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SFM1 Sap Flow Meter Manual

1. 3 01 2008 9 00 00 4M 3 01 2008 7 00 00 PM 4901 2008 5 00 00 AM 4 01 2008 3 00 00 PM 5 01 2008 1 00 00 AM 5 01 2008 11 00 00 AM 5101 2008 9 00 00 PM Figure 117 the immediate cessation of sap flow for Eucalyptus bla kelyi upon cavitation caused by severing the water column of the tree 147 Raw heat pulse velocity 1 0 75 em outer 2 2 25 cm inner Velocity cm h 01 2008 7 00 00 AM 01 2008 9 00 00AM 5 01 2008 11 00 00 AM 5 01 2008 1 00 00 PM 5701 2008 3 00 00 PM Figure 118 absolute Zero Flow state reached aftercomplete sevenng of xylem of Eucalyptus bla kelyi Note the negative spike immedaitely after severing asthe valuescome to equilinum follwoing the next measurement E blakelyihad a much higher heartwood percentage than sapwood with a hollow pipe in the middle of the tree The narrow sapwood explains the noisy flat line data that shows no diumal pattem recorded forthe inner thermistor located in heartwood The heartwood also consisted of very dense non conducting xylem with fissures of open airvoidsor cracks emanating from the hollow pipe at the centre of the tree Photo 51 Stem diameter Eucalyptus blakelyi 148 Photo 52 Sap Wood thickness Eucalyptus bla kelyi Ty Goodwill Australia ces yy Photo 53 Wound size Eucalyptus bla kelyi 149 20 An ecophysilogical framework for interpreting sap flow data 20 1Example Sap How data an
2. File Commands Help Instrument Information Hame SFM1 Sap Flow Meter Comment User Manual Demo Update sensor information SD CARD SD OK Download Data oie Figure 87 Download Data Icon If a data file exists on the MicroSD card then a MS Windows Explorer Save As window automatically loads providing a choice of directones to save the data file to The Default location is C Program Files ICH ICT SFM This directory can be changed to a user defined storage location if preferred Sunset ution piu oiio Heis Sad PE Lapgng F LE Jad GI inden E tm nt EE ENN NE fein ike SPRUE Sere Soa 08 Dr r usd 4 E V re G e Sp CAME Sook kem Ss rea VEG trena BET SPM Baby ot i Se eet ee eg Tre beer UG Figure 88 Microsoft Windows Save As Window Once the data file has been downloaded the Save As Window gives way to a subsequent pop up box that confims the file has been downloaded and prompts the user with options to delete or rename the data file Both options can be declined by clicking Cancel and data will continue to be logged to the existing data file 127 imen C ICT SFM Ti SFMQ4813 csv has finished downloading F z Would you like to delete or rename this file irh LE RET Fae Hy Breed pi En ET Desk Figure 89 Data management Pop up Option to Delete orRename the data file NOTE 88 The automated Pop up prompt to Delete Rename
3. Slop Rename Download By Sta enam J Nr Fe pei Fils Size SFHMO481 3 007 8108 SPMOA81 3 007 510 E SFMOA481 3 002 510 B SFM04813 002 10 E SFMOS313 003 5106 SFM0AS13 003 106 i 12 le j EJ Figure 64 SD Card Icons change from Active to inactive during a measurement 82 15 6C ommands 15 6 1 Update Date amp Time The date and time are accessed via the Commands menu along the top menu bar of the SFM1 software The date and time can be automatically set to the date amp time of the computer the SFM1 is connected to by selecting the option Update Computer Time An altemative option is provided to update the instrument to a user defined time This is very important as Sap Flow Meters are often deployed in regions distant to your usual office or time zone Or for example your computer or laptop may be set to daylight saving time but you would prefer to collect data based on standard time The day month and yearcan be set by clicking on the field and using the arrows to scroll to the required values This is the same for both hours and minutes Altematively you can type the value directly into each field Then click update and the new date amp time will be saved to the real time clock of the SFM l s microprocessor Select Date and Time to Update Selle File Commands Help Connect to SFM Correc Choose the time and date Inat i Connect to
4. Device Name Please Wait Device Wake Up Routine In Progress Figure 29 RF Device Chooser Window attempting to wake up devices within range NOTE 37 Each SFM 1 instrument has an integrated radio transceiverand antenna They are configured to wake up every 10 secondsfora millisecond to send a short signal 59 13 3 5 RF Device Wake Up Routine During the Device Wake Up Routine the RF Modem scans the 2 4 GHz frequency for a period of 20 seconds listening for a Signal from any SFM1 Sap Flow Meters that may be within range As each unit only emits a signal every 10 seconds an initial wait time of 20 seconds Is required to ensure all instruments within the area have had time to respond within the discovery window RF Device Chooser lt I Case Address Serial Num Device Name Please Wait Discovering Devices Figure 30 RF Device Chooser Window Discovering devices within range 13 3 6 RF Search for more Devices Ifa known instrument has not been discovered during the initial 20 second poling routine the GUI software allows you to continue to search for more devices to do so click the OK icon when asked Search for more Devices If all devices have been discovered click the Cancel icon to gain access to the list of devices found RF Device Chooser 2 devices in list BK z Address Serial Nurm Device Name 010007DF SFM1C32A 7 0 Ah Batt
5. UWA The University of Westem Australia 163 22 8Appendix H 22 8 1 Algebraic Terms Vn Heat pulse velocity V Corrected heat pulse velocity Vs Corrected sap velocity b Time to thermal equilibrium of the downstream and upstream probes after release of the heat pulse t Measurement time Xi Denotes distance between heaterand the downstream temperature needle x2 Denotes distance between heater and the upstream temperature needle x The distance cm between the heaterand either temperature needle vi The increase in temperature from initial temperature at equidistance downstream xcm from the heater v2 The increase in temperature from initial temperature at equidistance upstream x cm from the heater a b c amp d Conection co efficient s forthe effect of wounding k The mal diffusivity K Thermal conductivity Kgw Thermal conductivity of green fresh wood Ks Thermal conductivity of water 5 984 x 101 m 51 9C1 020 9C Pp Basic density of wood p Density of green fresh wood kg m gt Ps Densty of water density of sap 1 A Void fraction of wood c Specific heat capacity of green fresh wood Cw Specific heat capacity of the wood matnx 1200J kg1 C 1 0 200C Cs Specific heat capacity of the sap Specific heat capacity of the water 4182 J kg C 1 20 C m Water content of sapwood wr Fresh weight of the sapwood sample kg Wa Oven dned weight of the sapwood sample kg
6. is the basic density of wood dry weight green volume Cw and Cs are specific heat capacity of the wood matnx 1200 J kg 1 C 1 at 20 C Becker and Edwards 1999 and sap water 4182 kg 1 C 1 at 20 C Lide 1992 respectively me is water content of sapwood and ps is the density of water 6 6 Converting sap velocity to sap flow Volumetric flow can readily be derved asthe product of sap velocity Vs and cross sectional area of conducting sapwood Gross wood cross sectional area Iscalculated from its under bark radius Heartwood area Is discounted by staining the sapwood Goldstein et al 1998 or by observing the dark colour often associated with heartwood Where sap velocity Vs Is estimated at several radial depths total sapwood area is divided into concentnc annuli delimited by the midpoints between measurement depths In this way point estimates of sap velocity Vs are weighted according to the amount of conducting sapwood in the annulus they sample 29 7 Measurement Cycle and Process The measurement cycle isoutlined below Measurement cycle initiated at set time intervals e g every 10 minutes Acquire an 80 second average of the initial temperature of each individual thermistor 4 Initial sapwood temperature measured and averaged MV outputs from the themistors are measured and converted to temperature in C 4 Heat pulse released An exact power input in J oules is supplied via the instruments microproc
7. m Steve Burgess University of Westem Australia Alec Downey ICT Intemational Pty Ltd Version 4 0 Date of Release 12 5 2014 Table of Contents Ll 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 Sal 3 2 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 5 1 5 1 1 5 1 2 5 1 3 5 1 4 5 2 5 2 1 5 2 2 5 2 3 5 2 4 5 3 Srl 3 3 2 5 3 3 5 3 4 MINT sen 10 lars SC PODE la SEE 10 MANNEN 10 SPS Cl UI 00 gt EE aaa are seenasenemanenens 11 CPU PIOCO Nr 11 OTON I EEE NE SEE 11 LEEN ROSTON EE E E TR 11 DONN 12 EMNE 12 Highly recommended reading va batenesqanchaneneugensaaienesseasnancaaneensadeleaessnncheaseeaenneas 14 Quick art GUIE EE NE E EE 15 Charge the SM1 IMENS LEE EN Lupen 15 Install the SEM 1 Software amp USB DNVET ccsccsesvssescessnsscansiassnesaisasendansexssencadesatsucersesecousteecatensi 15 UTEN ocean gescarctt O 15 Connectto the SI EEE OE 15 Pim INN vvs 15 install the Sap Flow NT 15 Set Me Logging Mea EEE EN 16 DOWNS DL EEE EE 16 AG LG AD ee EEE 16 Sap Fow Met r Desc np UON EEE 17 MENNENE 17 Measurement Resolution EE EE susewssnne 18 NMeislel Bs ONE EREET a ETES Ea 18 Heater Needle Design rrrrmnnrnrenrrrnrrrernrersnvnrennressnrsennresenvrsennresennesnnresennrsssnvesennnssnvesennvensnvesen 18 EN NTN sriep aE E EE SE 19 Measurement Reporting OptiOnS se eeeneseeseesesessessessressreseresnreseressressresrresreeseresrresrreserens 20 Needle Temperature Jar 20 Heat PUE Veloci surus EE 20 Eee NNN Saerre ne teee
8. 9 What is wounding Answer A wound is the plants response to drilling holes into the sapwood of the tree The xylem cells close up or form a scab in much the same way humans do to prevent further infection and begin the healing process 10 What affects wounding Answer The degree of wounding thickness of the scab and wound response or the time taken to produce the wound are usually species specific and can also be site specific One thing that does accelerate the wound response is the amount of heat used and the frequency of measurement Always try to keep the energy input level as low as possible to minimise the wound response This will increase the longevity of each installation with accurate data collected for longer between installations 11 How do you know if the wounding affect has become too great to collect accurate data Answer If the sap velocity begins to exhibit a continual decrease in the overall diumal trend over successive days compared to previous data compare these results against other trees in the measurement area If none of the other trees exhibit a similar pattem and the maximum sap velocity values begin to approach zero this is a strong indication that the wound hasexceeded the maximum limit of approx 3mm and the sensor needs re installing 154 12 How many daysdata storage doesthe SFM1 have when logging at 10 minute interval Answer The SFM1 is supplied with a 2GB MicroSD Card A 2GB MicroSD card has sufficie
9. An open search forany device isgood when doing venfication testing of signal strength for all instruments deployed ina field experiment MCC Device Configuration File gt Mode of operation Signal Strength Test v Description Displays Signal Strength and packet counters from any unit or a specific unit through terminal emulation program Paired Device 010008FD Any Device Verify Address lt i Apply Settings J Exit Configuration Mode Communications Settings Available Ports COMB2 ad gZ Scan Ports s Change Fort Port COM8Z Figure 139 Enter the Instrument address into the Paired Device field and click venfy address to lock it to a single instrument This is ideal for conducting a signal strength survey pror to deployment MCC Device Configuration Any Device Venty Address Apply Settings Exit Configuration Mode Communications Settings Available Ports COM82 vi vf Change Port Please select a COM port Figure 140 Click Apply Settings the changesare saved to Non Volatile RAM Then click Exit Configuration Mode and the screen isgreyed out and the Red LED son the MCC1 cease flashing The MCC1hasnow been configured for Signal Strength testing 178 22 16 2 Configure Hyperterminal for RSSI Test Utility Interface Setup board rate and Click ESC to bring up the operation menu MCC RSSI Test Utility Properties PK COMB2 Properties Connect To Se
10. Based on the results of this test it would appear the SFM1 can be used for independent operation in the field for up to a penod of 9 days 4 hours and 10 minutes using a single fully charged 12 V DC 7 Ah Lead Acid Rechargeable battery At which point the instruments intemal battery reachesthe minimum voltage threshold and measurements are suspended As this test takes the extemal battery to failure fully discharged it is advised to reduce the expected longevity for field deployment to 7 days to allow a safety margin to prevent the extemal battery from being fully discharged and possible intenuption of measurements through automated suspension of datalogging Further testing will be conducted to evaluate the effect of constant deep discharge on the performance of the Lead Acid battenes as it Is noted they are not specifically designed for such heavy workloads Deep Cycle Manne battenes are however designed to withstand such heavy workloads and occasional to regular deep discharge without immediate impact on the serviceable life of the battery Where possible ICT recommends using large capacity 100 Ah rated or greater Deep Cycle Marine grade battenes for charging the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter in field applications either with solarcharging and especially when solar charging isnot available 176 22 16Appendix P 22 16 1 Signal Strength Test Proc edure Begin by changing the MCC1 Mode Press and hold down the Mode button on the MCC1 Connect the USB ca
11. IF unit is left in manual mode it will not be taking any measurements Do you wish to disconnect Figure 25 User Advice Message when disconnecting from the SFM 1 when in Manual Mode This is to prevent you disconnecting and thinking that your device is automatically collecting data Manual mode has no effect without being connected to the SFM Software as it requires human intervention to initiate a measurement by clicking the Start Measurement Fire Pulse icon If you are consciously disconnecting the device with no intention of collecting data select Yes and it will disconnect with no further wamings Otherwise abort the disconnection by clicking No 57 13 3MCC1 RF Modem 13 3 1 RF Connection Type m Device Selection Available Devices a Device Name Serial Number COM Port ICT Compatible RF Modem COM 32 C Show All Ports Remember Devices Connection Type r E Find Devices IE Select Device B Cancel Figure 26 Device Selection Window Connection Type RF Drop down the Connection Type box located in the bottom left hand comerof the screen and select RF Radio Frequency fan MCC1 Multi Converter RF Modem is connected to the PC it will automatically be displayed in the list of Available Devices showing the COM port it has been automatically allocated by the Windows OS rm Device Selection Available Devices Device Name Serial Number COM Port No compatib
12. Tr Pi 3 142 C Circumference ofa circle d Diameterofa circle 164 22 9Appendix I General structural anatomy ofa tree Jem bark Inner bark Phloem Fa t Cambium Nc Sapwood Dylem enn LETT WOO Figure 125 Generalised structure of a tree stem showing onentation of major tissues outer bark inner bark i e phloem cambium sapwood i e xylem and heartwood Kramer amp Kozlowski 1979 165 22 10 Appendix J 22 10 1 Show Themistor Calibration This feature is not intended for use by the end user It isa manufacturers calibration function that is used at the time of manufacture and may some times be used when repainng or servicing the Sap Flow Meter However the feature is made available to the end user should they wish to manually calibrate the thermistors of the instrument WARNING 21 this calibration function must only be used if a suitable calibration reference and isothermal calibration chamber is available Failure to meet this criteria will result in an erroneous calibration being stored in the instrument that will cause the Sap Flow Meter to measure inaccurately For this reason it isa hidden menu option that must manually be Displayed or Hidden Thiscan be done from the Commands Menu From the commands menu select Show Themistor Calibration Selecting this option displays a new section Themistor Calibration on the SFM tab on the night side of the GUI this area of the GUI isnomally blank
13. a SFM TB HRM block Functional SP22 22 Watt Solar Panel SPPM Solar Panel Post Mount 157 22 3Appendix C 22 3 1 Wananty The standard terms amp Conditions of the ICT waranty are that the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter is guaranteed to be free of faulty parts and workmanship fora period of 12 months from the receipt of purchase The warranty covers back to base repair for faulty parts and labour The customer Is required to pay the cost of shipping to ICT Intemational or an authonsed ICT distnbutor for repair ICT Intemational will then pay the retum shipping costs to the customer upon repair SFM1 Sap Flow Meters regulary operate continuously for 2 years in the field without maintenance and repair However as mentioned heater filaments as is the case of incandescent light bulbs have a finite and unpredictable life span In this sense heaters are considered consumables that may require penodic replacement On the whole temperature probes and cables are long lasting if they are well cared for however no sensor needles measurement needles or heaters are immune to the ngours of installation and removal from woody tissue Accordingly users are reminded that a degree of attntion isto be expected and with this in mind SFM1 Sap Flow Meters are designed so that individual needles can be replaced The complete SFM1 instrument can be retumed to ICT Intemational ora local authonsed ICT distnbutor for repairata small labour charge plus part
14. a eee A Up ye teres torner j om DE SFMOABI3 7 APP Vers AI4E COM Vers Fil 45H3 Baani sappie Eemal supply connected a wanaye LOSY ae cle SEMAN OD v Stat Meanserert ra Pihel 4 i Dere Data MINTE 3 Device ene 2 hv 04 05 corenctes to xT SM Dawe Dates IADA Devine Time Ptv 04 00 Figure 94 the emor message displayed in the dia logue Je whens an seer download procedure IS attempted left and a successful download when the correct procedure is followed right 130 17 3 5 4 Stop Download By default the Stop Icon is grayed out It only becomes active when downloading a file to allow the user to stop the download if desired In the screenshot below captured during a download the Stop icon IS active to facilitate stopping the download should it be necessary The download process provides user feedback that includes a green status bar Time remaining and download complete a o SFM Corrections Reports SD Card PC Logging SFM Corrections Reports SD Card PC Logging i Filename File Size Filename File Size SFM04813 CS 2 20 kB SFM04813 CS 2 20 kB SFM04813 001 810B SFM04813 001 810B SFM04813 002 810B SFM04813 002 810B SFM04813 003 810B SFM04813 003 810B Silk J EA h Ul 98 75 00 Time remaining calculating Figure 95 the Stop Download icon Is inactive by default only becoming active dur
15. deployment check before taking the equipment to the field and installation This will ensure correct functioning of the two measurement needles and the heater providing confidence in the operation of the equipment and subsequent results obtained which will aid in data interpretation a _________j p Photo 54 a SFM1 Sap Flow Meter needles inserted into the Test Block b SFM1 Test Block with label Error Codes If the Sap Flow Meter or the needles have a problem one of the following eror codes will typically be generated 19 19 No heater curent was detected therefore no heat pulse could be fired 20 20 Sap Velocity Vs was not calculated because the temperature nse of one of the thermistors was below the cut off threshold 21 21 Sap velocity Vs could not be calculated because the temperature nse of one of the thermistors was negative 22 22 Calculated Sap velocity Vs is less than the maximum practical physiologic al limit of reverse sap flow Values that are significantly different from the expected venfication range of 18cm hr and are not flagged with an enor code will indicate that an enor exists and you should consult your Sap Flow Meter manual and commence diagnostics check and trouble shooting If no obvious answer can be detemined for the dispanty please contact ICT intemational or your local distnbutor Photo 55 SFM1 and Test Block 172 22 15Appendix O 22 15 1 SFM1 Extemal Battery Operat
16. i Corrections Reports SD Card PC Logging Outer Thermistor Inner Thermistor Downstream Probe deg C deg Outer Thermistor Inner Thermistor Upstream Probe deg C deg Thermistor Calibration Connect to SFM Last calibration performed on LAL EMPTY Update Date Time Measurement Status Measurement Stopped SD Logging Options Show Thermistor Calibration Pulse Energy Reset Hidden Delete Rename Dialog 20 Joule pulse w Web Update Options Figure 126 Show Thermistor Calibration function in the SFM tab In the tes example shown no calibration is present and so it reports CAL EMPTY If sensors are all at a known and carefully controlled reference temperature in an isothermal media in an isothermal calibration chamber this temperature can be added in the Cal Temp field for calibration purposes Choosing Set will reset all of the individual temperature sensors to the reference temperature From this point choosing clear will undo the setting whilst choosing save will generate a new calibration forthe SFM 1 instrument 166 22 10 2 Hide Themistor Calibration The command menu item will now toggle to read Hide Themistor Calibration Selecting this menu option will stop displaying the calibration and remove it from showing on the SFM Tab Corrections Reports SD Card PC Logging Outer Thermistor Inner Thermistor Downstream Pro
17. p 4 6 i 7 J Sh i ji 4 28 sy EIN A aY E Photo 34 Drilling a hole through drilling jig attached to tree The holes should be a snug fit but you should not need to physically force the probes into the holes If this isthe case the holes require further cleaning If cleaning doesnot improve the fit of the needles the holes may have become skewed during dnlling due to incorect drilling technique as a result of excessive speed and force The complete installation must be discarded and redone ona new site that is unaffected by the previously drilled holes NOTE 79 Try to avoid wherever possible the need to clean the holes once the dnl guide has been removed Although it isacknowledged that the xylem fibres of some species are held under extreme tension and would appear to relax after the hole has been dnlled making the insertion of the measurement needle very difficult In this situation the hole will need to be reamed out by carefully running the dnil back and forth through the hole to cut away the expanded fibres that encroach into the hole Do NOT attempt to rednill the hole Simply hold the dnil without pressure and allow the drill bit to run in and out through the existing hole 115 B b t RE V Photo 35 Cleaning the holes made once the drill jig is removed 16 6 2 1 Drilling Tips If using a conventional cordless power dnl rather than the recommended Dremel cordless power dnil best r
18. 0 1 7 setup msi NOTE 25 you can check for and download the latest version of software from the ICT web site http www ictinternational com support software d Followsthe prompts of the Install wizard e If necessary install Windows DotNET from the installation CD when prompted Then complete the installation An icon will be installed on the Desktop of your PC to run the software 11 2 2 Microsoft Operating System Minimum Requirements DotNet Framework Is free software supplied by Microsoft in all Windows Operating Systems Dependent upon the age of your PC and the way in which it was configured at the time of manufacture the DotNet software may not have been installed as part of the standard operating system 47 ICT Intemational utilises the DotNet programming environment to run the ICT utility software and therefore requires that it be installed on the PC prior to installing the ICT utility software The ICT installation wizard automatically checks your PC s configuration and will prompt you if DotNet is not installed or an older version of DotNet is installed on your PC In either case you will need to install DotNet3 5 before proceeding and completing the installation of the ICT utility software This isa free software download from the Microsoft web site IC Thas provided the direct Hypenink for your convenience http download microsoft com download 6 0 f 60fc 5854 3c b 8 4892 b 6d b bd 4f42510f28 dotnetfx35 exe Altemative
19. 1 About TN 75 Figure 58 Dynamic message advising the user of software amp Fimware updates available from MOWED EEE ce ee ee eee ee ee eee 75 Figure 59 Display Debug Registers is output to the Dialogue Box in the SFM softwale 76 Figure 60 The Measurement Mode isa drop down menu that hasa selection of preformatted NNN sarc cp tne cogs ec nna up E E E mesngaussoaeetpeepannes seeaeee 77 Figure 61 The Reporting Option isa drop down menu that offers the choice between Needle Temperature Mode and Sap Flow MOG Soares sscssecssanstsersenareenectanaberassnaantassneanasavvestaansanardiecaneeleniassaueaeuersans 79 Figure 62 Accessto the Delayed Start Suspend Configuration option is via the clockicon 80 Figure 63 Setting the Delayed Start or Measurement Suspend OptiOnS rrrnrrnnrrrrrrnnvrnnnrrrnnrrnnrrrnnren 80 Figure 64 SD Card Icons change from Active to inactive during a measurement rsrrrnvrrnnvrrnvrenn 82 Figure 65 Set Date amp Time via the Commands gt Update Date Time menu rmrrrrrrsrrrrvrrrvvrrnvrernrrn 83 Figure 66 Configure the parametersto be logged to the data file on the SD Card 84 Figure 67 Default settings for SD Logging Options Of the SFML rmnnnrnnrnrsrernnrennnvrnnnrsnnrernnrernnrennnnssnrenn 84 Figure 68 Raw Temperature Mode Settings rmrrnrrnnnrrnnnrrnnvennnrennnrrnnnrsnnrennnresnnrennnnsnnnesnnnessnnsnnnnsnnnesnnnesnnnsens 86 Figure 69 Raw Needle Temperatures are not displayed in th
20. A and click on the Save Icon Next time you click on ICT Compatible Modem you can chose to drop down the group of sensors you wish to download as the discovery routine has already been done and remembered by the GUI Software Each instrument displayed in the list can be individually selected and you can connect to It either by highlighting the device and clicking on Connect or double clicking on the device name itself 61 13 3 8 Adding Devices to a Saved Group Devices that have not been found initially or new instruments added to the expenment since the previous discovery can be added to the Device Chooser List You are given the option of merging new instruments or cleanng the list and repopulating it with a completely new search The results of a new search can be saved asa New Group RF Discovery Merge Or Clear Do vou want to perhorn new search and clear the existing items or merge new devices to the current list Figure 34 Device Discovery Merge or Clear Discovery Search Option Window 13 3 9 Connecting to a Device via RF After selecting an instrument or an individual instrument from within a saved group the following screen will appear The message establishing RF Link is disolayed in the status bar of the splash Screen SEM Disconnect irom lt KCE INTERNATIONAL HEAT RATIO METHOD SAP FLOW METER Product Vernon 2053 Fakse Date 09 05 2013 Connecting to HRM Figure
21. An instrument venfic ation check prior to field deployment 2 A calibration of Themnistors in the measurement needles 3 Instrument or species calibrations in the lab WARNING 6 DO NOT PULSE WHEN NEEDLES ARE IN AIR This is a safety precaution to ensure long serviceability of the heater The heater isa monofilament wire that like an incandescent light bulb has a finite and unpredictable life saan and can bum out if unable to dissipate the heat when operated in air This waming should be particularly heeded when unpacking the instrument for the first time and becoming familiar with it perhapson a desk rather than installed in a tree 77 15 5 1 2 Test Instrument integnty prior to deployment in the field The manual measurement mode is convenient for testing instrument operation and perfoming an integnty test of the needles prior to deployment in the field A test is conducted by placing the needles of the SFM1 into the embedded Sleeves as labeled on the SFM TB Test Block Notice that the Sleeves are not symmetncal around the heater instead being asymmetrc al which isin contradiction to the HRM protocol This feature combined with the use of a compound of known themal properties Is how the Test Block has been engineered to force a known sap velocity when a measurement is made in an inanimate block Place the SFM1 in Manual mode and Starta Measurement The software will display all stages of the measurement protocol on screen as they are perfor
22. CTY SPaCEd smranrnrnnrrnnnrrnnnrennvrrnnvrrnnvrnnnvrnnnrsnnnnenns 28 Figure 5 Using the unique ICT Power Bus and Power Bus Plugs to tnckle charge the intemal SM1 PNG 34 Figure 6 Solar panel connected directly to an SFM1 Sap Flow Meter rmmnsrrrnrrnnvrnnvrrsvrrnnrrrnvrrnvrnnnrnns 36 Figure 7 Extemal 12V battery connected directly to an SFM1 Sap Flow Meter rmsrmmnsnranrrrrnvrrnnrrnn 37 Figure 8 Solar panel connected to an extemal 12V battery with a solarregulatorto charge a 38 Figure 9 Using the ICT Power Bus to daisy chain multiple instruments together to share a common extemal POW EF Supply see 39 Figure 10 Solar panel connected to an extemal 12V battery with a solar regulator to charge multiple SFM1 Sap Flow Meter s daisy Chained together m mm rrrrmrmsrrsrrserrsrerrorrrsrrrorrrsnrrrsnrrrnnrsrnrene 40 Figure 11 Recommended Solar Panel SpecificatlonS rmrrarrrrnrrnnnrrnnvrrnavernnrennnrnnnnrsnnresnnressnrennnrsnnresnnrene 41 Figure 12 ICT Sap Flow Power Calculator for calculating SFM1 power consumption and auxiliary Wlar OT ONS seers em serves cae estes ied eve erates sa ee eons vrata event eae N 42 Figure 13 SFM Menu Bar provides software accessto Power Down the SFM rrsrrnnnrrnnnrrnnvvrnnvrrnnnenn 51 Figure 14 User Advice Message to alert the user that the SFM1 cannot power down as extemal ores l a gcse NNN hv 51 Figure 15 SFM 1 Software Splash SCreen mmmsmrnnrrnnnvrnnnrsnnvernaversnrennnrrnnnrsnnrrsnnnennnn
23. Dae 9384 DE MCC RSSI Test Utility Pressing the ESC key at any time returns to main menu Connecting to 010008FD Please Wait 1 8FD Connection Established Tx 1322 Rx 836 rRSSI 17 IRSSI 15 Connected 0 23 32 Auto detect 115200 8 N 1 SCROLL CAPS pum Capture Print echo Figure 145 RSSI values lt 20 show extremely strong signal strength MCC RSSI Test Utility Hyper Terminal File Edit View Call Transfer Help D 98 DES amp MCC RSSI Test Utility MCC Firmware Ver Selected Device Serial Number 19998FD Pressing the ESC key at any time returns to main menu Connecting to 010008FD Please Wait 010008FD Connection Established Tx 2889 Rx 2657 rRSSI 87 IRSSI 85_ Connected 0 19 29 Auto detect 115200 8 N 1 SCROLL APS pum Capture Print echo Figure 146 RSSI va lues of gt 80 show very poor signal strength 181 22 17Appendix Q 22 17 1 Methyl Orange MSDS MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET Methyl orange Page I of 3 Date of Issue 21 Spet 06 STATEMENT OF HAZARDOUS NATURE Hazardous according to criteria of Worksafe Australia COMPANY DETAILS Company ProSciTech Address PO Box 111 Thuringowa Central Qld 4817 Australia Street Address 1 11 Carlton Street Kirwan Qld 4817 Australia Telephone Number 07 4773 9444 Fax Number 07 4773 2244 IDENTIFICATION SECTION Product Name Methyl orange Other Names C 1 13025 Acid Orange Dexon Diazoben Eniameth
24. E A E E EE 177 Signal Strength Test Procedure EE ME 177 Configure Hyperleminal for RSS Test Utility Interface rmmsnrerrnrrronrrronnrrrrnrerenversnrenen 179 RSS TE e OU cemar E A teasaneunemepaceeensamanaeten 179 opion t lect DEVICE EEE NN 180 Locating the instrument Sena l Number rrrnrennrrennrrernrerennrrrnvrrennressnversnrerenvnsennresnnresnnvene 180 APPEND 0 REE A ee er ee eee ee ee eee 182 MENSEN hr 182 23 24 25 26 21 28 OE 185 AOE PUNO US EE ENE EE E 186 YEN NN 188 PET VIN 193 TVEN eee 195 Gp 1 9 og DL SE EEE EEE 203 1 SFM1 Sap How Meter Manual This guide will cover in depth the operation and features of the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter so that you can understand and operate the instrument to its full capability Note 1 This manual should be used in conjunction with the instructional videos provided by ICTIntemational to complement each section of operation These videos are hypeninked throughout the relevant sections of this manual and are located on the ICT YouTube site htto www youtube com channel UCxtXEr V3UESXzDQr wwiRo 1 1 Intellectual Property The specific principle of operation of the Heat Ratio Method HRM remains the intellectual property of the publishing authors Burgess S S 0 et al 2001 An improved heat pulse method to measure low and reverse rates of sap flow in woody plants Tree Physiology 21 589 598 The onginal needle design remains the intellectual property of University of Westem Austr
25. Flow MER Luren eden 104 Selecting a Measurement Tree rmmsrrmrnrsrerererrerereroresssressnressnvrsesnressnrsesnvesenvnssnnne 104 Measure the Stem Dia as RE EN 104 How to convert stem Circumference to stem Diameter smrrnrrannrsnnvrnnnernnvrnnvernnrenn 105 Stem Diameter Measunng 0 6 LOCO I ssechceeasaecsacacaccncsaatansacecasoenaao casas anteiadenteuavenoetaseeieace 105 ME PK NG 105 gt BEG EEE 106 Measure SNE ee 107 UTEN 108 ENN 108 NNN 110 Destructive Sampling to Measure Sapwood mrnrrnvrrrrvrrrrnrrrrnvrrennrernvreesnrrsenvrsesnrsenvrsennren 111 METT NTN tacit sins E AE E E E 112 ME NOEL 112 BEO DAIN ae tosses atecsnecte capsostacees sine E E 113 EAN PSC 1195 GON EE ieee cunencusponencat 114 OSS PONTA 114 Check the Holesare PN 116 VENN 117 NNN 117 16 10 16 11 16 11 1 16 12 16 12 1 16 13 16 14 16 14 1 16 14 2 17 17 1 17 2 17 2 1 17 2 2 17 2 3 17 2 4 17 3 17 3 1 17 3 2 17 3 3 17 3 4 17 3 5 17 3 6 18 18 1 1 18 1 2 19 19 1 19 2 19 3 19 4 19 5 19 6 19 6 1 20 20 1 21 22 22 1 Insert Needlesand Attach SFM1 to Tree rrnrrrrrrrssssssrrrrrrrnnnrrrrrrrrnnnsrrrrrrnnsserrrrrrnnsssssnsnnne 118 EN al og EEE EE EA A 119 Insulate Needles on Small Diameter Stems rrrrnrarnnrrannrerennnresnrrennreesnverenvnsenvnsennresnnren 119 181 11 05 25 EE NE 120 NEST SKE 1 0 REE 120 FE NN 121 EE 122 0 EEE EEE EE NE 122 gt LO EEE EE 123 Data Storage amp Downloadin
26. Icon isclicked 129 17 3 5 2 Show List Hide List The Show List Hide List icon allows the user to toggle the view of the SD Card tab between a single listing of the cunent data file name and size of the file ora complete list of all data files stored on the MicroSD Card QQ _SFM Corrections Reports 5D Card PC Logging SFM Corrections Reports SD Card PC Logging lt q EET Data File SFMOS813 csv Size 8106 Download ji Rename Filename File Size ai SFMO4 amp 813 CS 810B SFM04813 001 810B SFM04813 002 810B SFM04813 003 810B p wall Figure 93 the altemate displays of the SD Card tab when using the Show List Hide List toggle icon 17 3 5 3 Download file On first inspection the Download icon would appear seemingly redundant However this icon provides access to all data files stored on the MicroSD card rather than only the active data file asis possible using the Download Data icon on the main Instrument Information panel of the software In orderto utilise the Download icon a file must first be selected from the list of files stored on the MicroSD card Once selected click the Download icon and the download process isthe same as described in the downloading data section NOTE 89 An error message is displayed in the dialogue box if no data file is selected before hitting download rn SPM Sap How Mater T
27. Joule pulse Update pulse energy Measurement Status Taking Ratio Pulse Energy 20 Joule pulse Update pulse energy Figure 75 Ratios are automatically calculated before the measurement is completed This data is then processed onboard the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter using the integrated microprocessor to yield the Raw Heat Pulse velocity using the HRM algonthm Equation 2 If the necessary correction parameters have been entered Sap Velocity and Sap Flow will also be processed These parameters may then be logged to the data file if this option was selected in the SD Card Logging Options Measurement started 0370972013 18 22 Measurement complete 0370972013 18 24 results Heat pulse velocity 17 765 Sap welocity 32 432 Sap flow in kg 0 324 Connected to ICT SFM Batt 4 08 Y Pork COMS9 Device Date 03 09 2013 Device Time 24hr 18 37 Figure 76 automatically processed Sap Flow results are processed on board the SFM1 and displayed in the dialogue box NOTE 60 If the Reporting Option isset to Needle Temperature Mode the results are not displayed in the dialogue box instead they are stored directly on the MicroSD card in Binary format 90 15 8 1 Pulse Energy The factory default Heat Pulse Energy setting is 20 Joules All SFM1 Sap Flow Meters are configured to this energy level to prevent inadvertent damage to the plant by installing the instruments and having the energy level set too high for t
28. Multi tool Knife for removing thick bark if nec essary Tool kit includes Small Flat blade amp Phillips head screwdnivers and fine tip ped pliers Forceps Tweezers Wire Strippers Silicon grease to aid probe insertion into sapwood Plastic cable ties foranchonng cablesto temy roots Tree ID Tags Electncaland gaffertape fora vanety of uses Self Amalgamating Heat Shnnk 159 22 5Appendix E 22 5 1 SAM SKI1 Installation Kit Small Drill guide with only 5mm spacing option With 4 Mounting pinseach 8 mm long Small Drill Guide Dimensions 50 mm x 30 mm x12 mm Precision 1 3 mm diameter x 75 mm long dnill bits Tolerance 0 05 mm Dnill bits The SD Card Reader allows the Vs transfer of data from the SFM 1 to a Adapter PC forrapid data transfer of large files Samisk Micro SD Card Shuttle 160 22 6Appendix F 22 6 1 Example SM1 Packing List Sap Flow Meter Configured for Heat Ratio Method principle Consists of three probes 35 mm long with 2 measurement points at SFM 1 7 5 and 22 5mm from probe tip IP68 rated enclosure standalone logging capability to 2GB MicroSD Card Windows software User Manual SFM SK1 Heat Ratio Sensor Installation Kit includes Small drill guide 1 3 mm x 75 mm long Drill bits pack of 10 Micro SD Card Shuttle SFM TB Heat Ratio Sensortest block Functional verification standard An Installation disc containing Copy Protection dongle and User Manual Wireless USB Radio communicati
29. Outer Only Inner and Outer Calculated Results Diagnostic Temperature Data Raw Heat Pulse Velocity I Max Temperatures verage Disconnect From SEM Sap Velocity Temperature Rise Ratios Sap Flow in kg Update Date Time Power Management Internal Battery External Supply Raw temperature mode number of measurements second A measuremeni ts per secon d Show Thermistor alibr ation Raw temperature mode number of measurements after pulse 105 measurements after pulse 1 minutes 45 seconds Total measuremeni t time 2 minutes 18 seconds Reset Hidden Delete Rename Dialog Web Update Options Figure 86 The SD Card Logging Optionstab showing that the calculated parameters of Raw Heat Pulse Velocity Sap Velocity and Sap Flow will be logged to the CSV data file along with the Diagnostic Temperature data Max Temperature Average Temperature Rise Ratios and Power management data intemal battery and Extemal Supply 126 17 3Downloading Data 17 3 1 Download data Via USB Cable A micro USB cable is supplied for downloading and configunng the instrument It is a Standard cable in most computer stores The physical USB connection is the simplest method to download data from the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter 17 3 2 Download Data Icon Data can be downloaded in a number of ways The simplest is to click the green Download Data icon on the main window under the Instrument Information section
30. The data file after downloading can be deactivated by deselecting the Show this Dialog aftereach download check box 17 3 3 Delete or Rename a data file It is not necessary to delete the data file from the SD card Instead it can be renamed and forms an off site backup of your data file should your computer hard drive fail When renaming the data file it is recommended to rename the file extension using numbers e g 001 002 003 File Rename Ed File Rename Enter new filename and extension Filename must be 8 chracters or less Enter new filename and extension Filename must be 8 chracters or less extension must be 3 characters extension must be 3 characters Filename Filename Ext Ext Figure 90 Clicking on the Rename option provides the facility to rename the file name and or the file extension Each numencal increment designates the chronological downloading of the instrument and Should the downloaded copy of the data ever be lost these files can be reloaded into SFT software and easily stitched together to recover the lost data A list of the data files stored on the MicroSD card can be viewed by toggling the Show List Hide List icon on the SD Card tab 17 3 4 Appending data to a file The SFM1 can append data to an existing data file When downloading data from the Sap Flow Meter select the same directory to save the data file to as the previous version of the data file of the same name The Software will check
31. a response is immediately displayed either confirming the action isok orwaming that the action has failed and why WARNING DO NOT J Update measurement options PULSE WHEN NEEDLES ARE IN AIR 08 51 02 ICT SFM UI Started 08 51 56 Connected to SFM 09 59 04 Device disconnected 10 17 11 Connected to SFM 11 06 31 Update aborted 12 57 08 Measurement Options Updated OK Manual Sap Flow Mode Measurement started 03 09 2013 14 24 _ Measurement complete 03 09 2013 14 26 results 12 59 33 Measurement aborted Temp rise insufficient Connected to ICT SFM Batt 4 00 Port COM89 Device Date 03 09 2013 Device Time 24hr 14 27 Figure 54 SFM1 Dialogue Box Example of user feedback messages 15 2 1 Copy to Clipboard Icon Copy to c Ipboard Clicking on this icon copies all of the information contained within the dialogue box and can be pasted into a word processing application such as Microsoft Word or Notepad This can be a useful tool in diagnosing possible problems as exact feedback from the instrument can be emailed to ICTengineers for troubleshooting Measurement complete 03 09 2013 14 53 results 01 26 10 Measurement aborted Temp rise insufficient 15 22 Clearicon CEAI 73 15 23 Dialogue Box Clear Icon Clicking on this icon clearsthe field of any previous information A WARNING DO NOT Update measurement options PULSE WHEN NEEDLES ARE IN AIR Connected to ICT S
32. a separate document describing joining cables www ictintemational com au splice htm 16 11Insulation Generally no radiation shielding or thermal insulation is required around the instrument or stem of the plant This is because the SFM1 isa Heat Pulse Technique and the measurement protocol involves measunng and accounting for thermal gradients before commencing the measurement process If it is anticipated that temperatures are likely to change within the 100 second measurement cycle e g transient sunflecks that can warm needle hubs reflective bubble foil shielding can be used to insulate the needles If temperature differences between the tree and SFM1 are expected to exceed 15 C the use of reflective shielding over the sensor should be employed 16 11 1 Insulate Needles on Small Dia meter Stems If needles extend beyond the stem they should be insulated from direct sunlight which will conduct heat back along the stainless steel needles and confound or swamp the temperature increase from the measurement heat pulse The insulating jacket taken from stripping the end of the figure 8 charging cable is ideal and with the aid of a small amount of silicon grease slides straight on Altematively some insulating foam could be used Finally cover the full installation with aluminum foil to reflect direct radiation The insulating conductors or foam will prevent heat transfer from the needles touching the aluminum foil For further reference it is
33. analogue HRM design by removing significant levels of electncal interference ornoise from the measured data This was demonstrated in the study Eller C B Pereira C G Oliveira R S Downey A M Burgess S S 0 2012 Differences in Sap How Data Quality between a Thermocouple based HRM Sensor and a Newly Specialised HRM Sap How Meter Technical Note http www ictinternational com casestudies 5 1 2 Needle Design All needles sets are made of high quality electrical components housed in sealed conosion resistant surgical grade 316 stainless steel needles with high strength epoxy resin hubs SFM1 standard needle lengths are 35mm and have two themistors located 7 5 mm and 22 5 mm from the tip of the needle This provides a spacing of 15 mm between each measurement point and a 12 5mm distance between the outer measurement point and the epoxy base of the needle The 15 mm spacing between measurement points is to achieve two discrete readings independent of the thermal sphere of influence of the other The 12 5 mm spacing from the epoxy base and the outer measurement point allow for varying depths of bark when insta lling the sensors 5 1 3 Heater Needle Design The 35 mm long heater needle consists of a propnetary designed high resistance wire or filament that dissipates power and yields an exceptionally high and efficient amount of heat Heaters are designed to be powered by 12 Volts for a penod of 2 8 seconds Asa consequence of the w
34. bit specifications The dnll bits are 13 mm diameter x 75 mm long The specifications of these drill bits were chosen to exactly match the diameter of the SFM1 measurement needles They provide a snug but not excessively tight The tolerance of both the dnl bit and the measurement needle are high but the fit should not be considered an interference fit The needles should still be able to be removed without using excessive force This very close matching of diameters ensures the measurement needles are perfectly coupled thermally with the stem resulting in a good even heat transfer between the measurement needles and the xylem The length of the dnil bit is designed to provide sufficient length to be secured in the chuck of the power drill so that a 35 mm hole can be drilled into the stem with the drilling guide left in place NOTE 77 The dni bits used are made of high speed steel with to improve cutting performance and longevity The dnil bit is 75mm long and has very precise diameter of 1 3 mm SFM1 55 d ill bits are non standard specifications and cannot be bought from a local hardware store Replacements dnil bits are readily available from ICT Intemational 16 6 2 Cordless Power Drill Use a cordless power dnll that hasa high rotational speed Revolutions Per Minute RPM so that you geta good clean cutting action NOTE 78 A Dremel cordless power drill is recommended asit hasa long life Lithium lon battery for long field use and does not
