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1. 5 STAGE 2 DELINEATE FOREST BOUNDARY AND DEVELOP SAMPLING DESIGN 7 Step1 Delineate forest area and prepare map 7 Step2 Stratify and calculate area 13 Step3 Layout sampling plots on the map 16 STAGE THREE CARRY OUT THE MEASUREMENT IN THE FIELD 22 Step 1 Layout the sample plots on the ground Step 2 Carry out measurement and recording STAGE Four COMPILE ANALYZE AND INTERPRET THE DATA 33 Step 1 Compile the data 33 Step 2 Enter the data 33 Step 3 Analyze the data 34 Step 4 Interpret the data 36 ANNEXES 2nn nnn nnn nnn nnn nnn AARE 39 This toolkit provides methods and tools for carrying out the inventory of non timber forest products NTFPs It provide a basis for the sustainable management of NTFPs that supports both conservation of biodiversity and the generation of income and employment for the rural people Thus in resource rich areas
2. measurements entered in spreadsheets should be rechecked for accurate entry of the data Taking 576 sample of the total the entered data need to be cross checked Likewise the data must be entered in similar unit Format 7 shows an example of Mme Block Block area SLOPE FORMAT 7 DATA ENTRY FORMAT ASPECT ALTITUDE SOIL TYPE ASSOCIATED SPECIES Transect line PLOT NO SPECIES NUMBER OF REGENERATION data entry spreadsheet for NTFP root and rhizomes Similarly the data entry spreadsheet is prepared for each category considering the data collection format Then the data are entered into the spreadsheets ANSAB has developed analysis software for Lokta Danphe bholua Argeli Edgeworthia gardnerii wintergreen Gaultheria fragrantissima and trees With such spreadsheet in place field information can be directly entered and results obtained easily Step 3 ANALYZE THE DATA The analysis of inventory data gives plant and stock density of timber and NTFPs total growing stock fresh and dry hectare e annual harvestable stock for each species per hectare and total growing stock and harvestable stock species wise in forest block and whole forest area NUMBER OF MATURE PLANTS FRESH WEIGHT kg REMARKS The following steps should be followed for analysis of data
3. 3 1 Summarize plot level field data First of all data of each species collected from the field needs to be summarized at the plot level This includes plot level summation of the number of regeneration number of plant and fresh weight of product kg Conversion ratio for Jatamasi Kutki and Sumpati is given in Box 6 This step is simple and straight forward if a database has been maintained otherwise it can be done manually by summing values from the field datasheets with the help of pocket calculator BOX 6 Fresh and dry weight conversion ratio Fresh weight of the Jatamansi Kutki and Sunpati can be converted into dry weight using conversion factor 0 44 0 61 and 0 44 respectively It was developed by ANSAB for Karnali zone When conversion factor is avail able destructive sampling is not necessary Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products 3 2 Derive per hectare values from plot data multiply per hectare fresh weight of the The plot level data summarized in section product calculated by step 2 of Table 3 1 need to be converted into per hectare 16 by a fresh wt to dry wt conversion values For this factor to derive per hectare dry weight divide the values derived from step 1 3 3 Find block level total dry weight of the product of Table 16 by the area of the block in The block level dry weight of the product can hectare be calculated by multiplying per hectare dry convert per h
4. 24 24 24 4 8 4 6 4 6 46 4 6 4 6 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 10 12 10 12 10 12 10 12 10 12 10 12 12 14 12 14 12 14 12 14 12 14 12 14 14 16 14 16 14 16 14 16 14 16 14 16 gt 16 gt 16 gt 16 gt 16 gt 16 gt 16 STEP 4 MEASUREMENT AND RECORDING Twenty major tree species and twenty NTFP species were recorded Only seven tree species and Lokta were inventoried in greater detail Stock of Lokta was recorded for predetermined girth classes as provided in format to identify sustainable harvesting levels Table 19 Step 5 DATA ANALYSIS AND ESTIMATION OF SUSTAINABLE HARVEST LEVELS The stock of Lokta was estimated for community forest using data analysis software of Lokta by ANSAB Using the inventory result and available secondary sources growth rate stem diameter and bark yield relations etc sustainable yield was prescribed for five years Every year the FUG can obtain approximately 20 000 kg of Lokta bark that produced 7200 kg of handmade paper Sampling error can be expected but experiences afterwards showed that the estimate provided a fairly accurate basis to judge the potential of Lokta supply upon which enterprise decisions could be made STEP 6 INCORPORATION OF MANAGEMENT PROVISIONS IN FMP The information was used to prescribe harvesting system for timber as well as NTFP used in subsistence and or income generating activities Th
5. Challenges and Opportunities for Nepal s Small and Medium Forest Enterprises Subedi B P 2006 Linking Plant Based Enterprises and Local Communities to Biodiversity Conservation in Nepal Himalaya ANSAB Adroit Publishers New Delhi ANSAB and FECOFUN 2005 Forest Certification in Nepal In Nepali Kathmandu ANSAB and SNV Nepal 2003 Commercially Important Non Timber Forest Products NTFPs of Nepal In Nepali Kathmandu ANSAB 2003 Forest Products Based Enterprise Development Field Manual In Nepali Kathmandu Subedi B P Binayee S B Ojha H R and Nicholson 2002 Community Based Enterprises in Nepal Case Studies Lessons and Implications ANSAB and SNV Nepal Kathmandu ANSAB EWW and IRG 2006 Role of Natural Products in Resource Management Poverty Alleviation and Good Governance A Case Study of Jatamansi and Wintergreen Value Chains in Nepal ANSAB 1999 Monitoring the Effects of Community Based Conservation and Commercial Utilization of Natural Products in Humla Nepal ANSAB 1999 Socio Economic and Institutional Impacts of Community Based Ecosystem Management Project in Humla Nepal Video Documentaries on Forest Certification Steps Towards Sustainability English and Nepali 30 Minutes In Search of Yarshagumba English and Nepali 29 Minutes Community Enterprises In Nepali 29 Minutes The Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources ANSAB is a civil society organization t
6. Distance measurement one survey station to next survey station Tracingthe map and for forest area calculation Sample plots navigation Plot boundary delineation Locating plot boundary and distance measurement Measuring diameter of the tree at breast height Measuring the ground slope top and bottom angle to the tree Measuring tree height and establishing circular plots without the use of tapes and clinometers Measurement of canopy cover or canopy density Digging samples Collect and weigh the sample root rhizome leaf bark fruit and flowers and whole plants Cutting and collection of NTFP sample Cutting herbs fruits leaves and other parts of plants Weighing herbs grasses and leaf litters Recording the measured variable of timber and non timber species This orientation training provides knowledge and skill of measurement and recording of data During the orientation training the field team should also develop a practical action plan including activities responsible person and time frame see Table 3 for sample action plan used by ANSAB in Nepal Responsibilities of the team member should be divided on the basis of their individual capacities interest and commitment TABLE 3 Sample of action plan It is better if the team members remain same throughout the process of forest resource inventory In doing so most of team members acquire adequate knowledge thus developing themselves as local resource per
7. September 4 Bhojpatra Betula utilis July November 5 Kaulo Persea sps February April 6 Dalchini Cinnamomum tamala February April 1 Barro Terminalia belerica February April 8 Harro Terminalia chebula February may Name of CF Block name no DITS TIT eee a IS FL i eee Transect line no DIAMETER CLASS cm Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products FORMAT 3 RECORDING FORMAT FOR BARK Soil type by color by texture Associated species Other features FRESH STOCK OF BARK OF SELECTED TREE 20 1 30 30 1 40 gt 40 Fresh stock kg Conversion factor Herbs bark fiber There are few plants in this category Allo is one of the major species and its measurement method is described below Count the clumps and number of stems per clump within sample plot Name of CF Block Plot no take a fresh weight of bark of individual stem and make clump by tightening it with rope in five percent sample plots take the prepared clumps of Allo plant and put into water body e g small pond tap and stream for 24 hours FORMAT 4 FORMAT FOR ARGELI OBSERVATION AND MEASUREMENT Associated species Other features remove c
