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A Code for Analyzing Coolant and Offgas Activity in a Light Water

1. 3 5 6 21 6 23 6 24 Readme File cccseeeeeeeeeees 2 11 References varsansnernsgnism dd 8 1 Release Rate Conversion 6 20 Release to Birth rrrrrrrrororornrn 6 11 lodi DE passes 4 16 ONO Siyar ane teess 4 15 SOLUDIES E T 4 17 Index Report AV RAUO seende 4 18 Calculation Log 4 19 Fit Sunniva 2 20 Iodine Activity Summary 4 14 Iodine Release to Birth Summary RET RE 4 16 Offgas Activity Summary 4 13 Offgas Release to Birth Summary PE EN 4 15 Osnes 4 19 C 1 Ses 2 19 Solubles Activity Summary 4 15 Solubles Release to Birth Summary EE A T ET 4 17 Rod Power Factor 3 12 6 17 6 18 6 26 Rx Sol bles A CUVIEY s seeen reiini NEN See Activity Solubles Rx Solubles Removal Efficiency See Efficiency Rx Solubles Removal S sample Dalea 3 12 Sample T M Eaa n 3 12 Index Samples DOLE CE OE EE 2 17 Screen Reports uaunessmanssaas 4 12 SUP rad See CHIRON Setup SJAE Flow Rate 3 13 5 5 6 23 Small Defects 6 14 Soluble Delay Time oseese 3 13 Solubles Calculation 2 16 3 7 Steam Carryover 6 1 6 25 Sledi OW cesare ai aioi 6 25 System Requirements 2 1 T Three Coefficient Fit 4 7 6 10 Time Select Batch 2 23 TOE le Sausen 2 18 2 24 vi Trampas aa 4 2 DTO S O aserne Heecuaeeueltas 6 7 Diffusion Coefficient 6 9 FSTON RAE sansen 6 4 Recon Frachionsssan
2. 6 18 CHIRON Theory data to provide an independent fit Therefore the BWR offgas failure model is also applied in CHIRON to PWR offgas predictions Thus the following three failure models referred to as the General Failure Models are available in CHIRON 1 BWR and PWR offgas 2 BWR iodines 3 PWR iodines The fit coefficients referring to Eq 6 38 are as follows BWR amp PWR Offgas BWR Iodines PWR Iodines GA 17030 7659 3541 C 0 7512 0 3849 0 5921 e 0 006768 0 01269 0 0006488 5 0 x 10 1 0 x 10 1 0 x 10 Since no failure models have been specifically developed for reactor solubles any requested solubles fits will be based on the iodines model for the given plant type Previous investigations into the release characteristics of iodine from UO in CANDU reactors have identified the need to adjust the release measurements for I 132 for the large influences of precursors predominantly the decay of Te 132 Since the iodine modeling data samples included all five iodine isotopes of interest specifically I 132 it was also possible to investigate the potential influence of precursor contribution to the coolant activity measurements in light water reactors In order to evaluate this potential effect correlations of fuel failures were performed on model data with and without the I 132 measurement data included in the sample The two correlations were then compared from both the standpoints of differ
3. B Burnup function relating to exposure of defective rods Y an unspecified functional relationship The assumed functional relationship of Eq 6 36 can be rewritten X as e P B Eq 6 37 where is an alternative functional relationship to be determined and the coefficient a has been replaced by its constituent coefficient parts as and s If an applicable expression for is known then an estimate of the number of failed rods X can be made using the fit coefficients ag and g along with estimates or assumed values of rod power and burnup It can be assumed that an empirical expression for in which a set of coefficients are determined from existing plant data by correlating known fuel defects with measured coolant activity samples 6 1 2 1 Fitting Method for Failure Determination A general purpose fitting expression for Eq 6 37 can be assumed of the form 6 16 CHIRON Theory C ae i de X C z exp C2P Eq 6 38 where Co C1 C2 and s are empirical coefficients and the burnup term or more precisely the difference in Pu fraction among the defective rods has been assumed to have negligible effect on the failed rod prediction It is appropriate to determine a unique set of empirical coefficients for each sample type iodine or noble gas in each reactor type since rod geometry and nuclide diffusion characteristics also influence the fuel performance coefficients Specific value
4. are used internally in CHIRON as well as for all on screen output In addition the user selects a set of input units from a pre defined list of choices shown in list boxes on the sample data units screen To check the data units currently in effect perform the following e From the main window select Data e Click on New e Select Edit Units from the New Data dialog box The Sample Data Units dialog box appears and lists the Cardinal Units for each sample data input item see Figure 3 1 3 1 Data Entry sample Data Units Offgas Units uCi sec EJ lodine Units Solubles Units uCi ce E Mote An 7 indicates a cardinal unit value Figure 3 1 Edit Units Sample Data Units Cleanup Flow Units Gamin E SJAE Flow Units ect E Burnup Units Mw d kgll 7 EJ Reactor Power Units FracP Cancel The asterisks in parentheses indicate that these are cardinal units that CHIRON uses internally CHIRON converts from the selected units to the appropriate cardinal units using built in conversion factors Note CHIRON initially has the cardinal units set as the selected units As changes are made to the input units the selections are saved in the database Therefore the latest choice made will be in force until changed by the user 3 2 Entering Plant Design and Cycle Operational Data Prior to entry of new sample data the user needs to check that the Plant Cycle ID
5. 2 a amp d ag 2 VA 4 A 4 Z dE 2 a mi ET gen ee Eq 6 23 d a JA e 4 J e 2 dE lt a tide NE VMR ENE Ea 6 24 Expanding the summation to individual terms in each equation and dividing by the constant multipliers results in the following respective equations to be solved simultaneously for as amp and C n R 1 k l Ei NAN ee hi E Ai hi amp 32 VA e Ai n R n 1 n E as gt 5 ME Pe Eq 6 26 2 Jri ety 2 A 2 Jhi e d gt Ei Ri ae gt arm C gt amp Eq 6 27 A review of Eqs 6 25 6 26 and 6 27 reveals that the two coefficients ag and C occur in linear form in each of the equations while only s appears non linearly It is therefore possible to express both ag and C explicitly in terms of g using any two of these three equations These explicit relationships for ag and C can then be substituted into the third equation to yield a single non linear equation in terms of s only Thus the simultaneous solution to three non linear equations can be reduced to finding the roots of a single non linear but continuous equation Mathematically the choice of which two of the three equations to solve explicitly for as and C is irrelevant There is however a numerical preference based 6 12 Eq 6 22 Eq 6 25 CHIRON Theory upon the desire to be able to calculate the remaining non linear
6. C Sometimes however the analysis defaults to providing only two coefficients This happens for instance when the C coefficient turns out negative for the calculated s This would correspond to negative tramp see Chapter 6 and is therefore not acceptable Thus CHIRON will discard the three coefficient fit and instead present a two coefficient fit based on recalculated values of C and As see Chapter 6 for details The C e plot enables the user to see how the coefficient C varies with epsilon For an acceptable three coefficient fit the C value at the calculated epsilon must be positive The calculated epsilons are marked in the C plot for each isotopic group The plot will attempt to show C coefficient curves for all three isotopic groups if calculated However in some cases scaling may result in the disappearance of some curves from view The zoom feature described earlier in this section can then be used to study the detail on the plot 4 7 CHIRON Output CHIRON C vi EPSILON ROS OG 20 00 0 3 Pa r a TT ladinis fest Koteblak Root 08 Tett nen curva _ Halten ra I i rt EP Sa Co Viser Figure 4 8 C s versus s Plot 4 1 6 Failure Correlation Plot The correlation provided in CHIRON to estimate the number of failed fuel rods utilizes an empirical fit that relates the as and coefficients to the number of fuel failures The third coefficient C i
7. IMPLIED lI WITH RESPECT TO THE USE OF ANY INFORMATION APPARATUS METHOD PROCESS OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS REPORT INCLUDING MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR II THAT SUCH USE DOES NOT INFRINGE ON OR INTERFERE WITH PRIVATELY OWNED RIGHTS INCLUDING ANY PARTY S INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OR III THAT THIS REPORT IS SUITABLE TO ANY PARTICULAR USER S CIRCUMSTANCE OR B ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY WHATSOEVER INCLUDING ANY CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES EVEN IF EPRI OR ANY EPRI REPRESENTATIVE HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES RESULTING FROM YOUR SELECTION OR USE OF THIS REPORT OR ANY INFORMATION APPARATUS METHOD PROCESS OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS REPORT ORGANIZATION S THAT PREPARED THIS REPORT TransWare Enterprises Inc ORDERING INFORMATION Requests for copies of this report should be directed to the EPRI Distribution Center 207 Coggins Drive P O Box 23205 Pleasant Hill CA 94523 510 934 4212 Electric Power Research Institute and EPRI are registered service marks of the Electric Power Research Institute Inc EPRI POWERING PROGRESS is a service mark of the Electric Power Research Institute Inc Copyright 1998 Electric Power Research Institute Inc All rights reserved CITATIONS This report was prepared by TransWare Enterprises Inc 5450 Thornwood Drive Suite M San Jose California 95123 1222 Principal Investigators K E Watk
8. exists in the database This is done by clicking on Options from the Main Window followed by Plant Config then selecting Edit Existing Plant This opens the Edit Plant Cycle Configuration Box as shown in Figure 3 2 3 2 Data Entry Edit PlantCycle Configuration Plant Reactor Type Cycle ID BYR PWR BWA Data Reactor rated power Carry over fraction 1 e 002 Myth 3700 water to steam Steam flow at rated Humber of fuel bundles power Ibs hr 1 4e 007 assemblies in the core Total number of fuel i rods in the core 46800 Model Options Active fuel length cm EY Loop on fission yield Reactor water mass gt 5e 008 Calculate tramp yield hot condition g E i Fuel rods per eo Perform solubles calculation assembly face C Default Pu 239 frac Clean up let down i f flow density g cc Tramp yield fraction lodine removal efficiency fraction Offgas removal Convergence limit efficiency fraction l Rx solubles removal Maximum loops efficiency fraction Tramp recoil frac epsilon 0 Fuel microstructure Figure 3 2 Edit Plant Cycle Configuration Box Remember CHIRON always opens the CHIRON DB database initially In Section 2 3 when you installed CHIRON you set up CHIRON DB with the Chiron1 mdb database file The plant cycles contained in Chiron1l mdb appear in the Plant Cycle ID list in Figure 3 2 The Plant Cycle IDs list box shows all Plant Cycle IDs entered into
9. installation e A3 5 floppy drive e The CHIRON distribution package 2 2 The CHIRON 3 0 Distribution Package The CHIRON Version 3 0 distribution package consists of a set of three 3 5 diskettes one of which is marked Disk 1 of 3 This diskette includes the Setup program The distribution diskettes include a blank database chiblank mdb intended to form the basis for the user in developing his own plant specific database In addition the distribution includes three other databases chironl mdb chiron2 mdb and chiron3 mdb These databases all contain test data designed to assist the user in getting acquainted with CHIRON and qualifying the installation Getting Started 2 3 Installing CHIRON from the Diskettes Before starting the installation the diskettes should be backed up and the backup copies stored ina safe place Also close all programs on your WINDOWS system before starting the installation of CHIRON NOTE These installation instructions are written for a WINDOWS 3 1x user All illustrations in this manual represent the image one sees if using CHIRON 3 0 on WINDOWS 3 1x For those users on WINDOWS NT or WINDOWS 95 the screens will be the same except for the following 1 the text in the title bar will be left justified instead of centered 2 the symbol used to close a window and adjust the size of the window are different between WINDOWS applications Consult your WINDOWS user
10. 2 3 Figure 2 4 Figure 2 5 Figure 2 6 Figure 2 7 Figure 2 8 Figure 2 9 Figure 2 10 Figure 2 11 Figure 2 12 Figure 2 13 Figure 2 14 Figure 2 15 Figure 2 16 Figure 2 17 Figure 2 18 Figure 2 19 Figure 2 20 Figure 2 21 Figure 2 22 Figure 2 23 Figure 2 24 Figure 2 25 Figure 2 26 Figure 2 27 Page No CHIRON 3 0 Logic Flow Diagram rarrrnnnnnrnrnnrnnvnnnrnnnnnrnvnnrrnvnnnennnnsennnnnee 1 3 Welcome 10 CHIRON 3 0 se 2 3 Selecting Installation Type sete a 2 4 The Data Sources List Box Before Registering Databases 2 6 Selecting ODBC Driver eae a 2 7 Data Source Name Definition BOX ccccsccccseeeeseeeeseeeeseeeeseeeeseeeesaness 2 7 Database File Name Selection BOx rrrrrrrrnnrrrnnrrrnnrernnrennnrennnnennanennnnen 2 8 Registered Database and Driver Designation rrrrrvnnrvrnrrnnvrennrennvrnnnen 2 9 The Data Sources List Box Showing All Databases Required 2 10 SEP COMPIE lE posre E lues 2 10 CHIRON Program Group seiras iea eE e E E 2 11 CHIRON Marn WINGOW ciesza einn aE 2 13 CHIRON Main Window Data Drop Down Menu cccseceeeeeeeeeees 2 14 The Data Sources Sorcerers a N N 2 14 Output Options Dialog BOX assen N 2 15 The Edit Plant Cycle Configuration Dialog BOX ccssscecsseeeeeeeeeeees 2 16 The Plant Cycle Selection Dialog BOX cccssccccsseecceeeeecesseeseeeesseaes 2 17 Sample Select Dialog BOx rrrnrnrrrnnnnnrvrnnnnvrnnnennnnnrnn
11. 4 8 4 1 7 User Defined X Versus Y Plot ccccccccceeeceeeeceeeceeceeeecseecaueeeeeseeeseesenes 4 9 4 1 8 Editing Single Sample Screen PIlotS rrrrrnnnnnrrvvnnnnrrenrnnnrrnrrnnrrenrnnrrernnnsne 4 9 422 Trending POE awioscatecccencncheeaintdas N 4 9 J21 Standard Trending Pols ees e a deep Ga 4 10 42 2 User Defined Trending PIOUS scprssisntseti tsaa 4 12 42 3 Eding Trending PIOUS av srarsersiassrmeb kkevstbiteurnvdkvnr 4 12 43 SAUEN RENS sr 4 12 4 3 1 Offgas Activity Summary Report ranurnannnnnnnnnnnnenranennanennanennnnennnnenrnnennnnenn 4 13 4 3 2 lodines Activity Summary Report rrrannrnnnnonnnnonranenranennanennnnennnnenrnnennnnenn 4 14 4 3 3 Solubles Activity Summary Report rronnonnnnonnnnennnnennnnennanennanennanenrnnennnnen 4 15 4 3 4 Offgas Release to Birth Summary Report rrarernanranrannnrnnnnrnnrrvnnrrrnnnrnnnnr 4 15 4 3 5 lodines Release to Birth Summary Report rrarennannnnannnrnnnvrnnrnnnnrrnnnnrnnnnr 4 16 4 3 6 Solubles Release to Birth Summary Report rrrrararrarrnrnnrvrnnrrvnnrrrnnnnnnner 4 17 4 3 7 The Activity Ratio Summary Report rernnnrvnnnvrvnnnvrennnvrennnverrnnvrernnvrernnveen 4 18 450 106 OA REDON see 4 19 4 3 9 The CHIRON Configuration Screen Report rrrrnnnnnnnnnnrrnnnnnrrnnrnnnrnnnnnenn 4 19 44 Printed FAG DONS s re 4 19 AT ER 4 19 442 The Calculation Log Reportes 4 19 4 4 3 The ASCII Dump Files rrranrrrnnnnrvrrnnrnnnnnrrnnnnrennnnrnnrnrrrnnnnrennnnne
12. Available Plots Figure 2 20 shows the drop down menu list of types of reports that are available in CHIRON Click on the various reports to view the generated report Detailed descriptions of CHIRON plots and reports are provided in Chapter 4 of this document Close the Fit Summary Report screen by clicking on OK 2 20 Getting Started Chiron Analysis Failures FRI and Fit summary Plots EOE Offgas Activity and Fit summary ine Activi bined Failure Estimat lodine Activity and Fit Summary Peer gg heldt ibined Failure solubles Activity and Fit Summary mate Offgas RB Summary lodines RB Summary oolubles RE Summary Activity Ratio Summary Generate QA Report Generate and View QA Report ulated Rod rer Factor 0 520907 INFO FRI 4067 41 ne Results Failures Epsilon 1 50591e 005 Epsilon AEpsilon 1 7045e 009 AEpsilon 7 2868e 013 C Fit Error Pu 239 Fit Accepted 2 38938e 003 0 998619 10397 TUE C Fit Error Pu 239 Fit 1 326 39e 004 0 995629 h35bGe O002 rue Convergence 5 50767e 005 Convergence 6 76856e 005 Iterations 13 Iterations Figure 2 20 List of Available Reports Step 9 Performing Batch Analysis and Generating ASCII Dump File The program goes back to the Samples Select box Click on Analyze Batch You will be asked to enter an ASCII Dump Filename Click OK to accept the default filename Chirond The three samples selected by x marks will be analyzed A
13. Field 2 Field 3 Field 4 Field 5 Field 6 Field 7 Field 8 Field 9 Field 10 Field 11 Field 12 Field 13 Plant cycle ID Sample date Sample time Xe 138 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Xe 135m non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Kr 87 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Kr 88 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Kr 85m non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Xe 135 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Xe 133 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units I 134 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units I 132 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units I 135 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units ASCII Dump Files Field 14 1 133 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 15 1 131 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 16 Sum of Six OG non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 17 Sum of Five IO non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 18 Xe 138 N 13 correlation non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 19 Xe 135m N 13 correlation non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 20 Kr 87 N 13 correlation non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 21 Kr 88 N 13 correlation non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 22 Kr 85m N 13 correlation non fitted release
14. Help option for assistance on using all of these options Export the plot Determine the file type for exporting the destination for the export and the object size for exporting Export the plot in metafile format Export the plot in bitmap format Export the plot in embedded object format Export the plot in text data file format Export the plot to the clipboard Export the plot to a file Export the plot to a printer Choose the size to print i e full size or a specified size Displays help screen containing a indexed list of help categories for the options found on this menu Find the option you need help with and a detailed explanation will be provided on the use of the option Getting Started To see an example of a couple of these features start by choosing Grid Lines from the menu This brings up a submenu Click on Both Y and X Axis The plot reappears with gridlines Now click the right mouse button again and choose the Customization Dialog A dialog box appears that has five sheets General Plot Style Subsets Font and Color Choose the sheet named Plot Style You will see the screen shown in Figure 2 26 CHIRON Dual Plot Customization General Plot Style Subsets Font Color Plot Style rLompanson Plot Style Power Frac Pwr Axis 3 Points BestFitCurre Axis 4 Points BestFitLine Points Line O Axis 5 Points Spline Axis 6 DANE 3D Sh
15. Plant cycle id is limited to 8 characters You must select at least one cycle from the list There is no sample data in the database To enter sample data for any plant cycle in the database please choose Data New If you have not yet entered plant cycle data please first select Options Plant Config Add New Plant Plant does not exist in the database You may add a new plant from the main menu 7 2 Diagnostics and Error Checking This sample has been added to the database Do you wish to add another sample The graph index is not correct please re select Out of range value for select index expected an integer from 0 to 85 Error Couldn t find plant cycle corresponding to this sample Aborting range check function Date format must be mm dd yy Valid dates range from 01 01 70 January 1 1970 to 02 05 36 February 5 2036 Time format must be hh mm ss in 24 hour format For example 4 03 p m and 22 seconds would be 16 03 22 and midnight would be 00 00 00 Plant Id must be of the form Plantname cycle e g Hatch1 1 The fuel type must be of the form NxN or NNxNN Examples 8x8 or 15x15 This sample will not be added to the database because at least one value is outside of its acceptable range Please see the CHIRON User s Manual for a listing of acceptable ranges An error occurred at value number d No samples were added to the database Cannot delete batch because a batch is no
16. Show grid lines on the X Axis only No Grid Do not show grid lines on the plot display Grid in Front Grid lines appear in front of data points If a data point falls directly on a grid line the data point is obscured 2 25 Getting Started List of Options Description of Function Include Data Labels Unique identifying labels are placed on each data point Some plots have data labels designed specifically for that plot while others will show default numeric sequential data labels Mark Data Points Put dots to mark the data points on the plot By default this option is selected Show Annotations Annotations have been set for certain plots If annotations are set they will appear when this is selected The user cannot make customized annotations By default this option is selected Undo Zoom Maximize Customization Dialog General Plot Style Subsets Fonts Color Export Dialog Export Metafile Bitmap Embedded Object Text Data Only Export To Clipboard File Printer 2 26 Display the plot in normal scale Maximize the size of the plot display You can edit the various style settings to customize your plot display Many of the items found in this option are available as individual options elsewhere in this menu but are repeated here on one menu to allow you to customize everything at once There are many plot styles to choose from such as bar area line points etc See the
17. assumptions Si 1 which is the default value used by CHIRON The user may however select to have CHIRON estimate a more appropriate value for Si by providing estimates of the release fraction and if desired the tramp Pu fraction 6 1 1 Least Squares Analysis for Performance Coefficients As was noted in Section 6 1 the fuel performance coefficients a s and C in Eq 6 19 are the same for each nuclide in a reactor coolant sample If the sample measures n distinct nuclides then Eq 6 19 represents n equations in three unknowns If n gt 3 then the coefficients can be determined using non linear least squares analysis Once a least squares fit has been determined by CHIRON a statistical quantity R also referred to as the Goodness of Fit is calculated It is a measure of how closely the measured points fit the approximating curve determined by the fitting The R value is by definition between 0 and 1 with 1 indicating a perfect fit For CHIRON analyses R values between 0 95 and 1 00 indicate a good fit The remainder of this section discusses how a specific algorithm has been developed for solving the non linear least squares problem at hand and determining the fuel performance coefficients of Eq 6 19 6 1 1 1 Determining Fuel Performance Coefficients for Normal Case From classical least squares analysis theory the values of the coefficients a amp and C must minimize the sum of the squares of the error between t
18. be changed in SHOW SELECTED SAMPLES ONLY mode Cannot display selected samples because no samples are selected for batch analysis 7 9 Diagnostics and Error Checking Select a sample for analysis The Selected Sample query in VIEW pSampleSet failed The Sample queried in VIEW doesn t match The Open Plant Record in VIEW pPlantDataSet failed The PlantDataSet Query failed The Open Record in VIEW FailureSet failed Can t Update pFailureSet The AddNew Record in VIEW pFailureSet failed The New Edit in VIEW pFailureSet failed The Update in VIEW pFailureSet failed The Open FailureRecord in TREND failed d samples were selected which exceeds the d sample limit Cannot perform batch analysis The ASCII dump files already exist Overwrite the old files The Open PlantRecord in BATCH failed The Open FailureRecord in BATCH failed FindSampleRange error SetSelectListBoxItems function failed CHIRON could not launch the selected text editor You may open the QA report file qareport txt in any available editor outside of CHIRON An error occurred The QA Report was not written The QA Report has been saved as qareport txt PEcreate failed Graph properties failed 7 6 Diagnostics and Error Checking Graph creation failed m_pFlagFailureSet gt Close failed m_pFlagFailureSet gt Open failed m_pFlagFailureSet gt MovefFirst failed m_pFlagFailureSet
19. be selected by holding down on the arrow next to each data unit In the case shown in Figure 3 5 the list box for Reactor Power Units has been opened The available choices are shown in the scroll list and include FracP for fractional power normally between 0 and 1 P for percent power normally between 0 and 100 and MWth for absolute power in MWth The asterisks in parentheses indicate that these are cardinal units that CHIRON uses internally CHIRON converts from the selected units to the appropriate cardinal units using built in conversion factors If changes are made to any of the items in the Sample Data Units dialog box click OK to accept the changes Choose Cancel to go back to the New Data screen without accepting any changes Now you are ready to enter data To enter Single Sample Input click Screen from the New Data dialog box then OK The Add Sample dialog box appears as shown in Figure 3 6 3 10 Add Sample Plant Cycle ID I 8char Sample Date IMM DD YY Sample Time HH MM SS Reactor Power Oo FracP Clean up Flow Oo Gal min Hod Power Factor HI Burnup Oo Mwd kgu Gas Delay Time Oo seconds I Delay Time HI seconds Sol Delay Time Oo seconds SJAE Gas Flow oO cc sec Offgas lodine uCifsec uCif cc Figure 3 6 Add Sample Dialog Box Tc 101 Ba 141 C3 138 Ba 139 Sr 92 Tc 99M Sr 91 Hp 239 Mo 99 Te 132 Data Entry Rx Solubles uCi cc Input uni
20. cc Zn65 0 uCi cc Mn54 0 uCi cc Co60 0 uCi cc Plant Input Settings Rx Type BWR Rated Power 2436 MW Rx Water Mass 1 656e 008 g ClnUp Flow den 1 g cc Offgas Rem Eff 1 Iodine Rem Eff 1 Solubl Rem Eff 1 carryover BWR 0 003 steamflow BWR le 007 lbs hr number rods 34720 Number bundles 560 rods per face 8 Fuel Length 350 3 cm C 4 Offgas Isotopes Activity Measured and Predicted Xe138 meas Xe135M meas Kr87 meas Kr88 meas Kr85M meas Xe135 meas Xe133 meas Release to Birth Xe138 meas Xe135M meas Kr87 meas Kr88 meas Kr85M meas Xe135 meas Xe133 meas Iodine Isotopes Activity Measured and I134 meas 1132 meas 1135 meas 1133 meas Il31 meas Release to Birth I134 meas 1132 meas 1135 meas 1133 meas Il31 meas Solubles Isotopes 3445 18 0 756 744 249 915 520 O O O O O ee 881 442 829 413 209 00117407 00356714 00550602 00803281 0117629 0859042 Predicted 149 531 31 1703 12 0916 5 54763 1 46479 0 O O O O 000152569 000147424 000111388 000150392 000864266 units pred pred pred pred pred pred pred Measured and Predicted pred pred pred pred pred pred pred units pred pred pred pred pred Measured and Predicted pred pred pred pred pred Sample QA File Report uCi sec 7211 23 1250 9 681 729 654 089 213 51 1053 16 520 02 00245749 00246257 00321295 00483775 006865
