A graphic tutorial and decoding program for Navy signal flags and
Contents
1. A GRAPHIC TUTORIAL AND DECODING PROGRAM FOR NAVY SIGNAL FLAGS AND PENNANTS Jay Kent Bien NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey Galifornia THESIS A GRAPHIC TUTORIAL AND DECODING PROGRAM FOR NAVY SIGNAL FLAGS AND PENNANTS by Jay Kent Bien March 198 Thesis Advisor W P Hughes Jr Approved for Public Release Distribution Unlimited SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE When Data Entered REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 2 GOVT ACCESSION NO READ INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE COMPLETING FORM 3 RECIPIENT S CATALOG NUMBER 3 TYPE OF REPORT amp PERIOD COVERED Master s Thesis A Graphic Tutorial and Decoding Program for March 1981 E IE as 7 AUTMOR s 8 CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER s Jay Kent Bien LCDR USN 4 TITLE and Subtitie 9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADORESS Naval Postgraduate School Monterey California 93940 0 PROGRAM ELEMENT PROJECT TAS AREA WORK UNIT NUMBERS 12 REPORT DATE Naval Postgraduate School March 1981 Monterey California 93940 bou Of PAGES MONITORING AGENCY NAME A ADDRESS I dilferent from Controlling Office 8 SECURITY CLASS ol thie report CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME ANO AOORESS Unclassified Se OECLASSIFICAT a SCHEDULE ION DOWNGRADING 6 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT of thie Repert Approved for Public Release Distribution Unlimited 17 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT of the abstract entered in2. WILL HAVE TO INSURE THAT AN INPUT FILE IS MAINTAINED IN HIS EER DIRECTORY AND THAT flag c IS PROPERLY MODIFIED TO HANDLE THIS THIS ALSO MUST BE DONE IN THE quit c SUBPRCGRAM WHEN THE CARRIAGE RETURN IS TYPED TEE CURRENT TIME IS ALSO PLACED IN THE FILE INPUT UNDER THE HEADING OF TIME LOGGED IN THIS FILE INPUT HAS BEEN CREATED IN ORDER TO MONITOR USE OF THE PROGRAM AND ALSO MORE IMPORTANTLI AS AN RECEPTACLE FOR USER INPUT COMMENTS WHICE ARE SOLICITED WHEN THE USER INDICATES THAT HE DESIRES TO QUIT EXIT THE PROGRAM SEE quit c PROGRAM FOR MORE DESCRIPTION OF THIS OPTION 40 DNCD EFFORT HAS BEEN MADE IN ORDER TO MAKE THE PROGRAM WHERE AUTCMATIC ADVANCEMENT OF THE PROGRAM IS NOT PRESENT IN OTEER WORDS EVERYWHERE TEAT TEE USER MUST 1 SOME ENTRY BE IT EVEN A CARRIAGE RETURN AND AN ERRONEOUS ENTRY IS MADE INSTEAD OF THE ONE OR CNE FROM THE GIVEN SELECTION PROMPTED FOR AN ADVISORY WILL GIVEN INFORMING THE USER THAT WHAT WAS JUST TYPED ENTERED WAS NOT ACCEPTED AND THAT ANOTHER INPUT IS NECESSARY TO CONTINUE TEE PROGRAM THERE ARE ALSO ADVISORYS PROVIDED IF THE USEP GETS CONFUSED OR LOST AND TYPES OR THE PROGRAM AUTOMATICALLY FCRKS TO AND RETURNS FROM intro c AFTER SCREEN SELECTION EAS BEEN DETERMINED TES PROGRAM FORKS TO alphab c IF INTERNATIONAL ALPEABET FLAGS SELECTED TO numbs c IF NUMERAL FLAGS AND PENNANTS SELECTED TO special c IF SPECIAL FLAGS AND PENNA
3. 140 50 pue MOTq aouanbag 8130 1 30115 130 8 12 6 3u09 T 314 OM lt 11X3 223 A Ge DS peter ee EE e e e G un ga La 2 2 O AVIASIA 5 3 1 11116865 1898 75 000111 01 1 0 0 131 010 5 01 1 7 1 0 5 E mm di Tre ma dnt1eo TT 2105 GN NOI 3 01 10035 TVIYOLNI 18 er ann E 2 gu 531 5 NOILOGS es 0 SLNYNNGd ANY Gr mop LNAWDGS S9VI4 TVIOXdS my c RC x a TT 1011 o SOVId 2T 1009 25 The Main Selection Level Menu is the center branching point within the program It presents the user with six choices to choose from These are INTERNATIONAL ALPHABET FLAGS TUTORIAL NUMERAL FLAGS AND PENNANTS TUTORIAL SPECIAL FLAGS AND PENNANTS TUTORIAL FLAGHOIST DISPLAY DECODE DETAILED PROGRAM DESCRIPTION DIAGRAM QUIT A brief description of each selection follows 1 3 International Alphabet Flags Tutorial This SEC TION contains a complete self contained tutorial which will provide the user a framework to become more proficient in the ability to recognize the 26 Interna tional Alphabet flags Numeral Flags and P
4. Naval Officer receives a minimum of four hovrs of formel HiSsesrTcom instruction and practice in signal flag recceni 6 the time set aside in the classroom to 16 the identity cf all the flags and pernants mcst individuals enlisted and officers who have to learn them require an additional minimum EVE UC en hours to become moderately proficient with a fair amcunt of retenticn pxrabDility The primary aid currently used by an individual in learning and studying the flags outside the classrccm is the Navy and International Code Flag Cards device number ees this is a product c tne U S Naval Training Device Center produced by Brown and Bigelow FSN 22 910 514 2232 The lash cards device consists of 75 playing card sized cards with e color picture of a flag or pennant on one side and the name of the lag or pennant on the other mm OBJECTIVE The main Objective of this study was to produce a sim ple user oriented yet all inclusive and foolproof computer program routine which would be able to teach a user the signal flags and pennants and in addition have tne capa bility to decode such flags and pennants displayed in groups in accordance with standard procedures delineated in per 10 Wol II 12 In striving tc realize the above stated objective other less significant objectives were achieved in the process Among these objectives were 1 To incorporate the C3 Laboratory
5. ruts to the program and provides reminders or advisories when the user requests help This is accomplished by check ing the input for validity or reasonableness and if ap propriate sending a diagncstic message This message might inform the user that the last entered input is incorrect ei ther in format usually a typing error or content When a user specifically reauests assistance the program should be structured to respond in some manner providing the user with encuen helpful information to resolve hopefully to the user s satisfaction the apparent predicament the user is experiencing Simple interface with user is accomplished by ensuring that the actions and inputs required by the user ere short simple and obvious One aspect of the interface is the grouping of options presented within the program For exam ple i many options are available it is probably easier for en on line user to make his choice if the options can be presented in subgroups of six or fewer items More than this emount can become mind boggling and is therefore coun 1 00 6 1 ic Interaction by anticipaticn is achieved by anticipat ing ell possible desires a user may have and presenting the user with choices which include ali of those possibilities This method enables tne user to SELECT by letter number or short phrase rather than SPECIFY type out in entirely a desired option Optional verbosity allows for two or mor
