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Smart Door Lock

1. OPEN Waiting for TAG ID Figure 4 11 Tag with UID e29847cd is read and access is granted followed by response from the board 4 11 Power consumption As we aimed to develop a cheap system we have to consider the power consumption the table below shows the power consumed by the different parts of the system running in different modes Table 4 The power consumption of the different parts of the system Hardware Active Standby MSP430f5437a 0 0024 W 0 000004 W Motherboard 0 96 W NFC Shield 0 44 Wt gt 0 34 Wt Complete system gt 1 4 WF gt 1 3 Wt This value is based on the information provided in the data sheet for the component the highest values are used in the calculation Y This measurement is based on the value shown on the Multimeter 31 The system does not operate in the active state all the time In active mode all the systems functions are running this includes the motherboard and all the components of the NFC Shield as well as the electromagnetic field that the antenna produces to power the NFC tag In standby mode the system does not send any packets through the Ethernet interface also there is no NFC tag to provide with power The measurements are made the same way as Julia Alba Tormo Peir describes in her master s thesis in section 3 2 1 1 6 5 32 5 Conclusions and Future work This chapter summarizes our conclusions and suggests some future work that coul
2. spi_send 0 return data_ These functions are the necessary functions to make example code from SeeedStudio to work the example code can be found on http www seeedstudio com wiki File PN532_SPI_V2 zip 47 TRITA ICT EX 2013 257 www kth se
3. Royal Institute of Technology School of Information and Communication Technology Stockholm Sweden 2013 TRITA ICT EX 2013 177 Online Available http kth diva portal org smash record jsf searchId 1 amp pid diva2 636617 Accessed 11 November 2013 Lockitron Online Available https lockitron com preorder Accessed 01 July 2013 Yale unveils NFC door locks NFC World NFC World Online Available http www nfeworld com 2011 09 09 39785 yale unveils nfc door locks Accessed 04 July 20131 Vingcard debuts invisible door lock NFC World NFC World Online Available http www nfeworld com 2012 07 06 316689 vingcard debuts invisible door lock Accessed 04 July 2013 European Institute of Innovation and Technology Innovative NFC access control solution from Telcred opens the doors to EIT ICT Labs Stockholm Co location Centre Online Available http eit europa eu newsroom and media article innovative nfc access control solution from telcred opens the doors to eit ict labs stockholm co loc Accessed 04 July 2013 List of NFC phones Online Available http www nfcworld com nfc phones list Accessed 01 July 2013 Tablet NFC phones and other devices NFC World Online Available http www nfcworld com nfc data tablet Accessed 01 July 2013 npelly_jham_how to nfc_FINAL how_to_nfc pdf Available at http static googleusercontent com externa
4. lamp etc can be connected to the Internet Increasingly smartphones are constantly connected to the Internet over third and fourth generation networks This network connectivity will play an important part in our project As technology develops the demands for new products and services to make our life more efficient also grow Consider the simple use case of lending your apartment key to a friend while you are out of town This could be made easier by use of NFC and smartphones in combination with the Internet communication as you can simply issue you friend a digital certificate which he or she can present to your door via their smartphone s NFC interface To realize this use case we will use a combination of technologies to prototype a Smart Door lock 1 2 Problem definition To develop our smart door lock there are some sub problems we need to solve First we need to study two basic technologies NFC technology as used in smartphones and a network attached door lock We will combine these technologies to develop our smart door lock Based upon our study of NFC we must create an application that can run on a smartphone to respond to the NFC reader when it is queried We need a corresponding application running in either the network attached door lock or in the cloud to query the smartphone via NFC Given the NFC communication between the reader and the smartphone an application running in either the network attached door lock or in the cl
5. 1 1 1 General introduction to the area cc cece cece eee eee eee eee eee nenn nennen 1 1 2 Problem definition za a ates O er cts set aie ida 1 1 3 O da eek dagar r RR ARR RE sn RA Abe EB 1 1 4 Structure ofthe thesis vestir ie 3 2 Background see ee ee ee RR SR re ae 5 2 1 What have others already done ssrsessrererrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr rr rr nennen nun nun nn nn 5 2 1 1 Exploiting Wireless Sensors an cent tea le rn 5 2 1 2 White space Sensor platform 2572 ra Heerlen 5 2 1 3 Fixing the PoE and building a white space sensor grid 5 2 1 4 Lockitron and other commercial lock company efforts 5 2 2 INC sacar ae ee essen 6 2 2 1 Using an NFC reader an a eee eee 6 2 2 2 Security of NFC applications c cece eee eee eee renare nn nn nn 6 2 2 3 Secure elements ee 6 2 2 4 Security and Privacy of NFC applications z244444 HR 7 PO TRIP aa HELEN 7 2 4 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Server missssrssssrsrrrrrrrrrrrrrerrrrr nns sa 7 2 5 PUE A leid 7 2 5 1 Advantages or POE ans ans a iia do 7 2 5 2 Disadvantages of POE us sd rar rr KRK KK sta 8 2 5 3 1 sAlternativesto Pour Bike 8 3 Method ee and 9 A raten ge 9 Se AG Wireshark e Mee al oie Sees 9 3 1 2 Code Composer SWIC saccades cl a castes laa 9 372 Hardware nee eae stra tla Miao worries cele eat nee 9 3 2 1 Mixed signal OSCIlOSCOPE na ans a 9 32 2 o Programme ea ernennen 9 3 23 WAMU res e
6. 4 the maximum SPI clock frequency for the PN532 is 5 MHz to generate the desired clock frequency we chose to use the SMCLK as our clock source and divided it by 2 to get a 4 MHz clock source which the PN532 can utilize 4 5 Implementing the SPI functions SeeedStudio the developer of the NFC shield provided some example source code for their NFC Shield for the Arduino board This source code does not include the actual transmit and receive functions for the SPI interface as these examples were written for the Arduino board which provides SPI functions via a SPI library Because we are using the MSP430 microcontroller we had to implement these SPI functions for the MSP430 in order to make the example code work Energia 42 is a prototyping platform with the goal to bring the Arduino framework to the Texas Instruments MSP430 However Energia only supports the MSP430 LaunchPad and FraunchPad which are not based on the MSP430f5437a the microcontroller that we are using The main difference is the pin map of the boards and the registers as mentioned in section 4 4 are we using the UCAI1CTLO register for the SPI connection NFC shield as the LaunchPad and FraunchPad may use other interfaces However the transmit and receive functions should work with a change in the register 23 Looking at the example source code from SeeedStudio we could determine which SPI function was critical for the example code to work on the MSP430 The most critical
7. SPI signals Signal Name Description SCLK Serial Clock MOSI SIMO Master Output Slave Input MISO SOMI Master Input Slave Output SS CE Slave Select Chip Enable Note that there are other commonly used names for these signals 14 As mentioned above the master initializes the communication between the devices Before initiating this communication the master first configures the serial clock of the selected SPI to a frequency which is less or equal to the maximum frequency supported by the slave device For example in our case this frequency is either 5 MHz for the NFC reader or 8 MHz for the ENC28J60 Ethernet controller The code to configure the SPI interface used to connect to the Ethernet controller is shown below Extracted from the config c file of the TFTPboot program Note that the code has been reformatted for inclusion in this thesis 15 From hardware_board c ENC28J60 define define define define define define define define define define define define define define define define From config c ENC28J60 SPI port define define define define define define define define ETH_CS BITO ETH CS IN P3IN ETH CS OUT P30UT ETH CS DIR P3DIR ETH CS REN P3REN ETH INT BIT2 ETH INT IN P1IN ETH INT DIR P1DIR ETH INT OUT P10UT ETH INT REN P1REN ETH INT IES PLIES ETH INT IE P1TE ETH INT IFG P1IFG ETH RST BIT3 ETH RST OUT P1OUT ETH RST DIR P1DI
8. Sensors The master s thesis 3 by Albert Lopez and Francisco Javier Sanchez concerned sniffing wireless sensor traffic in order to collect this sensor data and use it for multiple purposes They worked with sensors in the 868 MHz band They designed and created a motherboard with a TI MSP430 microcontroller as the core of their gateway Since the MSP430 is a very low power consumption chip it was ideal for use with PoE They utilized a Microchip ENC28J60 network interface This network interface was connected to the microcontroller via a serial peripheral interface SPI The ENC28J60 Microchip offers dual port random access memory for sending and receiving data packets as this network interface provides the buffering needed for packets being sent and received there was no need for external memory In order to supply power to this board they used PoE technology In their project they also used an SPI interface to connect a daughterboard with a radio transceiver for the 760 to 928 MHz band 2 1 2 White space sensor platform Javier Lara Peinado in his thesis project 4 took the sensor platform developed by L pez and Sanchez and added a new boot program to provide network based booting configuration of the device via the dynamic host configuration protocol DHCP and installation of application software via the trivial file transfer protocol TFTP Using this new software base he implemented a white space sensor platform that sent its measurement
9. connected to the home building network and connected to the Internet A second purpose is to learn how to use network attached devices as the concept of the Internet of Things is considered by many to be a driving force in the next generation Internet This project uses very in expensive and low power hardware as the number of devices is potentially very large and thus in order to minimize the technology s impact on the environment we must consider how to minimize the power used while maintaining the desired user functionality This bachelor s thesis project made it possible for a PoE powered circuit board containing a MSP430 microcontroller to work along with a NFC reader which was connected through the Serial Peripheral Interface SPI We hope that the end result of this project will lead to a simpler life by exploiting this increasingly ubiquitous technology For example a homeowner could send a one time key to a repair person who is coming to fix their sink Similarly a homeowner could send a key to their neighbor which is valid for two weeks so that their neighbor could come into their home to water the plants while they are away on vacation Another example is lending your apartment key to a friend while you are out of town Keywords Near Field Communication Power over Ethernet secure access Internet of Things Serial Peripheral Interface MSP430 Sammanfattning Det blir allt vanligare med n rf ltskommunikation NFC i dagen
10. connected to the same TFTP server The other PC was running Ubuntu 12 04 LTS in a Virtual box 40 Figure 4 3 displays the Wireshark output as Ubuntu requests and receives the file from our TFTP server w Capturing from ethO Wireshark 1 8 8 SVN Rev Unknown from unknown ye File Edit View Go Capture Analyze Statistics Telephony Tools Internals Help a r amp Y af ga BB e Aww 8 Filter tftp Expression Clear Save N 401 167 9073980 192 168 1100 192 168 1 1 TETP 65 Read 402 167 9347330 192 168 1 1 192 168 1 100 TFTP 558 Data Packet Block 1 403 167 996389 192 168 1 100 192 168 1 1 TFTP 60 Acknowledgement Block 1 404 167 9365100 192 168 1 1 192 168 1 100 TFTP 558 Data Packet Block 2 405 167 988367 192 168 1 100 192 168 1 1 TFTP 60 Acknowledgement Block 2 406 167 988413 192 168 1 1 192 168 1 100 TFTP 558 Data Packet Block 3 407 167 992871 192 168 1 100 192 168 1 1 TFTP 60 Acknowledgement Block 3 408 167 9929140 192 168 1 1 192 168 1 100 TFTP 558 Data Packet Block 4 409 167 9947590 192 168 1 100 192 168 1 1 TFTP 60 Acknowledgement Block 4 410 167 9948120 192 168 1 1 192 168 1 100 TFTP 558 Data Packet Block 5 411 167 9963720 192 168 1 100 192 168 1 1 TFTP 60 Acknowledgement Block 5 412 167 996413 192 168 1 1 192 168 1 100 TFTP 558 Data Packet Block 6 413 167 998677 192 168 1 100 192 168 1 1 TFTP 60 Acknowledgement Block 6 414 167 9987200 192 168 1 1 192 168 1 100 TFTP 558 Data Packet Blo