21. database files and the readme file are transferred The database setup and registration is skipped Distribution databases will be overwritten but their registration will not be affected This option may be useful for installing a new version of CHIRON or re installing the program executable if this file were to have been corrupted by system malfunction 2 4 Getting Started Custom Installation Any set or sets of files may be chosen for re installation An example of a Custom Installation would be to reinstall just the example files The ODBC driver installation will be performed followed by the call to the ODBC Administrator By selecting no files to be transferred the user is able to perform maintenance functions on the database system such as re registration of existing databases under different names deleting databases from registration status or adding databases to the registered set It is also possible to perform database compaction from the ODBC Administrator database can be compacted into itself or into a new file to be created When Custom installation is chosen the setup program will show an extra dialog box allowing the user to check the file groups to be transferred This screen also shows for any selection made the required disk space along with the available space on the chosen drive It is recommended that typical be selected for a first time installation You select it by clicking on the
22. equation over a wide range of amp values while searching for the roots of the equation Inspection of Eqs 6 25 and 6 26 reveals that as s increases approaches gt each term in these equations tends to a value of zero Thus an asymptote at zero will exist in addition to the real roots of the equation as s increases However Eq 6 27 does not exhibit this asymptotic behavior as s increases Therefore roots of the equation even at large values of can be isolated Based on this observation the appropriate numerical strategy is to use Eqs 6 25 and 6 26 for the explicit determination of ag and C while Eq 6 27 will serve as the non linear root finding equation From Eqs 6 25 6 26 and 6 27 the solution set for the three simultaneous equations must solve the non linear equation from Eq 6 27 n fe Y ER MY EE cy amp 0 Eq 6 28 9 2 gt rd cz 1 where from Eqs 6 25 and 6 26 Lo o o TE PR nrJ T AET 2 Fate rarer ge Ja let ee l R Z 1 2 R n 1 TD ERT a a a ie es ee D p 4 e 4 2 e 2 a 4 LA Eq i p A e 4 2 JA e 4 2 A e 4 2 meg Eq 6 31 The solution of Eq 6 28 is accomplished by making an initial estimate of s and then substituting the value into Eqs 6 29 and 6 30 to get estimates of as and C These values along with the estimate of amp are then used in Eq 6 28 to compute f e The result will generally not be zero so standard root finding algorithms such a
23. first enter the Plant Cycle ID using the plant cycle configuration screen This procedure is described in Section 3 1 above Entry of new sample data into CHIRON starts from the CHIRON main window Select Data and then New from the drop down menu This brings up the New Data dialog box as shown in Figure 3 4 3 8 Data Entry Select the source of new data from the choices below Input Source T Screen File Figure 3 4 New Data Dialog Box The input methods available for entering new sample data are Screen and File selectable by the radio buttons Screen is intended for single sample input File for multiple sample batch input The following subsections deal with each of these input methods separately 3 3 1 Single Sample Activity Data Input Before entering sample data verify the data units that are currently in effect To do this click on Edit Units The Sample Data Units dialog box appears see Figure 3 5 Data Entry sample Data Units Offgas Units Cleanup Flow Units uCi sec Gal min lodine Units SJAE Flow Units Solubles Units Burnup Units Mwd kgU 7 Reactor Power Units Hote An 7 indicates a cardinal unit value Figure 3 5 Sample Data Units Dialog Box If the input units shown in the list boxes of the Sample Data Units dialog box are the ones desired then the box is closed by clicking Cancel Otherwise alternate units may
24. i within the defective rod In reality this is not the case since each nuclide yield is affected differently as the Pu fission fraction changes primarily due to burnup However the overall range of yield values for any given nuclide is fairly limited over the entire burnup range of the rod so the assumption of constant nuclide yield ratio for each nuclide is reasonably acceptable Substituting Eqs 6 12 through 6 17 into Eq 6 11 and rearranging terms yields X Ai B di gt Jula Dr an M Ne m Te iz E 1 y PL Fri yri Eq 6 18 i i i At this point some simplifying terminology can be introduced to rewrite Eq 61 18 into its final form R EA EE EC Eq 6 19 VA 6 Aj where Ri i B M Ve release to birth ratio for SS nuclide i in the primary BY coolant a X p a k fFk fy k 1 C Fr ratio of tramp to fuel rod F fission rates Si II PT EN Me ae EG R STN ss F Nr 6 8 CHIRON Theory The release to birth ratio is defined as the ratio of the total primary coolant release rate to the birth rate in one single rod Thus if a core has multiple defective rods it is theoretically possible that the release to birth ratio can be ereater than unity For any reactor coolant sample the nuclide release to birth ratio Rj can be determined using the measured nuclide activity M primary coolant system parameters B and Vc core average
25. is assumed to be equal to 1 g cc Iodine Conversion The iodine conversion within CHIRON is not reactor type dependent with a single exception the term iodine carryover with the steam is set equal to zero for PWRs The following equations show how CHIRON handles the iodine conversion 6 23 CHIRON Theory Input value IODfact Cool Mass BetalOD A 9 Activity HCi Cc g 1 sec 1 sec 1 sec Eq 6 48 HCi sec Coolant Sample Density 1 g cc where Input value User input coolant sample measurement in volumetric concentration unit IODfact Conversion factor used by CHIRON to convert input to wCi cc from user specified volumetric concentration unit i Decay constant for isotope i b odine carryover with the steam as described below 0 for PWRs and the variable BetaIOD is as calculated by Eqs 6 42 and 6 44 For BWRs there is an additional loss of iodine via carryover with the steam 0 The steam carryover term 0 for BWRs represents a loss or removal of iodine from the water in the reactor core similar to the loss due to the cleanup system Computation of this term requires a user input Theta which is the measured iodine fractional carryover term This value is normally in the range of 1 2 to 2 and is heavily dependent upon the type of condensate demineralizer cleanup system BWRs with Powdex systems will frequently have carryover values near the lower end of the ra
26. item contains the Toggle Status Time Select Batch and Clear All Selections options These options also appear as buttons at the bottom of the box Under the Sample menu there are a few items that are not found elsewhere on the box These items include Delete Sample Delete Batch and Add Sample To use any of these particular options highlight or mark a sample and then choose the option you desire The Sample Select dialog box contains a scrollable list of several hundred samples Use the scroll bar on the right side of the table to scroll through the list of samples Scroll until the top record in the box is as shown in Figure 2 17 2 17 Getting Started CHIRON 3 0 for Windows CHIRON 1 Data Options Sample Select Analysis Trending Window Help Hote The mouse selection highlighted line 15 for View Edit Delete Toggle Status and Analyze Single The ts used for Analyze Batch and Delete Batch Batch Select Date 08 12 95 08712795 08713795 08713795 08714795 08714795 08715795 08715795 08715795 08716795 Time 08 22 00 20 30 00 05 32 00 20 25 00 05 42 00 20 53 00 01 09 00 07 55 00 21 18 00 21 10 00 Offgas mo oo oo oo Tu deg Time Select Batch Analyze Single Analyze Batch View lodines Solubles BP fe GT On On on on on en Mo en on oo oy oo e Clear All Selections Show Selected Samples Only Figure 2 17 Sample Select Dialog Box Use
27. manual if you do not know how to close or adjust the window size in your particular application Follow the steps below to install CHIRON 3 0 on your computer 1 Insert Disk 1 into the 3 5 floppy drive For a WINDOWS 3 1x installation select File from the Program Manager then select Run from the drop down menu For WINDOWS NT or WINDOWS 95 from the Start menu choose Run Now type a setup exe into the Command Line box with a representing the floppy drive on your computer Change the a if your oy drive is not drive a Press Enter on the keyboard or click OK with your left mouse button 2 The EPRI CHIRON program banner appears and then the first screen the Welcome screen of the installation process appears The Welcome screen is shown in Figure 2 1 Click on Next to continue the installation 2 2 Getting Started Welcome Welcome to the CHIRON 3 0 Setup program This program will install CHIRON 3 0 on four computer oe kis strongly recommended that you exit all Windows programs before running this Setup program Click Cancel to quit Setup and then close any programs you have running Click Nest to continue with the Setup program WARNING This program is protected by copyright law and international treaties Unauthorized reproduction or distribution of this program or any portion of it may result in severe civil and criminal penalties and will be
28. n Cancet Fuel microstructure Figure 3 3 Add Plant Cycle Configuration Box Add the data in each box starting with Reactor rated power Click on the data field you are entering and type in the appropriate data Be sure to enter the data in the units noted in parentheses next to the item i e Reactor rated power must be entered in MWth units Table 3 1 provides detail on the Plant Cycle Configuration data entries including the acceptable data ranges and any default values used in the program Note Unless otherwise indicated data values may be entered in any numeric format i e decimal integer or exponential The program will convert the entries to the Cardinal Units used internally by the program When you click OK the program performs a range check on each value If all values are acceptable then the data is saved to the database and you are returned to the CHIRON main window If you click on the Cancel button then the data is not saved and you are returned to the CHIRON main window 3 4 Data Entry If any data item is out of range a message will appear showing a list of all items that are out of range On clicking OK the user is returned to the dialog box to fix the problem s No data will be entered into the database until all the required ranges have been satisfied Table 3 1 Plant Cycle Configuration Data Entry Options Reactor rated power O lt RatPow lt 1000 The reactor rated power No of fuel as
29. noble gases Thus the behavior of the noble gases represent a close to ideal diffusion behavior while the iodine activities may be attenuated because of reactions with other materials However the separation between the offgas and iodines curves is temperature dependent such that the separation tends to be smaller for higher temperature failed fuel 4 2 CHIRON Output 4 1 2 R B versus Plot Solubles An example of the R B vs Lambda for Solubles plot is shown in Figure 4 2 The original CHIRON solubles group consists of 15 fission products plus Np Only the fission products are used in the R B versus A fitting routine In the example it is seen that the scatter of the points for the solubles group is such that no clear trend is indicated by the plot This is fairly typical of the solubles analysis and is of little overall value in fuel failure assessment As a result the solubles calculation is optional selected in the Model Options section of the Plant Configuration dialog box illustrated in Figure 3 3 CHIRON RELEASE to BIRTH vs LAMBDA Solubles SBORT cm aP 703000 Pere ee EE EEE i a ot i Figure 4 2 R B versus Plot for Solubles A significantly improved analysis can be obtained from the solubles if the isotopes Cs and Cs are omitted This can be done by bringing up the Sample Edit dialog box then changing the sign of the Cs and Cs activities to negative then clicking
30. of failed rods in the core n 2 5 weighting factor Various values of n were also evaluated The above expression results in a relatively flat response over the range of 1 lt n lt 3 The value of 2 5 was not totally arbitrary in that previous work on power corrections have employed similar values see for example Reference 2 Since Eq 6 41 requires knowledge of the number of defective rods and their respective rod powers its use is primarily of importance when CHIRON is being used as a confirmation tool i e confirming the predictive capability of the code after fuel inspections have identified specific failed rods from a previous cycle For failure estimates made during the course of an operating cycle it is appropriate to use an estimate of RPF eff Estimates of RPF eff may be obtained from several methods such as reviewing transient cesium data flux tilting information or previous fuel failure experience If no other estimate of rod power is available a value of RPF eff 1 08 has been found to be typical of the failed rods used in the CHIRON failure database and is recommended for use in the absence of specific knowledge of rod powers for defective rods in the core 6 1 2 2 The Fit Coefficients Fits according to Eq 6 38 have been performed for different categories within the original database BWR offgas BWR iodines PWR offgas and PWR iodines However it was concluded that the category PWR offgas did not contain enough
31. of isotope deposition to the coolant from tramp sources 6 1 CHIRON Theory Table 6 1 Isotopic Decay Data and Fission Yields Isotope Decay Constant sec Half life Yield from U Yield from Pu N A indicates that the isotope is not considered a significant fission product for the CHIRON analysis Xe 138 8 136e 4 14 min 0 0628 0 0489 Xe 135m 7 77 1e 4 15 min 0 0106 0 0156 Kr 87 1 520e 4 1 3 hrs 0 0254 0 0095 Kr 88 6 876e 5 2 8 hrs 0 0358 0 0132 Kr 85m 4 298e 5 4 5 hrs 0 0131 0 0055 Xe 135 2 100e 5 9 2 hrs 0 0663 0 0747 Xe 133 1 517e 6 5 3 days 0 0677 0 0697 134 2 196e 4 53 min 0 0761 0 0729 132 8 426e 5 2 3 hrs 0 0421 0 0527 1 135 2 924e 5 6 6 hrs 0 0631 0 0641 I 133 9 257e 6 21 hrs 0 0677 0 0693 131 9 977e 7 8 0 days 0 0284 0 0374 Te 101 8 136e 4 14 min 0 0504 0 0592 Ba 141 6 313e 4 18 min 0 0587 0 0533 Cs 138 3 588e 4 32 min 0 0672 0 0545 Ba 139 1 387e 4 1 4 hrs 0 0648 0 0564 Sr 92 7 105e 5 2 7 hrs 0 0595 0 0299 Tc 99m 3 198e 5 6 0 hrs 0 0540 0 0541 Sr 91 2 031e 5 9 5 hrs 0 0592 0 0249 Np 239 3 414e 6 2 3 days 0 0290 0 0290 Mo 99 2 916e 6 2 8 days 0 0613 0 0615 Te 132 2 468e 6 3 3 days 0 0419 0 0515 Ba 140 6 273e 7 13 days 0 0632 0 0557 Te 129m 2 402e 7 33 days 0 0012 0 0027 Sr 89 1 589e 7 51 days 0 0485 0 0171 Cs 134 1 067e 8 2 1 yrs 0 00000045 0 0000032 Sr 90 7 579e 10 29 yrs 0 0592 0 0212 Cs 137 7 302e 10 30 yrs 0 0626 0 0669 N 13 1 16 e 3 10 min N A N A Rb 89 7 70 e 4 15 min not used not use
32. power to determine fission rate F and an estimate of the yield of the nuclide in the defective rods yj Note that Eq 6 19 is valid for each nuclide in the sample and that the unknown coefficients a g and C are the same for each nuclide in the sample although the coefficient values for an iodine sample will differ from those of a noble gas sample Therefore if the coolant sample is composed of n nuclides then Eq 6 19 represents a set of n equations in three unknowns a and C that can be determined using non linear least squares analysis Once unique values of a e and C have been determined for a coolant sample these values can be used to determine specific information relating to fuel performance such as number of defective rods effective defect size and core tramp contribution Section 6 1 1 describes the procedure for determining the coefficients a and C from a coolant sample using non linear least squares analysis Section 6 1 2 develops single isotopic group correlations for estimating the number of fuel rod failures from the least squares coefficients The solution of Eq 6 19 for the unknown coefficients a s and C requires that the nuclide yields y and the nuclide tramp diffusion coefficient amp I be known In practice appropriate values for these terms are usually not immediately apparent to the user As a result CHIRON provides a method for estimating these terms as a part of the normal sample analysis
33. prosecuted to the masimum estent possible under law Cancel Figure 2 1 Welcome to CHIRON 3 0 3 Choose the destination location for the CHIRON 3 0 program file folder The default location is drive C CHIRON30 Select an alternate drive if desired Click Next Note If CHIRON for WINDOWS has been previously installed on the user s system choose the same target directory as the previous installation so that only one copy of the database will be installed Folder names are restricted to eight characters to maintain compatibility with Windows 3 1x 4 Select the installation type Figure 2 2 shows the installation types available i e typical compact or custom Getting Started select Components Select Installation Type Compact Install Program Files and Databases Only en Custom Install User Selected Components Figure 2 2 Selecting Installation Type A description of the three types of installation are provided below Typical Installation All program files sample database files example files readme files ODBC drivers etc are installed It is possible to perform a Typical Installation on top of an existing installation The ODBC database registration will be performed afer the files are installed The database registration can be bypassed by immediately clicking Close in the ODBC Administrator opening box the ODBC Data Sources list box Compact Installation Only the program files
34. rate converted cardinal units Field 23 Xe 135 N 13 correlation non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 24 Xe 133 N 13 correlation non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 25 Sum of Six OG N 13 correlation non fitted release rate conv cardinal units D 6 ASCII Dump File Chirond5 txt This file contains release rate converted measured sample data for reactor solubles in the following format Field 1 Plant cycle ID Field 2 Sample date Field 3 Sample time Field 4 Tc 101 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 5 Ba 141 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 6 Cs 138 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 7 Ba 139 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 8 Sr 92 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 9 Tc 99m non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 10 Sr 91 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 11 Np 239 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 12 Mo 99 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 13 Te 132 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 14 Ba 140 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 15 Te 129m non fitted release rate converted cardinal units D 5 ASCII Dump Files Field 16 Field 17 Field 18 Field 19 Field 20 Field 21 Field 22 Field 23 Fi
35. release rate Reference 7 The differences in release rates are related to the fuel microstructure produced by the UO manufacturing technology specific to the various vendors At high burnup however fuels of different microstructure appear to have similar release rates The present data suggests that the microstructure factor is about 6 for KWU fuel while it is normally close to unity for fuel from GE Nuclear or Westinghouse at least at low and moderate burnup At high burnup fuels of different microstructure appear to have similar release rates with a corresponding microstructure factor of unity It is noteworthy that the release rate enhancement due to the microstructure in all cases of the present study appears to be the same for iodines and offgas The expected exponential relationships of ag s LHGR LHGR normalized and corrected to reference conditions versus failed rod heat rating are verified by the data correlations Using the reference linear heat rating LHGR 8 30 kW ft the constants in Eqs 6 59 through 6 62 were determined from the measured data to be a 10x10 noo I a 1 0 x 10 n00 0 6 31 CHIRON Theory C 7 1668 0 7963 Co Note that the coefficient c is negative The release rate of the volatile fission products from a failed fuel rod is governed partly by diffusion in the fuel grains partly by migration through grain boundaries cracks and the fuel cladding gap The negative sign indica
36. samples only For this tutorial choose Analyze Single The highlighted sample is analyzed Because the option for Perform Solubles Calculation is set both offgas iodines and solubles are analyzed Note An information message may appear that indicates that the Sum of 6 will be used for this calculation Click OK to continue Step 8 Selecting Plots and Reports After performing the analysis in Step 7 above a summary screen report appears From the menu bar at the top either Plots or Reports can now be selected Figure 2 19 shows the drop down menu list of types of plots that are available in CHIRON Click on the various plots to view the result 2 19 Getting Started Chiron Analysis Failures FRI and Fit summary Plots BE vs Lambda Offgas lodine RE vs Lambda Solubles Cesium Ratio vs Predicted Burnup F Epsilon vs Epsilon C vs Epsilon Failure Correlation Epsilon vs AEpsilon Utthas Hesulls Failures Epsilon AE psilon C Fit Error Pu 239 Fit Accepted Convergence Iterations 3 84223 1 50591e 005 1 7045e 009 2 38538e 003 0 998619 0 10397 True 5 50767e 005 13 Combined Failure Estimates Combined Failure Estimate Calculated Rod Power Factor 0 520507 INFO FRI 4067 41 lodine Results Failures Epsilon AEpsilon 7 2868e 013 C 1 32638e 004 Fit Error 0 995829 Pu 239 53566e 002 Fit rue Convergence 6 76856e 005 Iterations Figure 2 19 List of
37. the cycle close this box and open the plant cycle again see Section 2 5 Step 5 Alternatively batch input files may be created by organizing sample data in a spreadsheet such as Microsoft Excel according to the format shown in Appendix B then saving the spreadsheet as a comma separated text file using the Save As option from the spreadsheet file menu 3 15 Data Entry 3 16 4 CHIRON OUTPUT This section discusses the various output produced by CHIRON With CHIRON the user can generate single sample screen plots various trending plots screen reports and printed reports Descriptions of the plot and report options are described in the subsections that follow Illustrations of each type of plot and report are provided Plots and reports can be edited copied to hard disk as a bit map file and or printed to any printer installed under WINDOWS By clicking on the right mouse button from anywhere inside a graph display the user can access a menu containing numerous graphic display options that allow customization of the CHIRON plot The user can modify the gridlines font size color data labels and more Printing is controlled from the Export Dialog option while editing is normally performed from the Customization Dialog option A description of these plot options is provided in Section 2 in Table 2 1 By clicking on the Help option in the right mouse button menu you can also access more information on these plot optio
38. uCi sec 20 Np 239 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 21 Mo 99 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 22 Te 132 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 25 Ba 140 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 24 Te 129m rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 25 Sr 89 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 26 Cs 134 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 27 Sr 90 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 28 Cs 137 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 29 Xe 138 1 131 Non Fitted Activity rel rate Ratio 30 131 Xe 133 Non Fitted Activity rel rate Ratio 31 134 1 131 Non Fitted Activity rel rate Ratio 4 10 Selection Selection Title 32 Xe 138 Xe 133 33 Cs 134 Cs 137 34 Sr 90 5r 92 35 Np 239 Sum15 Np 36 OG Sum of Six 37 OG Sum of Six 38 OG Sum6 Tramp 39 OG Sum6 nonTramp 40 ID Sum of Five 41 ID Sum of Five 42 ID Sum5 Tramp 43 ID Sum5 nonTramp 44 Solubles Sum 45 Solubles Sum 46 Solubles Tramp 47 Xe 138 rel rate 48 Xe 135m rel rate 49 Kr 87 rel rate 50 Kr 88 rel rate 51 Kr 85m rel rate 52 Xe 135 rel rate 53 Xe 133 rel rate 54 1 134 rel rate 55 I 132 rel rate 56 I 135 rel rate 57 I 133 rel rate 58 I 131 rel rate 59a Epsilon OG 59b Epsilon ID 60a AEpsilon OG 60b AEpsilon ID 61a COG 61b CID 62a Fit Error OG 62b Fit Error ID 63a PuFrac OG 63b PuFrac ID 64a Failures OG 64b Failures ID 65 Comb Model Fail CHIRON Output Description Non Fitted Activit
39. user specified volumetric concentration unit i Decay constant for isotope i and the variable BetaRXS is as calculated above by Eqs 6 42 and 6 45 6 2 COMBINED FAILURE MODEL The most significant cause of uncertainty of the General Failure Models in CHIRON is the user requirement to input the rod power factor RPF i e the ratio of the linear heat rating of the failed fuel to the core average linear heat rating In several cases where CHIRON was unsuccessful in predicting the number of failures correctly re analyses were performed after experimental determination of the rod power factor of the failed rods and these analyses proved to be considerably more accurate Therefore the Combined Failure Model was developed which uses a special technique to estimate the RPF while the reactor is still operating in an attempt to achieve improved failure predictions The development of the Combined Failure Model is described in the following 6 2 1 Existing Improved Method In some cases it is possible to establish an empirical connection between certain failure modes and the characteristics of the associated coolant and offgas activities In a study performed by Taipower Reference 6 D Lin reported that fretting induced failures tended to be associated with larger defect sizes and relatively low values of the activity release rate per failed rod The latter translates into a low rod power factor for the failed fuel Thus th
40. x mark all 36 samples within this time period To thin the selection deselect the following samples by highlighting individually and clicking on the Toggle Status button 7 28 95 at time 23 10 00 7 29 95 at 21 02 00 7 30 95 at 20 18 00 7 31 95 at 21 10 00 8 01 95 at 21 05 00 and 8 02 95 at 20 55 00 Click Analyze Batch again An ASCII dump filename dialog box appears Then you will see the box showing the status of the analysis of the samples similar to Figure 2 21 Next you will see the trend plot selection screen Figure 2 22 again By default Comb Model Failures is selected for the Y1 data and Power is selected for the Y2 data The dialog box also allows the selection of logarithmic linear scales as desired as well as a moving average range number of samples over which to average The moving average can be applied to all functions shown in single y axis plots Keep the default options i e linear scales and 7 for running average range Now press OK The program returns to the Trend Plot Anchor box Select DISPLAY Trend Graph to display the selected trend plot The plot shown in Figure 2 25 appears Please Depress the ESC key to cancel the GRAPH CHIRON Dual Plot EWHROZ 11 O7 25 95 16 42 00 to 0585 0395 21 00 00 Comb Model Failures i au la a Le a f E had Power Frac Pwr 27 Thu 22 Fri 29 Sat 30 Sun 31 Mon Calendar Sample Days Figure 2 25 Trend