6. any ambizuity A flaghoist signal message consists of two parts heading and text The heading may be specified by hoisting a visual call sign numerals in the call of the heading are numeral pennants More frequently the heading is implied and ell thet is hoisted is the text portion of the signal The text usually is made up of flag combinations extracted from tne ALLIED MARITIME TACTICAL SIGNAL EOOK ATP 1 B Volume II A signal is read by noting the flag positions Starting from the top most outboard flag down the nalyard to the bottom flag then to the next most outboerd top flag down to the bottom etc etc A display is a complete signal whether on ore halyard cr on two or mere ATP 1 R Vol II is the origin of most tactical commun ications between allied naval units The signal vocabulary of this publication is collected into charters and arranged under headings for ease f reference Chapter 1 ccrtains general instructions for use of the book Chapter Z contains Single flag and pennant signals Chapter 5 contains emergen cy alarm and emergency action signals Chapters 4 through 9 contain maneuvering signals which utilize a special pennant Chapters 12 through 31 contain the main signal vocabulary which consists cf operational and administrative signals ar paneed in alphabetical order under appropriate headings Chapter 52 consists c supplementary tables which are used 12 tc augment and modify the meaning of certain
7. 6 093 ES o coc PA AA A NE o6 5100981 urewans po 1 gt gt gt 111b 8 315 1 8 I Im m c r D 4 3 i t IM e ms E 6 i i ypnb squnupte EN 7 eum c X SENEC CER M stu 1708 8 2 1 1 030 wel3eta 2 314 1409 3813 01111 813 ul IV RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT First although the current program has met the stated objective and it has incorporated within it all the design features that are considered as necessary tc have a success 95 0 60 60 interactive program there are several additions which could be included at some later date to make it even more appealing Second the current decoding portion of the program shows only a capability it con tains the code necessary to decode only a few of the chapters in ATP 1 B Vol II The present capability is listed in Appendix C Last the entire objective must be examined in the context of cost versus value and a deter Minetion must be made whether the pursuit of a fully opere tional product is a worthy endeavor The envisioned long range application for the program is to install such a program onboard a naval vessel for at sea use Hardware necessary to support the program would by necessity most likely have to be reduced to a desk top configurat
8. Block 20 il different from Report 16 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 19 KEY WORDS Continue on reveree cide Il neceecary and identify by block number Signal Flags Flaghoist 20 ABSTRACT Continue an reverso sido if neceseary and identify by block number This is a highly graphic user oriented interactive software product which will assist the user to become more proficient at recognizing and employing Navy signal flags and pennants which are used for visual communications between naval vessels of all types A tutorial portion of the program has been designed with a number of options thereby allowing a user to tailor a recognition program to satisfy specific DD 42 1473 eorion or 1 NOV 68 iS OBSOLETE JAN 73 S N 0102 014 6601 ened SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE When Data Entered eS ae IV CLASSIFICATION OF Tuts PAGE VA Nore Antares learning requirements The program is also capable of graphically displaying any grouping of flags and pennants chosen by the user in flaghoist order When the flags and pennants are arranged in accordance with the procedural doctrine set forth in the ALLIED MARITIME TACTICAL SIGNAL BOOK ATP 1 B Volume II the program demonstrates the capability of decoding the displayed signal into its predetermined meaning The current program is resident in the Secure Command Control and Communications Exercise Laboratory C3 Lab at the Naval Postgraduate School Approved for public rele
9. FL G OR EXECUTES COMMAND FORKS TO atp c SUBPROGRAM IF USER SO INDICATES A DESIRE TO KNOW IF THE DISPLAYED FLAGHOIST SIGNAL IS VALID I E HAS A MEANING ALLOWS USER TO LCOP AS MANY TIMES AS DESIRES WHEN USER CHANGES DISPLAY CPTION ALL FLAGS ARE REMOVED DISPLAY OPTION TWO disp2 NOT CURRENTLY AVAILABLE DUE TO MEMORY SPACE COMPILE CONSTRAINTS FORK OPTION TO quit c AND flag c AT THE MSLM AVAILABLE AT ANY TIME NOTE TO ADVANCED USERS OF THE PROGRAM BY TYPING fleg hoist FROM THE UNIX SHELL LEVEL THIS SUBPROGRAM CAN BE ACCESSED DIRECTLY WITHOUT HAVING TO GO THROUGH TEE MSLM flag c OR THE DISPLAY DECODING PORTION INTRODUCTION sutmain c HOWEVER IF THE VERBOSITY AND DISPLAY SETTINGS ARE NOT IMMEDIATELY CHANGED TO VALUES THAT ARE RECOGNIZED BY THE PROGRAM THE SUBPROGRAM WILL NOT FUNCTION IN A STAND ALONE CAPACITY REMEMBER THIS SUBPROGRAM WILL ONLY OPERATE IN THIS MODE AT TEE LEFT BAY SCREEN IN THE CS LAB BECAUSE OF THE DEFAULT TO GENISCO 2 WHICH OCCURS WHEN NOT INITIALLY GOING THROUGH flag c PROGRAM commands c PROGRAM SUMMARY STATEMENT DESCRIPTION LISTS ALL THE COMMANDS AVAILABLE FOR MODIFYING DISPLAYED FLAGS CR FOR CHANGING VERBOSITY LEVEL AND DISPLAY CONFIGURATION CONTENTS CALLED BY submain c OR flaghoist c RETURNS TO CALLING SUBPROGRAM WHEN CARRIAGE RETURN OR ANY OTHER INPUT ENTERED NO OTEER OPTIONS ARE AVAILABLE atp c PROGRAM SUMMARY STATEMENT DESCRIPTION PROVIDES THE USER WITH TEE
10. OPENED TO RECEIVE ENTRIES UP TO EIGHT LINES IN LENGTH TIME OF EXIT ALSO ENTERED IF THE USER INDICATED THAT NO COMMENTS ARE WANTED TO BE MADE INPUT OPENED TO RECORD TIME E AND AUTOMATIC ENTRY OF NO COMMENT SEX ALSO CALLED BY flag c alphab c numbs c special c submain c OR flaghoist c RETURNS TO CALLING SUBPROGRAM WHEN ret ENTERED ALLOWS USER TO EXIT GRACEFULLY FROM TEE PROGRAM PROCESS IS REVERSIBLE SINCE RETURNING TO THE UNIX SHELL COMMAND TEE REAL INTERPRETATION OF QUITTING CAN ONLY BE ACCCMPLISHED BY EXITING OUT THROUGH THE INITIALLY ENTERED PROGRAM A PROSESS WAS DEVISED TO BACKTRACK TEROUGE THE VARIOUS SUBPROGRAMS FORKED INTO THIS WAS ACCOMPLISHED BY CARRYING A VALUE IN THE exit ARGUMENT A PRIOR TO ENTERING THE quit c SUBPROGRAM A 1 ONE VALUE WOULD RETURN ALL THE WAY PACK TO flag c WHERE IT THEN WOULD RETURN TO THE UNIX SHELL SEE ADDITIONAL DOCUMENTATION WITHIN SUBPRCGRAM 46 APPENDIX C CURRENT PROGRAM DECODING 1 1 The following is extracted directly from the submain c subprogram and lists the current decoding capability of the program PRESENTLY INCORPORATED IN THE DECODING PORTION OF THE PRCSRAM ARE THE FOLLOWING CHAPTERS ARTICLES PARAGRAPHS PROM ATP 1 B VOL II AS OF 15 MAR 81 nppl GOVERNING PENNANTS 112 GOVERNING GROUPS S PLAIN TEXT NOTE 1 122 UNITS OF REFERENCE partial NOTE 1 123 FRACTIONS NOTE 1 124a c TIMES 126b