35. corrosion of the pipes and therefore ensure a good electncal connection is maintained throughout the life of the installation Photo 13 Inserting the power bus plugs with strpped cable into the power bus ports on either side of the SFM1 NOTE 21 The small protective Bus Plug capsare not used when wiresare inserted 46 11 Software amp USB Dnver Installation 11 1 Instrument Set up and Configuration NOTE 22 All changesthat you make and confim by clicking the relevant Update icon will be stored in non volatile memory That is they will be retained even if you tum the power off and on 11 2SFM1 Utility Software NOTE 23 All software described in the proceeding section are included on the ICT Installation DVD and on the MicroSD card installed in the instrument 11 2 1 Installation A Graphical User Interface GUI is used to configure and operate the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter The GUI or Utility Software operates on Microsoft Windows Operating Systems OS and Is compatible with Windows XP Windows Vista and Windows 7 a Install the USB driver ict usb dnvernexe This is an executable file that requires no Windows driver Wizard to install Simply double click on the executable file and the USB driver will automatic ally install corectly NOTE 24 the USB dnvercan be downloaded from the ICTweb site http www ictinternational com support software b Installthe software by running the Setup file c Double click on the setup file sfm1 r2
36. covered underwananty 22 WARNING 4 When connecting power to the SFM1 use the power bus ports on either side of the instrument at the same end Do not split the power input with on one input top and bottom on the same side of the instrument The gold plated copper pipes run the entirety of the instrument on each side and whilst the power supply circuit is non polansed placing a positive and a negative input into the same pipe top and bottom of the instrument this would cause a short TN 33 WARNING 5 If connecting up the solar panel outdoors in sunlight do not short touch the positive and negative wires together as this will damage the solarpanel m mmrrrrrrrersvessererernne 45 WARNING 6 DO NOT PULSE WHEN NEEDLES ARE IN AIR This is a safety precaution to ensure long serviceability of the heater The heater is a monofilament wire that like an incandescent light bulb has a finite and unpredictable life span and can bum out if unable to dissipate the heat when operated in air This waming should be particulany heeded when unpacking the instrument for the first time and becoming familiar with it perhaps on a desk rather than KE 5 116 TE gt EE I EE A 77 WARNING 7 Never use the default Correction values for presentation of Sap Velocity or Sap Flow Data The data WILL BE WRONG Sap Velocity and Sap Flow data should only be presented when the corections specific to the installation and the tree being measured have been entered or used in p
37. for inserting the measurement needle hasbeen prepared WARNING 15 Holes must be drilled slowly If you attempt to force the drill into the stem you WILL break the drill bit The power drill should be set to dnll soeed forvanable speed power drills and the trigger fully depressed so that the dnil bit is spinning at the highest speed This will produce a clean cut of the fibres and reduce tearing and bruising of the xylem cells The drill bit should not be pushed or forced into the stem under any circumstances This simply increases wounding and forces fibres to be compressed into the end of the hole making needle insertion difficult or impossible Use short slow increments in drilling the hole removing the drill bit regulary to remove waste fibres and debns from the flutes of the dnil bit A small wire brush is useful for cleaning drill flutes during this process Installing sap flow sensors is not forthe Fast and the Furious Remember Aesop s fable of the Hare and the Tortoise Slow and steady winsthe race NOTE 76 If installation holes are drilled longer than the measurement needle it has no beanng on the health of the plant or the accuracy of measurements Therefore it is best to dnll the holes too deep rather than too shallow Additional drilling to lengthen the holes without the use of the drill guide is possible but must be kept to an absolute minimum to avoid expanding the diameter of the drill hole nearthe surface 16 6 1 Dnil
38. for real time data processing Thermal Diffusivity should be sampled and determined pnor to installation The process can take up to a week due to the drying time of sap wood 96 15 11 1 Measuring Fresh Weight Fresh weight should ideally be measured in the field directly upon sampling from the tree In most cases this is not possible Therefore use a Zploc plastic bag preferably wrapped in aluminium foil to seal the sample immediately upon sampling Place this bag in a stable thermal container such as an ice filled Esky This will minimise moisture loss ensuring an accurate measurement of weight when you can weigh the sample NOTE 69 If weighing a sap wood core extracted with a conventional forestry coring tool the weight will be very small Where possible ensure that any condensation in the bag from the sap wood core is allowed to equilibrate into the sap wood core before removing the core from the plastic bag If not be sure to weigh the bag complete with sample then remove the sample and dry the bag free of any moisture Finally reweigh the bag and subtract this weight from the total to obtain the true fresh weight ofthe sap wood core 15 11 2 Measuring Fresh Volume The fresh volume can be measured in one of two ways 1 If the sapwood being sampled has been obtained using a conventional conng tool the sample will be a symmetncal cylinder be sure to tim both ends of the sap wood cylinder square The volume can then be determined b
39. have a large heavy battery located in the handle at nght angles to the dnll Such physical designs actsasa counter weight and cause the operator to unconsciously drag the drill down while drilling This causes the holes to diverge from parallel Typically if the operator realises this mistake the instinctive rapid overcorrection results in the dnil bit breaking off in the tree Insert 25 mm or less of the drill bit into the chuck of the cordless dnll Use the length of a sensor needle 35 mm and thickness of the drilling guide 10 mm to gauge the corect depth of insertion Approx 5 mm of space should be left between the chuck and the dnlling guide 114 when a hole of correct depth has been dniled meaning that approx 50 mm of the dnill bit should extend from the chuck of the dnll All holes must be drilled pnorto the removal of the drilling guide That Is it isnotappropnate to dnilone hole and then remove the dnll guide for any reason and then replace the drill guide in order to dnll another hole in the same tnplet The small emor created by replacing the dniling guide generates an asymmetry between the probes which although usually correctable if small enough is nevertheless unhelpful to the data gathering process 7 7 a vg k va v gt SO t v led 7 ta i a DN P VL PETE K 3 F EIGE el 4 SE as A Ma den R R N 4 pp i k 4 4 Rg A oe Ae 7 Vg f f wt LL gt p x
40. heat pulse velocity Vn and further resolved once sapwood properties are measured to calculate comected sap velocity Vs The corrected themal diffusivity k of the specific sample will lie between a range of 0 001 pure water and 0 004 dry wood The thermal diffusivity k isempincally calculated in cm s from Equation 8 Marshall 1958 K gw 2 k We 10000 Equation 8 Where Kaw is thermal conductivity p is density kg m 3 and c isspecific heat capacity of green fresh wood The value of Kgw was first calculated according to Equation 9 modified from Swanson 1983 K gw Ksme Ky 1 me 2 Equation 9 Where K is thermal conductivity of water 5 984 x 101 m 51 C 1 at 20 C Lide 1992 me is water content of sapwood Pb isthe basic density of wood dry weight green volume Os Is the density of water and Kw isthermal conductivity of dry wood matnx We calculated Kw as Equation 10 Swanson 1983 Ky 0 04182 21 0 20 0 Fy Equation 10 Where Fy is the void fraction of wood defined as cf Swanson 1983 4 Pp 0 65364 Fj 1 1000 Specific heat capacity of green wood wascalculated according to its constituent parts modified from Edwards and Warwick 1984 Equation 11 Where wr is fresh weight and wa is oven dned weight of the sample kg Water content and density of the sapwood are measured on wood corestaken at the time on installation NOTE 68 If entering the correction factors directly to the SFM1
41. important implications First measurements should be made at least 60 s after the heat pulse has been released Second multiple sampling of v1 v2 is possible For example because our multiplexer cycle speed was 2 8 s we logged and averaged 14 measurements of v1 v2 over the period 60 100 s to minimize the contribution of any random signal noise to measurements Because v1 v2 is effectively linear between 60 and 100 s the value of these averaged ratios will differ from an ideal value measured at the median time of 80 s by lt 0 4 for extreme cases although generally this difference will be negligible Because random vanation in v1 v2 ansing from thermal and electronic interference can contribute an enor an order of magnitude greater multiple sampling of v1 v2 is desirable 26 6 3 Correction for probe misalignment All heat pulse velocity techniques are highly sensitive to errors arising from inaccurate probe spacing For example when the CHPM is configured as descnbed earlier a 1 mm enor in spacing for either probe will introduce a 20 enor in calculations of Vn With the CHPM probe misplacement is assessed by placing overlength probes in dnil holes and measunng the spacing and angle of the protruding probes Hatton et al 1995 With the HRM probe placement is measured in situ which takes into account thermal as well as physical symmetry e g whether thermocouples or thermistors lie symmetrcally within the probe housing Becker 19
42. in certain tree species will make the unscrewing procedure almost impossible since the fresh wood in the tree immediately starts its healing processto EEE EEE ER 110 193 WARNING 13 Be sure to take appropriate care following safety guidelines both of the Methyl Sene Ne sef GLE g SG DEE NE 111 WARNING 14 Removing the installation guide can be dangerous The force required to extract the guide from the bark Is significant and causes it to be released rapidly with little control Under these circumstances the very sham mounting pins have the potential to cause minor injury to the users fingers To avoid this potential issue it is recommended to use a flat blade screw driver to leverthe guide out Slowly and carefully rnrsnrrarnrrnnnornnvrnnnvrnnnnrnnnrsnnrnsnnnrnnnnrnnnesnnnsens 113 WARNING 15 Holes must be drilled slowly If you attempt to force the drill into the stem you WILL break the drill bit The power dnll should be set to dnll speed for vanable speed power drills and the trigger fully depressed so that the dnll bit is spinning at the highest speed This will produce a clean cut of the fibres and reduce teanng and bruising of the xylem cells The dnll bit should not be pushed or forced into the stem under any circumstances This simply increases wounding and forces fibres to be compressed into the end of the hole making needle insertion difficult or impossible Use short slow increments in drilling the hole removing the dri
43. in the drilling stance avoid holding the dnll well above or below chest height as this takes the dnll out of a manageable eye line in which level operation can be maintained Standing to one side perpendicular to the drill allows the operator the ability to monitor the level of the dnll during the process and maintain level Be sure to complete drilling each hole before moving to the next one Use only the dedicated SFM 55 drill bits provided Do NOTattempt to drill each hole in a single pass Only dnll short increments of 1 2mm depth on each pass Within only 1 2 mm depth of drilling the flutes of the drill WILLfill with xylem fibres and require cleaning Choosing to continue to dnll with the flutes full of fibres causes fnction this generates heat Photo 33a comfortable dniling stance perpendicular to the dnll positioned at chest height in the dniling stance to will enable the operatorto control and maintain level of the dnil 113 As the d ill bits are very thin diameters heating of the dni bit will result in a loss of mechanical strength This will cause the dnill bit to wander through the sap wood finding the path of least resistance At this point you are no longer dniling a hole with control or direction You are now effectively using a blunt nail This has the effect of pushing the xylem fibres apart rather than cutting and removing them Therefore as soon as the dnil is withdrawn the fibres relax back into position and no hole
44. instruments to the same predetemined start time pnor to deployment in the field This can be done via the GUI software in the office prior to deployment in the field Once in the field and the instruments have been installed and power is either manually tumed on using the power switch or by connecting an extemal power source see Powenng the Instrument the instruments will commence logging at the predetermined time To enter a value to the nght of Delay Until first uncheck the Disable Delay Start box The default setting is for this field to be deactivated or greyed out Valuescan be input either by typing directly into each field or using the scroll arrows when the desired field either the hour 00 or minute 00 is selected The numbers must correspond to the time in hours and minutes 24 hour clock the SFM1 s are required to commence logging Given this 24 hour clock format has no date component you cannot schedule a specific date on which the SFM1 will launch at a specific time Thus a delay time greater than 23 hours 59 minutes cannot be created Nevertheless if a longer delay time is desired days weeks tum off the instrument for the intervening period and switch it on again on the day of operation For example if on Friday moming the instruments are configured to Delay Until 17 00 and then tumed off until Monday when installation is planned the instruments can be installed and tumed on but they will not comm
45. logging interval via the Measurement Mode drop down menu of the Measurement Control Section of the SFM software The Log Temperatures section of the PC Logging Tab will keep a live summary of the number of values logged to the file name as chosen by the user The file name will be displayed complete with the full directory path to ensure the file is easily found Log Temperatures Logging Enabled 143 values logged filename C Program Files4ICT ICT SFMAPC_Temperatures ce Logging Interval seconds Figure 106 Log Tempertaures Summary info on the SD Card tab 18 1 2 3 Log Temperatures Stop To cease logging Temperaturesto the PC Temperatures csv file direct to the computer drop down the File Menu expand the Log Temperatures option and click Stop All logging to this data file will stop ej Log Incoming Results e Log Temperatures k hy i Connection Settings Figure 107 Stop Log Temperatures function to end recording raw temperatures to a file on the computer 137 19 Data Analysis Data recorded in Sap Flow Mode is saved in a Comma Separated Values C SV file Data recorded in Needle Temperatures mode is saved in a Binary BIN file format Both file formats can be automatically imported into SFT Sap Flow Tool for post processing and detailed analysis Processed results can be exported to a CSV file for import into your prefered spreadsheet or statistics software SFT Sap Flow Tool Software can facilita
46. needles and an integrated standalone data logger with Windows Graphical User Interface G Ul software for instrument configuration and data downloading A solar panel can be directly connected to the non polansed charging ports to trickle charge the intemal battery for continuous field operation The SFM1 has an integrated Radio transceiver for wireless two way communications using a MCC1 Radio modem connected to a computer Photo 1 SFM1 Sap Flow Meter 5 1 SAM1 Needle Set The SFM1 measurement needles are made from a surgical grade 316 Stainless Steel The outside diameter is 13 mm Each needle has a stnct inside diameter tolerance to ensure equal heat dissipation to all measurement points Thermistors are positioned with precision at exactly 7 5mm and 22 5 mm from the tip of the measurement needles The tip is used asa reference point rather than the epoxy hub to eliminate any minor vanations that may be Caused asa result of the cunng process Every heater is manufactured to precisely 18 0 Ohms resistance Photo 2 SFM 1 Measurement Needle Set installed in a small diameter woody stem or branch 17 5 1 1 Measurement Resolution The SFM1 Sap Flow Meter sensor uses a 16 bit microprocessor with 24 Bit Analogue to Digital Converter ADC that yieldsa 149 nanovolt resolution This means temperature measurements are made with a 0 001 C resolution The supenor resolution of the SFM1 has significantly improved the accuracy of the onginal
47. of the software This means on small netbook s and some old laptops the bottom 5 or 10 of the screen is cut off orobscured from view This can signific antly limit software functionality The only netbook ICT is aware of that does support the ICT Software in full window display Is the ACER Aspire One netbook It has an 11 6 screen with resolution 1366 x 768 dpi This is the smallest netbook that supports the software as it offers a standard full laptop screen resolution 1366 x 768 The advantage of netbooks are the lightweight and often Solid State Drives SSD which make them ideal for field use and in fact much better suited than a standard laptop They are also very cheap The only solution for netbooks with a smaller screen size is to adjust your Display Properties Settings nght click on your desktop and choose properties to 1366 x 768 or higher NOTE 2 You will need to close the Instrument software first before doing this to ensure the window displays correctly on the screen Most netbooks or laptops will not save this setting so you will need to repeat this procedure every time you start your computer 11 3 Bibliography 3 1 Essential Reading Becker P 1998 Limitatons of a Compensation heat pulse velocity system at low sap flow Implications for measurements at night and in shaded trees Tree Physology 18 177 184 Becker P and Edwards W 1999 Corected heat capacity of wood for sap flow calculations Tree Physiology 1
48. or MCC1 wireless modem It istoo large You must download this file type by removing the MicroSD card 126 WARNING 20 Failure to select Append Mode without renaming the log file will simply overwnite the contents of the existing log file rrrrrrnrrrnnrrnnnvrnnnrrnnnvrnnvnnnnrrnnnrrnnnnrnnnrsnarrsnnnrnnnnrnnnesnanssnnssens 135 WARNING 21 this calibration function must only be used if a suitable calibration reference and isothermal calibration chamber is available Failure to meet this criteria will result in an erroneous calibration being stored in the instrument that will cause the Sap Flow Meter to measure inaccurately ccccsssssecccceseeeccsenseeecsseeseeeeseeses 166 194 27 Table of Notes Note 1 This manual should be used in conjunction with the instructional videos provided by ICT Intemational to complement each section of operation These videos are hyperlinked throughout the relevant sections of this manual and are located on the ICT YouTube site www icintematonalcom videos EA EE ate aia i 10 NOTE 2 You will need to close the Instrument software firt before doing this to ensure the window displays comectly on the screen Most netbooks or laptops will not save this setting so you will need to repeat this procedure every time you start your COMPUTET rrrsrrrrnvrrnnvrnnnrrnnnvrnnnvenn 11 NOTE 3 This manual includes hyperinked instructional videos to complement each major section for both practical operation and
49. ratios vary over time For this reason readings are sampled multiple times between 60 seconds and 100 seconds after the heat pulse This is when the heat ratios are most stable and linear Multiple sampling and the use of the 24 bit ADC with ultra low noise preamplifier eliminates signal noise resulting in highly accurate measurements 100 MITTIN TT Goodwill Australia 6 cm 1 3 Photo 20 Manual measurement of the wound size using a rule overlaid on a destructively sampled cross section of the tree cut through one of the needle positions Wound cm b C d r B r B 0 5 0 0 5 cm probe configuration 0 17 1 6821 0 0015 0 0002 1 0000 1 7283 0 9993 0 18 1 7304 0 0013 0 0002 1 0000 1 7853 0 9992 0 19 1 7961 0 0016 0 0002 1 0000 1 8568 0 9991 0 20 1 8558 0 0018 0 0003 1 0000 1 9216 0 9990 0 21 1 9181 0 0021 0 0003 1 0000 1 9891 0 9989 0 22 1 9831 0 0024 0 0004 1 0000 2 0594 0 9988 0 23 2 0509 0 0028 0 0004 1 0000 2 1326 0 9987 0 24 2 0973 0 0030 0 0005 1 0000 2 1825 0 9987 0 26 2 2231 0 0037 0 0006 1 0000 2 3176 0 9985 0 28 2 3760 0 0046 0 0008 1 0000 2 4813 0 9983 0 30 2 5232 0 0055 0 0010 1 0000 2 6383 0 9982 Table 1 A Correction coefficients for numerical solutions derived fora range of wound dia meters and conesponding to a 0 5 0 0 5 cm probe configuration with 1 3 mm diameter stainless steel probes Solutions were derived based on modelled temperature data at t 60 100 s Coefficients b c and d apply to Equa
50. sample into the beaker of water Now using Archimedes principle record the weight on the balance This will be equivalent to the fresh volume of the sap wood 98 NOTE 71 Be systematic with your sap wood measurements Immediately weigh the fresh weight of the sample after removing it from the air tight plastic Zploc bag Immediately following the fresh weight measurement submerge the sap wood sample into water and measure the volume displacement Do not allow excessive time minutes between these measurements as the vapour pressure gradient will draw moisture from the sap wood sample and cause a sampling enor in the measured volume 15 11 3 Measunng Dry W Remove the sample from the water after mea suring the volume and blot the sample dry Now place it in an oven at 80 C for the next 48 hours Check the weight of the sample and record the weight After a subsequent 48 hours reweigh the sample and record the weight Continue to repeat this procedure until there isno change in weight of the sample NOTE 72 for very small sap wood cores or samples you will require a 4 decimal balance with a shroud to accurately measure the fresh weight fresh volume by displacement method and dry weight Photo 18 A sap wood sample being dried in an oven g 15 12Wounding Coefficient Implanting the needles causes mechanical damage and intenupts flow by occlusion or blocking of the xylem conduits This results in an area of non conducting tis
51. software function These videos are located on the ICT YouTube site htto www youtube com channel UCxtXEr9V3UESXzDQr wwikRg you will require intemet access to view the videos whilst reading the manual Altematively the videos are supplied on a DVD together with the manual when you purchased the SFM1 Sap Flow EFN DVD can be suppled Dy ccrserversv0erseonrersrernvernveenrrennresnrennvesnvennvsenssesesnvesnnssnnesnnee 15 NOTE 4 A unique power bus plug design was developed by ICTto simplify the electrical wiring process It minimises the need for custom tools in the field requiring only that the outer cable sheath be stripped back to expose the copper wire No othertoolsare required asall necessary components and fixings are fully incomorated into the instrument design Retaining straps ensure the powerbus plugs do not separate from the instrument when removed from the power bus during winng preparation and connection of extemal POWET rrrrrnrrrervrnnrnvrnennrerenvrennn 15 NOTE 5 Additional more frequent logging intervals are provided for researchers who wish to specifically investigate the time interval required for heat dissipation in specific soecies under specific conditions at different Pulse Energy settings See Measurement Control for detalls 16 NOTE 6 It is important to install the needles in the corect order otherwise the sap flow data will be inverted This is easily identified from analysis of the data asthe data will clea
52. ss Volume label 5 Se lec t FA T32 EG options 6 Name the Volume Label SFM1 Cut iota 7 Check the Quick Format box Copy Hesten SD 8 Click Start Create Shortcut Rename Properties Figure 41 Microsoft Windows Right Click Menu for Formatting a Drive NOTE 44 The SFM 1 works fine with FAT and FAT32 file formats It is not designed to be compatible with exFAT extended File Allocation Table format also known as FAT64 This isa new format that has yet to be adopted by commercially available SD cardsfor precisely the reason that it would be incompatible with most electronic instruments mobile phonesand cameras 15 1 8 Format Check If the format check is ok a check of the senal number is performed to see if a valid CSV file can be created If thischeck is ok the SD Card statusto reported as SD OK 15 1 9 Fle Name Enor If the instrument serial number has been lost or comupted the check will fail and the SD Card Status is reported as HLENAME ERROR At this point please contact your local ICT distnbutor in your country or IC TIntemational direct for support NOTE 45 the SD card is Hot Swappable meaning it can be ejected and inserted while connected The SD card status is updated in real time 69 15 1 10 Serial Number The Overall instrument serial number is displayed This senal number is used automatically as the 8 character data file name When using the instrument for the first time or inserting a new SD c
53. stem section a rule to detemine the sap wood thickness Species such as Calitrus glaucaphylla left have a distinct delineation between sapwood white tissue and heartwood reddish brown tissue towards the centre of the stem Other species may not and require microscope evaluation of the vascular tissue 111 Photo 31 Microscopic analysis of a sapwood transverse section showing the open vessels which confim the sample to be sapwood rrnnrrnnrrrnnrennnvrnnnrsnnressnrennnrnnnnrsnnressnrennnrnnnnrsnnnesnnvennnnnnnnrsnnnnsnnnesnnnennnnsens 112 Photo 32 SFM SK1 Dnil guide attached to a smooth barked Eucalyptus camaldulensis left and installed on a small diameter branch using sticky tape to secure it IN place occas 113 Photo 33 a comfortable drilling stance perpendicular to the drill positioned at chest height in the drilling stance to will enable the operatorto control and maintain level of the dnill 113 Photo 34 Drilling a hole through drilling jig attached to tree ooo ccccsssesseecsseeesseecsesesseeessaeenes 115 Photo 35 Honzontal drilling using a conventional cordlesspowerdnll rmrrrrrrrrnrrrrrvrrrrvrrrenvrrnnnne 116 Photo 36 two methods of physically venfying that the holes have been dniled parallel before TENNE 117 Photo 37 Use a 10 mm offset syringe filled with silicon grease to apply grease to the needles Note the red spacerlocated against the hub of each needle rmnnnrrrrnrrrrrnversnvrrenrrnnsnvnnesnrrernvesenn
54. terminal decrease to zero Volts over an 11 hour period between 9 00AM 1 11 12 to 8 00PM 1 11 12 which coincides with a rapid decline in the SFM1 intemal battery as it can no longer recharge from the extemal supply 174 SFM1 Battery Test 7 AH 12V DC Lead Acid Rechargable Battery No Solar Panel 7 SH External Batters SFA Interna Batar kage 23 hours of operation without extemal batiery charging 6 Cessation of external battery charging 11 V 23102012 10 00 18 Pw JAN MAO 1000 05 Akl 28102017 10 00 06 Fii Awa 10 00 09 sk Figure 135 SFM1 Intemal battery voltage overlaid against extemal 7 Ah battery voltage The red line as referenced in the legend and displayed on the 2 Y Axis on the nght hand side of the graph Figure 135 isthe continuously measured battery voltage of the 4 V intemal Lithium battery of the SFM1 Note it maintains a constant voltage from before the commencement of the battery test when connected to mains power throughout the extemal power supply disruption when the extemal battery was connected 11 20AM 24 11 12 nght through in excess of 8 days 4 00PM 1 11 12 At this point the SFM1 intemal battery begins to drop as it can no longer source sufficient power for operation or tric kle charging of the intemal battery All functions are now being performed from the intemal battery which is no longerable to be charged by the extemal 7 Ah battery 175 Conclusions
55. the properties of the destination data file and compare them against the properties of the file about to be downloaded If the properties are the same but the file to be downloaded the software prompts with the Resume File Dialog shown below Resume File You have selected a file which already exists on your computer IF this File is an earlier version of the File you wish to download From your device you can choose to only append the latest data This will reduce the amount of data that needs to be downloaded Do you wish to continue To append the latest data press YES To overwrite the selected file press NO Figure 91 Resume File Dialog offers the option to Append data to an existing file or Overwnte the data of an existing file Choosing YES will append the data to the existing file eliminating the redundancy of download and reducing the volume of data that needs to be downloaded This will Significantly reduce the download time for large files The option to download the whole data file is available by clicking No This will overwnte all data in the existing file maintaining a 128 clean chronological record of data And avoid messy duplication of portions of data within the same file that can cause a confusing and time consuming post processing chore 17 3 5 SD Card Data Management Options The SD Card tab provides information on files wntten to the MicroSD card and any non Sap Flow Meter files that may e
56. the videos are supplied on a DVD together with the manual when you purchased the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter Videos on DVD can be supplied by ICTupon request 4 1 Charge the SM1 Intemal Battery The SFM1 is a self contained instrument that incorporates a lithium polymer battery Before using the instrument this battery MUST be charged To choose from a range of charging optionssee Connecting a Power Supply to the Instrument NOTE 4 A unique power bus plug design wasdeveloped by ICTto simplify the electncal winng process It minimises the need for custom tools in the field requinng only that the outer cable sheath be stnpped back to expose the copper wire No other tools are required as all necessary components and fixings are fully incorporated into the instrument design Retaining straps ensure the power bus plugs do not separate from the instrument when removed from the power bus during winng preparation and connection of extemal power 4 2 Install the SAMI Software amp USB Driver Insert the supplied CD into the computer The CD will auto run to present a menu Choose install software see Software amp USB Driver Installation for details 4 3 Tum the Instument On The SFM1 can either be tumed on manually by pressing the power button see Tum the Instrument On or automatically by connecting an extemal power supply see Charging Powering the Instrument 4 4 Connectto the Instrument Connect the USB cable to the instrument The
57. to 45 mA for approx 120 seconds with a peak consumption of 670 mA forno more than a maximum of eight seconds during the firing of the heat pulse 8 1 2 Communications Power Consumption Communicating to the SFM1 via USB or radio uses approx 65 mA continuously during Communication The total power consumption depends on the frequency and duration of communications 8 13 Heater Power Consumption SFM1 heater filaments are manufactured to strict specifications and all have resistances of exactly 18 0 ohms The microprocessor of the SFM1 can precisely control the amount of current flowing through the heater circuit to achieve the exact pulse energy in Joules as configured by the operator see Pulse Energy for details This means that all SFM1 Sap Flow Meters perfom identically and should a heater need replacing it can be replaced without any change to the instruments perfomance NOTE 13 the HRM pnnciple being a ratio method Is not sensitive to the absolute amount of heat released The measurement is based on the ratio of the temperature nse of each symmetneally placed measurement point in the stem The heaters use approx 8 watts of power when active 12 V 667 mA through an 18 Ohm resistor heater The heat pulse delivered by the heater is typically on for approx 2 5 seconds every 30 minutes so average power use by the heaters Is only 8x2 5 1800 11 mWh 31 NOTE 14 All Heat Pulses are generated from the intemal battery regardles
58. to speed up selection of check boxes but will not affect whether inner outer orboth inner and outer sensor elements are engaged noraffect logging frequency orduration 84 15 7 1 Probe Selecton The SFM1 can be configured to measure both Inner amp Outer measurement points radial along the needle or either the Inner or the Outer measurement point independently of the other This is useful when working with small stems Typically the needle would be inserted all the way through the stem to ensure mechanical strength and minimise the leverage of having only the needle tip inserted into the stem Therefore just logging the outer measurement point would be most common in small stems Nevertheless the options to measure just the inner measurement point is available 15 7 2 Calculated Results The SFM1 can log and process raw data on board the instruments microprocessor To do this simply check the box or boxes cormesponding to the calculated parameters required Whilst the SM1 will process and log the data to file for the data to be meaningful you must have entered all the necessary conection parameters first 15 7 2 1 Raw Heat Pulse Velocity Raw Heat pulse Velocity isa simple measurement of the speed at which the heat pulse has travelled within the plant tissues and isa very useful basic measurement that pemits a full range of post processing options in Sap Flow Tool software 15 7 2 2 Sap Veloc ity Sap Velocity multiplies Raw Heat Puls
59. tree has grown rapidly and substantially calloused around the needle hubs and or cemented the needles into the sapwood with sap resin and gums Below are examples of damage that ions for removal are not expressly followed with great care can occur if the preceding instruct s j FE F 7 wa r p d vik 427 lt 7 lt i Photo 42 Broken needles Any or all of the three needles can be cut and replacement needles soldered on to the wires without compromising accuracy All soldered connections must be electrcally isolated from one another using heat shrink tubing or similar 121 16 14Care amp Maintenance SFM1 Sap Flow Meters are designed to be reused in multiple installations and applications The Instrument is fully water proof and environmentally sealed Web based Firmware upgrades can be perfomed by the user so the instrument can always be updated with the latest features or advancements Individual measurement and heater needles can be replaced if bent or broken for any reason There is no reason not to expect many years of reliable service from your SFM1 Sap Flow Meter if maintained and treated well 16 14 1 Cleaning When all the needles are removed clean them with a damp sponge using a mild detergent if necessary to remove any gumsor tannins residue left behind from the tree Dry the needles store in a cool dry place until you next require instrument Photo 43 Needlesthat require cleaning NOTE 83 Gums
60. typically doesnot affect the reading 15 10 2 Base line Asymmetry Offsets BLAO Enter the Base Line Asymmetry Offsets for both the outer and inner measurement points The range Is between 5 to 5 with a step size of two 2 decimal places Once entered the offset is saved to non volatile RAM for use in correcting needle misalignment of raw heat pulse velocities and to generate corrected sap velocities Maximum values for the offset range between 7 78 and 78 but are usually much smaller than this Where offsets extend beyond the nomal range of 5 to 5 to the extreme range of 7 8 and 78 data can only be processed using Sap Flow Tool software NOTE 67 Whether the offset isa positive or negative adjustment will depend upon the convergence or divergence of each needle relative to the heater The magnitude of the adjustment can only be assessed after an initial few days of measurements have been analysed Therefore this correction parameter must be entered after the first few days of data have been collected For this reason post processing data in Sap Flow Tool Software is recommended 95 15 11Thermal Diffusivity The themal diffusivity k of the green fresh sapwood explains the complex relationship between diffusion of heat through a woody matnx of water and parallel straight lignified tubes vessels or tracheids that make up the sapwood A nominal thermal diffusivity value of 0 0025 cm st is initially assigned for calculating
61. use of kiwifruit vines and apple trees by the heat pulse technique J oumal of Experimental Botany 39 115 123 Hatton JT Greenslade D and Dawes WR 1992 Integration of sap flow velocity in elliptcal stems Tree Physiology 11 185 196 Hatton TJ and Wu HI 1995 Scaling theory to extrapolate individual tee water use to stand water use Hydrological Processes 9 527 540 Olbrich BW 1991 The venfication of the heat pulse velocity technique for estimating sap flow in Eucalyptus grandis Canadian Joumal of Forest Research 21 836 841 Swanson RH 1994 Significant historic al developments in thermal methods for measuring sap flow in trees Agricultural amp Forest Meteorology 72 113 132 Vertessy RA Hatton TJ Reece P O Sullivan SK and Benyon RG 1997 Estimating stand water use of large mountain ash trees and validation of the sap flow measurement technique Tree Physiology 17 747 756 Zang D Beadle CL and White DA 1996 Vanation of sap flow velocity in Eucalyptus globulus with position in sapwood and use of a correction coefficient Tree Physiology 16 697 703 14 4 Quick Start Guide NOTE 3 This manual includes hypeninked instructional videos to complement each major section for both practical operation and software function These videos are located on the ICT YouTube site http www youtube com channel UCxtXEr V3UESXzDQr wwiRg you will require intemet access to view the videos whilst reading the manual Altematively
62. velocities of between 4 to 40 cm hr account for approx 80 of a plants water use or sap flow Negative flows would rarely be expected to reach lOcm hri 7 What maximum temperature nse is required to ensure good data using the HRM Principle Answer A temperature range between 0 5 C and 1 5 C is recommended A Maximum temperature nse of 0 3 C may also be adequate to produce a good measurement using the SFM1 because of the 24 Bit A D Microprocessor however at this low level any ambient thermal gradient could overwhelm the signal so insulation around the stem would be required Below this level even with insulation the signal is too weak above this the temperature unnecessanly accelerates the wounding process reducing the longevity of the installation and may damage the plant A temperature nse of approx 0 7 C to 1 0 C isideal 8 Whatisa good range forthe temperature ratio to ensure good data Answer The ratio itself is not a good indicator of the likely validity of the data Only the temperature nses will indicate reliable or unreliable data taken together with the way they vary across the day Very low nses will generally give nse to more unreliable data However it should be remembered that a low nse in the lower Upstream needle is a nomal and necessary condition dunng high positive flow rates Low nses in both needles smultaneously Should give nse to concem If this happens frequently the needles may need to be re installed
63. water was transpired through the leaves or used for hydraulic refilling of the vessels Nevertheless the data can be venfied as accurately recording a physiological process Raw heat pulse velocity 30 1 0 75 cm outer Uh AAA AN N 2 2 25 cm inner 20 on oO Velocity cm h LE TET AE A UNV UA n 27 12 2007 7 00 00 AM 28 1 2 2007 1 00 00 PM 9 1 22007 7 00 00 PM 31 12 2007 1 00 00 AM 1 01 2008 7 00 00 AM 2 01 2008 1 00 00 PM 3 01 2008 7 00 00 PM 5 01 2008 1 00 00 AM 6 01 2008 7 00 00 AM Figure 113 10 days of stable sap flow data for Callitns glaucophylla prior to severing the stem 143 Raw heat pulse velocity 1 0 75 cm outer 2 2 25 om inner Velocity cm h 3 01 2008 9 00 00 AM 32 01 2008 7 00 00 PM 4 01 2008 5 00 00 AM 4 01 2008 3 00 00 PM 5 01 2008 1 00 00 AM 11 00 00 AM 5 01 2008 Figure 114 The immediate cessation of sap flow for Callitns glaucophylla upon cavitation caused by severing the watercolumn ofthe tree Raw heat pulse velocity o gt 1 0 75 cm outer e 2 2 25 cm inner Velocity cm h NA 0 i SMV g aa ee s m gf oo oo oo oo oo oo oo Ro ee Qo ac Qo as eo 58 oT e se 22 52e o WR Er Se Sm S PS Sa Figure 115 steady absolute Zero Flow state reached after complete severing of xylem of Callitris glaucophylla 144 gg EEE A F I AUSTRALIAN FOREST INDUSTRIES SAL
64. 0 15 1 14 O Clicking on this icon toggles between the individual circuit board senal numbers and the overall senal number field Figure 46 Overall Instrument Serial Number Toggle Icon 15 1 15 APP Ver The firmware version number loaded into the application circuit board The user should review this at regular intervals and compare it against the cunent version available from the ICT web site httop www ictinternational com support software if a new version IS available the user can upgrade the firmware using Device Firmware Updater DFU software This firmware version number is also stored in the header line of the data file It is used for technical support purposes by ICTtechnicians APP Ver R1 4 3 Figure 47 Application Board Fimware Number Field 15 1 16 COM Ver The fimware version number loaded into the communication circuit board The user should review this at regular intervals and compare it against the cument version available from the web site http www ictinternational com support software ifa new version is available the user can upgrade the fimware using ICTs Boot Strap Loader Utility software This firmware version number is also stored in the header line of the data file It is used for technical support purposes by ICTtechnicians COM Ver Fi 1 3 00G Figure 48 Generic Communications Board Fimware Number Field 15 1 17 Extemal Supply These fields display the status of any extemal power supply that may b
65. 0 208 Cell Styles d Format CAT Fitters Seled Clipboard Font z dr TE a Number m styles Cells Echt a Al fe Date v TLL ee a A Date Time Uncorrected In Uncorrected Out Corrected In Corrected Out Sap Flow kg In Sap Flow ke Out 2 19 09 2013 3 21 43 17 54 16 988 30 315 29 36 0 303 0 293 3 19 09 2013 3 27 42 18 831 17 548 32 546 30 328 0 325 0 303 co MAJE PC Sapflow lt a A E TT a ht Ready Average 5204 18527 Count 24 Sum 83266 96432 e a 100 Figure 100 example sap flow data logged direct to a PC Sapflow c sv file on the computer 134 18 1 1 1 Log Incoming Results Start To commence logging Sap Flow Data to the computer begin by accessing the File menu and select Log Incoming Results expand this menu option and click Start A MS Windows Explorer Save As window automatically loads providing a choice of directones to save the data file to The Default location is C Program File ICT ICT SFM This directory can be changed to a userdefined storage location if prefered Ed m Fa T a T an cu cy cs lt mT Lt hl Figure 101 the Menu sequence required to start Logging Incoming Sap Flow data direct to the computer Once logging the data file will continue to increase in size as new data Is logged at the user defined logging interval via the Measurement Mode drop down menu of the Measurement Control Section of the SFM software The Log Incoming Reporting Option D
66. 12 22 12 1 22 13 22 13 1 22 14 22 14 1 22 15 22 15 1 22 16 22 16 1 22 16 2 22 165 22 16 4 22 16 5 22 17 22 17 1 Heat Ratio Method Correction C OePFPICIONIS cece ccc eecccccccccssseccccccccecccccecsuaeeeceeseaees 156 APO TAI B EE EE TE 157 Specifications of SFM 1 Sap Flow MEL Luanda 157 PDO ICG RENN 158 Ve 158 PODENI DEE EEE EE NE 159 FC CI FV CHECKIT oo E 159 7 ENO O11 a GRE Aenea nO ee ne Oe ee enn ee One eno nee EN 160 SFM SKL Installa tion RIE scssssacsiaciniesesisexa attenevucoidstiteoressisntbapaaredatetesiecnaiabeesncteaibihaceicaoubiassomageusmenceneans 160 PN el CROIX EEE EE N 161 Example SFM1 Packing LiSt sroreronrrronnrornvrrnrnrrrenvrrenrrsenvrersnrrsenvrsnnvrsenvrsesnrssenvesnnvesenvrsnnnnenn 161 Ne SUC KE EEE EE EE 162 Ca EE ENE EE 162 Nad 0 gg SEE EE EE EE 163 Ve eg 10 4 EEE EN 164 NM NN 164 Appendix General structural anatomy Of a tree mm mrrmrmnsvrrrererrerrorere 165 DINNER 166 Show hemistor NAN rene 166 Hae STE NN 167 PN 168 Automated Web NTE arvede 168 NNN srna seats escncusdetyesmsuenscraseuranensanse taesetueciascneeamesezett 169 7AM 6 OL 611 fl RE EE eR 171 RENNET 171 PT NN 171 PE TREE NN 171 APPEND No e pais cscs sateen ccc onde eaevae aca ursasowacanrarsyaneiecesneseentpanans enon ea eens 172 BO Vas SS 5 58 EE RN 172 PTO SN EE EE EE 173 SFM 1 Exte mall Battery Operation Test without SolarPanel mmmerrrrrerrererorrens 173 APPDATA 1 GE AE E E EEEE
67. 18 Feb 23Feb 28 Feb 5 Mar Figure 121 Data from a sensor that had developed a significant wound around the dnil holes followed by data obtained from the same probe set after it was re installed nearby on the same stem Note how wounding has severely reduced the magnitude of HPV measurements and dampened the diumal pattem compared to the true measurements from the fresh installation S N oO on 10 Heat pulse velocity cm hr on oO 5 28 Feb 10 Mar 15 Mar 20 Mar 25 Mar Figure 122 Data from a sensor that has been poorly installed such that one or more probes is badly out of alignment resulting in an elevated or decreased baseline during periods of zero or near zero sap flow The HRM has a provision to correct for bad probe spacing but only to a certain extent see Burgess et al 2001 Nominally probe spacing errors leading to baselines gt 5 or lt 5 cm hr1 cannot be corrected and reinstallation is necessary such asin the case above 151 HRM SVP10495 Address o amp p I 4 7 Mol 13 16 1902225128 3134 37140 43 4049 52 55 5861 64 67 470 73 76 79 82 0 cm hr p cm hr Heat Pulse Velocity cm hr Time minutes Figure 123 Example of HRM30 probes installed upside down The diumal pattem is comect except the values are negative The upside down pattem is observed when the downstream temperature probe black wire is installed in the upstream position in the plant and vice ve