11. int4 recv_data 3 convert blocks from hexadecimal to decimal intsum1 ord int1 intsum2 ord int2 intsum3 ord int3 intsum4 ord int4 summarize the values intsum intsum1 intsum2 intsum3 intsum4 in this case the value 654 represents the tag UID e29847cd in decimal if 654 intsum server_socketl socket AF_ INET SOCK _DGRAM datal OPEN print Grant Access if granted then send OPEN to our board server_socketl sendto datal addr elif recv data intsum server_socket2 socket AF_ INET SOCK _DGRAM print Denied data2 CLOSE if denied then send CLOSE to our board server_socket2 sendto data2 addr 45 UDPSmartLock critical functions Spi for UCA1 uint8_t spi_send const uint8_t _data while UCA1IFG amp UCTXIFG UCOIFG UCBOTXIFG 3 wait for previous tx to complete UCA1TXBUF _data setting TXBUF clears the TXIFG flag while UCA1IFG amp UCRXIFG 3 wait for an rx character return UCA1RXBUF reading clears RXIFG flag SS shifts the output on SS pin pin5 void digitalWrite uint8 t val if val LOW PSOUT amp BIT5 PS5DIR BIT5 set bit 5 to output else PSOUT BITS PS5DIR BIT5 set bit 5 to output Function Transmit a byte to PN532 through the SPI interface inline void write uint8_t _data spi_send _data Function Receive a byte from PN532 through the SPI interface inline uint8_t read void uint8_t data_
12. interface power and ground connector this effectively isolated all of the SPI signals from the PN532 chip After connecting power to the level translator using the dark green wire shown in Figure 4 7 we sent the get firmware version command to the NFC shield from the Arduino board to see if there was any response Figure 4 8 shows the command being sent on line 2 and that there a response on line 3 The definition of the commands for the PN532 NFC shield can be found in the file gw h in the project folder 26 Figure 4 7 The connection between the Arduino board and the NFC shield with the oscilloscope connected to examine the signals y 100 MHz 2 16 CHANN JON MIXED SIG p OSCILLOSCORE Figure 4 8 Get Firmware Version command on the Arduino board with response Now that all the connection had been found and tested with the Arduino board we connected the NFC shield to the MSP430 motherboard and connected the oscilloscope to examine the signals Figure 4 9 shows the final working communication between the MSP430 and the NFC shield the green cable on the top of the NFC shield is the additional power connection for the level translator Note that this is 3 3V The signals that are transmitted and received are shown on the screen of the oscilloscope in Figure 4 10 27 Figure 4 9 The final connection with the oscilloscope connected to examine the signals HEWLETT 54645D rn ge PACKARD 100 MHz 2 16 CHANNELS EL Ta O
13. realized as a sticker which contains a small microchip that can store a small amount of data and transfer it to a NFC enabled device How much data you can store depends on which type of tag you are using since different types of tags have different memory capacities The tags used in our project are MIFARE Classic tags 44 with a memory size of 1 Kilobyte KB The MIFARE Classic tags are widely used today in public transportation electronic toll collection and in loyalty cards Our tags are also NFC Data Exchange Format NDEF enable and formatable This means that one can store messages or homepages and even different application defined actions on the tag to be viewed or used from any NFC enabled device Since the tags are formatable an application can delete the data stored on the tag and write new content to be stored by the tag The tags we used also contain a Unique Identifier Number UID which we used in our project to identify a specific In order to read the UID of each NFC tag we used the Android application TagWriter 45 from the Google play application market This application was developed by the company NXP Semiconductors 46 the same company as makes the PN532 NFC chip used on the shield We implemented an application in the motherboard This application simply sends a UID read requests to the NFC shield If an NFC tag is located near the antenna of the NFC shield the NFC shield will get a response from the tag The application pl
14. server Therefore we also needed to configure a TFTP server on the network To ensure that the motherboard correctly asks for an IP address and an application to run we used the TFTPboot program that Javier Lara Peinado a previous master student wrote We loaded his code into the motherboard using a MSP FET430UIF JTAG section 3 2 2 programmer connected to one of our laptop computers 3 4 1 Configuring the DHCP server There are many different ways to realize a DHCP server For example many routers have a built in DHCP server Alternatively DHCP server software can be installed and configured on a computer that is already connected to the network to have it act as a DHCP server for the network In order to keep the costs of the product as low as possible we have assumed that the site where the smart door lock system will be installed will already have one or more computers attached to a local area network hence we chose to utilize one of these computers to act as a DHCP server For our project we used a desktop computer running openSUSE 29 to run the ISC DHCP Server 36 The configuration of the DHCP server can be made by editing a configuration file for the DHCP https github com cazulu mind the gaps tree master TFTPboot 13 server see the configuration file in Appendix A or by using the YaST 37 which is a configuration and installing tool for the openSUSE 29 system To verify that the DHCP server works we used Wireshark
15. trigger on when this signal entered the state that we wanted to investigate 3 2 2 Programmer The programmer that we used to flash our code to the MSP430 microcontroller is the MSP FET430UIF from Texas Instruments TI 24 The programmer is officially referred to as a Flash X www wireshark org Emulation Tool FET this tool can be used for writing the program to the MSP430 microcontroller and controlling the microcontroller manually for debugging a program it can even provide power to the microcontroller The standard FET device from TI connects via the USB interface although there are older versions that connect via the serial port interface This FET can program the processor using either the Joint test action group JTAG or Spy Bi Wire SBW protocol through a 14 2x7 pin connection that is available on the motherboard section 3 3 1 3 2 3 Arduino The Arduino board is a microcontroller board with open open source hardware The specific Arduino board we used was an Arduino Uno R3 25 based on the ATmega328 26 microcontroller The board also has 14 digital input output pins which can be used for different functions The board contains a USB connection where can also be used to power the board when connected to a computer Of course one can also power the board other ways as so long as the power supplied is not over 5 volts There are many different daughter boards so called shields that can be easily attached to the Ar
16. will be subsequently used in this project This chapter will also summarize some of the related work relevant to this project Chapter 3 covers the methods used in the project to achieve our goals which contains a range of both software and hardware tools Described in chapter 4 is how we tested our prototype to see if it fulfilled our purposes with the project Since we did not accomplish all of our goals chapter 5 reviews our conclusion and describes what we have left undone in addition to suggesting what could be done in future work to build upon this project The final chapter also covers what we would have done differently in the project if we were to do it again 2 Background In this chapter we will briefly describe the embedded platform that we will use and we will introduce some of the concepts that are useful to understand the rest of this thesis This chapter will also describe some of the related work that is relevant to this thesis project 2 1 What have others already done Some previous research has been done that is related to our project We will summarize these related projects in this section This is particularly the case for our basic platform as we will re use the microcontroller and PoE network circuit board developed by earlier master s thesis students at this department Following this we will introduce some of the related work done regarding door locks access control and cloud based services 2 1 1 Exploiting Wireless
17. 02 00 00 00 00 02 02 00 00 00 00 02 Dst RealtekS_43 5a e2 00 e0 4c 43 5Sa e2 Internet Protocol Version 4 Src 192 168 1 7 192 168 1 7 Ost 192 168 1 1 192 168 1 1 User Datagram Protocol Src Port 10 10 Dst Port 56864 56864 Data 5 bytes 0000 00 0 4c 43 Sa e2 02 00 00 00 00 02 0010 00 21 00 03 00 00 64 11 d3 70 cO a8 01 07 cO a8 t d Piee 0020 01 01 00 Oa de 20 00 Od 00 00 54 45 53 0030 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 AM File tmpiwireshark ethO 20131023 Packets 77 Displaved 77 Marked 0 Dropped 0 Profile Default Figure 4 2 The dark blue line shows the message TEST being echoed back from our board 4 3 Network Booting As mentioned in section 2 3 we knew the TCP IP stack implemented in our board supported the TFTP protocol We wanted to take advantage of to automatically transfer our code to the board immediately after the board has received an IP address from a DHCP server The thought of this was that the board would directly load its code through the network thus avoiding the need to connect a programmer to the board In the case of deployed system this would mean that each device could get the latest version of the software when it next rebooted or when commanded to We set up a TFTP server which included an example file that was meant to be sent to our board immediately after it received an IP address Before we tried to send this file to our board we first tried to send the file to another PC
18. 430F5437a ultra low power microcontroller together with NFC shield and having everything powered via PoE makes the hardware of this project energy efficient this means environmental considerations were taken in the choice of the hardware Moreover because the board we used supported PoE all of the power for the system was sent over the Ethernet cable thus eliminating the materials and labor costs associated with having to provide mains or another separate wiring plant to power the system As our board utilized the NFC shield designed for an Arduino by interconnecting the shield via an SPI interface with a MSP430F537a microcontroller with an ENC28J60 for its network communication we avoided the need for an Arduino with two shields one for NFC and for Ethernet and an external power supply and a nearby mains power outlet thus there was a lower economic cost by using this hardware 34 We have not encountered any ethical issues when carrying out this bachelor s thesis project other than the issue of identifying users to be given access to a door based upon the UID of their NFC tag This requirement could be removed in a future implementation that used cryptographic tokens As noted in the previous section all security considerations have been ignored in this project and remain for future work 35 References 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 T V A Pham S