11. PORTION end the displey decode PORTION Tutorial PORTION has been divided into three SECTIONS and each SECTION has three SzGMENTS Each SEGMENT within a tutcrial SECTION is further subdivided intc either three or four grephic tutoriel SESSIONS where the flags and pennants are actually presented The display deccde PORTION has one SECTION Figure 1 on the next page depicts this structure 21 33ed 11310 uo panut1u00 atqetreAy 5 0 160 sash pue AOl4 300130835 1230 1 Buyyotdaq 178 6 314 En 1U09 AA tten See i LNXWOXS I amas Gg n a 1 dne OC l NOLIHOd 6 0 LNIWDIS TVINOLNL e es oe ay gS e E MXIASM 50518 ED asa ISSINYNNE4 ANY WVHDVIG 64 34 DIEI ININDIS 897138 0 E xi 131181083 EC 1 MEM 6 0 60 1 ae ee lt lt 0 13093 35 1j 5 13 01 1 tie 6 9 II up u31s NOILINGOULNI LN3W5XS E ES yd paler e E datteo ZINO NOILYOd l u e LNINDAS TVIWOLNL tte pee 88 1 MAIAAU NOI LIAS l 804118 7 z u UE 27658 TY 11 I I I A 5 3 411011 e z u 30 0 03 3 30 0 1 93 35 1 8 I Ez aged 50 31 018 panut1u00 3
12. basic groups The signal vocabulary chapters are followed by en extensive Signal index provided to assist the user in finding the desired groups when encoding signals The overall security classification of ATP 1 B Vol II is NATO CONFIDENTIAL which reauires a NATO special clearance for confidential material in order to be able to view its contents the classification of the ALLIED MARITIME TACTI CAL SIGNAL BOOK and the sheer number of possible combina tions of messages that can te formulated all enlisted per sonnel and officers responsible for decoding flaghoist sig nals are actively discouraged from trying to memorize any Signal contained in the publication Even if an individual thinks he knows the meaning of a group of flags there is a Standing requirement to look the signal up in the publica tion before reporting the meaning to a senior The enlisted rating which is responsible for visual ccm munications on board a ship is that of Signalman Besides other duty responsibilities Signalman personnel ere required to acquire and maintain a solid background and knowledge in procedures methods and rules pertaining to flaghoist ccm munications Fundamental to this tasking is a proficiency in readily identifying all signal flags and pennants used Signalman A School presently devotes five hours of in Structional time to the learning of the signal flags Within the officer ranks every prospective Surface Warfare 11
13. run the Graphic Tutorial and Decoding Program for Navy Sig nal Flags and Pennants must first place the program s source and object files into his her directory This is ac complished by making the necessary arrangements to or fol lowing the procedures for mounting a magnetic tape labeled FLAGS which is stored in the C3 Lab in the custody of the manager of the C3 Lab To run execute the tutorial and decoding PROGRAM cnce all the subprogrems are loaded transferred into the user s directory the sutprogram flag should be initially called Flag is the only subprogram which offers the user a choice of Genisco screens which can be activated and which allows the user to choose ancther section of the program in which to go If called first all other subprograms will autorati cally default to Genisco screen left bay screen in the C3 Lab Moreover when in certain subprograms the command main is entered which is required prior to being able to select another section the subprogram will exit automati Cally and return ane user back to the UNIX executive shell level unceremonfously and without any advance warning 36 Once flag is called the user should be able to util ize the program as long as desired The prcgram wes inten tionally designed and structured to stand alone i e to be self explanatory and does not require any user s manual IT the user does encounter a situation which is seemingly ambiguous or confusing
14. 2 12 ri PROGRAMMING OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES 14 EE ON 22 Bene nee nenn 22 S SCREEN main Zl T DUAL SUBPRCCRAM DESCRIPTIONS 29 D BT ENDATTONS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT 32 1 1 A Beecher 1 1 INSTRUCTIONS Se APPENDIX P OPR OETA SUMMARY STAT MENTS 4d APPENDIX C CURRENT PRCGRAM DECODING CAPABILITY 47 BIBLIOGRAPEY 4E INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 49 LIST OF FIGURES 1 Diasrem Depicting Program Sequence Flow end LINEN E e 22 m uiacram Depicting Relationship cf Compiled 5 1 21 4 1 zu SALAS TITE n Ta hn A ids i radi a 134 6 nc nro ob es de dm cde rooms ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish tc express my gratitude tc my thesis advisor CAPT Wayne P Hughes USN who had faith in me and a belief that my idea was a good one Additionally I would like to thank Dr Cynthia Irvine for her cookbook assistance when ell else failed and Mr Phil Balma who despite many trying times has maintained a great sense of humor Finally I would like to thank my wife Martha for being as understand ing as she was during this en
15. C3 Academic Group Naval Postgraduate School Monterey California 95948 Lt Col Thomas P Stack USAF 1 SEAPE SEOC APO New York 29955 LCDR Jay Kent Bien 18 P O Box 424 West Falmouth Massachusetts 92574 49 inii DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY
16. ECTED THE USER IS NOT PERMITTED TO RETURN TO THE MSLM UNTIL THE USER IS WITHIN A TUTORIAL SESSION CALLED FROM flag c MAIN SELECTICN LEVEL MENU WITH INPUT a ln 4s FORKS TO allalphat c allnumbs c allspecial c IF USER SELECTS COMMAND all IN THE CALL UP OPTION OF REVIEW SEGMENT FORKS BACK TO flag c WITH main TO quit c WHEN quit ENTERED 42 PROGRAM allalphab c ALSO lallnumbs c AND allspecial c PROGRAM SUMMARY STATEMENT MSRP TION DISPLAYS TO THE USER ALL THE 26 20 21 FLAGS PENNANTS IN THE SECTION ON THE SCREEN AT ONE TIME CONTENTS CALLED FRCM alphab c numbs c special c WITH INPUT SUBPROGRAM WHEN ALL FLAGS PENNANTS ARE DISPLAYED CONTAINS NO OPTIONS ENTIRE SUBPROGRAM IS NON INTERACTIVE PROGRAM submain c PROGRAM SUMMARY STATEMENT DESCRIPTION GREETS USER TO DISPLAY DECODING PORTION OF PROGRAM PROVIDES USER INPUT REMINDERS AND THEN PRESENTS THE CURRENT DECODING CAPABILITIES BUILT INTO THE PROGRAM THS USER IS THEN GIVEN THE OPTION TO CHOOSE FROM THREE LEVELS OF VERBOSITY NEXT THE USER IS GIVEN THREE OPTIONS FROM WHICH TO CHOOSE WHAT FLAGHOIST DISPLAY CONFIGURATION IS DESIRED THE FINAL OPTION PROVIDES THE USER IF CHOSEN WITH ALL THE VARIOUS KEYSTROKE COMMANDS OTHER THAN FLAG PENNANT NAMES WHICH WILL BE ACCEPTED CONTENTS THIS SUBPROGRAM PRIMARILY WRITTEN BECAUSE OF MEMORY SPACE LIMITATICNS IN flaghoist c SUBPROGRAM PROVIDES STRUCTURE FOR INTRODUCTION TO D