68. 35 Establishing RF Link wirelessly via the MCC1 Radio Frequency modem Once the genenc communication board is accessed and an RF link has been established the message in the status bar changes from establishing link to connecting to ICT SFM The battery voltage and temperature are displayed along with the COM port allocated to the instrument by the Windows OS 62 Command Hel _ Connectte SFM Disconnect trom SEM LCT ISTERA ATION AI HEAT RATIO METHOD SAP FLOW METER Pia Wesson l ad Release Date BEAN Connecting to HRM Ceredig to KTSFM Batt ATT PakO Figure 36 Connecting to an SFM 1 Wirelessly via the MCC 1 Radio Frequency modem The status bar of the splash screen states the following infomation 1 thatthe software is Esta blishing RF Link 2 then connecting to the SFM 3 Battery Voltage is 4 18 V pnorto the software actually connecting 4 Intemal battery temperature is 42 2 C 5 And the device is located on COM 82 NOTE 38 During charging of the instrument the intemal battery voltage can become elevated well above ambient temperature This is due to the heat given off by the charging process inside the instrument at the point where the instrument temperature Is measured You are now connected to the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter wirelessly through the MCC1 Multi Converter RF Modem You have all the same functionality and speed of a direct physical connection via a USB cable plus the freedom to move
69. 9 767 768 Burgess S S 0 Adams M A Tumer N C Beverly C R Ong C K Khan A A H Bleby T M 2001 An improved heat pulse method to measure low and reverse rates of sap flow in woody plants Tree Physiology 21 589 598 Burgess S S 0 Adams M A Tumer N C Ong C K Khan A A H Beverly C R and Bleby T M 2001 Corection An Improved Heat Pulse Method to Measure Low and Reverse Rates of Sap How in Woody Plants Tree Physiology vol 21 no 15 pp 1157 Burgess S 5 0 Adams M A Tumer N C and Ong C K 1998 The Redistribution of Soil Water by Tree Root Systems Oecologia vol 115 no 3 pp 306 311 Burgess S 5 0 Adams M A and Bleby T M 2000 Measurement of Sap How in Roots of Woody Plants a Commentary Tree Physiology vol 20 no 13 pp 909 913 Burgess S S 0 Adams M A Tumer N C White D A and Ong C K 2001 Tree Roots Conduits for Deep Recharge of Soil Water Oecologia vol 126 no 2 pp 158 165 Burgess S S 0 and Bleby T M 2006 Redistnbution of Soil Water by Lateral Roots Mediated by Stem Tissues J oumal of Experimental Botany vol 57 no 12 and pp 3283 3291 Burgess S S 0 and Dawson T E 2004 The Contnbuton of Fog to the Water Relations of Sequoia sempervirens D Don Foliar Uptake and Prevention of Dehydration Plant Cell amp Environment vol 27 pp 1023 1034 Burgess S S 0 and Dawson T E 2008 Using Branch and Basal Trunk Sap How Measurements to Estimate Who
70. 98 At Vi O which can be imposed by sevenng the root or stem probe spacing Iscalculated as x2 V 4kt In v1 v2 x12 Equation 3 Where x2 denotes the incorectly spaced probe x1 Is assumed to be corectly spaced at 0 6 cm and t is measurement time Equation 1 Because time has an essentially linear effect on Equation 3 over 60 100 s it can be solved by using the median measurement time 80 s or by averaging solutions calculated foreach t value used in the measurement series Results of the two approachesdiffer by lt 1 in extreme cases Once calculated xl and x2 values can be derved with Equation 3 and corrected Va calculated as adapted from Marshall 1958 2 2 Vp reg as 3600 Equation 4 1 By correcting a small sample of data and companng uncomected values with corected values a simple linear relationship can be denved that can be used to conect the remaining data Because it is not known which probe is incorectly positioned our approach was to also solve Equations 3 and 4 assuming x1 is inconectly positioned and then average the two solutions to yield an intermediate solution Burgess et al 1998 Use of this intermediate solution prevents biasing corrections of sap flow in either direction Results for the two extreme scenanos differ from the intermediate solution by 4 to 22 for moderate 0 05 cm to extreme 0 3 cm positioning emors respectively see Figure 2B indicating that large errors in probe placement cann
71. 991 0 9987 0 24 2 0685 0 0031 0 0005 1 0000 2 1482 0 9987 0 26 2 1932 0 0038 0 0006 1 0000 2 2817 0 9985 0 28 2 3448 0 0047 0 0008 1 0000 2 4467 0 9984 0 30 2 4908 0 0057 0 0010 1 0000 2 5985 0 9983 B 0 5 0 0 5 cm probe configuration 0 17 1 6821 0 0015 0 0002 1 0000 1 7283 0 9993 0 18 1 7304 0 0013 0 0002 1 0000 1 7853 0 9992 0 19 1 7961 0 0016 0 0002 1 0000 1 8568 0 9991 0 20 1 8558 0 0018 0 0003 1 0000 1 9216 0 9990 0 21 1 9181 0 0021 0 0003 1 0000 1 9891 0 9989 0 22 1 9831 0 0024 0 0004 1 0000 2 0594 0 9988 0 23 2 0509 0 0028 0 0004 1 0000 2 1326 0 9987 0 24 2 0973 0 0030 0 0005 1 0000 2 1825 0 9987 0 26 2 2231 0 0037 0 0006 1 0000 2 3176 0 9985 0 28 2 3760 0 0046 0 0008 1 0000 2 4813 0 9983 0 30 2 5232 0 0055 0 0010 1 0000 2 6383 0 9982 156 22 2Appendix B 22 2 1 Specifications of SM1 Sap How Meter SFM1 Specifications Raw Temperatures Heat Pulse Velocity cm hr Sap Velocity cm hr Sap Flow cm hr Litres hr User Adjustable 20 Joules default approx Equivalent to a 2 5 second Ree an Flow Rat heat pulse duration auto scaling Fel F Se ar User Adjustable Minimum interval 3 Night Time Water Loss minutes recommended minimum 10 Stem Sizes gt 10mm And Ecosystems amp Drought Sap Flow of Grapevines SFT1 Sap Flow Tool Software MCC1 Wireless USB Radio MCCZJG Remote Data Access Hub for Data To Web Access via G5M SFM SK1 Installation Kit SFM 55 Pack of 10 Dnil Bits
72. Delete Rename Dialog Web Update Options Figure 21 File amp Commands Drop Down Menu s Choosing Connect to SFM has the same effect as choosing Connection Settings in the File Menu The same waming appearsand lets you know that you will next have to reconnect manually to any device you choose in the Available Devices List of the Device Selection dialog which appearsonce you select Yes ICT SFM After changing serial port while connected to a device you will have to manually reconnect Do you wish to continue Figure 22 User Advice Message when attempting to connect to an SFM1 whilst connected to the SFM1 13 2 3 1 Disconnect from SM Before closing the SFM software you should disconnect from the instrument Thiscan be done from the Disconnect from SFM icon in the top menu bar or from the Commands drop down menu Both options disconnect from the SFM which will automatcially close the software displaying the SFM connection Spalsh Screen File Commands Help Connect to SFM Disconnect From SFM Figure 23 the SFM Software Menu Bar A Update Date Time k SD Logging Options amp Show Thermistor Calibration Reset Hidden Delete Rename Dialog Web Update Options Figure 24 the SFM Software Commandsdropdown menu for disconnection from the SFM1 If you choose Disconnect from SFM while in Manual mode you will receive the following waming 56 ICT SFM J Unit is in manual mode
73. Dialogue Box instead data is only stored on the MicroSD card and a message confiming this is shown in the dialogue box in its place Setting up timers OK Setting up serial port OK Measurement started 04 06 2010 15 38 59 INFO Sensor Information Updated OK Measurement complete 15 41 22 Results are avallable on the 5D card if one was inserted Connected to ICT HRM Pork COMO Device Date Time 05 06 2010 22 44 Figure 69 Raw Needle Temperatures are not displayed in the Dialogue Box instead stored direct to SD card Once the setting has been entered it must be saved to non volatile RAM in Firmware of the instrument This is done by clicking the Update Logging Options A positive feedback message is displayed in the dialogue boxto confirm the update hasbeen applied Logging Configuration Updated OK NOTE 59 The Total Measurement Time for the Heat Pulse measurement is displayed below the measurement option input fields This time is dynamically updated as entries are made by the user This Is an important feature as it can be used to ensure that the logging interval is sufficiently large so as to prevent the previous measurement from interfering with the start of the next measurement 86 Raw temperature mode number of measurements second measurement 2 per second Raw temperature mode number of measurements after pulse measurements after pulse 5 minutes 0 seconds Total measurement time 5 minutes 32 secon
74. ES 03 895 1625 Adding Value to our For BOX HILL VICTORIA EN AA EA A hul LIL ee ee Photo 48 measunng the Stem Diameter and sapwood depth of Callitris glaucophylla Photo 49 Measuring the Wound Size of Callitns glaucophylla afterthe cut stem expenment to apply wound size correction coefficients to the data 145 19 6 1 2 Eucalyptus blakelyi Species Eucalyptus bla kelyi Sensor installation aspect Ea st South Ea st Diameter 12 2 cm Bark thic kness 6 mm Sapwood thickness 6 mm Heartwood thic kness 30 mm Wounding 1 mm radius Density Thermal Diffusivity Approx Average night time off set Raw Heat Pulse velocities before Cutting Raw Heat Pulse Velocity after cutting Photo 50 Cut stem Eucalyptus bla kelyi Inner 1 48 cm hr Outer 1 49 cm hr Inner 1 52 cm hr Outer 11 78 cm hr Inner 1 52 cm hr Outer 0 53 cm hrt 146 Raw heat pulse velocity f 1 1 0 75 cm outer 2 2 25 cm inner Velocity cm bh o an 4 53 Sz Sz 53 o ox az o o 5 of oa o So o oO o QO gg ge ss ge as 88 a8 as amp 8 ae ae ae Ge So ees ag SS ro ro ro gt i p md t S9 se 29 285 290 se ee ah Ne N w mM Tp ie m Figure 116 10 days of stable sap flow data for Eucalyptus blakelyi pnorto severing the stem Raw heat pulse velocity 1 0 75 om outer 2 2 25 cm inner Velocity em h
75. ETNE 64 FUD GL 64 en sagt ing paces ea ive EEE E NEEE E EE EE E EEE E yee 64 PS IC SW e ets oo encase acetate gstcsneacdesgeaeeoaematsneacaey neseate sien eden eeu 65 Por 65 ledelse Conig ra O EEE EN 66 NUMENIO HO EE een er ee 67 NA ene P EES eee oe ne ene eee EN a ee E eee 67 Gog gg EE E a eee 67 Update HASHING Be Info 1900 0 EE 68 15 1 4 15 1 5 15 1 6 15 1 7 15 1 8 15 1 9 15 1 10 15 1 11 15 1 12 15 1 13 15 1 14 15 1 15 15 1 16 15 1 17 15 1 18 15 1 19 15 2 15 2 1 15 2 2 15 2 3 15 3 15 3 1 15 3 2 15 33 15 3 4 15 3 5 15 4 15 4 1 15 4 2 15 4 3 15 5 15 5 1 15 5 2 15 5 3 15 6 15 6 1 15 7 15 7 1 15 7 2 DE TEN 68 VE MMM 69 Instructions to refomata MicroSD Card vi veccicicvescnronaccubshessek edinentbiorersadoisonsasteneemienaacnemneats 69 elidel Ot sc EE ee ee 69 PONGE ENO Peara E E E E E E E te 69 o gt sd fe WN 1 0 oo e RE EE eee 70 Eaei a REE EEE EE anne PE TT 70 APP Se Fe eccrine estes E EEEE nie oxen E EEE E tes 70 ENN 70 OE ENE EEE E E 71 PP AL aie a sects E gid E use au E E sacs nageaee te oc secioneivedu ase eegeaegacaiprayeesteesy N 71 GOE EE 71 PONAD DI NN 71 EELEE A E A EE O E E E E E E TA N E E E N E O A 72 gt Os 110 EEE EEE EEE ENE EEE 72 BJEN 0 0 16 ol gt op SEE EEE ee ee ee ee ee 73 CODY BPM 73 ETEN 73 Dialogue gt op AG lear elo EE ee eee 74 fs LG Loe 5 5 EE EE ENE 74 Ge als IO 0 EEE 74 55 EEE EET 74 FLL NNN 74 BEG DL EEE 74 PEVCE TNE REE ae ee ee 74 FV
76. FM Batt 4 01 Port COM89 Device Date 03 09 2013 Device Time 24 hr 14 38 Figure 55 Dialogue Box Clearicon 15 3 Status Bar The status bar is located along the bottom of the SFM1 GUI and provides basic information about the operational status of the instrument Connected to ICT SFM Batt 4 02 Pork COMS9 Device Date 03 09 2013 Device Time 24hr 01 03 Figure 56 SFM 1 Software Status bar 15 3 1 Connection status e Disconnected e Connecting e Connected to ICTSFM NOTE 46 If the SFM 1 is unable to connect to the computer it is typically due to one of two things 1 the intemal battery is completely discharged and needscharging and orreplacing if it very old and been poony maintained 2 there is a communications issue between the Genenc COMs board which connects first and displays the COM Port the PC has allocated to the instrument and the application board If the problem is caused by the latter then it will be confirmed by the specific flash sequence of the USB LED Status Indicator lights 15 3 2 Batt Displays the intemal battery voltage of the instrument both pnor to connection and once connected Prior to connection it provides a very useful diagnostic tool should the SFM 1 fail to connect due to a low intemal battery voltage 15 3 3 Port Displays the active COM port being used by the instrument associated with the open Software window multiple instruments can be connected to a PC simultaneously on di
77. Meanpemert Mode 10 min E Next Meas ement ine 07 29 fi action p Fre Puhe Newdie Tengen Mode 20 Joule puler A Vedr patie emg A Upelste nasuseiert opis OREN nor mai NEEDLES ARE IN AIR Cay baptos SEAMIIFS 2 4 asurement complete 02 09 2011 16 42 esults are available on the SD card sf one was inserted wvX00000000 A ot i at Homme sm me oser CARS Coven Tne We XE Sn Figure 59 Display Debug Registers is output to the Dialogue Box in the SFM software The output is cryptic programming code however the vanous flags or codes reported against each parameter such as the CREG Control Register descnbe the state the microprocessor of the Sap Flow Meter is currently in If problems continue this information should be emailed to supportQEic tintemational com so that ICTIntemational s service engineers can assist you in trouble shooting the problem 76 15 5Measurement Control 15 5 1 Measurement Mode The Heat Ratio Method involvesa pulse of heat into the water conducting xylem or sapwood of the plant to measure the flow of water Initiating a subsequent heat pulse whilst heat from a previous pulse is still present will confound the measurement and produce enoneous results Under nomal conditions it takes somewhere from 5 10 minutes after each pulse for the effects of the pulse to dissipate completely such that plant tissues have retumed to ambient conditions Typically 10 minutes i
78. Not ICT Connected 3 Product Version 2 0 1 7 4 Release Date 20 11 2010 rer 5 File Menu along the top of the HEAT RATIO METHOD SAP FLOW METER Wind O W Product Version 2 0 5 3 Release Date 09 05 2013 6 Function buttons Not Connected a Connectto SFM b Disconnect from SFM Figure 15 SFM 1 Software Splash Screen NOTE 32 the Disconnect from SFM icon isgreyed out asthe instrument Is not connected 13 1 2 A status bar along the bottom of the window A status baralong the bottom of the window a Not Connected to ICT SFM b Battery Voltage c Please Select Device NOTE 33 The SFM 1 isa Plug amp Play USB device Once connected to a USB port Windows automatically detects it and allocates ita COM port You do not need to select or configure the COM port Once connected the allocated COM port will be displayed in the status bar To establish a connection click Connectto SM There are two ways of connecting to the SFM1 either via direct USB connection or via wireless RF Modem 52 13 2 USB Connection Drop down the Connection Type box located in the bottom left hand comer of the screen and select USB If the message No compatible devices found is displayed before proceeding to click the Find Devices icon please check the following a The Instrument istumed on see Tum the SFM1 ON b You are connected to a device A USB cable must be connected between the PC and the USB port of
79. SFM Disconnect From SFM z B 10 2012 1418 Update Computer Time Update User Time at 5D Logging Options 8 Show Thermistor Calibration Cancel Update Upstream F Reset Hidden Delete Rename Dialog Web Update Options Figure 65 Set Date amp Time via the Commands gt Update Date Time menu NOTE 55 The real time clock and crystal used in the Sap Flow Meter is accurate to approximately two minutes per month or better at a constant temperature of 25 C This can change depending upon the thermal extremes experienced by the SFM1 in the field as colder temperatures can cause the clock to run Slower and hotter temperature to run faster It Is recommended to check and manually reset the SFM 1 s clock at least every six months or sooner if practical to remove this dnft If more accurate timing is required the optional MCC2G remote communications module uses the GSM communications network to automatically synchronise the Sap Flow Meter to Universal Time Coordinated UIC time every time it synchronises with the instrument thus providing an accuracy of up to one second 83 15 7SD Card Logging Options The SD Card Logging Options Menu is accessed via the Commands menu along the top menu bar of the SFM1 software This option allows the user to configure and choose what parameters are logged to the Comma Separated Values CSV data file or Binary BIN stored on the intemal MicroSD card of the Sap Flow Met
80. SFM1 will automatically be detected by the computer the same as any USB device Double click the SFM icon on the Desktop to open the software and click the icon Connect to SFM then search for and select the named instrument from the connections Window See section Communications Connect to the Instrument for details 4 5 Perfom a Verific ation Test Before installing or commencing a large field campaign it is recommended that a performance venfication test be conducted on the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter This is best done using the Test Block SFM TB which is designed to retum a known sap velocity 4 6 Install the Sap How Meter Installation of an SFM1 Sap Flow Meter is not quick Care must be taken in the preparation of the stem surface to remove loose fibrous bark to provide a reference point to work from The depth of bark and sap wood thickness must be determined to enable correct placement of the measurement needles in the tree Finally drilling must be done slowly and carefully to ensure straight parallel holes are produced so as not to affect the physics of the underlying Heat Ratio Method theory See Install the Sap Flow Meter for details 15 4 7 Setthe Logging Interval The SFM1 Sap Flow Meter hasa minimum temporal logging resolution of 10 minutes This limit Is imposed by the thermodynamics of heat movement through a woody matnx After inputting a pulse of heat into the stem it must be allowed time to dissipate before applying anoth
81. V 22 W solar panel connected direct to the instrument These solar panels can either be purchased direct from ICTto provide a complete solution at the time of purchase or sourced locally by the end user With a solar panel attached the SFM1 will regulate the charging current from the extemal source and dynamically tickle charge the intemal 4 2 V battery The output voltage of solar panels vanesa great deal depending on the amount of solar radiation stnking the surface of the panel For example in full sunlight a 12V solar panel will typically supply up to 21V even when the sun isata low angle This will result in the SFM1 charging ata maximum rate of 200 mA Where partial sun light or diffuse light shade strikes the solar panel the output voltage will drop significantly to around 5 to 7 Volts The intemal battery of the SFM1 will still charge but at a reduced rate down to as low as only 10 mA The dynamic charging circuit IS designed to maximise any and all available light either direct or diffuse solar radiation at any time of the day orconditions to ensure maximum possible charge of the battery isachieved 10 1Solar Panel Specifications If sourcing a solar panel locally ICT Intemational recommends the following specifications be matched orexceeded by your local supplier Figure 11 Recommended Solar Panel Specifications Where Pm Power Maximum Vmp Voltage maximum power what the Voltage would be under ideal conditions with the ma
82. a ures c sv file on the TN 136 Figure 105 Start Log Temperatures function to record raw temperatures to a file on the COMPU RE EEE EE 137 Figure 106 Log Temp erta ures summary info on the SD Card tab mmrrrrrersvvernvrrrnrrnnnrersvrennvrrnnvnnnnne 137 Figure 107 Stop Log Temperatures function to end recording raw temperatures to a file on the COMPU NE NE EE 137 Figure 108 Raw Heat Pulse Velocity data Is relative in nature and can be used qualitatively but not quantitatively rrrrrnnrronrornnronnnrrnnnrrnnnrrnnrrrnnnrnnnrnnnnrsnnnrsnnnennnrnnnnsnnnrsnnnesnnnesnnnennanssnnnsnnnesnnnnnnnnsan sesseeseseessaeens 138 Figure 109 the combined analysis of sap velocity simultaneously overlaid with radial profile of VNR 139 Figure 110 Sap Flow Rate and Sap Volume displayed on the same graph using dual Y axis 140 Figure 111 Cumulated sap flow volume provides teh plant daily water use asit isan automated integration of the area underthe Sap Flow rate CUIVE s rnnnrrnnrennavennnvrnnnrrnnvernnrennnrrnnnnsnnressnvennnnnnnvesnnne 140 Figure 112 Using SFT1 Sap Flow Tool Software to analyse sap flow data with meteorological data to analyse the intimatacy of the Soil Plant Atmosphere COntinUUm rrrrrrrrnvrnrnvrnnnversvrrnnvrnnnvensnvennnne 141 Figure 113 10 days of stable sap flow data for Callitns glaucophylla pror to severing the stem 143 Figure 114 The immediate cessation of sap flow for Callitns glaucophylla upon cavitation caused by seve
83. alia UWA and the individual developers Dr Stephen Burgess and Dr Tim Bleby The SFM1 Trade Mark is the property of ICT Intemational Pty Ltd The complete SFM1 Sap Flow Meter remains the intellectual property of ICT Intemational Pty Ltd and incomorates the HRM principle made under exclusive license by ICT Intemational Pty Ltd 1 2 SM1 Start Up Check List WARNING 1 Please Read Understand and Complete this checklist before unpacking the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter C Have you watched the instructional videos http youtube com user ictintl C Have you contacted ICTto schedule webcast training Email sup port ictintemational com Phone 61 26772 6770 10 2 System Requirements 2 1 CPU Processor The ICT Instrument software doesnot require large processing power Forexample it is compatible with Netbooks Minimum Recommended Processor Capacity Intel Atom Processors with a CPU N270 1 66 GHz and 1GB RAM or higher 2 2 Software The ICT Instrument software iscompatible with the following Windows Operating Systems Windows XP Windows Vista Windows 7 Windows Virtual OS run from a Mac computer 2 3 Screen Resolution The ICT Instrument software Is written to a fixed screen resolution of 857 x 660 dpi it does not Auto Resize and works best on cunent model laptops that have a screen sze of 11 6 or larger and a default screen resolution of 1366 x 768 the vertical height of 768 being most important otherwise you can t see the bottom
84. alization of the Analogue to Digital Converter of the instruments microprocessor to the initial readings being recorded pnorto the measurement SFM Corrections Reports SD Card PC Logging SFM Corrections Reports SD Card PC Logging Outer Thermistor Inner Thermistor Downstream Probe deg C deg C Outer Thermistor Inner Thermistor Downstream Probe deg C deg C Outer Thermistor Inner Thermistor Upstream Probe 24 016 deg C 24 079 deg C Outer Thermistor Inner Thermistor Upstream Probe deg C deg C Measurement Status Taking initial reading Measurement Status Initialising ADC Pulse Energy Pulse Energy 20 Joule pulse Update pulse energy 20 Joule pulse Update pulse energy Figure 73 SFM 1 Initia lisation protocol fora Heat Ratio Method measurement After the initial readings are recorded a Heat Pulse is made delivenng the pre set amount of energy to the water conducting xylem as set by the user You can see the increase of approx 1 4 C in measured temperature of the downstream needles subsequent to the heat pulse being delivered as the protocol allows a 60 second wait time for the maximum temperature rise to be confined SFM Corrections Reports SD Card PC Logging SFM Corrections Reports SD Card PC Logging Outer Thermistor Inner Thermistor Downstream Probe 25 600 deg C 25 642 deg C Outer Thermistor In
85. all protective Bus Plug capsare not used when wiresare inserted 00 46 NOTE 22 All changes that you make and confim by clicking the relevant Update icon will be stored in non volatile memory That is they will be retained even if you tum the power off and PE EEE EEE EE 47 NOTE 23 All software described in the proceeding section are included on the ICT Installation DVD and on the MicroSD card Installed in the instument 000 ec ccccccccceeeceesessessesttstttntaeaeeees 47 NOTE 24 the USB dnver can be downloaded from the ICT web site WWW ICTINTeriatiOralscOMl Eg EEE EE 47 NOTE 25 you can check for and download the latest version of software from the ICT web site WWW ctintemationalcom support ES AI EEE uesacantaceaeiuanseduisay 47 NOTE 26 the full redistnbutable dotNet download file 300MB has been provided for you on the ICT Software DVD that came with your instrument and can also be found on the Micro SD card installed in your Instrument These links are provided asa convenience should you not be able to find the dotNet install file in either of these locations dotNet Framework is a minimum requirement Only install if required to The listed links are to an extemal site and may change without notice If these links are not functional then search Microsoft Downloads page www microsoft com downloads for Current locationsand links rrrrnnrrrrnrrronnrrnrnrrrernrnnsnvrrsnnrenenrenen 48 NOTE 27 The SFM1 can also be charged di
86. an that of the sapwood The typically clear differentiation between the two tissues based on pH content enables a direct measurement of radial thickness of the sapwood or water conducting xylem The Cross Sectional Area can then be calculated Each of the two annulus measured by the Inner and Outer Measurement points are then multiplied by the conesponding area Sapwood Heartwood Sap flow sensor Al Sapwood Annulus 1 A2 Sapwood Annulus 2 Figure 82 Accounting for radial sap flow gradients when calculating volumetnc sap flow 15 14 1 The weighting is calculated by Corrected sap velocity say 10 cm hr xsapwood area say 220 cm 2 200 cm hr for annulusl Corrected sap velocity say 5cm hr xsapwood area say 40 cm 200 cm hr for annulus 2 This results in a single sap flow value forthe whole tree of 2 400 c m hr or 2 40 litres hrt These calculations are automatically performed by the microprocessor provided the sapwood area for both the outer and inner annuli has been entered and stored in RAM These values are then entered into the comesponding Sap Wood Area Outer amp Inner input fields The valid entry range is between 10 00 cm to 2 000 00 cm to two 2 decimal places A typical example sapwood range is between 12 37 cm for very small diameter trees to 1600 00 c m for very large diameter trees 102 Altematively the raw heat pulse velocity data can be post processed for a whole season or data set and autom
87. and tannins on the needle of the SFM1 122 16 14 2 Storage The SFMI1 is shipped in a custom designed storage box It is recommended that this box be kept and used to store the SFM1 when not in use This will protect the needles fom damage and make the instrument easy to store neatly on a bookshelf or cupboard ready for the next deployment Photo 44 store the SFM 1 in the custom design box that is was shipped left this makes for ease and convenient storage ona book case orcupboard NOTE 84 To maintain the longevity of the SFM1 s intemal lithium polymer battery it is recommended that penodically every 3 months the instrument be charged This will ensure the lithium polymer chemistry is maintained in a healthy state and will ensure a long and productive service life of the instrument when deployed in the field 123 17 Data Storage amp Downloading The SFM doesnot store data on intemal memory Data is stored on Non Volatile RAM MicroSD cards Data can be downloaded via USB Cable wireless Radio Frequency RF or through physic al removal of the MicroSD card 17 1MicroSD Card Storage Capacity The memory capacity of the MicroSD card is 2GB In practical terms when the SFM1 Is configured to record in Sap Flow mode ithasthe memory capacity to log all raw parameters relevant to the calculation of Sap Velocity and Sap Flow and operational diagnostics of the instrument such as battery voltage and charging curent at a 10 minute loggi
88. ap wood and the data can be post processed in Sap Flow Tool Software The advantage of this feature is that cormection parameters can be collected subsequent to installation rather than pnor to and that data can be reprocessed at any time instantly should any correction parameter be revised Additionally Sap Flow Tool provides the ability to analyse the raw heat pulse data with a range of sap flow algonthms HRM HRMx CHPM or TMa x NOTE 51 To operate the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter in CHPM mode the needle spacing must be adjusted from symmetrical spacing 5 mm either side of the heater to asymmetncal spacing 5 upstream and 10 mm downstream of the heater 79 15 5 2 2 Sap How Mode The Sap Flow Mode provides automatically processed sap flow results in Raw Heat Pulse Velocity Corected Sap Velocity and Sap Flow The Raw Heat Pulse Velocity can be used in Sap Flow Tool Software to post process the data however Corected Sap Velocity and Sap Flow cannot be reprocessed once logged in these units In order to use the Corrected Sap Velocity and Sap Flow data automatically logged by the Sap Flow Meter you must enter the relevant corection parameters into the Corrections tab to enable the onboard processing of the measured raw data This feature is suitable where pnor knowledge about the species being measured is known or indicative values of sap flow without the necessity for absolute precision and accuracy of sap flow data isneeded quickly 15 5 3 Delayed St
89. approximately 15 minutes response time vanes considerably between species a distinct colour change becomes evident between the actively conducting xylem of the Sapwood and the non conducting xylem of the heartwood The lighter coloured area Is the sapwood and the dark region Is the heartwood The heartwood stains darker due to the build up of tannins associated with the lignification process of heartwood Depending upon the pH of the sap wood different dyes may be required AS an example Methyl Orange works well with many Eucalyptus species as it tums the sap wood yellow and the heart wood a deep red colour Now use a rule orcallipersto precisely measure the radial depth or thickness of the sapwood s dre ot Ea tE tat 1 1128in T prdrtrbrbbrbyiemen or d 3 j tihi H MARAE SEDO U torr bievetuens beveetyaer ER i AALL ET 2 3 E 1 ii JE ENES verna 3 2 3 edeendorenenerbnnpnpgl 1 1 ii Oo 1 a Photo 29 measure the sap wood thickness as identified by the distinct colour difference between sapwood and heartwood using a set of callipers 16 4 3 Prepanng an Indicator Stain Methyl Orange C14HuaNaNa035S is the most common indicator stain used in determining sap wood thickness because its colour changes depending upon the pH Methyl Orange isa pH indicator that measures within the Acid range of 3 1 to 4 4 It will tum Red in strongly acid solution pH 3 1 or tissues such asthe heartwood consisting of tannins with comp
90. aratively low moisture content and Yellow in very light Acid solutions pH gt 4 4 to neutral pH 7 or tissues such as sapwood that have a relatively high water content which is often close to pure water In most trees species this range Is adequate to discem between regions of Heartwood and Sapwood 110 Methyl Orange is supplied by ICT Intemational as a premixed solution in a 15 ml eyedropper bottle ready for use However if additional stock is required it can be mixed by the end user Methyl Orange can be purchased from Laboratory and Chemical supply companies in the form of a dry granular powder 16 4 3 1 Mixing instructions for Methyl Orange Indicator Methyl Orange is very potent so a small number of granules are all that is necessary to make sufficient volume of solution The standard mixing concentration isa 0 1 solution In a glass beaker measure out 0 1 gm per 100 ml of deionized distilled water Best results are obtained when dissolving Methyl Orange in hot deionized distilled water Stirthe granules until they fully dissolve Allow the solution to cool but pnorto reaching room temperature decant into an air tight sealed container Shake the solution vigorously for a several minutes to ensure all granules are dissolved into solution with no precipitate Finally decant into a 15 ml eye dropper bottle for use in the field as required Store the remainder of the solution in the air tight storage container WARNING 13 Be sure to ta
91. ard is compatible and should perfom well in the SFM1 within the limits of the cards own 0 EEE NE Uenaeteisectnaldeiantesss 68 NOTE 44 The SFM1 works fine with FAT and FAT32 file formats It is not designed to be compatible with exFAT extended File Allocation Table format also known as FAT64 This is a new format that has yet to be adopted by commercially available SD cards for precisely the reason that it would be incompatible with most electronic instruments mobile phones and EE aesadencaeiupasansezsciie E E 69 NOTE 45 the SD card is Hot Swappable meaning it can be ejected and inserted while connected The SD Card statusis updated inrealtime rrrrnnnrrnnnrrnnrorsnrrnnnrrnnnrrnnrrrnnrrnsnrrnnnnnnnnnrnnvnnnnn 69 NOTE 46 If the SFM 1 is una ble to connect to the computer it is typically due to one of two things 1 the intemal battery is completely discharged and needs charging and or replacing if it very old and been poorly maintained 2 there is a communications Issue between the Generic COMs board which connects first and displays the COM Port the PC has allocated to the instrument and the application board If the problem is caused by the latter then it will be confirmed by the specific flash sequence of the USB LED Status Indicator lights 00 74 NOTE 47 Instrument software updates can be performed during a measurement cycle without interference to the measurement rrrrrrnnrronnrrrenvrrnrnrnrnnvvnnnnvenennrensn
92. ard upon making the firt measurement the data file is automatically created using the senal number as the file name with csv extension Once downloaded to a PC the file name can be changed but data can only be saved to the SD card in this file name format This serial number is also stored in the header line of the data file It is used for technical support purposes by ICTtechnicians Serial Humber SEM TESOL i Figure 42 Serial Number Field 15 1 11 I icon clicking on the icon toggles between the overall instrument serial number and the senal numbers of the individual circuit boardsthat make up the instrument m Figure 43 Individual Seral Number Toggle Icon 15 1 12 APP Serial The senal number of the Application circuit board that is custom designed and manufactured specifically to perform the Heat Ratio Method Sap Flow measurement This senal number is also stored in the header line of the data file It is used for technical support purposes by ICT technicians APP Serial 2 OS000008 Figure 44 Application Board Senal Number Field 15 1 13 COM Seral This isthe serial number of the genenc communication circuit board that operates the MicroSD card USB and wireless radio communications of the instrument This serial number is also stored in the header line of the data file It is used for technical support purposes by ICT technicians COM Serial amp 01000015 Figure 45 Generic Communication Board Senal Number Field 7
93. around the area beyond the physical reach of the instrument You will see the Instrument Information Section filled with the configuration data of the instrument you are connected to This data is read directly from the instruments configuration held in non volatile RAM The instrument is now ready to be used The configuration can be modified logging interval set Data downloaded orreadings performed manually 63 14 LED Status Indicators The instrument has two sets of red amp green Light Emitting Diodes LED s These diodes are programmed to give specific flash sequences to indicate different states of operation of the instrument 14 1Power Circ uit LED s The main set of LED s are connected the power circuit of the communications board and are visually accessible via a light tube adjacent to the communications access port They indicate whetherthe board is awake and whetherthe battery is charging 14 1 1 LED Hash Sequence Definitions 14 1 1 1 Green LED Usually indicates device ison notin a low power state 14 1 1 2 Red LED Usually indicates device battery ischarging 14 1 1 3 Instument Startup Green and Red LEDs blink altemately several times this Is also to indicate a successful reset Green LED then tums on indicating that the board is powered on Red LED may tum on depending on whether the device Is charging After a few seconds the Green LED should blink indicating that it has successfully initialised After a time
94. art Suspend Measurement Maximising power use for any sap flow pnnciple is important as the instruments are typically deployed in remote locations for extended penods The SFM1 provides measurement options such as the ability to delay the commencement of measurements or penodically suspend measurements according to specified time cntena Click on the clock icon a grey circle with two hands like an analogue wall clock next to the Update measurement options button Measurement Contral Measurement Mode Reporting option start Measurement Fire Pulse Sap Flow Mode PULSE WHEN Figure 62 Accessto the Delayed Start Suspend Configuration option is via the clock icon NEEDLES ARE IN AIR The following screen will be displayed Measurement Scheduler Delayed Start Delayed start allows you to set up the time when the measurements vill start based on their scheduled interval Measurements will not be performed before this time Delay Unit 0000 Disable Delayed Start Measurement Suspend Measurement suspend allows you to set up time period between which measurements will mot take place These setting apply for every day of the week Suspend Start Suspend Stop ooo0 Figure 63 Setting the Delayed Start or Measurement Suspend options Disable Suspend Mode 80 15 5 3 1 Delayed Start This function allows the user to configure the instrument in advance of use In many situations it may be preferable to set all
95. at is connected is displayed m Device Selection Available Devices Device Name Serial Number COM Port ICT Sap Flow Meter SFM1BSOL COME C Show All Ports Remember Devices Connection Type vs viisekcroevie lom Figure 18 Device Selection Window reporting the device that wasfound connected 13 2 2 USB Select Device You can now select the device by clicking on it with the mouse to highlight the device and then clicking on Select Device Altematively you can simply double click on the device name After selecting the device the following splash screen will appear INTERNATIONAT HEAT RATIO METHOD SAP FLOW METER Product Varsin 20 5 2 Peksa Date 005 2013 Connecting to HRM Connerting to FOT SEM Figure 19 SFM 1 Splash Screen while connecting to the instrument 54 It states the following 1 that the software is connecting to the SFM 2 Battery Voltage pror to the software actually connecting in this example it is 3 70 V 3 And COM Port the device is located on in this example COM 89 NOTE 35 The software detects the Generic Coms or communication circuit board first The integrated voltmeter measures the intemal battery voltage as soon asa connection Is initiated and displays it in the status bar tighter with the allocated COM Port This provides a diagnostic check dunng the connection process and prevents frustration that might otherwise occur should the instrument
96. ata section of the PC Logging Tab will keep a live summary of the number of values logged to the file name as chosen by the user The file name will be displayed complete with the full directory path to ensure the file is easily found Corrections Reports SD Card PC Logging Log Incoming Reporting Option Data Logging Enabled 2 values logged filename CA Program Files ICTAICT SEMYPC Sapflow cev Append Mode This is only effective when starting to Log Figure 102 a summary of the sap flow mode reporting option data that hasbeen logged direct to a computer 18 1 1 2 Append Mode Note that the Append Mode can be selected to ensure that if a new logging session IS resumed using an existing log file name a new header will be placed in file at the end of the previous list of records to demarcate subsequent records that are appended to the existing file WARNING 20 Failure to select Append Mode without renaming the log file will simply overwnte the contents of the existing log file 135 18 1 1 3 Log Incoming Results Stop To cease logging sap flow data to the PC sapflow csv file direct to the computer drop down the File Menu expand the Log Incoming Results option and click Stop All logging to this data file will stop ER ICT SFM Figure 103 the expanded File Menu option sequence to stop logging sap flow data to the computer 18 1 2 Log Temperatures When the SFM1 is configured to Needle Temperature
97. atically converted to volumetnc flows by using SFT1 Sap Flow Tool analysis software For detailed research ICT recommends this approach as It provides the greatest flexibility and accuracy of results 15 15Reports The Reports tab provides an instantaneous summary of the Minimum Maximum and Average values for Raw Heat Pulse Velocity Sap Velocity and Sap Flow measured by the SFM1 The data can be toggled between Today amp Yesterday by using the Show Results Dropdown Menu Fa JJ pe 7 z P 7pm o fo F SFM Corrections Reports SD Card PC Logging SFM Corrections Reports SD Card PC Logging Show Max Min Av for enn T mA Show Max Min Av for result from Yesterday vi Maximum Minimum Average Maximum Minimum Average Raw Heat Pulse Velocity o cm hr Raw Heat Pulse Velocity o 9 0 0 cm hr Raw Heat Pulse Velocity i cm hr Raw Heat Pulse Velocity i HEEN 0 0 cm hr Sap Velocity o cm hr Sap Velocity 0 ff emm Sap Velocity i cm ht Sap Velocity i of o 0 emm Sap Flow 0 kg hr Sap Flow o C o fF kom Sap Flow i kg hr Sap Flow i off o 0 kom Temperature report Temperature report ats ts err Out ae 25 tes a Out Average Rise e eee Average Rise 0 012 0 012 JE Ratio Td Out 4 Tu Out 34 955 955 Tdln Tu ln 42 707 707 Ratio Td Out 4 Tu Out 34 955 Tdin Z Tuln 42 70 Figure 83 Th
98. atmosphere though open stomates or hydraulic refilling of the vessels and tracheids of the xylem which may have become dehydrated dunng the sunlight hours of the day asthe xylem supplied transpiration demand from intemal storage 162 Phloem bast A vascular tissue whose principal function is to translocation of sugars and other nutnents The phloem is composed mainly of Seve tubes sclerenchyma cells and parenchyma cells including companion cells It occurs in association with and usually extemal to the xylem Reverse flow The movement of water or basipetal negative sap flow within the tree from the leavesto the roots Sap The liquid consisting of mineral salts and sugar dissolved in water that is found in xylem and phloem vessels Sap flow The volumetnc measurement of acropetal positive mass solute flow within a plant stem It is derved by multiplying the corrected sap velocity Vs by the cross sectional area of the conducting xylem orsapwood of the plant Sapwood albumum The outer functional part of the secondary xylem cylinderas compared to the central non functional heartwood Transpiration The loss of water by evaporation from a plant surface Over 90 escapes through open stomata while about 5 is lost directly from the epidermal cells It has been shown that although the combined area of stomatal pores Is on average only 1 2 of the total leaf area the amount of transpiration they allow is 90 of the tran
99. attery box This is a plastic enclosure typically custom moulded to fit a large battery that will protect the battery from environmental elements that will cause a reduced service life and supply problems Ask your battery supplier for details 0 eee cccsescesssecssseceseecessteesssecesseecssecesstecesaeeesseeeenes 32 NOTE 17 the outer diameter of the insulating sheath of each conductor core of the figure 8 or lamp cord cable should be no greaterthan 3 MM PP 33 NOTE 18 ICT recommends the use of Poly crystalline photovoltaic cells or Blue Coloured solar panels only Mono crystalline Photovoltaic cells or Black Coloured solar panels are less expensive but have lower efficiencies in direct sunlight and poor to zero output in diffuse light o NERE EEE EE EEE RE 41 NOTE 19 Solar Panels should always be pointed North in the Southem Hemisphere or South in oo 43 NOTE 20 No attempt is made to prevent water ingress into the power bus tubes As the gold plated copper pipes run the entirety of the instrument no water that will ultimately ingress along the cable entry will be able to access the electronics nor will it conduct across between the postive and negative inputs as they are also physically separated on either side of the instrument Therefore no electncal short can occur The gold plating of the copper pipe will also prevent comosion of the pipes and therefore ensure a good electrical connection is maintained PP 46 NOTE 21 The sm
100. ave existing data collected at 6 mm soacing Sand wishesto maintain uniformity of their data 93 15 10 Needle Symmetry Needle spacing s and precise parallel alignment to each other are the most significant source of enor in all heat pulse velocity techniques A small 0 5mm misalignment of either SFM 1 needle can affect the accuracy of measurement by 4 A large 3mm misalignment of the needle during installation results in a 22 enor of heat pulse velocity Incorect Insertion Conect Insertion Photo 16 SFM1 Needle alignment and importance of symmetry of installation Alchornea SVP83021 A i Raw Heat Pulse Velocity cm hr Po wo md 26 06 2008 26 06 2008 26 06 2008 26 06 2008 27 06 2008 27 06 2008 27 06 2008 27 06 2008 28 06 2008 28 06 2008 02 10 08 10 14 20 20 40 02 40 08 40 14 40 20 40 02 40 08 40 Figure 79 Positive zero offset with inner measurement point located in heartwood Mollinedia SVP83033 had VV 26 06 2008 of 06 2008 26 06 2008 27 06 2008 27 06 2008 27 06 2008 27 06 2008 27 06 2008 27 06 2008 28 06 2008 28 06 2008 28 06 2008 12120 16 40 20 40 00 40 04 40 08 40 12 40 16 40 20 40 00 40 04 40 08 40 At o Raw Heat Pulse Velocity cm hr 34 a HV 5 Figure 80 Negative zero offset with inner measurement point located in heartwood 94 Corrections for small needle misalignment are made using a multiplier and offset denved from a simple linear relationship between cone