8. TITLE RESPONSIBILITIES Team leader forest technician or facilitator Navigation to the plot 4 amp 5 Diameter measurer e Diameter measurement 3 1 Prepare formats for data collection The facilitator should prepare formats for data collection as per the categories of NTFPs to be inventoried as given in stage three of this toolkit The inventory format for timber is given in Annex 2 and other formats are available in stage three However in this stage the facilitator can modify the formats as per inventory objectives and make required copies by printing or photocopying 3 2 Arrange inventory equipment Now the facilitator arrange field measurement equipment for the inventory work All instruments Table 2 should be collected early on so that they can be checked and calibrated in advance The facilitator has to ensure that every instrument is functioning well so that fieldwork can move without any disturbance Similarly a complete checklist should be prepared for ensuring that no instrument is left behind Determine the plot edge and trees within the plots Height measurement of trees Supervision of the team and work quality e Assist Team leader for determining the edge of the plot EQUIPMENT MATERIALS TO BE USED GPS or compass and tape Linear tape or measuring rope or Vertex IV Clinometers or Vertex IV and linear tape Checklist of equipment and materials DBH tape Clinometer Vertex IV tape s
9. transects line measured within area of shrub strata where shrubs herbs and regeneration are measured Total length of transect in a strata m Total length of transect intercepted by tree composite plots m Plot to plot distance m Total sample plots required for shrub species total sample plots overlapped in tree composite plots For multiple herbs strata Find out the number of sample plots remained to be measured for each herb products in its stratum area by deducting the number of overlapped sample plots during the tree and shrub measurement No of plots to measure multiple herbs Total no of multiple herb plots Total no of shrub plots Plot to plot distance TABLE 9 Plot to plot distance for variety of plant life form NAME OF LIFE FORM NUMBER OF SAMPLE PLOT PLOT NUMBER OF SAMPLE STRATA OR PRODUCTS PLOTS SIZE DISTANCE PLOTS OVERLAPPED STEP FIRST DISTRIBUTE SAMPLE PLOTS FOR TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS Tp Timber forest products XX XX Xx shrub plots and xx herbs plots STEP SECOND DISTRIBUTE THE SAMPLE PLOTS FOR SHRUB NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS Sp Shrub products XXX X Xx herb plots STEP THIRD DISTRIBUTE THE SAMPLE PLOTS FOR HERBS NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS h1 h2 amp h3 Herbs XXXX X hl amp h2 Herbs XXXX X hi amp h3 Herbs KXXX X h2 amp h3 Herbs XXXX X hi herh XXXX Y h2 herb XXXX x h3 herb XXXX X Now distribute the number of sample pl
10. 24 Recommended optimal harvesting practices for sustainable use of Chiraito PLANT SPECIES AND PARTS HARVESTED OPTIMAL HARVEST SEASON OPTIMAL ROTATIONAL INTERVAL Chiraito whole plant OPTIMAL PERCENTAGE OF PLANT NOT HARVESTED November 20 plants undisturbed January OPTIMAL HARVESTING METHOD Whole plants pulled or dug out carefully with prescribed tool kuto from the sample plots Annex 2 Inventory format for tree products and shrubs and herbs not selected for rotos commercial purpose PLOT WISE Forest Resource INVENTORY SHEET Sample plot size 500 m for trees 100 m for Pole Sapling and Shrub and 4 for regeneration Background Information NAME OF FMU PLOT REFERENCE Name of forest Transect line no Block name no Plot No Block area GPS point X Strata no GPS point Y Il General Characteristics of the Plot ASPECT CIRCLE WHERE APPROPRIATE Soil depth m Tree crown cover 96 Soil type clayey loam sandy boulder Shrub crown cover Soil color Ground cover N S E W NE NW SE SW Slope average degree Altitude m Trees stock measurement regeneration sapling pole and trees 4 m for regeneration 100 m for sapling and pole 500 m for trees Pole Trees Dead and Diameter class 10 30 cm All standing trees and diameter class gt 30 over mature Girth class 30 90 cm
11. dry wt conversion factor Step 4 Finding block level total dry stock of the product To arrive at the block level dry weight of the product 4 multiply per hectare dry weight of the product by the block area hectare Step 5 Finding total dry stock of the product in the whole forest Finally summation of the dry weights of the product from the entire block q gives the total dry stock of the product in the whole forest TABLE 17 Format for harvestable stock calculation NAME OF THE SPECIES TOTAL STOCK KG A ANNUAL ALLOWABLE HARVEST AAH KG A B TABLE 18 Species and annual allowable harvest AAH LOCAL NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME AAH Atis Delphinium himalayai 80 Yarsagumba Cordyseps sinensis 90 Nirmasi Delphinium denudatum 15 Kutki Picrorhiza scrophulariflora 80 Ban Lasun Allium wallichii 19 Jatamansi Nardostachys grandiflora 80 Lokta Danphe bholua 70 80 Allo Girardiana diversifolia 90 Kaulo Persea sps 50 Tejpat Cinnamomum tamala 10 Sunpati Rhododendron anthopogan 70 Loth Salla Taxus baccata 50 60 Dalechuk Hippophae tibetana 75 80 Timur Zanthoxylum armatum 80 Chiraito Swertia chiraita 15 80 Pipla Piper longum 90 3 4 Calculate total dry stock of the product STEP 4 INTERPRET THE DATA in the whole forest The analyzed information such as area Finally summation of the dry weights of characteristics physical features plant the produc
12. in Metric Feet The Pivot offset is equal to the distance between the front side of the instrument to the aimed point where the prolonging of the sight line from the transponder and the top of the tree coincide The imagined point is located somewhere behind your neck and the value should in normal cases be to 0 3 m 1 0 feet Since the Vertex IV will presume that the transponder T3 is placed directly under the aimed height of the measuring object when the object is equal to a tree a half of the objects diameter should be added to the Pivot Offset This compensates for the diminishment of the tree top When measuring tree heights it is recommended to add half the average diameter in the area for improved accuracy T HEIGHT TRANSPONDER HEIGHT Change the value with the arrow keys and confirm with ON The value is set in metric feet is the height where the transponder is set the reference height for the measuring unit The Vertex IV adds the preset T HEIGHT to the measured height Normal breast height value is set to 1 3 m 4 5 ft M DIST MANUAL DISTANCE This function is useful when measuring without the transponder Change value with the arrow keys and confirm with the ON key The value is shown in metric or feet M DIST is the manual distance to the reference point on the object where the height is measured Make sure that the is correctly set i e the height to
13. loohipesker t The Vertex IV has three keys Two arrow keys and one ON key To turn the Vertex IV off press DME and IR keys together lt gt Vertex IV and the transponder T3 each use an alkaline or a rechargeable battery of 1 5 V AA The battery is placed under the battery cap plus pole down Data in the Vertex can be sent through IR or Bluetooth Annex 3 Description of equipment Vertex IV and Transponder Silva survey master and densitometer Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products SETTING UP THE EQUIPMENT All settings to measure heights distances and angles are made in the SETUP menu Choose between metric or feet degrees or percentage pivot offset transponder height and manual distance ie ae Start the Vertex IV by P OFFSET 03 T HEIGHT 13 ressing ON Press an 5 y M DIST 034 5 of the arrow keys to go to the SETUP page and press ON to enter into settings Step to the parameter using ON and change values with the arrow keys METRIC FEET Choose if height and distance values should be featured in METRIC or FEET Shift with the arrow keys and confirm your choice with ON DEG GRAD Select Angle unit as Deg degrees 0 to 360 GRAD gradients 0 to 400 or percentage by pressing the arrow keys Confirm by pressing ON P OFFSET Pivot Offset Change the value with the arrow keys and confirm your choice with ON The value is shown