17. ES TWO MAIN OPTIONS WITHIN ITSELF 1 A RANDOM FLAG DISPLAYED WITH FOUR SECOND DELAY CF THE FLAG S NAME 2 FLAG DISPLAYED WITH NO NAME FLAG NAME TYPED ON KEY BOARD TO CALL FLAG TO SCREEN OR BY ENTERING SCREEN TOGETHER AND QUIZ SEGMENT WHICH PRESENTS A RANDOM FLAG AND USER MUST PROVIDE NAME A SCORE IS MAINTAINED IN THIS SEGMENT THE FORTE OPTION PROVIDES USER WITE A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF EACE OF TEE SEGMENTS FOR USER S PERUSAL WITHIN THE TRAINING AND QUIZ SEGMENTS THERE ARE THREE TUTORIAL SESSIONS WITHIN THE REVIEW SEGMENT TEERE ARE FOUR SESSIONS THE FIRST SESSION WITHIN ANY OF THE SEGMENTS DISPLAYS A RANDOM FLAG FROM ONE HALF OF ALL THE FLAGS IN THE SECTION A M 2 9 1 SPECIAL PENNANTS TEE SECOND SESSION WITHIN ANY OF THE SEGMENTS DISPLAYS A RANDOM FLAG FROM THE REMAINING FLAGS IN THE SECTION N Z p p9 11 SPECIAL PENNANTS AND THE THIRD SESSION TAKES A RANDOM FLAG FROM TEE ENTIRE GROUF OF FLAGS AVAILABLE A Z 2 9 amp p2 p9 21 SPECIAL PENNANTS THE FOURTH SESSION WITHIN THE REVIEW SEGMENT ALLOWS THE USER TO DISPLAY ANY FLAG OF TEE USER S OWN CEOOSING OR ALL TEE FLAGS TOGETHER CONTENTS THERE ARE NO LIMITATIONS TO A TUTORIAL SESSION WHEN THE USER DESIRES TO TERMINATE A SESSION ALL TEAT IS REQUIRED IS end TO BE ENTERED THE USER WILL BE RETURNED mes SECTION MENU AT THE END OF EVERY SESSION THE USER MAY URN TO TEE MSLM OR QUIT FROM EITEER A SESSION OR AT TEE SECTION MENU LEVEL HOWEVER ONCE A SEGMENT HAS ELEN T
18. ISPLAY DECODING PORTION BOTH VERBOSITY AND DISPLAY CHOICES ARE ECHOED DEPENDING ON WEAT VERBOSITY SETTING CHOSEN SOME ADVISORY INFORMATION EITEER PROVIDED OR OMITTED CALLED FROM flag c MAIN SELECTION LEVEL MENU WITZ IN PUT h FLAGHOIST FORKS TO commands c IF USER SELECTS COMMAND OPTION FORKS AUTOMATICALLY TO flaghoist c AT END FORK OPTION TO quit c AND flag c AT MSLM AVAILABLE AT CERTAIN POINTS 43 FROGRAM flaghoist c PROGRAM SUMMARY STATEMENT DESCRIPTION PROVIDES USER WITH CURRENT VEREOSITY AND DISPLAY SETTINGS INFORMS USER TEAT FLAGS MAY BEGUN TO BE DISPLAYED ALLOWS USER TO TYPE IN ANY FLAG OR PENNANT BY NAME AND DISPLAYS FLAG OR PENNANT ON A SIMULATED HALYARD OF THE USERS CHOOSING IN FLAGHOIST ORDER USER MAY CHANGE MODIFY FLAGS DISPLAYED BY USING APPROPRIATE COMMANDS PROVIDED FROM THE COMMANDS LISTING WHEN THE USER HAS THE SIGNAL DISPLAYED ON THE SCREEN WEICH EE WANTS TO HAVE DECODED THE COMMAND decode IS ENTERED TEE PROGRAM RETURNS THE NAME OF THE FLAG S AND ITS THEIR FLAG POSITION S FOR THE USER TO CONFIRM BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO DECODE THE SIGNAL MFANING OF SIGNAL IS NATO CONFIDENTIAL WHEN ARRANGEMENT OF FLAGS AND MEANING ARE ASSOCIATED CONTENTS CALLED FROM submain c AUTOMATICALLY WEEN submain c ENDS FORKS TO commands c WHEN EITEEFR commands OR help ENTERED AUTOMATICALLY RETURNED AFTER COMMANDS ARE PRESENTED ON CRT ACCEPTS ANY CORRECT FLAG NAME OR COMMAND AND EITHER DISPLAYS
19. MEANING OF TEE DISPLAYED FLAGS PENNANTS ON CRT CONTENTS ALMOST ENTIRELY TRANSPARENT TO THE USER THIS SUBPROGRAM CONSISTS OF ONE VERY LARGE IF LOOP WHICH ATTEMPTS TO SEARCH FOR A MATCH BETWEEN WHAT IS IN THE FIRST ONE TO FOUR FLAG POSITIONS WITH A DATA BASE CONSISTING OF BASIC GROUPS EXTRACTED FROM ATP 1 B VOL II WEEN A MATCH OCCURS THE MEANING IS PRESENTED AND THE SEARCH CONTINUES USING THE NEXT GRCUP A GROUP IS DEFINED AS AN ARRAY OF THOSE UNIQUE FLAG NUMBERS UP TO BUT NOT INCLUDING A TACK 68 OR A SPACE 0 TACKS AND SPACES ARE DISREGARDED BUT ARE USED AS END OF ARRAY AUTOMATICALLY TO flaghoist c AFTER ALL FLAG NUMBERS HAVE BEEN SEARCEED FOR AND MEANING HAS HAS NOT BEEN FOUND AND PRESENTED ON THE SCREEN IF NO MATCE IS FOUND AN ADVISORY INFORMING THE USER OF THIS IS PRESENTED THIS SUBPROGRAM IS NATO CONFIDENTIAL AND SHOULD EE ACCORDED THE PROPER SECURITY FOR SUCH A CLASSIFICATION PROGRAM quit c PROGRAM SUMMARY STATEMENT DESCRIPTION REQUESTS THE USER BEFORE TERMINATING THE PROGRAM TO TYPE IN ANY COMMENTS THAT ARE DEEMED APPROPRIATE IF THE USER WISHES NOT TO COMMENT S HE THEN MAY EXIT DIRECTLY IF THE USER DESIRES TO RETURN TC THE PROGRAM S RHE ENTERS ret AND IS REINSTATED AT THE SAME LOCATION IN THE PROGRAM AS BEFORE CONTENTS PRESENTS A GRAPHICS TO WARN USER THAT THE END OF THE PROGRAM MAYBE NEAR IF USER INDICATES THAT S HE WISHES WILLING TO MAKE SOME COMMENTS THE INPUT FILE IS
20. NTS BENPETED TO submain c IF FLAGHOIST DISPLAY SELECTED TO quit c IF QUIT SELECTED CR TO THE SUBROUTINE Descr IF TRE USER WANTS TO REVIEW TEE DESCRIPTION DIAGRAM PRESENTATION OPTION AFTER VIEWING TEE MAIN SELECTION LEVEL MENU PROGRAM intro c PROGRAM SUMMARY STATEMENT DESCRIPTION PROVIDES THE OPENING GRAPEICS FOR TEE NAVY SIGNAL FLAGS AND PENNANTS PROGRAM DISPLAYS FLAGS WEICH SPELL CUT IN CLEAR TEXT NAVY FLAGS AND PENNANTS FOLLOWED BY WRITTEN TITLE OF PROGRAM AND AUTEOR S NAME CONTENTS CALLED AUTOMATICALLY BY flag c AND RETURNED AUTOMATICALLY TO flag c CONTAINS NO OPTIONS ENTIRE SUBPROGRAM IS NON INTERACTIVE SUGGEST TEIS SUBFROGRAM EE EYPASSED WHEN ACCESSING flag c A NUMBER OF TIMES WEIL PERFORMING ANY SORT OF MAINTENANCE SEE flag c AT FORK TO IRIS SUBPROGRAM FOR SUBSTITUTE CODE FOR BYPASSING THIS SUBPROGRAM 41 PROGRAM alphab c SO numbsze AND 1special c PROGRAM SUMMARY STATEMENT DESCRIPTION BY SELECTING THIS OPTION THE USER DESIRES TC LEARN STUDY THE INTERNATIONAL ALPHABET FLAGS 25 TEE NUMERAL FLAGS 12 AND PENNANTS 12 THE SPECIAL FLAGS AND PENNANTS 21 THE USER IS PROVIDED WITH A SECTION MENU WITE CHOICE OF FOUR MAIN OPTIONS BESIDES CAPABILITY TO QUIT AND TO RETURN TO THE MAIN SELECTION LEVEL MENU MSIM DEPENDING ON WHAT SEGMENT TYPE OF FLAG PRESENTATION IS DESIRED TEE TRAINING SEGMENT PROVIDES ONE SINGLE RANDOM FLAG WITH ITS CORRECT NAME SIMULTANEOUSLY REVIEW SEGMENT PROVID
21. ach can be considered as an indepen dent program However these independent programs when dis cussed in this thesis will be referred to es subprograms when the subprograms are considered all together they make up the graphic tutorial and decoding program A OVERVIEW This program provides a structure designed to assist an individual in learning to recognize the Navy signal flags end pennants and secondly to assist in decoding visual flaghoist signals in accordance with the ALLIzD MARITIME TACTICAL SIGNAL BOOK gt The 2rephics contained in the program ere usec to por end display the twenty six Internaticnal alphabet flags the ten numeral pennants and a code answer rennant a set of the numeral flags seventeen special flags and pen nants four substitute pennants and a tackline or tack In the tutorial portion these flags and pennants are showr individually in the display decode portion they are displayed in any number up to 32 on halyards in order to simvlete signal flegs and pennants es they would be used to send a message from a ship There are also graphics presen taticns which depict the orcsram framework in which the user will be working In each case the user s present location in the program is identified thereby giving a visual perspec live of where the user is in relationship to the rest of the program STRUCTURE Pees toute Of the program ccnsist of twic main POR TIONS the tutoriel