101. be deg deg Outer Thermistor Inner Thermistor Upstream Probe deg L deg L Measurement Status Measurement Stopped Pulse Energy 20 Joule pulse i Update pulse energy Figure 127 Hide Thermistor Calibration function in the SFM tab Reset Hidden Delete Rename Dialog Web Update Options 167 22 11Appendix K 22 11 1 Automated Web Updates Web update automatically checks the ICT Intemational Web site http www ictinternational com support software for the latest software and firmware for your device This happens each time you run the SFM1 software on your computer in an intemet enabled environment The option can be accessed from the Commands Menu gt Web Update Options in the SFM software Changing the web update options can be done whetherthe SFM1 isconnected to the software or not E ICT SFM DoR gt Connect to SFM Connect to SFM Disconnect from SFM s Disconnect from SFM Reset Hidden Delete Rename Dialog Web Update Options INTERNATIONAL HEAT RATIO METHOD SAP FLOW METER Product Version 2 0 5 3 Release Date 09 05 2013 Not Connected Ej Not Connected Batt Please select a device Figure 128 Accessing the Web Update options from the SFM 1 Software It Is recommended that automatic update checking Is enabled You can deselect automatically check for updates when the program starts but this is not recommended If this feature
102. ble to power the MCC1 Continue to hold down the Mode button until both Red LED s light up then release the Mode button The LED s will flash altemately The MCC1 is no in configuration mode Run the MCC Device Configuration software Scan Ports then select the MCC from the Available Ports drop down menu Click Change Portsto connect to the MCC1 MCC Device Configuration E Apply Settings J Exit Configuration Mode Communications Settings Available Ports EEA File gt Mode of operation iC Device Co apatit fer Description This mode ICT Device Compatible AF Modem sing its configuration utility program RF Logger Serial to Serial USB to Serial Signal Strength Test i Apply Settings F Exit Configuration Mode Communications Settings Available Ports COMB2 rv gZ Scari Ports s Change Port Please select a COM port Figure 137 Select Signal Strength Test from the Mode of Operation dropdown menu 177 MCC Device Configuration Me Mode of operation Signal Strength Test v Description Displays Signal Strength and packet counters from any unit or a specific unit through a terminal emulation program Paired Device FF FFFFFF Venfy Address mi Apply Settings J Exit Configuration Mode Communications Settings Available Parts COM82 s s Change Port Port COMBZ Figure 138 Confirm open search orspecific search by choosing Any Device or Paired Device
103. breathing apparatus in pressure demand MSHA NIOSH approved or equivalent and full protective gear During a fire irritating and highly toxic gases may be generated by thermal decomposition or combustion Vapours may be heavier than air They can spread along the ground and collect m low or confined areas Use extinguishing media most appropriate for the surrounding fire Use water spray dry chemical carbon dioxide or appropriate foam 183 Page 3 of 3 Methyl orange OTHER INFORMATION Incompatibilities Strong oxidizing agents Avoid excess heat Materials to avoid Animal Toxicity Data RTECS Cas 547 58 0 DB63270000 LD50 LC50 Cas 547 58 0 Oral rat LD50 60mg kg Mutagenicity Human mutation data is available However methyl orange produced negative and inconclusive results in tests by the EPA Gentox Program No other data available The information published in this Material Safety Data Sheet has been compiled from data m various technical publications It is the user s responsibility to determine the suitability of this information for adoption of necessary safety precautions We reserve the right to revise Material Safety Data Sheets as new information becomes available Copies may be made for non profit use 184 23 List of Equations Vh x1 22tg9 3600 Vp kx In v1 v2 3600 x9 V 4kt In v1 v2 x14 Vh 4kt Invy v2 x22 F x122t x1 x2 3600 Ve a bVn cVn Ve bVh cVh dVp gt Vs V
104. ch will cause eroneous sap flow data Attach the installation guide to the tree using the 4 anchor pins of the guide to locate and secure the guide to the tree For small dia meter stems between 10 mm to 25 mm diameter it may be necessary to pack the back of the installation guide with a stick to ensure a stable mounting of the guide on the stem This should then be held in place with clear adhesive or sticky tape so the holes of the guide are easily visible and can easily be dnlled through 112 left and installed A di H gt Td bd 7 A 4 av U L fi a g Photo 73 SFM SK1 Dnill guide ee to a smooth ba rked e a iena on a small diameter branch using sticky tape to secure itin place WARNING 14 Removing the installation guide can be dangerous The force required to extract the guide from the bark Is significant and causes it to be released rapidly with little control Under these circumstances the very sharp mounting pins have the potential to cause minor injury to the users fingers To avoid this potential issue it is recommended to use a flat blade screw driver to lever the guide out slowly and carefully 16 6Begin Dniling Commence drilling three holes beginning from the top position of the drill guide moving sequentially to the bottom hole The operator should be positioned in a comfortable manner that ensures complete control of the process Wherever possible perform the drilling process at chest height
105. cking collar over the wire Draw the wire through the plug to allow the bare cable to protrude out the end of the plug Fold the bare ends back onto the bus plugs The plugs are ready to insert into the logger to connectthe solarpanel The plugs are a deliberately tight or compression fit The two small O rings on the tips of each bus plug are not intended for water proofing Instead they are to ensure the cable is pressed against the gold plated copper power bus pipes that run the entirety of the instrument to ensure good electncal coupling or connection of the cable to the intemal charging circuit Finally tighten the locking collar of the bus plug until the rubber olives are compressed tight against the insulating sheath of the cable This provides a strain relief that will minimise the risk of the cable being pulled out if placed under sharp pulling force or tension Then push the bus plugs into place ensunng that an audible click is heard asthe bus plugs are fully inserted NOTE 20 No attempt is made to prevent water ingress into the power bus tubes As the gold plated copper pipes run the entirety of the instrument no water that will ultimately ingress along the cable entry will be able to access the electronics nor will it conduct across between the positive and negative inputs as they are also physically separated on either side of the instrument Therefore no electncal short can occur The gold plating of the copper pipe will also prevent
106. craped away to give accessto the lever or screw driver Photo 40 removing small layer of bark or cambium from around the needlesto give accessto the epoxy base of the needlesto allow access with a small lever 120 Insert the flat blade of the lever or screw driver between the tree and the centre of the epoxy base of the needle Only mild leveraging force is necessary to break the seal between the needle and the sapwood Once the seal is broken and the needle begins to move try withdrawing the needle by hand If it is still too difficult to do by hand reposition the screw driver and continue levering the needle out and guiding the base of the needle with your other hand Be careful not to bend orbreak the needle Repeat this procedure forthe remaining two needles Photo 41 Using a flat screw to slowly and evenly prise the sensor needle out of the tree NOTE 82 If the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter is being uninstalled because of a fault or damage sustained to the measurement needles please contact ICT immediately for assistance with repair Do not store the damaged instrument as this will cause unnecessary delays when the Sap Flow Meter is next required for deployment 16 13Repair The SFM1 needles are extremely well manufactured and robust however it must never be forgotten they are delicate scientific instruments that must be treated with care Uninstallation is the activity where they are most likely to sustain senous damage especially if the
107. cted and uncorected sample data Large enors in needle misalignment cannot be corected and the installation should be abandoned and the instrument reinstalled As the exact identity of which needle is incorectly spaced cannot be obtained by data analysis an intermediate solution that assumes both temperature needles contnbute to the emor is used This creates least bias in the data corection and once performed allows accurate discnmination of positive and negative sap flows Corections can be manually derved by solving equations 3 and 4 correction for probe misalignment as outlined in the extract from Burgess et al 2001 in the section Heat Ratio Method Theory Altematively Sap Flow Tool Software providesa linear transformation function that semi automates the process of corecting for probe misalignment or asymmetry of installation 15 10 1 Base line Asymmetry Multipliers BLAM Enter Base line Asymmetry Multipliers for both the Outer and Inner measurement points The range is between 2 to 2 with a step size of four 4 decimal places Once entered the multiplier is saved to memory for use in correcting needle misalignment of raw heat pulse velocities and to generate corected sap velocities Typical values for the multiplier range between 1 where no misalignment exists up to 1 385 for baseline asymmetry of up to 5 62 cm h for misalignments up to 3 mm from parallel NOTE 66 Base line asymmetry multipliers are typically left set to 1 as this
108. d introducing an eror due to a compounding of heat stored in the stem From a physiological perspective 10 minutes is an adequate frequency of measurement to capture normal plant response to changes within the ambient environment Plants typically don t resoond more quickly than this in response to changing light levels or Vapour Pressure Defic its VPD which are the key dnvers of transpiration as there isa capacitive lag within the plant between the atmospheric demand and the plants supply of water NOTE 49 where specific and targeted artificial stimuli are applied to the plant in partic ular inigation of a drought affected plant or cutting expenments both commonly used techniques in mapping hydraulic architecture a frequency of measurement greater than 10 minutes may be beneficial For these instances ICTrecommends the use of the HFD8 Heat Field Deformation Sap Flow Meter which isa continuously heated technique allowing logging frequencies of every 1 second 15 5 1 4 15 Min Optional temporal resolution logging interval often chosen for environmental research as It providesa convenient four 4 measurements per hour 78 15 5 1 5 20 Min Optionaltemporal resolution logging interval 15 5 1 6 30 Min This isa good temporal resolution for long tem field deployments where only daily water use valuesare of interest 15 5 1 7 60 Min This is a good temporal resolution for long tem field deployments where only daily water use values are of inter
109. d scenanos The following examples show Raw Heat Pulse Velocity HPV data from the stems of Eucalyptus trees They are designed to provide background reference to aid in the interpretation of sap flow measurements and troubleshooting when installing SFM1 Sap Flow Meters Dimmal Sapflow of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Heat Pulse Velocity cm hr hd t Figure 119 shows a typical diumal heat pulse velocity pattem of a Eucalyptus camaldulenss with very clean HRM data with no obvious problems with needles well in conducting sapwood overa period of 1 week Zero flows are experienced at night time with fluctuating peaks throughout the day in response to changing light conditions and evaporative demand In this example the effect of a rainfall event on sap flow can be clearly seen Heat pulse velocity cm hr ERNA ee 5 28 Feb 5 Mar 10 Mar 15 Mar 20 Mar 25 Mar Figure 120 Data from probes installed in wood with poor hydraulic conductance This is typically what you might see if these TC junctions were located in non conducting heartwood or cambium bark tissue There is only a very slight diumal pattem of heat pulse velocity HPV Note also that minimum HPV is very well aligned with the zero line indicating that probe alignment in this example was quite good assuming there was next to zero sap flow at this measurement point 150 S il lt h gt E E KA z oO 2 O gt B 3 Qa S 13 Feb
110. distance Tz aE Figure 2 Heat Ratio Method princ iple This method was developed by the University of Westem Australia and partner organisations ICRAF and CSIRO The SFM1 Sap Flow Meter has been validated against gravimetrc measurements of transpiration and used in sap flow research since 1996 Burgess et al 2001 It is the only truly digital Sap Flow Meter as it incorporates a microprocessor in the instrument design The SM1 can be used on lignified or woody stems greater than 10mm in diameter without any maximum diameter limit It can also be successfully used on hollow stemmed plants such as bamboo Because of the invasive nature of this method HRM Is not suited for use on herbaceous crop plants although tnals with Sugar Cane and Maize have demonstrated very good results The operator can choose to report data output in raw temperature mode Heat Pulse Velocity fully processed Sap Velocities or Sap Flow The last two options eliminate the need to post process data SFM1 is capable of measunng accurately between 100 to 100 cm hr covenng a very wide range of plant species and environmental conditions that produce high low zero and reverse rates of sap flow NOTE 11 The expected heat pulse velocities of the majonty of plant species in most environments will be in the range of lt 60 cm hr for conventional or acropetal flow and no greater 5 to 10 cm hr reverse or basipetal flow 24 The following extract of the Heat Ratio Method
111. ds Er Select All A Update Logging Options 1 Done ee Figure 70 Dynamic display of Total Measurement Time Providing the flexibility to manipulate these two options independently of each other enables users to exploit the full capacity of the Raw Temperature mode to obtain detailed information on the response of the temperature sensors to the release of the heat pulse Thiscan provide Significant information for advanced research applications in which the shape of the heat pulse and the timing of events within the heating and thermal decay of the heat pulse within the stem can provide additional insights to the physiological mechanisms by which water moves through the plant Raw Temperature records may prove useful for diagnostic and exoenmental purposes both at the time of measurement or in the future to allow reprocessing of data should new information become available They are necessary in order to apply the HRMx algonthm in which fixed timing within the measurement protocol for taking the Heat Ratio becomes vanable In applying the HRMx ratio the position within the heat pulse at which the Heat Ratio is taken can be manually adjusted by the user to effectively filter the impacts of thermal anomalies to ensure the ratio is performed ata point of non limiting heat By logging the Raw Temperature data and not automatically applying the Heat Ratio Method algonthm multiple heat pulse algonthms such as HRM HRMx and Tmax can be applied t
112. e Dialogue Box instead stored direct ODIN 86 Figure 70 Dynamic display of Total Measurement Time rrrnnrrrnnrrnnnnsnnvesnnrernnrennnnnnnnrsnnrnsnnressnrennnsnnnrssnnrere 87 Figure 71 Diumal stem temperature variation underlying individual Heat Pulse measurements 88 189 Figure 72 Raw Temperature Data of an individual Heat Pulse Curve graphed using Sap Flow Tool ON EE EE NE OE NN NE 88 Figure 73 SFM I Initia lisation protocol fora Heat Ratio Method measurement smrnsrranvrrnvrrsvrrnnnnnn 89 Figure 74 SFM1 performing a heat Pulse and waiting 60 seconds for the maximum temperature nse to be measured and WS INS v re tonieartonaevioescunercieaeniaunoener an eanaeeecent 89 Figure 75 Ratios are automatically calculated before the measurement is completed 90 Figure 76 automatically processed Sap Flow results are processed on board the SFM1 and ETEN 90 Figure 77 the Energy Pulse Setting can be changed from the default 20 J oules using the drop down menu and clicking the Update Pulse Energy ICON rrrrnrrnnnvrnnnrrnavernnrennnvnnnnrsnnvernaressnrennnvnnnnrsnnvennnne 91 Figure 78 Default Correction parameters for the SFM 1 Sap Flow Meter eeecseeseeseeseeeeeees 92 Figure 79 Positive zero offset with inner measurement point located in heartwood 06 94 Figure 80 Negative zero offset with inner measurement point located in heartwood 94 Figure 81 Archimedes pnnciple measunng volume by the wei
113. e Is specifically curved so that it cuts through the soft outer bark fibres but cannot penetrate the denser xylem fibres of the sap wood If it was not curved the blade could continue to be forced under pressure into the xylem fibres splitting them apart and resulting in an erroneous measurement of bark depth that makes it appear deeper than it actually is Photo 23 Bark Depth Gauge left and using a Bark Depth gauge to determine bark thickness nght 16 3 1 1 Using a Bark Depth Gauge Place the end of the bark depth scale against the stem of the tree then firmly push on the handle of the tool forcing the blade through the bark The blade will cut through quite easily until it strikes the sapwood At this point the user will feel a difference in the resistance and not be able to push the blade any further It may also be possible to hear the subtle audible impact of the blade stnking the xylem as it ceasesto move deeper into the stem 16 3 1 2 Using a Hat Blade Screw Driver for Bark Depth Altematively use a flat blade screw dnver tumed in the honzontal plane Using a hammer hammer the screw dnver into the stem until it tops moving You should hear quite an audible change in the pitch of the noise of hammering the screw driver that coincides with an abrupt change in resistance as the blade stnkes the sap wood Continuing to hammer the screw driver will not increase the depth of the screw driver into the stem this indicates the sap wood has b
114. e Reportstab isa summary of all measured and calculated parameters logged by the SFM1 These values can provide a very useful summary of the tree s sap flow rates without the need to actualy download and analys data The minimum report value can be a powerful diagnostic tool providing immediate troubleshooting support by highlighting enor codes such as 22 22 that may have occured throughout the day In this example it alerts the user that the Heat Pulse Energy setting should be adjusted to a higher energy level to ensure sufficient heat is delivered to the water conducting tissue of the plant surrounding the needles as the heat pulse is being too rapidly dissipated preventing an accurate Heat Ratio to be measured 15 15 11 Temperature report This is an instantaneous report of all the measured parameters for the previous measurement performed by the SFM1 These values are refreshed each time a measurement Is made To log this data to the SFM 1 data file select the relevant options under SD Card Logging Options 103 16 Install the Sap How Meter Care must be taken to install the sensor Ensunng the needles are parallel and aligned axially Is imperative to collecting good data and being able to easily and quickly determine direction of flow Corections can be made but there is no substitute for good preparation and installation of the needles It is recommended that you watch the installation video before beginning the installation for the fir
115. e Velocity by conection factors stored in the SFM1 that conect the heat pulse for thermal diffusivity asymmetry of alignment and wounding to yield a corrected sap velocity that is accurately calculated from the empirical data Heat Ratio Method principle and theory 15 7 2 3 Sap How in Kg Sap flow in kg further processes the corrected sap velocity by multiplying by the sap wood area or the water conducting xylem of the plant to calculate the total amount or volume of water flowing through the plant in kg per hour kg hr1 NOTE 57 The default and recommended reporting option of calculated results is the Raw Heat Pulse Velocity Raw Heat Pulse Velocity data can be processed and subsequently reprocessed if necessary in Sap Flow Tool Software 15 7 3 PowerManagement The SFM1 can log the instruments intemal battery voltage the extemal charging supply voltage and extemal charging curent These parameters should always be logged to aid in trouble shooting sounous results that typically can be caused by power supply issues It will provide empirical data to confirm the satisfactory capacity of the auxiliary power supply under the prevailing environmental conditions If the auxiliary power supply proves to be deficient or inadequate to supply the instruments requirements a review of the empincal data collected will allow a detailed analysis and provide the means to corect it either by increasing the wattage of the solar panel the capacity of the exte
116. e been completed WARNING 7 Never use the default Correction values for presentation of Sap Velocity or Sap Flow Data The data WILL BE WRONG Sap Velocity and Sap Flow data should only be presented when the corrections specific to the installation and the tree being measured have been entered or used in post processing Raw Needle Temperatures or Raw Heat Pulse Velocities in Sap Flow Tool 92 NOTE 64 Applying any of these corrections factors within the instrument will result in sacnficing the first few days of data or more until the vanous parameters are determined If Needle Temperatures or Raw Heat Pulse Velocities are measured and corections are applied in Sap Flow Tool software then no data issacnficed asall data can be instantly reprocessed once the conection parameters have been determined WARNING 8 Enterng values beyond the specific range of the input limits for each para meter will tum the data entry inside the boxes red to show an enorhasbeen made 15 9 1 Probe Spacing The Probe or needle spacing isan important parameter as both uncorected Raw Heat Pulse Velocity Vri and conected Sap Velocity Vs are dependent upon the exact distance between needles V Ef x 3600 cm h Equation 2 X V Where e kisthe thermal diffusivity of wet wood e x isthe distance between the heat source heater and temperature sensors e vl and v2 are the increases in temperature from ambient at equidistant points downstream and upstream from
117. e directly connected to the instrument such as a An extemal 12V DC power supply either mains powered orsolar powered b The extemal voltage supply whether from Solar Panel or battery c The Intemal Battery voltage d The intemal battery status either idle not charging or Charging External Supply Solar Power Supply 12 74 Ge SOmA Internal Battery 4 15 Status Figure 49 Extemal Power Supply Status Fields 71 These fields are dynamically updated showing a Green check box when extemal supply IS present or a red box with a white X when there is no extemal supply present The extemal power supply voltage and charging cunent can be stored to the Micro SD card asa measured parameter with each water potential valued logged This is detailed in the SD Card Logging Options section External Supply External Supply FJ Figure 50 Extemal Power Supply Status Icons 15 1 18 Battery The instruments intemal 4 2V Lithium polymer rechargeable battery voltage Is displayed in real time This battery voltage can be stored to the MicroSD card asa measured parameter with each sap flow valued logged Thisis detailed in the SD Card Logging Options section pattry Figure 51 Intemal Battery Voltage Field 15 1 19 Status This field indicates the status of the instrument If the instrument ts fully operational and charged the field displays the message Idle Altematively if the instrument s intemal battery has dropped below the operat
118. e does not exist the next time a reading is logged the instrument will automatically create a new data file on the SD card A CSV data file will be prefixed with the senal number of the instrument e g SFM LB8OL CSV ccc cceeeeeeee 133 NOTE 92 When the SFM1 is connected to an extemal supply the instrument is powered directly from this power source bypassing the intemal battery except for the heat pulse The measurement Heat Pulse is always supplied directly from the intemal battery this is to ensure continuity of supply from a regulated stable power source for the very high instantaneous Current required by the heat pulse The intemal 4 V lithium battery of the SFM 1 is trc kle charged ata very low rate by the extemal power supply to maintain its full charge Figure 133 173 NOTE 93 In every 10 minute penod the SFM 1 instrument is only idle for 4 minutes and 28 seconds This was chosen deliberately to increase the power burden on the 7 Ah battery whilst using the minimum recommended configuration for the SFM 1 being a 10 minute sampling interval at 20 E 173 202 28 Contact Details ICT Intemational Pty Ltd Solutions for soil plant amp environmental monitoring www ictintemational com Ssales ic tintemational com au Phone 61 2 6772 6770 Fax 61 2 6772 7616 PO Box 503 Armidale NSW Australia 2350 203
119. e structure isthe opposite of what the computer is configured for 17 2 3 1 Main Data File Sap How Mode Main data files have a CSV file extension and are a true Comma Separated Values CSV data file that can be easly opened in Excel or SFT software They are used for logging Sap Flow measurements and associated raw data These files are typically small in the range of 10 s to 100 s of KB s in size The file includes a detailed header line with all of the conection parameters relevant to any processed data contained in the data file As well every column is preformatted with headings denoting the measurement parameter and the engineenng units of the measurement Figure 85 a summary of the parameters recorded and stored foreach measurement when the SFM 1 Is configured in Sap Flow Mode asdisplayed in Sap Flow Tool Software left and Excel nght WARNING 18 It is very important that the integnty of the original CSV data file be maintained Opening this file in Excel will comupt the native Comma Separated Values file format as Excel introduces hidden formatting markers These hidden markers have the potential to make the file unreadable in Sap Flow Tool It is recommended that if the CSV file is opened in Excel save file as an XLSX file format maintaining the original file name but do not save any changes to the original CSV file 125 17 2 3 2 Raw Temperature Data Needle Temperature Mode Raw Temperature Data files have the fi
120. ear and tear associated with repetitive heating and cooling heater filaments as is the case with incandescent light bulbs have a finite and unpredictable life In this sense heaters are considered consumables that may require penodic replacement even though the expected lifesoan of a heater in constant use in the field is many years With this in mind needle sets both heaters and temperature needles are designed for simple replacement by soldenng a new probe in its place by a trained technician certified by ICT Intemational WARNING 2 The measurement needles of the SFM1 are made of hollow 1 3 mm stainless steel tubing They can easily be bent damaged or broken off if basic care isnot taken in handling the instrument If the needles are damaged please contact ICT intemational via our web site www ictintemational com and submit a ticket explaining the issue and request an RMA via the Service Desk Needles must be replaced bya qualified technician certified by ICT Intemational 18 5 1 4 Colourcoded probes Each 35 mm long needle is independently attached to the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter by a short flexible length of cable Needles are not ngidly fixed to each other to improve the ease of installation Needle independence allows them to be installed at different distances from the heater so that the Sap Flow Metercan be used to measure sap flow using different Heat Pulse algonthms such as HRMx CHPM or T Max Finally independent needles can be
121. easily replaced in the case of damage or failure Each needle is colour coded to the specific use Blue for measurement and Red for heater and specifically labeled for Top Downstream and Bottom Upstream to signify the installation position as onentation of the needles is important 7 5mm f 7 5 mm 35 mm 22 5 mm 12 5 mm 12 5 mm Figure 1 The location of themistors within the SFM 1 needle set 22 5 mm Photo 3 Colourcoded and labelled SM1 needles NOTE 6 It is important to install the needles in the conect order otherwise the sap flow data will be inverted This Is easily identified from analysis of the data as the data will clearly demonstrate a charactenstic diumal sap flow pattem however the values will all be negative This problem is easily fixed by reinserting the needles in the corectly labelled orientation 19 5 2 Measurement Reporting Options The SFM1 Sap Flow Metercan be configured to report the following units 1 Needle Temperatures C 2 Heat Pulse Velocities cm hr 3 Corrected Sap Velocity cm hr 4 Corrected Sap Flow cm hrt NOTE 7 Additional configuration information must be known and entered into the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter in order to accurately measure corected sap velocity Vs and sap flow directly See Corections for details 5 2 1 Needle Temperature The raw needle temperature mode provides the rawest level of unprocessed data collection Temperatures for each of the 4 thermisto
122. ecentralisng the data storage expenmental deign can be completely flexible and achieve much larger spatial coverage The SFM1 Sap Flow Meter isa highly accurate high precision microvolt meter It consists of the needle set sensor a 16 bit microprocessor with 24 Bit ADC that outputs and logs processed data in calibrated engineering units C cm hr or Kg hrt 4V 1A lithium polymer battery a dedicated application board to drive the heat pulse protocols specific to perfom the Heat Ratio Method sap flow measurement and a separate genenc board for communications both via USB and Wireless RF signal up to 250 m line of sight 2GB Micro SD Card memory expandable to 32GB non polansed power circuit integrated voltage regulator and inverter circuit dynamic smart charging circuit that will charge the intemal battery more rapidly under full charging conditions up to 200 mA such asa solar panel in full sun and ata reduced rate to as low as 10 mA under sub optimal conditions when a solar panel is shaded in diffuse light all housed in a custom designed water proof enclosure Photo 4 SFM 1 Sap Flow Meter Installed on a Pinus radiata tree 21 5 3 1 Water Proofing The custom designed enclosure of the SFM1 has an IP65 rating It can be submerged under 10m depth of water equivalent to 0 1 MPa or 1 atmosphere without water ingress This protection isacrossall electrical circuitry preventing waterdamage that is common among otherfield equipment Wate
123. ected and exchanged without losing power to the instrument This prevents disruption to logging and avoidsthe need to reconfigure the instrument should it be necessary to adjust orchange extemal power supplies ICT recommends the use of 85 Ah to 100 Ah sealed lead gel acid deep cycle battenes Deep cycle battenes are recommended because they are specifically desgned to handle successive charge and discharge cycles without damage Sealed lead gel acid battenes are preferable to standard wet cell carbattenes because they do not require maintenance or refilling with water Wet cell car batteres can be used but are susceptible to spillage when transporting to the field and can lose electrolyte rapidly during summer conditions They will also not have the same service life asa deep cycle battery and will require more regular replacement Battery size and quantities of battenes can be calculated and simulated for possible expenmental designs via the Solar Power Calculator on the ICT web site www ictcommunity org focus powercalculator htmi NOTE 16 ICT does not supply 12V battenes because the shipping amp dangerous goods costs to do so are prohibitive ICT recommends where multiple SFM1 are daisy chained to a single battery all battenes used either wet cell car battery or deep cycle should have a minimum current rating of 85 Ah or preferably greater ICT also recommends the use of a battery box This isa plastic enclosure typically cus
124. ed analysis can be performed using the SFT1 Sap Flow Tool Softwa re Sap flow rate Cro ht Wind speed mh 4 F Tenge ture YC rate cm ah t Sap fio N armeede JO 2 000 J AM AM 217 008 122000 i 9 PM 127000 PM 214 2000 7 20 00AM 0 n Figure 112 Using SFT1 Sap Flow Tool Software to analyse sap flow data with meteorological data to analyse the intimatacy of the Soil Plant Atmosphere Continuum 141 19 6Measuring Zero How Performing a cut stem experiment is the ultimate measure of zero flow The stem should be cut dunng the day dunng it maximum sap flow rate Cut the stem below the measurement needles The more xylem left between the needles and the cut the longer it takes forthe flow to reach zero due to the capacitance of the xylem Once the tree exhausts the water reserves stored in the xylem and the flow reaches zero continue to measure for 30 minutes to 1 hour after this to have a definitive data set of stable zero flow data If the needles have been installed symmetncally the flow recorded will indeed zero within a tolerance of H 0 5 cm hr 1 being the published limits of accuracy fo the SFM 1 In many cases it will be more accurate than this If the flow does not reach zero or goes below zero then there isan asymmetncal arangement of the measurement needlesi e both needlesare not 5mm above and below the heater 19 6 1 Cut Stem Analysis For the purpose of comparison this ex
125. ed battery leaving the instrument to operate independently from the Bet intemal battery whilst the extemal battery IS The following options reflect SD Card logging options when reporting option is rec ha rg e d a nd re p la ce d set to one other than Needle Temperatures Probe Selection M e th O d S Inner Only Outer Only 8 Inner and Outer The SFM 1 mea sure me nt mo d e was set to a Calculated Results Diagnostic Temperature Data Raw Heat Pulse Velocity Sap Velocity Mas Temperatures Average Sap Flow in kg temporal logging interval of 10 minutes with a Pulse Energy setting of 20 J oules foreach heat pulse The data reporting option was set to Needle Temperature Rize Ratios Power Management Temperature Mode with a sampling freq uency of Internal Battery External Supply th ree 3 sa M p le S p er SECO nd a nd 900 Raw temperature mode number of measurements second measurements after the heat pulse for each measurement s per second measurement This results in a total measurement cn TE time of 5 minutes and 32 seconds for each measurement of sap flow The actual Logging Options used in the trial are displayed directly Figure 134 from the SFM 1 configuration window Total measurement time 5 minutes 32 seconds Figure 134 SFM1 Logging Options used in battery test NOTE 93 In every 10 minute period the SFM1 instrument is only idle for 4 minutes and 28 seconds Thiswaschosen deliberately to increa
126. een reached Mark the edge of the tree on the screw dniver remove and measure this distance That will be the bark thickness 106 Photo 24 using a flat blade screw driverto measure bark thic kness WARNING 10 If using a flat blade screw driver in the vertical onentation the screw driver will merely split the fibres and not provide a true measure of where the bark phloem and cambium stop and the sapwood commence 16 4Measure Sapwood thickness Use a conng tool to determine the trees sapwood depth or thickness Bore the conng tool into the stem at least half way through the tree to ensure that the core passes through the sap wood into heartwood Remove the sapwood core and stain with an indicator dye and measure the sapwood thickness Knowledge of the sapwood thickness will ensure that the measurement points of the SFM1 needles can be conectly positioned within the water conducting xylem of the tree i IV k fiat WUT Ve on left and Callitris glaucophylla right illustrating the vanability of sap wood and bark thickness This vara bility between species highlights the importance of knowing the thickness of both bark and sapwood so that the radial measurement points of the SFM 1 needlescan be positioned in water conducting tissues Photo 25 stem cross sections of two different tree species TEVE sidero 107 16 4 1 Setup the Coring Tool Unpack and setup the coring tool by following sequential steps below Step 1 Unscrew t
127. el cell Altematively connect a heavy load for example a 12V DC 150W spotlight available from automotive spares stores such as Super Cheap Auto and see if the battery voltage holds up Or check the battery voltage at the battery terminals both with the solar panel connected and disconnected on a sunny day If the battery is healthy there should be no more than a 2 3 volt drop maximum upon applying a heavy load 155 22 Appendices 22 1Appendix A 22 1 1 Heat Ratio Method Conec tion Coefficients Table 2 A Correction coefficients for numerical solutions derved for a range of wound diameters and conesponding to a 0 6 0 0 6 cm probe configuration where the stainless steel probes are 1 3mmin diameter Solutions were denved based on modelled temperature data att 60 100 s Coefficients b c and d apply to Equation 6 Coefficient B isa linear approximation Equation 13 of the polynomial relationship descnbed by Equation 6 B Additional coefficients generated fora 0 5 0 0 5 cm probe configuration with 1 3 mm diameter stainless steel probes Wound cm b C d r B r A 0 6 0 0 6 cm probe configuration 0 17 1 6565 0 0014 0 0002 1 0000 1 7023 0 9993 0 18 1 7077 0 0014 0 0002 1 0000 1 7585 0 9992 0 19 1 7701 0 0017 0 0002 1 0000 1 8265 0 9991 0 20 1 8292 0 0019 0 0003 1 0000 1 8905 0 9990 0 21 1 8909 0 0022 0 0003 1 0000 1 9572 0 9989 0 22 1 9554 0 0025 0 0004 1 0000 2 0267 0 9988 0 23 2 0226 0 0029 0 0004 1 0000 2 0
128. en S 1996 Measurement of sap flow in plant stems J oumal of Expenmental Botany 47 1833 1844 Swanson RH and Whitfield DAW 1981 A numencal analysis of heat pulse velocity theory J oumal of Expenmental Botany 32 221 239 Wullschleger SD Meinzer FC and Vertessy RA 1998 a review of whole plant water use studies in trees Tree Physiology 18 499 512 13 3 2 Highly recommended reading Barrett DJ Hatton TJ Ash JE and Ball MC 1995 Evaluation of the heat pulse velocity technique for measurement of sap flow in rainforest and eucalypt forest species of south eastem Australia Plant Cell amp Environment 18 463 469 Burgess SSO Adams MA Tumer NC White DA and Ong CK 2001 Tree roots conduits for deep recharge of soil water Oecologia 126 158 165 Burgess SSO Pate JS Adams MA and Dawson TE 2000 Seasonal water acquisition and redisinbution in the Australian woody phreatophyte Banksia prionotes Annals of Botany 85 215 224 Cohen Y Takeuchi S Nozaka J and Yano T 1993 Accuracy of sap flow measurement using heat balance and heat pulse methods Agronomy J oumal 85 1080 1086 Dunn GM and Connor DJ 1993 an analysis of sap flow in mountain ash Eucalyptus regnans forests of differentage Tree Physiology 13 321 336 Dye PJ Soko S and Poulter AG 1996 Evaluation of the heat pulse velocity method for measuring sap flow in Pinus patula J ouma of Experimental Botany 47 975 981 Green SR and Clothier BE 1988 Water
129. ence logging until 17 00 or 5 000m that day This will mean all instruments data sets will commence at the same time and no laptop was required in the field to set the Sap Flow Meters logging NOTE 52 For the Delayed start function to be effective it is imperative that the instruments intemal clocks have either been accurately synchronised to your computer system time or manually set to the correct local time of the region in which you are deploying the instruments Failure to do so will result in an enoneous set of data that appears to be conectly synchronized among units but in fact may contain date amp time discrepancies where SFM1 differed in their clock settings the result may require tedious post processing to correct the time stamps on data series or worse the inability to interpret the data conectly 15 5 3 2 Measurement Suspend The Measurement Suspend option allows the user to select a penod of time each day when measurements will NOT be recorded This is typically intended to save power by not making measurements when the plant is not transpiring or using water NOTE 53 It is not recommended to assume that the plant will NOT use water at night Noctumal Transpiration can contnbute a significant proportion of a plants daily water use A decision on whether to employee this option and when to employee this option must be made based on an empincal data set of measurements recorded over at least one week s duration of full diumal cycl
130. ent The Sap Flow Metercan be tumed on manually by pressing the power button or automatically by connecting an extemal 12V DC power supply This includesa USB cable connected to a PC NOTE 27 The SFM1 can also be charged directly from any computer s USB port 12 1Tum the SM1 On The SFM1 hasa physical power switch located inside the USB communication access port To access this switch remove the communications access port bung by unscrewing the bung NOTE 28 the bung consists of two parts a the bung which is the knurled large portion and b the smaller Gore Tex cap You must unscrew the whole bung by tuming the larger knurled portion of the bung otherwise you will not gain full accessto the communications port a Knurled section of Bung Undo this portion of the Bung b Gore Tex Cap Do NOT undo this portion of the Bung Photo 14 The Power switch is located below the knurled bung The power switch is located above the USB port It isa small rectangular grey button NOTE 29 in most cases the user should be able to use their finger to reach inside the communications access port The point of the finger can rest gently on the USB port allowing the fingemail to rock forward and depress the switch VERY LITTLE force is required to depress the power switch If you find this technique difficult you can use a small flat blade screw driver ortweezers supplied by ICTto gently depressthe switch 49 To tum the SFM1 o
131. epp twtmels pslg k K gwpc10000 K gw Ks mcP pps Kw 1 me Phps Ky 0 04182 21 0 20 0 F Fy 1 Pp 0 6536 c1000 c Wd Cy C5Wf Wawpf V m r2xnh Volume of Object L Weight of Object in Air kg Weight of Object in Water kg Volume of Object cm Weight of Object in Air 9 Weight of Object in Water g d Cru Equation 1 25 Equation 2 25 Equation 3 27 Equation 4 27 Equation 5 28 Equation 6 28 Equation 7 29 Equation 8 96 Equation 9 96 Equation 10 96 Equation 11 96 Equation12 96 Equation13 97 Equation 14 98 Equation 15 98 Equation 16 105 24 Table of Photos Photo 1 SFM1 Sap Flow Mee tyscscaecssteiseuesavacesierancsaseatsrsncdedaansversanssonasirenensnecenstaveqnarentsdbaatentusdeaseeereensaapessanteens 17 Photo 2 SFM 1 Measurement Needle Set installed in a small diameter woody stem orbranch 17 Photo 3 Colourcoded and labelled SFM1 needles rmrmrrnvrnrnvrnnnrrnnverrnrernnrennnrsnnresnnresnnrennnrnnnnnsnnrnsnnrere 19 Photo 4 SFM 1 Sap Flow Meter Installed on a Pinus radiata tree ssnrrnrrnnnrrnnrrrnnrorrnrennnrrnnnrsnnrnrnnresnnrenr 21 Photo 5 SP22 Solar Panel mounted to star picket Photo 6 locking screw on base 43 Photo 7 Angle Adjustment Photo 8 Optional Battery Pack amp Regulator fitted 43 Photo 9 SPPM installed directly in the soil to mount and position a SP22 W solar panel 44 Photo 10 SPPM Solar Pa
132. er Connect to SFM Disconnect From SFM C Update Date Time SP Logging Options Show Thermistor Calibration Reset Hidden Delete Rename Dialog Web Update Options Figure 66 Configure the parametersto be logged to the data file on the SD Card The default and recommended configuration for the majonty of sap flow applications Is to configure the SFM 1 to log Raw Heat Pulse Velocity on both Inner amp Outer measurement points of the needles with all processing of data to be performed in SFT software once all corection factors are detemined either asthe expenment progresses or at its conclusion SD Card Logging Options PE eal The following options reflect SD Card logging options when reporting option i2 set to one other than Needle Temperatures Probe Selection Inner Only Outer Only G Inner and Outer Calculated Results Diagnostic Temperature Data Raw Heat Pulse Velocity Mae Temperatures Average CO Sap Velocity Temperature Riise Ratios C Sap Flow in kg Power Management Internal Battery E sternal Supply Aaw temperature mode number of measurements 2 second measurement s per second Aaw temperature mode number of measurements after pulse measurements after pulse 5 minutes O seconds Total measurement time 5 minutes 32 seconds Select All Update Logging Options Figure 67 Default settings for SD Logging options of the SFM1 NOTE 56 the Select All option can be used
133. er pulse of heat Failure to do so may result in an accumulation of heat in the stem that will introduce error into your results NOTE 5 Additional more frequent logging intervals are provided for researchers who wish to specifically investigate the time interval required for heat dissipation in specific soecies under specific conditions at different Pulse Energy settings See Measurement Control for details 4 8 Download Data Data can be downloaded in a number of ways The simplest is to click the green Download Data icon on the main window under Instrument Information If a data file exists on the Micro SD card then a Windows Explorer window automatically loads providing a choice of directones to save the data file to Altematively the Micro SD card can be physically removed and read bya computer See Download Data fordetails 4 9 Analyse Data Data can be saved in either a Comma Separated Values CSV file format in Sap Flow Reporting Option ora Binary BIN file fomat in Needle Temperature reporting mode Both file formats are supported in the SFT Sap Flow Tool Software that was specifically designed and developed for data analysis processing and interpretation of Heat Ratio and Heat Field Deformation Sap Flow Data ICT recommends SFT software for all Sap Flow Data analysis and all technical support is provided using SFT Software 16 5 Sap How Meter Description The SFM1 Sap Flow Meter consists of a set of three 3 measurement