14. mand 4 m 4m Shrubs and herh species Herh species decide the size area of sample plots for each stratum and calculate the number of sample plots for all products dividing total sample size area by area of a sample plot i e No of sample Area of strata ha x sampling intensity x 100 plot for a strata n ha sampling y size of sample plot m Similarly calculate the required number of sample plots for all strata of timber and all life forms of NTFPs separately See Table 8 for reference Example Sample plot determination Sample plot to be taken for whole forest Total forest area 200 ha Tree dominant forest Sampling intensity 0 5 96 Sample size 10000 m Sample plot size 100 m Number of sample plots for whole forest lt Sample plot to be taken for L D strata Area of D strata 2112 5 ha Sample size for L D strata 0 0775 ha 775 m Sample plot size for Lokta 100 m Total number of sample plots for L D Strata Area of strata 10000m Sample plot size 100m Area of strata 775 m 7 75 8 Sample plot size 100 TABLE 8 Number of sample plots STRATA NO NUMBER OF SAMPLE PLOT FOR INVENTORY REMARKS TREE SHRUB HERB 3 3 Distribute the plots on map and prepare field index table The following activities are carried out to distribute the sample plots on map identify the very steep and rocky
15. name Trees on the border must be included if 25076 of their basal area falls within the plot and excluded if gt 502 of their basal area falls outside the plot Trees overhanging into the plot are excluded but trees with their trunk inside of the sampling plot and branches out are included Note that for stems with irregularities measurements is done according to the principles illustrated in Figure 13 Height measurement Within the tree composite plots the height of each mature and pole size tree is measured using clinometers or Silva survey master or Vertex IV and transponder procedures to use these equipment is given in Annex 3 The data recording format is given in Annex 2 Shrub and herbs measurement Within tree composite plots number average height and shrub diameter are measured and recorded Similarly all the herbs which are commercially not important are counted and recorded However the selected commercial NTFPs are measured applying the methods as described below 2 2 NTFPs measurement The measurement techniques for NTFPs are different from timber and may also differ within NTFP species due to variability in season of growth e g flowers can be measured only in the flowering season rotation period and varieties of products Thus the method of measurement for each category of NTFP is discussed as below 2 2 1 Roots and rhizomes There are large number of plant species that have commercially im
16. provide detailed methods and tools for the assessment of timber as timber inventory methods and tools are already developed and are widely available Stage One The stage one of this toolkit contains steps and activities essential for preparation of inventory It starts with how the facilitator should set the groundwork for carrying out detailed inventory in subsequent stages It has four steps see Figure 2 At the end of this stage the following outputs are expected e the facilitator is prepared for inventory major commercial NTFPs are identified for a detailed inventory community members are prepared for inventory work and anaction plan for forest inventory is prepared at the forest management unit FMU level STEP 1 PREPARE YOURSELF Before proceeding inventory the facilitator needs to do three major activities First while this toolkit is meant to be comprehensive it will be beneficial to collect more recent experiences and methods on NTFP inventory methods techniques and tools This toolkit should be studied in detail and any government directive and inventory methods available from other sources should be reviewed It is also important to have training on the methods of using the inventory instruments if the facilitator does not have prior experience about it Another toolkit on Participatory biodiversity monitoring in community managed forests published by ANSAB 2010 provides methods a
17. sample size was determined In order to take the measurement the sample plot size was used an area of 4 Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products TABLE 19 Distribution and production of the Jatamansi by different combinations of association with other species SPECIES AND ITS ASSOCIATION MEAN GROUND COVER 96 Jatamansi only 30 62 2112 49 426 92 Jatamansi and Kutki 50 35 2022 16 1011 08 Jatamansi and Sunpati 22 6 1919 47 332 80 Jatamansi Kutki and Sunpati 19 65 1771 25 726 00 Similarly the fresh weight ratio was determined for Jatamansi using the measured fresh and dry biomass of the Jatamansi as below PLANT SPECIES Jatamansi FRESH PRODUCTS kg ha A total of 1502 sample plots were systematically distributed along the transect line in the strata with calculated plot to plot distance Step 4 Measurement and recording Observations were made and measurements of specified variables were taken from each sample plot using the standard inventory form developed for the study Five places were selected from the best looking spots in terms of density A total of 10 replications were made for destructive harvesting The numbers of individuals were counted fresh weight was taken in the field and their dry weight was taken after drying on solar heat Similarly the numbers of individual were only counted in rest of the sample plots RATIO OF FRESH DRY WEIGHT aes e a 1707 DRY PRO
18. the chosen reference point To perform any of the operations described below ensure a battery in placed in the T3 properly and keep the measuring unit s loudspeaker towards the T3 s loudspeaker TURNING THE T3 ON AND OFF The T3 has no switch and the Vertex is used as a remote control to turn T3 off and on For both turning the T3 on and off turn on the Vertex IV press any of the arrow keys to go to the CALIBRATE page and press ON to enter into calibration and do as follows n 1 2 cm y To turn T8 ON Press ON until two signals beeps from the T3 To turn T3 OFF Press ON until four signals beeps from the T3 The T8 is equipped with an audible signal that tells if the transponder is activated or not Once turned on the T3 Transponder stays activated for approximately 20 minutes CALIBRATION To increase and optimize the measuring accuracy the instrument should be calibrated on a regular basis The measuring fault can be made permanent if the instrument is calibrated before reaching the correct current temperature Therefore when calibrating it is of utmost importance that the instrument has been given enough time to stabilize at ambient temperature Use a measuring tape to measure the exact distance of 10 0 m 32 8 feet between the T3 and the Vertex front Press ON to start Vertex instrument step in the menu to CALIBRATE and press ON The instrument will calibrate to 10 m
19. units or the aniverse from which samples are taken Sampling A way of taking a part of the population or forest as a representative of the whole Stratification Division of a forest or population into more or less homogenous units in order to reduce errors in sampling Total growing stock The sum of the stock by number volume or weight of all the timber and in a forest or its part Transect line A line drawn in the map according to a pre defined rule to represent a route in the forest along which transect walk will be carried out Transect walk A walk along the transect line with which pre defined observations are made and recorded Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products Table of Content ii Acronym v Glossary i Table of Content ii About this toolkit STAGE 1 GET PREPARED 3 Step1 Prepare yourself 3 Step2 Build rapport and make a preliminary plan for inventory 3 Step3 Prepare formats and arrange field equipment 4 Step4 Provide orientation training to the inventory team
20. 0 Pakhanhed Bergenia ciliata September November 11 Bhutkesh Selinum wallichianum October November 12 Bojho Acorus calamus November December 13 Bikh Aconitum spicatum October November 14 Atis Delphinium himalayii October November Measurement and data recording The following are the ways in which rhizomes and roots are measured and recorded Count the selected species within sample plot and record it on the Format 1 In addition record the name of associated species in the plot BOX 5 Calculating dry weight of roots In order to calculate dry weights of the sample carry out the following activities keep safely the collected samples in a plastic bag or in cloth or in sacs and conversion factor Calculate conversion factor if unavailable Dig or uproot all the roots and rhizome of selected NTFP from 4 m plot Take the average fresh weight of a plant during the inventory Dry the roots rhizome in sun or oven Weigh the dried roots and rhizome please see Box 5 Calculate conversion factor using following formula dry weight of the sample fresh weight of sample Conduct this process in five percent of total sample plots only dry the root continuously on sun heat or oven if available until the sample gets constant weight and record the dry weight on the given format Count the number of plants in rest of the sample plots and record it properly 2 2 2 Leaves Ther