22. appears it is to mean to be either a flag or a pennant 1 Training Segment will provide the user with the op 2 portunity to learn and study one single flag at a time from the flags in the SECTION selected By presenting the user one randomly selected flag at a time along with its proper WRITTEN name except in the case of the International Alphabet Flags where the SPOKEN name is given the user can go through the mental process of associating a flag with a name The size or the group of flags from which a particular flag is select ed is ES option chosen by the user A fleg will remain on the color screen as long as the user desires to have it displayed The same flag will not appear until six other flags have been presented Another flag automatically appears each time the carriage re turn key is depressed Review Segment will allow the user to choose from two options The first option presents one ran domly selected fleg at a time from the SECTION in a similar manner as in the Training Segment Howev er unlike in the Training Segment the name of the flag does not appear simultaneously thereby giving the user the opportunity to identify the flag on 2t his own The correct name of the flag is delayed for four seconds When it appears it essentially vides instant feedback to the either in the form of reinforcement if properly identified or of correc tion if wrongly identified The second option
23. ase distribution unlimited A Graphic Tutorial and Decoding Program OE Navy Signal Flags and Pennants by Jay Kent Bien Lieutenant Commander United States Navy Bass Purdue University 1971 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY CS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL March 1981 ABSTRACT This is a highly graphic user oriented interactive software product which will assist the user to become more proficient at recognizing and employing Nevy signal flags and pennants whicn are used for visual ccmmunicaticns between naval vessels of all types A tutorial portion of the program has been designed with a number of cptions thereby allowing a user to tailor a recognition program to satisfy specific learning requirements The program is also capable of graphically displaying any grouping of flags and pennants chosen by the user in flaghoist order When the flags and pennants are arranged in accordance with the pro cedural doctrine set forth in the ALLIED MARITIME TACTICAL SIGNAL BOOK ATP 1 B Volume II the program demonstrates the capability of decoding the displayed signal into its predetermined meaning The current program is resident in the Secure Command Control and Communications Exercise La boratory C3 Lab at the Navy Postgraduate School TABLE Or CONTENTS MARGIN O E e Ave BACKGROUND i ee z B OBJECTIVE
24. c BEARING AND DIRECTION DISTANCE NOTE 1 128a b c METHOD OF ORDERING SECTORS NOTE 1 501 EMERGENCY EXECUTE SIGNAL S02 EMERGENCY ALARM SIGNALS 303 EMERGENCY ACTION SIGNAIS 1081 ANTIAIR WARFARE SIGNALS NOTE 1 WHERE APPLICABLE IN SIGNALS EXTRACTED FROM CHAPT 3 32 47 BIBLIOGRAPHY P Bell La Kernighan B W Programming in C A Tutorial boratories undated mihan B W and Ricthie D M The C Programming Language Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc 1978 Naval Ocean Systems Center Technical Document 247 A Guide to U S Navy Command Control and Communications by D A Paolucci N Polmar and J Patrick 1 July 1979 Signalman 3 amp 2 NAVTRA 12135 D Naval Education and raining Support Command 1975 Smith L B The Use of Interactive Graphics To Solve Numerical Problems Communications of the ACM v 13 October 1970 A 48 DISTHIBUTION LIST Nc Copies Defense Technical Information Center 2 Cameron Station Alexandria Virginia 22314 Library Code 142 e Naval Postgraduate School Monterey California 93940 C3 Laboratory Code 52 2 Neval Postgraduate School Monterey California 93940 Captain Wayne P Hughes Code 55Hl 1 Department of Operations Research Chair of Applied Systems Analysis Naval Postgraduate School Monterey California 93942 Lt Col J W Johnson Code 39 1 Naval Postgraduate School Monterey California 93942 Professor John M Wozencraft Code 74 5 Chairman
25. capability In addition to int Ar bor CRT terminals for entry retrieval 1 0 the system sup ports color graphics on Genisco display terminals By understanding and taking advantage of the close in teractive relationship between user and computer which is engendered by an on line system an effective user oriented 14 program can be realized To assemble ana collocate such a user oriented program was the primary programming objective To this end the final criteria used to determine whether code was tc be incorporated or rejected in the tutorial and decoding program was if the inclusion of some perticular code contributed in making the program more user oriented In the design cf e prcgrem where there is a high degree of interaction anticipated perhaps the most important con sideration is the appearance of the program to the user the man machine interface A program must be appealing for a user to want to use it more than once And if the program is to be utilized by a variety of individuals having varied levels of expertise or experience it has to be designed and formated in such a manner so that ANY user can understand what is expected at each point Censeauently the more advanced user may have to accept and be tolerant c this possible inconvenience although there are design cp tions that could be incorporated which have the potential to alleviate this problem to a great degree Such human en gineering considerations withi
26. compiler allows more streamlined graphics commands to be used in the Genisco source code 39 APPENDIX E SUBPROGRAM SUMMARY STATEMENTS PROGRAM flag c PROGRAM SUMMARY STATEMENT DESCRIPTION TEE INITIALLY CALLED PRCGRAM FOR THE NAVI SIGNAL FLAGS AND PENNANTS PROGRAM USER IS GREETED TO PROGRAM ON THE CRT AND REQUESTED TO AUTOMATICALLY WITE SOME BASIC PROGRAM REMINDERS FOLLOWING THIS THE USER IS GIVEN A CEOICE OF WEAT GENISCO SCREEN IS TO BE UTILIZED AFTER THIS HAS BEEN DETERMINED AND THE SELECTION ECHOED TEE PROGRAM THEN PRESENTS TO USER TEE FORMAL INTRODUCTION TC THE PROGRAM ON THE GENISCO SCREEN FOLLOWED BY AN OVERVIEW OF THE OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAM ON THE CRT TEE USER IS THEN ASKED IF A MORE DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM WITH A GRAPHIC DIAGRAM IS DESIRED IF THE USER SELECTS THIS OPTION A SIX PART SIMULTANEOUS CRT SCREEN DESCRIPTION DIAGRAM PRESENTATION IS PROVIDED THE USER CARRIAGE RETURN KEY AT TEE END OF TEIS OPTION THE USER IS AUTOMATICALLY PROVIDED WITH THE MAIN SELECTION LEVEL MENU MSLM WHERE EE MAY MAKE ONE OF SIX CHOICES IF THE USER DID NOT SELECT THE DESCRIPTION DIAGRAM CPTION THE MSLM IS PRESENTED IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE POINT WHERE WEEN TEE USER INDICATED THAT TEE OPTION WAS NOT DESIRED CONTENTS TRANSPARZNT TO THX USER WHEN SIGNING IN IS THAT THE NAME BEING ENTERED IS AUTOMATICALLY BEING PLACED IN A FILE CALLED INPUT IN A DIRECTORY PRESENTLY WITEIN BIEN NOTE THE PROGRAM MONITOR