134. ersion of the instrument when it Is not physically connected ICT SFM SFM Software There are no software updates available SFM Firmware It is not possible to check for firmware update when disconnected Please connect your device to perform a Firmware update check Figure 131 SFM Software feedback when performing a web update when the SFM 1 isnot connected to the software When the SFM1 is connected a check for both software and firmware is automatically perfomed upon opening the software and connecting to the instrument If there are no updates to perfom a simple user feedback message is displayed on screen to advise the user that no updates are available for both software and firmware If an update is available the user is prompted to accept ordecline the update ICT SFM SFM Software There are no software updates available SFM Firmware There are no firmware updates available Figure 132 SFM Software feedback upon performing a web update when the SM1 isconnected to the software 170 22 12Appendix L 22 12 1 Extension Cable Specs As the SFM1 is powered from its intemal battery with a non polansed charging circuit no special powercablesare required A simple 2 core Figure 8 cable or Lamp Cord of following specifications Is ideal Size 2 x 24 0 20 Voltage Rating 300V AC Curent Rating 7 5 Amps Dimensions 2 6 x 5 1mm Conductor Area 0 75mm2 Conductor Gauge 18AWG Temperature Rating 90 C Rol
135. ery Test 01000443 SFMO0A616 Stem Base Populus Nigra Please Wait Discovering Devices Search for more devices Cancel Show this window after disconnecting from RF device Figure 31 RF Device Chooser Window Search for more Devices 60 RF Device Chooser 2 devices in list 4 ae ee l Serial Num 3 Device Name 01000443 SFMOAG16 Stem Base Populus Nigra 010007DF SFM1C32A 7 0 Ah Battery Test Show this window after disconnecting from RF device Figure 32 RF Device Chooser Window displaying the devices within range that have been discovered Once the discovery routine has finished polling all compatible devices a list of all compatible devices found will be displayed Each instrument displayed in the list can be individually selected and you can connect to it either by highlighting the device and clicking on Connect or double clicking on the device name itself 13 3 7 Saving Discovered Devices as a Group RF Device Chooser 2 devices in list ar Ea Treatment Treatment B 010007DF SFM1C32A4 7 0 Ah Battery Test 01000443 SFMOA616 Stem Base Populus Nigra Show this window after disconnecting from AF device Figure 33 RF Device Chooser Window Save Groups Option To eliminate the need to find devices each time you run the software you can create groups of instruments Once a group of instruments are discovered allocate them a name such as Treatment
136. es To input Suspend start and stop times you must first uncheck the Disable Suspend Mode box The default setting is for these time fields to be deactivated or greyed out Input start and stop times using the 24 hour format in the same manner as descnbed for Delayed Start To give an example if you choose 19 00 7 pm asthe start of suspend and 5 00 5 am to stop suspend data will NOTbe collected for 10 hours during the night and early predawn hours of the moming Data WILL be recorded dunng the 14 hours of dawn daylight and dusk penods between 5 am and 7 pm when the plant will typically be most actively transpinng or using water Based on empincal data these start and stop times may vary for each specific location and plant species Once changes to Delayed Start or Measurement Suspend have been made click Ok A positive feedback message confirming the change will be displayed in the dialogue box INFO Measurement Mode Updated OK 81 NOTE 54 when performing any measurement either Manual or in automated logging mode access to the SD card is prohibited This is noticeable when connected to the software as all icons on the SD Card tab are greyed out and inactive throughout the duration of the measurement whilst data is actively being wntten to the Micro SD Card Upon completion of the measurement the icons are reactivated SFM Corrections Reports 30 Card PC Logging amp Refresh ilf Download E
137. es or No from the notification window ICT SFM SFM Software There are no software updates available SFM Firmware New version of SFM Firmware is available Version R1 7 6 Released 23 05 2013 Performing a firmware update requires the SFM software to disconnect Once a firmware update is downloaded DFU software will be started to continue the process Once the firmware update is complete return to the software ho perform software update Do you wish to continue Figure 58 Dynamic message advising the user of software amp Firmware updates available from the web site NOTE 47 Instrument software updates can be performed dunng a measurement cycle without interference to the measurement 75 15 4 3 Display Debug Registers If the Sap Flow Meter is not functioning as it should or is appears to be hung or locked up whilst performing a function display the debug register From the Helo Menu drop down and select the Display Debug Register The output will be displayed in the Dialogue box at the bottom of the SFM Software ibe ike i Cessonnest from 3EM ree come ar Comecione Plecots SD Cad PO Logang Duket Th mes t inner Thenrtettioe tomter Jame owe Outer Themistor Innet Thermentor upremo Joe oe APP Vers ADES COM Vers RINS tamna Sept Externe supply connectad a aana ateis 415 Statue charging Magaramert i ontrei Moasurerrerd Statue Mansurement Stopped Pulte Energy
138. essor v Increases in sapwood temperature measured compared and averaged Between 60 to 100 seconds begin summing Atemperature for thermistors down and upstream from the heaterto obtain the average ratio of downstream temperature increase to upstream temperature increase See Equation 8 below v Mathematical calculations performed on downstream upstream temperature ratios the natural log of the ratio of temperature increase is used to calculate heat pulse velocity by multiplying it by thermal diffusivity k dividing by the distance x between either one of the needles and the heater and converting this value to cm hr by multiplying by 3600 Measurements are stored on the Micro SD card as either needle temperatures raw heat pulse velocity corected sap velocity Vs or sap flow The integrated microprocessor of the SFM1 implements the measurement cycle outlined above The exact algonthm for the Heat Ratio Method automatically performed by the microprocessor is outlined as follows k V en x 3600 cm h Equation 2 x v Where k is the thermal diffusivity of wet wood x the distance between the heat source heater and temperature sensors and vi and v2 are the increases in temperature from ambient at equidistant points downstream and upstream respectively x cm from the heater 30 8 Powering Charging the instrument The SFM1 isa stand alone instrument designed for long term deployment in remote areas for continu
139. est and it is beneficial to minimize the volume of data collected Logging intervals greater than 60 minutes are not provided as data collected at such a coarse temporal resolution begins to filter important physiological responses effectively introducing error to the interpretation of the data NOTE 50 when changing the logging interval it isnecessary to click the update measurement options icon to make the change take effect 15 5 2 Reporting Options The SFM1 Sap Flow Meter providestwo Reporting Options Needle Temperature Mode orSap Flow Mode Measurement Contral Measurement Contral Measurement Mode Measurement Mode Reporting option ey Start Measurement Reporting option ay Start Measurement Fire Pulse all Fire Pulse Sap Flow Mode WARNING OO NOT E i WARMING DO NOT Update measurement options PULSE WHEN Update measurement options PULSE WHEN NEEDLES ARE IN AIR NEEDLES ARE IN SIH Figure 61 The Reporting Option isa drop down menu that offers the choice between Needle Temperature Mode and Sap Flow Mode 15 5 2 1 Needle Temperature Mode The Needle Temperature mode is highly recommended for detailed scientific research The raw needle temperatures measured throughout the measurement cycle are recorded ata typical frequency of 3 Hz although the user can adjust this between 1 and 30 Hz see SD Logging Options for details This mode then provides intemal stem temperatures at two points radially across the s
140. esults are achieved when the power drill is held in the honzontal plane rather than the vertical conventional up and down plane This is because the power dnll is unbalanced with the majonty of the weight distnbuted in the handle and the battery below the dniling position The uneven weight distribution causes the operator to initially lower the dnll and then upon realising over compensate and push the power drill up The result is either a broken dnill bit and ora skewed hole that is difficult to push the needles into KN va DEP y y 4i LEVI F a P M 4 MED LP f Ne A WR SH Cos sp ot ae P PTa ov ERE A e ET ne f or Gs aa GET N Photo 35 Honzontal drilling using a conventional cordless power drill 16 7C heck the Holes are Parallel After dniling all three holes remove the dnll guide and check the installation to see if the three holes are aligned axially and parallel to each other This can be done by inserting three dnill bits into the holes and inspecting them visually A piece of 5mm lined note papercan bea very handy guide 116 Photo 36 two methods of physically venfying that the holes have been drilled parallel before inserting the needles NOTE 80 Drilling the three holes for installation CANNOT be done quickly A set of three holes will take between 5to 10 minutes to dnil corectly In the event of the guide slipping off ora dnll bit breaking in the guide that cannot be remo
141. expenment is recommended 42 10 3Solar Panel Mounting ICT offers a convenient multipurpose Solar Panel Post Mount SPPM for mounting of solar panels The SPPM is specifically designed for mounting the SP22 solar panels The panels are set ata default 45 angle but can be fully adjusted on the mounting pivot to ensure that the best possible zenith angle to the sun can be achieved to maximise the Equivalent Sun Hours ESH foroptimum charging 10 3 1 Mounting on a Star Picket The Solar Panel is supplied with a mounting kit designed to fit the solar panel onto a standard star picket or steel post At the base of the mount a locking screw is fitted to prevent the panel rotating on the post Fi hw 7 T aie M ar Photo 5 SP22 Solar Panel mounted to star picket The angle of the panel is adjusted to suit the angle of the sun using the wing nut and pivot as shown below An optional battery pack and solar regulator can be installed just below the solar panel to provide some protection from weather Photo 8 Optional Battery Pack amp Regulator fitted Ay a NOTE 19 Solar Panels should always be pointed North in the Southem Hemisphere or South in the Northem Hemisphere 43 The SPPM is designed for mounting on a steel fence post or Star Picket but can also be attached to larger diameter wooden posts such as Vineyard trellis posts Altematively the upright of the SPPM can simply be dug straight into the soil for autonom
142. f each needle relative to the heater The magnitude of the adjustment can only be assessed after an initial few days of measurements have been analysed Therefore this correction parameter must be entered after the first few days of data have been collected For this reason post processing data in Sap Flow Tool Software is I EEE EE NE 95 NOTE 68 If entering the conection factors directly to the SFM1 for real time data processing Thermal Diffusivity should be sampled and detemined prior to installation The process can take up to a week due to the drying time of sap WOO rrrrnrrrnnrronnronnnrronnrrnnnrnnnrnnnnrsnnnrrnnnnrnnrennnnnnnnnsnnrssnnrenn 96 NOTE 69 If weighing a sap wood core extracted with a conventional forestry coring tool the weight will be very small Where possible ensure that any condensation in the bag from the sap wood core isallowed to equilibrate into the sap wood core before removing the core from the plastic bag If not be sure to weigh the bag complete with sample then remove the sample and dry the bag free of any moisture Finally reweigh the bag and subtract this weight from the total to obtain the true fresh weight of the sap WOOT COFG rrnrrrnrrrnarrnnnrrnnnvrnnnrrnnvennnrennnrrnnnnsnnvennnnsnns 97 NOTE 70 Be sure not to submerge the needle as this will add to the measured volume and a 98 NOTE 71 Be systematic with your sap wood measurements Immediately weigh the fresh weight of the sample after removing
143. fferent COM ports by opening multiple software windows 15 3 4 Device Date The current date of the instrument is displayed This can be set manually by the user or synchronized with the PC Date amp Time see Set Date amp Time for details 15 3 5 Device Time The current time of the instrument is displayed This can be set manually by the user or synchronized with the PC Date amp Time see Set Date amp Time for details 74 15 4 Help Menu 15 4 1 About The About Splash Screen displaysthe Software s Product Name Product Version Release Date The ICT Web site link www ictintemational com ICT SFM ICT International Pty Ltd Aars ictinternational com Product Name ICT SFM Product Version 2 0 5 3 Release Date 09 05 2013 INTERNATIONAL Icons by Axialis Team Licenced under the Creative Commons Attribution Licence Figure 57 SFM 1 About Splash Screen 15 4 2 Check for Updates The updates function can be automated however a manual updates search option is available via the Help menu This will force the software to check the ICT web site htto www ictinternational com support software and search for any new software Onmmware udatesthat may be available If an update is available a message Is generated after checking the web site which confirms whether Software Fimware both Software amp Fimware or niether option is available for update You can accept or decline the option to update by selecting Y
144. fimly and squarely to the stem otherwise it will be difficult to achieve accurate parallel dniling of the holes which will cause enoneous SAP flow data o eee cccscsssccsssccsssecsseesseecssaecseccsssecsesesseeceseecsaeecsesessaecesaesesecssaeeeesenseeseseesaneeees 112 NOTE 76 If installation holes are dniled longer than the measurement needle it has no beanng on the health of the plant or the accuracy of measurements Therefore it is best to drill the holes too deep rather than too shallow Additional dniling to lengthen the holes without the use of the dnll guide is possible but must be kept to an absolute minimum to avoid expanding the diameter of the drill hole nearthe SUMTACE 00 0 cee ccssecceseeeesssecessecesseecesseeesseecesstecsseecesseecereteesates 114 NOTE 77 The dnil bits used are made of high speed steel with to improve cutting performance and longevity The drill bit is 75mm long and hasa very precise diameter of 1 3 mm SFM 1 55 d ill 200 bits are non standard specifications and cannot be bought from a local hardware store Replacements drill bits are readily available from ICTIntemational orornroronrrrrrnroronvrrrrnrnnrnvnrennne 114 NOTE 78 A Dremel cordless power drill is recommended asit hasa long life Lithium lon battery for long field use and does not have a large heavy battery located in the handle at nght angles to the dnll Such physical designs acts asa counter weight and cause the operator to unconsciousl
145. g EEE EE 124 MicroSD Card Storage Capacity mnmnnnnnnnnnvrnnnvrnnnvorenvreennrerenvrsnnvrsennrensnvrsenvrsenvnsennvessnvnsnnvene 124 DAR FT AE E E E E AEEA A ueaetevaees 124 MAT NM 124 Data FENOM DC TA he 124 Data Fe FOMA EE EN 125 SD Card LOdong OPHION EE NE EN 126 POWNOGANO Dal EE E em ne ee ee ne ee 127 Download data Via USB Cable nearer ener mE ne ten ner nee re ne on ane pert ee eT 127 Downoad Data ICO rier EN a eaS 127 Delete or Rename a data file enter eee enn meee nee oar ee 128 Appending data To a I gt EE EE 128 SD Card Data Management OPUONS sass ccssetsscaiccasaceinduntacsdensgenvonanvesoncvtarstonosevdsinscenenantenedes 129 Download MicroSD Card via USB AG a DCO lissccicccssancacesacouesnsandseuinecesesieveacsinnaresuersonenvenns 132 FEN 134 Log INCOMING Reporting Option DE Luer 134 Weve til 0 6 200 ER 136 Bess EE NN 138 Analysis of Raw NNN 138 Connected aP a Co 6 EE EEN 139 VOLUME TIC NNN 140 Cumulative Sap Flow La VEE 140 Environmental Sap Ar OE EE 141 Me 142 ENN 142 An ecophysiological framework for interpreting sap flow data rrrrrnrrronrrnrnvrrennrn 150 Example Sap Flow data and E S rene 150 Frequently Asked Questions FAQ S rnrnnnnrannnnnnennresnnnrennverenvnsennrsennresnnvesennressvnsennvessnvesennsee 153 DIN 156 NNN 156 22 1 1 22 2 22 21 22 3 22 3 1 22 4 22 4 1 22 5 22 5 1 22 0 22 0 1 22 1 22 7 1 22 1 2 22 8 22 8 1 22 9 22 10 22 10 1 22 10 2 22 11 22 11 1 22 11 2 22
146. ght of the disolacement of water EE a secon atom tourer vaca eee ase EE EN sea EE EE 98 Figure 82 Accounting for radial sap flow gradients when calculating volumetric sap flow 102 Figure 83 The Reports tab isa summary of all measured and calculated parameters logged by Me ML 1 103 Figure 84 the 4 stepsto assemble the cornng tool rrrnnrennnrrnnnvrnnnennnvrnnnrrnnnrrnnrennnrsnnnrsnnnennnrnnnnrsnnnesnnnene 108 Figure 85 a summary of the parameters recorded and stored for each measurement when the SFM1 is configured in Sap Flow Mode as displayed in Sap Flow Tool Software left and Excel ML rn 125 Figure 86 The SD Card Logging Options tab showing that the calculated parameters of Raw Heat Pulse Velocity Sap Velocity and Sap Flow will be logged to the CSV data file along with the Diagnostic Temperature data Max Temperature Average Temperature Rise Ratios and Power management data intemal battery and Extemal Supply mrrnrrrrnrrrnnvrnnvrrnnvrnnnrensnvennnrnnnvnnnnne 126 Figure o7 D wnoad Data GEN ee ee eee eee 127 Figure 88 Microsoft Windows Save AS Window rrrrnnnrnnnvnnnnvrnnnvrnnnennnvennnrsnnnrsnnnennnvennnrsnnnssnnnennnsennnssnnnsrn 127 Figure 89 Data management Pop up Option to Delete or Rename the data file 128 Figure 90 Clicking on the Rename option provides the facility to rename the file name and or eTe Nr 128 Figure 91 Resume File Dialog offers the option to Append data to an existing file or Over
147. halt the BSL process and the microprocessor will not have been programmed corectly While performing BSL updating the genenc COM s board the LEDs should be off but could be in any state because the microprocessor is being loaded with firmware and IS not controlling the LEDs 14 4Power down When the power button is pushed either a Green LED or Red LED will blink while you are holding the power button If the Green LED blinks the board will not switch off when you let go of the power button This is most likely because it is powered extemally and cannot shut down If the Red LED blinks the board isready to be powered down Letting go of the power button will start the power down sequence which will result in both LEDs blinking and fading out until the board is off NOTE 39 If power is applied to the extemal inputs during the power down sequence power down IS aborted and the unit will reinitia lise 65 15 Instrument C onfiguration C onfig uring the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter isa very straight forward process It is performed using a simple and intuitive Windows based Graphical User Interface GUI consists of allocating the instrument a recognisable name and comment that relates to the specific purpose of the experiment and differentiates it from the next Sap Flow Meter setting the date amp time choosing a reporting option setting a heat pulse energy level and choosing a logging interval The software is based upon a single Wind
148. hat is graduated in centimeters cm and calibrated on both sides one in diameter and the other circumference F 0 d le I 4 Pred DT Le VS a Saah a ule o am 2 EA LEa fr tn 4 Photo 21 Dia meter tape calibrated Diameter on one side left and circumference on the other right 104 16 2 1 How to convert stem Circ umference to stem Diameter If you do not have a dual calibrated diameter tape it is possible to simply measure stem circumference with a conventional tape and convert the measurement to stem diameter Using the equation forthe Diameter of a Circle d Equation 16 Where d diameter C Circumference of the Circle TT Pi 3 142 16 2 2 Stem Diameter Measuring protocol 1 First determine where breast height or 1 3m is on your body and use this as the guide forthe height at which all measurements will be made on the sample trees 2 On uneven or sloping ground always stand on the upslope or high side of the tree as the reference point formaking the measurement at DBHOB 3 Remove any old rough loose bark that is clearly senesced The reference point should be as close to new living tissues as possble to ensure an accurate and stable measurement Poor sampling technique that fails to ensure this can result in erroneous data due to a net contraction in DHBOB between seasonal measurements that masks the true physiological growth 4 Select a location on the stem that is devoid of any obvious swellings distor
149. he SFM1 wasconnected to a 12 V DC mains powered plug pack supplying a relatively constant 13 8 V supply The extemal mains power supply was disconnected at 10 50AM 24 10 12 shown by a sudden drop in voltage to zero The extemal Lead Acid battery is connected and the first measurement taken at 11 20AM 24 11 12 Note the lower supply voltage delivered by the 12 V 7 AH battery approx 13 V compared to the mains powered 12 V DC Plug pack supplying 13 8V The extemal battery voltage displays a general negative trend as power Is supplied to the SFM1 A slight diumal temperature effect ambient temperature not specifically monitored although a 25 C diumal temperature range is common at the site the test was conducted indicated by minimum battery voltage measured at approx 5 30AM each moming and a maximum voltage measured at approx 11 30AM 12 00PM each day This corelates anecdotally with the maximum and minimum temperatures measured This fluctuation is most probably due to the ambient heating of the battery resulting in a higher voltage yield or output from the battery asthe intemal cells are heated Over the first 5 days between 11 20AM 24 11 12 to 4 00PM 29 11 12 the voltage dropped by 1 Volt from 13 V fully Charged to 12 V The subsequent two days between 4 00PM 29 11 12 to 4 00PM 31 11 12 the battery dropped by a subsequent 0 5 V to 11 5 V The battery then drops a subsequent 0 5V in only 16 hours At this point the battery begins a
150. he extractor from the Step 2 Remove the borer auger bit from handle the handle along pcan extractor 4 L Step 3 Tum the lock and insert the auger bit Step 4 The borerisnow ready for use in the handle Then gently tum back the lock until the auger is secured into the handle Figure 84 the 4 steps to assemble the conng tool 16 4 2 Extracting a Sapwood Core At the start and until the borer engages into the tree a few millimetres push only moderately hard Do not use force and do not mistake the increment borer fora hammer If doing so the result will most likely be the broken tip of a perfectly good instrument The bonng should be initiated with a gentle pressand at the same time screwing movement This will help maintain a proper borer alignment and provide a stable pivot point for the core barel and prevent cork screwing Photo 26 gently guiding the conng tool at the start of a sap wood core ona tree 108 WARNING 11 When screwing the corer into the tree Do NOT use force when starting the penetration It may cause damage to the corer and small chips may come out of the tip Gently guide the penetration with one hand and gently push and tum clockwise with the other hand at the centre of the borer handle Hold the corer handle steady When the initial 2 3 cm has been penetrated use both handsto tum the handle After the conng tool has penetrated the sap wood use two hands to apply more force but continue to mainta
151. he need for custom tools in the field requinng only that the outer cable sheath be stnhpped back to expose the copper wire No other tools are required with all necessary components and fixings fully incorporated into the instrument design Retaining straps ensure the power bus plugs do not separate from the instrument when removed from the power bus dunng winng preparation and connection of extemal power Powenng and charging the instrument is very easy and there are four different options to choose from providing flexibility in exoenmental design to suit your specific situation The following diagrams illustrate the use of the unique power bus plugs and the four different power configuration options that can be used to provide continuous instrument operation and trickle charging of the intemal battery for long term deployment 35 9 1 Individual Power Supply Connections 9 1 1 Connecting Power Directly via Solar Panel The SAM1 Sap How Meter is non polarised Solar Panel Figure 6 Solar panel connected directly to an SFM1 Sap Flow Meter 36 9 12 Connecting Power via Extemal 12V Battery N NS wy The SM1 Sap How Meter Is non polansed LZ Bi w ON j Figure 7 Extemal 12V battery connected directly to an SFM1 Sap Flow Meter 37 9 1 3 Connecting Power via Extemal 12V Battery and Solar Panel The SAM1 Sap How Meter Is non polansed Solar Panel Solar Regulator ii Figure 8 S
152. he species or prevailing ambient environmental conditions SFM Corrections Reports SD Card RE Logging Inner Thermistor Inner Thermistor Outer Thermistor Downstream Probe Ooo deg Outer Thermistor Upstream Frobe deg C Measurement Status Measurement Stopped Update pulse energy 3 Joule pulse sen 30 Joule pulse 35 Joule pulse 140 Joule pulse plata 45 Joule pulze AO Joule pulse lill results Figure 77 the Energy Pulse Setting can be changed from the default 20 J oules using the drop down menu and clicking the Update Pulse Energy icon As the HRM principle is based on the ratio of the maximum temperature rise the absolute temperatures are not important The key factors to consider when setting the Heat Pulse Energy are thata minimum amount of heat is required in order to register a temperature rise and provide an accurate reading Conversely too much heat will not improve the accuracy of the measurement but can have a serious and damaging impact on the wounding of the plant tissue immediately surrounding the needles which will impact the accuracy of the reading by masking or reducing the movement of heat from the needle to the water conducting xylem effectively thermally decoupling the needle from the sapwood It IS intended to measure For these reasons a range in maximum temperature nse should be kept wit
153. hin 0 7 to 1 5 C NOTE 61 If the temperature nse is less than approx 0 7 C increase the energy level until the temperature rse is within the range 0 7 C to 1 5 C This range ensures good results and will help to eliminate emor code 21 21 which indicates that one of the temperature nses was negative This ts especially important dunng penods of high flow where a lower amount of energy 20 J oules may be insufficient to generate a measurable temperature nse at the upstream measurement location due to rapid convection of heat away from the thermistor 91 An energy level of 20 J oules isa safe level for most if not all applications however it may be required to increase this level for soecies with high sap flow rates or under conditions of extreme transpiration Determining the conect conditions to increase this level is best empincally by logging and reviewing the maximum temperature nse which can be logged as a parameter in the data file of the SFM1 If the SFM1 determines that the maximum temperature nse is less than the acceptable threshold a diagnostic comment such as insufficient temperature nse will be reported in the metadata column of the data file and a blank entry recorded in the data senes as no measurement could be made This very clear message indicates that a higher Pulse Energy level should be applied NOTE 62 Tree size does not affect Pulse Energy requirements as long asthe needles are fully inserted however wood mois
154. i by decreasing v1 v2 Swanson and Whitfield 1981 used a finite difference numencal model to produce a simple algebraic equation for wound corection The model calculates three coefficients a b and c for varying wound widths to calculate comected heat pulse velocity Vc measured with the CHPM according to Ve a bVh cVn Equation 5 Swanson 1983 also generated a limited number of coefficients for symmetnc probe configurations such asthe HRM Unfortunately as with the coefficients forthe CHPM Swanson s 1983 solutions do not pass through the origin and the resulting conections yield a poor approximation of low zero and reverse rates of sap flow We therefore developed a new numencal model to supply appropnate wound corection coefficients To corect heat pulse velocity measured with the HRM three coefficients b c and d are used in Equation 6 Vc bVh cV n dV n gt Equation 6 28 6 5 Determining sap veloc ity Only a portion of xylem tissue the xylem lumen contains moving sap Heat pulse probes effectively measure a weighted average of the velocities of moving sap and stationary wood Marshall 1958 Sap velocity can be determined on a real basis by measunng the fractions of sap and wood in xylem and accounting for their differing denstties and specific heat capacities Barrett et al 1995 modified Marshall s 1958 equation relating Vc to sap velocity Vs as Vs Vo Pp Cwtme Cs Equation 7 Ps rs where
155. ical aid if irritation develops or persists Wash clothing before reuse Flush skin with plenty of soap and water Inhaled Remove from exposure to fresh air immediately If not breathing give artificial respiration If breathing 1s difficult give oxygen Get medical aid First Aid Facilities Eye bath satety shower Advice to Doctor Treat symptomatically and supportively Exposure Standards No exposure standard established Engineering Controls Use adequate ventilation to keep airborne concentrations low Personal Protection Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles Wear appropriate protective gloves and clothing to prevent skin exposure A respiratory protection program must be followed whenever workplace conditions warrant a respirators use Flammability Not flammable under conditions of use Storage and Transport Wash thoroughly after handling Remove contaminated clothing and wash before reuse Use with adequate ventilation Avoid contact with skin and eyes Keep container tightly closed Do not ingest or inhale Store in a cool dry well ventilated area away from incompatible substances Keep containers ughtly closed Spills and Disposal Clean up spills immediately observing precautions Sweep up or absorb material then place into a suitable clean dry closed container for disposal Avoid generating dusty conditions Provide ventilation Fire Explosion Hazard As in any fire wear a self contained
156. ie ER EN 75 oe EE ES 75 ENE 75 Display Debug TRIS EEE 76 MENN 77 TETTES 77 FRO ICING OHO EE NE etoteisanss oe tagse aeons 79 Delayed Start Suspend Measurement mmnnrarenvrrennrennnrensnvorennrrennverenvrssnverennressnvesennnssnvenen 80 COMMANA EEE 83 8616 15 150 Date amp TTE EEE EE 83 VM 84 le 85 ENER NE 85 15 7 3 15 7 4 15523 15 8 15 8 1 15 9 15 9 1 15 10 15 10 1 15 10 2 15 11 15 11 1 15 11 2 15 11 3 15 12 15 13 15 14 15 14 1 15 15 16 16 1 16 2 16 2 1 16 2 2 16 3 16 3 1 16 4 16 4 1 16 4 2 16 4 3 16 4 4 16 4 5 16 5 16 6 16 6 1 16 6 2 16 7 16 8 16 9 Power Manageme NE hhv 85 Raw AP EN 86 Interpreting Raw Temperature Data Luvvsaserorsseasemgreegunikuvndmanttatni 87 MIT 89 16 5 0 ENE EE 91 ENN 92 PODEC I Ore OL 0 PE EE S E A E 93 ee 94 Ba se line Asymmetry Multipliers BLAM rrrrrrnnrnrenvrrnnnrrrnnrrnnnrrrenvrrennrrsenvrsnsvrsenvnsennvesenvnsen 95 Ba se line Asymmetry Offsets BLAO rrrnrrrrnrnrennrrenvnrennrensnverennrennnrrennressnverennresnnvessnressnvenen 95 TNE NM al Diffusivity soorrrornroronrrronnrronnrensnverenvrresnresnnressnvesennressnresenresenvesennressnvnsennrsnnnesennrensnnenen 96 PES iI VA 97 Measu nng VP 97 Mead IGN eree E 99 Wounding C 0 lt i ex 1 EE EEE 100 VIN 101 So OG 4 01010 EE sacssea aoa ceestansenatancaeseacusentesetesspacadenes 102 The weighting is calculated 0 EE EE 102 PREDO M hr 103 Install the Sap
157. ig 77 These values effectively have little impact on the calculated parameters of Sap Velocity and Sap Flow other than to yield results per single unit The Default values can be reset at any time by clicking on the Load Defaults icon As with any changes to these parameters for the changes to be saved to Non volatile RAM in the instruments firmware the Update corrections factors icon must be clicked when changes have Deen Completed vr 92 NOTE 64 Applying any of these conections factors within the instrument will result in sacrificing the first few days of data or more until the various parameters are detemined If Needle Temperatures or Raw Heat Pulse Velocities are measured and conections are applied in Sap Flow Tool software then no data issacnficed asall data can be instantly reprocessed once the conection para meters have been detemined rrrrrrnrarrnnnrannvrnenvrnnrnrnnennrennnvenennrersnnnsennrensnvnnennvenennnsenn 93 199 NOTE 65 The 6 mm spacing is still relevant and can be used with both SFM1 and Sap Flow Tool Software ma king a legacy provision for scientists who may already have existing data collected at 6mm spacing sand wishesto maintain uniformity of their data cece cesecesseeeteeeeeees 93 NOTE 66 Base line asymmetry multipliers are typically left set to 1 as this typically does not PN TI RENERE 95 NOTE 67 Whether the offset is a positive or negative adjustment will depend upon the convergence or divergence o
158. ignificant benefit when it comes time for un installation 117 Photo 37 Use a 10 mm offset syringe filled with slicon grease to apply grease to the needles Note the red spacerlocated against the hub of each needle 16 10Insert Needles and Attach SHM1 to Tree If all three holes are satisfactory and the needles greased and spacers fitted if necessary now insert the needles Begin by inserting the top needle first then heater and finally the lower needle You should only require light finger pressure to insert the needles into the dnill holes WARNING 16 NEVER use a hammer or heavy object to hammer the needles into place This will damage the needles Slot the mounting bracket into the custom mounting slots on the back of the SFM1 to attach the instrument to the tree Position the instrument so that a gentle curve in the cable of the measurement needles is created to take the strain off the cables Then fix the mounting bracket in place The bracket provides for many attachment options such as using a 25 mm long flat head nail on either side hammered into the sap wood of the tree Altematively a tie down strap and buckle can be passed through the slots on either side and tightened around the tree 118 NOTE 81 If you are installing in an area of known rodent activity it is recommended to coverthe cable with conduit and or bury the cable If the cable isdamaged orcut repairs are very straight forward and are clearly outlined in
159. in a level and perpendicular orientation to the tree Continue boring into the stem until the centre of the tree has been reached This will ensure the full thic kness of the sap wood hasbeen sampled Once the centre of the tree has been reached the conng tool willhave cuta thin continuous core of wood crossing the bark sapwood and heartwood interfaces Insert the extractor sleeve and twist the handle in the opposite direction to break the core attachment to the tree Keep the extractor sleeve pushed firmly into the handle of the conng tool throughout this process This is very important to ensure the core stays intact Sowly remove the extractor Sleeve together with hopefully the intact core sample Photo 27 withdrawing the intact sapwood core using the extractor sleeve Photo 28 applying the indicator dye Methyl Orange using a pipette 109 WARNING 12 The increment borer should be removed from the tree immediately after the core has been extracted Only a few moments too long in certain tree species will make the unscrewing procedure almost impossible since the fresh wood in the tree immediately starts its healing process to seal the hole When the core is removed apply an indicator dye to the sample such as Methyl Orange provided by ICT with the conng tool The indicator dye will stain and differentiate the sapwood from the heartwood Allow sufficient time for the indicator dye to absorb into the fibres before measunng After
160. in fully Be sure to listen for the clicking sound when inserting otherwise the SFM1 will nghtly state NO CARD and data will not be recorded SDCARD NO CARD Download Data Figure 40 SD Card Status amp Download Icon NOTE 42 Clicking on the Download Data icon will take you directly to the SD Card Tab Thistab Is detailed fully in the SD Card section 15 1 5 SD Card Initia lisation Upon insertion of the MicroSD card the SFM Initialises the card then performs a simultaneous communication and format check If the SD card fails the communication and initialisation check the SD card status Is reported as SD ERROR This means the SD card is damaged and should be replaced with a new MicroSD Card NOTE 43 ICT Intemational recommends SanDisk MicroSD cards however any brand of MicroSD card Is compatible and should perform well in the SFM 1 within the limits of the cards own specifications 68 15 1 6 SD Card Formatting If the SD card usesa higher level of formatting such asexFAT then a message will appear saying WRONG FORMAT at which point you would reformat the SD card to FAT32 format 15 1 7 Instructions to refommata MicroSD Card Open TEN Explore ormat gt Search m Capacity 1 Remove the card from the SFM 1 AutoPlay Eeka File system 2 Place it in the USB card reader eg IFATS2 g and Security L 3 Insert it in to a computer H Norton Antivirus ee 4 Right click on the dnve and choose Format
161. ing a download 17 3 5 5 Rename file When data is downloaded the data file can be renamed by adding an incremental number to the file extension such as filena me 004 instead of filename csv The data is then left on the MicroSD card as an off site back up of the master data set stored in the office This isan inherent data backup and redundancy function and operates in exactly the same way as previously descnbed when renaming data files downloaded using the Download Data ICON Hide at TNT ean e Detre File Rename Gorkdtknetor SUDAN i Enter new filename and extension Filename must be 8 chracters ot less Arve RISS gem Ves TES ox utg extension must be 3 characters Monn 2 002 Baani Sappe Eemal supply connected Ga SF 6 Filename CET 108 ua Oe a Ex koa srwonsra jose ox ses Start Meanserent ra Pihel Y A phie mpre pom 0 l kreve Nor t e NEEDLES APIE INAN 11 29 28 ERROR mo file electe oad Measur ted for dour Messurersent complete 19 09 Deke Data IARTA Devine Time twk 04 05 Figure 96 Clicking on the Rename option provides the facility to rename the file name and or the file extension 131 17 3 5 6 Delete file Select a file for deletion by clicking on the coresponding file and the File Erase Pop up message appears This dialog smply wams that the file will be permanently deleted and requires user confirmation by click
162. ing on OK before the file is deleted Once deleted the file is immediately removed from the SD Card tab with the Data File field reporting File not Found SFM Comectoni Reports 20 Cad PC Logging File Erase K ET stowti Datefie File not found This will permanently delete the File x a 2 Rene Delte Do You wish bo continue Cancel Figure 97 clicking OK on the File Erase Pop up dialog results in the immediate deletion of the data file on the SD Card tab 17 3 6 Download MicroSD Card via USB Adaptor The SFM1 can be downloaded by removing the MicroSD card and putting it in a USB Adaptor supplied by ICTor available from electronics and computer stores and inserting the MicroSD card into a USB port of a computer Open the communication port to access the MicroSD card The MicroSD card is secured by a spring locking mechanism press on the edge of the card to release the spring then remove the card A pair of forceps or tweezers IS very convenient to extract and insert the card into the slot Photo 45 removing the MicroSD card using a pair of forceps tweezers via the communications port 132 Photo 46 Place the MicroSD card inside the USB Adaptor and insert it directly into a USB port on a computer ICT use Microsoft FAT32 formatting so the card is immediately recognizable asa mass storage device when inserted to a computer running a Windows OS A MS Windows Explorer File Window will pop
163. ion Test without Solar Panel Aim To test and determine the longevity of field deployment of the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter using a small 12 V DC 7 Ah Lead Acid rechargeable battery as the sole source of extemal power supply to maintain the SFM1 intemal 4 V 1 Amp Lithium Polymer battery NOTE 92 When the SFM1 is connected to an Instrument Information extemal supply the instrument is powered Name 7 0 Ah Battery Test directly from this power source bypassing the EEE e ee Fe intemal battery except forthe heat pulse The measurement Heat Pulse is always Update sensor information supplied directly from the intemal battery this isto ensure continuity of supply from a DEE SD OK regulated stable powersource forthe very rare rm high instantaneous curent required by the ae APP Ver R1 6 5 COM Ver R2 3 0 heat pulse The intemal 4 V lithium battery of G RIGS er P230 the SFM 1 is trickle charged ata very low rate External Supply Solan Power Supply 13 8 t 42m a Se C by the extemal power supply to maintain its Internal Battery Status full charge Figure 133 Figure 133 Low rate of tnckle charging intemal battery As the intemal battery has the capacity to sustain the SFM1 for up to 23 hours Figure 4 note the penod between 4 10PM 1 11 12 to 3 15PM 2 11 12 where extemal charging ceases there is the ability to either remove a discharged extemal battery and swap it with a fully charged battery or remove the discharg
164. ional threshold of 3 7V and extemal power is attached the instrument displays the message charging charging Figure 52 Intemal Battery Voltage Status Fields 72 15 2Dialogue Box The dialogue box is located in the bottom third of the SFM software window PET SFM Fl Commands Help s Connect to SB Cistonnect frome Ircinia iiri SFM Cemections epohi SD Cand PC Loga Hame EE JC EJ a Wear hanun Hamer Outer 1 hmira kre Thaisa Se fame Dosmalean Probe dag deg Update nerder infomation gt i p T Uite beens frees lhm Sp Cano SD OK ar 3 aai Upstieam Probe dag deg Seria brie Lers SFHMDLASTI C APP Wes ELE A i OOM Vers ATA Ene External Supphe Exemal supply connected 9 internal Banene AUD Saa odli E Meawuttrrend Loediol Measimenent Satus Measurement Stopped Hermane Hode min ia lepating opion Se Pulse Erag se an Piw Bag Flew bl de ae ML puler s a Update pads eeu DAS 1202 TOT SIM UT Srarted Bl 51 56 Connected to STM 091590 Gevice disconnected 19 17 11 Connected bo SPM LL 06 11 Update aborted PULS SE WHEN il WNFEDLES ASF IN AIR fil cha tert fuel Figure 53 Dialogue Box location It isa field for dynamic user feedback from the instrument in response to actions performed by the user When an action is performed by the user
165. ionality and features NOTE 9 When updating firmware be sure that both the instrument and your laptop are on charge before attempting and dunng the update Any loss of power will cause the conuption and terminal damage to the instruments Microprocessor The instrument will not allow a fimware update unless the intemal battery voltage of the instrument isabove 3 8V 5 3 10 Operating Temperature Range Maximum operating range is between 80 C to 40 C A minimum temperature of 40 C is possible due to the incorporation of heaters built under the microprocessor chips to wa m them to 20 C which isthe minimum intemational standard operating temperature for silicon chipsand microprocessorsto operate at NOTE 10 Whilst the instrument can operate at these extreme temperatures 80 C to 40 C it is unlikely that the plant will 23 6 Heat Ratio Method Theory The Heat Ratio Method HRM can measure both sap velocity Vs and volumetrc water flow in xylem tissue using a short pulse of heat asa tracer Itisa modification of the Compensation Heat Pulse Method By measunng the ratio of heat transported between two symmetrc ally placed temperature sensors the magnitude and direction of water flux can be calculated Heat Ratio Method Flow velocity V ts logarithmically related to the ratio of temperature increases up and downstream from a Bie A F i a heater Burgess et al 1998 V thermal diffusivity x Ln T4 or probe
166. is disabled or you choose to disable the feature manual checks must be performed by going to the Helo Menu of the SFM1 software You can also alter the default web address for automatic updates Deselecting the checked box will allow you to input a new URL web address in the box provided You should only do this on the advice of ICT Intemational 168 Web Update Options Web update checks for latest software and firmware for pour device It is recommeneded that automatic update checking is enabled however if this feature is disabled manual check can be performed at any time by going to the Help menu and checking for updates Automatically check for updates when program starte Default location for web updates Figure 129 The Default Web Update Options settings 22 11 2 Manual Web Updates Web Updatescan be manually checked whether the SFM1 is connected to the software or not EV ICT SFM Connect to SFM Disconnect From SFM Check For Updates Display Debug Registers LOT INTERNATIONAL HEAT RATIO METHOD SAP FLOW METER Product Version 2 0 5 3 Release Date 09 05 2013 Not Connected X Mot Connected Please select device Figure 130 Manual check for Web updates when the SFM1 is not connected to the software 169 If the SFM 1 is not connected to the software it will only be possible for the software version to be checked for possible updates asthe software hasno physical way of checking the fimware v
167. ist the decision making process about what size solar panel to purchase and what Capacity and number of extemal battenes are necessary to provide power and a redundancy safety margin a web based calculator is available from the ICT web site www ictcommunity org focus powercalculator Atm ICT International mn Solutions for soil plant amp environmental monitoring Hone Products Cone Studies Coniadd Solvers Media Ahura io hey Suppai Sap Flow Meter Power Consumption and Auxiliary Power Calculator mimber et Devices Eaa Heat Pulse 1 j aj Interval niin id Battery Capacity ahr Sates ie etree conc be gira ridd BE cir cera di apr Thir urbe rtga Stare the acter oapaofg Sar Aurchisgdd bo SO Piaje af Charge Equivalent Sunlight Hours Hr 4 J br hared wt bie drite nine i Arari pmr dar BRT ae die Tankit elt pir de tha paral Daily Consumption ahr amp 12 1 fn Daily Cansemplion ihr 124 bi I Tin Baeommended Solar Pameli 4 22 Dema Walie Gear Values Calewlate Figure 12 ICTSap Flow Power Calculatorfor calculating SFM1 power consumption and auxiliary solar powerrequirements Customers are encouraged to us this calculator to aid in better understanding the power requirements of their field campaign The calculator providesa convenient facility to simulate power requirements and how these might change under differing situations Utilising this service dunng the design stage of an