21. 100 m with 5 64 m radius A total of 40 sample plots were calculated for sampling and they were allocated along the strata based on stratified systematic sampling Step 4 Observation and measurement Before measuring the shrub its quality has to be determined in tandem of the community members and facilitators in terms of dense medium and sparse or good medium and poor Observations were made and measurements of specified variables were taken from each sample plot using the standard inventory form Table 21 The shrub numbers were counted and measurement was taken by measuring its longest and shortest diameters of the crown Step 5 Data analysis and estimation of sustainable harvesting level The data from each sites and strata were compiled and various analyses were done 140920 105690 Using the analysis software by ANSAB the total annual harvestable stock was easily calculated for the community forest and for each block Table 22 The analysis software of wintergreen is provided in the compact disk along with this toolkit A total of 140920 kg 1797 45kg ha of leaves was found within the community forest In addition the software provided the annual harvestable amount of wintergreen leaves i e 105690 kg Sampling error can be expected but experiences afterwards showed that the estimates provided a fairly accurate basis to judge the potential of wintergreen leaf supply upon w
22. ANT Altitude m Slope 0 Aspect Soil type by color by texture Associated species DRY WEIGHT kg count all the plants in all sample plot calculate conversion factor conversion factor can be calculated as described in Box 5 however in this case the whole plant is uprooted and convert the plants into dry weight using conversion factor Stage Four data The stage four of this toolkit provides tools and techniques on how to compile the inventory data gathered in the stage three and on how to analyze and interpret the dataset to be able to generate management prescriptions It has four steps compile data enter data analyze data and interpret data see Figure 14 This stage produces the stock and density map abundance of species total growing stock and annual harvestable stock of commercially important NTFPs that were selected by the community STEP 1 COMPILE THE DATA FORMATS Data compilation is an important and preliminary work of analysis part If the data is compiled and managed properly the chances of missing data and entering the faulty data will be reduced Therefore the following activities should be done for
23. B study in Parbat district of Nepal a clump of Allo contains 6 stems on an average A stem gave 17 1 gm fresh weight and 4 8 gm dry weight of bark Thus a conversion factor of 0 281 can be used if no local conversion factor is developed for a particular area TABLE 14 Species and season of inventory for fruits ERNECCIHENENSESU T ANC UTI AN 1 Timur Zanthoxylum armatum October December 2 Amala Phyllanthus emblica October January 3 Pipla Piper longum January March 4 Dalechuk Hippophae tibetana August November Hippophae salicifolia August November 5 Chiuri Bassia butyracea June July 6 Okhar Juglans regia September October 1 Rittha Sapindus mukorossi October January 8 Bel Aegle marmelos August September Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products FORMAT 5 RECORDING FORMAT FOR FRUIT Name of CF Block name no Strata no Plot no Associated species GAE ETEO SN SPECIES DIAMETER CLASS cm lt 10 gt 40 No of Fresh wt branches L branch Note L Large M Medium and 5 Small BRANCHES AND WEIGHT RECORD OF FRUIT kg OF SELECTED SAMPLE TREE Fresh wt Fresh wt Average wt M branch S branch L M S weight of fruit on a branch Record all the measurement on the Format 5 count and measure the diameter of all trees in the rest of the sample pl
24. BOX 4 Why stratified systematic sampling Stratified systematic sampling is commonly used in forest inventory This design is easy to understand and to measure forest products in the participation of local people Box 4 Activities to be completed for plot layout and distribution are described below e Easy to design e Easily understood by community mem bers e Saves time and human resources Scientific and accurate e Suitable even in a map that does not in clude geographic position i e compass survey map most of the CFs maps in Nepal have been developed in the similar manner 3 1 Determine sampling intensity Sampling intensity may range form 0 01 1 In case of tree NTFPs use 0 1 to 1 percent 0 1 to 0 5 percent for shrub NTFPs and 0 01 0 05 percent for herb NTFPs Table 6 But in O the case of timber please refer the sampling Example Sample size calculation Sample size for whole forest Total area of CF 200 ha Sample intensity 0 5 3 Total area of CF ha x intensity Sample size for whole forest 100 _ 200x0 5 100 1 ha 10000 m Sample size for L D strata e Area of Lokta and Wintergreen L D strata 15 5 ha e Sampling intensity 0 5 Sample size for L D strata Total area of strata ha x intensity 100 15 5 ha x 0 05 100 0 0775 ha 775 m Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products TABLE 6 Sampling intensity for various life f
25. DUCTS kg ha The harvested Jatamansi was pooled and converted to kg 4 m units that also read as tons per hectare Step 5 Data analysis estimation of sustainable harvest levels The data from each sites and strata were compiled and various analyses were done Using the collected information the total stock was calculated for Jatamansi see Table 19 Step 6 Incorporation of management provisions in FMP Table 20 gives a summary of the recommended optimal harvesting practices for Jatamansi as determined from the biological field research and studies completed in Humla TABLE 20 Recommended optimal harvesting practices for sustainable use OPTIMAL ROTATIONAL INTERVAL PLANT SPECIES AND PARTS HARVESTED OPTIMAL HARVEST SEASON Jatamansi rhizomes OPTIMAL PERCENTAGE OF PLANT NOT HARVESTED PEN RI OPTIMAL HARVESTING METHOD Whole plants pulled from bushy areas and dug out carefully using tool kuto from open grasslands BOX 7 Appropriate season to harvest Jatamansi Jatamansi is dormant from late autumn until early summer During the winter plants are covered in snow making harvest impractical The plants sprout in early summer after the winter snow melts and grow until autumn The autumn mid October to mid December and summer mid May to mid July harvesting are considered ast the best season to harvest Jatamansi Both seasons are similar in terms of spare time availa
26. Girth class gt 90 cm 730 Quality classification 1 or 2 or 3 Quality classification 1 or 2 or 3 N Number D Diameter H Height and Q Quality Shrubs measurement Sample plot size for shrub 100 m and for its regeneration 4 m REGENERATION NO ADULT PLANTS CROWN COVER REMARKS INVADER ETC SEEDLING COPPICE ROOT SUCKER AV HEIGHT OTHERS Herb species measurement Sample plot size of 4 m REGENERATION N0 ADULT PLANTS No AV HEIGHT CROWN COVER BIOMASS REMARKS INVADER ETC SB Nj OTHERS Nigalo measurement plot size of 100 m if sparse otherwise 25 m NUMBER OF CLUMP DIAMETER OF CLUMP NUMBER OF STEM IN A CLUMP REGENERATION QUALITY REMARKS Keys L Display z Ten giver Battery lid Loudspeaker microphone Vertex IV and Transponder T3 Source Vertex IV and Transponder T3 manual January 2007 v 10 DESCRIPTION The Vertex IV is primarily used to measure the height of standing trees The instrument can also be used to measure distance horizontal distance angle and inclination The Vertex instrument uses ultrasonic measuring technique for measurements Ultrasound To define a reference point in a secure and reliable way the Vertex IV communicates and works with the transponder T3 Umos
27. Length from drop down menu and Click showing as shown in Figure 6 It automatically calculates the area and length of selected theme To see the calculated value Open Theme Table from Toolbar Now you can also prepare a map of given area using appropriate layout template If GIS softwares are not available the coordinates latitude and longitude of each GPS point can be recorded as given in Table 4 These coordinates are plotted on the grid sheet or transparent grid sheet Finally these GPS points are connected to form a polygon Then the area of polygon forest and forest blocks is calculated using the same process as for compass survey Compass survey It is one of the well known methods of boundary delineation and mapping It is cheap and easy to handle why most of the FMUs have been using it since long time Silva compass linear tape and ranging rod are used in this method With the help of these instruments direction and lengths of the survey line and its slope are measured and recorded in surveyors field book as given in Table 5 The information direction and distance is plotted on grid sheet fixing the scale for map While the forest map is developed its area can be calculated from the grid sheet and tracing paper or transparent grid sheet alone Forest area calculation After plotting the direction and distance of survey stations the area of forest is calculated in the following way