41. 02 0127005 O O O O O OQO ee 085873 uCi sec 60 4012 20 4492 17 7368 10 4631 1 39089 6 16288e 005 9 6717e 005 0 000163391 0 000283646 0 000820661 Activity Measured and Predicted units uCi sec Solubles were not performed Release to Birth Measured and Predicted Solubles were not performed C 5 Sample QA File Report Isotope Ratios RatioName Activity Ratios Measured Predicted 1131 1133 0 264039 0 132933 1131 1134 0 00979593 0 0230275 1133 1134 0 0371003 0 173227 Xe133 Xe138 0 150996 0 0721125 I131 Xe133 0 00281578 0 00267468 Cs134 Cs137 NA Sr92 Sr91 NA Fit and General Failure Model Summary for Offgas AEpsilon 1 7045e 009 Epsilon 1 50591e 005 C 0 00238538 R squared 0 998619 Convg Err 5 50767e 005 num iterat 13 fit OK TRUE U235frac 0 89603 Pu239frac 0 10397 Failures 3 84223 Fit and General Failure Model Summary for Iodine AEpsilon 7 2868e 013 Epsilon 0 C 0 000132638 R squared 0 995829 Convg Err 6 76856e 005 num iterat 9 fit OK TRUE U235frac 0 944643 Pu239frac 0 0553566 Failures 2 61836 Fit and General Failure Model Summary for Solubles Solubles were not performed C 6 BWR General Failure Model Fit Coefficients Summary Offgas CO 17030 Offgas Cl 0 7512 Offgas C2 0 006768 Offgas C3 5e 006 Offgas C4 0 Offgas C5 0 Offgas C6 0 Iodine C0 7659 Iodine C1 0 3849 Iodine C2 0 01269 Iodine C3 1e 006 Iodine C4 0 Iodine C5 0 Iodine C6 0 Combined Failure
42. 19 2 21 MPU FUSS yore 3 15 TIE Sele he 2 23 Bitmap File esserndenscnnanaak 2 27 Booth Formulation oooorrnnnnnrrr 6 6 D rn P eccess 3 12 4 18 6 16 BWR Failure Correlation 4 8 C C Coefficient 4 7 4 13 6 9 6 10 6 12 6 14 6 15 C e vs s Plot See Plot C e vs Calculation Logseasvanssaser 4 19 Calculation Log File ssrrvnrrrrenrn 2 15 Cate tial UNIS surge 3 1 MAI s 2 15 4 19 CHIRON slang 2 2 SEP ar 2 1 CHIRON DB annet 2 7 3 3 Index Cleanup Letdown Flow Density 3 6 6 21 6 23 6 24 Flow Rate 008 3 12 6 1 6 21 Convergence Error sansene 4 13 Convergence Limit 3 8 SEE 4 18 D Data Entry File Format serrerornorrnnvnnn 3 14 B 1 Me EPa si 3 1 3 14 Range Checking 3 5 3 12 3 14 Seen Input saausang 3 1 3 10 Data S0UTCE sourrisent sesi 2 8 Database DIAD TE ES 2 12 Bou PACH ani 5 3 Conversion rorrnornnvvrnnvsnves 2 11 5 4 CE TON vandt eee 5 2 Distripbutton assarsusrviisansi 2 1 Filename Q vsdatasess 2 8 3 4 COV EL VICW see 5 1 Repstad 2 6 2 8 il SNP NG 2 12 DELO CH OM EE ERE 2 13 Database Table farO S varder 5 2 E 5 E 8 plant dali ME Ooner ee re 5 1 E 1 Samples a 5 1 E 2 mPetre 5 2 E 3 US ped 5 2 E 4 user_preferences 5 2 E 4 PPC 0 Er 5 4 Decay Constant 6 2 6 11 Default Pu Fraction orvrrvonne 3 7 Diffusion Rate rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrnrnrnnnr 6 4 E Efficiency Iodi
43. 27 Microsoft Access rrnrnnvrnnnnnvsnnnnvven 5 1 Microsoft Access Drivet 2 6 Microsoft Excel orrnvrnnnvrnnnvrnnnvnn 3 15 N Number of Assemblies 3 5 Number of Fuel Rods 3 5 6 18 O GJE EE RE 5 3 Administrator erovrrrnvrnnornnnvnrner 2 6 Di We na aaa 2 5 5 1 PES A 1 Offgas Activity conami See Activity Offgas P Ta 3 12 Removal Efficiency errrrrrrorrrerrrren See Efficiency Offgas Removal 1V OLE DM Eras 2 5 OLE Flass A 3 ORIGEN CUNGSArrasessese 4 5 Out g STeduennuannngt 4 5 Output OPOS esinin 2 15 P Plant Cycle 5 EE ETE 2 16 Plant Cycle History rrnrrrrrrererren 4 5 Plant Cycle Configuration 2 16 3 2 Plant Cycle ID 2 16 3 2 3 12 5 5 Plot Cr 4 7 Cs Ratio vs Burnup 4 5 Customization 2 24 FP 2 27 FV See 4 6 Failure Correlation 06 4 8 Grid LINES inaire a 2 26 ag 0 E AE 2 27 Numeric Precision 0 2 25 OPTIONS ge 2 25 R B vs Lambda 4 2 4 3 Selection rrvrunornn 2 19 2 22 2 24 Tree 2 22 4 9 Trend Options aicnniewnen 4 9 Zoe 2 29 PENON saja 2 30 Program IDL Files sorugnamnies 3 3 Program Files aveeatticseniieswuaveyisian 3 4 Pu Fission Fraction 6 8 6 10 R R Value ssnnrrrreennnvessrnnnnsnr 4 13 6 10 Reactor Power rrnnerrrnnnnerrvnnnnnenen 3 12 Reactor Rated Power 3 4 3 5 6 18 Reactor Water Volume
44. CH FailureSet failed Can t Update BATCH pFailureSet The AddNew_Record in BATCH pFailureSet failed The New Edit in BATCH pFailureSet failed The pFailureSet CanUpdate failed The pFailureSet Update failed The Update in BATCH pFailureSet failed The Activity ASCII dump in BATCH failed The FitFailures ASCII dump in BATCH failed Cannot open file Reopened last active datasource 7 4 Diagnostics and Error Checking Cannot reopen current Datasource Application will terminate Database access error Application will terminate CChironCalc unit conversion SampleUnits Failed m_pFailureSet gt Close failed m_pFailureSet gt Open failed m_pFailureSet gt MoveFirst failed m_pFailureSet gt Edit failed m pFailureSet gt Update failed m pFailureSet gt MoveNext failed Error Found multiple records corresponding to this sample in the failures table Error while updating sample data Changes were not accepted Error on SampleSet Requery This function is not available in the SHOW SELECTED SAMPLES ONLY mode The highlighted sample will be permanently deleted from the database Proceed with sample deletion Sample Deletion bad index The selected X marked samples will be permanently deleted from the database Proceed with sample deletion m_pFailureSet gt Requery failed Deleteltem The Cursor selection is invalid Selection status cannot
45. Cs 138 fitted release rate converted cardinal units Ba 139 fitted release rate converted cardinal units Sr 92 fitted release rate converted cardinal units Tc 99m fitted release rate converted cardinal units Sr 91 fitted release rate converted cardinal units Mo 99 fitted release rate converted cardinal units ASCII Dump Files Field 12 Te 132 fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 13 Ba 140 fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 14 Te 129m fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 15 Sr 89 fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 16 Cs 134 fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 17 Sr 90 fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 18 Cs 137 fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 19 Number of failed rods from IO General Failure Model Field 20 Coefficient from Solubles fit Field 21 Coefficient A from Solubles fit Field 22 Coefficient C from Solubles fit Field 23 Fit error R from Solubles fit Field 24 Sum of 15 Solubles fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 25 Sum of 15 Solubles tramp fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 26 Delta Zr 95 attributable to cladding spacer fretting Field 27 Cladding damage calculated from Zr 95 D 10 ASCII Dump File Chirond9 txt This file contains calculated numbers of failures INPO FRI and Calculated Burnup from the
46. Cs Ratio in the following format Field 1 Plant cycle ID Field 2 Sample date Field 3 Sample time Field 4 Number of failures from Combined Failure Model Field 5 Rod power factor calculated from Combined Failure Model Field6 INPO FRI Sample Value for appropriate Plant Type Field 7 BU determined from Cs Ratio MWd kgU 1 if not determined D 9 ASCII Dump Files D 10 E CHIRON DATABASE FORMAT This Appendix contains six tables that show the format of the data tables in the CHIRON database The six data tables in the CHIRON database include plant data samples unit types units user preferences and failures The column name data type and size of each entry in the CHIRON database are provided in the tables Table E 1 Plant Data Table plant data Text o o default pu239 yield E 1 CHIRON Database Format Table E 2 Sample Data Table samples Column Name Data Type Size E 2 CHIRON Database Format Column Name Data Type Size Table E 3 Unit Types Data Table unit types Column Name Data Type Size Number Integer Number Integer CHIRON Database Format Table E 4 Units Data Table units Column Name Data Type unit id Number Integer unit String unit conversion Number Integer unit NotReleaseRate Table E 5 User Preferences Data Table user preferences Number integer Number Integer Number Integer E 4 CHIRON Database Format Table E 6 Failures
47. Data Table failures Data Type sample datetime Date Time plant id Text 9 characters OG Epsilon Number Single 4 bytes OG ISConverged Yes No 1 byte Number Single OG PurFraction Number Single 4 bytes I Epsilon Number Single 4 bytes I ISConverged Yes No 1 byte Number Single I Iterations Number Integer I PuFraction Number Single 4 bytes Number Single S Epsilon Number Single 4 bytes S ISConverged Yes No 1 byte Number Single e S Iterations Number Integer S PuFraction Number Single 4 bytes Number Single CalculatedRPF Number Single 4 bytes FuelReleaseDetected Yes No 1 byte Xe135m Activity Number Single 4 bytes Kr87 Activit Number Single CHIRON Database Format Data Type Xe135 Activity Number Single 4 bytes 1132 Activity Number Single 4 bytes 1131 Activity Number Single 4 bytes Xe138 Activity N13 Number Single 4 bytes Kr88 Activity N13 Number Single 4 bytes Xe133 Activity N13 Number Single 4 bytes Bal41 Activity Number Single 4 bytes 5r92 Activity Number Single 4 bytes Np239 Activity Number Single 4 bytes Ba140 Activity Number Single 4 bytes Cs134 Activity Number Single 4 bytes Sol Sum15 Number Single 4 bytes Nb97 Activity Number Single 4 bytes CHIRON Database Format Data Type Y90 Activity Number Single 4 bytes Hf181 Activity Nu
48. Database 1 The base name of the CHIRON output ASCII dump files This is the 7 character string entered above After entering the characters press Enter and you will be prompted for the next item 2 The Plant Identifier as it appears in CHIRON up to five character string Note this is case sensitive 3 The Cycle Identifier as an integer 4 The SJAE Flow in cc sec This number is only needed for BWRs If the plant is a PWR enter zero DBConvert generates an output file with one line for each sample date time which will represent a record in the database The output filename is formed by combining the plant name string the plant cycle number and an extension txt e g Susq09 txt Each record in the file is assigned the user supplied plant name and cycle number DBConvert expects the data in the ASCII dump files to be from one plant cycle Note The user specified plant name is used to generate the Plant cycle ID for the ACCESS database Since the Plant cycle ID is used in ACCESS in a case sensitive manner it is important that the user specified five character Plant Identifier be entered exactly case sensitive as it is to appear in the Plant Configuration table within ACCESS The output file generated by DBConvert is a valid File Read input file to CHIRON for WINDOWS Before reading the file into CHIRON for Windows the user must create a Plant Configuration entry for the plant cycle being loaded This is pr
49. Database The typical CHIRON installation installs a blank database chiblank mdb containing no data so that users can generate their own databases It is highly recommended that users make a copy of the blank database before adding data to it The following steps create a new database called PlantA 1 Using File Manager File Copy or the copy command from an MS DOS prompt copy chiblank mdb to planta mdb 2 Start the CHIRON program and select ASelect Data Source from the Data menu 3 From the SQL Data Sources Dialog select New From this point on the steps are shown in detail in Section 2 steps 7 B through 7 D using APlantA as the data source name and planta mdb as the database name The steps are quickly summarized below in steps 4 7 Select the Microsoft Access Driver and click OK Register the database as APlantA and click Select Select planta mdb and click OK Check that you are registering planta mdb as APlantA and click OK Select APlantA and click OK The new database is now open eo ol ey a e From the CHIRON main window add a plant configuration record by choosing the Options menu I Plant Configuration Add New Plant 5 2 The CHIRON Database 10 Sample data can now be added using the Data menu and the New option as described in Section 3 3 of this manual 5 4 Compacting a Database The ODBC interface provides a method of compacting a database to reduce the size of the database file Th
50. EP fel A Code for Analyzing Coolant and Offgas Activity in a Light Water Nuclear Reactor Computer Manual A Code for Analyzing Coolant and Offgas WARNING Please read the Export Control Agreement on the back cover Effective December 6 2006 this report has been made publicly available in accordance with Section 734 3 b 3 and published in accordance with Section 734 7 of the U S Export Administration Regulations As a result of this publication this report is subject to only copyright protection and does not require any license agreement from EPRI This notice supersedes the export control restrictions and any proprietary licensed material notices embedded in the document prior to publication CHIRON for WINDOWS User s Manual A Code for Analyzing Coolant and Offgas Activity in a Light Water Nuclear Reactor CM 110056 Computer Manual June 1998 EPRI Project Manager B Cheng EPRI 3412 Hillview Avenue Palo Alto CA 94304 PO Box 10412 Palo Alto CA 94303 U S A 800 313 3774 or 650 855 2000 www epri com DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES THIS REPORT WAS PREPARED BY THE ORGANIZATION S NAMED BELOW AS AN ACCOUNT OF WORK SPONSORED OR COSPONSORED BY THE ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE INC EPRI NEITHER EPRI ANY MEMBER OF EPRI ANY COSPONSOR THE ORGANIZATION S NAMED BELOW NOR ANY PERSON ACTING ON BEHALF OF ANY OF THEM A MAKES ANY WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION WHATSOEVER EXPRESS OR
51. HIRON least squares fitting routine for the theoretical derivation see Chapter 6 CHIRON seeks the root of this curve which is then accepted as the calculated e f e may have more than one root as seen in Figure 47 If this is the case the lower of the two values is the physically meaningful one The f g versus amp relationship plot is included in CHIRON to allow the user to scrutinize sample analyses for their detailed numerical behavior The plot includes three curves depicting the offgas iodines and solubles analyses The roots determined by CHIRON are marked on the plot for each isotopic group To study details of the plot use the zoom feature Zooming is accomplished by depressing the left mouse button at the upper left corner of the rectangle that defines the desired view then dragging to the lower right corner and releasing To get out of the zoomed view select the menu item Undo Zoom available by clicking the right mouse button anywhere in the graph area 4 6 CHIRON Output CHIRON F EPSILON vs EPSILON EBWHROSZ 11 08 26 95 02 33 00 Cc CI gas Root lodines Root Solubles Root Ogas Curve lodines Curve Solubles Curve 107 10 404 10 10 107 EPSILON 1 5ec Figure 4 7 f s versus s Plot 4 1 5 C e versus s Plot The C e plot Figure 4 8 is shown to support the understanding of the way CHIRON accepts or rejects a fit analysis Normally CHIRON calculates three coefficients s As and
52. HIRON30 folder every time a batch sample analysis is performed The default choice for this option is no ASCII Dump file For this exercise click check on both boxes Your screen should look like the one shown in Figure 2 14 Click OK The program returns to the main window Output Options Enable calculation log file chicalc log for single sample analysis Figure 2 14 Output Options Dialog Box 2 15 Getting Started Step 4 Selecting Plant Cycle Configuration From the CHIRON 3 0 Main Window click on Options Select Plant Configuration from the drop down menu then select Edit Existing Plant The Edit Plant Cycle Configuration dialog box appears Select BWR02 11 from the Plant Cycle ID list in the upper left corner of the box Notice the data found in the rest of the box changes to represent the BWRO02 11 plant Now find the place in the lower right section where Perform Solubles Calculation is listed as a model option Select it by clicking in the box Your screen should look like Figure 2 15 Click OK Edit Plant Cycle Configuration Plant Cycle ID EwWROZ 11 Reactor Type BYR PWR BWR Data Reactor rated power Carry oyer fraction Hth 2436 water to steam Steam flow at rated Humber of fuel bundles 1 2 007 assemblies in the core power Ibs hr Total number of fuel 34720 i rods in the core 34720 Model Options Active fuel length cm EY Loop on fission yield Re
53. Model Summary Failures 1 33933 Est RPF 0 520907 Cesium Ratio Burnup Estimate Est Burnup 28 7286MWd kgU INPO FRI Calculation Sample INPO FRI 4062 41 end of QA report file Sample QA File Report C 7 Sample QA File Report C 8 D ASCII DUMP FILES Data may be exported from CHIRON by means of the ASCII Dump option It generates a set of files ten in all These files may be read directly into common spreadsheet applications such as Microsoft Excel The sample ASCII Dump files displayed in the remaining pages of this appendix are named Chirond0 txt Chirond1 txt etc through Chirond9 txt File chirond0 txt contains one row showing the file name then a blank row then one row with column headings then a blank row then one row of data per plant cycle in the batch then a blank row and finally a row with an end of file sequence Files chirond1 txt chirond9 txt each contain one row showing the file name then a blank row then one row with column headings then a blank row then one row of data per sample in the batch analysis then a blank row and finally a row with an end of file sequence All column headings and data items are delimited by tabs thus making the files readily available for importing into a spreadsheet application D 1 ASCII Dump File Chirond0 txt This file contains plant cycle information and batch analysis model settings in the following format Field 1 Plant
54. N databases is also discussed in Section 5 Section 6 explains the theory behind the CHIRON calculations Section 7 provides a list of error messages generated by CHIRON and instructions on what to do if you encounter error messages References for this manual are contained in Section 8 This manual also includes several appendices containing useful information on specific areas of the CHIRON code Appendix A lists the files that are installed by CHIRON Appendix B contains the format for file read input Appendix C shows a sample QA Analysis Report generated by CHIRON Appendix D contains the format of the ASCII dump files that are contained on the distribution disk Appendix E contains six tables that list the format of the CHIRON database tables Introduction and Overview 1 6 2 GETTING STARTED 2 1 System Requirements CHIRON is a 16 bit WINDOWS application developed under WINDOWS 3 1 with no use of the Win32s libraries CHIRON 3 0 for WINDOWS runs under WINDOWS 3 1 WINDOWS 95 and WINDOWS NT operating systems The following are the system requirements for installation and efficient use of CHIRON 3 0 for WINDOWS e A PC model 486 or later with minimum processor speed 50 MHz e A WINDOWS operating system 3 1x 95 or NT 4 0 e A VGA monitor or better e 16 MB of RAM e hard disk with 15 MB of free space for a typical installation The exact requirement will be displayed in a separate screen during the custom
55. N2 DE CHIBLANE DE CHIRONDE gt f CHIRON DE CHIRON3 DE Cancel Figure 2 13 The Data Sources Screen 2 14 Getting Started Step 3 Selecting Output Options From the Main Window select Options Then choose Output from the drop down menu The dialog box for selecting the output options appears In this screen there are two output options to choose from 1 a calculation log file and 2 an ASCII dump file When selected the option s remains in effect until changed during a CHIRON session or until the program is exited You may select one both or none of the options from this box 1 Enable calculation log file for single sample analysis If you check this box then a text file named chicalc log will be generated at the completion of each single sample analysis The chicalc log file will be placed in the CHIRON30 folder This file can be used to retrieve all details of the calculational sequence for the last calculated sample It may be very large on the order of 60 printed pages This option is not available when running samples in Batch Analysis mode Once created the log file may be accessed with the use of a text editor When a new sample analysis is performed the previous chicalc log file is overwritten The default choice for this option is no calculation log file 2 Enable ASCII Dump files for batch analysis If you check this box then ASCII dump files will be written and placed in the C
56. NO MESSE rarena de narinnive tioned nn ashi stsduemeeteneness 7 1 7 2 Database Related Error Messages rrrnrrrrnrnnnnnrrvnnnrnnnrennnrennnnennnnennnnennnnennnnen 7 4 7 3 Miscellaneous Error M SSQQGS cccceccsseccseeeeeeeeseeseeeeneeesaeesaeseeseesaeesaesenes 7 7 8 REFERENGES eee 8 1 A LIST OF FILES INSTALLED BY CHIRON rnnuurnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnnr A 1 B FORMAT OF FILE READ ASCII FILE nmrnnnnnnennnnnnernnnnnvernnnnnevnnnnnnrnnnnnvennnnnnnenn B 1 C SAMPLE QA FILE REPORT sa C 1 D ASCIDUMPELES 2 D 1 D 1 ASCII Dump File ChirondO txt srenrernrrnnnrrrrnnnrenrnnnrenrnnnnrenranenrnnrnsnsrnrnssnennnne D 1 D2 ASCII Dump FIG Chirond L ws cuccdestorewehseewstadtsbuelssveslewesboemosbuce eeheedulebeettoutes D 2 D3 ASGCIIDump FIE UhONd2 vasse D 3 D 4 ASCII Dump File Ghrondd Xi vasre D 3 D 5 ASCII Dump File Ghond4 AKU ocsecceciecccccccsee eh a D 4 Section Title Page No D 6 ASCII Dump File Ghirondd txt ee E EE D 5 D7 ASO DAMP File CAIROMNGG ING Luse a D 6 D 8 ASCII Dump File Ghirond7 txt serenrnrrvrrnrrrrnrrernnrrrrnnrrernvrernnerernuversnvrennnesennne D 7 D9 AoC DUMP FE EROS vvs D 8 D 10 ASCII Dump File Ghirond9 txt sererarevnnerervnnrreravernnunennnnerevanernnunernnverevanerennr D 9 E CHIRON DATABASE FORMAT wesw ssccsscsvcccshcncestatssvoscenseuctodssedesadyncesssaswecsadsbesstiden E 1 X1V FIGURES Figure Title Figure 1 1 Figure 2 1 Figure 2 2 Figure
57. OK see Figure 4 3 the negative values appear in red on the screen This has the effect that these activities will be ignored in the least squares fit of the sample analysis The result of the revised fit is shown in Figure 4 4 4 3 CHIRON Output Edit sample Plant Cycle ID EWRO2 11 8 Char Rx Solubles Sample Date 08 12 95 MM DD YY uCi cc Sample Time 20 30 00 MH MH Reactor Power HM Clean up Flow I 9 P35e 004 Rod Power Factor i 6 696e 004 Burnup i 5 708e 004 Gas Delay Time 6 349e 005 I Delay Time 3 086e 004 Sol Delay Time seconds SJAE Gas Flow cc sec uCi sec uli cc 2 634e 003 1 02 7e 003 5 693e 004 4 5227e 005 0 644e 005 4 125e 005 Cancel Offgas lodine i HI Figure 4 3 Sample Edit Screen Showing Deletion of Two Cs Activities CHIRON RELEASE to BIRTH vs LAMBDA Solubles BARS 19 Oe ees 20 3000 o L SOU eure Slide Fri Seales Trang Baseline Hy 8 403 ee eee fet ee Fe Pere MG p SPP oe t md ie m OM 5 gg js Malts atts Be E i w 103 PETE TETTE Ee 4 1 ft EET ft EE rwt ee es 2 10 4 r ew ew LAMADA isac Figure 4 4 Revised R B versus 7 Plot for Solubles It is envisaged that specific scenarios exist in which solubles analyses will prove very valuable in particular when applied to certain subsets of solubles Further 4 4 CHIRON Output development is a
58. ON has been prepared to include alternative analyses to handle other subgroups in the future The noble gases represent xenon and krypton isotopes for a total of seven members The noble gases are frequently referred to in CHIRON as offgas because of the method by which measurements are obtained ina BWR This terminology is used herein to refer to PWR noble gas coolant measurements as well 1 1 Introduction and Overview There are five isotopes that represent the iodine group Activity measurements of these isotopes are obtained from analysis of coolant samples in both BWRs and PWRs The reactor solubles consist of a large number of rather dissimilar isotopic species These isotopes are partly fission products and partly originating from environmental impurities or reactor internals CHIRON does not provide a direct correlation between the reactor soluble activity measurements and fuel failures however trending of one or more of these nuclides can often be of benefit in evaluating and tracking various aspects of fuel performance 1 3 Empirical Failure Modeling The General Failure Models are based on empirical fits to the large number of samples in the original database The data used in the failure correlation was restricted to reactor power levels above 80 of rated power with most of the data lying near rated power This is consistent with the fact that most failures reported during the time span of the database were pellet cla
59. Plot of Batch Sample Analysis Step 11 Customizing Trend Plots The trend plot appears with the default options for grid lines point markers lines no lines etc Position your mouse anywhere on the graph Click the right 2 24 Getting Started mouse button to bring up the menu for customizing your plot There are several options available including such things as fonts grid lines labels etc Table 2 1 below describes these options Table 2 1 Table of Plot Options List of Options Description of Function Viewing Style Choose the way you want your plot displayed Color Plot will be displayed in color Monochrome Plot will be displayed in monochrome Monochrome Symbols Plot will be displayed in monchrome symbols Font Size Choose the font size you want used in your plot headings and data Large Use large size fonts Medium Use medium size fonts Small Use small size fonts Numeric Precision Choose the numeric precision to be used in plotting the data points No Decimals Integer numbers used when plotting data points 1 Decimal Numbers truncated to one decimal point in plots 2 Decimals Numbers truncated to two decimal points in plots 3 Decimals Numbers truncated to three decimal points in plots Data Shadows Places a shadow on each data point to increase visibility Grid Lines Show grid lines on plot display Both Y and X Axis Show grid lines on both axes Y Axis Show grid lines on the Y Axis only X Axis
60. YSTEM 4 4080 ODBC ODBC File pas Snows sam orm ae Sc A 3 CHIRON Database Format File Name Version Location Size Purpose Bytes Mfcoleuidll dll 2 2o10 1 0 C CAWINDOWS SYSTEM 146 976 976 146 976 Program DLL File DLL Program DLL File ramme Jommponssen see osp mer Jomo fo omme pora Jomo far romme pomes Jerome ft omme omme oromo vs mane mme oomoo mene mme mme oomoo mos omme Go GN Er poma foomo ao tome Demir Jeomonn mos mene nemner foomo a mene nemner oomoo aa mene pome eomenn vm mene poser oomoo mes mene nome Jerome rn mene pm oomoo fe empen me emo B FORMAT OF FILE READ ASCII FILE In order for a file to be read into CHIRON as described in the File Read input option see Section 3 3 2 of this manual it must follow the format presented in this appendix Sample data input files created by the database conversion program DBConvert are automatically in this format An example of such a file File dbcon09 txt is included with the distribution If data input files need to be created independently of the database conversion program set up the sample data in a spreadsheet then export the spreadsheet file into an ASCII file using the comma separated values CSV format option The File Read ASCII file format includes the following Comment lines are allowed anywhere as denoted by a sign in the fi
61. a different drive that has more free space After copying the files the setup program automatically installs the ODBC driver then opens the ODBC Administrator At this point the user must specify how the available databases are to be registered This is done by responding to a series of dialog boxes in the ODBC Administrator A After an information box the first dialog box to appear is the Data Sources list box as shown in Figure 2 3 During the initial CHIRON installation this box will probably be empty It is possible that you have other programs on your computer that use ODBC and therefore have existing registered data sources Once databases have been registered the list of registered databases will appear in this box whenever you access this dialog box Now we are going to add a database so click Add This opens the next box D ata Sources Data Sources Driver Drivers Figure 2 3 The Data Sources List Box Before Registering Databases B A list of installed drivers is now displayed as shown in Figure 2 4 Since the Microsoft Access Driver was installed as part of the CHIRON 3 0 installation steps above it will appear in the list There may or may not be other drivers as well depending on past installations on the computer system Select the Microsoft Access Driver mdb by highlighting it and clicking OK Getting Started Add Data Source Select which ODBC driver you wan