168. it from the air tight plastic Zploc bag Immediately following the fresh weight measurement submerge the sap wood sample into water and measure the volume displacement Do not allow excessive time minutes between these measurements as the vapour presure gradient will draw moisture from the sap wood sample and cause a PE 99 NOTE 72 for very small sap wood cores or samples you will require a 4 decimal balance with a shroud to accurately measure the fresh weight fresh volume by displacement method and dry REE EE EEE EE 99 NOTE 73 Due to varying wound responses to needle implantation and the usually slight asymmetnes caused by the installation procedures heat ratios vary over time For this reason readings are sampled multiple times between 60 seconds and 100 seconds after the heat pulse This is when the heat ratios are most sta ble and linear Multiple sampling and the use of the 24 bit ADC with ultra low noise preamplifier eliminates signal noise resulting in highly NN cece ccc ccccccccecsssssssssssnsanansonsenssccccccceceseeeeeesesessesssssasananeanseessacaceceecesceeesesescesesseses ces 100 NOTE 74 The SFM1 should be installed at the same point at which the stem diameter and bark o s s scsscsevscevenssscssnsessenevsvsevensssvavsssssenevaasevsnsecevensvacesevseuevesecssnssavensvsceessnanevan savensazes 106 NOTE 75 if it is necessary to remove bark ensure that a sufficient area is removed to accommodate the drill guide so that it can be placed
169. ke appropnate care following safety guidelines both of the Methyl Orange MSDS and when using hot water 16 4 4 Destructve Sampling to Measure Sapwood In some plant tissues it is not always possible to obtain a definitive sap wood thickness because the color differentiation between heart wood and xylem is indistinct even when using a pH indicator An altemative option isto perfomm destructive sampling This has obvious disadvantages in that it signals the end of the expenment to measure sap flow in the tree Nevertheless if performed at the end of the expenment it can provide a definitive venfic ation of the sap wood thickness using more precise and definitive methods The first is obviously a direct empincal measure of the transverse section of the stem segment using a rule Again this may not yield definitive answers as with the conng and staining approach TD CM ee A Photo 30 a destructive empincal measure of a transverse stem section a rule to determine the sap wood thickness Species such as Calitrus glaucaphylla left have a distinct delineation between sapwood white tissue and heartwood reddish brown tissue towards the centre of the stem Other Species may not and require microscope evaluation of the vascular tissue 111 16 4 5 Microscopic analysis Ultimately where macro visual analysis is unable to differentiate active and inactive xylem microscopic analysis of transverse thin sections will be able to definitivel
170. l Size 30m 22 13Appendix M 22 13 1 SD Card Re Initalisaton 22 13 11 Procedure check e Initialise SD Card e Check SD Card Communication Initia lisa tion o Ifok check whether the file system is of corect format Ifok check senalnumberto see ifa valid CSV file can be created e If ok set SD Card status to SD OK e lf fail set SD Card status to FILENAME ERROR If fail set SD Card status to WRONG FORMAT o Iffail set SD Card status to SD ERROR 171 22 14Appendix N 22 14 1 SFM1 Test Block The HRM Sap Flow Meter Test Block is a functional venfication standard for use with the HRM Sap Flow Meter It is desgned using a thermal compound of known thermodynamic properties and encased in a housing of known dimensions The needle spacing s are asymmetncally arranged which isa divergence from the Heat Ratio principle to induce an artificial Heat Pulse Velocity Each block Is designed to induce an artificial velocity of approximately 18 cm hr ora mid range value of expected sap velocities as measured by the HRM in many species Depending upon the temperature conditions under which the block is used the heat dissipation from the block will be higher or lower which will ultimately impact the measured heat ratio causing a small divergence from the expected 18cm hrt value The Test Block is not intended to be used asa calibration device rather asa known standard for operational venfication of the Sap Flow Meter This can be done in the lab asa pre
171. le devices found C Show All Ports Remember Devices Connection Type USB Vv Select Device 3 Cancel Figure 27 Device Selection Window 13 3 2 RF Find Devices If the message No compatible devices found is displayed before proceeding to click the Find Devices icon please check the following a The MCC1isconnected via a USB cable to the PC b The LED of the MCC1 is lt up to confirm the MCC1 is functioning The Connection Type has been changed from USB to RF Then click the Find Devices icon C d 58 13 3 3 RF Select Device You can now select the device ICT Compatible RF Modem by clicking on it with the mouse to highlight the device then click on the Select Device icon Altematively you can simply double click on the device name Clicking on the Select Device icon will open the RF Device Chooser List J see re Address Serial Num Device Name Figure 28 RF Device Chooser Window The list will initially be blank until a search has been perfomed for instruments within range approx 250m NOTE 36 Range is strictly line of sight and will vary depending up ambient conditions that affect signal strength such asatmosphenc moisture and density of foliage 13 3 4 RF Discover Click on the Discover icon to begin the Device Wake Up Routine RF Device Chooser Address Serial Nurm
172. le extension BIN and are used for logging the high temporal frequency up to 30 Hz needle temperatures that enable advanced data processing using any heat pulse algonthm Because the Raw Temperature Mode records large volumes of data potentially 30 rea dings per second for 300 seconds per measurement the data Is stored ina binary BIN format This file can only be opened in SFT software for analysis These files have the potential to be very large In the range of GB s depending upon the logging interval and longevity of the installation WARNING 19 Do NOTattempt to download a BIN file via the USB cable or MCC1 wireless modem It istoo large You must download this file type by removing the MicroSD card NOTE 87 when the SFM 1 is configured in Needle Temperature mode logging Raw Temperature data the data storage capacity will vary depending upon the sampling frequency and duration of each measurement after the heat pulse 17 2 4 SD Card Logging Options The measurement parameters to be logged to either the CSV or BIN data files can be set on the SD Card Logging Options Window This Option is accessed via the Commands Menu along the top menu bar of the SFM1 software Simply check the box against the data required to be logged rm SD Card Logging Options JER aid ICT 5 FM The following options reflect SD Card logging options when reporting option is set to one other than Needle Temperatures Probe Selection O Inner Only
173. le plant Water Capacitance a Caution Plant and Soil vol 305 pp 5 13 Edwards WRN Becker P and Cemak J 1997 A unified nomenclature for sap flow measurements Tree Physiology 17 65 67 Edwards WRN and Warwick NWM 1984 Transpiration of a kiwifruit vine as estimated by the heat pulse technique and the Penman Monteith equation New Zealand Joumal of Agncultural Research 27 537 543 Eller C B Pereira C G Oliveira R S Downey A M Burgess S S 0 2012 Differences in Sap How Data Quality between a Thermocouple based HRM Sensor and a Newly Specialised HRM Sap How Meter Technical Note www ictintemational com Hatton TJ Catchpole EA and Vertessy RA 1990 Integration of sap flow velocity to estimate plant water use Tree Physology 6 201 210 Hatton TJ Moore S and Reece PH 1995 Estimating stand transpiration in a Eucalyptus populnea woodland with the heat pulse method measurement envrs and sampling strategies Tree Physiology 15 219 227 12 Hultine K R Cable W L Burgess S S 0 and Williams D G 2003 Hydraulic Redistibution by Deep Roots of a Chihuahuan Desert Phreatophyte Tree Physiology vol 23 no 5 pp 353 360 Marshall D C 1958 Measurement of Sap How in Conifers by Heat Transport Plant Physiology Volume 33 Number 6 385 396 Oliveira R S Dawson T E Burgess S S 0 and Nepstad D C 2005 Hydraulic Redistibuton in Three Amazonian Trees Oecologia vol 145 pp 354 363 Smith DM and All
174. ll bit regulary to remove waste fibres and debrs from the flutes of the drill bit A small wire brush is useful for Cleaning dnil flutes during this process Installing sap flow sensors is not for the Fast and the Furious Remember Aesop s fable of the Hare and the Tortoise Sow and steady wins the race EE EE ME AE nated NE TE A AE NE EE EE E E tse ances 114 WARNING 16 NEVER use a hammer or heavy object to hammer the needles into place This Ge Er ee OE EE 118 WARNING 17 It is recommended that the regional settings of the Instrument are set to those of the computer that will be used to process the Sap Flow data Failure to do this will result in a data file that is unreadable in both Excel and Sap Flow Tool Software because the file structure isthe opposite of what the computer IS configured foOr rrarrnnnrnnnnrsnarernarnrnnvnnnnrsnaresnarnsnnnnnnnrsnnvesnanesnnne 125 WARNING 18 It is very important that the integnty of the original C SV data file be maintained Opening this file in Excel will conupt the native Comma Separated Values file format as Excel introduces hidden formatting markers These hidden markers have the potential to make the file unreadable in Sap Flow Tool It is recommended that if the CSV file is opened in Excel save file as an XLSX file format maintaining the original file name but do not save any changes to the eli silicia GEN EE eee 125 WARNING 19 Do NOT attempt to download a BIN file via the USB cable
175. ll just display a Green LED Using the software will display the waming Extemal Power Connected and the software will not automatically disconnect rmrrnrornnroonrrrnnrornnrrnnnrennnrrnnnnsnnr 51 NOTE 32 the Disconnect from SFM icon is greyed out asthe instrument is not connected 52 NOTE 33 The SFM1 is a Plug amp Play USB device Once connected to a USB port Windows automatically detects it and allocates ita COM port You do not need to select or configure the COM port Once connected the allocated COM port will be displayed in the status bar 52 NOTE 34 To eliminate the need to conduct the Find Devices routine each time you run the software you can tick the Remember Devices check box Next time you click on Connect to SFM the last instrument connected will already be displayed in the list and you can connect to it either by highlighting the device and clicking on Select Device or double clicking on the a AEE ans aston ENER EEE SE EE E 54 NOTE 35 The software detects the Generc Coms or communication circuit board first The integrated voltmeter measures the intemal battery voltage as soon asa connection is initiated and displays it in the status bar tighter with the allocated COM Port This provides a diagnostic check dunng the connection process and prevents frustration that might otherwise occur should the instrument not be able to connect due to a flat battery rrnrrrrnrersnrronrrrnnrrnnnrennrrn
176. ly if this link does not work try the following http www mic rosoft com downloads en details asp x Fa milylD 333325fd ae52 4e 35 b 531 508d 977d 32a6 Scroll to the bottom of the page and click on the following link Full Redistributable Package To download the full redistributable package rather than the bootstrapper click on the link below to start the download NET Framework 3 5 full package Top of page Related Resources NET Framework 3 5 readme a NET Framework 2 0 Service Pack 1KB Article NET Framework 3 0 Service Pack 1KB Article Top of page NOTE 26 the full redistnbutable dotNet download file 300MB has been provided for you on the ICT Software DVD that came with your instrument and can also be found on the Micro SD card installed in your Instrument These links are provided aSa convenience should you not be able to find the dotNet install file in either of these locations dotNet Framework is a minimum requirement Only install if required to The listed links are to an extemal site and may change without notice If these links are not functional then search Microsoft Downloads page www microsoft com downloads for current locations and links 48 12 Tuming the Instument On and Off The Sap Flow Meter has an intemal 4 2 V 1 Amp DC Lithium Polymer battery that is used to operate the instrument The intemal battery must be tric kle charged from an extemal power source such asa Solar Panel for long term field deploym
177. m vessels caused by insertion of probes Additional disruption of heat transfer occurs because the thermal properties of the sensor matenal e g stainless steel differ from those of xylem Second even with careful probe placement it Is likely that probe spacing will be at least slightly asymmetncal Both of these departures from the ideal cause v1 v2 to change with time with the result that measurement time affects results Ratios of v1 v2 will approach an ideal value asymptotically with the rate of change decaying exponentially with time following the heat pulse Figure 1 28 26 Wound 0 30 em 24 V 45 em h oo y 0011 e 1 45 e F 0 996 2 gt 1 6 Wound 0 17 cm 1 6 V 5emh 1 4 y 000x 1 12 f r 0 993 1 2 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Time following heat pulse 8 Figure 3 Modelled changes in v1 v2 ratios with time fora small wound width 0 17 cm and low sap velocity 5cm h 1 compared with a large wound width 0 30 cm and high sap velocity 45 cm h 1 Note that with both mild and extreme departures from the ideal caused by sensor implantation v1 v2 is essentially linearbetween 60 and 100 sasindicated by the r2 values for the linear regressions fit over the data for this penod However even in the most extreme cases the rate of change in v1 v2 after 60 s becomes extremely small and ratios will be effectively linear and have a sope of less than 0 01 Figure 1 This finding has two
178. mal battery or both 85 15 7 4 Raw Temperature Mode When logging data in Raw Temperature mode there are two optionsthat must be configured 1 number of measurements second 2 number of measurements after pulse Raw temperature mode number of measurements second 3 measurements per second Raw temperature mode number of measurements after pulse measurements after pulse 5 minutes 0 seconds Total measurement time 5 minutes 32 seconds Figure 68 Raw Temperature Mode Settings The minimum configuration for Raw Temperature mode Is to log 1 measurement per second for at least 100 seconds following each heat pulse Asa guide logging 100 seconds of data at a frequency of one measurement per second following the release of a heat pulse scheduled every 30 minutes will use 50 MB of data over 12 months Greater frequencies such as 2 3 or 10 readings per second may be useful for more in depth analysis of the heat pulse Curve Greater durations e g 300 s may be useful if using other methods of calculating sap flow e g the compensation heat pulse method which can require 5 or more minutes for correction calculation NOTE 58 Because the Raw Temperature Mode records large volumes of data potentially 30 readings per second for 300 seconds per measurement the data is stored ina binary BIN format This file can only be opened in SFT software for analysis In this reporting mode data isnot displayed in the
179. med You will see the effect of the Heat Pulse being fired causing the temperature of both the downstream and upstream thermistors on the Outer and Inner measurement points nse Once the maximum temperature is reached the temperatures will fall quickly retuming to their starting ambient reference temperatures If the temperatures do not nse there may be an Issue with the heater If so an emor code will be reported in the dialogue box at the bottom of the software window If the instrument is functioning correctly a sap velocity value of within the range 12 to 18cm hr will be displayed in the dialogue box Once fully charged the instrument is ready for field deployment If a the instrument does not retum a sap velocity within this range or an enor message IS reported in the dialogue box please contact ICT intemational via our web site www ictintemational com and submit a ticket explaining the issue and request an RMAF via the Service Desk NOTE 48 The integnty test is designed to provide confidence that the instrument is fully functional before leaving fora typically remote field site to deploy the instruments It may also be of use in diagnosing faults in the field 15 5 1 3 10 Min Ten 10 minutes is the minimum temporal resolution logging interval recommended in an automated data collection mode Data collected more frequently than this has a high probability of disrupting the thermodynamics of the plant immediately sunounding the needles an
180. mode the Raw Temperatures will be logged direct to a PC_Temperatures csv file Once again the data will be a duplicate of the Needle Temperature reporting mode and all settings are configured through the Raw Temperature mode ofthe SD Card Logging Optionstab PC Temperatures csv Microsoft Excel o BB 3 File Insert Page Layout Formulas Data Review View Add Ins aQ o r z B X Calibri ji General 7 g Inserts Ar J Ear B Z Ur AA r 9 g Delete gl Sort amp Find amp Paste PE PA i Z EE A c i 59 328 v Ga Format 2 Filter Select Editing Figure 104 example Raw Temperatures data logged direct to a PC Temperta ures c sv file on the computer 136 18 1 2 1 Log Temperatures Start To commence logging Raw Temperatures to the computer begin by accessing the File menu and select Log Temperatures expand this menu option and click Start A MS Windows Explorer Save As window automatically loads providing a choice of directones to save the data file to The Default location is C Program File ICT ICT SFM This directory can be changed to a userdefined storage location if prefered e Log Incoming Results F Log Temperatures b Connection Settings Figure 105 Start Log Temperatures function to record raw temperaturesto a file on the computer 18 1 2 2 Set Logging Frequency Once logging the data file will continue to increase in size as new data Is logged at the user defined
181. n press and hold the switch for approx 1 second When the instrument is tumed on the Green LED visible through the light tube adjacent to the communication port will flash rapidly fora few seconds during start up The LED will remain Green for approx 10 to 15 seconds before tuming off Once the SFM1 has started the Green light will flash momentanly once every 10 secondsto indicate it IS powered on ry Photo 15 SFM1 Power Switch NOTE 30 The SFM1 can also be automatically powered up by connecting itto a 12V DC power supply This can either be in the form of a 12V DC mains power plug pack a solar panel solar panel amp 12V battery direct to the instument or through a shared power distnbution system in which a large solar panel and battery provide power through a distnbuted wired network to any or all instruments connected see Powenng Charging the Instrument 50 12 2Tum the SM1 OFF The SM1 DOES NOT tum off automatically If extemal power is disconnected from the instrument it will continue to operate from and discharge the intemal battery It MUST be tumed OFF manually Thiscan be done by using the power switch To tum the device off press and hold the power switch for approx 3 seconds The LED will flash altemately Red then Green fora few seconds before stopping and all lights are extinguished The SFM1 can also be tumed off via the GUI software From the Menu Bar select Power Down SFM The LED will flash altemately Red
182. n Ne 31 PIS ALOE PO TN 31 Extemal Power Supply Oy OI EN EN 32 Extemal Battery O nly Power SUD D I Voss iascacssscevesrsanasenisesesansasactivctansaeaaveacnisavwenendaeniuaueieenie 32 PETN NN 32 io 91 095 EEE 33 Connecting a Power Supply to the Instrument rmrsnrersnrnronnrronnverenrersnrnrennrennnresenvesnnrene 34 Individual Power Supply C ONMECTIONS wisceis sccccsanccnsacs cvsnsncncvssnensetstsarasveneseduentuiersatecedoncanseetss 36 Connecting Power Directly via Solar PANG liescccsssasscsnssckssssneaceconseleuscncenspsncstavesntacsnandgeatans 36 Connecting Power vid Extemal 12V Battery esessesssesesesesesssrresrrssrresrresrresressressressresn 37 Connecting Power via Extemal 12V Battery and Solar Panel 38 Shared Power Supply for Multiple InstrumentsS rrrrrrnrrrrnrrrnnvrrrnvrrrnvrrnnnvrsnnvrennnnsennrennnrene 39 Sharing an Extemal 12V Battery and Solar Panel via Daisy Chaining 00 40 Oo Age EE EE NE ese ME 41 PM NN 41 PONNI 42 PM 43 Mounting NPR enn nee ne E ee ee ee 43 ROLE alll gle ODIOM EN ee 44 Connection of Solar Panel to the SFM Lune 45 11 11 1 11 2 11 2 1 11 2 2 12 12 1 12 2 13 13 1 13 1 1 13 1 2 13 2 13 21 13 2 2 13 2 3 13 3 13 3 1 13 3 2 13 3 3 13 3 4 15 35 13 3 6 19 57 13 3 8 13 3 9 14 14 1 14 1 1 14 2 14 2 1 14 2 2 14 3 14 4 15 15 1 15 1 1 15 1 2 15 1 3 Software amp USB Driver Installation rrrrrrrnnnnrrrnn
183. nablesthe accurate determination and quantification of noctumal sap flow or conversely night time water use Sap flow rate and sap volume MIA 1 75 em iraker 306 em inner A 75u Flag fokali ud amp Vind skar Dima lra 5 0 Piah B aly 4 000 f d alunos des San flow rate or 47 wa 4 000 2 000 1900 bij I I I ar Ll Ti ot Sa H ao cm a a a aa aa mo aoa i ao aa oo mS DoS ie G G a n oF ist oe uke l AA 42 AA 28 7 oe oe TY 4 a ii oe moa a Fa x Figure 110 Sap Flow Rate and Sap Volume displayed on the same graph using dual Y axis 19 4C umulative Sap How Analysis Simultaneously the volume of water used throughout the 24 hour period can be read directly from the 2nd Y axis instantly providing the total daily water use in litres of water This figure can then be used to determine water use efficiency and orschedule an imgation Sap flow rate and sap volurne 9 000 F 50 000 9 45 cm outer 1 95 om inner 8 000 Flow 40 000 Total 7 000 Cumulated Cumulated 6 000 i Daly 30 000 bi Daly u a 5 000 D lt 2 4 000 E a H 3 G 20 000 3 000 2 000 10 000 1 000 0 0 O 23 pf ag E kp ud ao ox Se So a ot oo ot a i WD ei ow a8 CI MD I up i un 2 DO Se ao oe se oe Bo ao es Sg SS 2 20 So Bo ON Si om ao D ot oN Ek 0 ae p in Gr Figu
184. ne 118 187 25 Table of Figures Figure 1 The location of themistors within the SFM 1 needle Set smmmrrmnvrrnvrrrnrrrrrrrsnrrrnnrrnnrrrnnvrsnnrenn 19 Figure 2 Heat Ratio Method PIC NE uran 24 Figure 3 Modelled changes in v1 v2 ratios with time for a small wound width 0 17 cm and low sap velocity 5 cm h 1 compared with a large wound width 0 30 cm and high sap velocity 45 cm h 1 Note that with both mild and extreme departures from the ideal caused by sensor implantation v1 v2 is essentially linear between 60 and 100 s as indicated by the r2 values for the linear regressions fit over the data fOr thiS penod uu cceccsecsseccssecessecesseseeeessesesseseeeseeeeeseees 26 Figure 4 A Example of an episode of reverse flow hourly means in a lateral root of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh erroneously measured by probes with a large spacing enor 0 2 cm Data on Days 92 and 93 were collected after the root was severed to stop flow and indicate the potential for ambient temperature fluctuations to disturo measurements in un insulated sensors The straight line shows the mean erroneous velocity ansing from a probe spacing enor B Example of corected data conmesponding to Day 7 in Figure 2A derved with the protocols descnbed in the text The middle senes is the intermediate solution which assumes both downstream and upstream probes contnbuted to the spacing enor whereas the other two senes assume that only probe x1 or X2 WAS INCOME
185. nel Post Mount used on the branch ofa tree s rrsvrnnnrrarrrnrorrnrenrnvrnnnrsnnrern 44 Photo 11 Solar panel cable with the insulating sheaths stripped back to expose the required wire lengths for come ct installation in the SFML1 rnnrrnnrorsnronnnvrnnnrsnnrrrnnresnnnennnrnnnnrsnnnnsnnnennnnnnnnnsnnnnsnnnnsnn 45 Photo 12 inserting the prepared stripped solar panel cable into the powerbus plugs at one NELL hr 45 Photo 13 Inserting the power bus plugs with stnpped cable into the power bus ports on either side of the Alv 46 Photo 14 The Power switch is located below the knurled DUNG rrarrrnnronnnvnnnnrrnnrrrnnvernnrennnrsnnrnrnnresnnnenr 49 Photo 15 SFM1 Power NG 50 Photo 16 SFM 1 Needle alignment and importance of symmetry of installation eee 94 Photo 17 A sap wood sample submerged by a dissection needle on a retort stand in a beaker SL VE EA Oy Fy 0 ERE EEE EE es sess ee 98 Photo 18 A sap wood sample being dried in AN OVEN vrrannrrrrrnnnnrrvrrnnnrrrrrnnnerrrrrnnerrrnrnnneernrnnneennnnnnesennnnnennnnsssennnnnssenee 99 Photo 19 Wound response around the needles inserted into the sapwood of a tree after the needles have been removed The dark area Surrounding the central heater needle hole is more pronounced due to the heat input to the water conducting tISSUC eee cesecesecesseeceseeeeeseeees 100 Photo 20 Manual measurement of the wound size using a rule ovenaid on a destructively Sampled cross section of the tree cut th
186. ner Thermistor Downstream Probe 24 197 deg C 24 329 deg C Quter Thermistor Inner Thermistor Upstream Probe 24 144 deg C 24 187 deg C Outer Thermistor Inner Thermistor Upstream Probe 24 020 deg C 24 082 deg C Measurement Status Measurement Status 60 second wait Pulse Energy Pulse Energy 20 Joule pulse Update pulse energy 20 Joule pulse J Update pulse energy Figure 74 SFM1 performing a heat Pulse and waiting 60 seconds forthe maximum temperature rise to be measured and venfied 89 Finally the ratio of the maximum temperature rise is determined for both the inner and outer measurement points of the Downstream and Upstream needles Once the measurement Is complete the measurement status Is reported In this example of a manual Measurement the Status is reported as Measurement Stopped If the SFM1 was in logging mode the Measurement Status would report the number of minutes until the next measurement was scheduled to occur SFM Corrections Reports SD Card PC Logging SFM Corrections Reports SD Card PC Logging Outer Thermistor Inner Thermistor Downstream Probe deg C deg C Duter Thermistor Inner Thermistor Downstream Probe deg C deg C Outer Thermistor Inner Thermistor Upstream Probe deg C deg C Duter Thermistor Inner Thermistor Upstream Probe deg C deg C Measurement Status Measurement Stopped Pulse Energy 20
187. ng interval for 443 years Altematively if configured in Raw Needle Temperature mode the SFM1 has the memory capacity to log data for 41 years at a raw temperature sampling frequency of 1Hz for 100 seconds per measurement 17 2Data Format 17 2 1 Windows FAT 32 Compatible Data is wntten to and stored on the MicroSD card in fully compliant Windows File Allocation Table FAT 32 format What this means is that any MicroSD card can be used in the Instrument There is no requirement that memory cards must be supplied by ICT Any MicroSD card purchased anywhere in the world ora MicroSD card from any digital camera or mobile phone can be inserted directly into the Instrument for immediate compatibility and use Simila dy any MicroSD card used in the SFM1 can be removed and placed into a Camera or phone and MOST importantly any computer and is automatically recognized and functional If inserted into a computer the data can be copied across through Windows Explorer to any file location on the PC NOTE 85 MicroSD cards are Hot Swappable meaning it can be removed from the instrument and inserted into a USB port of a computer using a USB card adaptorand then reinserted to the instrument No closing down ejecting or formatting is required 17 2 2 Data Fle Nomenclature The data file is automatically generated by the SFM1 using the following nomenclature instrument serial number csv e g SFM1A813 csv The senal number not only uniquely ide
188. ng tab displays the operation of logging sap flow data direct to a computer If no logging functions have been selected using the File menu then this tab will simply state that logging isdisabled As with logging data to the MicroSD card of the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter there are two data formats available Log Incoming Reporting Option Data or Log Temperatures SFM Corrections Reports SD Card PC Logging Log Incoming Reporting Option Data Logaing disabled C Append Mode This is only effective when starting to Log Log Temperatures Logging disabled Logging Interval 1 g seconds Figure 99 inactive PC Logging Tab 18 1 1 Log Incoming Reporting Option Data The Log Incoming Reporting Option Data will record the basic parameters Sap Velocity amp Sap Flow for both Inner amp Outer measurement points Each data point Is Date amp Time Stamped and coresponds with the same parameters in the main data file CSV as logged to the MicroSD card if one is inserted into the SFM1 If no MicroSD card is inserted then only one file the the PC Sapflow csv will be logged directly to the computer Mlle Ir e PC Sapflow csv Microsoft Excel o B 3 File Home Insert Page Layout Formulas Data Review View Add Ins ago amp B da Calibri oe PE g General FA Conditional Formatting gt g Insert 2 7 73 A a BBS gr gt HR Formatas Table F Delete edel P Si ee sot amp Find amp po PE 1 A h 1E or 5
189. nload Data Serial Humber SFT BAOL LJ APP Ver R1 6 5 COM Ver Re 2 External Supply SolarFPower Supply 14 04 36m Internal Battery 4165 Status Charge set 200m4 Figure 38 Instrument Information panel of the SFM Software 15 12 Comment This isa 28 character field for the user to store a comment with the data set The comment is stored in the header line of the data file As it is automatically saved in the data file every time it is updated and saved it can be used asa digital note in the data file to record whenevera change hasbeen made to the instrument or the expenment 67 15 1 3 Update Instrument Information Clicking this icon saves your changesto non volatile RAM so your settings remain in memory and active even after disc onnecting from the SFM 1 NOTE 40 whenever any field is updated a new header line is inserted into the data file This provides a tracking mechanism by which columns of processed data that can be logged such asconected Sap Velocity or Sap Flow can be referenced to the conections used to automatically calculate the data 15 1 4SD Card The status of the SD card is displayed If a SD card is inserted and functioning correctly it will display SD OK SD CARD SO OE Download Data Figure 39 SD Card Status amp Download Icon If the SD card is removed or not inserted the message NO CARD is displayed NOTE 41 it is possible to think you have pushed the SD card in but failed to have it click
190. nn 179 Figure 142 MCC RSSI Test Utility MN 179 Figure 143 Manually setting the senal number of an instrument to RAM in the MCCl 180 Figure 144 after selecting a test either Continuous or Burst Test the MCC establishes the connection to the instrument with the message Please wait then the signal strength variablesare displayed on Screen rmrrnrrnnnrsnnrarnavernnrennnrsnnvesnaressnrrnnnnrnnnesnanessnnsnnnnsnnnesnanssnnnsnnnnsnnnessnnssnnnsnns 180 Figure 145 RSS va lues lt 20 show extremely strong Signal strength rrnsnrrnnnvrnnvrnnnvnnnnrennvrennvrnnnvennnne 181 Figure 146 RSS va lues of gt 80 show very poor Signal strength srrnnnnrnnvrnnnrrnnvrrnnvrnnnrrnnnrrnnvrrnnvrnnnvennnnnn 181 192 26 Table of Wamings WARNING 1 Please Read Understand and Complete this checklist before unpac king the SFM1 EVNE 10 WARNING 2 The measurement needles of the SFM1 are made of hollow 1 3 mm stainless ste el tubing They can easily be bent damaged or broken off if basic care is not taken in handling the instrument If the needles are damaged please contact ICT intemational via our web site www ictintemational com and submit a ticket explaining the issue and request an RMA via the Service Desk Needles must be replaced by a qualified technician certified by ICT Mb 18 Waming 3 Water proofing cannot be achieved if the communication port cover is left unscrewed Water entry via this port WILL cause damage and isnot
191. nnresnarennnnnnnnrsnnresnnresnnrene 70 Figure 44 Application Board Senal Number Field rrrornrornnronnnvrnnnrsnnresnnrennnvnnnnrsnnresnaresnnrennnvnnnnnsnnresnnnene 70 Figure 45 Generic Communication Board Serial NumberField nrrsrrrnrrrnrrrsnrrnnvrrnvrrnvrrnvrrsvrrsnvrnnvrnnnennn 70 Figure 46 Overall Instrument Senal Number Toggle ICOn rrarrnnnrnnnnnnnnnnsnnvarnnvesnnvnnnnrsnnrnsnnresnnrennnnnnnnsssnrsrn 71 Figure 47 Application Board Firmware NumberField rarrrrnrrnnnvrnnnronnrosnarernnrennnvnnnnrsnnresnnrennnnnnnnnsnnresnnrerr 74 Figure 48 Generic Communications Board Firmware NumberField rrrrrrrrrrnnrrrnrrrnnrrnnnrrnnnrrnnvrennrenn 71 Figure 49 Exte mal Power Supply Status FieldS rrrnrrnnnrrnnrornarennnrennnrsnnrernaresnnrennnnnnnnrsnnvesnarssnnrsnnnnsnnnnsnnnsens 71 Figure 50 Exte mal Power Supply Status ICONS rrnrrnnnrrnnnrrnnvennarennnrennnrrnnvennavesnnrennnnsnnnrsnnnesnnrssnnnsnnnnsnnnesnansens 72 Figure REN Battery Voltage Field NG 72 Figure 52 Intemal Battery Voltage Status FieldS r rrrrarrrnnrrnnnvrnnnrsnnrornarernnrennnvnnnvernaresnnrennnnnnnnrsnnrnsnnresnnnenn 72 Figure 53 Dialogue NN 73 Figure 54 SFM 1 Dialogue Box Example of user feedback messages mmmmrrmsrrsrrserrvrrsorrrrrrerrene 73 Figure 55 Dialogue BOX CIGAF IC ON saissisinrissndsresseinousasiyvegsesanreszecnasiainnteseseses enssdusndevunnsheassaneenateasadbeasbanannenrnnnes 74 Figure 56 SFM 1 Software Status 0 EEE 74 Figure 57 SFM
192. nnrnnnr 55 NOTE 36 Range is strictly line of sight and will vary depending up ambient conditions that affect Signal strength such as atmosphernc moisture and density of foliage rrrrrrrnrrrrnnrnnrnvrnennrrnrnrrrnnvrennn 59 NOTE 37 Each SFM1 instrument has an integrated radio transceiver and antenna They are configured to wake up every 10 secondsfora millisecond to send a short Signal ee 59 NOTE 38 Dunng charging of the instrument the intemal battery voltage can become elevated well above ambient temperature This is due to the heat given off by the charging process inside the instrument at the point where the instrument temperature is Measured ee 63 NOTE 39 If power is applied to the extemal inputs dunng the power down sequence power PP 65 NOTE 40 whenever any field is updated a new header line Is inserted into the data file This provides a tracking mechanism by which columns of processed data that can be logged such as corected Sap Velocity or Sap Flow can be referenced to the conections used to L 68 NOTE 41 it is possible to think you have pushed the SD card in but failed to have it click in fully Be sure to listen for the clicking sound when inserting otherwise the SFM 1 will nghtly state NO PP 68 NOTE 42 Clicking on the Download Data icon will take you directly to the SD Card Tab This PP 68 197 NOTE 43 ICT Intemational recommends SanDisk MicroSD cards however any brand of MicroSD c
193. nnrrnnnronnrorsnronnnvrnnnrrnnvnrnnrernnrennnnnnnnrsnnvesnnrennnne 24 NOTE 12 ICT recommends the use of 12V DC main powered supplies as they are readily available and minimise power loss through regulation thus maximising power efficiency 31 NOTE 13 the HRM princ iple being a ratio method is not sensitive to the absolute amount of heat released The measurement is based on the ratio of the temperature nse of each symmetncally PP 31 195 NOTE 14 All Heat Pulses are generated from the intemal battery regardless of any extemal power source that may be connected A Super Capacitor integral to the heater circuit buffers the instantaneous current draw on the battery to maximise the longevity of the battery 32 NOTE 15 The SFM1 can operate for up to 24 hours using its own intemal battery This provides a unique advantage in that extemal power supplies can be disconnected and exchanged without losing power to the instrument This prevents disruption to logging and avoids the need to reconfigure the instrument should it be necessary to adjust or change extemal power ME EE Ne 32 NOTE 16 ICT does not supply 12V battenes because the shipping amp dangerous goods costs to do so are prohibitive ICT recommends where multiple SFM1 are daisy chained to a single battery all battenes used either wet cell car battery or deep cycle should have a minimum Current rating of 85 Ah or preferably greater ICT also recommends the use of a b
194. not be able to connect due to a flat battery You are now connected to the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter You will see the Instrument Information Section filled with the configuration data of the instrument you are connected to This data is read directly from the instruments configuration held in non volatile RAM The instrument is now ready to be used The configuration can be modified logging interval set Data downloaded orreadings performed manually Connect ba SEM Disconnect from SEM Sees es NER ici 2 revir adama mi SFM Cassetont Fepori 50 Cad F Legge Dire Their jrma These ting C Domenie Jive J aut Outer Tham bor ED CAR BO ok Emil lhnrnikser SFMQANG a APP Vers BTE COM Vers Rl 45H5 External Supphe Extoreal supply connected E mierna Bater JUV O Statues chaipi o ig uaman J n i HEEDLES ARE IN Ali J7 hr r x p pa Og et 73 A 35 ee MG Fi Connected ba OT SFM Balt 3 70 Parti COMED Device Dabe 30 082013 Deria Tin Awk 18539 Figure 20 The SFM1 Graphical User Interface connected to an instrument 55 13 2 3 SAM Connection Options The File and Commands dropdown menu s provide altemative accessto connect to other instruments Log Incoming Results Commands Help Connect to SFM Disconnect from SFM Update Date Time k Log Temperatures SD Logging Options Show Thermistor Calibration Reset Hidden
195. nt Capacity to store a date time stamped 10 minute temporal resolution data set consisting of all measured and calculated ratios and sap flow parameters for up to 443 years Larger 16 or 32 GBcapacity MicroSD cardscan be used if necessary 13 What is the resolution of the digital SFM1 Sap Flow Meter Answer The SFM1 is a dedicated digital Sap Flow Meter That incorporates the very latest technology in low noise differential amplifiers op amps and Analogue to Digital A D converters which fom the front end of the microprocessor that dnves the Sap Flow measurement The microprocessor uses 24 bit resolution that produces a 20 nanovolt or 0 0005 C measurement resolution This is generally better than is achieved with advanced analogue dataloggers that only measure to a resolution of 40 nanovolts or 0 001 C and well beyond the capability of a standard analogue datalogger 14 Why isa digital SFM1 Instrument more accurate than an analogue sensor Answer Using a dedicated microprocessor for each probe set reduces errors and enhances signal to noise ratio at the point of measurement far beyond the most sophisticated analogue measunng device is capable of It also means the analogue signal from the thermocouples of the SFM1 needles travels only 0 2 m to the integrated A D converter where it is converted to a digital signal This results in no sgnal loss because the very short cable length used has negligible resistance and being so short Is physicall
196. ntifies each instrument it contains specific information about the date of manufacture and production run Please provide the serial number to IC TIntemational for all support inquines NOTE 86 The Senal Number is automatically stored in the Header Line of the data file aswell as being the data file name A Senal Number is affixed to the back of the instrument for physical display Finally the Seral Number is displayed on screen in the SFM software upon connection to the instrument 124 17 2 3 Data File Format The SFM1 stores data in one of two file formats CSV or BIN to the intemal MicroSD memory card The file structure of the SFM1 whether it uses a comma ora point for the separator and a point ora comma forthe decimal delimiter is based upon the regional settings of the userscomputer These regional settings are typically set the first time a user connects to the computer If the computer s regional settings are different to the Sap Flow Metera waming message Is displayed on screen waming that the Regional settings of the computer do not match those of the instrument If they are both set to the same regional settings no message will appear WARNING 17 It is recommended that the regional settings of the Instrument are set to those of the computer that will be used to processthe Sap Flow data Failure to do this will result in a data file that Is unreadable in both Excel and Sap Flow Tool Software because the fil
197. number MALL RSS Tost Utility I lyper Torqnal HEC RSSL lest Utility WEC Firauare Ver Selected Device Serial Number ALABAEHD HEHU 1 Select Device 2 Continuous Test 3 Burst Test Pressing the LSC key at any time returns to main menu Serial Number in Hex Formal AAAAOHAB FFFFFFFF gt B1TABBSF Figure 143 Manually setting the seral number of an instrument to RAM in the MCC1 22 16 5 Locating the insttument Serial Number This senal number of the instrument can be found when connecting to the instrument wither via USB or MCC RF Modem or by toggling between overall serial number SMM1C 70Q and the Instrument Senal number within the Instrument Information section of the SFM software z AECC RSSI Tesi Utility HyperTerminal Ele p yew Gal Daher Hio i gt Ds ry MCC RSSL lest Utility MCC Firmware Ver Selected Device Serial Humber ATAABSFD ee ee ee eH ee MEN 1 Select Device 2 Continuous est J Burst Test D Pressing the FSC key at any time returns to main menu Connecting to BL K BKD Please Wait Corrected 0 16 40 Aulo dami 115200 FI Figure 144 after selecting a test either Continuous or Burs Test the MCC establishes the connection to the instrument with the message Please wait then the signal strength vanables are displayed on screen 180 MCC RSSI Test Utility HyperTerminal File Edit Yiew Call Transfer Help
198. o the same data set to further scrutinize possible anomalies within the sap flow measurement The conected sap flow measurements resulting from these algonthmscan be simultaneously compared and analysed using Sap Flow Tool Software 15 7 5 Interpreting Raw Temperature Data The Raw Temperatures need to be graphed using Sap Flow Tool software to detemine the pre pulse temperature and integrate the 60 to 100 second post pulse temperature The pulse will start 105 seconds into a pulse cycle event This allows 25 seconds for the amplifiers to stabilize and 80 seconds of recording the pre pulse temperature The 80 seconds Is required to accurately assess the temperature gradient between the stem and the reference junction At certain times of the day this gradient will be quite significant for example at sunnse This gradient Is required in order to calculate what the temperature at pulse plus 80 seconds would have been had there been no pulse This temperature is called the no pulse plus 80 temperature The pulse plus 80 seconds is the centre of the integration window for the pre pulse temperature Timings are made from the centre of the heat pulse so that vanations in pulse length will have negligible effect When doing manual calculations from raw data for the most accurate results the pulse length will need to be known and this can be obtained from the data file The temperature nse of each thermistor is the difference between the average temperat
199. olar panel connected to an extemal 12V battery with a solarregulatorto charge a SFM 1 Sap Flow Meter 38 9 2 Shared Power Supply for Multiple Instruments Unuscth aus lug UsThave te pl re 5 Ny cap nesa i r entering AW the device gr NI MTA Power can be daisy chained from either end of the device to connect power to other devices Extemal power options Extemal power can be connected radially from i san see mun dd 1 12V Solar panel only a central distribution 2 12V Solar panel and battery hub Altematively the 3 12V DC power supply extemal power can be connected directly to a single unit Extemal power source must be able to supply a minimum of 200mA per device connected to the bus Figure 9 Using the ICT Power Bus to daisy chain multiple intruments together to share a common extemal power supply 39 9 2 1 Sharing an Extemal 12V Battery and Solar Panel via Daisy Chaining The SAM1 Sap How Meter Is non polansed 3 Sh sh 2 ht on i J Ni me E Solar Regulator Figure 10 Solar panel connected to an extemal 12V battery with a solar regulator to charge multiple SFM 1 Sap Flow Meter s daisy chained together 40 10 Solar Panels The SFM1 is designed for long tem field deployments typically in remote locations The sophisticated power circuit of the instrument is intended to operate independently utilizing a standard 12
200. on device 22 Watt solar panel with 4m cable Solar Panel Post Mount suits SP22 Solar Panels 161 22 7 Appendix G 22 7 1 Glossary The definitions of these selected terms have been taken from the Penguin Dictionary of Bota ny 1984 Unless otherwise denoted Bark All the tissues collectively lying outside the vascular cambium in the stem and roots of plants showing secondary growth i e the primary and secondary phloem the cortex and the pendem The tem is also used in a more restricted sense to mean the tissue ansing to the outside of the phellogen i e the phellem when this is exposed by sloughing off of the epidemis The bark of different trees can be very distinctive and its characteristics are used to aid identification In some species the same phellogen Is active each year and a thick layer consisting solely of phellem is formed e g oak beech but in most species a new phellogen arises annually in the cortex below the bark thus consists of both phellem and dead cortex and is termed mytidome As the thickness of the bark increases the outer layers may either become fissured e g elm orbe shed as scales e g plane ornngs e g birch Cambium A lateral menstem found in vascular plants that exhibit secondary growth It gives nse to secondary tissues mostly by penclinical divisions of initial There are two cambia the vascularcambium and the phellogen cork cambium Comected sap velocity Vs Only a portion of x