28. MMroourrsenes TOOLKIT 2 MN ASIA NETWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND BIORESOURCES ANSAB OTHER ANSAB RURAL DEVELOPMENT TOOLKITS IN THIS SERIES 2010 BUSINESS PLANNING FOR COMMUNITY BASED NATURAL PRODUCT ENTERPRISES This Toolkit offers skills methods and tools with which the field facilitators can support rural people to prepare and implement the business plan for their enterprises The purpose is to build the capacity of facilitators and enterprise leaders on how they can support a rigorous process of planning and successful operation of sustainable community based natural product enterprises PARTICIPATORY BIODIVERSITY MONITORING IN COMMUNITY MANAGED FORESTS This Toolkit provides methods and tools needed to generate useful data to periodically assess the biodiversity status and to track the impact of community based forest management on biodiversity The purpose is to derive important lessons for improving management that promotes the conservation of biodiversity while maximizing the value of forest products and services ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DEPENDENT COMMUNITIES This Toolkit focuses on developing entrepreneurial skills and capacities of local communities especially the poorest among them to promote the development of sustainable community based natural product enterprises The purpose is to provide guidance in developing and implementing programs on developing en
29. P resource assessment and data analysis and provide knowledge and skill to determine annual harvestable quantity of the products WHO Is THIS TOOLKIT FOR This toolkit is intended for field level facilitators and forest technicians involved in supporting sustainable management of NTFPs It will be also useful for researchers local resource persons community leaders and organizations that seek to get involved in community based conservation and enterprise oriented forest management research and monitoring of commercial forest resources It is expected that a forest technicians suitably trained to work with local communities as a facilitator will be able to carry out the activities outlined in this toolkit WHAT DOES THIS TOOLKIT CONTAIN This toolkit is organized in four stages starting from preparatory work to the analysis and interpretation of inventory data gathered through field process as given in Figure 1 Stage one describes how the facilitators supporting local communities in forest management should prepare themselves and the community GET PREPARED Prepare yourself Build rapport and make a plan for inventory Develop data collection formats and arrange field equipment Provode orientation training to community members Framework of the toolkit DELINEATE FOREST BOUNDARY AND DEVELOP SAMPLING DESIGN Delineate species effective area Carry out stratification and are
30. Save to from drop FIGURE 5 DOWNLOADING DATA IN DNR GARMIN b OT m Dua fete Ped lee Hh l Me OA Newnan Todas V cC em an Venim 4 10 Ment 8 Lae oo IPS 204440 eter AN M mm Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products down menu then choose File or Arc View or Arc Map Shapefile to save data Choose save in directory give the file name and click Save Now the data downloading is complete and data is saved Process of creating polygon and calculating area With Arc View GIS Open Arc View and add the saved point or line data theme Then go to File menu when drop down menu exists click Extensions When Extensions window opens check in XTools Extensions Click on XTool menu drop down menu appears There are options to convert Point to Polyline Point to Polygon and Polyline to Polygon Using these options polygon from point or from polyline can be made FIGURE 6 MAP OF FOREST WITH BLOCKS Map of forest and blocks of Bihacalichhap CF TABLE 5 Format for boundary survey using compass Silva STATION NO FORE BEARING BACK BEARING 0 SLOPE DISTANCE m Edit your point line or polygon theme using Start Editing mode from Theme menu When editing is complete do not forget to Save Edits and Stop Edits e To create polygon go to the XTool menu again and select Calculate Area perimeter
31. a calculation Layout the plots on the map CARRY OUT THE MEASUREMENT Layout the sample plots on the ground Measure and record the data COMPILE ANALYZE AND INTERPRET THE DATA Compile the data gt Analyze the data Interpret the data x P members for conducting inventory The stage two guides through the methods and considerations for developing and executing a sampling design for the inventory Similarly stage three provides tools and techniques on how to measure NTFP species based on their parts used Finally stage four presents the steps of data analysis and interpretation that feed into sustainable forest products utilization and management Each of the four stages contained in this toolkit is described with suitable examples in order to provide further clarity to the users of this toolkit This toolkit is useful for those forest management units FMUs that have NTFP resources with extraction possibilities of a commercial scale Specifically it is designed for carrying out NTFP inventory a during timber focused resource inventory of FMUS and b for specific purposes such as enterprise development sustainable harvesting etc It provides guidelines to assess the existing distribution of NTFPs within the FMU total stock and harvestable stock and thereby provides important basis for sustainable utilization and management of the resources However this module does not
32. a of community forest area was already calculated from the map 146 hectares and was divided into four blocks based on the existing natural boundaries and forest types Step 2 Wintergreen habitat mapping and area calculation Based on participatory resource mapping wintergreen habitat mapping was done with the help of key community members in order to capture and portray the information on the map Through a transect walk with community members cross checking and verification of the delineated area and strata i e dense medium and sparse stratum was done and habitat map was finalized Then the effective area of Wintergreen was calculated as 78 4 hectares Step 3 Sample design Taking the 0 576 sampling intensity the sample size was determined In order to take the measurement the sample plot size POOR NUMBER BASED ON CROWN DIAMETER 50 100 100 150 150 200 200 250 250 350 gt 350 lt 50 50 100 100 150 150 200 200 250 250 350 gt 350 lt 50 50 100 100 150 150 200 200 250 250 350 gt 350 TABLE 22 Total and AAH stock of Wintergreen BLOCK NO TOTAL AREA ha EFFECTIVE AREA OF TOTAL MACHHINO MACHHINO ha STOCK kg 43 4 Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products ANNUAL AVERAGE ALLOWABLE HARVESTABLE AMOUNT 75 IN kg 99995 14996 E 11 21445 16084 jj gt 15 15 16556 12417 35 10 5 2924 2193 Total 146 18 4 was used
33. ard You can also edit the Waypoint and manually load new waypoint using this page Press OK at the bot tom right of the Mark Waypoint page and then press quit to exit To find the waypoint press Find Key to open the Find Menu Highlight the Waypoint icon and press Enter Highlight any Waypoint and press Enter infor Mark Waypoint Page mation of selected waypoint is displayed If software is unavailable geographic coordinates latitude longitude and altitude of each GPS point must be recorded as provided in Table 4 for manual mapping ne TABLE 4 The format for recording geographic position of each GPS point GPS POINT SN LATITUDE LONGITUDE ELEVATION m ENTE After forest boundary or individual forest blocks within the forest area are tracked using GPS e g GPS Map 60CSx Garmin we can directly download the recorded data from GPS to computer using GIS softwares like Arc View 3x or Arc GIS 9x or DNR Garmin or GPS Utility etc Map can be prepared map using GIS software as described below Process of Downloading GPS data using DNR Garmin Switch on your GPS and connect with PC through data cable Open DNR Garmin go to Menu bar and click Waypoint to download point feature and click Track to download tracking data When download is completed the window appears with table as shown in Figure 5 Select desired waypoint or track and go to File Menu click