19. FC reader connected to the microcontroller and the second part which concerns the communication between the microcontroller and a cloud service We have adopted a cloud deployment approach based upon the energy savings shown by Goce Talaganov in his master s thesis 2 and because of the flexibility that a cloud based service will offer Figure 1 1 shows the overall system As shown in this figure a NCF reader will be placed outside the door and the microcontroller will be placed inside the building where it cannot be modified or access by someone outside the door The microcontroller will be connected to a server via a Power over Ethernet PoE capable switch This network connection provides power to the microcontroller NFC reader and electric strike plate or motor to turn the latch Further information about PoE technology will be given in section 2 5 on page 7 The system will be managed through a website where the administrator of a lock can create electronic keys and manage the lock Note that these keys can be designed to work only during a specific time or even be a one time only key Cloud Computing Outside Inside Figure 1 1 An overview on how the smart door locks system works Note that the figure dloes not show the connection to the electric strike plate or latch The system must be connected to the actual lock on the door this can be done in different ways depending on the type of lock installed on the door The most common l
20. M programmer or other similar device However it does mean that we need to implement a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP server and a TFTP server for our experiments 2 4 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server We will use a DHCP server to supply an IP address to each of the network attached microcontroller circuit boards based upon a MAC address that we have configured into the network boot loader The DHCP server will also provide the board with the IP address of the TFTP server and the name of the file that this board is to load via TFTP The DHCP configuration file that we have used is shown in Appendix A 2 5 PoE Power over Ethernet PoE enables Ethernet cables to transfer both data and electrical power to devices PoE can theoretically deliver up to a maximum of 15W of DC power In practice the maximum available power is about 12 95W because of the losses in the cables PoE was standardized in the IEEE 802 3af standard 19 2 5 1 Advantages of PoE USB does not always provide sufficient power required for some types of hardware to function Additionally in a smart door lock scenario the likely distances will be greater than those supported by USB USB can provide 5W of power over a cable with a maximum length of 5m while PoE devices using CATS cable and provide 12 95W of power to devices 100m away 20 CATSe cables can provide 30W of power 2 5 2 Disadvantages of PoE The main disadvantage of implementing the PoE inter
21. N Rev Unknown from unknown won File Edit View Go Capture Analyze Statistics Telephony Tools internals Help IBAN DAX Ba EEE OHR a CAI HOMO Filter v Expression Time Sourc stination Protoct Leng Inf 5 0 014463000 Dean Broadcast 60 Who has 192 168 1 1 Tell 192 168 1 7 6 0 014495000 RealtekS_43 Sa 02 00 00 00 00 02 42 19 168 1 1 is at 00 e0 4c 43 Sa e2 Hewlett 4 719 Hewlett 4 78 panning tree for T Root 276 14 0 58 40 D Port 1 19539 Hewlett 4 78 panning tree for b f 60 RST Root 32768 0 14 0 54 40 ta Port 018001 1 Hewlett 1 74 tree f T T Root 7 4 4 40 Cost t Or SSS S859 90 598 598 9595 HH NN Frame 11 60 bytes on wire 480 bits 60 bytes captured 480 bits on interface O Ethernet II Src 02 00 00 00 00 02 02 00 00 00 00 02 Dst RealtekS_43 5a e2 00 e0 4c 43 5a e2 Internet Protocol Version 4 Src 192 168 1 7 192 168 1 7 Dst 192 168 1 1 192 168 1 1 User Datagram Protocol Src Port 8836 8836 Dst Port 8836 8836 Data 4 bytes Length 4 0000 00 e0 4c 43 Sa e2 02 00 00 00 00 02 08 00 45 00 gt NAAA E j0010 00 20 00 03 00 00 64 11 d3 71 cO a8 01 07 cO a8 te ia 0020 01 01 22 84 22 84 00 Oc 00 00 MI 00 00 5 Eu 0030 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 A Data data data 4 bytes Packets 17 Displayed 17 Marked O Dropped O ignored 2 Profile Default Hadde ccsmoto gt Haddeficcsmoto gt python UDPServerNfc py Waiting for TAG ID Grant Access
22. November 2013 ATmega48PA 88PA 168PA 328P doc8161 pdf Available at http www atmel com Images doc8161 pdf accessed November 8 2013 ProCurve Switch 2626 J4900B specifications HP Products and Services Products Online Available http h10010 www1 hp com wwpc ca en sm W F06b 12136296 12136298 12136298 12136298 12136316 12136318 3 1539227 html dnr 2 Accessed 20 November 2013 Drivers amp Downloads Dell US Online Available http www dell com support drivers us en 19 Product optiplex gx620 Accessed 20 November 2013 openSUSE Online Available http en opensuse org Main Page Accessed 07 November 2013 MSP430F543xA MSP430F541xA Mixed Signal Microcontroller Rev C msp430f5437a pdf Available at http www t1 com lit ds symlink msp430f5437a pdf accessed July 29 2013 ENC28J60 Data Sheet 39662c pdf Available at http ww 1 microchip com downloads en DeviceDoc 39662c pdf accessed July 29 2013 TL2575 TL2575HV 1 A Simple Step Down Switching Voltage Regulators Rev B tl2575hv adj pdf Available at http www ti com lit ds symlink tl2575hv adj pdf accessed July 29 2013 TPS237x IEEE 802 3af PoE Powered Device Controllers Rev B tps2375 pdf Available at http www ti com lit ds symlink tps2375 pdf accessed July 29 2013 NFC Shield SLD80453P 29 50 Seeed Studio Bazaar Boost ideas extend the reach Online Available h
23. R ETH SIMO BIT1 ETH_SOMI BIT2 ETH_SCLK BIT3 ETH SPI IN P3IN ETH SPI OUT P30UT ETH SPI DIR P3DIR ETH SPI REN P3REN ETH SPI SEL P3SEL void InitializeEthSpi void The master then selects the desired slave by pulling the SS line to the low state The slaves that have not been activated by the master using its slave select will disregard the serial clock and MOSI Activate reset state ETH SIMO ETH SOMI ETH SCLK Outputs UCBOCTL1 UCSWRST Configure ports ETH_SPI_SEL ETH_SCLK special functions for SPI pins ETH SPI DIR ETH SIMO ETH CS DIR ETH CS ETH CS OUT ETH CS Configure SPI registers UCBOCTL1 UCSSEL 2 UCBOBRO 0 UCBOBR1 0 UCAOMCTL 0 UCBOCTL1 amp UCSWRST UCBOCTLO UCCKPH UCMSB UCMST UCSYNC Clock phase 0 Clock pol 0 8 bit MSB first Master mode 3 pin SPI Synch SMCLK clock source No Prescaler 8MHz Deactivate reset state signals from the master In this manner the master selects only one slave at the time 39 When the slave wishes to communicate with the microprocessor master the slave can use an interrupt line to indicate that an event has occurred Otherwise the master needs to poll the slave s to see if it they have any input 16 The SPI interface can work in different clock modes depending on the microcontroller you want to connect there are four clock modes The clock mode depends on the confi
24. SCILLOSCOPE fr m Mo gt Figure 4 10 Read SPI Status sent from the MSP430 to the NFC shield with a response Line 1 on the oscilloscope in Figure 4 10 is the clock of the MSP430 line 2 is the master out slave in MOSI connection line 3 is the slave out master in MISO connection line 4 is the slave select SS line Line 2 shows the read SPI status command being sent to the NFC shield the read SPI command consist of the hexadecimal value of 2 which can be seen on line 2 in Figure 4 10 note that 28 the SPI operates in LSB mode The command is sent during the first clock sequence and during the second clock sequence the NFC shield replies with its status in this case the value 1 which means that the SPI device is ready 4 7 Setting up appropriate triggering of the mixed oscilloscope An important element of the debugging describe in the previous section was setting up an appropriate trigger so that one could see the SPI commands and responses The signals that are shown on the oscilloscope are in real time this means that the signals are shown as they are sent and this happens very fast which makes it hard to inspect the signals One can pause the oscilloscope on a signal but this method is not very precise or effective as the screen is paused at the moment the button is pressed which means that there might not be any or the right signals shown on the screen of the oscilloscope This is why we had to use the trigger
25. SPI function that we needed to implement was the transmit function which is basically the same as the receive function and the slave select SS function to select the SPI slave to communicate with The transmit and receive functions are the same function as when we want to receive data we simply transmit a zero and then read the response When we transmit data we send data and ignore the response We had to write the SS function ourselves because the one provided from Energia did not suit the microcontroller we are using This function simply changes the SS pin from HIGH to LOW when the slave is to be selected and the reversed when unselected 4 6 Connecting the daughterboard and debugging We used SPI to connect the daughterboard NFC Shield to the motherboard In order to do this we had to connect the connections mentioned in Table 3 1 as well as provide power and ground The motherboard brought the SPI signals 3 3 V power and ground to an easy to access connector Similarly the NFC shield s SPI pins 3 3 V power input and ground were brought to a convenient to access connector This would seem to have made it easy to connect the two boards together Figure 4 4 shows these connections between these two boards Figure 4 4 The SPI power and ground connection between the boards The NFC shield daughterboard had a built in program that gets command from a SPI master device and sends back a respond to that command For example
26. See section 3 1 1 to monitor the network traffic thus we could verify that the expected DHCP discover offer request and acknowledge messages were exchanged and that the motherboard received the IP address that we had configured for it Figure 3 4 shows a screen capture of the DHCP handshake as captured by Wireshark Note that the DHCP server was running on a computer with the IP address of 192 168 1 100 3 2 77432700 0 0 0 0 255 255 255 255 DHCP 342 DHCP Discover Transaction ID 0x12233456 4 2 77606900 192 168 1 100 255 255 255 255 DHCP 342 DHCP Offer Transaction ID 0x12233456 5 2 78334800 0 0 0 0 255 255 255 255 DHCP 342 DHCP Request Transaction ID 0x12233456 6 2 79180700 192 168 1 100 255 255 255 255 342 DHCP ACK Bootstrap Protocol Message type Boot Reply 2 Hardware type Ethernet 0x01 Hardware address length 6 Hops O Transaction ID 0x12233456 Seconds elapsed 0 5 Bootp flags 0x8000 Broadcast Client 1P address 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 your client IP address 192 168 1 105 192 168 1 105 Next server IP address 192 168 1 100 192 168 1 100 Relav anent TP address NANA MANAM Figure 3 4 A screen capture of the DHCP process 3 4 2 Configuring the TFTP server As mentioned before a TFTP server simplifies the loading of a new application into the board For this purpose we set up a TFTP server We decided to set up the TFTP server on the same computer that was acting as the DHCP server The TFTP server was also confi
27. Smart Door Lock A first prototype of a networked power lock controller with an NFC interface RAFID KARIM and HALDARA AL FAKHRI Degree project in Communication Systems First level 15 0 HEC Stockholm Sweden Gp ES KTHAS VETENSKAP 9 OCH KONST YE a KTH Information and Communication Technology Smart Door Lock A first prototype of a networked power lock controller with an NFC interface Rafid Karim and Haidara Al Fakhri 2013 12 01 Kandidatexamensarbete Examiner and academic adviser Professor Gerald Q Maguire Jr School of Information and Communication Technology ICT KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden Abstract Most major cell phone manufacturers have been releasing cell phones equipped with Near Field Communication WFC At the same time there is also increasing use of mobile payments and user verification with the use of the NFC technology These trends indicate both the increasing popularity and great potential for increased use of NFC in today s society As a result NFC has a huge potential to simplify our everyday tasks ranging from paying for items to accessing our office or home In this context we will focus on using NFC together with a Power over Ethernet PoE powered circuit board and NFC reader to realize a simple system for granting access to open a locked door One of the purposes of this realization is to explore what services can be realized when such a system is