62. a storage features 1 2 Introduction and Overview DB LIST ODBC MAIN WINDOW CHOOSE CALC LOG REGISTERED SELECT DATABASES amp ASCII DUMP DATABASES eee er yl SELECTED DATABASE PLANT CONFIGURATION AND MODEL SETTINGS PLANT CONFIGURATION MODEL PARAMETER SETTINGS READ IN NEW DATA SELECT UNITS SCREEN INPUT SELECTED SELECT FILENAME INPUT FILE OPEN DATA BASE FROM LIST SAMPLE ANALYSIS SELECT PLANT SAMPLE INPUT RESULTS SCREEN CYCLE S SCREEN ANALYZE BATCH IF ASCII DUMP ENABLED SPECIFY ASCII DUMP FILE ASCII DUMP SELECT MULTIPLE OTHERWISE a TREND PLOTS SAVE TO DB Figure 1 1 CHIRON 3 0 Logic Flow Diagram Introduction and Overview The primary user interface for CHIRON 3 0 is labeled as the Main Window in the bold frame on the left of Figure 1 1 From this window five principal actions may be taken as described below 1 Database Selection CHIRON allows the selection of any one of the pre registered databases connected to the program through the ODBC interface The Database Selection is available from the main menu item Data 2 Output Options The user may define certain settings that control the availability of 1 a calculation log file and 2 the feature of exporting data to an external application the ASCII Dump feature The Output Options are available from the main menu item Options 3 Plant Configuration and Model Settings The user defines th
63. actor water mass 1 656e 008 Calculate tramp yield hot condition g Ai assembly face Default Pu 239 frac Clean up let down i i flow density g cc Tramp yield fraction lodine removal efficiency fraction Offgas removal Convergence limit efficiency fraction Rx solubles removal Maximum loops efficiency fraction Tramp recoil frac epzilon 0 Cancel l Fuel microstructure Figure 2 15 The Edit Plant Cycle Configuration Dialog Box Step 5 Select Plant Cycle Select Data from the Main CHIRON 3 0 window then select Open The Plant Select dialog box appears as shown in Figure 2 16 2 16 Getting Started Select Data Data Source BI Pslpit Riley gt Pa Select Data Plant BwWAO BE Cancel Available Cycles Selected Cycles lt Unselect Figure 2 16 The Plant Cycle Selection Dialog Box In this dialog box there is only one plant name BWR02 available in the list box Highlight the only available cycle Cycle 11 then click Select the number 11 moves over to the right hand box then click OK Step 6 Selecting Samples to Analyze The dialog box appears as shown in Figure 2 17 As we go through the exercise using this box note that there is an extended menu bar at the top containing four new menu items Sample Select Analysis and Trending Most of the options under these menu items may be found on the various buttons on this box For instance the Select menu
64. adow Effect I lt Mark Data Points Comparisons as Normal Figure 2 26 Trending Graph Customization Dialog Box From that sheet under Axes choose the y axis labeled Comb Model Failures Under Plot Style select Line Next select another choice under Axes Power Frac Pwr Select Line for Plot Style again Accept the changes by clicking Apply To show your action has been applied the apply button is grayed or disabled now Then click OK to get back to the plot The plot has now changed its appearance as shown in Figure 2 27 Experiment some more to become familiar with the various options for customizing your plots 2 27 Getting Started Please Depress the ESC key to cancel the GRAPH CHIRON Dual Plot EWHROZ 11 0725 95 16 42 00 to 05 03095 21 00 00 Comb Model Failures og a la E ble a f E hat Power Frac Pwr 26 Ved 27 Thu 22 Fri 30 Sun 31 Mon Calendar Sample Days Figure 2 27 Sample Trend Plot Two additional features are found in the trend plots and are accessed with the mouse button As you move the mouse button on the plot note there is a time and number shown on the upper left corner of the plot As you move the mouse the number changes This number identifies the coordinates of the mouse cursor within the graph area If you leave the graph area the number disappears Also note that when the mouse is directly on a data point on the grap
65. ailure problem with emphasis on identification of the failed fuel power level e Capabilities for analyzing three groups of fission products including the noble gases the iodines and the reactor solubles e Use of fitted coefficients in conjunction with coolant sample input e Calculations that include background activity from tramp fuel and recoil e Custom configuration capabilities for individual plants e Capabilities for processing a variety of input data and performing single sample and batch sample analysis e Outputs of isotopic ratios as well as outputs conforming to requirements of the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations INPO fuel reliability index e Outputs in the form of screen plots and analysis reports for individual samples screen plots for trending analysis and batch export files for transfer of data to a spreadsheet or alternative applications This user s manual provides guidance on the installation of CHIRON 3 0 data entry methods and the process for converting previous CHIRON databases It also describes forms of output structure and contents of the CHIRON database the theory behind CHIRON calculations and error message instructions CHIRON runs on any PC based system with WINDOWS 3 1 or higher EPRI Perspective Both the potential and flexibility of the CHIRON 3 0 WINDOWS version have been significantly enhanced relative to previous DOS versions Use of this version will enable utilities to more accurately
66. ant Cycle ID Sample Date Sample Time BWRO2 11 08712795 20 30 00 RELEASE to BIRTH Isotope mel3d 1 17407 e 003 45749e 003 mel 35M 2 46257e 003 Kr 3 56714e 003 3 21295e 003 Kred 5 50602e 003 4 83775e 003 KSM 8 03281e 003 6 86502e 003 mel35 1 17629e 002 1 27005e 002 mel33 959042e 002 9 58723e 002 im a iT um Figure 4 13 Offgas Release to Birth Summary Report 4 3 5 lodines Release to Birth Summary Report The Iodines Release to Birth Summary Summary screen report shown in Figure 4 14 presents the iodines datapoints both measured and fitted that appear in the Offgas and Iodines R B versus plot Figure 4 1 in Section 4 1 1 4 16 CHIRON Output Release to Birth Summary for lodines Plant Cycle ID Sample Date Sample Time BYwAO2 11 08712795 20 30 00 RELEASE to BIRTH lsotope measured 134 1 52297e 004 6 21771e 005 1132 19 45616e 004 9 665345e 005 135 14 09978e 004 1 6227e 004 133 4 50214e 004 2 0388e 004 N31 8 51017e 004 8 08192e 004 Figure 4 14 lodines Release to Birth Summary Report 4 3 6 Solubles Release to Birth Summary Report The Solubles Release to Birth Summary screen reportshown in Figure 4 15 presents a selection of eight out of the 15 fission product solubles activities both measured and fitted that appear in the Solubles R B versus plots Figure 4 2 and 4 4 in Section 4 1 2 4 17 CHIRON Outpu
67. assess failed fuel rods on a sample by sample or batch basis and produce outputs in a form that will enable them to more effectively manage general activity releases and fuel failures CM 110056 Interest Category Fuel assembly reliability and performance Keywords CHIRON code LWR Fuel rods Failure analysis Activity release Vi ABSTRACT The CHIRON code is a PC based Coolant and Offgas Activity Data Management and Analysis Tool now available under WINDOWS The code contains three main elements A database a sample analysis module and a trending analysis module The database stores plant design data cycle operational data and activity sample data for multiple cycles along with measurement units and unit conversion information The sample analysis module performs a Release to Birth versus Lambda least squares fit from which conclusions are made regarding the number of failed fuel rods in the core The trending analysis module provides an overview of the variation through a chosen time period of a large number of measured activities and calculated parameters A special calculation provides the Fuel Reliability Indicator prescribed by the Institute for Nuclear Power Operations Selected analytical results are also stored in the database along with the model parameter settings used to produce the analyses CHIRON accepts keyboard input on a sample by sample basis or batch input from an ASCII formatted file Likewise sample anal
68. ble U S and foreign export laws and regulations In the event you are uncertain whether you or your company may lawfully obtain access to this EPRI Intellectual Property you acknowledge that it is your obligation to consult with your company s legal counsel to determine whether this access is lawful Although EPRI may make available on a case by case basis an informal assessment of the applicable U S export classification for specific EPRI Intellectual Property you and your company acknowledge that this assessment is solely for informational purposes and not for reliance purposes You and your company acknowledge that it is still the obligation of you and your company to make your own assessment of the applicable U S export classification and ensure compliance accordingly You and your company understand and acknowledge your obligations to make a prompt report to EPRI and the appropriate authorities regarding any access to or use of EPRI Intellectual Property hereunder that may be in violation of applicable U S or foreign export laws or regulations About EPRI EPRI creates science and technology solutions for the global energy and energy services industry U S electric utilities established the Electric Power Research Institute in 1973 as a nonprofit research consortium for the benefit of utility members their customers and society Now known simply as EPRI the company provides a wide range of innovative products and services to mo
69. box appears as shown in Figure 2 21 showing the status of the batch analysis including the record being analyzed and the total number that are marked for analysis The box also contains a cancel button to stop the analysis 2 21 Getting Started Batch Analysis Performing Analysis on Selected Samples Processing Sample 0 Figure 2 21 Dialog Box for Performing Batch Analysis Step 10 Creating Trend Plots After analyzing the selected samples in Step 9 above the program opens a dialog box for trend plot selection as shown in Figure 2 22 This dialog box contains two list boxes one for the first y axis and one for the second y axis of a dual y axis trend plot Click on the arrow to the right of each box to view the list of choices Note that the two lists are identical but default selections are different A check box is available to select single y axis plotting if desired It is also possible to cancel trend plot selection by clicking the Cancel button Select Trend Graph Data Y1 Data Selection Y2 Data Selection Comb Model Failures E Graph Options Use log scale for Y1 data Use log scale for Y2 data Display Y1 data only Humber of points used in moving average range 7 15 1 to 30 used with Display Y1 data only Cancel Figure 2 22 Dialog Box for Trend Plot Selection 2 22 Getting Started At this point cancel the trend plot selection by clicking the Cancel button the defau
70. ce 2 as amended by INPO letter to EPRI of December 1992 Accordingly CHIRON calculates single sample FRI values based on the appropriate sample group offgas for BWRs iodines for PWRs At the end of a specified period CHIRON then averages the single sample values accepting only samples that comply with the INPO criteria for steady state and power level The averaged FRI value is finally groomed to meet the INPO specified minimum value for the given reactor type and or a maximum value indicated by the Sum of Six or Sum of Five as applicable based on monthly averages of individual power corrected isotopic activities If the selected averaging period coincides with a month the resulting average FRI will be the value reportable to INPO 6 38 DIAGNOSTICS AND ERROR CHECKING Chiron generates error messages when a user tries to perform an illegal operation or tries to enter data that is not in the correct format or outside the acceptable range for that data entry field A sample of a CHIRON error message is shown in Figure 7 1 CHIRON 3 0 for Windows T Plant Id must be of the form Plantname cycle e g Hatch1 1 Figure 7 1 Sample CHIRON Error Message A list of error messages that are generated by CHIRON is provided in the following subsections The messages have been grouped into three categories data input errors database related errors and miscellaneous errors 7 1 Data Input Error Messages Data inpu
71. cel chiron1 mdb chiron2 mdb E chiron30 chiron3 mdb Exclusive Sort Order Drives General E c ms dos 2 Figure 5 2 Compact Database Dialog Box 6 To compact the database into itself select the same database name from the dialog box and click OK Alternatively the user can type in a new database name and click OK If a new name is selected that name must be registered before it can be used by CHIRON 7 If you chose to compact the database into itself a warning box will appear informing you that you are about to overwrite an existing file Click Yes if this is what you want to do 8 The compacting Vane begins and when it is finished a box appears telling you it compacted the database successfully 5 5 Converting a CHIRON 2 3 Database to CHIRON 3 0 The database conversion program DBConv reads in a set of six ASCII files the ASCIT Dump created by CHIRON for DOS Version 2 2 or later and writes out a single file containing all of the raw sample input data The ASCII files must be available in the directory containing CHIRON for WINDOWS The ASCII Dump filenames consist of a character string up to 7 characters provided by the user followed by a number from zero to five and with the file extension csv To use DBConvert double click on the DBConvert icon from the CHIRON group in the WINDOWS program manager A MS DOS window appears DBConvert prompts the user for the following information The CHIRON
72. co oo m co mn Bal oo Relative Pwr P Pr fo Figure 4 11 lodines Activity Summary Report 4 14 CHIRON Output 4 3 3 Solubles Activity Summary Report The Solubles Activity Summary screen report is analogous to the Offgas Activity Summary screen report See Section 4 3 1 for a discussion It is noted that this report only displays eight out of the 15 fission product solubles activities A sample Solubles Activity Summary screen report is shown in Figure 4 12 Solubles Activity and Fit Summary Plant Cycle ID Sample Date Sample Time BYWHFRO gt 11 06 12 95 20 30 00 ACTIYITY uli sec 7 Isotope measured FIT COEFFICIENT DATA Te 101 C3138 Sra Srl Sr83 Cs134 sral 0 570668 11 2591 3 37888 4 53102e 002 7 42781e 008 2 2924e 003 Fit AEpsilon Fit Epsilon Fit_C Fit Requared Cony Criteria Conv Yalue Iter Loop 1 01563e 011 4 46532e 004 4 29789e 005 1 e 004 3 2757 3e 005 C137 0 520499 2 37717e 003 TOTAL i 180 825 Relative Pwr PSP E Recoil 74 6346 Hon Recoil Figure 4 12 Solubles Activity Summary Report 4 3 4 Offgas Release to Birth Summary Report The Offgas Release to Birth Summary screen report shown in Figure 4 13 presents the offgas datapoints both measured and fitted that appear in the Offgas and Iodines R B versus plot Figure 4 1 in Section 4 1 1 4 15 CHIRON Output Release to Birth Summary for Offgas Pl
73. ction Screen as shown in Figure 3 7 You select an input file and click OK Note The files read must be formatted as described in Appendix B If you wish to try this feature an example input file dbcon09 txt is provided on the CHIRON 3 0 distribution disk Click on this file if desired Directories c Achiron30 chirondb txt ce chirond1 txt chirond txt gt chiron30 chirond3 tyt chirond4 txt chirond5 txt chirond6 txt chirond txt List Files of Type Drives Tetfies to E Bemde E Figure 3 7 Input File Selection The selected file is then read into CHIRON A box appears that shows the line count as the file is being read Note The count indicates the total number of lines read from the file including comment lines i e not just the number of data samples For File Read input range checking is performed for each record 3 14 Data Entry read and any non compliances are posted to the screen as they occur In such cases the user is advised of the problem and given the choice to either stop the read in or to continue None of the non compliant records are transferred to the database If the file is read successfully a list box appears to show only the newly entered samples This box is equivalent to the Samples Selection Box of Figure 2 17 Samples analysis may proceed from this box in the manner previously explained in Section 2 5 Step 9 To generate a list box containing all samples for
74. cycle ID Field 2 Reactor rated power MWth Field3 Number of fuel assemblies in the core Field4 Active fuel length cm Field 5 Water mass in core primary loop g Field6 Failed fuel type 9x9 16x16 etc Field 7 Cleanup letdown flow density g cc Field 8 OG removal efficiency ASCII Dump Files Field 9 Field 10 Field 11 Field 12 Field 13 Field 14 Field 15 Field 16 Field 17 Field 18 Field 19 Field 20 Field 21 Field 22 Field 23 Field 24 IO removal efficiency Solubles removal efficiency Iodines carry over fraction Steam flow lbs hr Reactor type 0 for BWR 1 for PWR Least squares fit convergence limit Pu fission yield ratio to use when Field 18 is 0 Epsilon_0 default epsilon for Combined Failure Model f micro fuel microstructure descriptor 1 for normal gt 1 for AUC type Fission yield Pu loop 239 fission yield ratio loop flag 1 for loop 0 for no Maximum number of iteration loops Total number of fuel rods in the core Number of rods per face in fuel rod lattice of failed fuel assembly Flag to set the Pu yield ratio for tramp equal to value for fuel 0 set to fuel value 1 use value from Field 23 Pu yield ratio for tramp when not set equal to value for fuel Fraction of tramp that emits fission products as direct recoil D 2 ASCII Dump File Chirond1 txt This file contains sample specific operational data in the following format D 2 Fie
75. d The italic boldfaced fields are optional B 3 Format of File Read ASCII File C SAMPLE QA FILE REPORT The sample analysis QA report provides all input and output data for the current single sample analysis including plant configuration data model parameter selections calculational options settings model versions and model constants This file is intended to provide a complete QA record for any single sample For instructions on how to generate this report see Section 4 3 8 A sample QA file report is presented below This report was produced using CHIRON and Notepad a text editor supplied with Windows C 1 Sample QA File Report CHIRON for Windows QA Report for Sample Analysis Electric Power Research Institute Filename qareport txt Plant Cycle Date and Time analyzed plantcycle BWRO2 11 sample date and time 08 12 95 20 30 00 Analysis datetime 03 05 98 17 44 09 Model revisions Chiron for Windows Program Combined Failure Model General Failure Model 3 Coefficient Fit 2 if epsilon is small INPO FRI Calculation Model settings Combined Failure flag INPO FRI Calculation flag Perform Solubles calculation converg criter epsilon 0 f micro loop on Pu239 fuel yld frac fuel Pu239 yld frac converg iterat set Pu239 tramp yld frac tramp Pu239 yld frac tramp recoil Sample Input Settings C 2 Reactor Power 1 Cleanup Flow 200 Rod Power Factor 1 Burnup 0 Gas D
76. d Nb 97 1 60 e 4 1 2 hrs not used not used Ar 41 1 05e 4 1 8 hrs N A N A Cu 64 1 49e 5 13 hrs N A N A Na 24 1 28e 5 15 hrs N A N A Z r 97 1 13e 5 17 hrs not used not used Y 90 3 00e 6 2 7 days not used not used Cr 51 2 88e 7 28 days N A N A Fe 59 1 78e 7 45 days N A N A Hf 181 1 78e 7 45 days N A N A Zr 95 1 23e 7 65 days N A N A Co 58 1 12e 7 72 days N A N A Zn 65 3 27e 8 245 days N A N A Mn 54 2 65e 8 302 days N A N A Co 60 4 18e 9 5 3 yrs N A N A CHIRON Theory The first term on the right hand side of Eq 6 1 represents the isotope contribution from failed fuel rods The second term represents the contribution from tramp fissions The third term is the isotopic removal due to decay cleanup and in the case of iodine isotopes in BWRs carryover with steam The number of nuclide atoms in the void volume of a given failed fuel rod can be determined from a mass balance of nuclide i within the void region of the failed rod dN ik f v T N Vik Eik Ai Ni Eq 6 2 where nE number of atoms of nuclide i within the fuel region of rod k at any IK instant Vik Fraction of atoms of nuclide i released from the fuel into the void region of fuel rod k per unit of time An expression for the number of atoms of the nuclide in the fuel region of the rod N can be developed by considering a mass balance within the fuel region f dN A Fk Yik Vik MINE Eq 6 3 where Fk fission rate in rod k Yik fract
77. dding interaction PCI failures which tend to occur preferentially at substantial power levels Consistently with these benchmarking conditions the General Failure Models have proven to work quite well for BWRs for which failures seem to occur more frequently at medium to high power levels Unfortunately the PWR models have been somewhat less successful due to the relatively frequent occurrance of low power fretting failures The model improvements for the 1992 version helped to alleviate this problem but the most effective approach to predicting low power failures is the Combined Failure Model that has been incorporated in the current version of CHIRON The Combined Failure Model was specifically developed to address the low power failure problem The specific advantage of this model is the identification of the failed fuel power level The model is based on the physical observation that the isotopic diffusion responds differently to temperature changes for offgas and iodines The difference in isotopic diffusion between offgas and iodine samples has been correlated to fuel failure data over a wide range of rod power for both BWRs and PWRs The resulting Combined Failure Model provides acceptable fuel failure estimates for rod operating conditions that have traditionally been difficult to evaluate 1 4 CHIRON Logic Flow Figure 1 1 shows a simplified flow diagram of CHIRON The diagram emphasizes the dataflows conversions analyses and dat
78. e affected by rod temperature and thus a does vary somewhat from rod to rod due to the temperature dependence 6 6 CHIRON Theory Similarly for tramp diffusion vri Dr Vai Eq 6 15 where DT is a Booth diffusion related constant for tramp diffusion Typical values for DT are 5 0e 5 sec 2 for offgas and 3 5e 5 sec 2 for iodines Reference 5 The defective rod fission rate factor in rod k Fk can be expressed as Fe Ft Eq 6 16 where F rod fission rate at core average power of an average power fuel rod fa ratio of fission rate in defective rod k to fission rate of an average power rod Note that fFk is primarily affected by the ratio of power in rod k to core average power although there may be some secondary effects due to enrichment and burnup difference As a final approximation the nuclide yield term yik in Eq 6 11 can be assumed to be of the form Vik yi fyk Eq 6 17 where y fractional yield of nuclide i at an exposure equivalent to the average exposure of the defective rods in the core Fyk ratio of the nuclide yield for any nuclide in defective rod k to the nuclide yield at the average defective rod exposure 6 7 CHIRON Theory Note that fyk is primarily a function of the Pu fission fraction of the defective rod relative to an equivalent rod that behaves like the composite defective rods in the core Also the form of Eq 6 17 assumes that fyk is the same for each nuclide
79. e converted cardinal units Field 25 Xe 133 predicted fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 26 Number of failed rods from OG General Failure Model predicted Field 27 Coefficient from OG fit predicted Field 28 Coefficient A from OG fit predicted Field 29 Coefficient C from OG fit predicted Field 30 Fit error R from OG fit predicted Field 31 Pu 239 fission yield ratio from OG fit predicted Field 32 Sum of Six OG predicted fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 33 Sum of Six OG tramp predicted fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 34 Calculated burnup from OG fuel release correction D 8 ASCII Dump File Chirond7 txt This file contains fitted sample data for iodines in release rate units in the following format Field 1 Plant cycle ID Field 2 Sample date Field 3 Sample time Field 4 I 134 fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 5 1 132 fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 6 1 135 fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 7 1 133 fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 8 1 131 fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 9 Number of failed rods from IO General Failure Model Field 10 Coefficient from IO fit ASCII Dump Files Field 11 Field 12 Field 13 Field 14 Field 15 Field 16 Field 17 Field 18 Field 19 Field 20 Field 21 Field 22 Field 23 Field 24 Field 25 Field 26 Fi
80. e set of design and operational parameters the configuration data that apply to each plant cycle to be analyzed The sets of plant cycle configuration data are stored in the database under their plant cycle IDs The Plant Configuration Settings are available from the main menu item Options 4 Read in New Data When new sample data is entered into the selected database the user is given the option to set the units of the input data The units selected will then apply to all subsequently entered samples Data may be read in from a data file or it may be entered in screen form one sample at a time In either case the sample data must refer to an existing plant cycle ID configuration The New Data option is available from the main menu item Data 5 wie Database When analyzing sample data the user may open the selected database then proceed to select the plant cycle s for which samples will be analyzed If a single sample is selected the data may be viewed and edited prior to analyzing If multiple samples batch are selected the view edit option is not available The analysis data will always be stored in the database overwriting any previous results When the analysis has been completed the user may view the batch analysis results by means of the trend plotting option The Open Database option is available from the main menu item Data 1 5 Features and Capabilities A list of CHIRON s main features and capabiliti
81. e study essentially establishes an empirical relationship between the defect size parameter s and the rod power factor for a specific failure mode Since the basic CHIRON analysis normally calculates the value of g the subsequent failure predictions may be improved for the specific failure mode by taking advantage of the associated value of the rod power factor 6 2 2 Improvement Development for CHIRON Significant improvement of the CHIRON on line failure predictions could be achieved if the rod power factor can be determined during operation from coolant and offgas activity without the assumption of a particular failure mode Analyses have been performed on a number of recent well documented cases of fuel failures in both BWRs and PWRs These analyses have revealed that it may be 6 26 CHIRON Theory feasible to determine the rod power factor directly from fission product activity samples The fundamental principle that allows this determination is the fact that the ratio between the activities associated with the iodines and noble gases from the failed fuel rod s is temperature dependent This temperature dependency is due to the difference in the individual temperature dependencies for iodines and noble gases with respect to the migration characteristics through the fuel rod and core system Thus for the method to be successful both iodine and offgas samples of good quality must be available from within the same time interval In thi