34. are represents an area of canopy opening sky image or unfilled squares or canopy cover vegetation image or filled squares Count the number of canopy opening squares If there are squares that are only partially filled these can be added to make a complete square Note down the total number of squares that are filled on the sampling sheet An average of four measurements for plots with non uniform canopy cover or one measurement for plot with uniform canopy cover should be used for that plot For deciduous trees in late fall to winter when trees have no leaves the crown area needs to be visualized for a proper reading Only squares that are completely free of branches should be counted as sky Take four measurement from plot center but facing North East South and West Figure 12 and record the average Average number of sky squares and canopy squares can be calculated during data analysis phase If spherical densiometer is not available a densiometer can be made using local resources When resource permits hemispherical photos using a digital camera with a fish eye lens such as E8 can be taken during field inventory The digital image then can be B FIGURE 14 using Ga Light Analyzer 989 http www ecostudies org gla a image analysis program to estimate the canopy cover Frazer et al 1999 Some Relevant Publications from ANSAB ANSAB and FAO 2009
35. area which is impossible for transect walk and such area should be removed during the distribution of plot in map draw the transect line in each strata in the distance of 100 to 500 m considering NTFPs species but representing all plants forms in participatory way as shown in Figure 10 calculate the total length of the transect line on map and ground for each NTFP and tree strata and whole forest area separately multiplying total length of transect line in map by the value given in scale of map calculate the plot to plot distance for according to tree shrubs and herbs species For tree species Calculate the plot to plot distance for trees by dividing the total transect line measured in its effective area by the number of composite sample plots as calculated above for trees and distribute them along transect lines Total length of transect line in a strata Plot to plot distance m Total number of sample plots Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products FIGURE 10 LAYING QUT TRANSECT LINE IN MAP Strahficaton of NTFP area in Bhacalcehhap CF For shrub species Find the number of remaining sample plots where shrub and herbs will be measured as per following formula No of plots to measure shrub and herbs N Total no of shrub plots N No of tree plots Now distribute the rest of the sample plots of shrub strata calculating the plot to plot distance dividing the total
36. arried out for the inventory The meeting identifies broad level The number of species to be selected for inventory depends upon the purpose of inventory itself If the purpose is research and species monitoring number can be one or two whereas if the purpose is commercializa tion number may be as high as the number of species that have high market potential In 5 experience on average up to 10 NTFP spe cies may be selected for detail inventory in a community forest having a size of 100 hectares of activities to be done in the inventory The activities identified in this toolkit provide a reference of important activities Identify team members to carry out inventory The facilitator should encourage the committee to form an inventory team comprising 5 7 community members from amongst those who depend on NTFPs and those who have knowledge of NTFPs These members will work closely with the facilitator in inventory work Few additional members with reading and writing ability should also be selected Table 1 provides the required number of members in the team and their responsibilities STEPS 3 PREPARE FORMATS AND ARRANGE FIELD EQUIPMENT At the third step of stage one the facilitator should prepare formats for data collection and arrange equipment for the inventory work Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products TABLE 1 Responsibilities of members in inventory TEAM MEMBER
37. ary Do not touch the temperature sensor at the front of the instrument the metal knob between the sight and the loudspeaker and never calibrate the instrument before it has reached ambient temperature When measuring heights it is important to hold the instrument as straight as possible Correct Wrong For further information and technical specifications of the set of the equipment consult the user manual SILVA SURVEY MASTER Description This patented double instrument is a combination of the Sight Master and the Clino Master especially well suited for professionals who need to measure vertical angles heights and compass bearings Typical users of this kind of instrument are surveyors geologists speleologists miners satellite dish installers engineers telecom foresters etc The Clino Master is used to measure angles heights and the Sight Master is used to measure the bearings Clino Master Sight Master Measuring angles with ClinoMaster The Clino Master can be used to measure angle and direct distance The following steps should be followed to do so Place yourself at a suitable distance from the object if possible a distance equal to the height of tree Hold the Clino Master vertically close to one of your eyes Because of the optical illusion the index line will appear to stand out from the Clino Master housing making it easy to accurately read the correct angle Sight with both e
38. ation of environmental social and economic interventions that conserve biodiversity create jobs and provide income for the rural poor in remote but resource rich areas of Nepal The encouraging outcomes of these interventions have led us to pursue the successful approaches over the past several years By 2009 we were able to organize and develop 393 enterprise oriented community forest user groups and 1 166 economic entities which generated US 6 82 million in annual total monetary benefits to 78 828 individuals and at the same time brought over 100 000 hectares of forests and meadows in Nepal Himalaya under improved community management When applied properly under an enabling policy environment this approach can transform rural poor women and men into well governed organized entrepreneurs that are capable of accessing the market as well as essential business development services By creating economic incentives to local stewards the approach helps to reverse deforestation and enhance the stock of natural wealth for improved and sustained flow of ecosystem services and for climate change mitigation and adaptation Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products Building on these insights we have been producing a number of manuals toolkits and guidelines This Rural Development Toolkit Series represents the continuation of our attempt to present our learning to a wide range of development practitioners This Ser
39. automatically exit from the calibration and display the CALIBRATE page py A 4 CALIBRATE lt CALIBRATE 10 00M Again it is important to give the instrument approximately 10 minutes to set to the correct temperature before calibrating MEASURING TREE HEIGHT WITH TRANSPONDER T3 Start the transponder T3 and place it on the tree to be measured Note that the transponder should be placed at the T HEIGHT transponder height that has been determined in the settings menu Walk a suitable distance from the object for optimal result accuracy a distance equal to the approximate tree height T3 at the HEIGHT above the ground level Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products 23 C Tec DEG 179 GRAD 199 324 MDIST 345 1 Press ON to start the Vertex scroll to the HEIGHT page and aim at the transponder Keep pressing ON until the cross hair sight goes out momentarily Now release ON The Vertex has measured the distance the angle and the horizontal distance to the transponder 2 Aim at the height to measure with the sight cross blinking Press ON until the cross hair disappears The height of the tree is locked and displayed Detecting the trees on the edge circumference of a circular plot When the T3 is used with the adapter graduated staff the ultrasound is spread and it is possible to take measurement from any direction This is particularly useful when working i