28. aces the tag s UID into a UDP packet and sends it to our UDP server a program running on the PC acts as a UDP server The UDP server compares this tag against entries in a list of acceptable NFC tag UIDs associated with this smart door lock system If See section 4 4 29 the UID of this tag is in the list then the UDP server sends an UDP packet to the board informing it to either lock or unlock the lock For our testing we indicated whether access was granted or denied by turning on a green granted or orange denied LED on the board 4 9 UDP Server The UDP server program was written in the programming language Python 47 because of the simplicity of writing the code The server program also generates console output indicating if the scanned NFC tag is to granted or denied access followed by an OPEN or CLOSE message being sent back to application running on the motherboard For learning how to write a UDP server in Python we looked into the wiki page of Python for UDP communications 48 When we had learned and understood how to create UDP sockets and transfer and receive UDP packets we created our own very simple server which received different blocks of the NFC Tag UID There were a total of 4 blocks received and each block represents 8bits Once all the blocks are received from the NFC tag UID and converted from hexadecimal to decimal values we then utilized this value to lookup if this card should grant access or not There are of co
29. also in Eagle format Easily Applicable Graphical Layout Editor EAGLE is an electronic design automation application to make schematics of PCBs 25 Figure 4 6 Board layout of the NFC shield displayed by Eagle In addition to the SPI connections on the right end of the board to which we connected when interfacing to our motherboard when the shield is plugged into to the Ardunio board the connectors across the top and the bottom of the board are connected Based upon the schematic we believed that many of these connectors were connected to different parts of the logic on this shield However after examining the board layout we could exclude most of the connectors on the board because they did not actually connect to anything on the shield despite what the schematics suggested Moreover after examining which signals were interfaced to at the SPI power and ground connector on the right side of the board one of the connections that we did not have was the connection from the power connector on the bottom of the board Following this connection lead us to the TXB0104PWR voltage level translator 43 marketed U6 on the schematic which gets power from two sources the SPI interface power and ground connector and from the Arduino power interface Looking at the datasheet for the voltage level translator we learned that the voltage level translator needs two power sources to function However with only a single power source from the SPI
30. any bytes can be read from the UDP socket and 2 Call UDPGet reads a byte from the currently active socket For this testing we used a shell window on the PC that was hosting the DHCP server We invoked our test program with the destination IP address and the port of the board to send our text message and received the expected response back from the board The result of test is shown in Figure 4 2 where we sent the string TEST and received this response echoed back from our board We could have chosen to use the Transmission control protocol TCP for our data packets but since we also wanted the TFTP in our project and it already used the UDP for its file transfers we thought it would be better to stay with the UDP protocol also the UDP protocol has faster file transfer speed and if case of a packet drop then one would have to just resend the packet 20 Hadde ccsmoto gt Hadde ccsmoto gt sudo echo TEST netcat u 192 168 1 7 10 Hadde ccsmoto gt ww Sum VERA 4 0 0 un NEY UI GS MR MAA FUN File Edit View Go Capture Analyze Statistics Telephony Tools Internals Help nr A A Gaga rca as o zE ooo ung ASE Filter v Expression 64 103 323500 RealtekS_43 5a e2 Broadcast ARP 42 Who has 192 168 1 7 Tell 192 168 1 1 65 103 324673 02 00 00 00 00 02 RealtekS_43 5a e2 ARP 60 192 168 1 7 is at 02 00 00 00 00 02 Frame 67 60 bytes on wire 480 bits 60 bytes captured 480 bits on interface O Ethernet II Src
31. ceiver that contains all the necessary hardware components for communication with any motherboard that supports SPI 12 The shield is built around the popular and widely used NXP PN532 chip The PN532 provides a complete module for contactless communication in the 13 56 MHz band The NFC shield also has a built in Printed Circuit Board PCB antenna and supports both 3 3V and 5V power supply with the help of a Texas Instruments TXB0104 35 level translator This NFC shield was created as a breakout board i e shield to connect to Arduino motherboards However because of its low price it use of a widely used NFC chip on board antenna and the possibility to link it to our motherboard via SPI we selected this board for our project G EEE OT 6 hi k ae i gt m a b Figure 3 3 The front side a and the backside b of the NFC shield 3 4 Connecting the platform to the network In this section we explain how we configured the DHCP and the TFTP server As the system must be connected to a network in order to be able to identify and manage keys hence the motherboard has to be connected to a network To provide the motherboard s network interface with an IP address we configured a DHCP server to provide an IP address to the motherboard based upon a MAC address that we programmed into the network boot loader As described in section 2 1 1 the actual application to be executed will be transferred at boot time from a TFTP
32. ck 7 416 168 0005410 192 168 1 100 192 168 1 1 TFTP 60 Acknowledgement Block 7 417 168 0005910 192 168 1 1 192 168 1 100 TFIP 558 Data Packet Block 8 418 168 004209 192 168 1 100 192 168 1 1 TFTP 60 Acknowledgement Block 8 419 168 0945070 192 168 1 1 192 168 1 100 TFTP 558 Data Packet Block 9 420 168 0957920 192 168 1 100 192 168 1 1 TFTP 60 Acknowledgement Block 9 421 168 0358390 192 168 1 1 192 168 1 100 TFTP 558 Data Packet Block 10 422 168 096761 192 168 1 100 192 168 1 1 TFTP 60 Acknowledgement Block 10 423 168 0068030 192 168 1 1 192 168 1 100 TFTP 558 D ta Packet Block 11 424 168 099228 192 168 1 100 192 168 1 1 TFTP 60 Acknowledgement Block 11 425 168 0192690 192 168 1 1 192 168 1 100 TFTP 558 Data Packet Block 12 426 168 010262 192 168 1 100 192 168 1 1 TFTP 60 Acknowledgement Block 12 427 168 010305 192 168 1 1 192 168 1 100 TFTP 323 Data Packet Block 13 last 428 168 0118700 192 168 1 100 192 168 1 1 TFTP 60 Acknowledgement Block 13 raff raff VirtualB nal Hj lp alBox ftp f VirtualBox tftp 192 168 1 1 e xt ytes in 0 1 seconds Figure 4 3 File Blinker txt is requested from 192 168 1 100 and successfully received Now that we knew that the TFTP and DHCP configuration have had no problems our next step was to have the system motherboard request the file from the TFTP server that it learned in the DHCP response from the DHCP server However here we ran into a problem as the board onl
33. command on the motherboard without any response 25 Board layout of the NFC shield displayed by Eagle 26 The connection between the Arduino board and the NFC shield with the oscilloscope connected to examine the signalS sssssressesrersrersrsnnssrnnsnrsnnsn 21 Get Firmware Version command on the Arduino board with response 27 The final connection with the oscilloscope connected to examine the STOD ALS N ee 28 Read SPI Status sent from the MSP430 to the NFC shield with a response 28 Tag with UID e29847cd is read and access is granted followed by response POR THE DOA sans a AAA 31 vii List of Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 SPI Signals enaissi aneao aE tol tai 14 The four different clock Md ida iii 17 PINS S275 PI A b ra orerar nl r aa SAN SRA ae MENN AAGE 23 The power consumption of the different parts of the system 31 List of acronyms and abbreviations BSL DCO DHCP FET GSM GPS ISO JTAG KB MCU MSP NDEF NFC PCB PD PoE PSE RFID SBW SPE SPI TCP TFTP UDP UID UICC UMTS USART USB Wi Fi Bootstrap Loader Digitally Controlled Oscillator Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Flash Emulation Tool Global System for Mobile Global Positioning Systems International Organization for Standards Joint Test Action Group Kilo Byte Micro Controller Unit Mixed Signal Processor NFC Data Exchange Format Near Field Communication Printed Cir
34. cuit Board Power Device Power over Ethernet Power Sourcing Equipment Radio Frequency Identification Spy Bi Wire Source Power Equipment Serial Peripheral Interface Transmission Control Protocol Trivial File Transfer Protocol User Datagram Protocol Unique Identifier Number Universal Integrated Circuit Card Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter Universal Serial Bus Wireless Fidelity xi 1 Introduction In this chapter we will give a short overview and explanation of this thesis project 1 1 General introduction to the area In the last several years smartphones have become more powerful and have been designed to be used as pocket sized personal computers As different designers and smartphone manufacturer try to win market share they are constantly adding new features and improving the performance of their different models of smartphones This has enabled other companies to develop new tools and services which utilizes smartphones Today Near Field Communication NFC is provided in many smartphones This has enabled applications to verify the user s location and in some cases their identity by using a smartphone This technique in combination with others can be used in various applications and services Computer communication systems and the Internet are playing an important role in our everyday environment Today almost any device workstation television
35. d be built upon what has been done and could address the parts of the original problem that have not been realized The chapter ends with some reflections on the economic social and ethical issues considered during this thesis project 5 1 Conclusions To make a system that would achieve the project goal as stated in section 1 3 required that we achieve eight different sub goals as stated that in the beginning of chapter 3 While we did not succeed in realizing some of our goals we did managed to develop a working NFC reader that can read the UID of an NFC tag by using a NFC shield connected to a MSP430537a microcontroller via a SPI interface We also managed to send UDP packets containing the NFC tag s UID to our UDP server that based upon the UID either granted or denied access to the user Although the result of the access decision was indicated via a green or orange LED on the board this could easily be turned into a signal to control a relay to activate an electric strike plate for a period of time or to active an alternative means of unlock locking the door s lock Because the project spans of a wide range of disciplines involving both hardware and software there were a lot of tools for us to learn and use Programming a microcontroller and learning how to connect two different SPI devices included some debugging which led us to learn how to use a mixed signal oscilloscope Also we learned how to create send and receive UDP packets wi
36. d because of the limited time for this project For the future we learned that when developing a system we should do a lot more research specifically reading and studying the documentation in order to avoid minor problems causing a lot of frustration and unnecessary time being spend on them The most significant outcome of this project was that we learned how to interface the NFC shield to any SPI capable microcontroller rather than requiring that the NFC shield be plugged into an Arduino When doing research on this project we found that no one had previously solved this problem despite many people having encountered problems when trying to make use of NFC shields with platforms other than the Arduino We published our solution to this in a posting to the TI E2E Community on October 17 2013 at 06 56 AM so that others could build upon our solution http e2e ti com support microcontrollers msp430 166 p 292483 1020503 aspx 33 5 2 Future work Currently we have a NFC reader that only reads a NFC tag s UID then sends this information in a UDP packet to a simple UDP server that makes a decision and responds with an access granted or denied response Our NFC reader is currently only reading a tag in MiFare target id mode the next step would be to make it work in peer to peer mode so it can communicate with a smartphone with an NFC interface Once the NFC reader works in peer to peer mode then one could develop an Android application that