82. ecting the Trend Plots option from the trending menu Selecting the option from the trending menu will generate a plot based on the cases already analyzed in the database 4 9 CHIRON Output 4 2 1 Standard Trending Plots Trend plots are selected from the dialog box shown in Figure 2 22 Each of the two list boxes one for the Y Axis and one for the X axis contains 86 selectable functions for plotting These are described below Selection Selection Title Description 0 Power Fraction of Rated Reactor Power 1 Xe 138 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 2 Xe 135m rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 3 Kr 87 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 4 Kr 88 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 5 Kr 85m rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 6 Xe 135 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 7 Xe 133 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 8 I 134 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 9 I 132 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 10 I 135 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 11 I 133 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 12 I 131 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 13 Tc 101 rel rate Non Fitted Activity wCi sec 14 Ba 141 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 15 Cs 138 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 16 Ba 139 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 17 Sr 92 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 18 Tc 99m rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 19 Sr 91 rel rate Non Fitted Activity
83. ed from core loading information and where available failed fuel power histories In all cases of multiple failures a weighted average of the failed fuel power was used giving the highest weight to the highest powered failed rods In cases where no specific information on the power level of the failed fuel was available the rod power factors were set to unity 6 27 CHIRON Theory 6 2 4 Data Analysis According to the CHIRON theory described in Section 6 1 the a coefficient is proportional to a weighted sum of activity contributions from all the failed rods It basically represents the diffusion rate of the radioactive nuclides through the fuel pellets and the rod free volume and it includes the functional dependency on the fuel temperature However CHIRON does not specifically output the value of a because the calculated quantity as is used directly in the failure models Thus in the present analysis the notation a always means ag s which preserves the direct connection to the CHIRON calculated quantities Notably this also implies that a is only available when both e is non zero i e when the sample data allows a three coefficient fit To facilitate the discussion below the following terminology is used X The number of failed rods in the core The total release coefficient for a given isotopic group iodines or noble gases a asg e an a X The normalized release coefficient for a given isotopic group i
84. ed with the Microsoft Access Driver Verify that all four data source names now appear as shown in Figure 2 8 Choose Close to proceed with the CHIRON installation 2 9 Getting Started Data Sources Data Sources Driver CHIBLANE DB Microsoft Access Driver _mdb CHIRON DB Microsoft Access Driver mdb CHIRON DE Microsoft Access Driver CHIRONS DB Microsoft Access Driver Drivers Figure 2 8 The Data Sources List Box Showing All Databases Required 9 The final installation window appears as shown in Figure 2 9 to indicate that the setup program is complete You be prompted to reboot your computer now If so select Yes Click on Finish to complete setup The installation program installs several files on your computer system For a list of files that are installed their directory location and purpose see Appendix A setup Complete Setup has finished installing CHIRON 3 0 on pour computer re Click Finish to complete Setup Figure 2 9 Setup Complete 2 10 Getting Started 10 program group has been created during the installation that contains four items see Figure 2 10 e The CHIRON 3 0 Program Icon e The Database Conversion Program Icon e The Readme File Icon and e The Uninstall Icon The CHIRON Program Icon is used to start the CHIRON program The Database Conversion Program Icon is used when you want to convert databases from older ve
85. egion dN 7 p 1 P Fr Yri vz A IN Eq 6 8 CHIRON Theory The diffusion rate constant vTj should be substantially less than the decay rate as was the case for diffusion through the fuel pellet In addition if steady state conditions are applied to Eq 6 8 then the isotopic concentration in the tramp diffusion region becomes ly Fri yr Nri UY Fn yn Eq 6 9 1 Substitution of Eq 6 9 into Eq 6 7 yields Nri y Ale Fri YTi Eq 6 10 1 Substituting Eq 6 6 and Eq 6 10 into Eq 6 1 and considering only the equilibrium form of the equation yields Eik Vik Fk Yik X AitB o NF gt uee hi a y 1 y m Fri YTi k l i Eq 6 11 With some approximations and simplifications Eq 6 11 can be expressed in a form that will relate the measurement of coolant activity to fuel performance and failure estimates Below is a description of the various assumptions applicable to iodine and noble gas coolant activity analysis in light water reactors The number of nuclide atoms in the coolant N in Eq 6 11 can be determined from the measured coolant activity concentration M since M Ve Nz Aj Eq 6 12 where MS measured coolant activity concentration disintegration sec cc Ve volume of water hot in the primary coolant system cc 6 5 CHIRON Theory The rod escape rate coefficient sik is primarily affected by the size of the defect and the potential for chemical in
86. elay Time 265 Iod Delay Time 0 Sol Delay Time 0 SJAE gas flow 7200 TRUE TRUE FALSE 0 0001 le 006 TRUE 50 FALSE op P Gal min MWd kgU sec sec sec cc sec Rev Rev Rev Rev Rev N e N e O oOo e e H O Date Date Date Date Date 03 01 98 10 30 95 03 15 92 03 01 92 12 15 92 Xe138 Xe135M Kr87 Kr88 Kr85M Xe135 Xe133 1134 1132 1135 1133 I131 Tc101 Bal41 Cs138 Ba139 Sr92 Tc99M Sr91 Np239 Mo99 Te132 Bal40 Te129M Sr89 Cs134 Sr90 Cs137 N13 Rb89 Nb97 Ar4l Cu64 Na24 Zr97 Y90 2777 727 731 247 970 520 o O O O 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4 O O O O QO OQO O O uCi sec uCi sec uCi sec uCi sec uCi sec uCi sec uCi sec 002834 001027 0005693 0003094 844e 005 0009035 0006686 0005708 348e 005 0003086 522e 005 125e 005 uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc uCi cc Sample QA File Report C 3 Sample QA File Report Cr51 0 uCi cc Fe59 0 uCi cc Hf181 0 uCi cc Zr95 0 uCi cc Co58 0 uCi
87. eld 24 Field 25 Field 26 Field 27 Field 28 Field 29 Field 30 Field 31 Field 32 Field 33 Field 34 Field 35 Field 36 Sr 89 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Cs 134 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Sr 90 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Cs 137 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Sum of 15 Sol non fitted release rate converted cardinal units N 13 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Rb 89 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Nb 97 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Ar 41 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Cu 64 Na 24 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Zr 97 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Y 90 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Cr 51 Fe 59 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Hf 181 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Zr 95 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Co 58 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Zn 65 Mn 54 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units non fitted release rate converted cardinal units Co 60 non fitted release rate converted cardinal units D 7 ASCII Dump File Chirond6 txt This file contains fitted samp
88. eld 27 Field 28 Field 29 Field 30 Coefficient Ae from IO fit Coefficient C from IO fit Fit error R from IO fit Pu 239 fission yield ratio from IO fit Sum of Five IO fitted release rate converted cardinal units Sum of Five IO for tramp fitted release rate converted cardinal units I 134 predicted fitted release rate converted cardinal units I 132 predicted fitted release rate converted cardinal units I 135 predicted fitted release rate converted cardinal units I 133 predicted fitted release rate converted cardinal units I 131 predicted fitted release rate converted cardinal units Number of failed rods from IO General Failure Model Coefficient from IO fit Coefficient Ae from IO fit Coefficient C from IO fit Fit error R from IO fit Pu 239 fission yield ratio from IO fit Sum of Five IO predicted fitted release rate converted cardinal units Sum of Five IO tramp predicted fitted release rate converted cardinal units Calculated burnup from IO fuel release correction D 9 ASCII Dump File Chirond8 txt This file contains fitted sample data for reactor solubles in release rate units in the following format D 8 Field 1 Field 2 Field 3 Field 4 Field 5 Field 6 Field 7 Field 8 Field 9 Field 10 Field 11 Plant cycle ID Sample date Sample time Tc 101 fitted release rate converted cardinal units Ba 141 fitted release rate converted cardinal units
89. emoval efficiency for the cleanup letdown system IodRemEff odine removal efficiency for the cleanup letdown system SolRemEff Solubles removal efficiency for the cleanup letdown system Offgas Conversions If the offgas measurement is inputted as a volumetric activity concentration a conversion must be carried out to obtain a coolant activity release rate in uCi sec The offgas conversion within CHIRON is reactor type dependent The following equations show how CHIRON handles the offgas conversion BWR Offgas Activity Input value OGfact SJAE GasFlow Eq 6 46 uCi sec uCi cc cc sec where User input coolant sample measurement in volumetric concentration unit Input value OGfact Conversion factor used in CHIRON to convert input to uCi cc from user specified volumetric concentration unit SJAE GasFlow Adjusted gas flow at the Steam Jet Air Ejector SJAE 6 22 PWR Offgas CHIRON Theory Input value Ogfact Cool Mass BetaOG WM Activity uCi sec where Input value OGfact LICT CC 1 sec 1 sec Eq 6 47 Coolant Sample Density 1 g cc User input coolant sample measurement in volumetric concentration unit Conversion factor used by CHIRON to convert offgas input to UCi cc from the user specified volumetric concentration unit Decay constant for isotope i and the variable BetaOG is as calculated above by Eqs 6 42 and 6 43 Note that the coolant sample density
90. ences in the coefficients and differences in the resulting fuel failure predictions This comparison revealed that for BWRs and PWRs the correlations were essentially unaffected by the removal of the 1 132 thus there was no indication of an additional precursor effect for I 132 in light water reactor 6 19 CHIRON Theory coolants samples plausible explanation for the lack of noticeable precursor effects on CHIRON results is that the yield terms used within CHIRON are equilibrium values that include precursor decay contributions in the final yield term Since removal of the I 132 from the measured sample leads to increased statistical uncertainty and since precursor contributions are implicitly included in the CHIRON equilibrium values it is recommended that I 132 be included in the measurement samples for CHIRON evaluation 6 1 3 Concentration to Release Rate Conversions The conversion of measured coolant activity in volumetric concentrations uCi cc to a release rate uCi sec is sensitive to a number of plant cycle configuration and operational parameters which are not always accurately known The purpose of this section is to explain how the internal CHIRON conversions are performed Recall from Eq 6 1 that there are three loss terms that must be accounted for in the conversion Aj is the decay constant for isotope i B is the decay constant of the cleanup letdown system and 9 is the iodine loss associated with the
91. er in the input data and partly due to crudeness of model assumptions It can therefore not be reduced below a certain limit defined by the state of the art of the activity data collection methods and the available opportunities for model improvement Thus the improvement that the Combined Failure Model represents over the General Failure Models lies largely in the generality of the approach i e its ability to achieve on line predictions within the acceptable scatter band of a factor of two in practically all cases and under all conditions The new model offers the advantages of on line failed fuel power determination and reconciliation of the predictive models based on iodines and offgas These advantages are made available as a direct benefit from obtaining simultaneous samples of both radioactive species Thus a significant incentive has been identified to obtain synchronous dual sample measurements of both iodine and offgas activities for both BWRs and PWRs 6 34 CHIRON Theory Rod Power Factor Predicted RPF Actual RPF Figure 6 1 Combined Failure Model RPF Comparison 6 35 CHIRON Theory Number of Failed Rods 100 Predicted N Fail 0 1 0 1 1 10 100 Actual N F ail Figure 6 2 Combined Failure Model Failure Comparison 6 36 CHIRON Theory 6 3 CHIRON Fuel Failure Database An extensive fuel performance database has been accumulated for the purpose of establishing reliable fuel failure correlatio
92. es is given below e Extensive BWR PWR failed fuel database e Uses fitted coefficients in conjunction with coolant sample input e Calculations include background activity from tramp fuel and recoil e Allows custom configuration for individual plants e Handles variety of input data 1 4 Introduction and Overview e Performs single sample and batch sample analysis e Outputs INPO fuel reliability index e Outputs isotopic ratios e Handles data inputs in numerous unit formats program converts to standard units used by program e Generates seven different plots e Generates eight different reports e Plots and reports can be viewed on screen e Ability to print plots for presentation purposes e Printable QA reports WINDOWS provides the code framework in the form of windows and dialog boxes The CHIRON Main Window is the operating base from where control can be passed to other windows and or dialog boxes in response to the user s selections The windows and dialog boxes are largely self explanatory but will be explained in later sections of this manual Detailed instructions on the installation of CHIRON 3 0 and a short tutorial are provided in Section 2 of this manual The methods used to enter data into CHIRON are discussed in Section 3 The various forms of output produced by CHIRON are presented in Section 4 The structure and contents of the CHIRON database are described in Section 5 The process for converting previous CHIRO
93. esenting 100 removal efficiency Rx solubles removal O lt RxEff lt 1 The Rx solubles removal efficiency efficiency normally assumed to be unity is used to in fraction compute the isotopic loss term caused by the clean up letdown system This value represents the efficiency of the removal system e g the ion exchange beds This value may vary slightly over time but should remain very close to 1 0 representing 100 removal efficiency 3 6 Data Entry Loop on fission yield If this option is selected CHIRON performs an iteration on the Pu fission yield ratio for the failed fuel CHIRON searches for the fission yield that provides the best overall statistical fit If the option is not selected the user must supply a value for the yield ratio see Default Pu frac Calculate tramp yield If this option is selected CHIRON sets the Pu fission yield ratio for the tramp to be equal to the value for the failed fuel If the option is not selected the user must supply a value for the yield ratio see Tramp Yield frac Perform solubles If this option is selected CHIRON calculation performs a least squares fit of up to 15 solubles activities Np239 is not included since it is not a fission product Default Pu frac 0 lt PuFrac lt 1 0 If the Loop on fission yield option is not selected CHIRON will use the value specified here for the Pu fission yield ratio for the failed fuel Tramp yield frac
94. ess Cancel to quit trend plotting On Cancel the program goes back to the Samples Select dialog box Figure 2 18 Close this box The program goes back to the main window Select Exit under the Data menu to exit from CHIRON 2 29 Getting Started 2 30 3 DATA ENTRY This section provides detailed information on the various methods and formats used to enter new data and edit existing data in the CHIRON 3 0 database Two methods of entering new data are supported in CHIRON screen input and file input All data entered into the CHIRON 3 0 database must conform to the database structure and data units Data units data ranges and default values if available for each data type are provided in this section CHIRON allows the user to input the numerical values in any numerical format i e decimal integer or exponential A data range checking procedure in CHIRON 3 0 performs unit conversions where appropriate It also performs certain checks on input data to minimize the risk of serious numerical problems due to accidentally entered input values that are dramatically out of range Tables 3 1 and 3 2 list the acceptable CHIRON data ranges 3 1 Data Units Cardinal Units When data is input to CHIRON the user must be sure to use the data units that are supported by the CHIRON program Units are defined in the CHIRON database for each data entry field A set of reference units referred to as the Cardinal Units
95. ficient case the sample is discarded as unusable for the fitting analysis Even in instances where the two coefficient fit produces valid coefficients it should be noted that the presence of small defects invariably leads to lower overall nuclide activity levels with a corresponding decrease in the accuracy of the measurements Thus analyses based on two coefficient fits should be regarded as less accurate 6 1 2 Failure Prediction by the General Failure Models Section 6 1 1 describes the techniques for determining the fuel performance coefficients as e and C where possible from measured coolant activity samples Once these coefficients are determined it is attempted to relate these coefficients to a reliable prediction of the number of failed rods X in the core The development of the basic release ratio equations for the various nuclides in a coolant activity sample Eq 6 19 includes the definition of the fit coefficient a of the form X a a k frk fy 6 15 CHIRON Theory fFk is a function of power P while fyk is a function of burnup B due to the dependence of Pu ratio on rod burnup and the value of a depends implicitly upon the number of failed rods X Functionally this relationship can be expressed in the general form a w X P B Eq 6 36 where a The calculated fit coefficient X Number of defective fuel rods in the core P Power function relating to power in defective rods
96. for determining the number of failed fuel rods in the core The trending analysis module provides an overview of the variation of a large number of measured activities and calculated parameters during a chosen time period Objectives To provide a tutorial for the installation and operation of CHIRON and present an overview of the code s enhanced capabilities in the WINDOWS version Approach The project team created a primary user interface featuring enhanced database selection capabilities expanded output options user defined plant configuration and model settings options for setting the units of the input data and open database analysis capabilities for user defined plant cycles The team also increased the ease of editing and printing of plots and analysis reports Finally they enhanced CHIRON s potential for handling a larger number of reactor soluble isotopes as well as an expanded series of isotopic activity expressions Each of these changes expands the use of CHIRON as a general activity release management tool They created this user s manual to support the enhanced CHIRON WINDOWS version Results The CHIRON Main Window is the operating base from where control can be passed to other windows and or dialog boxes in response to user selections In specific CHIRON features e An extensive BWR PWR failed fuel database e general failure model and a combined failure model specifically developed to address the low power f
97. gh 6 54 lead to a a A exp B LHGR LHGR LHGR Or LHGR LHGR 1 In a a A B where A ay Ago B c c I O The number of failed rods may now be expressed by X a a LHGR LHGR exp c LHGR LHGR LHGR n0 I and Eq 6 55 Eq 6 56 Eq 6 57 Eq 6 58 Eq 6 59 6 29 CHIRON Theory X a 2 9 LHGR LHGR exp co LHGR LHGR LHGR Eq 6 60 n0 0 It does not matter which one of these two equations is used taking the ratio of Eqs 6 59 and 6 60 then applying Eqs 6 55 6 57 and 6 58 shows that Eqs 6 59 and 6 60 are indeed identical Logically the reason for the identity of the failure predictions from the iodine and offgas equations is that the prediction in both cases is based on the ratio between the total release coefficient and the normalized release coefficient see Eqs 6 51 and 6 52 The failed fuel heat rating is determined in such a way that the ratio between the normalized release rates always equals the ratio of the total release rates The normalized release coefficients a can be further expressed as follows anor aaoo Ce s fa Eq 6 61 Ao A 9 0 d_ ds fa Eq 6 62 where aes areference normalized release coefficient for iodine release from a reference UO pellet material at a reference pellet diameter eee a reference normalized release coefficient for noble gas release from a reference UO pellet material at a reference
98. gt Edit failed m_pFlagFailureSet gt Update failed m_pFlagFailureSet gt MoveNext failed m_pFailureSet gt Requery failed in Ctrendgraph SelectBuffer 7 3 Miscellaneous Error Messages Miscellaneous error messages generally relate to system errors Should you encounter a miscellaneous error message while using CHIRON read the message carefully write it down and then click on OK to return to the program You may need to exit CHIRON and restart the program A list of miscellaneous error messages is given below Calculation information Calculated FRI is greater than sum of 6 See CHIRON User s Manual for more information This is an information message only It identifies the type of calculation being used for the FRI computation No user action is required other than clicking OK and continuing with CHIRON processing A memory exception occurred during Compare String processing This is an internal error message indicating that memory available to the operating system is not sufficient to continue CHIRON execution It may be necessary to exit CHIRON and reboot the computer system Memory allocation error Application will terminate This is an internal error message indicating that memory available to the operating system is not sufficient to continue CHIRON execution It may be necessary to exit CHIRON and reboot the computer system SetGraph Properties bad m hPE This is a graphical system inter
99. h a tiny hand appears so you know you are on a data point and can identify the coordinates shown in the upper left corner with that point Put your mouse directly on a data point and see the tiny hand symbol A second feature that is useful when working with plots is the zoom feature To zoom in magnify on a particular portion of the plot click and hold down the mouse button while moving the mouse over the area you wish to enlarge A box will form on the screen indicating the area you are encompassing in your zoom When you release the mouse button you see part of the plot in an enlarged state When you wish to return to the normal plot state click on the right mouse button and select the undo zoom option 2 28 Getting Started Step 12 Printing Finally as a final exercise in trend plots try printing to an available WINDOWS printer by performing the following from the right mouse button menu choose the Export Dialog From the Export Dialog choose MetaFile as the type of file you are exporting Printer as the export designation and Full Page as object size Click Print A printer configuration box appears Verify the printer you are printing to the paper selection etc Click OK If an appropriate printer configuration exists under WINDOWS the plot will be printed Step 13 Exiting from CHIRON Now close the trend plot by pressing the Esc key on the keyboard The anchor box reappears Pr
100. he measured and predicted using the coefficients values of the coolant release to birth ratios Mathematically the error E is defined as E gt z neal Eq 6 20 6 10 CHIRON Theory where E sum of the squares of the errors SSE in predictions Ri coolant release to birth ratio known from coolant measurements i decay constant for nuclide i n number of nuclides measured in the sample as C constants to be determined by least squares analysis i tramp isotopic release correction factor In order for a s and C to minimize E in Eq 6 20 the derivative of E with respect to each coefficient must be zero Thus dE dE dE gt da de dC It is mathematically convenient at this point to note from Eq 6 20 that the term as could just as easily be considered a constant itself The term ag can be uniquely determined from the least squares analysis along with s and C The value of a if itis desired can then be determined as a as There will not always be a need to calculate a specifically since the composite coefficient as will suffice for predicting the number of failed rods in the core in cases where the General Failure Models are used as will be discussed in Section 6 1 2 Treating ag as a composite single coefficient yields the revised minimization requirements dE ao ee 0 Eq 6 21 d as de dC Applying Eq 6 21 to Eq 6 20 yields 6 11 CHIRON Theory dE
101. ing of trend plots is described in Section 2 5 Steps 11 and 12 4 3 Screen Reports The list of available single sample screen reports is shown below CHIRON Output e Offgas Activity and Fit Summary Jodine Activity and Fit Summary e Solubles Activity and Fit Summary e Offgas RB Summary e lodines RB Summary e Solubles RB Summary e Activity Ratio Summary e QA Report These reports are accessed from the drop down menu of the Analysis Summary screen see Figure 2 20 In addition a general CHIRON information screen report is available from the CHIRON main window by clicking on Help and the About CHIRON option The following subsections explain each report in detail and provide illustrations of sample reports 4 3 1 Offgas Activity Summary Report The Offgas Activity Summary screen report shows both the measured activities and the corresponding values on the best fit curve for the analyzed sample The screen also shows the values of all three fit coefficients the R value statistical Goodness of Fit parameter see Chapter 6 the final convergence error and the number of iterations needed for convergence sample Offgas Activity Summary screen report is shown in Figure 4 10 Notably this screen does not report the Pu yield fraction that results from the sample analysis nor does it report whether the three coefficient fit was accepted or not This information is found in the Sample Analysis and F