40. ble to the collectors From the collectors point of view summer is comfortable weather for harvesting work Whole roots can be pulled up easily from the moist and less compact soil during summer During autumn the soil is very hard due to freezing and it is difficult to pull out the roots Collectors have a tendency to harvest a higher percentage of plants at this time However harvesting in summer is detrimental to the remaining plants remaining parts decay after the harvest and annual yield is reduced The quality of Jatamansi harvested in autumn was found to be better than that harvested in summer The Jatamansi harvested in summer contains high moisture likely to be damaged by fungi and produces poor quality essential oils Therefore autumn is recommended as a more appropriate season of harvesting from the biological point of view TABLE 21 Format for Wintergreen inventory NAME OF CF PLOT NO GOOD NUMBER BASED ON CROWN DIAMETER BLOCK NO AREA OF BLOCK STRATA NO TRANSECT LINE NO DISTRIBUTION OF SHRUB BASED ON QUALITY AND CROWN DIAMETER MEDIUM NUMBER BASED ON CROWN DIAMETER 3 WINTERGREEN GAULTHERIA FRAGRANTISSIMA Product Category leaves Wintergreen inventory in Napke Yanmara community forest Dolakha Step 1 Participatory resource mapping A participatory map of the forest was prepared showing different forest types and conditions indicating the distribution of Wintergreen The are
41. compilation of the data from the field FIGURE 14 STEPS FOR DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Compile the data formats Enter the data Analyze the data Interpret the data Compile Analyze and Interpret the Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products Compile all the format filled up ina folder at the end of each day make sure all relevant data entries are in place ifunits of measurement were different for measurements in different places or measured recorded by different people convert them into a same metric unit insert data on dry weight of the products if relevant if the conversion factor was not initially available follow steps mentioned in stage three and pile formats for each block and strata on separate file folder STEP 2 ENTER THE DATA Data can be entered in the spreadsheets directly for hand calculation or in computer based calculation using MS Excel or MS Access or other software program as available and depending upon the skill of the technician For this NTFP inventory data entry spreadsheets can be used if they are already available If such spreadsheets are not available they have to be prepared for each product category to enter and store the inventory data e g plot characteristics altitude slope aspect and associated species of each sample plots and plants related information i e number diameter height of standing tree fresh and dry biomass
42. d measurement Thus this stage is primarily focused on developing the sampling design By the end of this stage the following outputs are expected FIGURE 3 PROCESS OF SAMPLING DESIGN Delineate forest boundary and prepare map Stratify and calculate area Layout sample plots on the map Delineate Forest Boundary and Develop Sampling Design Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products forest area with its boundaries is mapped foreststrata and or blocks are identified and delineated NTFP effective area is delineated number of sample plots for detailed measurement is identified and forest map and tables with the details of sample plots are worked out Step 1 DELINEATE FOREST AREA AND PREPARE THE 1 1 Carry out participatory resource mapping The following activities are carried out for resource mapping gather the inventory team and other FMUSs members who have knowledge of forest and forest resources and are interested to participate in resource mapping identify a suitable area spot close to the forest from where whole forest and village is visible explain the purpose and process of participatory mapping to the community members choose two community members to draw the forest boundary and block division on the map gather the material e g sticks stones wood ash flowers leaves and other material that are available locally to develop the par
43. e 13 Measurement and data recording The measurement methods for this product category differs with plant type tree shrub and herb and position above and underground bark Tree bark Count the number and measure the dbh of tree in the sample plot divide tree into five classes based on diameter diameter lt 10 cm 10 20 cm TABLE 13 Species and season of assessment 20 30 cm 30 cm 40 cm and gt 40 cm select the 3 to 5 individual trees with dbh more than 20 cm extract 75 bark of the plant and leave 25 bark in parallel to the longitudinal section of the stem take fresh weight and record it on Format 3 dryitonsun or oven and measure the dry weight calculate the conversion factor as per the formula given in roots and rhizomes section and count and measure the dbh of all trees in rest of the sample plots and extrapolate for dry weight of bark of all trees using conversion factor Shrub bark Count the number of regeneration having the plant height less than 1 foot within the 25 m count and measure the girth of the plant with height more than 1 foot within 100 m radius 5 64 m and record the measurement on Format 4 for Edgeworthia gardnerii Argeli or Format 8 for Daphe bholua Lokta For more details see Annex 1 1 Lokta Daphne bholua September June 2 Argeli Edgeworthia gardnerii November March 3 Allo Girardinia diversifolia August
44. e are a large number of plant species that have leaves of commercial value It is important to have detailed inventory FORMAT 1 RECORDING FORMAT FOR ROOT AND RHIZOME HENNE a Block name No Block area M Strata no Transect line no Soil type hy color by texture Associated species Other features SN SPECIES NO OF REGENERATION NO OF MATURE PLANTS FRESH WEIGHT Kg iF conversion FACTOR IS NOT AVAILABLE REMARKS and sustainable harvesting plan for those Measurement and data recording species The measurement technique of this The measurement technique for leaves varies product category is different according to according to the plant type i e trees and shrubs plant types i e bush and tree The season of inventory and measurement method Shrub leaves for these species are described under Count the number of plant clump subsequent sub headings with examples within the sample plot measure the diameter of clump and Season of inventory height of the clumps Plants provide optimum yield of leaves collect the twigs and or leaves from just before abscission and growth period five percent sample plots through Therefore it is recommended to follow the destructive sampling using sickles harvesting period accordingly to estimate takethe fresh weight of destructed sample the stock of leaves Table 12 provides and r
45. e plan included a separate section on the harvesting of NTFP particularly Lokta The 5 year operational plan described the forest management and harvesting activities The group applied relatively a quick participatory yet scientific assessment of resources and expanded community forest area to make a total of 912 ha The sustainable harvesting system mentioned in the community forest management plan and implemented by the group supported the supply of optimum raw material required for the enterprise run by same group 2 JATAMANSI NARDOSTACHYSGRANDIFLORA Product category Root Rhizome Jatamansi inventory in Humla Step 1 Participatory resource mapping A participatory map of the forest was prepared showing different forest types and conditions indicating the distribution of Jatamansi in five community forests Step 2 Boundary survey and mapping Participatory resource mapping was done in order to capture and portray the information on the map in participation of community members For finalizing the participatory map verification and cross checking was conducted in participation of locals Then the effective area of Jatamansi was calculated as 6010 hectare from 5 CFUGs Step 3 Sample design Jatamansi grows in patches that are highly variable in size and density To reduce variability the size of the plots should be large but the optimum size proved to be impracticable Taking the 0 01 sampling intensity the
46. ea repeatedly asking with the community member facilitate to delineate the forest into different strata more or less homogeneous units based on the above criteria the divisions may include tree strata pole strata and regeneration strata based on diameter class or conifer forest strata broad leaved forest strata mixed broad leaved and conifer strata and non tree grass and shrub strata based on species composition and use color pen to mark the stratum types clearly and distinctly Figure 7 2 2 Stratification of the NTFP area Generally NTFP species are found in specific habitats or sites of the forest The NTFP area of selected species in the forest is delineated to identify accurate habitat boundary to carry out detailed inventory of these species The area of commercial NTFPs is delineated on forest map Topo map compass survey map high resolution satellite image etc and the area so delineated is called NTFP area The NTFP area of a particular forest is further stratified on the basis of one or more of the following parameters species composition i e tree shrub and herb non timber forest products aspect and position of hill slopes of forest and altitude of the forest However these criteria need to be discussed with participants community members including inventory field team to A forest can have several habitats and a single habitat may have multiple NTFP species The facilitator needs t