37. d cet meet 33 522 F t re WORK ee en Sees el Lee alan 34 5 3 BEIlECHOnS a2 een en sie 34 RETOS CO Sra ae nn nee ee 37 image Reference De ee 39 AD PD OT Cl we een reellen 41 DHCP server CONFIG ee a 43 UDP PYTHON Server ei 45 UDPSmartLock critical functions ae nee 47 vi List of Figures Figure 1 1 Figure 1 2 Figure 3 1 Figure 3 2 Figure 3 3 Figure 3 4 Figure 3 5 Figure 4 1 Figure 4 2 Figure 4 3 Figure 4 4 Figure 4 5 Figure 4 6 Figure 4 7 Figure 4 8 Figure 4 9 Figure 4 10 Figure 4 11 An overview on how the smart door locks system works Note that the figure does not show the connection to the electric strike plate or latch 2 A latch to mechanically control the door lock on a door 3 The front side of the motherboard u susanne 12 The back side of the motherboard aan ea ne 12 The front side a and the backside b of the NFC shield 13 A screen capture of the DHCP process un era 14 SPI timing diagram the vertical red line represent CPHA 0 and the blue line CPHA Tran 17 Wireshark capture of the ICMP request and the respond back 19 The dark blue line shows the message TEST being echoed back from our boardi eur ne 21 File Blinker txt is requested from 192 168 1 100 and successfully received 22 The SPI power and ground connection between the boards 24 Get Firmware Version
38. ds Online Available http www tcpipguide com free t_TFTPOverviewHistoryandStandards htm Accessed 01 July 2013 IEEE SA IEEE Get 802 Program 802 3 Ethernet Online Available http standards ieee org about get 802 802 3 html Accessed 15 November 2013 What is Power over Ethernet 102909 ppt introduction to poe ieee802 3af 802 3at pdf Available at http www ieee li pdf viewgraphs introduction to poe ieee802 3af 802 3at pdf accessed July 1 2013 What does the new Power over Ethernet standard mean for IT pros TechRepublic Online Available http www techrepublic com blog data center what does the new power over ethernet standard mean for it pros Accessed 29 November 2013 Code Composer Studio CCStudio Integrated Development Environment IDE v5 CCSTUDIO TI Tool Folder Online Available http www ti com tool ccstudio Accessed 15 November 2013 54645D 100 MHz 200 MSa s Mixed Signal Oscilloscope Obsolete Agilent Online Available http www home agilent com en pd 1000001438 3 Aepsg 3 A pro pn 54645D 100 mhz 200 msa s mixed signal oscilloscope amp cc SE amp lc eng Accessed 15 November 2013 MSP430 USB Debugging Interface MSP FET430UIF TI Software Folder Online Available http www ti com tool msp fet430uif Accessed 08 November 2013 Arduino ArduinoBoardUno Online Available http arduino cc en Main arduinoBoardUno Accessed 08
39. duino board through I2C and SPI communication We used one such shield equipped with an NFC interface this shield is decribed in section 3 3 2 The main reason why we used the Arduino Uno R3 board is because we wanted to investigate the necessary connections beyond the SPI interface between the NFC shield and the Arduino board 3 2 4 HP ProCurve Switch 2626 For testing our system we connected our motherboard s network interface to an HP ProCurve Switch 2626 27 switch This is a PoE capable switch hence it could power the system We also connected this switch to a Dell model Optiplex GX620 28 computer via a secondary Ethernet interface 3 2 5 Desktop PC A Dell model Optiplex GX620 desktop computer running openSUSE 29 acted as the DHCP server see section 3 4 1 and TFTP server see section 3 4 2 This computer also ran Wireshark which was used to capture and observe the traffic to and from the system that we were developing This computer could also be used to provide the services that in a real deployment of the system would be provided by a server running in a cloud 3 3 Description of the embedded platform In this part of the thesis we will briefly describe the embedded platform that was developed by previous master students as described in sections 2 1 1 to 0 to function as a wireless sensor sniffer For further details about the platform we refer the reader to the individual master s thesis indicated in these sections Th
40. e platform can be separated into a main motherboard with a SPI interface for connecting a daughterboard The SPI interface on the motherboard provides the adaptability to connect a daughterboard of the user s choice without having to modify any other part of the circuit board In the case of the former master s thesis projects the SPI was used to connect a daughterboard with a radio module operating in the hundreds of MHz frequency range but in our project we are going to utilize a NFC daughterboard which works in the 13 56 MHz frequency band We believed that it would be relatively simple to change to the daughterboard which will be described in section 3 3 2 3 3 1 Motherboard Figure 3 1 and Figure 3 2 shows the motherboard that is responsible for providing power and performing the computing required of our embedded platform The board is designed around a Texas Instruments MSP430F5437A 30 microcontroller MCU This processor shown in Figure 3 2 includes two SPIs one is used to connect the Ethernet controller and the other connects to a Serial Peripheral Interface see section 3 5 10 daughterboard of the user s choice The Ethernet controller is an ENC28J60 31 chip which communicates with the MCU via the SPI The MCU supports two programming interfaces either Bootstrap Loader BSL or Joint Test Action Group JTAG Our board only included with the JTAG interface and therefore this is the interface we used to install the b
41. ecurity of NFC applications Master s thesis Royal Institute of Technology School of Information and Communication Technology Stockholm Sweden June 2013 TRITA ICT EX 2013 125 Available at http kth diva portal org smash record jsf searchId 2 amp pid diva2 634369 G Talaganov Green VoIP A SIP Based Approach Master s thesis Royal Institute of Technology School of Information and Communication Technology Stockholm Sweden 2012 TRITA ICT EX 2012 162 Available at http kth diva portal org smash record jsf pid diva2 539142 A Lopez Garcia and F J Sanchez Galisteo Exploiting wireless sensors A gateway for 868 MHz sensors Master s thesis Royal Institute of Technology School of Information and Communication Technology Stockholm Sweden Jun 2012 TRITA ICT EX 2012 110 Online Available http urn kb se resolve urn urn nbn se kth diva 98209 accessed July 1 2013 J Lara Peinado Minding the spectrum gaps First steps toward developing a distributed white space sensor grid for cognitive radios Master s thesis Royal Institute of Technology School of Information and Communication Technology Stockholm Sweden 2013 TRITA ICT EX 2013 102 Online Available at http kth diva portal org smash record jsf pid diva2 627307 T P J Alba Spectrum sensing based on specialized microcontroller based white space sensors Measuring spectrum occupancy using a distributed sensor grid Master s thesis
42. face is that not all network switches supports the PoE interface those switches that supports the PoE is usually more expensive If there is no switch that implements the PoE interface available there is PoE injectors to buy to add power to the PoE interface Also because the network cable is providing power there might be a concern of the cables heating up however this is not an issue because the power limitation at 30W for CATSe cables is well under the safety margin from the cable bundle heating up as the CAT5e cables have a lower resistance drop 21 2 5 3 Alternatives to PoE Power might be provided to the device via an alternate means such as a separate cable from an AC to DC power converter However in this case there is a need to run a separate power cable to the device in addition to the cable used for communication and there is the need to locate the AC to DC power converter at an electrical outlet Using an AC to DC converter connected to mains power likely increases the cost as an outlet may needs to be installed near the door or there is the cost of additional cabling Another alternative power source for the device is a battery or supercapacitor This alternative avoids the need to externally power the device at the cost of adding a battery or supercapacitor Additionally this complicates the system as there now needs to be some means to replace or recharge this power source There may also be a problem about whether the lock s
43. function of the oscilloscope To set up the oscilloscope to use the trigger function we have to set up a pattern to trigger on to do this we simply pressed the Pattern button on the oscilloscope this brings up a new menu to set up the pattern to follow on each line connected to the oscilloscope We can choose from triggering on a falling edge of a signal or on a rising edge The oscilloscope that we used only supports triggering on one line which means that we can only select one signal to follow and edge trigger on however the pattern can be configured to include other lines but this only checks if the other lines is in High or Low mode depending on the pattern we set For example if we would like to trigger on the first signal when we send data we set up the pattern to trigger on the rising edge of the data line we also know that the SS line should be in Low state as the slave board is selected this pattern should freeze the screen on the oscilloscope at the moment when there is a rising edge of the data line and the SS line is in Low state There is a lot of options to set up a pattern in our case we used the and operator to choose a pattern however one can use the or exclusive or etc to setup a pattern between the different inputs 4 8 Android application and NFC Tags As mentioned in section 2 2 NFC is a contactless communication technology it allows a data transfer between two NFC enabled devices An NFC tag could be
44. guration of the clock polarity and phase Figure 3 5 shows a timing diagram of the different clock modes CPOL 0 Un SCK CPOL 1 Cycle HHHH H CPHA 0 MISO IAN Cycle ae OS E E E O CPHA 1 MISO TES MOSI DEST Figure 3 5 SPI timing diagram the vertical red line represent CPHA 0 and the blue line CPHA 1 At CPOL 0 clock polarity the base value of the clock is zero and at CPOL the base value of the clock is one When CPOL 0 is chosen at CPHA 0 clock phase data are captured on the clock s rising edge and data are transmitted on the falling edge with CPHA 1 data are captured on the clock s falling edge and data are transmitted on the clock s rising edge When CPOL 1 and CPHA 0 data are captured on clock s falling edge and data is transmitted on the rising edge while with CPHA 1 data are captured on the clock s rising edge and data is transmitted on the falling edge of the clock These settings result in a total of four clock modes that can be configured Table 2 summarizes these different modes Table 2 The four different clock modes Mode CPOL CPHA 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 1 0 3 1 1 17 4 Implementation and Analysis In this chapter we will explain the steps we toke to achieve the goals we set in chapter 3 which included programming reading and a lot of debugging All the files used in this project can be found at the Dropbox link https www dropbox com sh 43h519564hspk
45. gured through YaST in the openSUSE PC dekstop By using Wireshark on the workstation that was hosting both the TFTP and DHCP server we verified that the TFTP server worked by transferring files between two PC s one of which was the TFTP server When connecting the motherboard to the network the motherboard should initially make a DHCP request and then download the configured application from the TFTP server However in our initial experiments this did not happen faultlessly This is also later explained in section 4 3 3 5 Serial Peripheral Interface SPI SPI is a data link which can operate in full or half duplex mode This interface is commonly implemented by microprocessors Using either a 4 wire or 3 wire connection SPI allows a microprocessor microcontroller to communicate with other devices such as sensors or other microprocessors that support SPI The SPI protocol is designed to support a single master device to communicate with one or more slaves connected to a serial bus The master the microprocessor initiates communication and provides a clock for synchronization The slave is a device in our case either a NFC reader or the ENC28J60 Ethernet controller which responds to the mater s communication receives commands and sends data under the control of the microprocessor Table 1 shows the signals used by SPI We will use these names for these signals in our description SPI utilizes 8 bit bytes 38 Table 1
