus decimal point and sign Three of these r
39. o transfer the contents of the addressed register to A while retaining them in the original register The contents of M and R are not affected The previous contents of A are destroyed The setting of the Decimal Wheel has no effect on this operation INSTRUCTION RESULT MA RW RDA aw Inoperative bw DPA BW BDA oY cA cw CDA ay daa DW DBA oY ea EW EDA ey EDA EW EDA EXAMPLE Decimal Wheel set at 2 M A R B BEFORE 24 36 05 48 123 12 00 RW AFTER 24 48 123 48 123 12 00 An example of using this instruction manually to transfer a value entered on the keyboara to the A register would be to enter a figure on the keyboard e g 1 141421 and then depress the V key After the v key is depressed the data will be transferred to A and the computer will print the number and the instruction e g 1 141421 v However if the number had been in a register e g B and that register were directed to transfer to A the computer would print only the instruction e g BW 18 From M An Insrruction containing the operation 4 directs the computer to transfer the contents of M to the addressed register while retaining them in M The contents of registers A and R are unaffected by this instruction The original contents of the addressed register are destroyed The setting of the Decimal Wheel has no effect on this operation INSTRUCTION RESULT Inoperative R Inoperative A See discussion o
40. r C Ce Cx Perform operation R R R Subtract complete result from trun cated result v v v Transfer complete result to A register R R R Subtract negative remainder from complete result A A A Print rourded result Following are techniques for rounding the Quotient in a division problem to the setting of the Decimal Wheel METHOD 1 Assume the divisor is in register B and the dividend is in register C CW Transfer dividend to A register B Divide dividend by divisor RW Transfer iemainder to A register C Add dividend to remainder RW Transfer decimally correct dividend remainder to A register B Divide dividend remainder by divisor A Print rounded Quotient This routine requires 7 instructions 45 METHOD 2 Assume the divisor is in register B and the dividend is in register A A Double dividend B Divide doubled dividend by the divisor A Special series to generate 2 in the M register D M Divide doubled quotient by 2 R Round off A Print rounded quotient This routine requires 7 instructions Following is a technique for rounding to some position lower than the setting of the Decimal Wheel e g round to 2 places when the Decimal Wheel is at 5 At the point where the routine begins assume the operation has been completed and the value to be rounded is in the A register D x Multiply the contents of the A register by 10 to shift decimal amp Transfer the decima
41. r the computer will print only the adcressed register and the instruction e g Cf 20 D R Exchange The instruction RS directs the computer to exchange the contents of D both D and d registers with the contents of the R register The setting of the Decimal Wheel has no effect on this operation This instruction has a special use in the following cases exclusively e In multicard programs to temporarily store the contents of the D d D register in R when a new card has to be read to continue the program During this temporary storage no instruction affecting the R register can be executed INSTRUCTION RESULT RS d DeR EXAMPLE Decimal Wheel set at 2 d D R BEFORE 2 25 45 50 135798624211345 RS AFTER 135798824211345 2 25 45 50 BEFORE 135798824211345 2 25 45 50 RS AFTER 2 25 45 50 135798624211345 e To use the D register for data storage in the second phase of a program when in the first phase this register has been used to store instructions which are no longer needed the RS instruction must be preceded by R usually inoperative EXAMPLE Decimal Wheel set at 2 d D R BEFORE Instructions 18 12 R RS AFTER 21 Decimal Part To M The instruction directs the computer to transfer the decimal portion of the contents of A to the M register while retaining the entire contents in A The original contents of the M register are destroyed The R register is not affected by this instruction The s
42. ram instructions overflow from F to 0 values can be stored only in those registers or their splits not occupied with instructions This method is primarily useful for values with many digits and or repeatedly utilized throughout the program Having keyed in a program from the keyboard or having loaded a program from a magnetic card 1 Check that the RECORD PROGRAM and PRINT PROGRAM switches are OFF out 2 Enter the constant figures that are to be stored and transfer them to their appropriate registers EXAMPLE to store 17 366 in the f register depress keys 1 7 3 6 6 in succession touch keys F in order The constant 17 366 is now stored in the f register 3 Repeat this procedure for each constant to be stored After all constants have been transferred to their appropriate registers to store the program and the new constants permanently turn RECORD PROGRAM switch ON in and insert the magnetic card into the computer The program and the contents of registers d 0 e E f and F are now recorded on the magnetic card for subsequent use 34 Constants as Instructions It is sometimes necessary to conserve registers for several accumulations and therefore advisable to avoid storing constants in these registers There is a method for generating values within a program by converting the required number into computer instructions one for each digit These instructions are preceded by the instruction a AI r and are