102. ins B D Paulson This report describes research sponsored by EPRI The report is a corporate document that should be cited in the literature in the following manner CHIRON for WINDOWS uUser s Manual A Code for Analyzing Coolant and Offgas Activity in a Light Water Reactor EPRI Palo Alto CA 1998 CM 110056 il 1V REPORT SUMMARY The CHIRON code meets the nuclear industry s need for a model that can estimate the number of failed fuel rods in the nuclear reactor cores of operating BWRs and PWRs This PC based tool now available in WINDOWS format provides this estimate by using coolant and or offgas activity measurements The WINDOWS version adds significant flexibility in terms of database capabilities and the code s use as a general activity release management tool This user s manual provides a complete tutorial on the installation and operation of CHIRON as well as its various outputs Background The CHIRON code for coolant and offgas activity data management and analysis contains three main elements a database a sample analysis module and a trending analysis module The database stores plant design data cycle operational data and activity sample data for multiple cycles along with measurement units and unit conversion information The database also stores selected analytical results along with model parameter settings The sample analysis module performs a release to birth versus lambda least squares fit
103. ion time is usually negligible 3 12 Sample Data Input I Delay Time Sol Delay Time SJAE Steam Jet Air Ejector Gas Flow Offgas Activities Iodine Activities Rx Solubles Activities Data Entry 5000 lt DelTime lt 50000 in seconds 5000 lt DelTime lt 50000 in seconds For BWRs 500 lt SJ AEFlow lt 50000 in cc sec For PWRs SJAEFlow 0 volumetric units 0 lt Abs VolOGAct lt 1 e6 in uCi cc release rate units 0 lt Abs RrOGAct lt 5 e8 in uCi sec volumetric units 0 lt Abs VolIOAct lt 1 e6 in uCi cc release rate units O lt AbsfRrIOAct lt 5 e8 in uCi sec volumetric units 0O lt VolSolAct lt 1 e6 in wCi cc release rate units O lt RrSolAct lt 5 e8 in wCi sec Applies to the iodines and is otherwise defined as above for the offgas isotopes Applies to the reactor solubles and is otherwise defined as above for the offgas isotopes The flow rate of the steam in the bypass line that drives the evacuation of non condensable gases from the condenser by means of a jet nozzle The flow rate is used for BWRSs as a conversion factor between measured activity in uCi cc and release rate activity in wCi sec Measured activity of the offgas or noble gas isotopes A negative value for an isotopic activity has the effect of omitting the activity value from the R B fit and subsequent fuel failure evaluations although the measurement value is retained in the CHIRON databa
104. ional yield of nuclide i per fission in rod k see data in Table 6 1 If the analysis is restricted to equilibrium conditions then the temporal derivative in each of Eqs 6 1 6 2 and 6 3 is zero From the equilibrium form of Eq 6 3 f Fk Yik Ne Sa Ea 6 4 ik Vik Ai qd 6 3 CHIRON Theory If it is assumed that the diffusion rate through the fuel for all isotopes to be considered iodines and noble gases is much smaller than the nuclide decay rate then Eq 6 4 reduces to f Fr yik Ni Vi Eq 6 5 The equilibrium form of Eq 6 2 with Eq 6 5 substituted for Ni yields Vik Fk Yik NO e Ea 6 6 ik ri Eik 21 q An expression for the rate of isotope deposition into the coolant from the tramp fuel sources Nr in Eq 6 1 can be developed by assuming that the release is composed of two components These components are 1 direct release of the isotope into the coolant and 2 diffusional release of the isotopes into the coolant The total release rate term can be written as Nr zi Fyi Jr N Eq 6 7 where y Fraction of total isotopic production that is released directly to the coolant VTi Rate of diffusion of the isotope to the coolant FTi Fission rate of the tramp fuel in the core YTi Fractional yield of nuclide i per fission of tramp fuel Nti Isotope concentration resulting from tramp fuel fissions The isotope concentration can be determined from a mass balance in the tramp diffusion r
105. is feature is only necessary when you have deleted a large number of records from the database The database typically does not recover that space until it is compacted The steps below give the user the option of compacting a database into itself or to a new database If the user selects compacting a database into itself there is a chance that if the computer is interrupted the database could be lost It is wise to back up a database before compacting it into itself If the user selects compacting into a new database the risk of lost data is significantly reduced However the user must either register this new database or copy the compacted database over the original one The following steps compact a database 1 From the CHIRON main window choose the Data menu and ASelect Data Source 2 From the SQL Data Sources dialog box select New 3 Select the Microsoft Access Driver and Click OK 4 A dialog box opens as shown in Figure 5 1 Click Compact ODBC Microsoft Access 2 0 Setup Data Source Name Cancel Database System Database None Database System Database Options gt gt Figure 5 1 ODBC Access Setup Box 5 3 The CHIRON Database 5 Anew box appears similar to that shown in Figure 5 2 Select a database you would like to compact from the list of database names and click OK Database to Compact From Database Name Directories E mdh c chiron30 chiblank mdb Sock Can
106. is now C CHIRON30 CHIRON1 MDB assuming you installed in the sample target directory Click OK again Select Database Database Name Directories chironl mdb cAchiron30 chiblank mdb gt co chiront mdb chiron2 mdb E gt chiron30 chiron3 mdb Cancel Exclusive List Files of Type Drives Access Databases md E c ms dos 6 2 Figure 2 6 Database File Name Selection Box 8 The first database chironl mdb has now been registered under the Data Source name CHIRON DB to be used with the Microsoft Access Driver The name CHIRON DB appears in the list of registered databases as shown in Figure 2 7 Getting Started Data Sources Data Sources Driver CHIRON DE Microsoft Access Driver Delete l Drivers Figure 2 7 Registered Database and Driver Designation At this point it is desirable to add additional databases to the database registry Choose Add and follow steps 7 B through 7 D above again to register the next database chiblank mdb as Data Source CHIBLANK DB to be used with the Microsoft Access Driver NOTE The Data Source name CHIBLANK DB is suggested for this example installation exercise Any other name compatible with the ODBC convention may be chosen Then register the remaining two databases chiron2 mdb and chiron3 mdb as Data Sources CHIRON2 DB and CHIRON3 DB respectively to be us
107. it Summary screen Reasons for fit rejection are non convergence or a negative C value resulting from the least squares analysis In any of these events the s value will be set to zero and a two coefficient fit will then be provided The C and As coefficients from that calculation will then be the values reported in the present screen If the C value is still negative the sample will be rejected In batch analysis such samples will be left out of the trending analysis 4 13 CHIRON Output Lites Aclr iks an Sarre Soom Dake Ramji mr Ca nr it HERD FE EFAA DATA uns 1 g EI Figure 4 10 Offgas Activity Summary Report 4 3 2 lodines Activity Summary Report The Iodines Activity Summary screen report is analogous to the Offgas Activity Summary screen report discussed in the previous subsection A sample Iodines Activity Summary screen report is shown in Figure 4 11 lodine Activity and Fit Summary Plant Cycle ID Sample Date Sample Time BWRO02 11 08 12 95 20 30 00 ACTIYITY ulCi ser 7 FIT COEFFICIENT DATA Isotope 1134 Fit_AE psilon 1 577712 010 1132 Fit Epsilon 2 03828e 004 1135 Fit 3 70333e 005 1133 Fit Hzquared 0 995573 1131 Conv Criteria TOTAL Conv Yalue 6 33374e 005 Recoil Iter Loop Hon Recoil 3 T Cead T E m m an na om oo T wj S T Ja m oo m Ja in o Ja oo on oa ta
108. ith the decay constants for all nuclides in the sample Under this condition the basic fuel performance coefficient fit of Eq 6 19 takes on the simplified form of _ as 430 Ni Rj FEC Eq 6 32 Note that Eq 6 32 is linear with only two coefficients ae and C Also note that as cannot be separated into individual components as was possible in the standard three component non linear fit discussed in Section 6 1 1 1 This is consistent with the assumption that s is infinitesimally small i e undefined Standard linear least squares fitting procedures for Eq 6 32 may be used to obtain explicit formulations for both ag and C in the form 1 L R Si aoe e 27 LER LZ wm Eq 6 33 6 14 CHIRON Theory 1 n n 1 n R n E C EN R _ i i aides I dr r L Eq 6 34 where 2 n n 1 n Ei D 2 ET 2 33 2 3 2 Eq 6 35 i i l i i l i As in the case of the three coefficient fit discussed in Section 6 1 1 1 both as and C must be non negative for the solution to be physically acceptable If CHIRON fails to produce a valid three coefficient fit as described in Section 6 1 1 1 it will automatically perform a two coefficient fit Since the two coefficient fit does not involve an iteration there will always be a two coefficient solution However that solution will not necessarily be acceptable because both as and C must be non negative If the C coefficient is negative in the two coef
109. ject Final Report STUDSVIK STSR 32 Studsvik Nuclear December 1984 The Third Riso Fission Gas Release Project RIS FGP3 FINAL Part 1 Ris National Laboratory March 1991 Severe Degradation of BWR Fuel Failures Coolant Activity Analysis EPRI TR 102799 November 1993 8 1 References A LIST OF FILES INSTALLED BY CHIRON Below is the listing of the files that are installed on your computer system during the CHIRON installation procedure The location listed in the table is the default location If you follow the installation as described in Section 2 of this manual and use the default directory this is where the files will be placed on your system File Name Version Location Purpose ae emossa one omen amram enos as mene amme enoo fo mene amme omno ane mene ammen owners fue omme amme Jomoonssem fm omme ammen emo far om mener femsooms a omen ee faar omme prema fomoowssen fam omme mete fomsoomss oss ORC CHIRON Database Format File Name Version Location Size Purpose Bytes Msgt200d Msgt200d 2 250 01606 0 1606 C CAWINDOWS SYSTEM 995136 136 ODBC ODBCFile omy femora oen omc fommponsssm na omen omen fommpomssmr ser omen oman fommponsvsm naa opem omme emoon es omen men fommponssem em omen A 2 CHIRON Database Format File Name Version Location Size Purpose Bytes Odexi6ali dll 2 201 23 1 C CAWINDOWSYS
110. ld 1 Field 2 Field 3 Field 4 Field 5 Field 6 Field 7 Field 8 Field 9 Field 10 Field 11 Plant cycle ID Sample date Sample time Reactor relative power at sample time Rod power factor for failed fuel inputted value Cleanup letdown flow gal min Offgas delay time seconds Iodines delay time seconds Solubles delay time seconds SJAE gas flow cc second Failed fuel burnup MWd kgU from inputted value ASCII Dump Files D 3 ASCII Dump File Chirond2 txt This file contains measured sample data for offgas and iodines in the following format Fieldl Plant cycle ID Field2 Sample date Field3 Sample time Field 4 Xe 138 as measured input units Field5 Xe 135m as measured input units Field6 Kr 87 as measured input units Field 7 Kr 88 as measured input units Field 8 Kr 85m as measured input units Field9 Xe 135 as measured input units Field 10 Xe 133 as measured input units Field 11 1 134 as measured input units Field 12 1 132 as measured input units Field 13 1 135 as measured input units Field 14 1 133 as measured input units Field 15 1 131 as measured input units D 4 ASCII Dump File Chirond3 txt This file contains measured sample data for reactor solubles in the following format Field 1 Plant cycle ID Field2 Sample date Field3 Sample time Field4 Tc 101 as measured input units Field5 Ba 141 as measured input units Field6 Cs 138 as measured i
111. le data for offgas in release rate units in the following format D 6 Field 1 Field 2 Field 3 Field 4 Field 5 Field 6 Field 7 Field 8 Field 9 Field 10 Field 11 Field 12 Field 13 Plant cycle ID Sample date Sample time Xe 138 fitted release rate converted cardinal units Xe 135m fitted release rate converted cardinal units Kr 87 fitted release rate converted cardinal units Kr 88 fitted release rate converted cardinal units Kr 85m fitted release rate converted cardinal units Xe 135 fitted release rate converted cardinal units Xe 133 fitted release rate converted cardinal units Number of failed rods from OG General Failure Model Coefficient from OG fit Coefficient A from OG fit ASCII Dump Files Field 14 Coefficient C from OG fit Field 15 Fit error R from OG fit Field 16 Pu 239 fission yield ratio from OG fit Field 17 Sum of Six OG fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 18 Sum of Six OG for tramp fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 19 Xe 138 predicted fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 20 Xe 135m predicted fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 21 Kr 87 predicted fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 22 Kr 88 predicted fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 23 Kr 85m predicted fitted release rate converted cardinal units Field 24 Xe 135 predicted fitted release rat
112. lt selection is effective The program now opens the Trend Plotting Anchor box see Figure 2 23 This box offers three choices DISPLAY Trend Graph SELECT Graph Items and Cancel Choose Cancel Our present batch sample analysis is too small to produce a meaningful trend plot We will increase the number of samples so we can produce a more useful trend plot Trend Graph This ts the base dialog for the trend plots Select DISPLAY Trend Graph to display the graph Use SELECT Graph Items to select the Y axis and graph properties Depress Cancel to return to sample selection DISPLAY Trend Graph SELECT Graph Items Cancel Figure 2 23 Anchor Box for Trend Plotting Control After selecting Cancel the program goes back to the Samples Select dialog box see Figure 2 18 Deselect the previously selected samples by clicking the Clear All Selections button To get a larger batch selection more suitable for trend plotting click on the Time Select Batch button A dialog box opens to permit the selection of a time period for batch analysis trend plotting see Figure 2 24 Select Start and End Date for Batch Analysis Enter dates in MM DD ZYY format Start Date End Date 07 15 35 02702796 Figure 2 24 Time Select Dialog Box 2 23 Getting Started Enter start date 07 25 95 and end date 08 03 95 Click OK You are returned to the Sample Select dialog box This will select
113. mber Single 4 bytes Zn65 Activity Number Single 4 bytes Xe138 PredAct Number Single 4 bytes Kr88 PredAct Number Single 4 bytes Xe133 PredAct Number Single 4 bytes Xe138 PredAct FRC Number Single 4 bytes Kr88 PredAct FRC Number Single 4 bytes Xe133 PredAct FRC Number Single 4 bytes OG_AEpsilon_FRC Number Single 4 bytes OG_PuFraction_FRC Number Single 4 bytes OG_CalculatedBU_FRC Number Single 4 bytes 1135_PredAct Number Single 4 bytes 4 bytes pa CHIRON Database Format Data Type 1134 PredAct Number Single 4 bytes 1133 PredAct Number Single 4 bytes I Fpsilon FRC Number Single 4 bytes I FitError FRC Number Single 4 bytes I Sum5 tramp fitted FRC Number Single 4 bytes Ba141 PredAct Number Single 4 bytes 5r92 PredAct Number Single 4 bytes Np239 PredAct Number Single 4 bytes Ba140 PredAct Number Single 4 bytes Cs134_PredAct Number Single 4 bytes Sol_Sum15_fitted Number Single 4 bytes Damage_Zr95 Number Single 4 bytes Power_Fraction Number Single 4 bytes INDEX A a Coefficient rrrnvvrnnovnrnnvene 6 9 6 10 Active Fuel Length 3 5 6 18 Frp 6 23 lOde 3 13 Gje EE 3 13 Ne VE i 4 3 SONDE dri 3 13 Analysis Summary screen 4 1 Analyze Batch 2 19 2 21 Analyze SINE Guards 2 19 ASCII Dump File 2 15 2 21 4 19 5 4 D 1 D 9 as Coefficient 4 13 6 12 6 14 6 15 B Batch PRIVY ZO vesper 2
114. mple Databases rrrrrnrrrvrnrrvvrrnvrrnnnrrernnernrnnerennnvrennnsee 2 11 2 9 RUANING CHIRON 3 0 TUTOMAL tees tiwe tevin aaie 2 12 3 DATA LBL 2 Genet eerie erence a i e nee Rene eens aaa nn eer 3 1 3 1 Data Units Cardinal Units ererarernnrerarerarrrrerrnanenanrrnereranenanrnraseranennennnaseneee 3 1 3 2 Entering Plant Design and Cycle Operational Data rnrnnnnnnnnnnnrnnrnnnrnnnnnen 3 2 3 3 Entering New Sample Data Input rrrarorrarorrarrrrnnrnrnnerrnnrnnnnerranernanennnnennanennnn 3 8 3 3 1 Single Sample Activity Data Input rrrornnnonnnnonrnnerrnnernnnernanernanennnnennnnennnn 3 9 3 3 2 File Read Batch Input Sample Activity Data Input eee eee 3 14 4 CHRON OUTPUT 22 4 1 4 1 Single Sample Screen Plots ccccsececssseecceseecceseecseeeecesseeecsseeeseeeesseeeeess 4 1 4 1 1 The R B versus A Plot Offgas and lodines rrrrrrrnnrrvrrnrrvrnnvrernnerernnrrennnr 4 2 4 1 2 R B versus A Plot SolubleS 2 0 0 cece ccc ecceceeeeceeeeeeeeeceseeceeeeneeeeneeeeaeeeenes 4 3 4 1 3 Cs Ratio versus Predicted Burnup c cccccsececeeeeeseeeeseeeeseeeseeeseeeesees 4 5 212 EVER e Plot tsca ha busiawencaduiwceveusauneadaiadaawnanaund tonnes ansendoauaianameaisseaacnaneuets 4 6 Xi Section Title Page No 4 1 5 C e versus s Plot Lassa namn diaeeSe ENGS G GN 4 7 4 1 6 Failure Correlation Plotivstessstestorenssevseseeadebscuseansans Medenesiacseateeetorebaebtexeoeeedands
115. n the benchmarking database A validation check against additional independent data will be performed at a later time Figures 6 1 and 6 2 show the scatter of the fit to the experimental database for rod power factors and numbers of failed rods respectively Itis noted that the number of failures is predicted well within a factor 2 for all but one of the cases This data point was known to be a very small failure Thus the activity signals were small and the measurements subject to particularly large uncertainty The scatter of the General Failure Models in CHIRON is such that the number of failures is predicted within a factor of two in 85 of the cases for BWR offgas analyses at reactor relative powers higher than 80 For BWR iodine analyses and for PWR analyses the scatter of these failure models is greater The models also contain significant systemic deviations for regimes not fully covered by the original benchmarking Such regimes are for instance low power fretting failures and all cases for which the reactor was operating at less than 80 rated power The Combined Failure Model predicts well within the same scatter band of a factor two as the General Failure Models However contrary to the General Failure Models the Combined Failure Model may be expected to apply equally well to all conditions including BWRs and PWRs offgas and iodine analyses and all levels of relative reactor power The scatter band is partly due to the scatt
116. nal error message that should not be encountered during normal CHIRON operation If this message occurs the user should notify CHIRON Technical Support 7 7 Diagnostics and Error Checking Graphdlg Set Subsetpts bad graph type This is a graphical system internal error message that should not be encountered during normal CHIRON operation If this message occurs the user should notify CHIRON Technical Support REFERENCES CHIRON A Fuel Failure Prediction Code Revised User s Manual for Version 2 1 EPRI TR 102297 July 1993 Fuel Reliability Enclosure to Memorandum from Institute for Nuclear Power Operations to Electric Power Research Institute June 1992 An Improved Failure Model for Use in the Fuel Failure Prediction Code CHIRON October 1995 to be published as EPRI Report A H Booth A Suggested Method for Calculating the Diffusion of Radioactive Rare Gas Fission Products from UO Fuel Elements and a Discussion of Proposed In Reactor Experiments That May Be Used to Test Its Validity AE 700 1957 Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd B J Lewis A Model for the Release of Radioactive Krypton Xenon and Iodine from Defective UO Fuel Elements Nuclear Technology Vol 73 April 1986 David Lin An Improved Model for Estimating the Number and Size of Defected Fuel Rods in an Operating Reactor ANS IAEA Topical Meeting on Light Water Reactor Fuel Performance April 17 21 1994 The SUPER RAMP Pro
117. nchmark data was selected as being typical of in field measurements These samples usually contained one or more nuclide readings that when observed in relation to the other data appeared to deviate somewhat from typical values but whose data could not be discarded for known or suspected reasons Comparison of these data with predictions by the correlations generated from the modeling data provided an evaluation of the validity of each correlation Low power data was selected on the basis of the same criteria as model data except that the core and or rod powers were below the model data acceptance values These samples were used to extend the validity of the correlations into low power operating domains An additional database was started in 1992 to include data from entire reactor cycles especially such cycles for which severe fuel failures have been detected or suspected Severe fuel failures are defined as failures that involve direct release 6 37 CHIRON Theory of fuel particles from the failed rods This work was sparked by the EPRI Severe Fuel Failures Study for BWRs Reference 9 and therefore the database initially focused on BWR cycles This database is continually expanding and now includes a large number of PWR cycles The development of the Combined Failure Model was based on this expanded database 6 4 The INPO FRI The INPO FRI has been implemented in CHIRON according to the June 1992 memorandum from INPO Referen
118. ne Removal 3 6 6 22 Offgas Removal 3 6 6 22 Rx Solubles Removal 3 6 6 22 Empirical Coefficients 0 6 17 g Coefficient 4 6 4 7 4 13 6 9 6 10 6 12 6 13 6 15 Epsilon EEE 3 8 Equilibrium Equations 6 1 Error Message Pata MPi seere 7 1 Databasen EN 7 4 Miscellaneous rrrranononrnnnvvnnsn 7 7 Escape Rate Coefficient 6 6 Example File Serene A 4 F F e vs s Plot See Plot F amp vs Failure Correlation Plot rrnnnnnnnnrr REN See Plot Failure Correlation Failure Model 6 11 6 15 6 19 6 34 Combined rrrorrnorrvvvrnvvvere 6 26 6 34 Fission RC ape AES 6 3 Fission Vields aars passerer 6 2 Fit Summary Report 006 2 20 Fuel Microstructure 3 8 6 31 Fuel Rods per Assembly Face 3 5 G Gas Delay TiM Eresin 3 12 Grid Nessa 2 25 Index INPO ER poserer 6 38 Msalah omenesc 2 2 CONDA RE ET 2 4 CUSTOM een n 2 5 LOCATON as 2 3 TYPE 2 3 Typical odii 2 4 Iodine en iss See Activity Iodine Delay Terne 3 13 Removal Efficiency errrrrrrerrrerrvrnrn 5ee Efficiency Iodine Removal L Least Squares Analysis 0 6 10 Letdown See Cleanup Letdown Linear Heat Generation Rate 6 17 6 29 Loop on Fission Yield 0 3 7 ili Index M Main Program Window 2 12 Maximum Lo0psuansssvnmarnses 3 8 Melille sancan n 2
119. nge BWRs with Deep Bed systems should expect to see values closer to 2 The carryover value is obtained by a series of chemistry measurements beyond the scope of this document These measurements should ideally be repeated from time to time However most often they are only obtained by the vendor at original plant startup The O value is normally relatively stable but may be sensitive to other plant configuration parameters The term is computed as 6 24 CHIRON Theory StmFlow P Pr Eq 6 49 b Fraction lb hr Fraction 1 sec Cool Mass 7 938 g sec hr Ib g where Theta the plant specified fractional steam carryover StmFlow Plant Steam Flow in lbs hr at rated power P Pr Reactor Fractional Power at time of sampling The CHIRON equation uses the constant 7 938 to account for proper unit conversion If the plant ID or configuration specifies a PWR the term is set equal to zero Reactor Solubles Conversion The reactor solubles conversion in CHIRON is not dependent on reactor type The following equation shows how CHIRON handles the reactor solubles conversion Input value RXSfact Cool Mass BetaRXS Eq 6 50 Activity uCi cc 8 1 sec 1 sec uCi sec Coolant Sample Density 1 g cc where Input value User input coolant sample measurement in volumetric concentration unit 6 25 CHIRON Theory RXSfact Conversion factor used in CHIRON to convert input to uCi cc from
120. nnnnnnnnnnee E 5 XVII 1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW In this section a brief overview is given of the problem CHIRON attempts to solve the means available for the solution and the approximations that need to be made to achieve the solution An overview of CHIRON s notable features and capabilities is also provided in this section A flow diagram is included to illustrate the main components of the CHIRON program and the path the user will follow when using the code 1 1 Identification of Problem In the nuclear industry there is a need for a model that can estimate the number of failed fuel rods in the nuclear reactor cores of boiling water reactors BWR and pressurized water reactors PWR during plant operation 1 2 Solution Methods CHIRON provides an estimate of the number of failed fuel rods by using coolant and or offgas activity measurements The method of analyzing the activity samples incorporates a theoretical model of the fission product release characteristics of chemically similar nuclides e g iodine nuclides and noble gas nuclides coupled with an empirical relationship based upon the evaluation of numerous release samples from various BWR and PWR reactor cycles CHIRON performs a failure analysis with the use of two models the General Failure Model and the Combined Failure Model Three groups of fission products are analyzed by CHIRON These groups include the noble gases the iodines and the reactor solubles CHIR
121. nnnrnrnsnenvnnsrnnnnsensnn 2 18 Box Showing Selected Samples rnurnnnnnnnrnnnrnnnnnrnrnnnrnvnnnrnrnnnrnnnnnrnsnsne 2 19 LISTOPAVAINAIDIC FIS e a 2 20 LISE OL AVAINADIC REPONS svarar 2 21 Dialog Box for Performing Batch Analysis rrrrnnnrnnnrrnrnnrnnnnrnrnnrnnnnen 2 22 Dialog Box for Trend Plot Selection ccccccesececeeeecceeeeeceeseeseeeeesaees 2 22 Anchor Box for Trend Plotting Control rrnnnnnnnrnnrnnnnnnrvnnnnnnrnrennnnnen 2 23 Time Select Dialog BOX sssrin 2 23 Trend Plot of Batch Sample AnalySisS cccccssceeseeeeseeeeseeeeseeeesaeees 2 24 Trending Graph Customization Dialog BOX ccccccccseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesaees 2 27 Sample Trend Pl asa424v 44442 2 28 XV Figure Title Figure 3 1 Figure 3 2 Figure 3 3 Figure 3 4 Figure 3 5 Figure 3 6 Figure 3 7 Figure 4 1 Figure 4 2 Figure 4 3 Figure 4 4 Figure 4 5 Figure 4 6 Figure 4 7 Figure 4 8 Figure 4 9 Figure 4 10 Figure 4 11 Figure 4 12 Figure 4 13 Figure 4 14 Figure 4 15 Figure 4 16 Figure 5 1 Figure 5 2 Figure 6 1 Figure 6 2 Figure 7 1 XVI Page No Edit Units Sample Data Units rrrronrornnrornnrennnrenrarenranenrarennnnennnnennnnenn 3 2 Edit Plant Cycle Configuration BOX rrrnnrrvrnnnrnnnnnrrvnnnrnnrnnrnnnnnnrnnnnnennnnne 3 3 Add Plant Cycle Configuration Box rrrrarrvrnnrrrvnnnrevrnnrevvnrrennnnrrnrnenennnnnr 3 4 New Data Dialog BOX au p r ren 3 9 Sample Data Units Dialog Box rrrrnnn
122. nput units Field7 Ba 139 as measured input units Field 8 Sr 92 as measured input units Field9 Tc 99m as measured input units Field 10 Sr 91 as measured input units Field 11 Np 239 as measured input units Field 12 Mo 99 as measured input units Field 13 Te 132 as measured input units Field 14 Ba 140 as measured input units D 3 ASCII Dump Files Field 15 Field 16 Field 17 Field 18 Field 19 Field 20 Field 21 Field 22 Field 23 Field 24 Field 25 Field 26 Field 27 Field 28 Field 29 Field 30 Field 31 Field 32 Field 33 Field 34 Field 35 Te 129m as measured input units Sr 89 as measured input units Cs 134 as measured input units Sr 90 as measured input units Cs 137 as measured input units N 13 as measured input units Rb 89 as measured input units Nb 97 as measured input units Ar 41 as measured input units Cu 64 as measured input units Na 24 as measured input units Zr 97 as measured input units Y 90 as measured input units Cr 51 as measured input units Fe 59 as measured input units Hf 181 as measured input units Zr 95 as measured input units Co 58 as measured input units Zn 65 as measured input units Mn 54 as measured input units Co 60 as measured input units D 5 ASCII Dump File Chirond4 txt This file contains release rate converted measured sample data for offgas and iodines in the following format D 4 Field 1