46. hould open when it runs out of power or whether it should remain locked The later alternative may introduce the need for another means of opening the lock if there is no power while the former may eliminate the security that was offered by the lock 3 Method In this chapter we will explain our goals and what we have to do to reach our goals There are many steps and new things we have to learn before building the Smart door lock system In order to realize the Smart Door Lock is a system we need to achieve these goals Connect the microprocessor circuit board to a network Make the microprocessor download its application at boot time Connect a NFC reader to this microprocessor Create an application for a smartphone that can send messages to the NFC reader Create custom UDP packets to be sent and received by this microprocessor Connect sensors to this microprocessor Connect and control a servo motor connected to this microprocessor and Set up a web server and a homepage to control this microprocessor All of these sub goals have to be achieved and the different elements of the system have to work together properly For example the NFC reader should send data to the microprocessor which the microprocessor will forward as data inside a UDP datagram to our webserver We will also have to do the same encapsulation of data from the sensors and in order to receive commands from the web server we will decapsulate the commands received withi
47. if the master device MSP430 sends the get firmware version command to the NFC shield the shield should respond with the firmware version it is running This method was used to verify that the SPI connection was working We used the oscilloscope described in section 3 2 1 to see if there was any response from the NFC shield Figure 4 5 shows the command being sent from the MSP430 line 2 and no response from the NFC shield line 3 Note that line 1 on the display shows the clock signal from the SPI master See appendix 24 Figure 4 5 Get Firmware Version command on the motherboard without any response As the NFC shield was designed to be used with the Arduino board there was a suspicion that there was another connection in addition to the SPI signals 3 3 V power and ground that needed to be connected To find that connection we decided to attach the NFC shield to an Arduino board and then looked at the SPI signals and other signals on the oscilloscope However there were approximately 58 connections 8 of which are grounds between the shield and the Arduino board As this seemed to be too many for us to examine to find which connection was missing we looked at the board layout of the NFC shield to see exactly what each of the connectors was connected to Fortunately the developers of the NFC shield SeeedStudio provided a board layout of the board in Eagle format shown in Figure 4 6 and they provided a schematic for the board
48. ith UDP packets to our board e The UDPSmartLock contains all the necessary code for our board in order to read NFC UID Tags and also send receive UDP packets 41 DHCP server CONFIG option tftp server address code 150 ip address option tftp server address 192 168 1 1 option bootfile name frequencyScanner txt option boot size 76 ddns update style none default lease time 86400 max lease time 86400 authoritative subnet 192 168 1 0 netmask 255 255 255 0 option subnet mask 255 255 255 0 option broadcast address 192 168 1 255 option routers 192 168 1 2 range 192 168 1 5 192 168 1 20 host NFC Shield hardware ethernet 02 00 00 00 00 02 fixed address 192 168 1 7 host Scannerboard hardware ethernet 02 00 00 00 00 03 fixed address 192 168 1 5 43 UDP Python Server from socket import import sys import select import ast import os address of the UDP server and port address 192 168 1 1 8837 create socket for internet and UDP server_socket socket AF_INET SOCK_DGRAM bind this socket to our address server_socket bind address while 1 print Waiting for TAG ID buffer size is 65535 bytes random choice recv_data addr server_socket recvfrom 65535 first block 8bits of received message intl recv_data 0 second block 8bits of received message int2 recv_data 1 third block 8bits of received message int3 recv_data 2 fourth block 8bits of received message
49. l_content untrusted_dlcp www google com sv event s io 201 1 static presofiles how_to_nfc pdf accessed July 1 2013 What is PayPass NFC MasterCard Online Available http www mastercard com us paypass phonetrial whatispaypass html Accessed 01 July 2013 Visa payWave for Mobile Online Available https developer visa com paywavemobile Accessed 01 July 2013 Visa Teams Up With Samsung on Contactless Mobile Payments Bloomberg Online Available http www bloomberg com news 2013 02 25 visa teams up with samsung on contactless mobile payments html Accessed 01 July 2013 Alternatives for Banks to Offer Secure Mobile Payments doc MObey Forum 3 2010 Alternatives for Banks pdf Available at 37 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 38 https www nacha org userfiles File The_ Internet Council Resources MObey 20Forum 203 20 202010 20 20Alternatives 20for 20Banks pdf accessed July 4 2013 S Kabir S kerhetsstandard f r ett mjukvarubaserat s kerhetselement Bachelor s thesis Royal Institute of Technology School of Information and Communication Technology Stockholm Sweden 2013 TRITA ICT EX 2013 136 Online Available at http kth diva portal org smash record jsf searchId 1 amp pid diva2 63 1622 The TCP IP Guide TFTP Overview History and Standar
50. n a UDP datagram to lock or unlock the door 3 1 Software In this section we will explain the software we have used to develop the Smart door lock 3 1 1 Wireshark Wireshark is very popular computer program that analyzes network traffic Since our project is partly based on sending and receiving data exchange from both the motherboard and the DHCP TFTP server Wireshark was a very useful tool for troubleshooting and analyzing if the packets contained what we expected and were send received when we expected We used Wireshark to verify if there was DHCP and TFTP activity This was very useful when we started to send our custom made UDP packets 3 1 2 Code Composer Studio We have used Texas Instruments Code Composer Studio CCStudio 22 as our integrated development environment when writing code for the microprocessor 3 2 Hardware In this section we will describe the hardware tools that we used to develop the Smart door lock 3 2 1 Mixed signal Oscilloscope To develop and verify the signals transmitted and received from to the microcontroller we need to actually see the signals to do this we used an oscilloscope The oscilloscope that we used is a HP 54645D now known as Agilent 54645D 23 which is a mixed signal oscilloscope with two analog inputs and 16 digital channels for mixed signal analysis This oscilloscope supports triggering which allowed us to easily find the signals that we want to see by selecting one signal to
51. n be categorized into three types e An embedded SE is a non removable SEs that can manage business and personal information in a safe way Embedded SEs is installed in the unit at manufacturing e A smartcard for mobile phone terminals in GSM and UMTS band UICC is a genetic standardized physical and logical platform for smart card applications A UICC is used by Universal Integrated Circuit Card 6 telephone companies to include a USIM 3G SIM card application on the card to verify a user for a 3G network e A micro SD card uSD card is a memory card with an embedded chip that is used as a SE There are some SD cards with embedded NFC antennas The form of SE used by cellular operators or payment services in conjunction with a NFC enabled phone is decided by the companies that are involved 17 Companies have selected each of the three types of SEs described above in order to achieve their specific goals 2 2 4 Security and Privacy of NFC applications As mentioned earlier the security of NFC applications is very dependent upon what kind of service the application provides As a result there are different approaches to privacy in NFC applications Privacy in NFC applications is almost entirely reliant on the design of the application For example consider the matter of default settings for privacy reasons the NFC communication capability should be inactive when a user s smartphone is locked or inactive However this is no
52. no internal power source therefore it dependents on the electromagnetic field produced by the NFC reader The active device generates an electromagnetic field that powers the passive device it wants to communicate with Two active NFC devices can exchange data with each other using peer to peer mode Peer to peer mode is standardized in International Organization for Standardization ISO 18092 1 An NFC reader can also function in Card Emulation mode 2 2 2 Security of NFC applications Every NFC enabled application requires appropriate security The type of security is related to what kind of function the application provides For example a service that performs a monetary transaction must be highly secure at least proportionately to the maximum value of transaction or transactions that can be performed In contrast simple services such as receiving with the help of using your NFC smartphone discount coupons as you enter a shop entrance would require very little or almost no security at all The case of an NFC enabled restaurant menu is explained in detail in the recent master s thesis of Thi Van Anh Pham 1 2 2 3 Secure elements A secure element SE is a platform were an application can be installed managed personalized and executed securely An SE is a combination of hardware software interfaces and protocols that allows secure storage and usage of credentials for payments authentication and other services 16 SEs ca
53. nted a simple program to echo a string that we sent to the board from the PC Since our board used the ENC28J60 for its network communication we had to learn the steps that are necessary for sending UDP Packets so by looking into frequency scanner project file in the master project of Javier Lara Peinado 4 and also reading into the UDP c file provided by Microchip we finally managed to understand the steps required for our goal These steps are described below In order to send a UDP packet we must 1 Call the ARPResolve routine to obtain the MAC of the IP destination we wish to send the UDP datagram to Call UDPOpen to open a socket to be used to send our UDP Packets 3 Call UDPisPutReady sets the current socket as the active socket and determines how many bytes can be written to this UDP socket This step is important because the ENC28J60 provides the buffering for the IP packet or packets hence the processor does not have to buffer the complete datagram thus reducing the amount of RAM memory that the program needs 4 Call UDPPut or UDPPutArray for building and storing the data into the packet within the ENC28J60 5 Call UDPFlush to send our packet to the desired destination Call UDPClose to close the socket this is not mandatory When the Ethernet controller receives UDP packets then we need to use the following two functions 1 Call UDPisGetReady sets the current socket as the active one and determines how m
54. o facilities with the help of digital tickets By using these digital keys in conjunction with NFC technology they have realized a highly flexible solution for visitors to the EIT ICT Labs Centre in Stockholm 9 One floor below where we are carrying out our project After we finished the laboratory work for out project Telcred installed three of their lock systems in doors near the laboratory where we did our project 2 2 NFC NFC is a contactless communication technology Today NFC is used in higher end smartphones and tablets 10 11 NFC uses radio frequency identification RFID techniques to communicate with another NFC device The two devices should not be more than 10 cm from each other a theoretical limit and their separation should be less than 4 cm for stable communication 12 The most common uses of NFC today are for identification and tickets Mobile payments using NFC 13 14 is another popular topic because of its speed and security Given that Visa the world leader in electronic payment has now teamed up with Samsung the company which sold the most phones 2013 to enable smartphones with NFC to be used as a credit or debit card 15 it seems that the future of NFC is bright 2 2 1 Using an NFC reader NFC operates at 13 56 MHz and it uses RFID technology for its communication There are mainly two sorts of NFC devices a passive NFC device and an active device that is always connected to a power source The passive device has