27. e levels of detail to occur in the interface with the user For the no EE first time user the interface should contain de tailed explanations in order to insure that the user com pletely understands what is expected and what the program is capable of performing On the other hand an experienced user familiar with the program or subject matter might want to choose a mode of cperation witn few or no explanations and abbreviated communications terse messages A verbosity opticn can resolve the problem between presenting too much little Echoing which could be a verbosity option itself al lows the user instant feedback in order to verify thet the input entered which may even be used or enacted upon at a later time has been accepted and that it indeed was the correct option input desired in the first place A reversible request provides the user one last chance to consider the consequences of the most recently entered action without any dire consequences occurring In the exiting of e program the user is asked if terminetion 18 is actually desired If termination is indeed desired reconfirmed the user is thanked and then allcwed exit gracefully from the program If on the other hend the user wishes to return to the program and ccntinve the prc gram returns the user to the point in the program previously located A program is only useful if it can satisfy a user s needs and requirements Since
28. ennants Tutorial This SECTION contains a complete self contained tutorial which will provide the user a framework to become more pro ficient in the ability to recognize the 10 Interna tional Numeral pennants and the 12 Navy Numeral flags Special Flags and Pennants Tutorial This SECTION contains a complete self contained tutorial which will provide the user a framework to become more pro 24 4 5 ficient in the ability to recognize 21 special pen nants or flags The flags and pennants contained are preparative interrogative and negative governing pennants emergency formation station turn cor pen speed and screen maneuvering pennants first second third and fourth substitutes repeeter pen nants starboard direction pennant port direction flag division and squadron unit indicator flags and designation pennant and code answer pennant Flaghoist Display Decode This SECTION which is the display decode PORTION of the program is for the most part transparent to the user It is however a sig nificant part of the program It allows the user to display the flags and pennants that compose a signal which is to be sent or received It also has the ca pability to decode the signal if the display conforms to proper flaghoist signaling procedures as delineated in the ALLIED MARITIME TACTICAL SIGNAL BOOK The user is advised iF OB any reason the present flag pennant arrangement cann
29. entering help or will provide an advisory which will delineate the options available to rectify the situation The user must however nave some knowledge of flaghoist procedures and terminology to derive maximum benefit from the decoding section of the prcgram No other operator instructions should have to be given to the prospective user before beginning the program The program is self helping and uses simple interface commands The user has the opportunity to view detailed in structions and a graphic diagram describing the entire pro gram just after entering the program If the user opts not to see these he can bypass them and go directly into the Main Selection Level Menu MSIM however these instructions are always availeble to the user as one of the options in the MSLM The prceram employs the techniaues of interaction by an ticipation since the commands required to progress through the program are the characters corresponding to the correct name of the flag or pennant The remaining commands ere consistent in their meaning throughout the program and Should not be ambiguous to even the novice user 57 The program contains defaults in case the user mistyrpes an input If the input is not immediately acted upon the program will echo the user s entry Within the decoding portion of the program there is a verbosity option which al lows the user to tailor the amount of information received after an entry is made There are
30. for fleg al lowing the originetor to immediately confirm that those sent the signal received it correctly In addition flaghoist signaling eptly meets meny security prcvisions which can be considered a prime requisite for naval communications Not cnly is tne range limited the meening of the signal itself can only be found in a classified signal publication 3 nally flaghoist signeling may be the only means of expedi tious tactical communications during emergency conditions when any scrt of electronic emissions from a ship may te prohibited for the very safety of that ship In flaghoist signaling the U S Navy uses 68 flags These include the international elphebet flags 26 numerel pennents 10 and a Code Answer pennant a set of numeral flags 10 special flags end pennants 17 end four sub stitutes or repeaters Each alphabet flag has the phonetic name of the letter it represents A numeral FLAG takes the name of the numeral it represents numeral PENNANTS are only wed in cell signs Special flags and pennants are used in tactical maneuvers tc direct changes tc speed position Ese end formation to indicate end identify units end for specialized purposes In addition to the flags used for signaling there is the tackline or tack The tackline is used to separate flags or groups of flags which if not separeted could convey another meaning from that intended In rost cases the tack is included in the signal to avoid
31. ion with the possibility of running several remote graphic CRTs if graphics were desired and a hand calcu lator configuration if graphics were not particularly necessary The program would be used when a vessel was re ceiving a flaghoist or flashing light or semaphore mes sage The duty signalman would enter the flags on e keyboard o2 as they are visually read After entering the flags which make up the signal the user merely has to type decode verify or confirm that the flags are the ones sent before reading the meaning of the signal on a screen CRT cr in e window The Commanding Officer and or Officer of the Deck could also be previded with a remote CRT so that the message could be instantaneously delivered to the vltirate intended receiver The tutorial portion of the program would be util ized onboard ship to keep proficiency high in recognition of the flags and on shore at those installations where signal flag training is a requirement for example Signalman A Schcol Officer Candidate Schcol and Surface Warfare Officer School One of the additions that would make the program more appealing would be to reduce and or convert the present prc gram which is dependent on the PDP 11 72 and Genisco to one which fits into a microcomputer with a graphics capabil ity or into smaller still a pocket trarsletor calculator size device without a graphics capability Putting the pro gram excluding the graphics capability f