201. ost processing Raw Needle Temperatures or Raw Heat Pulse NNN 92 WARNING 8 Entering values beyond the specific range of the input limits for each parameter will tum the data entry inside the boxes red to Show an erorhasbeen made smrnnnrnnnvrnnnvrnnvnnnns 93 WARNING 9 When preparing the bark surface it Is essential that the reference or datum point be equal for both measurement needles in the axial direction around the heater This is to ensure all measurement points are located at the same depth below the cambium and across the radial profile of the sapwood EEE eee ee etme mene enna nie See cee ea eres em ee 106 WARNING 10 If using a flat blade screw driver in the vertical onentation the screw dnver will merely split the fibres and not provide a true measure of where the bark phloem and cambium stop and the sapwood ENE emelie 107 WARNING 11 When screwing the corer into the tree Do NOT use force when starting the penetration It may cause damage to the corer and small chips may come out of the tip Gently guide the penetration with one hand and gently push and tum clockwise with the other hand at the centre of the borer handle Hold the corer handle steady When the initial 2 3 cm has been penetrated use both handsto tum the handle r rerernrrernvvrennvrrsnvenesnvnernvnsenvrnesnvenennesenn 109 WARNING 12 The increment borer should be removed from the tree immediately after the core has been extracted Only a few moments too long
202. ot be conected with sufficient certainty and these cases should probably be abandoned Examples of the effects of a large spacing emor on measurements the correction procedure and its results are shown in Figures 2A and 2B Vi em ho 124567 6 9 101112 13 1492 93 Day 27 Figure 4 A Example of an episode of reverse flow hourly means in a lateral root of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh erroneously measured by probes with a large spacing enor 0 2 cm Data on Days 92 and 93 were collected after the root was severed to stop flow and indicate the potential for ambient temperature fluctuations to disturo measurements in un insulated sensors The straight line shows the mean enoneous velocity ansing from a probe spacing eror B Example of corected data corresponding to Day 7 in Figure 2A derived with the protocols described in the text The middle seres isthe intermediate solution which assumes both downstream and upstream probes contnbuted to the spacing enor whereas the other two seres assume that only probe x1 or x2 was inconectly spaced 6 4 Conecton for wounding Installing sensors in xylem tissue causes substantial mechanical damage In addition to the interuption of flow pathways by the insertion of the probes intact vessels may become occluded asthe plant responds to wounding by forming tyloses Barrett et al 1995 The resulting region of non conducting wood around the site of probe insertion affects measurement of V
203. ous unattended logging applications Each instrument has an intemal 4 2 V 1 000 mA lithium polymer rechargeable battery The microprocessor isa sophisticated low power chip and the instrument operates between 4 2 V to 3 65 V using on average only 3 5 mA in idle state An integrated voltage inverter provides the 12 V supply required to fire the measurement Heat Pulse at the required energy level in J oulesas configured by the operator in the SFM 1 software At the heart of the instrument is a very sophisticated charging circuit that features a non polansed two wire power bus This eliminates the chance of damaging the electronics by inconmect winng of the postive and negative terminals from an extemal power supply A purpose designed and built intemal charging regulator regulates supplied voltages between 4 30 V DC preventing overcharging of the intemal battery to ensure a long service life NOTE 12 ICT recommends the use of 12V DC main powered supplies as they are readily available and minimise power loss through regulation thus maximising power efficiency 8 1 Power Requirements All power inputs and requirements are monitored controlled and logged by the SFM1 insttument Using a sophisticated power supply circuit under microprocessor control the SFM1 uses very little power 8 1 1 Idle State Power C onsumption In the idle state between heat pulses the current consumption IS only 25mA continuous Dunng a measurement cycle this nses
204. ous operation The SPPM can also be attached to a branch of the tree within the canopy to securely install the solarpanelata preferred angle within a well lit portion of the canopy Photo 10 SPPM Solar Panel Post Mount used on the branch ofa tree 44 10 4C onnec tion of Solar Panel to the SM1 The solar panel connects directly into the power bus ports of the SFM1 No regulator is required The first step in connection of a panel isto strip the wires to the required length Remove the outer sheath of the cable from the panel to a length of 100mm Then stnp the individual conductors wires and expose the bare copper wiresto a length of approx 20mm Photo 11 Solar panel cable with the insulating sheaths stripped back to expose the required wire lengths for correct installation in the SFM1 WARNING 5 If connecting up the solar panel outdoors in sunlight do not short touch the positive and negative wires together asthis will damage the solar panel Remove both power bus plugs from one end the SFM1 and loosen or unscrew the locking caps as shown below A second set of plugsare located at the opposite end of the SFM1 so that multiple sap flow meters can be connected together in a daisy chain fashion running from one solar panel Photo 12 inserting the prepared stnpped solar panel cable into the power bus plugs at one end of the SFM 1 45 Insert the wires through the bus plugs taking care to firstly fit the lo
205. out depending on COM s activity between the two boards both LEDs will tum off indicating that the unit has entered a low power state 14 1 1 4 Instument Running Every 10 seconds the green LED will blink fora short amount of time This indicates the board has powered on and is looking for a RF signal generally a wake up signal If a signal is received it will stay on for a little longer to see if the messages are wake up messages or messages specifically for that unit If so the Green LED will stay on for another 30s5 1minute 14 2USB Communication LED s The second and smaller set of LED s are connected to the USB communications port They are located inside the communication port and are not visible if the communications port IS closed The USB LEDs tell you activity on the COM s lines when a USB cable is connected or wireless COM s via the MCC1 Radio Modem 14 2 1 Red LED Usually indicates data received If the red LED is blinking occasionally and green one isn t that meansthat the software Is trying to communicate with the board which for some reason isnt responding 14 2 2 Green LED Usually indicates data sent 64 14 3Device Amware When using the Device Fimware Update software otherwise known asa Boot Strap Loader or BSL to update the application board the Red LED will continuously blink regardless of what battery charging isdoing The board should not be powered down while the Red LED Is blinking because it will
206. ow that Is has broken into thirds with Instrument Information amp Measurement Control the Dialogue Box and the data section which is partitioned with specific tabs for SFM measurement data Corrections inputs Reports SD Card accessand PC Logging configuration tabs PCT SFM File Commands Help Instrument Information Hame Eucky Dwarf leucoxylon Ls Comment Tamworth Northern Aspect Update sensor information SDCARD SD OK Download Data Serial Humber SFM1 BOL APP Ver i COM Ver P221 External Supply Solar Power Supply 14 04 te JEMA Internal Battery tay Status charge set 200m4 Measurement Control Measurement Mode 10 min ve Reporting option WY Stat Measurement Fire Pulse SSeS hE moss TE MaE Update measurement options Seen p NEEDLES ARE IN AIR SEL r Connect to SPM Disconnect From SFM Power Baw SEM SFM Corrections Reports SD Card PC Logging Outer Thermistor Inner Thermistor Downstream Probe deg C deg C Outer Thermistor Inner Thermistor Upstream Probe 27 298 deg E 26 787 deg E Measurement Status Taking Needle Temperatures Pulse Energy 20 Joule pulse w Update pulse energy Copy tb C poar Connected to ICT SFM Batt 4 18 v 40 20 Port OMe Device Date 3110 2012 Device Time 24hr 09 20 Figure 37 The main SFM software Window for configuring and operating the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter 66 In brief config
207. p to 16GB can be used if required All SD card memory formats are supported including SD SDHC and SDXC The memory capacity of the standard 2GB MicroSD card is approximately 443 years for the pnmary CSV data file when all parameters are logged at a 10 minute temporal interval the maximum frequency 5 3 8 Communication Communication is via a direct USB cable interface to a computer running a Windows OS No RS232 senal to USB adapters are required Altematively every instrument includes a 2 4 GHz transceiver for wireless two way communication This feature is standard in all SFM1 instruments manufactured after Apnl 2012 and does not require activation or upgrading of the instrument Wireless Communications up to a distance of 250 m line of sight is achieved when used with an MCC1 radio modem 5 3 9 Software amp Amware Software and fimware updates are automatically available via the ICT web ste htto www ictinternational com support software Every time you connect to the instrument using the SFM software within intemet access the web site is automatically checked for possible updates If a software update or a firmware update for either the application or genenc boards is available you are given the option to download and install the update Firmware within the microprocessor of the instrument is updated via the USB Boot Strap Loading function The process takes less than 10 minutes and ensures your system is updated with the latest funct
208. penment was performed on two different species Callitns glaucophylla and Eucalyptus blakelyi with different water use rates and sap wood thic knesses 19 6 1 1 Callitns glauc ophylla Species Callitns glaucophylla Sensor installation aspect West South West Diameter 11 3cm Bark thic kness 6 mm Sapwood thickness 25 mm Heartwood Thickness 20 mm Wounding 0mm radius Density Thermal Diffusivity Approx Average night time off set Raw Heat Pulse velocities before Cutting Raw Heat Pulse Velocity after cutting Photo 47 Cut Stem Callitns glaucophylla a ga i Inner 1 88cm hr Outer 1 32 cm hr Inner 20 53 cmhri Outer 24 94 cm hr Inner 0 54cm hr Outer 0 49 cm hr a E a ki w gt TA T T F a a a Ge 9 142 Sap Flow was measured for 10 days to provide a stable diumal sap flow data set prior to severing the stem Subsequent to cutting the stem the zero flow of 0 49 cm hr on outer and 0 54 cm hr on inner was reached within 30 minutes of cutting These values are within the stated accuracy of the instrument suggesting the installation was symmetncal Now with this confirmation the proceeding 10 days of data can be interpreted It shows that the initial days recorded were in fact going to zero at night and subsequent to this period when the data wasnot reaching zero at night that the tree wasin fact using water at night It cannot be confirmed from this data if that
209. r movement occured and changed within the tree In addition to thisa simultaneous sap velocity profile graph can be ovenaid on the sap velocity data to charactenze the radial gradient of water movement from the outside of the tree in the actively conducting xylem as it water conducting capacity degrades asthe xylem ages towards the sap wood heartwood interface at which point the heartwood ceasesto be functional in conducting water The diumal changescan be used to understand changes in access to water The combined interpretation of the velocity at which water moves through the tree at different times throughout the day and where the water is coming from radially within the tree allows powerful interpretations about plant water stress Sap velocity 0 75 cm outer 2 25 cm inner Sap velocity cm h LLL 1 00 00 AM 6 03 2009 7 00 00 AM oa N cy oO t 27 02 2009 1 00 00 AM 1 03 2009 1 00 00 PM 7 00 00 PM 6 03 2009 1 00 00 PM Sap 28 02 2009 7 00 00 AM lt elocity radial profile P 1 03 2009 3 00 00 PM Velocity cm hh Depth cm Figure 109 the combined analysis of sap velocity simultaneously ovenaid with radial profile of sap velocity 139 19 3Volumetic Sap How The Sap Flow Rate isa corected volumetnc rate at which water moves through the plant It displaysthe volume of water used by the plant at any given time throughout the diumal pattem The sap flow rate also e
210. r proofing isachieved through a unique physically separated but electncally linked dual chamber enclosure design This ensures that the intemal circuitry and battery can be electncally linked and charged from an extemal power supply without providing any physical pathway for water ingress For this reason it Is important not to open the enclosure because opening the enclosure will void the waranty and water proofing guarantee NOTE 8 There isno reason to open the enclosure as ICT have provided water proofed access to all necessary interfaces of the instrument such as USB communication port Micro SD card and power switch Waming 3 Water proofing cannot be achieved if the communication port cover IS left unscrewed Water entry via this port WILL cause damage and is not covered under waranty 5 3 2 Power Management The instrument has its own intemal 4 2V 1 000 mA lithium polymer battery It features a non polansed power circuit intemal voltage regulation a voltage inverter to invert from 4V to 12V to drive the Heat Pulse and optical isolation and lightening protection 5 3 3 Extemal power Extemal power can be supplied with a DC voltage supply from either a 22 W solar panel or mains powered 12V DC plug pack see Powenng Charging the Instrument for specific details and charging options 5 3 4 Tools No custom tools are required for the connection of power supply or instruments Extemal power Is inserted through the non polansed power bu
211. re 111 Cumulated sap flow volume providesteh plant daily water use asit isan automated integration of the area underthe Sap Flow rate curve 140 19 5Environmental Sap How Analysis Sap Flow is extremely powerful in understanding the complex intenelationship between a plant and the environment A Tree or plant is the ultimate transducer It synthesizes and integrates all of the abiotic varia bles of the surrounding environment that are acting upon It and provides a single measurable output that reveals how these inputs have affected its growth The continuous nondestructive high temporal diumal sap flow trace can be considered analogous to the Electrocardiogram ECG of a human heart As extemal stimuli are imposed on the body or the tree in this case the sap flow rate will increase or decrease much like an Electro Xylem gram EXG As light increases given all other parameters remain the same and water reserves are adequate to meet supply so too will the rate of sap flow of the tree As Light decreases so too will the sap flow because the driving force or demand to exchange water for CO2 to perfom the process of photosynthesis Is decreased Because of this intimate interelationship between the plant and its environment sap flow must be interpreted not insolation but in concert with meteorological and environmental parameters to be able to isolate and determine both the cause and effect of the changesin the growth of the tree This detail
212. re easily fixed and furthermore the data collected isnot erroneous other than being inverted also easy to fix as long as the user knows which way is up particularly when WOKING WIIN TOOLI RE EEE none ene ne erent an ae eres 152 Figure 124 Example of a Radial Sap Velocity profile and how the positions of the SFM1 Needle TENESTE ner En ete nD et on Ne tent enon Nr Re ee eo 153 Figure 125 Generalised structure of a tree stem showing onentation of major tissues outer bark inner bark i e phloem cambium sapwood i e xylem and heartwood Kramer amp Kozlowski TOO EE EN aint 165 Figure 126 Show Thermistor Calibration function in the SFM tab wisiacsssssascadsdssneceavessionskencxvnnceteniserliestvinmeusawwanunes 166 Figure 127 Hide Thermistor Calibration function in the SFM tab nasurmremeikneseemmrnameeaeniersineseninimida 167 Figure 128 Accessing the Web Update options from the SFM 1 Software rmrsrranvrrnvrrnvrrnvrrsnrrsnvrnnnnn 168 Figure 129 The Default Web Update Options settings mrrnrrannvrnnnrrnnvennnvrnnnrrnnrennnrnnnnrsnnnesnnrennnrsnnnssnnnene 169 Figure 130 Manual check for Web updates when the SFM1 isnot connected to the software 169 Figure 131 SFM Software feedback when perfoming a web update when the SFM1 is not c nnected FOSS RE EE EE onemeaebe eauamecaresvaiaearvennraenents 170 Figure 132 SFM Software feedback upon perfoming a web update when the SFM1 Is eh 170 Figure 133 Low rate of trickle charging intemalbat
213. recommended that you watch the small stems installation before working with small stem installations for the first time 119 Photo 39 installing insulation conduit on exposed needles extending beyond the dia meter of the stem left and applying additional foam insulation nght 16 12Uninstall SFM 1 needlesare relatively easy to remove The key isto be gentle and slow the same as with installation Begin by grasping the hubs of all three needles and tuming them ina block about a quarter tum anticlockwise then a tum clockwise You should hear and feel a cracking sound as the stainless steel needles break the gummy bond with the sapwood Remove each needle individually Place your left hand index knuckle against the stem to brace asa pivot point and your right hand asa guide on the cable The right hand will not and should not apply any pulling force asthiscould damage the needles If the needles are especially tight you may need to use an additional lever such asa flat bade screw dnver If this is required it must be used very carefully and only in short distances Attempting to lever the needle out in a single pass with a screw driver WILL bend and most probably break the needle 16 12 1 Needle Removal Begin by using a small lever or flat screw driver inserted against the edge of the epoxy base of the sensor to gently pnse the needle back from the edge of the tree If bark or Cambium remain in place around the needles this can now be s
214. rectly from any computers USB port 49 196 NOTE 28 the bung consists of two parts a the bung which is the knurled large portion and b the smaller Gore Tex cap You must unscrew the whole bung by tuming the larger knurled portion of the bung otherwise you will not gain full accessto the communications port 49 NOTE 29 in most cases the user should be able to use their finger to reach inside the Communications access port The point of the finger can rest gently on the USB port allowing the fingemail to rock forward and depress the switch VERY UTILE force is required to depress the power switch If you find this technique difficult you can use a small flat blade screw driver ortweezers supplied by ICTto gently depress the sSwItch rrrrnnnrrnnrrrnnrnrnnronnnrrnnvnrnnvernnrennnnnnnnnsnnvnnnnne 49 NOTE 30 The SFM1 can also be automatically powered up by connecting itto a 12V DC power supply This can either be in the form of a 12V DC mains power plug pack a solar panel solar panel amp 12V battery direct to the instrument or through a shared power distnbution system in which a large solar panel and battery provide power through a distnbuted wired network to any or all instruments connected see Powering Charging the Instrument eessen 50 NOTE 31 Whilst the SFM1 is connected to extemal 12V power it cannot be tumed off either by using the manual power switch orthe software function Pressing and holding the power switch wi
215. ring devices within range rsrrnnnrnnnrrrnnvrrnnvrnnnrennnnnn 60 Figure 31 RF Device Chooser Window Search for more Devices rnnsrrsnrrnnrranvennvrnnvvnnversnrrrnvrnnvennnenns 60 Figure 32 RF Device Chooser Window displaying the devices within range that have been COV EE EE NE NE sesso 61 Figure 33 RF Device Chooser Window Save Groups OptlOnh rmrnnrernnrennnvnnnnrsnnrernnrennnrnnnnrsnnrnsnnresnnsene 61 Figure 34 Device Discovery Merge or Clear Discovery Search Option Window rrrrrrnnrnnnnvrnnvrrnnrnnn 62 Figure 35 Establishing RF Link wirelessly via the MCC1 Radio Frequency modem r mrsrrrvrrrvrrrnven 62 Figure 36 Connecting to an SFM 1 Wirelessly via the MCC1 Radio Frequency modem 63 Figure 37 The main SFM software Window for configunng and operating the SFM1 Sap Flow ee 66 Figure 38 Instrument Information panel of the SFM Software m s mmmrrresvrrervrrorerrnrerrrrrsnrrrnrrrrnrernnrenn 67 Figure 39 SD Card Status amp Download IE ON syeosisccessennsssycontntonrervenessantsdentanncsaenersinedatnoaenometverdeniatwanenniees 68 Figure 40 SD Card Status amp Download ICOM vrcssdivsinscctrseratacicine tedoacusorrisessinendinanendaparetninetiaentans anions 68 Figure 41 Microsoft Windows Right Click Menu for Formatting a Drive srnnnrrnnnrrnnrrrnnvoronrrnnnvrnnnrennrnn 69 He 42 Sanal NUMDer Field vhs 70 Figure 43 Individual Seral Number Toggle ICON rnrrnnnrrnnronnnrrnnnvrnnnrsnnresnnresnnrennnvnnnnrs
216. ring the watercolumn Of the tree oo cc csssecsseessssesseeesseesseeesseesseesssaesseesseeess 144 Figure 115 steady absolute Zero Flow state reached after complete sevenng of xylem of Callitris 0 LE 18 ae 6 1 EEE EE EE EN 144 Figure 116 10 days of stable sap flow data for Eucalyptus bla kelyi prior to severing the stem 147 Figure 117 the immediate cessation of sap flow for Eucalyptus bla kelyi upon cavitation caused by severng the Water COUMN ofthe EE wiz ssesicscsscsacysenepscincevenseneseaseveaiezinss sansysanansieiensaeneaneaieeoneans 147 Figure 118 absolute Zero Flow state reached after complete sevenng of xylem of Eucalyptus blakelyi Note the negative spike immedaitely after severing as the values come to equilinum TOMWOING the next measurement sc lt serecadnencssmeconcvesnsegeiasneaeeeserdetanteneaqeaaiousvatnatootecdsascenauaebaspnieatassoavartientantaens 148 Figure 119 shows a typical diumal heat pulse velocity pattem of a Eucalyptus camaldulensis with very clean HRM data with no obvious problems with needles well in conducting sapwood overa penod of 1 week Zero flows are expenenced at night time with fluctuating peaks throughout the day in response to changing light conditions and evaporative demand In this example the effect of a rainfall event on sap flow can be clearly SC N cece 150 Figure 120 Data from probes installed in wood with poor hydraulic conductance This is typically what you might see if these TC junction
217. rly demonstrate a Charactenstic diumal sap flow pattem however the values will all be negative This problem is easily fixed by reinserting the needles in the correctly labelled onentation rrmrrrnrrrrnrrrernrerrnvenen 19 NOTE 7 Additional configuration information must be known and entered into the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter in order to accurately measure corected sap velocity Vs and sap flow directly Sed dd FE 20 NOTE 8 There isno reason to open the enclosure as ICThave provided water proofed access to all necessary interfaces of the instrument such as USB communication port Micro SD card and INO ce csccccssccenscucnscusstecsnceenscesnscusssecsetecsacecnsessnseussecsaseenseeenseususessatecsaceenacecnseususecsansaceenseesusessanecsacensas 22 NOTE 9 When updating firmware be sure that both the instrument and your laptop are on charge before attempting and dunng the update Any loss of power will cause the conuption and terminal damage to the instruments Microprocessor The instrument will not allow a fimware update unless the intemal battery voltage of the instrument is above 3 8V 00 23 NOTE 10 Whilst the instrument can operate at these extreme temperatures 80 C to 40 C it is PP 23 NOTE 11 The expected heat pulse velocities of the majonty of plant species in most environments will be in the range of lt 60 cm hr for conventional or acropetal flow and no greater 5 to 10 cm hr reverse orbaspetalflow rmrrnrrr
218. rnnnnnnrrrrrnnnnrrrrrrnnnsrrrrrrnnnsrerrrrnnssesrrnnrnnnsssene 47 Instrument Set up and Configuration needed 47 SFM UnU NN 47 DAO EEE EE 47 Microsoft Operating System Minimum Requirements rrrrrrrorrrrnvrrrnvrrrrvrrrrnvrrrnvrennvrsnn 47 Tuming the Instrument On and OE EE 49 Tane FME O ea ee eee ee ee 49 WNE SMEO T hj 51 COMMUNICATIONS EE NN 52 OMNIS Cr TO the as 110180 a AEE EEE 52 The opening Splash Screen displays the following rrrrrrrrrrrrnrrrrnvrrrrnrrrenvrrnnvrrnnvrennnren 52 A status bar along the bottom of the wINdoW rarrnrrronnrronvrrnrnverenvrrennrennnrernnrerennrsennrern 52 BRT NN 53 Ve 10 OE ee eee S 53 PE 54 ME NNN 56 MOLINA 58 Fine nner ee Rr nn oP ae a ee ere ee eee 58 Be DEVIC O Says a a EE EEA A a 58 FN 59 RED COVEI EE EN NE E 59 RF Device Wake Up Routine i issenssvsiencscasoncwssnacatincwadenerswinenaieckstenoauadeanaceitonewtalatensoneeelgceserncveareess 60 RF Search Tor more DEVi onan ne een mr ne eee en E 60 Saving Discovered Devicesasa Group mmmmmmrmmssrrssresssrresnresenvrsennresnnvnssnvesennnsennresenvesensene 61 Adding DEVICESTO Saved GIOUD sicssiccccssccesnesnasetanesdeiisnstndndseisensnbandiebeeeuetensttintsdecsdichaueanenss 62 Connecting to a Device via RF oircseereeecestececisneserees ves aueascneaeacte tient seociyaenannaeereveninns 62 LED NE 64 FVT Go ccs ccs pecs E A A a uaiessn as 64 LED Flash Sequence EIN accesses casera cee sa over tagetnacapesentaageenocnsaeeieeanenesesaesist 64
219. rough one of the needle positions rrrnrrrrnvrrnvvennvrrnnrrrr 101 Photo 21 Diameter tape calibrated Diameter on one side left and circumference on the other 51 ME EEE EE ETE EN 104 Photo 22 measunng stem Diameter at Breast Height Over Bark DBHOB using a diameter tape EE EE A EE EE TE 105 Photo 23 Bark Depth Gauge left and using a Bark Depth gauge to determine bark thickness ML 106 Photo 24 using a flat blade screw driverto measure bark thickness r rrrrvrrrvrrrrvrrrrrrrrrrrrenvrrennne 107 Photo 25 stem cross sections of two different tree species Eucalyptus sideroxylon left and Callitns glaucophylla right illustrating the vanability of sap wood and bark thickness This varia bility between species highlights the importance of knowing the thickness of both bark and Sapwood so that the radial measurement points of the SFM1 needles can be postioned in Waterconduc ting USUE NN 107 Photo 26 gently guiding the conng tool atthe start ofa sap wood core on tree aese 108 Photo 27 withdrawing the intact sapwood core using the extractor Sleeve essercene 109 Photo 28 applying the indicator dye Methyl Orange using a pipette rmmrrnrrnrrrrorrrnvrrrnvrrrnvrrnnrennnne 109 Photo 29 measure the sap wood thickness as identified by the distinct colour difference between sapwood and heartwood using a stof callipers smrrnvvraarvrrrrrrrrrnvrrrnrrrnnrersvrernvrrrnvnnnnn 110 Photo 30 a destructive empirical measure of a transverse
220. rs are logged in engineenng units of C to allow researchers to manually apply any and all corections to the data and or process the data using either the HRM or HRMx algonthm Because no processing of the data is done at the time of collection the raw data can be reprocessed at any time without bias or limitation This provides researchers the opportunity to revisit reprocess and reinterpret old data sets in the future astheir understanding of plant physiological response developsor thinking changes 5 2 2 Heat Pulse Velocity Raw Heat Pulse Velocity isa semi processed fom of data in that a default value of thermal diffusivity is applied to the data to calculate the Heat Pulse Velocity It does not include any corrections for asymmetry or wounding The data is a relative measure of how the heat supplied to the stem moves through the woody matnx in response to environmental stimuli such as solar radiation and VPD It cannot be used to quantify absolute sap velocity for the specific plant being measured 5 2 3 Comnected Sap Velocity Corected Sap Velocity is a fully processed value that has had corections made for the specific thermal diffusivity of the plant being measured wounding corrections made for the resoonse of the plant caused by the insertion of the measurement needle and any possible asymmetry or divergence of the needles from the theoretical geometry required for the application of the Heat Ratio Method algonthm This parameter whilst po
221. rsa These problems are easily fixed and furthermore the data collected is not eroneous other than being inverted also easy to fix aslong asthe user knows which way is up particula dy when working with roots 152 21 Frequently Asked Questions FAQ s 1 Will sap resin or latex exuded by the tree damage the measurement needles Answer NO The needles completely sealed with a soldered tip and are made from a surgical grade Stainless Steel Sap resin amp latex this will not damage the needles 2 How do you tum off one of the measurement points along the needle Answer The SFM1 is designed to provide two points of measurement radially across the sapwood by using two themistor pairs Either the Inner or the Outer Measurement point can be deselected or tumed off in the SD Logging options in the SFM 1 Software 3 What does it mean if the value of the Outer measurement point Is greater than the Inner measurement point Answer This is typically what you would expect to find in a correctly functioning SFM1 Sap Flow Meter installed in a healthy plant Sap flow is not uniform across the sapwood A redial gradient exists where sap flow is often highest on the outside of the stem in the young sapwood and generally decreases to zero asit reachesthe heartwood Radial Sap Velocity Gradient Sap Velocity cm hr 0 5 0 6 0 3 0 5 H Radial distance from edge of tree mm Figure 124 Example of a Radial Sap Velocity profile and how the posi
222. s In specific terms ICT Intemational does not guarantee the following e Incorrect use or inability to use any supplied equipment e Mechanical damage of equipment e Heater filament failure bumout due to prolonged gt 3 seconds heating or due to end of natural lifesoan beyond the 3 month guarantee penod e Corrosion or failure of thermocouples within probes or wires within cables due to repeated mechanical stress natural wearand tear e Accuracy of data e Correct analysis interpretation or extrapolation of data e Accidental loss of data e Any personal injury or damage to plants field sites electronic equipment or any other equipment associated with the use of the SFM1 Sap Flow Meters 158 22 4Appendix D 22 4 1 Equipment C hec klist 22 4 1 1 Recommended Instrumentation SFM1 Sap Flow Meter SFM SK1 Installation Kit SFT1 Sap Flow Tool Software MCC1 Wireless Radio Modem MCC2G Remote Data Access Hub for Data to Web Access via GSM SP22 22 W Solar Panel SPPM Solar Panel Post Mount SFM TB Test Block Dremel Cordless dnil Bark Depth Gauge Diameter Tape graduated in both diameter amp circumference Conng Tool Methyl Orange Indicator SFM IK2 Heat Ratio Sensor Installation Kit 2 includes Dremel Dnill SFM IK3 Heat Ratio Sensor Installation Kit 3 includes stem corer bark depth gauge diametertape methyl orange 22 4 1 2 Ancillary tems recommended for sap flow installations Leatherman
223. s cm between the heater and the downstream and upstream temperature probes respectively we use these terms as they apply in the case when water flows from soil to leaves A negative value is assigned to x2 because it Is located on the opposite side of the heater to x1 HRM Heat Ratio Method The HRM measures the ratio of the increase in temperature following the release of a pulse of heat at points equidistant downstream and upstream from a line heater Heat pulse velocity is calculated as Marshall 1958 Vh ln v1 v2 3600 Equation 2 where k is thermal diffusivity of green fresh wood x is distance cm between the heater and either temperature probe and v1 and v2 are increases in temperature from initial temperatures at equidistant points downstream and upstream respectively x cm from the heater The probe postions relative to the heater used with the HRM are 0 6 and 0 6 cm hence x 0 6 cm Thermal diffusivity k is assigned a nominal value of 2 5 x 10 3 cm2 s 1 Marshall 1958 and this value Is further resolved once sapwood properties have been measured see below 25 6 2 Influence of measurement time Marshall 1958 stated that the v1 v2 ratio remains constant with time rendering the time of measurement unimportant however Marshalls 1958 description did not account for departures from the ideal state that can anse from two sources First pattems of heat transfer are altered by blocking of and damage to xyle
224. s adequate time for the heat to move through the system and assuch isthe minimum recommended logging interval Shorter logging intervals such as 3 4 5 and 6 minutes are possible However anything below 10 minutes is purely for academic research and testing purposes and not recommended for configurations of the Sap Flow Meter intended for field deployment Other typical logging intervals such as 15 minutes 20 30 and 60 minutes are available from the drop down box In the majonty of cases these intervals are well matched to the speed at which plants change in response to environmental conditions and therefore provide sufficient detail on plant function Measurement Control Measurement Contral Measurement Mode Measurement Made Reporting option Start Measurement z Fire Pulse 15 min DF 30 min TL NEEDLES ARE IN AIR a co z 3 k l Figure 60 The Measurement Mode isa drop down menu that hasa selection of preformatted logging Intervals 15 5 1 1 Manual The Manual mode allows the user control over the initiation of a pulse and measurement using the Start Measurement Fire Pulse button This can be useful for testing or calibration purposes in the laboratory because measurements can be launched to coordinate with other tests or observations With the SFM1 in Manual mode the software will display all stages of the Heat Ratio Method measurement protocol on screen as they are performed It is typically used to perfom 1
225. s of any extemal power source that may be connected A Super Capacitor integral to the heater circuit buffers the instantaneous current draw on the battery to maximise the longevity of the battery 8 2 Extemal Power Supply Options When the SFM1 is connected to an extemal power supply the instrument Is powered directly from this power source bypassing the intemal battery except for the heat pulse The measurement Heat Pulse is always supplied directly from the intemal battery this is to ensure continuity of supply from a regulated stable power source for the very high instantaneous Current required for the heat pulse The intemal 4 V lithium battery of the SFM1 Is tnckle charged ata very low rate by the extemal power supply to maintain its full charge 8 2 1 Extemal Battery Only Power Supply It is possible to operate the SFM1 at houny logging intervals on 20 J oule pulses for approx 24 hours using only the instruments own intemal battery Whilst convenient this is of minimal practical use for long tem field deployments A small 7 Ah extemal battery can operate the SFM1 at 10 minute temporal logging and 20 Joule pulses for up to seven 7 days before needing to be recharged or exchanged fora fully charged extemal battery see Appendix SFM 1 Extemal Battery Operation Test without Solar Panel NOTE 15 The SFM1 can operate for up to 24 hours using its own intemal battery This providesa unique advantage in that extemal power suppliescan be disconn
226. s ports of the instrument utilising a unique bare wire push fit connection mechanism see Individual Power Supply Connections for details The needles of the SFM1 are pemanently fixed to the instrument with a custom water proofing gland and should only be removed for repair by a qualified technician 5 3 5 Power Fail Safe Mode In the event that power is lost due to insufficient solar radiation levels such as extended monsoonal cloudy conditions the logger will enter a hibemation mode much like a laptop As soon asthe intemal battery Is recharged the instrument will reactivate and recommence logging at the preconfigured intervals without human intervention Data will not have been recorded for the penod that the system was in hibemation but no data collected pnor to hibemation will be lost It is permanently stored in non volatile memory on the MicroSD card 22 5 3 6 Lightning Protection Lightning protection Is achieved through the design of optical isolation physical intenrupts and baniers into the circuit boards of the instrument These prevent electrical discharge from lightning running throughout the circuit and destroying the instrument This Is an important protection feature against electrical discharge but it will not prevent damage and complete destruction from a direct lightning strike on the instrument Nothing can 5 3 Data Storage amp Memory Data is stored to a 2GB MicroSD card standard Larger capacity Micro SD cards u
227. s were located in non conducting heartwood or Cambium bark tissue There is only a very sight diumal pattem of heat pulse velocity HPV Note also that minimum HPV is very well aligned with the zero line indicating that probe alignment in this example was quite good assuming there was next to zero sap flow at this MEN 150 Figure 121 Data from a sensor that had developed a significant wound around the dnill holes followed by data obtained from the same probe set after it was re installed nearby on the Same stem Note how wounding has severely reduced the magnitude of HPV measurements and dampened the diumal pattem compared to the true measurements from the fresh NTN rn 151 191 Figure 122 Data from a sensor that has been poorly installed such that one or more probes IS badly out of alignment resulting in an elevated or decreased baseline during periods of zero or near zero sap flow The HRM hasa provision to conmect for bad probe spacing but only to a certain extent see Burgess et al 2001 Nominally probe spacing errors leading to baselines gt 5 or lt 5 cm hr1 cannot be conected and reinstallation is necessary such as in the case 5 EEE EEE NERE 151 Figure 123 Example of HRM30 probes installed upside down The diumal pattem Is conect except the values are negative The upside down pattem is observed when the downstream temperature probe black wire is installed in the upstream postion in the plant and vice versa These problems a
228. screpancies where SFM1 differed in their clock settings the result may require tedious post processing to cornect the time stamps on data seres or worse the inability to interpret the data conectly smrnorrnrrernrronrrrnsrrrnnrrnnnrennrrnnnnrnnr 81 NOTE 53 It is not recommended to assume that the plant will NOT use water at night Noctumal Transpiration can contribute a significant proportion of a plants daily water use A decision on whether to employee this option and when to employee this option must be made based on an empincal data set of measurements recorded over at least one week s duration of full I PEER ENE EEE 81 NOTE 54 when perfoming any measurement either Manual or in automated logging mode access to the SD card Is prohibited This is noticeable when connected to the software as all icons on the SD Card tab are greyed out and inactive throughout the duration of the measurement whilst data is actively being written to the Micro SD Card Upon completion of the measurement the ICONS ALE reactivated rmmmmrnvrrrsnrrrorrrrrrnrrnernrrrrnvnrennrenenrrensnrnsnnnresnvesennvesenvrsennsene 82 198 NOTE 55 The real time clock and crystal used in the Sap Flow Meter is accurate to approximately two minutes per month or better at a constant temperature of 25 C This can change depending upon the thermal extremes experienced by the SFM1 in the field as colder temperatures can cause the clock to run slower and hotter temperature to r
229. se the power burden on the 7 Ah battery whilst using the minimum recommended configuration forthe SFM1 being a 10 minute Sampling interval at 20 oule heat pulses 173 To ensure a thorough test a new 7 0 Ah Lead Acid rechargeable battery was purchased and placed on charge forthe recommended 12 hour penod pnorto use This was done to ensure the battery wasat full capacity pnorto commencing the test The battery was removed from charge and independently measured with a voltmeter to venfy the starting voltage The starting voltage immediately measured after removal from charge was 13 67 V This voltage steadily decreased until it stabilised at approx 13 V as measured with the voltmeter priorto connection to the SFM 1 mn This value of approx 13 V was confimed by the SFM1 immediately upon connection to the instruments intemal power circ ult The voltage of the extemal 7 Ah battery was measured continuously using the intemal voltmeter function of the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter The data was analysed using the SFT Sap Flow Tool software The results of the test are displayed below Photo 56 Century PS Series Model 1270 Sealed Lead Acid Battery 12V 7 Ah used in Trial Results The Blue line as referenced in the legend displayed on the 1 Y Axis on the left hand side of the graph Figure 135 isthe continuously measured extemal battery voltage of the 12 V 7 Ah Lead Acid rechargeable battery Note prior to commencing the extemal battery test t
230. sical display Finally the Senal Number is displayed on screen in the SFM software upon connection I cis siiasnissashaiia ceisWense ung wet aigouicalo an aatiotieso dnd cawesis dahlia bean bs ianle Ww ehbtnguii da nado gildwak danlostaddcaspdmitesueat 124 NOTE 87 when the SFM1 is configured in Needle Temperature mode logging Raw Temperature data the data storage capacity will vary depending upon the sampling frequency and duration of each measurement after the Neal pulse rmrrnrronnrrnnnrrnnronnnrrnnnrrnnrrnnnvennnrrnnnnrnnnennnvennnnsnnr 126 NOTE 88 The automated Pop up prompt to Delete Rename The data file after downloading can be deactivated by deselecting the Show this Dialog aftereach download check box 128 NOTE 89 An emor message is displayed in the dialogue box if no data file is selected before ee ee 130 NOTE 90 The ability to remove the MicroSD card from the instrument means data can be manually downloaded from the instrument without the requirement of a laptop in the field The MicroSD card can simply be removed from the Instrument and exchanged with a new MicroSD card inserted in its place The SFM1 automatically generates a new data file and continues 201 logging uninterupted while the data is retumed to the office for download from the original 0 REE EE NE EN aasaraenes 133 NOTE 91 deleting a file from the MicroSD card will not cause any problems for the SFM1 If an SD card is inserted into an instrument and a data fil
231. snnnesnnnesnanssnnnsnnnnsnnnesnnnennnnsnnn 52 Figure 16 Device Selection WING OW Luma okei main 53 Figure 17 Device Selection Window searching forthe connected device m mmrrnvmsvrsvrrvrrrrrrvern 53 Figure 18 Device Selection Window reporting the device that wasfound connected 54 Figure 19 SFM 1 Splash Screen while connecting to the Instrument rmrrrrrrnrrnnrrrnnvrrnnvrrnnrrnnnrrnnrrrnnren 54 Figure 20 The SFM1 Graphical User Interface connected to an instrument srrrnvrrrnrrrnnvrrnnrrnnnvennnrnn 55 Figure 21 File amp Commands Drop Down Menu S smrsrerrrrrrnrensnrrnnvesnnvessnrennnnnnnnrsnnresnnressnrennnnnnnvesnnresnnsene 56 Figure 22 User Advice Message when attempting to connect to an SFM1 whilst connected to Me LA 56 Figure 23 the JE EEE gt EEE 56 Figure 24 the SFM Software Commands dropdown menu for disconnection from the SFM1 56 Figure 25 User Advice Message when disconnecting from the SFM1 when in Manual Mode 57 Figure 26 Device Selection Window Connection Type RF rarrnnnrrnnnnsnnvannarernnrennnvnnnnrsnnrnsnnresnnrennnssnnrsnn 58 Figure 27 Device Selection Window arnrnnrnrnnvennnrsnnresnaresnnvennnrrnnnrsnnvesnnrssnnnennnnsnnvesnnnssnnnsnnnnsnnnennnnennnnssnnssnns 58 Figure 28 RF Device Chooser WiNdOW vvs Seen 59 Figure 29 RF Device Chooser Window attempting to wake up devices within range 59 188 Figure 30 RF Device Chooser Window Discove
232. spiration that occurs from a water surface the same area as the leaf Transpiration rates are greatest when leaf cells are fully turgid and when the extemal relative humidity is low Water forms a film around the mesophyll cells and evaporates into the sub stomatal chamber from where it diffuses into the air The degree of opening of the stomata stomatal resistance is of prime importance in goveming the rate of water loss The width of the boundary layer at the leaf surface is also important In dry conditions transpiration can cause wilting and so the plant may develop features such as waxy cuticles to minimise the problem Xylem wood Vascular tissue whose pnncipal function is the upward translocation of water and solutes It is composed mainly of vessels tracheids fibre tracheids libnform fibres and parenchyma cells It should be noted however that all these cell tyoes may not be present in any one wood sample Wood anatomy is often very important taxonomically the presence or absence of the vanous cell types and their distnbution within the xylem being important diagnostic characters The xylem occurs in association with and usually intemal to the phloem 22 7 2 Acronyms CHPM Compensation Heat Pulse Method CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industnal Research Organisation DBHOB Diameter at Breast Height Over Bark HPV Heat Pulse Velocity HRM Heat Ratio Method ICRAF The Intemational Centre for Research in Agroforestry
233. ssible to log directly by the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter is best handled in SFT1 Sap Flow Tool software using either Raw Heat Pulse Velocity or Needle Temperature data Because many of the correction parameters required to determine sap velocity are only obtainable after the measurements have been made 5 2 4 Cormected Sap How Corrected Sap Flow isan absolute measure of the volumetnc mass flow of water through or within the plant Due to mechanisms such as hydraulic redistnbution by which plants cope with water or drought stress the measured sap flow may not be equal to total transpiration through the leaf It is calculated from the corected sap velocity by multiplying the sap wood from the annulus surrounding each themistor and summing them Again whilst possible to log directly by the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter it is best handled in SFT software 20 5 3 SM1 Sap How Meter The SFM1 Sap Flow Meterisa discrete standalone instrument that has been custom designed to specifically measure Sap Velocity and Sap Flow of plants That is to say each sensor is also a logger with signal processing and integrated power management It is quite a change in thinking from traditional analogue data loggers No longer is expenmental design limited by cable lengths due to cable resistance causing degradation of data signals with each individual sensor requinng cabling to supply raw analogue millivolt signals to a centralised analogue data logger By eliminating cables and d