43. rating register M has no keyboard identification since the computer automatically relates all instructions to the M register unless instructed otherwise 19 The SPLIT KEY combined with a register e g C divides that register into two equal parts When storage registers are split the right portion of the split register retains the original designation while the left side is identified on the tape with the corresponding lower case letter e g C c 13 20 The PRINT KEY prints the contents of an addressed register 21 The CLEAR KEY clears the contents of an addressed register When the computer is operated manually a depression of this key will print the number in that register and clear it 22 The TRANSFER KEYS perform transfer operations between the storage registers and the operating registers Refer to discussion of transfer operations for the function of each transfer key 23 The ARITHMETIC KEYS perform their indicated arithmetic function 14 Decimal Wheel As it affects COMPUTATION The Decimal Wheel determines the number of decimal places to which the result of a calculation in the A register will be carried out The Decimal Wheel has the following effect on these operations ADDITION SUBTRACTION After the computation the result in the A MULTIPLICATION register is truncated according to the number of decimal places indicated by the setting of the Decimal Wheel The complete result is retain
44. s 3 and 4 e t 1 Digit 1Digt 24 Y Allotted Allotted 4S 2 AY E E Signal Stop Signal Stop for Using e for Using e 2 Digits 2 Digits LG Allotted Allotted B e Signal Stop Signal Stop tor Using E for Using E 48 Generation of Constants Following is a routine to generate a constant to the setting of the Decimal Wheel e g with the Decimal Wheel at 4 generate constant 0 0003 A D 1 Special series to generate constant 3 in the M register i Transfer 3 to A register A D 1 Special series to generate constant 9 R 4 A 9 Print generated constant Following is a routine to generate a constant to one position more than the setting of the Decimal Wheel e g with the Decimal Wheel at 4 generate constant 0 00005 A g D T Special series to generate 5 in the M register i Transfer 5 to A register A 1 A Special series to generate Q 9 in the M register R 4 A 9 Print generated constant 49 Counters When programming a loop that is to be cycled a specified number of times the most direct way of accomplishing this is to use one register as a counter which initially has an index stored in it This index is reduced by 1 each time the loop is cycled When the count reaches 0 we may exit the loop Two examples are shown below Counter to nit on the kth cycle Assume k is initially in register C cd atf at V path for k 1 times 4 EXIT on th
45. s Ontario Domino Technique 52 E Register 7 37 e Register 7 37 Error detection 37 38 light 11 Exchange 20 External Storage 36 53 F Register 7 9 f Register 7 9 From M 19 General Reset Key 11 Green Light 11 Instructions program 17 29 to enter 36 Instruction Data Storage 47 Instruction Registers 8 Jumps 30 conditional 32 33 instructions 31 32 unconditional 31 Keyboard diagram 12 function of 11 locked 11 release key 11 Loops 30 33 M Register capacity of 7 function of 7 22 23 Magnetic Program Card 11 Magnetic Card Reader Recorder 6 Manual Mode 39 Median Register 7 Memory 7 Numeric Entry 13 Numeric Keyboard 13 On Off Key 11 Operating Registers 7 Operations arithmetic 23 29 transfer 18 22 Packing a Register 51 Paper Roll 43 Print Key 14 17 Print Program how to 37 switch 11 Printing Unit 6 Program creating a 36 41 operating a 38 recording a 36 Program Mode 38 R Register 7 21 23 53 Read Record D and E 47 Read Record Magnetic Card 6 Read Write Device 11 Record Program how to 36 switch 11 Register Address Keys 13 Register Format 8 9 Remainder in division 27 in square root 28 Ribbon Changing 42 Rounding 45 Routine Selection Keys 13 Split Key 13 function of 16 Split Registers 7 16 Square Root 28 Start Instruction Key 13 17 Stop Instruction Key 17 Storage Registers 7 Sub Routine 30 37 Subtraction 25 Tape Advance 11 Tape R
46. wer and GT C register Transfer new GT to C register Transfer factor a to A register Multiply factor b X a Print answer in A register Add answer and GT C register Transfer new GT to C register Transfer factor a to A register Divide factor b into factor a Print answer in A register Add answer and GT C register Transfer new GT to C register Take square root of factor a Print answer in A register Add answer and GT C register Transfer new GT to C register Print Final GT in C register Jump to Start of Program i E Ea 2 m L Li a Note that the manual solution to the problem and the programmed solution are quite similar with exceptions only for the instructions to create the loop and the entry of variables Consequently a useful technique for testing and debugging 8 new program is the step by step manual operation of the written sequence 41 Changing The Ribbon 1 Remove print unit cover and pull paper tape holder forward 2 Move the ribbon reverse levers away from the spools see diaagram 3 Remove spools and ribbon and discard 4 Replace the spools and thread the ribbon as indicated in the diagram Restore the ribbon levers 42 Insertion of Paper Roll 1 Remove the paper roll bar a and discard the old spool 2 Place the new roll between the two holders so the tape feeds from underneath and insert paper roll bar 3 Tur
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