32. its assets and in herent capabilities as an integral and major part o the thesis itself 2 To actively apply various programming techniques and design principles expounded in various academic courses to a specific real world and Service related toplc of interest and 3 To create a product which has the potential to be a meaningful contribution to the U S Navy 13 II PROGRAMMING OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES The graphic tutorial and decoding program for Navy sig nel flags and pennants which satisfies the above objective was designed to be used on a PDP 11 72 computer located in the Secure Command Control and Communicetions Exercise La boratory C3 Lab at the Navy Postgraduate School The C3 Lab wes developed for use as a research test and evalua tion and experimentation facility Designated a Remote Site Module RSM the C3 Lab is part of a secure computer network which also includes the Naval Ocean Systems Center NOSC in San Diego California Commander in Chief U S Pacific Fleet in Pearl Harbor Hawaii and the Fleet Numer ical Oceanographic Center located in Monterey California This secure network is referred to as the Advanced Command and Control Architectural Testbed ACCAT and is certified to be able to handle and store classified material up to and 0313 5 SECRET A UNIX operating system is resident in the C3 Labs PDP 11 78 and provides an on line time sharing computing system
33. many of these desires are not fully kncwn until the user is actually using it a built in feature to accept keyed in comments criticism or sugges tions can be extremely worthwhile Net cnly will it permit the user to vent possible anger the comments where feasi ble can be invaluable in developing improvements to the ex isting program thereby enhencing the overall man machine in terface appearance of the program itself Finally a program is a tool If it somehow conveys an of superiority to the user the user may be in Clined not to employ it Therefore a conunscienticus and deliberate effort must be made on the part of the creator of a program to treat tne user with respect and courtesy No other approach toward the user can be as effective 19 IU ROC RAM DESCRIPTION The graphic tutorial end decoding program for Navy sig nal flags and pennants that wes created consists of 12 seperately compiled programs which have been structured to iauMEPact with one another Cemtain values are carried between various programs to maintain continuity among all of the programs Memory space limitations during the compile tion cf a program and the conscientious effort in keeping with good programming practices to modularize the program into a number of less cumbersome programs was the rationale behind breaking up the program into the 12 separate pro grams Any one of the 12 programs can virtually stand alone and therefore e
34. n a program can be sore of the mest time ccnsuming and trcublesome to resolve in creat ing a program There are a number of generally accepted design princi ples that should be considered when creating a user orient ed interactive program All the following design principles were utilized in the tutoriel and decoding progrem 15 1 Self explanatory 2 Self nelping 3 Simple interfece with user 4 Interaction by anticipation 5 Optional verbosity 6 Echoing Althcugh more transparent to a user then those above the following are also considered as necessary elements for a truly successful user oriented interactive prcgram 7 The exiting from a program should be a reversible request 8 The program should be able to accept direct comment from the user 9 The user should never be embarrassed belittled or Chastised Each one of the abcve listed design principles is described more fully in the following remaining peragraphs A self explanatory program is one which presents the user sufficient tutorial information about the program it self to enable the user to proceed without reference to some external source of explanation a separate user s manuel for example This is accomplished by presenting certain neces Sary and basic items and allcwing the user to opt for addi tional supplementary or tutorial material if desired A self helping program provides checking of user in
35. nity should be approached to see if such a product has real user appeal If it is well received still another major hurdle must be overcome That hurdle is cost The present system for learning the flags and pen nants used in flaghoist and decoding and encoding flaghoist displayed signals consists of a pack of 68 185 54 Cards and one formidable publication What is proposed to replace these items would require a rather sophisticated though easy to operate piece of computer equipment Although the cost of such equipment is decreasing continu ously it may still be too high to make it practical A cost versus value study would have to be conducted before furtner substantial time investments are devoted to actually writing the decoding code It is the opinion of the author after Studying the matter that the tutorial and decoding product is beneficial from the user s standpoint but that its mone tary cost may be prohibitive at this time The final improvement that is recommended would be to create design and develop a natural language ENCODE coun terpart to the decode portion of the program This would be a formidable undertaking but great strides have been made recently in natural language query routines and systems o the techniques derived could be applicable in developing an efficient encoding scheme 55 APPENDIX A PROGRAM OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS An individual desiring eitner to view the scurce code or
36. or the present time on a chip so that it could be then easily updated end even encrypted when necessary in order that it then could be put into some small hand held device is the ulti mate goal To speed the precess between reading the flegs and being presented the meaning voice input of the flags possibly could be added In any case memory space and size 55 studies would have to be conducted on the feasibility of any of the above configurations before the present program could be made more readily available to its potential users in the Fleet Before the program can be considered completely ready for evaluation and use the decoding portion of the program must be finished Presently the program can only claim to demonstrate the capability The author however has care fully selected those chapters thus far incorporated in the program as representative of the remaining material in ATP 1 B Vol II For this reason there does not appear to be anything more intricate to program than what has already been done Memory space may become a limitation but this should not be difficult to overcome on the PDP 11 70 Research into possibly a better method and or language to code this portion of the program could lead to a program more efficient overall A premise of this thesis was that the stated objective was worthy enough to develop an alternate approach in order to satisfy it Now that an alternative has been developed the user commu