234. st time 16 1Selecting a Measurement Tree Select a measurement tree or plant that is representative of the environment in which you are sampling Your experimental hypothesis will provide the necessary guidelines to determine this Additional considerations that should be considered providing they do not conflict with your expenmental goals are 1 Select a tree that is not obviously dead dying or that has sustained abnomal physiological trauma such as physical damage fire insect damage or poisoning 2 Consider partitioning the sample trees by sap wood area based on a de facto parameter of stem Diameter at Breast Height Over Bark DBHOB Break the trees into Size classes and measure sub samples of trees within these size classes 3 Avoid the impact of edge effect by measunng trees on the edge of a forest or clearing where ambient environmental conditions may be significantly different to those expenenced by the majonty of the other trees in the expenment 16 2Measure the Sem Diameter After selecting the trees that satisfy the limits of the expenmental protocol begin by measunng the stem diameter of each tree Measure all trees at the same point for comparison The convention used in forestry isto measure at 1 3m above the ground over the bark this is known as Diameter at Breast Height Over Bark DBHOB as this provides a well known reference forcompanson between expenments Use an inextensible steel or fiberglass diameter tape t
235. sue directly sunounding the needle Correction for this response is important to achieve accurate results Wound corection coefficients applicable to a range of wound sizes have been generated using numencal models which allow accurate corrections to be made If the wound size ora characteristic wound size for the sample species is known the comesponding wound correction coefficient can be entered into the SFM1 at the time of installation amp set up This will enable realtime logging of corected sap velocities directly in the field Altematively if the wound corection for the sample species is not yet known or a more accurate direct measure of wound size from each specific instrument installation is preferred a destructive sample must be taken of the sample tree after the expenment This data can then be used to determine the wounding coefficient from the Table 1 below use linear approximation B These comections are automatically applied to the Raw Needle Temperature or Raw Heat Pulse Velocity data in the Sap Flow Tool software when a wound diameter is selected Photo 19 Wound response around the needles inserted into the sapwood of a tree afterthe needles have been removed The dark area Surrounding the central heater needle hole ismore pronounced due to the heat input to the waterconducting tissue NOTE 73 Due to varying wound responses to needle implantation and the usually slight asymmetnes caused by the installation procedures heat
236. te direct comparison of measured sap flow data with other measured parameters such as Stem Water Potential Solar Radiation VPD Soil Moisture to easily and quickly look at the impact of these environmental interaction s on plant water use 19 1Analysis of Raw Heat Pulse Veloc ity The Raw Heat Pulse Velocity isa measure of the heat movement through the woody matnx of the plant stem The velocities measured do not directly relate to sap velocity This data must first be comected for wounding thermal diffusivity and asymmetry before it can be used for quantification of the sap velocity Nevertheless the diumal trends are still very meaningful and can be interpreted in terms of the timing of events that affected the plants use of water Raw heat pulse velocity 10 1 0 75 cm outer 2 2 25 cm inner AN i I Velocity cm fh AND YS 27 02 2009 1 00 00 AM 1 03 2009 1 00 00 PM 4 03 2009 1 00 00 AM 6 03 2009 1 00 00 PM 9 03 2009 1 00 00 AN 11 03 2003 00 00 PM 14 03 2008 00 00 AM 16 03 2009 1 00 00 PM 19 03 2009 1 00 00 AM Figure 108 Raw Heat Pulse Velocity data is relative in nature and can be used qualitatively but not quantitatively 138 19 2Conected Sap Velocity Corected Sap Velocity IS a quantitative measure of the speed at which water moves through the water conducting xylem of the plant Using SFT Software it is possible to analyse the velocity and the timing at which velocities of wate
237. temal power supply and or daisy chain multiple devicestogetherto share a single extemal power supply NOTE 17 the outer diameter of the insulating sheath of each conductor core of the figure 8 or lamp cord cable should be no greaterthan 3 mm 33 9 Connecting a Power Supply to the Instrument Important Do not connect external power until the final step Bend the stripped wires back over the end of the ICT bus plug Remove both ICT Bus plugs from either end of the sensor Important Seal the cable against water ingress by tightening the end of the plug Repeat for second bus plug Unscrew the end of the plug 1 to 2 turns Insert the ICT bus plugs into the aride the Bus plug endcap of the sensor The plugs Eg Go can be inserted in either polarity and will click when seated into position Insert either polarity of the external power source cable il Strip a maximum of 15mm from the end of the cable External power options 1 12V Solar panel only 2 12V Solar panel and battery 3 12V DC power supply Pull the cable back so only that the stripped wires protrude Connect the power cable to the from the ICT bus plug external power source Figure 5 Using the unique ICTPower Bus and Power Bus Plugs to trickle charge the intemal SM1 battery 34 The unique power bus plug design was developed by ICT Intemational to simplify the electncal winng process It minimises t
238. tery rmrrnrrrorrrnnrrrnnrrnnrrrnnrrrnnrrnnnrrnnnrrnnvennnrnnnnnsnnnern 173 Figure 134 SFM 1 Logging Options used in battery teSt rmmmnnrannrrnnvrrnnvnnnnrrnnvrrnnvrnnnvrnnnrsnnvrsnnvrnnnrsnnvnsnnnen 173 Figure 135 SFM 1 Intemal battery voltage overlaid against extemal 7 Ah battery voltage 175 Figure 136 Selecting the Com Port in the MCC Device Configuration Software eee 177 Figure 137 Select Signal Strength Test from the Mode of Operation dropdown MENU 177 Figure 138 Confirm open search or specific search by choosing Any Device or Paired Device An open search for any device is good when doing venfication testing of signal strength for all instruments deployed in a field ExXPESNMeEN cc cccssccsssessssesseecsseccseessssesseeesseeeseesnesesseeessaeeseesaes 178 Figure 139 Enter the Instrument address into the Paired Device field and click venfy address to lock it to a single instrument This is ideal for conducting a signal strength survey pnor to NNN sree cerca sac sve nteevnc eee E E E veconcicvs E E EE 178 Figure 140 Click Apply Settings the changes are saved to Non Volatile RAM Then click Exit Configuration Mode and the screen is greyed out and the Red LED s on the MCC1 cease flashing The MCC 1 hasnow been configured for Signal Strength testing rrrrnrrrrnrrnnrrrrnvrrnnvrnnnrn 178 Figure 141 Hyperlerminal MCC RSS Test Utility Properties dialogue bOXxeS mmmmvrmnvnrrvrrroverrvrrrnvrrn
239. the heater The original HRM principle was developed using needle spacing s of 6mm between needles Subsequent refinement of the pnnciple demonstrated that 5 mm spacing s increased the maximum measurable flow rates from 45 cm hr to 54cm hr1 It was hypothesised that further increases to the maximum measurable flow rate for species with wide xylem vessels e g vines could be achieved by reducing the distance between needles to 4 mm This hypothesis was never tested The factory default setting is 5 mm and ICT Intemational recommends that all installations utilise the 5 mm needle spacing only This 5 mm spacing is suitable for all flow rates from 20 cm hr to a theoretical maximum proposed in the 1950 s by Marshall of 54cm hrt Empincal tests have proven the high precision and high accuracy dedicated electronics of the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter can measure velocities of 100 cm hr in artificial environments where a high pressure pump was used to force water through a cut stem segment ata range of velocities from 0 100 cm hr Increasing the spacing between the needles to 7 5 and even 10 mm can exponentially reduce the enor caused by misalignment or divergence of the needles from parallel This is because the percentage enor of the distance between needles Is less when spaced wider apart NOTE 65 The 6 mm spacing is still relevant and can be used with both SFM1 and Sap Flow Tool Software making a legacy provision for scientists who may already h
240. the instrument c You are connected to the conect device that is compatible with the Utility software you are using e g SFM software will only connect to a SFM1 Sap Flow Meter not a PSY1 Stem Psychrometer The software automatically recognizes the type of device and will not connect to instruments that operate on different pnnciples of operation m Device Selection Available Devices Device Name Serial Number COM Port i No compatible devices found C Show All Ports Remember Devices Connection Type lish lt a vV Select Device Cancel Figure 16 Device Selection Window 13 2 1 USB Find Devices Now click the Find Devices icon rm Device Selection Available Devices Device Name Serial Number COM Port Please Wait Remember Devices Connection Type NPE Er gt LER E Find Devices vV Select Device Cancel Figure 17 Device Selection Window searching forthe connected device 53 NOTE 34 To eliminate the need to conduct the Find Devices routine each time you run the software you can tick the Remember Devices check box Next time you click on Connect to SFM the last instrument connected will already be displayed in the list and you can connect to it either by highlighting the device and clicking on Select Device or double clicking on the device name After polling all compatible devices the compatible device th
241. then Green fora few seconds before stopping and all lights are extinguished The Instrument will tum off Confirmation of this is positively reinforced by the software automatically disconnecting No further current will be drawn from the intemal battery The Instrument is now ready for transport or storage File Commands Help Connect to SEM Disconnect from SFM Power Down SFM Figure 13 SFM Menu Bar provides software accessto Power Down the SFM NOTE 31 Whilst the SFM 1 is connected to extemal 12V power it cannot be tumed off either by using the manual power switch or the software function Pressing and holding the power switch will just display a Green LED Using the software will display the waming Extemal Power Connected and the software will not automatically disconnect Device Power Down Error s This device cannot be powered down while it is connected to an external power supply Please disconnect the external power supply and wait For the external supply presence icon to change This should 1 take a maximum of 15 seconds Figure 14 User Advice Message to alert the userthat the SFM1 cannot power down as extemal power is still connected 51 13 Communic ations 13 1 Connectto the Instrument Start the software by double clicking the SFM icon on the desk top of your PC 13 1 1 The opening Splash Screen displays the following 1 type of instrument being operated Sap Flow Meter 2 The connection Status
242. theory has been published in Tree Physiology 21 589 598 O 2001 Heron Publishing Victoria Canada AN IMPROVED HEAT PULSE METHOD TO MEASURE LOW AND REVERSE RATES OF SAP FLOW IN WOODY PLANTS Stephen S O Burgess Mark A Adams Neil C Tumer Craig R Beverly Chin K Ong Ahmed A Khan and Tim M Bleby 6 1 Measurement and calculation of heat pulse veloc ity 6 1 1 6 1 2 CHPM Compensation Heat Pulse Method For the CHPM two probes containing temperature sensors are aligned with the axis of a plant stem or root and inserted radially to equal depths in the xylem A heater element is similarly inserted at a fixed distance upstream from the midpoint between the temperature probes A common configuration locates the heater 0 5 cm from the upstream temperature probe and 1 0 cm from the downstream probe here denoted asa 0 5 0 1 0 cm configuration During measurement wood and sap are heated in pulses and convection through the flowing sap stream cames the heat toward the midpoint between the temperature probes When both temperature probes have warmed to the same degree the heat pulse has moved the 0 25 cm from the heater ie to the midpoint between the probes The time taken for the heat pulse to move this distance is used to calculate heat pulse velocity Vn Vh 2 3600 Equation 1 0 where tO is time to thermal equilibration of the downstream and upstream probes after release of the heat pulse and xl and x2 denote distance
243. time is dynamically updated as entnes are made by the user This is an important feature as it can be used to ensure that the logging interval is sufficiently large so asto prevent the previous measurement from interfering with the start of the o ooo ccccscsssssssssssssnscencscccccceceeceeeeessasessesessessssasananeansascecceceececssessecesensessesessecanansosssscesessesseeesas 86 NOTE 60 If the Reporting Option is set to Needle Temperature Mode the results are not disolayed in the dialogue box instead they are stored directly on the MicroSD card in Binary NOTE 61 If the temperature rise is less than approx 0 7 C increase the energy level until the temperature nse is within the range 0 7 C to 1 5 C This range ensures good results and will help to eliminate emor code 21 21 which indicates that one of the temperature rises was negative This is especially important during penods of high flow where a lower amount of energy 20 Joules may be insufficient to generate a measurable temperature nse at the upstream measurement location due to rapid convection of heat away from the themmistor 00 91 NOTE 62 Tree size does not affect Pulse Energy requirements as long as the needles are fully inserted however wood moisture content and density may rmornrrnnrrrnnrrrnnrrnnnrrnnnrrnnrrrnnrrrnnrrnnnrnnnnen 92 NOTE 63 The SFMI1 is configured at the time of manufacture with Default values for all correction parameters as shown in F
244. tion 6 Coefficient Bisa linearapproximation Equation 13 of the polynomial relationship descnbed by Equation 6 A full table including coefficients for previously recommended 0 6 0 0 6 cm probe spacing Isincluded in Appendix A 15 13V Factor The factor isa multiplier used to convert corected Heat Pulse Velocity Ve to Comected Sap Velocity Vs asoutlined by the relationship developed by Marshall 1958 Equation 6 The range spans 0 5 to 1 5 with a step size of 2 decimal places 101 15 14Sap Wood Area Sap Flow the mass solute transport or water movement within a tree stem branch or root can be expressed asa volumetnc measurement by multiplying the corected sap velocity Vs by the cross sectional area of conducting sapwood The sapwood area Iscalculated by the cross sectional area under bark after discounting the heartwood area When calculating sap flow in gm hr the equivalent of cm3 hrtor ml hr the two redial measurement points of the SFM1 needle are integrated using a weighted average The weighting is calculated by determining the sapwood area for each annulus Where the annulus division is made halfway between the two measurement points and the sapwood area calculated for each by knowing the depth of bark heartwood boundary and stem diameter The sapwood area istypically determined dunng installation by taking a sapwood core witha coring tool A dye is then applied to the core which stains the heartwood a darker colour th
245. tions of the SFM1 Needle charactense the radial gradient 4 What does it mean if the Inner Measurement point is greater than the Outer Measurement point Answer It is likely that the Outer Measurement point is not located properly in the sapwood This may be due to an insufficient depth of bark being removed from the tree pror to installation The sensor must be removed and re installed 5 What isthe maximum and minimum sap velocity range forthe SFM1 Sap Flow Meter Answer The HRM pnnciple is based upon symmetncal measurement geometry The SFM1 features a 24 bit digital microprocessor at the point of measurement for Analogue to Digital Conversion effectively eliminating noise form the measured input signal Therefore theoretically the SFM1 has the range and resolution to accurately measure positive flows up 153 to 100 cm hr and negative flows down to 100 cm hrt This has been empincally tested with a lab based calibration protocol using a high pressure flow meter to push water through a cut stem segment ata range of flow rates up to 100 cm hri 6 What isan expected range forsap velocity measurements in plants Answer Sap velocity will vary significantly between species within species between sites within sites and diumally within individual trees depending upon the prevailing environmental conditions Realistically a maximum positive sap velocity in any plant will be in the range of up to 60 cm hrt However as a huge generalization
246. tions or branches If necessary move the tape above and below the obstruction by up to 10 cm and take an average reading 5 Wrap the tape around the tree at nght anglesto the main stem Be careful not to twist the tape then pull the tape tight on either end Be sure never to cross your ams to record the measurement as this will obscure the tape and or skew the measurement 6 Read the measurement to a resolution of 1 decimal place Photo 22 measunng stem Diameter at Breast Height Over Bark DBHOB using a diametertape 16 3Measure Bark Depth Begin by removing any loose flaky or rough fibrous bark to achieve a datum or reference point from which to measure This should already have been done prior to measunng the stem diameter 105 NOTE 74 The SFM 1 should be installed at the same point at which the stem diameter and bark depth are measured WARNING 9 When preparing the bark surface it is essential that the reference or datum point be equal for both measurement needles in the axial direction around the heater This is to ensure all measurement points are located at the same depth below the cambium and acrossthe radial profile of the sapwood 16 3 1 Bark Depth Gauge Measure the bark depth using a bark depth gauge This isa dedicated tool that consists of a sharp curved blade that slides inside a calibrated scale graduated in mm The handle of the blade providesa large base upon which to push the blade into the stem The sharp blad
247. tlined in a separate document descnbing joining cables 0 oo ccssecssccsseecsssesssecsececssescsssesssecseeeessesenssuseecseteessesenteess 119 NOTE 82 If the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter is being uninstalled because of a fault or damage sustained to the measurement needles please contact ICT immediately for assistance with repair Do not store the damaged instrument as this will cause unnecessary delays when the Sap Flow Meter is next required fordeployment rrnrrnnnrrnnnrrnnrrrnnronnnrnnnnrrnnvrrnnvrnnnvnnnnrrnnnrrnnnnnnnnennnnsens 121 NOTE 83 br PP 122 NOTE 84 To maintain the longevity of the SFM1 s intemal lithium polymer battery It IS recommended that penodically every 3 months the instrument be charged This will ensure the lithium polymer chemistry is maintained in a healthy state and will ensure a long and productive service life of the instrument when deployed in the field rorrrnnrrrnrrnnnronnnrrnnnrrnnnrnnnvnnnnrrnnvnrnnnnnnnnsnnr 123 NOTE 85 MicroSD cardsare Hot Swappable meaning it can be removed from the instrument and inserted into a USB port of a computer using a USB card adaptor and then reinserted to the instrument No closing down ejecting Or formatting isrequired rarrrrnrrrnnvrnnnrrnnvornnrennnvrnnnnrnnvennnne 124 NOTE 86 The Senal Number is automatically stored in the Header Line of the data file as well as being the data file name A Serial Number is affixed to the back of the instrument for phy
248. tom moulded to fit a large battery that will protect the battery from environmental elements that willcause a reduced service life and supply problems Ask your battery supplier for details 8 22 Solar Power Supply A solar panel can be connected directly to the Sap Flow Meter via the non polansed two wire power bus using the unique power bus plugs on either side of the instrument The SFM1 does not need a solar regulator when using it with a solar panel Please see the schematic Connecting Power directly via a solar panel that illustrates the connection and the Solar Panels section for detemining the corect solar panel capacity for your research 32 WARNING 4 When connecting power to the SFM1 use the power bus ports on either side of the instrument at the same end Do not split the power input with on one input top and bottom on the same side of the instrument The gold plated copper pipes run the entirety of the instrument on each side and whilst the power supply circuit is non polansed placing a positive and a negative input into the same pipe top and bottom of the instrument this would cause a short circutt 8 3 Extension cables Because the SFM1 regulates and tnckle charges the intemal battery a low impedance expensive extension cable is not required A common low cost and readily available figure 8 or lamp cord cable is all that is required and can be used over long distances and cut to size as required to connect an ex
249. trent meer Te terten ete reefer ete eee Penner ee ter eer 20 FONTS GC CSG eg OE ER EE 20 MT NNN 21 VPN 22 KOS BEERS 1 EE pen EE O 22 PUD 22 TOL E TEE anaes equtvisun E 22 5 3 5 5 3 6 5 3 7 5 3 8 5 3 9 5 3 10 6 1 6 1 1 6 1 2 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 6 8 1 8 1 1 8 1 2 8 1 3 8 2 8 2 1 8 2 2 8 3 9 1 9 1 1 9 1 2 9 1 3 9 2 9 2 1 10 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 3 1 10 3 2 10 4 Power Fail Safe MOGe rmrrrrrrrnnrrrrrssnnnsnrrnssnnnnnsssnssnnnsssrnssnnnsnsssnssnnnssssnsrnnnssessenrnnnesssrnsnnnsssseensnnnn 22 LAG TANF EVE POLO CUO g OE E E EA EREE EE 23 Data te re OS GE pa EN TE 23 ETEN 23 TESTEN 23 Operating Temperature Rel 0 EE EE 23 Heat Rato Method MeO EE bus aa ney eE aai 24 Measurement and calculation of heat pulse velocity rrrnnrnnrrnrnvrrrnnvrrenrrrnnrrnenvrennnren 25 CHPM Compensation Heat Pulse Method sesssssesssesseesereserssressressrresrresrresressressresn 25 HRM ROME 25 Influence of measurement time rrnrrnvrronvrnonvrrnnnvrnenvrrnnnrrennrennnvrsnnnresenvsnnnvesenvrsnnnvesenvnennrnsen 26 Connection for probe misalignment rmrrnrrornrersnrrrernrerrnvrrrnverenvrrennrerenvesenvesennrsesnressnvesennene 27 ENN 28 Busan la ge ss LK ea EEE 29 Converting SP velocity to sap TOW secvsicsccesusnsstsnstoncsnsanesaasnasactnasstancsenenyetsusnnbiseteasmaenapeisuets 29 Measurement Cycle and eg 16 EE 30 Po NNN 31 PU 31 Idle Sate Power Consumption sen 31 Communications Power Consumptio
250. ttings Port Settings DB MCC RASSI Test Utility Change Icon Bits per second Country region Austialia E1 s Data bits 8 Enter the area code without the long distance prefix rea code Parity None Phone number Connect using COM82 Stop bits 1 Flow control None Apply Figure 141 Hyperlerminal MCC RSS Test Utility Properties dialogue boxes 22 16 3 RSSI Test Utlity Tx number of transmitted packets Rx number of received packets Foreach transmitted packet a packet should be received back RSS remote signal strength on the instrument IRRSI local signal strength on the MCC Double click the MCC RSSI Test Utility icon to launch the Hyperlemninal display Press ESC to initiate communications and display the Test utility Menu MEG RSS Taut Utility Hyper Tarminal Gi gde Www Gal Tranmere Og 4 08 amp HCC RSSI Test Utility HCC Firmware Ver Selected Device Serial Number 1 Select Device Figure 142 MCC RSSI Test Utility Menu 179 22 16 4 Option 1 Select Device The MCC can be paired with a specific instrument at the time of configuration using the MCC Configuration software Altematively the MCC can be configured to work with a specific instrument by pressing 1 on the key board to allow the serial number to be entered manually in Hex Format Once entered pressed ENTER on the keyboard to save the serial
251. ture content and density may 15 9C onections The conection parameters are applied when the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter Is used to process data in real time via the integrated microprocessor rather than post processing the data with the aid of Sap Flow Tool software This option can prove to be convenient in some situations however ICTrecommendsall data processing be performed using Sap Flow Tool Software stm Conections Reports SD Card PC Legging Probe Spacing Amm i Baze line asymmetry multpler Outer Base line asymmetry offset Outer Base line asymmetry multiplier Inner Base line asymmetry offset Inner Thermal diffusivity cm 2 s Wounding Coefficient Vs Factor Corrected sapwood area Outer cm 2 Corrected sapwood area Inner cm 2 Update corection factors Figure 78 Default Correction parameters for the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter NOTE 63 The SFM1 is configured at the time of manufacture with Default values for all correction parameters as shown in Fig 77 These values effectively have little impact on the calculated parameters of Sap Velocity and Sap Flow other than to yield results per single unit The Default values can be reset at any time by clicking on the Load Defaults icon As with any changes to these parameters forthe changesto be saved to Non volatile RAM in the instruments firmware the Update corrections factors icon must be clicked when changes hav
252. un faster It is recommended to check and manually reset the SFM1 s clock at least every six months or sooner if practical to remove this drift If more accurate timing is required the optional MCC2G remote communications module uses the GSM communications network to automatically synchronise the Sap Flow Meter to Universal Time Coordinated UTC time every time it sync hronises with the instrument thus providing an accuracy of up to one second 83 NOTE 56 the Select All option can be used to speed up selection of check boxes but will not affect whether inner outer or both inner and outer sensor elements are engaged nor affect E O 84 NOTE 57 The default and recommended reporting option of calculated results isthe Raw Heat Pulse Velocity Raw Heat Pulse Velocity data can be processed and subsequently reprocessed PP 85 NOTE 58 Because the Raw Temperature Mode records large volumes of data potentially 30 readings per second for 300 seconds per measurement the data is stored in a binary BIN format This file can only be opened in SFT software for analysis In this reporting mode data IS not displayed in the Dialogue Box instead data Is only stored on the MicroSD card and a message confinning this is shown in the dialogue boxin itsplace rrnrrnnnrranrrrnnrrrnnrrnnnrnnnnrrnnrrrnnrenn 86 NOTE 59 The Total Measurement Time for the Heat Pulse measurement is displayed below the measurement option input fields This
253. up allowing filesto be cut copied pasted ordragged as nomal Copy the file and paste it to the prefered directory location on the computer The full USB2 data transfer speed seconds for 2G B s of data isthen possible when downloading data If a USB cable is used between the device and the PC then the speed is much slower minutes per KB NOTE 90 The ability to remove the MicroSD card from the instrument means data can be manually downloaded from the instrument without the requirement of a laptop in the field The MicroSD card can simply be removed from the Instrument and exchanged with a new MicroSD card inserted in its place The SFM1 automatically generates a new data file and continues logging unintenupted while the data isretumed to the office for download from the original MicroSD card Insert into USB port Figure 98 MicroSD Card Adaptor with MicroSD card from the SFM 1 inserted into the USB port of a computer Again either manually delete or rename the file on the MicroSD card before reinserting it to the SFM1 to continue logging NOTE 91 deleting a file fom the MicroSD card will not cause any problems for the SFM 1 If an SD card is Inserted into an instrument and a data file does not exist the next time a reading Is logged the instrument will automatically create a new data file on the SD card A CSV data file will be prefixed with the seral number of the instrument e g SFM 1B80L c sv 133 18 PC Logging The PC Loggi
254. uration 15 LInstument Information The instrument information panel isa summary of the instruments setup and status It provides a simple display of the configuration settings as stored in the instruments non volatile RAM Important operational information such as Senal Number Firmware versions intemal battery voltage extemal power supply and charging status are immediately obvious Data can be immediately downloaded by clicking a single icon The instruments descnptive identifiers such as the Sap Flow Meters Name and or Comment can be changed Entries in these fields will be recorded in a header line within the data file and can be beneficial to recalling important aspects of the expenment after data has been collected Every time these fields are changed the change is automatically recorded ina new header line entry in the data file 15 1 1 Name The name should be indicative of the instrument or treatment and identify its location as it is the Name field which is displayed along with the senal number when connecting to the instrument This is especially valuable if connecting wirelessly to the instrument using the MCC1 Radio Frequency Modem To edit the field click on the X to the right hand side to clear the field and begin typing Then click the update sensor information icon to save the change eet tormata Eucky Dwar leucomylon Comment Tamworth Northern Aspect Update sensor inform ator SD CARD SD OK Dow
255. ure in the 60 to 100 second post pulse integration window and the no pulse plus 80 temperature All the above calculations are automatically done in the instrument when Sap Flow Mode is selected 87 Paw tempersiures downstream an F tC 045 ein outer AN 1295 em inner 14 H am perature PC a a m a 1 T T j gt s f le ae J m ab H o o n S en yi ry iu r he z ae ae Ke ao ge Ca as A oS io ac wo Se m ag er gg Po ae a od g Ga a 4 23 a Mi e ch we 53 a ee Figure 71 Diumal stem temperature vanation underlying individual Heat Pulse measurements Raw temperatures downstream 1 0 45 cm outer 2 2 1 95 cm inner 18 09 2010 2 01 03 PM 115 6808 Temperature C lt 18 09 2010 2 00 25 PM 18 09 2010 2 00 45 PM 18 09 2010 2 01 05 PM 18 09 2010 2 01 25 PM 18 09 2010 2 01 45 PM 18 09 2010 2 02 05 PM Figure 72 Raw Temperature Data of an individual Heat Pulse Curve graphed using Sap Flow Tool software 88 15 8SFM Data Tab The SFM data tab provides a real time display of the Heat Ratio Method measurement protocol when the SFM1 is connected to a PC The data isdisolayed when a measurement Is made either in Manual mode or in automated logging mode The senes of screen shots below show the measurement sequence that begins with the initi
256. ved without removing the guide it is advised that the installation be abandoned and a new site be found to start a fresh installation 16 8Use Spacers Before installation you must determine the location of each measurement point in the sapwood This is done by knowing the bark depth and sap wood thickness from the bark depth measurements and sapwood cores done initially If the bark thickness is greater than 10 mm thick it is recommended to remove some bark to allow the outer measurement point to sit 2 5 mm below the cambium in the outer sapwood If the bark is thinner than 10 mm tt is recommended to cut small spacers of the exact thickness required to locate the outer measurement point approx 2 5 mm below the cambium in the sapwood Spacers can be made from electncal cable sheath stnpped from the figure 8 power cable used for charging the SFM1 Use a single edged razor blade to cut all three spacers the same length with square edgeson both sides 16 9Grease Needles Prior to inserting the needles it is advised to use a small amount of inert silicon vacuum grease to aid both installation and removal of the needles Used in moderation it is very safe and will not affect the plant or the measurement in a detnmental way This will improve the thermal coupling of the needle to the sapwood and minimise the cementing action of sap and gums produced by the tree in response to wounding around the invasive holes drilled into the sap wood This will be of s
257. vnsnnnnnennrenennrensnnnsennvenenrssennressnnnnennvenenvssen 75 NOTE 48 The integnty test is designed to provide confidence that the instrument is fully functional before leaving fora typically remote field site to deploy the instruments It may also be of use in diagnosing faults in the PP 78 NOTE 49 where specific and targeted artificial stimuli are applied to the plant in particular imgation of a drought affected plant or cutting experiments both commonly used techniques in mapping hydraulic architecture a frequency of measurement greater than 10 minutes may be beneficial For these instances ICT recommends the use of the HFD8 Heat Field Deformation Sap Flow Meter which is a continuously heated technique allowing logging frequencies of L EE 78 NOTE 50 when changing the logging interval it is necessary to click the update measurement PP 79 NOTE 51 To operate the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter in CHPM mode the needle spacing must be adjusted from symmetncal spacing 5 mm either side of the heater to asymmetncal spacing 5 PE 79 NOTE 52 For the Delayed start function to be effective it Is imperative that the instruments intemal clocks have either been accurately synchronised to your computer system time or manually set to the conect local time of the region in which you are deploying the instruments Failure to do so will result in an enoneous set of data that appears to be conectly synchronized among units but in fact may contain date amp time di
258. wnte the data of an existing file hhv 128 Figure 92 A newly written data file will not appear in the SD Card tab until the Refresh Icon is UN 129 Figure 93 the altemate displays of the SD Card tab when using the Show List Hide List toggle EN 130 Figure 94 the enor message displayed in the dialogue box when an incomect download procedure is attempted left and a successful download when the comect procedure IS TO 0014 16 EE EE cme teseetoeasnanes 130 Figure 95 the Stop Download icon IS inactive by default only becoming active during a ao NN 131 Figure 96 Clicking on the Rename option provides the facility to rename the file name and or ut NN 131 Figure 97 clicking OK on the File Erase Pop up dialog results in the immediate deletion of the METTEDE 132 Figure 98 MicroSD Card Adaptor with MicroSD card from the SFM1 inserted into the USB port of a EM 133 Figure 99 inactive PC Logging Tab EEE EEE 134 Figure 100 example sap flow data logged direct to a PC Sapflow csv file on the computer 134 190 Figure 101 the Menu sequence required to start Logging Incoming Sap Flow data direct to the COMPU EEE EN EE EE ENE NE 135 Figure 102 a summary of the sap flow mode reporting option data that has been logged direct Oe COMPU RE ENE EE NE ENE 135 Figure 103 the expanded File Menu option sequence to stop logging sap flow data to the SE GE RE EE SN EET 136 Figure 104 example Raw Temperatures data logged direct to a PC Tempert
259. ximum output current Imp Amps maximum power I refers to Intensity and isa legacy term used prior to the adoption of the SI unit Ampere Imp Vmp Solar panel Watts Voc Voltage Open Circuit or nothing is attached to the panel Isc Current under short circuit conditions The Peak current a solar panel can produce with its output shorted It isused forcalculating wire size and circuit protection ratings NOTE 18 ICT recommends the use of Poly crystalline photovoltaic cells or Blue Coloured solar panels only Mono crystalline Photovoltaic cells or Black Coloured solar panels are less expensive but have lower efficiencies in direct sunlight and poorto zero output in diffuse light conditions 41 10 2Solar Panel Calculator Depending upon the scientific question being asked the expenmental design will inevitably involve a custom configuration of the instrumentation Typically the independent operation of the SFM1 with its own solar panel and no extension cables provides greatest flexibility in experimental design and is the optimal configuration However in some cases it may be desirable to have a single extemal power supply servicing a large number of SFM1 Sap Flow Meters ora range of ICT Instruments such as Heat Filed Deformation Multipoint Radial Profiling Sap Flow Meter HFD8 Stem Psychrometers PSY1 Dendrometers DEN1 or DEN5 Soil Moisture SMM1 and Weather Station AWS1 all located ata single site or individual tree To ass
260. xist on the MicroSD card Details including the file name and size including that of the current file where data are being recorded are displayed Options to view the full list of data files stored on the MicroSD card rename delete and of course download the cunent or historical data files are provided The operation of each icon function is the same as those described in the preceding section The cunent file status can be updated using the Refresh button and other files on the SD card can be displayed using the Show List function 17 3 5 1 Refresh SD Card tab The Refresh icon is used to refresh the display of the SD Card tab This function in nec essary to display a new data file for the first time or after a data file has been deleted If no data file exists on the MicroSD card one is automatically created upon the Sap Flow Meter performing a measurement The file name and size can be displayed by clicking Refresh Until the icon is clicked the current Data File field will report File Not Found SFM Corrections Reports 3D Card PC Logging SFM Corrections Reports SD Card PC Logging E amp Show List linsen Show List Data File SFMOAS13 csv Size 810B amp Download amp Sto amp Rename Delete Data File File not found Size amp Download Figure 92 A newly written data file will not appear in the SD Card tab until the Refresh
261. y determine if xylem vessels and or tracheid s are open conducting water or fully lignified closed off and not conducting water 1 cm Photo 31 Microscopic analysis of a sapwood transverse section showing the open vessels which confirm the sample to be sapwood 16 5 Attach Installation Guide Select the site on the stem to be measured It should preferably be a flat straight section of stem large enough to fit the dnll guide with no branches knots nodes or obvious insect or pest damage present Before installing the dnil guide calculate the position within the sapwood of each measurement point The ideal position of the Outer measurement point IS approx 2 5mm below the cambium sapwood interface This isto ensure the region of highest sap flow being the outer youngest layers or rings of sap wood are measured If the measured bark thickness is greater than 10 mm the Outer measurement point located approx 12 5 mm from the base of the measurement needle will not be located in sapwood and result in erroneous and difficult to interpret data In this situation it will be necessary to remove sufficient bark to ensure the Outer measurement point is located correctly within the outersapwood NOTE 75 if it is necessary to remove bark ensure that a sufficient area is removed to accommodate the dnll guide so that it can be placed firmly and squarely to the stem otherwise it will be difficult to achieve accurate parallel drilling of the holes whi
262. y drag the drill down while drilling This causes the holes to diverge from parallel Typically if the operator realises this mistake the instinctive rapid overcorrection results in the o 114 NOTE 79 Try to avoid wherever possible the need to clean the holes once the dnll guide has been removed Although it is acknowledged that the xylem fibres of some species are held under extreme tension and would appearto relax after the hole has been drilled making the insertion of the measurement needle very difficult In this situation the hole will need to be reamed out by carefully running the drill back and forth through the hole to cut away the expanded fibres that encroach into the hole Do NOTattempt to rednil the hole Simply hold the dnll without pressure and allow the drill bit to run in and out through the existing hole 115 NOTE 80 Drilling the three holes for installation CANNOT be done quickly A set of three holes will take between 5 to 10 minutes to drill cormectly In the event of the guide Sipping off ora drill bit breaking in the guide that cannot be removed without removing the guide it is advised that the installation be abandoned and a new site be found to start a fresh installation 117 NOTE 81 If you are installing in an area of known rodent activity it is recommended to cover the cable with conduit and or bury the cable If the cable is damaged or cut repairs are very straight forward and are clearly ou
263. y isolated from potential sources of noise compared to long lengths of cable running along the ground The processed packet of digital sap flow data can then be transferred wirelessly without loss of signal or data integnity 15 Can force the Sap Flow Meter to fire a pulse more frequently for testing purposes even though know the resulting sap flow data will not be meaningful Answer Yes Set the SFM1 to Manual Measurement mode and click the Start Measurement Fire Pulse Icon 16 Can the SFM1 perform CHPM sap flow measurements Answer Yes Place the Sap Flow Meter in Needle Temperature mode and collect Raw Temperature data Set the SD Logging Options for Raw Temperature to 3 measurements per second and at least 900 seconds after the heat pulse Install the needles in an asymmetncal geometry around the heater The typical Compensation Heat Pulse Method CHPM configuration is 5mm upstream and 10 mm downstream of the heater The data can be automatically analysed by importing it directly into Sap Flow Tool software and applying the CHPM algonthm 17 How do check the health of a wet cell extemal 12 V battery Answer If you suspect the battery of failing to hold a charge or one cell of the battery has gone high resistance check the health of the battery by measunng the voltage of each cell if you can usually not possible in the field or check the specific gravity of the cells again generally not possible in the field or if itisa g
264. y using the formula for the volume ofa cylinder Volume ofa Cylinder V m r2ah Equation 13 Where V Volume TT Pi 3 14 r radius h height 2 In situations with an iregular sap wood sample that is impractical to determine fresh volume using the volume ofa cylinder cube or quadnilateral Length x Width x height the volume can be detemined using Archimedes principle of displacement Which states that Any object wholly or partially immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid disolaced by the object Archimedes of Syracuse 97 Archimedes principle 2 kg 0 09 of water 2012 Encyclop dia Britannica Inc Figure 81 Archimedes pnnciple measuring volume by the weight of the displacement of water Therefore Volume of Object L Weight of Object in Air kg Weight of Object in Water kg Equation 14 or Volume of Object cm Weight of Object in Air g Weight of Object in Water g Equation 15 Begin by configunng the sap wood sample to a very thin needle attached to an apparatus that will allow you to submerge the sap wood sample into a container of water NOTE 70 Be sure not to submerge the needle as this will add to the measured volume and introduce enorto the measurement Photo 17 A sap wood sample submerged by a dissection needle on a retort stand in a beaker of waterona balance Place the beaker of wateron the balance and zero the balance Then submerge the
265. yl Orange Helianthine Gold Orange Methyl Orange B Orange 3 Tropaeol Product Code C118 CTIST CT 185 U N Number None allocated Dangerous Goods Class None allocated and Subsidiary Risk None allocated Hazchem Code None allocated Poison Schedule None allocated Use Biological stam Physical Description and Properties Appearance Odorless orange solid Boiling Point Melting Point gt 300 deg C Vapour Pressure Specific Gravity 1 00 Flash Point Flammability Limits Not determined Solubility in water Soluble in hot water Other Properties Ingredients Chemical Name CAS Number Proportion C L Acid Orange 52 Methyl Orange 547 58 0 100 182 HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION Page 2 of 3 Methyl orange Health Effects Acute Swallowed Harmful if swallowed May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea vomiting and diarrhea Eye May cause eye irritation This product contains an anionic dye Similar dyes have not caused injury to the cornea or conjunctiva in documented exposure cases with human or rabbit eyes Skin May cause skin irritation Inhaled None allocated Chronic No information found First Aid Swallowed If victim is conscious and alert give 2 4 cupfuls of milk or water Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person Get medical aid immediately Eye Flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids Get medical aid Skin Get med
266. ylem tissue the xylem lumen contains moving sap Heat pulse probes effectively measure a weighted average of the velocities of moving sap and stationary wood Marshall 1958 Sap velocity can be determined on an areal basis by measunng the fractions of sap and wood in xylem and accounting for their differing densities and specific heat capacities Heat pulse velocity Vh The velocity at which a known heat input to a plant stem movesa fixed distance between the heat source and two temperature sensors located downstream and upstream from the heat source Hydraulic lift The transfer of water or acropetal positive sap flow from great depth in the root zone for redistnbution to the shallow lateral surface root system for the supply of water under drought conditions This has the added benefit of fertilisation of fertigation by remobilisation of minerals and nutnents to the plant Hydraulic redisinbution The movement and transfer of water from regions of high water potential to low water potential such as but not limited to the transfer of water by roots from moist regions of the soil to a dry region of the soil profile within the plants root zone Noctumal Sap How The acropetal mass flow of solutes within the conducting xylem of a plant after sunset This movement of water is dnven by atmosphenc conditions of low Vapour pressure deficit The term can be used to descnbe actual night time transpiration where water Is lost to the

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