55. ock used in houses is a dead bolt these locks use a metal bolt that slides into the door jamb which is controlled by a key on the outside and a latch on the inside see Figure 1 2 For these kinds of locks were there is no electronics managing the lock hence we have to install a motor servo or a solenoid that can switch the latch on the inside of the door to lock or unlock the door this will require some type of sensor that can tell the microcontroller if the door is locked or unlocked these sensors can be buttons that will be pushed if the latch is in the locked or unlocked mode There are also electronic door locks that already have a build in motor or solenoid which unlocks the door when it gets a signal from a controller unit This controller can be attached to a card reader or a key pad for PIN codes For these kinds of locks the microcontroller of the smart door lock system can be connected to the lock mechanism as a second controller unit However how the physical lock should actually function and what kind of locks to use is not the focus of this project The detailed sub goals to be achieved are listed at the start of Chapter 3 Figure 1 2 A latch to mechanically control the door lock on a door 1 4 Structure of the thesis This thesis is divided into five chapters Chapter 1 gives an overview of what the project is about Chapter 2 will give the reader basic background material so that the reader can understand the concepts that
56. ode could be loaded so that cryptographic tokens could be utilized for access control rather than using UIDs which could easily be generated using a NFC equipped smartphone and developing timed challenge response security so that one could ensure that the NFC device is actually in front of the NFC reader and not elsewhere in order to avoid relaying of NFC communication Also in the case of NFC tags there is unused memory in them which could be used to put in some security functions Since our NFC reader forwards data to a UDP server there is a need of securing this transportation over the network and using a usual Transport Layer Security might be a good idea to look into Last but not least it would be great to make the network bootloader work since it would ease the process of distributing updates to the software that should be run in the board while avoiding the need to physically attach the FET debugger to the board 5 3 Reflections The goal with our bachelor s thesis project was to simplify a way to control access via a locked door Since NFC technology is becoming more widespread as seen in public transportation loyalty cards and smartphones the choice of using the NFC technology together with the UDP packets seems a very smart and useful tool for the future In this sense we consider this bachelor s thesis project to have a positive social impact if this solution can be realized and deployed in the future The use of the MSP
57. oot loader code With the help of the jumpers shown in Figure 3 1 a user can choose between getting power from PoE or an external DC power supply The TL2575HV shown in Figure 3 2 is a step down converter 32 which makes it possible to use any DC voltage supply between 3 3V and 60V In our project we will only utilize PoE as described in section 2 5 The Ethernet cable from the motherboard needs to be connected to the power sourcing equipment PSE This PSE function is generally provided by a switch or router with PoE functionality The TPS2375 33 chip takes care of the PoE signaling to tell the host PSE the amount of power that it requires Our board is designed to be a class 1 Powered Device PD hence its maximum power is 3 84W Based upon our initial estimates of the amount of power that we will require 3 84W is more than enough power 11 TPS2375 Chip r j SVA 7 O Og NE28I60 E themft C ontroller J A u 192 5 f J 4 d Power Supply Etherpft Socker Jumper PoE ce Y tf Daugherboard SPI Connection IL N im a or EES Reset button JTAG Connection Figure 3 1 The front side of the motherboard TL2575HV B l _ Step down Converter MSP430F5F37 A Mitro ontroller Figure 3 2 The back side of the motherboard 3 3 2 Daughterboard NFC Shield v1 0 For our daughterboard we selected an NFC shield version 1 0 from Seeedstudio 34 This board shown in Figure 3 3 is an NFC trans
58. oud will determine whether the door should be unlocked or not While we have some basic experience with microcontrollers and some knowledge of computer communication systems we did not yet have any knowledge of NFC technology Combining these different technologies in one project should take our knowledge to the next level Our first step in doing this is to connect a microcontroller to the Internet and then connect a NFC reader to this microcontroller Note that one of the other areas that we want to explore is the use of Power over Ethernet PoE technology so that we do not need a separate connection from our microcontroller to the building s power mains 1 3 Goal The main goal of this project is to develop a smart door lock system where an administrator or owner of an apartment or building can manage and send digital keys to other persons in order to allow them to access an apartment building or specific room in a building by using their NFC equipped smartphone or a NFC smartcard See for example the use case of a security guard in the recent thesis by Thi Van Anh Pham Security of NFC applications 1 In order to achieve to this during our time of the project the smartphones required to run in Card Emulation mode something that we didn t have the possibility to use but was later introduced in Android KitKat 4 4 1 The project can be divided into two parts the first part concerning the NFC module in the phone and the N
59. ra nitro 10 3 2 4 HP ProCurve Switch 2626 ra abicadanesnet tera 10 3 2797 Desktop RE nee erde ts delicados 10 3 3 Description of the embedded platform sr4HH eee eee nn nenne 10 3 3 1 Motherboard uo ea apoco erde 10 3 3 2 Daughterboard NFC Shield v1 0 24 224422s Herner nn 12 3 4 Connecting the platform to the network 22ssses sen snen een nennen nennen 13 3 4 1 Configuring the DHCP Server 13 3 4 2 Configuring the TFTP Server ccceeeeeee eee eee rer eter nan nen 14 Vv 3 5 Serial Peripheral Interface SPI cece cece cece ee eee eee eee eee neeaee 14 4 Implementation and Analysis smnsssssssrrerrrsrrrerrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr rr rr rr rr rerna 19 4 1 Verifying the network CONNECtiON ssseererrrrrrrrrrrrrrrsrrrrrrr nennen nenn nenn 19 4 2 UDR Echo SOTEW A ende rennen ar ea sense 20 4 3 Network BOOEING a ana HI 21 4 4 SPI Drivers configuration ae ar In 22 4 5 Implementing the SPI functions 4rH4Hn nennen nn an rr rr rr rer rer rerna 23 4 6 Connecting the daughterboard and debugging r4errHr een 24 4 7 Setting up appropriate triggering of the mixed oscilloscope 29 4 8 Android application and NFC TaOS ssrerrrrrrrrrrrerrrrrsssrrrrrrr nennen nennen 29 2 9 UDP SAO Pavon rior a Ne ee ee aaa ehe 30 4 10 The Smart Door E ck eurer 30 4 11 Power consumption tasks en 3l 5 Conclusions and Future WOKK anne 33 B r CONCISO Sid tere
60. results to a central server via UDP White spaces can be shortly described as licensed frequencies that are not used all the time 2 1 3 Fixing the PoE and building a white space sensor grid Julia Alba Tormo Peir in her thesis project 5 extended the work of Peinado and corrected the problem with respect to limited power of the PoE circuit of the board developed by Lopez and Sanchez We will make use of this modification to the board and the additional boards which she made in our experiments 2 1 4 Lockitron and other commercial lock company efforts The company Lockitron has developed a similar smartlock that is placed over your current interior latch for a deadbolt lock The Lockitron product does not use the PoE technology but rather it uses a battery for its power Also the Lockitron product uses Wi Fi for its network communication and can only work with specific deadbolt locks which makes it less universal Assa Abloy has also created a smartlock solution for door locks Assa Abloy s Seos product uses NFC for locking and unlocking doors 6 Yale locks has also developed an NFC lock system it uses the mobile lock platform that Assa Abloy developed 7 See section 2 3 Vingcard Elsafe is another company that is marketing an NFC compatible lock At this time the product is primarily for hotel rooms Because of its product design this product seems invisible to the user 8 Telcred has implemented a service that allows access t
61. s LSB first These settings are set in the control register of the SPI interface we are using in our case UCAICTLO We also have to choose a clock source for the signals to be sent The unified clock system UCS module in the MSP430 provides various clocks There is up to five clock sources to choose from 30 XTICLK Low frequency or high frequency oscillator that can be used with low frequency 32768 Hz watch crystals standard crystals resonators or external clock sources in the 4 MHz to 32 MHz range VLOCLK Internal very low power low frequency oscillator with a typical frequency of 10 kHz REFOCLK Internal trimmed low frequency oscillator with 32768 Hz typical frequency DCOCLK Internal digitally controlled oscillator DCO XT2CLK Optional high frequency oscillator that can be used with standard crystals resonators or external clock sources in the 4 MHz to 32 MHz range Three clock signals are available from the UCS module ACLK Auxiliary clock 32 kHz MCLK Master clock 8 MHz SMCLK Subsystem master clock 8MHz These three clocks ACLK MCLK SMCLK are software selectable as XTICLK REFOCLK VLOCKL DCOCLK and when available XT2CLK ACLK and SMCLK are software selectable by individual peripheral modules and are available externally at a pin and MCLK is used by the CPU and system All these clocks can be divided by 1 2 4 8 16 or 32 to provide the desired clock frequency As mentioned in section 3
62. s samh lle mobiltelefons tillverkarna b rjar utveckla nya telefoner med NFC teknik inbyggd samtidigt som anv ndningen av NFC kat Det sker ven en utveckling inom mobila betalningar och anv ndar verifiering med anv ndning av NFC d NFC f renklar detta Med detta sagt kommer vi att arbeta med detta i detta kandidatexamens arbete d r vi fokuserar p NFC samt Power over Ethernet som anv nder MSP430 chippet som k rna Med dessa enheter kombinerade kommer en enkel r relse med ett NFC kort ver en NFC l sare som sedan skall ge atkomst till en last d rr Detta 1 st rre kombination med en Internetuppkoppling kunna ge garen m jligheten att kunna skicka ut d rrnycklar till andra anv ndare I detta kandidatexamensarbete gjorde vi det m jligt f r ett PoE kretskort best ende av ett MPS430 mikroprocessor att samarbeta med en NFC l sare genom SPI protokollet Genom att utveckla detta projekt hoppas vi att v rt slutresultat leder till en enklare delning av nycklar med hj lp av denna teknologi Nyckelord N rf ltskommunikation Str m via n tverk S ker tkomst Sakernas Internet Synkron Seriekommunikation MSP430 Table of contents A aaea a E NEST ae E e E TER ARE EE aa EEE i Sammanfattning A A RE iii Table of contents sino al V Eist Of A O MID ab nr BD eaa vii LISC OF TOD CS a Va gl e hee ses Tee o ix List of acronyms and abbreviations 2esessnsenssenennennnnn nenne nennen nennen xi I Introduction ze EIERN