37. ose flags that were incorrectly identified after being given two opportunities are listed C INDIVIDUAL SUBPROGRAM DESCRIPTIONS By referring to Appendix P a complete description of each of the subprograms can be obtained The Program Sum mary Statement located at the beginning of each subprogram has been extracted directly from each of the source subpro grams and contains a description and a content section The description contains a detailed sequential rvn through of what each subprogram outwardly presents to the user The content contains a brief outline of the structure which is for the most part transparent to the user The content section also delineates the subprogram s relationship s with other subprograms The complete source code for each of the subpregrams was originally to be included as part of the thesis However because o the length of some cf the subprograms this in 29 clusion was considered es impractical Access to the code is a relatively easy evolution to perform for anyone who wishes to cbtain a ccpy of any or all of the source subprograms Appendix A outlines the necessary procedure to acquire ac Bess Figure 2 located on the next page depicts the rela tionships the various subprograms nave among one another The titles on the diagram are the compiled programs names as they are actually called og suerdordqng 03 4109 Jo 1900 1 Toy 1 dye Spueuuoo Ed
38. ot be decoded Detailed Program Description Diagram this selection provides the user with a detailed program description which appears on the terminal while simultaneously presenting a graphic structure diagram on the color screen This description diagram is the same option eo the user is given when first entering the program It is intended to give the user a perspective on the pro gram what options are available and the user s current location within the program This selection automatically returns the user to the Main Selection Level Menu at the completion of the presentation 6 Quit this selection allows the user to quit exit the program In fact this is an option that the user may opt for at any time when an input is required to advance the program However before being permit ted to actually leave the program the user is re quested to type in any pertinent comments about any aspect cf the program The quit process is reversible the user will be returned to the same place in the program if if he decides not to terminate enin each of the above first three selections the tutorial PORTION of the program the user is given the choice of selecting one of three SEGMENTS besides three other options TRAINING SEGMENT REVIEW SEGMENT QUIZ SEGMENT BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEGMENTS RETURN TC MAIN SELECTION LEVEL MENU QUIT 26 ori et description of each SaGMENT follows Where the word flag
39. re quires the user to type enter the name of the flag that is desired to be presented on the screen Each time a name ds typed the specific flag is shown By entering all the user is shown all the flags in the SECTION on the screen Simultaneously This call up option allows for the lag of the user s own choosing to be shown thereby provid The structure for the user to go through the mental process of of associating a neme with a flag Quiz Segment will present the user with one random ly selected flag at a time from the SECTION The fleg will remaln cn the screen for five seconds and then disappear The user is then required to identify the flag by typing in its name on the keyboard The user is informed by an advisory if whet is entered is Conr ect Or dot If correct a new quiz flag is presented If incorrect the flag will reeppear and the user is given another chance to identify it The flag will not disappear after five seconds as before it will remain on the screen until another input by 28 Me USeT IS made Ir the user correctly identifies it an advisory informs the user and a new euiz flag is offered If incorrectly identified the flags nare is given and the program then presents the user a new flag to identify The quiz can be terminated at any time When the user ends the auiz a score in given based on the number of correctly identified flags made on the initial viewing of the flag The names of th
40. three different verbosity levels to choose from The program allows the user to quit and exit the program from any point but reauires the user to verify his intention to uit before the program helts and returns to the UNIX shell command level Prior to quitting the user is re quested to enter any comment s that may be considered ap propriate In order to monitor the utility of the progrem code hes been incorporated within two of the subprograms which will record time of user entry and exit along with any comments that the user makes when quitting the program These sub programs will have to be modified if someone other than the author would like this information Subprograms flag c and quit c have been documented sufficiently to permit someone else to do this All the subprograms are written in the c language A basic understanding of cc is necessary if the reader in tents to modify the subprograms themselves A conscientious effort was made to provide detailed documentation along with each subprogram 38 All the subprograms were compiled using the compiler command kec For example to compile the subprogram flag c all programs must have a filename of the form filename c the shell command kcc filename is en tered followed by a carriage return kcc is a fileneme itself containing the following compiler command calls cc 1 c usr graphics genlib a usr graphics genlib a usr graphics genlib a This
41. tire ordeal My only regret is that I was unable to make the flags flutter in the breeze as Lt Col Tom Stack had requested I INTRODUCTION A BACKGROUND Most visual communications systems presently in use on board United States Navy ships have been employed in much the same manner for centuries Their continued use is evi dence of their utility and significance Of the visual sys tems incorporated today flaghoist is the one most fre quently used even though its use is limited to the hours of daylight Flaghoist is commonly used for close in communi tions in the fleet Flaghoist involves the use of coded flags and pennants Usually these flags and pennants are displayed prominently On a hoist running up to a yardarm on the ship s mast Each flag to include pennants represents a letter a numeral or a designated special meaning One flag or a grouping of flegs in a prescribed order constitute a signal In gen eral a flaghoist signal ensures a more uniform execution of a maneuver than any other system o visual communications Flaghoist signaling provides a rapid and accurate system cf passing tactical and administrative information Flagholst is rapid because by hoisting and displaying one or more flags that have a predetermined meaning a ship can communicate simultaneously with all ships in company It is E 2 6 system for the reason that the receivers of the Signal are required to repeat the signal flag
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