123. nrnsnnnnnnsen 4 19 5 THE CHIRON DATABASE unne 5 1 ST WaltabaSe NNN Jarre 5 1 52 Database STINUE ae see 5 1 59 Cream a New DataDaSOccaniiieiie na E 5 2 5 4 Compacting a Database rrrrerrnnrrovrnnnnnrennnnnrvnrnnnrrnrnnnnvnvnnnnsrnnnnnssennnnnsenvnnsssen 5 3 5 5 Converting a CHIRON 2 3 Database to CHIRON 3 0 mrrrnnrnvnrnnnnnnrrnnnnnnrnnveren 5 4 xii Section Title Page No 6 CHIRON THEORY sanse 6 1 6 1 FORMULATION OF THE BASIC EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS 6 1 6 1 1 Least Squares Analysis for Performance Coefficients rrrrrrrnnrrrrnvren 6 10 6 1 2 Failure Prediction by the General Failure Models rrrnrrnnrrnnnnrrvnrrnnnnnn 6 15 6 1 3 Concentration to Release Rate Conversions rrrvrnrrrrrnrrrrnvrrrrnverrrnvernnvre 6 20 6 2 COMBINED FAILURE MODEL rronnnnnnnonranernnnnnnnnnnrnranennnnnnnnnnsennnnennnnnennnnsen 6 26 6 2 1 Existing Improved Methog ccccccscccseeeceececeeeeceeeeseeeeeeeesaeeesseeeneeesaaees 6 26 6 2 2 Improvement Development for CHIRON cccccccseeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeneees 6 27 6 2 3 Operating Plant Observations cccccceeeecseeeeeeeeeeseeeesaeeeeeseessneesseees 6 27 624 P AASS je 6 28 6 2 6 Demonstration of Benchmark Fit to Database rrrnnrrnnrrnnnnrnnnnrnnnnrvnnrennn 6 33 6 3 CHIRON Fuel Failure Database iiiter a 6 37 64 TASINPO FR kun 6 38 7 DIAGNOSTICS AND ERROR CHECKING mernnnnnnnnnnnennnnnennnnnnennnnnnnnnnnnennnnnennnnnnennnn 7 1 TA D IDPULE
124. nrvnrnnrnvnnrrrvnnnrevnnrrnnrnrrrnnnnsenrnnnennnn 3 10 Add Sample Data Dialog Box rrranrrnnnnnrvrnnnnvrnnnnnnnnnnnrnnnnvrnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnne 3 11 KDUL FIG SAN Nu ee 3 14 R B versus Plot for Offgas and lodines rrrrrnnrvnrnnrrrrnvrvrrnnvrrrnnrrernveren 4 2 R B versus Plot f r SOlubl s siccsneisdctieerciencnsewedssqeboaiieaseeselenesionmeewaeeds 4 3 Sample Edit Screen Showing Deletion of Two Cs Activities 4 4 Revised R B versus Plot for Solubles rrwrrnrrrrnnvrrrrnvrrrrnvrerrnvrennnvrennne 4 4 Selection of Burnup Model for Cs Ratio Burnup Prediction 0 4 5 Cs Ratio versus Predicted Burnup arrrnannrnnnnnnnanennanenranennanennnnennnnennnnene 4 6 ES VES 6 PI ss 4 7 VE VEISUS EPIN se 4 8 Failure Correlation Plot for BWRS rrrnnnrnnnnrnnnnenranernanennannnvannnnnnnnnsnennn 4 9 Offgas Activity Summary Report rrrannonnnnonranenranenrnnenranenrnnrnnnnrennnnennner 4 14 lodines Activity Summary Report rrrrarennarnnrannnrnnenrnnrnnnnrnnnnennanennnnennnn 4 14 Solubles Activity Summary Report rannvnnnnnvnnnnnnnrnnnennnnnennnnnenrnsrennnnnenn 4 15 Offgas Release to Birth Summary Report rrnnrnnnnrnnnnennnnrnvanennnnnnvnnnnnnn 4 16 lodines Release to Birth Summary Report ccccecceeeeeeeeeseeeteeeeees 4 17 Solubles R B versus Fit Summary Report rararrarennannnrannnnnnrnrnnnennnrr 4 18 Activity Ratio Summary Report isesi a 4 18 ODBC ACCESS SEP BOX s
125. ns yy 4 1 Single Sample Screen Plots The list of available single sample screen plots is shown below e Release to Birth R B vs Lambda for Offgas and Iodines e R B vs Lambda for Solubles e Cesium Ratio vs Predicted Burnup e Epsilon vs Epsilon e Cvs Epsilon e Failure Correlation Epsilon vs A Epsilon Y versus X plot These plots are accessed from the drop down menu of the Analysis Summary screen see Figure 2 19 The following subsections explain each plot in detail and provide illustrations of sample plots 4 1 CHIRON Output 4 1 1 The R B versus Plot Offgas and lodines An example of the Release to Birth R B vs Lambda for offgas and iodines plot is shown in Figure 4 1 It contains a base line curve representing tramp and a total activity curve representing tramp plus failed fuel for offgas and a similar pair for iodines The separation between the total and tramp activity i e the rise of the R B over the base line represents the failed fuel activity Gridlines were added to this plot by using the menu option Gridlines available by clicking the right mouse button CHIRON RELEASE to BIRTH vs LAMBDA Offpas amp Iodine BBS 1 ole 30 R 2 Ed Figure 4 1 R B versus I Plot for Offgas and lodines For a typical sample the offgas curves will tend to be higher than the iodines curves due to the fact that iodines have more chemical affinity to other elements than do the
126. ns for both PWR and BWR plant types The original CHIRON fuel failure database was collected in 1984 1989 and contains approximately 2000 activity samples from BWRs and PWRs in the United States dating from the period 1972 1988 This database was later expanded to include newer samples mainly from PWRs with incidents of multiple failures This expanded database last updated in 1992 remains the basis for the General Failure Models The CHIRON database includes iodine and noble gas offgas coolant measurement results from samples covering a wide range of fuel rod operating powers The data includes a variety of defect types baffle jet fretting crud induced localized corrosion CILC pellet cladding mechanical interaction PCI debris induced failures etc in an attempt to ensure that the resulting failure correlations would be applicable to most known defect mechanisms Sample data in the database were systematically categorized as being applicable for use as modeling benchmark or low power purposes Modeling data was used to develop the correlation coefficients for the various correlations at near full power conditions core power gt 95 rod power factor RPF gt 9 These samples were selected as being consistent reliable measurements taken during equilibrium conditions near the end of the plant s operating cycle in order to ensure that the measurements coincided with the number of failures observed after cycle shutdown Be
127. nticipated in this area For the present however it is recommended that the solubles analysis be switched off for routine analyses This is the default choice in the Add Plant Configuration dialog box see Figure 3 3 4 1 3 Cs Ratio versus Predicted Burnup The ratio of the two cesium activities Cs and Cs can be used to estimate the burnup of the failed fuel When the Cs ratio burnup plot is chosen the dialog box shown in Figure 4 5 appears Select a Plant Cycle History for the Model Available Plant Cycle History Options AxType Cycle Length Outage Length Enrichment Power GW MU BWR 18mo 3mo 4 5e 22 26 Cancel Figure 4 5 Selection of Burnup Model for Cs Ratio Burnup Prediction The user may now select a Plant Cycle History The Plant Cycle History refers to a set of reference ORIGEN curves that are dependent on the plant type cycle length outage schedule enrichment and reactor power These curves are available to compare the Cs ratio calculated by CHIRON to some reference cases The user can select an option click OK and a plot similar to Figure 4 6 will be displayed The CHIRON model is shown as the smooth curve while the other curve represents the ORIGEN curve CHIRON Output CHIRON CESIUM RATIO vw BURKUFP MB IOGT 20 700 Gata GN Meer Race vues Figure 4 6 Cs Ratio versus Predicted Burnup 4 1 4 f s versus Plot The f g versus s relationship is the fundamental expression in the C
128. odines or noble gases Offgas This term is used interchangeably with the term noble gases 1 Since a is a sum of contributions from all the failed rods the normalized release coefficient refers to the average release rate per failed rod Expressed individually for iodines and offgas it becomes an I a X Eq 6 51 Ano Ap X Eq 6 52 where subscripts I and O refer to iodines and offgas respectively Furthermore if the dependency of the diffusion coefficient component of a on the failed rod heat rating which is also considered a proportional measure of temperature is assumed to be exponential Eqs 6 51 and 6 52 may be rewritten an I a LHGR LHGR exp c LHGR LHGR LHGR Eq 6 53 6 28 CHIRON Theory Ao Ayo LHGR LHGR exp c LHGR LHGR LHGER Eq 6 54 where Ay the normalized release coefficient for iodines at the reference heat rating ang the normalized release coefficient for noble gases at the reference heat rating C coefficient for the power dependency of the diffusional iodine release rate from the fuel pellet c coefficient for the power dependency of the diffusional noble gas release rate from the fuel pellet LHGR the heat rating of the failed fuel LHGR areference heat rating The component of a that shows a linear dependency of LHGR the second factor of Eqs 6 53 and 6 54 reflects the magnitude of the fission product generation rate Eqs 6 51 throu
129. ovided through the Add Plant Configuration dialog box in CHIRON The configuration information can best be retrieved from the QA report printable from the CHIRON DOS version after completing any single sample analysis within the Plant cycle ID data set The QA report is found in the CHIRON DOS version under the menu Reports submenu Hard Copy Reports Follow the instructions in Section 3 for the AFile Read input option to CHIRON 5 5 The CHIRON Database 5 6 6 CHIRON THEORY The theoretical basis for the CHIRON analysis is contained in References 1 3 This section presents all the logical steps in the mathematical derivations including a discussion of the limiting assumptions made 6 1 FORMULATION OF THE BASIC EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS The change in inventory with time of a given radioactive nuclide subscripted i in the reactor coolant in the presence of X failed fuel rods can be written in terms of the primary production and removal components as dN dt where NTI X gt N eik ENTi Ai B o NF Eq 6 1 k l number of atoms of nuclide i in the coolant number of atoms of nuclide i in the void volume of failed rod k fraction of atoms of nuclide i released from the void space of failed rod k to the coolant per unit of time decay constant for nuclide i 1 sec see built in data in Table 6 1 primary coolant cleanup rate 1 sec coolant or steam carryover rate 1 sec 0 for PWRs rate
130. pellet diameter d the reference pellet diameter chosen to correspond to a BWR 9x9 design dj the actual pellet diameter n an empirical exponent subject to benchmarking f a microstructure factor MIC The coefficients of Eq 6 55 were determined from the observed data choosing the reference heat rating in such a way that the coefficient A becomes unity LHGR 830 kW ft A 10 B 79631 6 30 CHIRON Theory The pellet size correction was performed by assuming that the pellet diameter ratio is inversely proportional to the number of rods lying along a face of the assembly so that ON for BWRs a d 15 N for PWRs where N a lattice parameter defined as 8 for BWR 8x8 17 for PWR 17x17 etc These correlations assume that BWR 9x9 rods are equivalent in diameter to PWR 15x15 rods The exponent n of Eqs 6 61 and 6 62 was set to 2 which gave the best data correlation The microstructure factor fmic is subject to determination by experience It has been established in several joint international fuel testing programs see References 7 and 8 that fuel from different vendors tends to display different fission gas release rates under similar testing conditions Fuel from GE Nuclear or Westinghouse tends to release gaseous fission products at a considerably lower rate at low and moderate burnup than fuel made by several other vendors while fuel made by KWU has shown a particularly high comparative gas
131. process 239 The nuclide yield y is approximately a function of the quantity of Pu in the defective rods relative to the total quantity of fissile material Since the fractional amount of Pu in the rods is a function of fuel burnup the user may have specific insight into the appropriate value to use for the Pu fission fraction CHIRON provides for the direct entry of this ratio However this level of insight into the specific nature of the failed fuel condition is usually rare As a result CHIRON also has the capability of estimating the value by solving Eq 6 20 for several assumed values of Pu fission fraction then utilizing the specific value that provides the best Goodness of Fit This best estimate of the Pu fission fraction is then reported to the user for informational purposes 6 9 CHIRON Theory The diffusion release coefficient Si is determined from user specified values for the release fraction y in Eq 6 7 and the tramp plutonium fraction Since tramp material generally plates out on fuel surfaces as small particles the depth of tramp material is usually small As a result most of the release of tramp is expected to be direct to the coolant Under this condition the direct release fraction y in Eq 6 7 should be close to unity In addition the range of yield fractions for the various nuclides in a CHIRON sample analysis usually do not vary greatly over a wide range of burnups i e Pu fraction Under these
132. radio button next to typical 5 A screen rn telling you that the ODBC and OLE Drivers are being updated Click on Next 6 The next step is to select the program folder name The setup program suggests the name CHIRON 3 0 for the program group to appear in the WINDOWS Program Manager Accept the default selection by clicking Next All the CHIRON program and database files are being copied to the target directory along with certain test data files and a readme file All the CHIRON dll files as well as all the required ODBC files which includes the ODBC Microsoft Access Driver are copied to the WINDOWS SYSTEM directories Older versions of these files will be replaced if they exist This will take a few minutes You will see bars on the screen showing the progress of the installation You will be asked to insert disks 2 and 3 into the floppy drive when needed NOTE Should any of the installed dll files already be found on your computer system as read only files the program will prompt you to overwrite the file Choose yes Also if the chosen installation type requires more disk space than is available on the chosen drive a message 2 9 Getting Started will appear flagging this condition If this happens click on Cancel to cancel the installation A dialog box appears asking if you want to exit Setup Click Exit Setup Either free space on the target drive or install CHIRON 3 0 on
133. re than 1000 energy related organizations in 40 countries EPRI s multidisciplinary team of scientists and engineers draws on a worldwide network of technical and business expertise to help solve today s toughest energy and environmental problems EPRI Electrify the World 1011048 1998 Electric Power Research Institute EPRI Inc All rights reserved Electric Power Research Institute and EPRI are registered service marks of the Electric Power Research Institute Inc EPRI ELECTRIFY THE WORLD is a service mark of the Electric Power Research Institute Inc amp Printed on recycled paper in the United States of America EPRI 3412 Hillview Avenue Palo Alto California 94304 PO Box 10412 Palo Alto California 94303 USA 800 313 3774 650 855 2121 askepri epri com www epri com
134. reactor power and the activity level for each of the nuclides This table also contains the units defined for each value at the time the sample was entered The data in this table corresponds with the data shown on the Add Sample dialog box see Figure 3 6 The plant_data table contains the plant specific data that does not change during a plant cycle This includes the plant type BWR or PWR rated power number of fuel rods etc as well as flags and other values that impact the calculation 5 1 The CHIRON Database The failures table contains the results of the analysis for each of the samples The values include the fit coefficients determined by the calculation and the activity levels for each of the nuclides The user_preferences table contains the units that the user has requested for future data input This may be changed at any time by the user but changing the units does not affect samples previously entered into the database The units table contains a list of the available units and the conversion factors to convert the input value to the cardinal unit CHIRON reads this table to obtain the conversion factors The unit_types table provides a map of which units are available for each unit category For example the reactor power can be entered in either P FracP or MWth This table in conjunction with the units table generates the pull down boxes on the Sample Data Units dialog box see Figure 3 5 5 3 Creating a New
135. rsions of CHIRON The process for converting databases is explained in Section 5 The Readme File Icon accesses the CHIRON Readme File which contains information which is not found in this User Manual and that may apply to a specific application of CHIRON The Uninstall Icon is used to remove the CHIRON program files from your computer system NM TT A m a Wy CHIRON 30 DE Conversion ReadMe Uninstall CHIRON Figure 2 10 CHIRON Program Group 2 4 Description of the Sample Databases Included with the CHIRON 3 0 distribution package are four databases A blank database chiblank mdb and three test databases having filenames 2 11 Getting Started chironl mdb chiron2 mdb and chiron3 mdb The blank database is a pre formatted CHIRON database containing all the empty tables that a user needs to create his own database The blank database contains one plant configuration entry Plant nn This entry has been included to serve as a template for additional entries The test databases have the following contents chironl mdb Two BWR cycles Cycles 5 and 7 of Plant BWRO1 chiron2 mdb One BWR cycle Cycle 11 of Plant BWR02 chiron3 mdb One PWR cycle Cycle 9 of Plant PWRO1 Additional database files may be created by copying any existing database normally the blank database to a new filename See Section 5 for details on how to create a new database in CHIRON 2 5 R
136. rst column e Q File Read file lt file name gt ASCII File Read for CHIRON Version 3 0 for WINDOWS July 1996 Plant ID DBCON Cycle 9 Plant Cycle Time Rx Pow CU Flow RPF BU OgDelay IoDelay where the last comment line can be a listing of all the field headings Blank lines are allowed anywhere The following fields must be present in each line separated by commas Plant ID five char string Cycle one or two digit integer Date mm dd yy Time hh mm ss Rx Power CU Flow RPF B 1 Format of File Read ASCII File BU OgDelay IoDelay SolDelay SJAE Flow Xe 138 Xe 135m Kr 87 Kr 88 Kr 85m Xe 135 Xe 133 I 134 I 132 I 135 I 133 I 131 Tc 101 Ba 141 Cs 138 Ba 139 Sr 92 Tc 99m Sr 91 Np 239 Mo 99 Te 132 Ba 140 Te 129m Sr 89 Cs 134 Sr 90 Cs 137 N 13 Rb 89 Nb 97 Ar 41 Cu 64 Na 24 Zr 97 Y 90 Cr 51 Fe 59 Hf 181 B 2 Format of File Read ASCII File Zr 95 Co 58 Zn 65 Mn 54 Co 60 All fields in this list which are not specifically type designated are numeric Any numeric format may be used Numeric fields must be written in a compacted manner without embedded blanks e g 3 879e 005 not 3 879 e 5 However leading and trailing blanks before or after commas are permitted The total length of a line must not exceed 512 characters The regular boldfaced fields are required If some activities are not available zeros must be entere
137. s 5 3 Compact Database Dialog Box rrrrrrnnrrvnrnnrnvrnnnrnnvvnnnnnrvnvnnnrsnrnanerenvnnneeenr 5 4 Combined Failure Model RPF Comparison cc cccccseeeeseeeeeeeeeeees 6 35 Combined Failure Model Failure COMpPAriSON ccccseeeeeeeeeeeeenees 6 36 Sample CHIRON Error Message rrrnrrrnrnrnnnvnnnennnnnrnrnnrrnvnnnennnnnennnsnennnnne 7 1 TABLES Table Title Table 2 1 Table 3 1 Table 3 2 Table 6 1 Table 6 2 Table E 1 Table E 2 Table E 3 Table E 4 Table E 5 Table E 6 Page No Table of Plot Options ararrarrnranrrranrrranrrrannrnannnnansnnansnnnnnnnannnnnnnnnnanennn 2 25 Plant Cycle Configuration Data Entry Options ccceeceeseeeeeeeeeeeees 3 5 Sample Data APR UNS sagene eee 3 12 Isotopic Decay Data and FISSION Yields rrrrvrrrernrennrrvrerevnrennvrnnnrennvenne 6 2 Calculation of Rod Power Factor and Number of Failures from Moder 6 33 Plant Data Table plant data rrerornrrrrranrvarevanrrnrnnervnnrrnnrnannnnennennnne E 1 Sample Data Table samples rrronrrnnnnrrnnnornnnenranerranenrannnrannnnnnennnnee E 2 Unit Types Data Table unit types rrrrrrrnrrvarernrrrnnrrnarrrnrrrranennrnnnnnn E 3 Units Data Table UNITS aveicsitvetacvenvouesaredatetdetiaryatianeheeieieaenencedae ees E 4 User Preferences Data Table user preferences rrarrnnnenannnnnnnennnn E 4 Failures Data Table failures rrrrrrnnrnnnrranrraneranrnnrrnervanrrnnrna
138. s context good quality means that both ag and amp can be determined by CHIRON 6 2 3 Operating Plant Observations A total of thirteen plant cycles five BWR and eight PWR were selected for which the following characteristics applied 1 Atleast one failure was monitored for sufficient time to establish ee aes conditions and no degradation i e fuel particle release was observe within that time period 2 Dual samples iodines and offgas were obtained of sufficient shee to allow three coefficient fits by CHIRON i e the sample analyses allowed the determination of both ag and s 3 The actual number of failed rods could be determined from available post cycle fuel examination data 4 The average failed rod power factor could be estimated from core loading and power history information from the plant Furthermore the plant cycles were so selected that several of them were known to have had only one failure while a few had shown large numbers of failures Three of the plant cycles provided multiple data points due to a stepwise increase in the number of failed rods through the cycle and or varying power levels of the failed fuel In these cases the intermediate observed numbers of failed rods were inferred from the CHIRON trending plots using the General Failure Model for offgas and proportioning the failure prediction trend to give the correct result at end of cycle The failed fuel rod power factors were estimat
139. s for the empirical coefficients can be determined in the classical way by taking the logarithm of Eq 6 38 and using a linear least squares fitting method applied to all applicable data points in the existing database Fuel performance coefficients as and s for use in calculating the empirical coefficients are determined as described in Section 6 1 1 for each database coolant sample used in the empirical fit The power term P for each plant sample data point can be expressed in the form OR P RPF ort LHGR TOS Eq 6 39 PRATED where RPF eff effective rod power factor of all failed fuel rods relative to core average power LHGR average rod linear heat generation rate at rated core power PTOS core average power at time of coolant sample PRATED core rated power The average rod linear heat generation rate in Eq 6 39 is given by Rated Power ywn 10 wimnw LHGRwicm _ Number Fuel Rods Rod Length Eq 6 40 6 17 CHIRON Theory There are various methods of combining the individual failed fuel rod powers when more than one failed rod exists in the core and they all exhibit different power levels Several of these methods were evaluated during the CHIRON development The method presently used in CHIRON consists of a failed rod weighting scheme that weights failed rods operating at higher power levels more highly l n RPF efr bs RPF Ix Eq 6 41 i l where X number
140. s the secant method or once the root value is bounded the regula falsa false positioning method can be used to obtain a better estimate of amp to substitute back into Eqs 6 29 and 6 30 to continue the root finding process Iteration continues until either the value of f g is sufficiently close to zero or 6 13 CHIRON Theory until the relative change in s from step to step is within a user defined tolerance band Figure 4 7 shows a plot of f g over a range of amp values for a set of offgas iodines and solubles samples Note for instance from the offgas plot that f e has multiple roots which is quite typical for the solution method Multiple roots arise because the solutions may be local minima or maxima of Eq 6 20 The appropriate root to accept in the analysis of fuel failure predictions is the smallest e value that results in physically realistic values of as and C i e the coefficients must be non negative since each represents a physical property In the case of very small defects e lt lt A it is possible that no roots of Eq 6 28 are physically acceptable since the fundamental form of the equation assumes that s is significant These small defect cases must be handled in a different manner as discussed in Section 6 1 1 2 6 1 1 2 Fuel Performance Coefficients for Very Small Defects Two Coefficient Fit Very small defects are characterized by values of that are negligibly small in comparison w
141. s used to correct the nuclide activity for recoil release and is not directly used in the failure correlations The failure correlation plot displays the current sample coefficients relative to the boundaries of available model data used to develop the failure correlation for the appropriate reactor type Failure correlation for sample data points that lie within the corresponding boundary are generally perceived to be more reliable Figure 4 9 shows a typical failure correlation plot for a BWR data sample 4 8 CHIRON Output CHIRON FAILURE CORRELATION PLOT BWR BwFROZ 11 08 26 95 02 33 00 Ss Eu Offgas Calculation lodines Calculation Solubles Galculation Offgas Domain lodines Domain T v 10 a 10 LL 104 10 107 107 107 10 10 1077 Epsilon V sec 1 5 Figure 4 9 Failure Correlation Plot for BWRs 4 1 7 User Defined X Versus Y Plot The last sample plot to discuss is the User Defined X versus Y plot This is a general plot It is intended to be user defined with the user selecting from lists of allowable options This choice is not currently available and therefore appears grayed out in the drop down menu 4 1 8 Editing Single Sample Screen Plots Single sample screen plots are edited exported or printed in the same way as described in Section 2 5 Steps 11 and 12 for the trending plots 4 2 Trending Plots Trend plots are available immediately after performing a batch analysis or by sel
142. se for reference purposes Measured activity of the iodine isotopes A negative value for an isotopic activity has the effect of omitting the activity value from the R B fit and subsequent fuel failure evaluations although the measurement value is retained in the CHIRON database for reference purposes Measured activity of the selected reactor soluble isotopes Reactor solubles cannot be included in R B fit and therefore are always non negative values 3 13 Data Entry Click on each data entry field and type in your data When all data has been entered into the screen clicking on Enter at the bottom of the screen will save the data to the database The user will then be asked if he wants to add another sample For individual sample input the range checking is performed in the Add Sample screen and the Edit Sample screen The check is performed when the Enter or OK button is clicked respectively If any data item is out of range a message will appear showing a list of all items that are out of range On clicking OK the user is returned to the dialog box to fix the problem s No data will be entered into the database until all the required ranges have been satisfied 3 3 2 File Read Batch Input Sample Activity Data Input Batch or File Read input is selected by the radio button File in the New Data screen see Figure 3 4 Selecting File brings up the Input File Sele