63. t always the default setting for every smartphone Additionally every NFC application should inform a user about what action it is going to take when it is being used For example when an application is going to open a web browser or when the application will send a text message An advantage of NFC from the point of view of transaction privacy is that NFC is independent of Global Positioning System GPS activation in the phone and can even be independent of the cellular network These features provide the user with greater anonymity and increase the user s privacy 2 3 TFTP The Trivial File Transfer Protocol TFTP is a very simple protocol used to transfer files between network devices TFTP was developed in the late 1970s but stabilized in the 1980s 18 TFTP is commonly used to transfer configuration and boot files to hardware that lack persistent memory or disk space thus a device need not have a disk or stable storage for more than a network boot loader As a result TFTP is widely used for upgrading or restoring firmware in routers TFTP uses the UDP protocol for its transfers Typically it uses UDP port 69 but it is also possible to configure a TFTP server so it uses another UDP port number Since the board that we will be using supports TFTP we have adopted this as a means for booting up the device installing its software and configuring the hardware This means that we can easily install new software without needing to use an EEPRO
64. t from the computer that was also acting as our DHCP Server with the IP address of 192 168 1 1 and a response from our board with the IP address of 192 168 1 7 B ethO Wireshark 1 8 8 SVN Rev Unknown from unknown x File Edit View Go Capture Analyze Statistics Telephony Tools internals Help Sue G amp axcea lt y 3 SS o o o Hgv E E Fitter v Expression No Time Source Destination Protocc Lenc y Info 378 581 293216 02 00 00 00 00 02 Broadcast 60 Who has 192 168 1 1 Tell 192 168 1 7 379 581 2932480 RealtekS_43 5a e2 02 00 00 00 00 02 42 192 168 1 1 is at 00 e0 4c 43 5a e2 TIET an AR ICM 5 r id Ox0Gef eq 1 256 381 581 9590820 192 168 1 7 192 168 1 1 96 Echo ping reply id 0x03ef seq 1 256 ttl 100 383 582 958353 192 168 1 1 192 168 1 7 Tor 98 Echo ping request id 0x08ef seq 2 512 ttl 64 384 582 960247 192 168 1 7 192 168 1 1 Tor 98 Echo ping reply id 0x08ef seq 2 512 ttl 100 Frame 380 98 bytes on wire 784 bits 98 bytes captured 784 bits on interface O Ethernet II Src RealtekS_43 5a e2 00 e0 4c 43 5a e2 Dst 02 00 00 00 00 02 02 00 00 00 00 02 Internet Protocol Version 4 Src 192 168 1 1 192 168 1 1 Ost 192 168 1 7 192 168 1 7 Internet Control Message Protocol Figure 4 1 Wireshark capture of the ICMP request and the respond back 19 lo x 4 2 UDP Echo software In order to ensure that we could send and receive UDP packets containing our own data we decided to start by impleme
65. th the microcontroller In addition to using the microcontroller we learned how to send and receive UDP packets using Python programming to realize our UDP server For monitoring the network traffic we used the software Wireshark We learned how to make use of this software both for examining the protocols and packets that were being exchanged Additionally we learned that we could generate UDP messages within the application running on the microcontroller to display debugging information via Wireshark If we were to do the project again one of the things we would do differently is to read more about what is required of the components to function together before starting our coding We would also not take for granted that things will work correctly right away Furthermore we will be more aware that there might be information missing in the documentation of the product such as we experienced with the need for the second power source for the TXBO104PWR chip on the NFC shield We think that reading the documentation and looking at the schematics of the components would prevent errors such as this from taking as much time as it did Additionally rather than getting stuck on one problem in the early stage of the project one should focus on going further with the other goals rather than spending too much time attempting to fix one specific problem In the end we managed to get a working system despite some parts of the project being modified or eliminate
66. ttp www seeedstudio com depot nfc shield p 916 html Accessed 29 July 2013 TXB0104 4 Bit Bidirectional Voltage Level Translator Rev F txb0104 pdf Available at http www ti com lit ds symlink txb0104 pdf accessed July 29 2013 Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Online Available http www isc org downloads dhcp Accessed 26 July 2013 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Portal YaST openSUSE Online Available http en opensuse org Portal YaST Accessed 07 November 2013 Tutorials Gustavo Litovsky Online Available http glitovsky com blog page_id 21 Accessed 29 July 2013 SPI Interface in embedded systems Online Available http www eeherald com section design guide esmod12 html Accessed 29 July 2013 Oracle VM VirtualBox Online Available https www virtualbox org Accessed 07 November 2013 User Manual 141520 pdf Available at http www nxp com documents user_manual 141520 pdf accessed July 29 2013 Energia Reference Introduction Online Available http energia nu Accessed 20 November 2013 Voltage Level Translation Dual Supply Translator TXB0104 TI com Online Available http www ti com product txb0104 Accessed 15 November 2013 MIFARE Classic NXP Semiconductors Online Available http www nxp com products identification and sec
67. urity smart card ics mifare smart card ic s mifare_classic Accessed 07 November 2013 NFC TagWriter by NXP Android appar p Google Play Online Available https play google com store apps details id com nxp nfc tagwriter amp hl sv Accessed 07 November 2013 Home NXP Semiconductors Online Available http www nxp com Accessed 07 November 2013 Python Programming Language Official Website Online Available http www python org Accessed 07 November 2013 UdpCommunication Python Wiki Online Available https wiki python org moin UdpCommunication Accessed 20 November 2013 Android KitKat Android Developers Online Available http developer android com about versions kitkat html Accessed 15 November 2013 Image Reference Figure 3 5 Wikipedia URL http en wikipedia org wiki File SPI timing diagram2 svg Retrieved 2013 10 10 39 Appendix Source Code All the files and source codes involved in our bachelor project are available in this Dropbox folder https www dropbox com sh 43h519564hspkw2 RcXkXGtCqQ The subfolders in this main folder link to different sections in our project e The DHCP CONFIG folder contains the DHCP server configuration we used in the openSUSE PC so that the board could connect to it and receive an IP e The UDP Server folder contains the necessary UDP server code in the language Python which received and responded w
68. urse some flaws with this method since another Tag s UID might have the same value and then we would grant access even those we should not do so However this simple server was sufficient to verify that our UDP server combined with the motherboard reading the NFC Tag s UID was working The python server program is included in the appendix 4 10 The Smart Door Lock Now that everything is working it was time for to test the whole system This means that the board sends a UDP packet to the UDP Python server followed by receiving a UDP packet from the server which tells whether access was granted or denied Finally the motherboard replies to the UDP server telling it if the lock has been opened or locked Figure 4 11 displays the output of Wireshark and the console output of the UDP server in the case when access is granted We can see that a UDP packet was sent from the board to the UDP server which examines the tag s UID and the server s response UDP packet informing the board of its answer followed by another UDP packet from the board informing the server if the lock is at that moment OPEN or CLOSED In this example the tag will unlock the lock and grant access to the user A similar procedure was used with a tag that was not registered with the UDP server resulted in a decision to deny access We can see from these exchanges that the basic functionality of the smart door lock system has been realized 30 Mm eno Wireshark 1 8 8 SV
69. w2 RcXkXGtCgQ The appendix gives a short description of what the folders contain and what they were used to do This chapter begins with a description in section 4 1 of how we could ping the motherboard to verify network connectivity and in section 4 2 we describe how we transferred and received UDP packets In section 4 3 we describe the idea of network booting The SPI configurations are described in section 4 4 and the debugging of the connection between the board and shield are described in section 4 6 The NFC tags the android application and the python server are described in section 4 5 The whole system working together with a Python UDP server is described in 4 8 The chapter concludes with a description of the complete smart door lock system 4 1 Verifying the network connection As we use UDP packets to send data to and from the motherboard of our system we wanted to ensure that our system was communicating correctly with our DHCP server In order to do this we used Wireshark to view the traffic between the DHCP server and our board After establishing that the board had requested and received an IP address we used the program ping on the PC to send an ICMP echo request message to our board just to see if it would respond correctly This verified that the network interface of the board had no problems receiving and sending ICMP packets and that the network stack was running on the microprocessor Figure 4 1 displays an ICMP Echo reques
70. will use NDEF for transferring a message On the 31 of October 2013 Google introduced KitKat 4 4 49 a version of Android which makes it possible for an Android smartphone with NFC to emulate a NFC smart card This was something that we did not have during our project This card emulation mode will be very helpful for future communication between the NFC reader and a smartphone Creating a full fledged server with a database of all the NFC tag UIDs which should be granted access should be developed together with a webpage to manage the keys update the database and generate one time or limited use soft tags that could be used by a smart phone rather than being limited to making an access or deny decision based simply upon a tag s UID Because of the limited time we did not research how the lock should be installed on the door The system needs to have a set of sensors and motors to be able to detect if a door is opened closed and locked unlocked what type of sensors and motors should be used and how they should be installed is something that needs to be researched and developed An additional area that has not been explored in this thesis project is how to implement appropriate security for this system This includes how to realize the appropriate cryptographic functions in the motherboard and how to realize them at the server Using these cryptographic functions is should be possible to secure the boot loader so that only properly signed c
71. y requested a small part of the file and stored it in the first block of the memory After this the transfer kept looping requesting the first block because the motherboard never acknowledges the first block which made the TFTP server resend the first block Because of this our file was not successfully transfer to our board Due to other priorities in our project we never succeeded in finding a solution to this problem For this reason debugging the TFTP loading of an application remains as future work 4 4 SPI Drivers configuration The declarations that define the pins to be used for the interface the NFC daughter card are shown below These ports use the UCAI register on the MSP430 RF SPI port define RF SIMO BIT6 define RF SOMI BIT7 define RF SPI IN P5IN define RF SPI OUT P50UT Hdefine RF SPI DIR P5DIR define RF SPI REN P5REN define RF SPI SEL P5SEL define RF SCLK BIT6 define RF SPI SCLK DIR P3DIR define RF SPI SCLK SEL P3SEL 22 To configure the SPI interface used to connect the daughter card NFC shield to the master MSP430 microcontroller there is some settings that need to be set for the SPI interface to work properly As mentioned earlier the daughter card is based on a PN532 microchip which needs to have the settings 41 shown in Table 3 Table 3 PN532 SPI settings The mode used for the clock is Mode 0 Data is always sampled on the first clock edge of SCK SCK is active High The data order used i

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