143. sed the S Levy Incorporated developers Wayne Michaels is also acknowledged for his unwavering commitment to and leadership of CHIRON MS DOS version at S Levy Incorporated For producing the initial Windows version of CHIRON at S Levy Inc we want to acknowledge the efforts of Niels Kjaer Pedersen and Joe Quintal Virginia Jones of TransWare is acknowledged for her efforts in editing the CHIRON 3 0 User Manual Last but not least we wish to thank EPRI for supporting the enhancements to the CHIRON Windows version The EPRI project managers Rosa Yang Odelli Ozer and Bo Cheng are to be commended for their commitment and encouragement through the various phases of the CHIRON project 1X TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Title Page No 1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW anernnnnnnnnnnnnnnnonnnnnennnnnennnnennnnnennnnnnnnnnennnnnennnnnen 1 1 11 l entn ton of Problems a Pee 1 1 E2 Solution MENS agere eee 1 1 1 3 Empirical Failure Modeling cccccseccsecccsseceececeececeusesseeeceeseeeessaeenseeeneess 1 2 14 CHIRON EOgIC FIOW Hae 1 2 1 5 Features and Capabilities rrrranrrnanrrranerrnnennnnernnrrrnnnnranennnnennnrennennasennnsennnee 1 4 2 GETTING STARTED 2 2 1 2 SSENMREGUENENS Hare 2 1 2 2 The CHIRON 3 0 Distribution Package rrrrnrrvnrnvvvnnnvvernnvrennnvrennnvrennnerersnerennnr 2 1 2 3 Installing CHIRON from the Diskettes rrrrrrrvrnnrvvrnnrrerrnvrerrnerennnvrernnerersnerennnr 2 2 2 4 Description of the Sa
144. sembliesin 0 lt NFAss lt 2000 The number of fuel assemblies in the the core reactor core in any numeric format Total number of fuel rods n NFAss 0 5_ The total number of fuel rods in the in the core reactor core lt Nrods lt n NFAss 2 Active fuel length O lt Act FuelL The length of the active fuel lt 1000 in cm Reactor water mass hot 1 0x10 lt WM lt The water mass in the reactor at hot condition condition 1 0x10 in grams Fuel rods per assembly For BWRs The number of fuel rods per assembly face face 6 lt n lt 12 For PWRs 14 lt n lt 20 3 5 Data Entry Clean up let down flow 0 5 lt CUDens lt 2 0 The cleanup or letdown flow density density Iodine removal efficiency O lt IEff lt 1 in The Iodine removal efficiency normally fraction assumed to be unity is used to compute the isotopic loss term caused by the clean up letdown system This value represents the efficiency of the removal system e g the ion exchange beds This value may vary slightly over time but should remain very close to 1 0 representing 100 removal efficiency Offgas removal efficiency 0 lt OGEffs1 The Offgas removal efficiency normally assumed to be unity is used to compute in fraction the isotopic loss term caused by the clean up letdown system This value represents the offgas removal efficiency of the letdown flow system This value may vary slightly over time but should remain very close to 1 0 repr
145. serutjes 3 7 Yield Calculation rorrnrnnnrnnnrnr 3 7 Yield Fraction 3 7 6 4 6 10 Trend Plots ve See Plot Trend TOFA onn ana ieaseuataieten 2 12 Two Coefficient Fit 4 7 6 14 U TIS Ca Ni sas sections scecacsvesabesmeiaed 2 11 Units Cardia ERE 3 1 Conversion errnvvnnnvrnnevnnvve 3 1 3 2 F sr 3 1 3 10 Z ZOO AN 2 29 4 6 WARNING This Document contains information classified under U S Export Control regulations as restricted from export outside the United States You are under an obligation to ensure that you have a legal right to obtain access to this information and to ensure that you obtain an export license prior to any re export of this information Special restrictions apply to access by anyone that is not a United States citizen or a Permanent United States resident For further information regarding your obligations please see the information contained below in the section titled Export Control Restrictions Export Control Restrictions Access to and use of EPRI Intellectual Property is granted with the specific understanding and requirement that responsibility for ensuring full compliance with all applicable U S and foreign export laws and regulations is being undertaken by you and your company This includes an obligation to ensure that any individual receiving access hereunder who is not a U S citizen or permanent U S resident is permitted access under applica
146. steam flow BWRs only The following matrix shows the applicability of the various terms for BWR and PWR to offgas and iodine A P 0 X marks denote that term is included BWR Offgas Iodine Rx Sol PWR Offgas Iodine Rx Sol The following discussion describes the conversions performed by CHIRON Beta if required is computed in two steps 6 20 CHIRON Theory CUFlowFact Unitless Eq 6 42 Coolant density at the cleanup letdown flow measurement Conversion factor used by CHIRON to convert cleanup letdown flow input values to gal min from user 63 0903 Flow Rate CU Density beta cc gal min sec gpm g cc 1 sec Cool Mass 8 where CU Density point CUFlowFact specified unit Flow Rate Cleanup letdown flow rate at and before sampling The beta term is subsequently adjusted to account for the efficiency of the removal system This removal efficiency is specified in CHIRON as a plant cycle configuration parameter The iodines and reactor solubles are normally removed by the cleanup system ion exchange beds for which a removal efficiency may be specified In the case of PWR offgas the removal efficiency is normally assumed to be 100 1 0 for the letdown system This adjustment is performed by a simple multiplication BetaOG beta GasRemEff BetalOD beta lodRemEff BetaRXS beta SolRemEff Eq 6 43 Eq 6 44 Eq 6 45 6 21 CHIRON Theory where GasRemEff PWR Gas r
147. t Release to Birth Summary for Solubles Plant Cycle ID Sample Date Sample Time BWRO2 11 08 12 95 20 30 00 RELEASE to BIRTH Isotope Tc101 4 32614e 005 Cs138 4 59192e 005 4 36446e 005 5192 5 60079e 005 4 53068e 005 S91 6 97784e 005 4 78062e 005 189 1 0001 7e 004 Cs134 2021 85 2 63164e 004 190 8 69158e 004 vm a Cs1l37 0 193707 8 84682e 004 Figure 4 15 Solubles R B versus 3 Fit Summary Report 4 3 7 The Activity Ratio Summary Report The Activity Ratio Summary Report Figure 4 16 shows important activity ratios for the sample as well as the burnup value calculated from the Cs ratio when available Ai hans Hain Sam CPs Uy MG 3 amar MH 7y fa H R Han RR r 4420 ETH F Cala Caism Bate Cait Faded Vid Dumu 50 1278 ed gl Hae beger Lit sahaf ob aes Oe odd Corded fot bah d Ada Gal eT Figure 4 16 Activity Ratio Summary Report 4 18 CHIRON Output 4 3 8 The QA Report The QA report provides all input and output data for the current single sample analysis including plant configuration data model parameter selections calculational options settings model versions and model constants This file is intended to provide a complete QA record for any single sample so that the calculation may be reproduced independently of the current database This report is created upon request by selecting Generate QA Report or Generate and View QA Repor
148. t from the Reports drop down menu of the Analysis Fit Summary Results screen see Figure 2 20 4 3 9 The CHIRON Configuration Screen Report The CHIRON Configuration report provides the revision history for the CHIRON code This report is accessed from the CHIRON main window by clicking on Help and selecting the About CHIRON menu option 4 4 Printed Reports 4 4 1 The QA Report The QA report described in Section 4 3 8 can be printed An example of a complete report text is shown in Appendix C 4 4 2 The Calculation Log Report The Calculation Log Report is available for single sample analysis only To generate the log report the Enable calculation log file box must be checked in the Output Options screen Accessed in main window under options menu Output Options option A log report is generated for every single sample analysis performed until you disable uncheck the box in the Output Options screen The log report file is overwritten for each new sample analyzed The Calculation Log Report is written to a text file named chicalc log which can be read into and printed by any text editor The chicalc log file can be large on the order of 60 printed pages This file is primarily of use for debugging purposes 4 4 3 The ASCII Dump Files The ASCII Dump Files can be generated for batch sample analysis only A total of ten ASCII files are generated when this option is invoked A de
149. t currently selected You may select a sample as part of a batch by double clicking on it or by highlighting it and pressing Toggle Status Or you may select a batch using Time Select Batch Select a sample for viewing Select a sample for update Cannot analyze batch because a batch is not currently selected You may select a sample as part of a batch by double clicking on it or by highlighting it and pressing Toggle Status Or you may select a batch using Time Select Batch d samples were selected which exceeds the d sample limit Cannot perform trend plots Diagnostics and Error Checking 7 2 Database Related Error Messages Database related error messages generally mean you have performed an illegal operation Should you encounter a database related error message while using CHIRON read the message carefully write it down and then click on OK to return to the program Sometimes database related error messages provide a solution to the problem in the message and sometimes they do not If no solution is given exit from CHIRON and then open the program again Sample error messages are given below The Selected Sample query in BATCH pSampleSet failed The Sample queried in BATCH doesn t match The Sample ASCII dump in BATCH failed The Requery_Plant_Record in BATCH failed The PlantDataSet Query in BATCH failed The Plant ASCII dump in BATCH failed The RequeryRecord in BAT
150. t error messages tell you what data field needs to be corrected and provides the correct format Should you encounter a data input error message while using CHIRON read the message carefully write it down and then click on OK to return to the data entry field Correct the data entry using the recommended format and range Sample error messages are given below Diagnostics and Error Checking Chiron cannot set its timer Please close any open applications and retry The Fit Coefficient model value was not correct The Failure model value was not correct Select a sample for editing The following values are not within acceptable ranges Please correct these values A list of acceptable ranges can be found in the CHIRON User s Manual Invalid string Please enter another string making sure that it has no more than 7 characters and does not contain any white spaces or illegal characters such as 2 an Start date is earlier than date of first sample please re select End date is later than date of last sample please re select Start date is later than end date please re select Cannot clear selections in SHOW SELECTED SAMPLES ONLY mode The CalcDays sample number is out of range The sample index is gt the lastone Some negative data is on a LOG plot the graphing is Aborted The plant isa PWR All data in the BWR specific block will be ignored The plant type has changed Are you sure
151. t to use from the list then choose OF Figure 2 4 Selecting ODBC Driver C The next box that appears requests the Data Source Name Enter CHIRON DB Your screen should look like Figure 2 5 Click Select NOTE There must always be a valid database that is registered under the name CHIRON DB for CHIRON 3 0 to function properly This is the default Data Source name On starting up CHIRON will always look for a database registered under this name After starting the program the user may select any alternative registered database Description Cancel fi EE A AE A EE Database Create Repair Compact date ar ea ea aaa aaa a a a S Sana ala m a a ee aat alt ae taia i aa aa li lt eee System Database eee 8 None Database FA A GA Lptions gt Figure 2 5 Data Source Name Definition Box 2 7 Getting Started D The Database File Name selection box appears next Under directories select the target directory e g C CHIRON30 The CHIRON 3 0 installation process places four valid database files chiblank mdb chironl mdb chiron2 mdb and chiron3 mdb in this directory Choose the database file chironl mdb as the Database Name Your screen should look like the one shown in Figure 2 6 Click OK This takes you back to the Data Source name selection box Note that the selected database
152. tailed 4 19 CHIRON Output description of the generation use format and contents of these 10 ASCII dump files is provided in Appendix D 4 20 3 THE CHIRON DATABASE 5 1 Database Overview CHIRON is designed around a relational database system for the storage of the raw data and the analysis results This allows the user to easily access and analyze the individual samples and to observe trends in the data through the trend plot features In order to provide flexibility in the database platform CHIRON accesses data through a standard interface with ODBC 2 1 drivers The ODBC interface allows CHIRON to access a variety of different database formats through a common interface With this interface CHIRON users can maintain their data in a Microsoft Access Oracle Paradox or other database format that has an ODBC driver CHIRON was developed using the Microsoft Access driver and all of the sample databases are in this format The ODBC 2 1 driver for Microsoft Access corresponds to Microsoft Access Version 2 0 CHIRON has not been tested with any other database platform 5 2 Database Structure The CHIRON database is made up of six tables samples plant_data failures user_preferences units and unit_types The contents of each of the tables is summarized below but the detailed list of all of the data fields can be found in Appendix E The samples table contains all of the coolant sample data This includes the sample date
153. teraction with other elements in the fuel void region For the case of iodine sampling each nuclide is an isotope of the same element iodine Thus the chemical interaction for all nuclides can be considered to be the same Similarly each nuclide in a noble gas sample is chemically inert Thus the rod escape rate coefficient for a given sample either iodine or noble gas is independent of the nuclide i in that sample If it is further assumed that the defect size does not vary significantly from rod to rod then the escape rate coefficient is effectively a constant value for all nuclides in a particular sample iodine or noble gas at any given time Thus for either an iodine or noble gas sample sik aconstant Eq 6 13 for that particular sample If it is further assumed that release from the fuel matrix is diffusion dependent then the Booth formulation Reference 4 for diffusional release from the fuel may be used Based upon this formulation the fuel escape rate coefficient is proportional to the square root of the nuclide decay constant Vik 4D k Aj where D diffusion rate constant for fission products of interest in rod k This relationship can be rewritten in the form ves Eq 6 14 where a k aconstant including diffusion effects and rod geometry factors It should be noted that the geometry factors composing a k are approximately constant for all light water fuel rods However the diffusion effects ar
154. tes that the release of the noble gases is limited by the latter process This may be facilitated by the mechanical pressure reduction that follows from a temperature power reduction Eqs 6 59 and 6 60 are used to determine the number of failed rods based on the CHIRON calculated values of ag and s for iodines and offgas after the linear heat rating of the failed rods has been determined from Eq 6 56 6 2 6 Demonstration of Benchmark Fit to Database The Combined Failure Model defined in Section 6 2 5 2 was applied to the same plant cycle case data from which it was developed The results predicted failed fuel rod power factor and number of failed rods are shown in Table 6 2 with comparison to the experimental values 6 32 CHIRON Theory Table 6 2 Calculation of Rod Power Factor and Number of Failures from Model Plant Cycle RPF RPF LHR N Fail N Fail Data Point Predicted Actual Predicted Predicted Actual kW ft BWR A 1 0 1 0 6 47 Ka 1 BWR B 0 7 0 7 4 63 0 4 1 BWR C 1 2 1 2 7 47 0 7 1 BWR D 1 0 1 0 6 10 1 4 2 BWR E 0 7 0 7 4 27 1 7 2 PWR A 0 9 0 9 5 05 4 0 3 PWR B 1 0 1 0 5 33 1 9 1 PWR C 0 4 0 4 2 13 9 8 9 PWR D 0 5 0 4 2 13 33 1 35 PWR E 0 9 1 0 2 80 0 9 1 PWR F 0 8 0 9 4 71 7 8 7 PWR G 1 1 1 0 3 86 19 8 26 PWR H 1 1 1 2 3 31 70 8 64 6 33 CHIRON Theory Note that this process merely serves the purpose of checking the internal consistency of the numerical procedure as well as illustrating the scatter inherent i
155. the database If the desired plant cycle already exists then its configuration data may be loaded by selecting the plant cycle ID from the list box The configuration may be edited and then saved by clicking OK If the desired plant cycle is not found in the current list then the user must add a new Plant Cycle ID To add a new Plant Cycle ID click Cancel to return to the Main Window From the Main Window select Options then choose Plant Configuration then Add New Plant from the drop down menu This will open the Add Plant Cycle Configuration screen see Figure 3 3 allowing you to enter the configuration of a new plant cycle 3 3 Data Entry Add Plant Cycle Configuration Plant Reactor Type Cycle ID BWR C PWR BWA Data Carry over fraction water to steam Steam flow at rated power Ibs hr Hodel Options Reactor rated power Hth Humber of fuel bundles assemblies in the core Total number of fuel rods in the core Active fuel length cm EJ Loop on fission pield Reactor water mass hot condition g Fuel rods per assembly face Calculate tramp yield Perform solubles calculation Clean up let down flow density g cc Default Pu 239 frac lodine removal Tramp yield fraction efficiency fraction Offgas removal efficiency fraction Rx solubles removal efficiency fraction Tramp recoil frac Convergence limit Maximum loops epsilon 0 n n n
156. the mouse to first highlight then x mark by clicking the Toggle Status button or by double clicking the mouse button on the sample the samples dated 8 13 95 at time 20 25 00 8 14 95 at 20 53 00 and 8 15 95 at 21 18 00 Now use the mouse to highlight the sample dated 8 12 95 time 20 30 00 The screen should now look like Figure 2 18 The list shows that the highlighted sample has 6 offgas activities 5 iodines activities and 7 solubles activities 2 18 Getting Started CHIRON 3 0 for Windows CHIRON 1 sample Select Analysis rending Window Help Hote The mouse selection highlighted line is for View Edit Delete Toggle Status and Analyze Single The X ts used for Analyze Batch and Delete Batch Batch Select Time Select Batch Date 08712795 08712795 08713795 08713795 08714795 08714795 08715795 08715795 08715795 08716795 Figure 2 18 Box Showing Selected Samples Step 7 Time 08 22 00 20 30 00 08 32 00 20 25 00 08 42 00 20 53 00 01 09 00 07 55 00 21 18 00 21 10 00 Offgas i n oe mr oy ey or da Analyze Single Analyze Batch View lodines Solubles GTi fe oO on on on on mr om on er omy ery ery mW Clear All Selections C Show Selected Samples Only Performing Single Analysis of Selected Samples There are two types of analysis that can be performed 1 Analyze Single or 2 Analyze Batch Analyze Single analyzes the highlighted sample Analyze Batch analyzes the X marked
157. tion If the Calculate tramp yield option is not selected CHIRON will use the value specified here for the Pu fission yield ratio for the tramp Tramp recoil frac O lt TrRecFrac lt 1 The value specified here is the fraction of the tramp for which the fission products generated are directly released into the coolant For normal tramp levels 1 0 should be used For very high tramp levels a value less than unity may be specified 3 7 Data Entry Convergence limit 1 0x10 lt Crit lt 1 The value specified here is the maximum error in the coefficients allowed for a valid solution Maximum loops 0 lt Nloops lt 10000 The value specified here is the maximum number of iteration loops permitted for the least squares fitting routine epsilon 0 10 lt epsilon_0 The value specified here is used as a default epsilon in the Combined Failure lt 10 Model when a Three Coefficient Fit has resulted from the least squares fitting routine Fuel microstructure 0 1 lt Fmic lt 100 The value specified here characterizes the fission product diffusivity of the failed fuel For US made fuel the recommended value is unity For certain foreign made fuel types especially fuel made by the AUC process the value may be higher 3 3 Entering New Sample Data Input CHIRON supports two methods for entering new sample data 1 the data entry dialog box or 2 the file read option Before loading any sample data it is important to
158. ts are shown by each value to remind the user of the current settings Table 3 2 provides definitions for the sample data entry fields entered on this screen 3 11 Data Entry Table 3 2 Sample Data Input Units Plant Cycle ID XXXXX NN The Plant Cycle ID must coincide with one available in the database Its formatis a 5 character text string Plant Name followed by a hyphen followed by a single or double digit number Cycle Number The plant name is case sensitive Do not use a leading zero in a single digit cycle number Sample Date mm dd yy The sample date entered in the form MM DD YY Sample Time The sample time entered in the form HH MM SS Reactor Power O lt RxPow lt 10 in The current reactor power as opposed to rated FracP power Clean up Flow 0 lt CIFlow lt 10000 The cleanup or letdown flow rate required for in gal min conversion of uCi ml to uCi sec Rod Power Factor 0 lt RPF lt 10 The ratio of the linear heat rating of the failed fuel if any to the average linear heat rating of the entire core at the current reactor power level For File Read input occurrences of RPF 0 will be replaced by the default value 1 08 Burnup 0 lt BU lt 1000 in An estimate of the burnup of the failed fuel MWd kgU Gas Delay Time 5000 lt DelTime Any delay that may occur between activity lt 50000 in seconds release for offgas isotopes at the fuel breach and sample capture The delay due to coolant circulat
159. unning CHIRON 3 0 Tutorial This subsection will provide a sample exercise to familiarize you with some of the CHIRON features and show you how to navigate in the CHIRON windows Follow the steps below to learn how to run CHIRON Step 1 Starting CHIRON 3 0 To start CHIRON 3 0 double click on the CHIRON 3 0 for WINDOWS icon in the WINDOWS Program Manager A CHIRON 3 0 program banner will appear briefly followed by the main program window as shown in Figure 2 11 2 12 Getting Started CHIRON 3 0 for Windows v a Data Options Help Figure 2 11 CHIRON Main Window Step 2 Selecting a Database When CHIRON starts it automatically opens the database registered under the default name CHIRON DB If the installation procedure in Subsection 2 3 has been strictly followed the selected database is chironl mdb containing data from BWRO1 Cycles 5 and 7 Click on Data The Data drop down menu appears see Figure 2 12 Click on Select Data Source 2 13 Getting Started CHIRON 3 0 for Windows Data New Ctrlt H Open Ctrl 0 Print Setup Select Data Source Enter new data on screen or Import new data from file Figure 2 12 CHIRON Main Window Data Drop Down Menu The Select Data Source dialog box appears showing the list of registered databases Click on Data Source CHIRON2 DB see Figure 2 13 then click OK The program returns to the Main Window Select Data Source CHIRO
160. wr Fact Calculated by CFM 67 Sample RPF Inputted Sample Rod Power Factor 68 INPO FRI Daily FRI Regardless of Power 69 N 13 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 70 Rb 89 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 71 Nb 97 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 72 Ar 41 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 73 Cu 64 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 74 Na 24 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 75 Zr 97 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 76 Y 90 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 77 Cr 51 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 78 Fe 59 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 79 Hf 181 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 80 Zr 95 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 81 Co 58 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 82 Zn 65 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 83 Mn 54 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 84 Co 60 rel rate Non Fitted Activity uCi sec 85 Sample BU Burnup Calculated from Sample Note that Selections 59 64 are all double selections This means that the items named as a and b are selected together and co plotted in the same graph 4 2 2 User Defined Trending Plots User defined trending plots are intended to enable the user to plot a wide selection of activities or expressions based on activities as functions of time or as functions of other such expressions This option is not currently available 4 2 3 Editing Trending Plots Editing exporting and print
161. y rel rate Ratio Non Fitted Activity rel rate Ratio Non Fitted Activity rel rate Ratio Non Fitted Activity rel rate Ratio Non Fitted Release Rates wCi sec Fitted Release Rates uCi sec Fitted Release Rates uCi sec Fitted Release Rates uCi sec Non Fitted Release Rates uCi sec Fitted Release Rates uC1 sec Fitted Release Rates uC1 sec Fitted Release Rates uCi sec Non Fitted Release Rates uCi sec Fitted Release Rates uCi sec Fitted Release Rates uCi sec Fitted Release Rate Activity wCi sec Fitted Release Rate Activity wCi sec Fitted Release Rate Activity wCi sec Fitted Release Rate Activity wCi sec Fitted Release Rate Activity wCi sec Fitted Release Rate Activity wCi sec Fitted Release Rate Activity wCi sec Fitted Release Rate Activity wCi sec Fitted Release Rate Activity wCi sec Fitted Release Rate Activity wCi sec Fitted Release Rate Activity wCi sec Fitted Release Rate Activity wCi sec Calculated by Least Sqs Fit to OG Calculated by Least Sqs Fit to ID Calculated by Least Sqs Fit to OG Calculated by Least Sqs Fit to ID Calculated by Least Sqs Fit to OG Calculated by Least Sqs Fit to ID R squared Goodness of Fit OG R squared Goodness of Fit ID Pu 239 Fission Yield Ratio from OG Pu 239 Fission Yield Ratio from ID No of Failures by Gen OG Model No of Failures by Gen ID Model Number of Failed Rods by CFM CHIRON Output Selection Selection Title Description 66 Comb Model RPF Rod P
162. ysis and database storage can be performed in single sample or batch mode The CHIRON output consists of screen plots and analysis reports for individual samples screen plots for trending and batch export files for transfer of data to a spreadsheet or other alternative application All plots and text file reports can be printed using the available WINDOWS facilities The potential and flexibility of the CHIRON WINDOWS version have been significantly enhanced relative to previous DOS versions The capability of the database to handle units and store model parameter settings along with the samples is one example of an enhancement to CHIRON The ease with which editing and printing of plots and analysis reports can be performed is another Furthermore CHIRON now has the potential to handle a larger number of reactor soluble isotopes as well as an expanded series of isotopic activity expressions which greatly expands the use of CHIRON as a general activity release management tool Vil Vili ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The CHIRON development was initiated by EPRI in 1987 as a logical continuation of the efforts of the ANS 5 3 Standards Committee The actual development of the code was undertaken by S Levy Incorporated We would like to acknowledge the early contributions of Carl Beyer of Battelle Pacific National Laboratories who was appointed by the ANS 5 3 Standards Committee to compile sort and analyze the initially collected raw data and advi

A Code for Analyzing Coolant and Offgas Activity in a Light Water

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