47. ecord it properly on Format 2 and inventory season of few important species dry destructive sample and calculate dry TABLE 12 Season of inventory SN SPECIES LOCAL NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME SEASON OF INVENTORY 1 Dhasingare Gaultheria fragrantissima Whole year 2 Lauthsalla Taxus baccata October November 3 Tejpat Cinnamomum tamala October March 4 Sunpati Rhododendron anthopogan October January 5 Dhupi pat Juniperus indica October November Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products biomass if it is traded in dry form e g calculate the fresh weight of leaves of Sunpati and Dhupi leaves for incense tree for each defined diameter class making e dry it on sun until the weight becomes stable and take its dry weight Tree leaves calculate conversion factor as per the Count the number of trees present in formula given in roots and rhizomes sample plot of 500 m section and measure the dbh of all trees e use the conversion factor as above and count the regeneration of the plant extrapolate for the dry weight of leaves within 25 m with radius 2 82 of all trees of that species record the trees information number of regeneration and trees dbh in Format 2 select three to five trees from each diameter class for partially destructive e Take three five trees from each sampling diameter class count all the branches of 2 3 part of the e Do not select two tr
48. ectare fresh weight into per weight of the product calculated from the step hectare dry weight and 3 of Table 16 and the block area hectare TABLE 16 Worked out example for analysis data Block Block Name of Total of Total no of Total fresh Per hectare Factor for Per hectare Total dry No area Species regenera plant in wt of fresh wt of converting drywt of stock of the ha tioninthe block productin the product fresh wt the product product in block the block kg into dry wt kg the block kg kg B Total dry stock of the product in the forest Yoon kg Please refer to the fields in the table 15 for the steps below Step 1 Plot level summarization of field data Block number block area species name 6 number of regeneration number of plant and fresh weight of product kg are summa rized from the database or field datasheet These fields are shown by shaded fields in the table 15 above Step 2 Deriving per hectare values from per block level data For this example per hectare fresh weight of product 42 has to be derived by dividing total fresh weight of the in the block by the block area Step 3 Converting per hectare fresh weight into per hectare dry weight For the dry weight of the product per hectare multiply per hectare fresh weight of the product by the given fresh wt to
49. ees of each tree from lowest crown point diameter class in the same select three branches one large one medium and one small collect the fresh leaves from each selected branches take its fresh weight and record it sample plot e f there are less than three trees in any class take sample from all trees FORMAT 2 RECORDING FORMAT FOR LEAVES Name of CF Altitude Block name no Aspect Block area Slope 2 Strata no Soil type color Transect line by texture Associated species Other features DIAMETER CLASS cm BRANCHES AND WEIGHT RECORD OF LEAVES kg OF SELECTED SAMPLE TREE 20 1 30 30 1 40 gt 40 of Freshwt Freshwt Fresh Average fresh Remarks branch L branch M branch wt S branch L M 3 Note L Large M Medium and 5 Small 2 2 3 Measuring bark Tree species like Cinnamom tamala Terminalia belerica Terminalia chebula etc shrub species like Daphne sps Edgeworthia gardnerii etc and herb species like Girardiana diversifolia have barks with high commercial value The season of inventory and measurement methods for tree shrub and herb bark are separately discussed below Season of inventory The inventory of these species is normally conducted immediately before the growing season The season of inventory for different species is provided in Tabl
50. elected species effective area undertake the transect walk observe the species effective area and species distribution verify and correct the boundary of the effective area on the map if necessary and finalize delineation of the effective area of selected NTFP species 2 4 Block area calculation After verification the facilitator has to calculate the area of each stratum The area is calculated as follows overlay transparent grid sheet on the forest map Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products FIGURE 8 DELINEATION OF NTFP STRATA AND AREA CALCULATION Stratification of NTFP area in Bhacalehhap CF count and mark the number of grid cells covered by delineated area of each stratum and calculate the area covered by a grid cell and each stratum using the same process as mentioned for compass survey If there is GIS program then area can be calculated directly using the process described for forest boundary survey using GPS Example of area calculation Grid sheet is in cm unit Map scale 1 10000 or 1 cm 10000 cm Area of a grid cell 1cm 10000 X 10000 cm 10000 X 10000 100 X 100 m 10000 m 10000 m 10000 1 Total grid cell counted on Lokta and Wintergreen 0 strata 15 5 ha Total area covered by L D strata area of a grid cell X total grid cell counted within strata 1X 155 15 5 ha STEP 3 LAYOUT SAMPLE PLOTS ON THE MAP
51. ely For example if the different forms of NTFP species If the herbs are highly scattered the plants may not be covered in sample plots of 4 2 So it is sometimes advisable to take the sample plots of 25 m TABLE 7 Sample plot size for different forms of NTFPs FORM SIZE OF PLOT DIMENSION FOR RADIUS FOR REMARKS OF RECTANGULAR PLOT CIRCULAR PLOT 1 Herbs 4m 2mX2m 1 128 m 25 m SmX5m 2 820 2 Shrubs 100 m 10mX 10 5 640 Trees 500 m 20 mX 25 12 620 m For trees having dbh gt 30 cm 100 10mx10m 5 640 m For trees having dbh 10 30 cm 4m 2mx2m 1 128 m For trees having dbh lt 10 cm Composite and single sample plots rectangular and circular FIGURE 9 PLOTS SIZE FOR TREES SHRUBS AND HERBS Composite and single sample plots Size of plots 500 m 100 m amp 4 m Tree shrub herb species Plant form to be measured are growing i e herbs Jatamansi and shrubs Sunpati or herbs Satuwa shrubs Timur and tree Juglans regia in the same strata take composite plots according to their life forms In case of strata having single herbs species take a single plot of 4 m as shown in Figure 9 3 2 Calculate the number of sample plot Based on sampling area and sample plot size the number of sample plots for can be calculated as following take a total area of required sample size in hectare for timber strata and NTFP species strata 9 100
52. ese visits and discussions help facilitators familiarize with community and encourage active participatio of the community in the inventory process 22 Prepare preliminary action plan for inventory As planned in the previous meetings the local leaders and facilitators arrange a meeting at the FMU level with participation of the individuals from major interest groups including NTFP collectors pastoral communities and those who have knowledge of forest resources and forest boundary In the meeting the following four agenda will have to be discussed and decided Agree on the purpose of inventory The facilitator should discuss with the community members the purpose of inventory e g commercialization conservation research or monitoring and why it is important for the local people to participate in it The local leaders members of interest groups and the facilitator should come up with the exact purpose and on how inventory of NTFPs would support forest management Select NTFPs for detailed inventory On the basis of the purpose of inventory community members should be encouraged to select the most important species for detailed inventory If the purpose of inventory is commercialization the facilitator and community members should refer and follow the chapter one page 5 11 of Enterprise Development for Natural Products Manual published by ANSAB for the selection of most prominent products List the activities to be c
53. hat has been conserving biodiversity and improving livelihoods across South Asia for almost twenty years It places community empowerment and economic incentives at the heart of its approach believing that as people benefit from natural resources they become more motivated to conserve them and vice versa ANSAB implements a variety of innovative solutions in line with this core conviction such as the Creation of enterprises based on the sustainable use of natural resources especially Non Timber Forest Products NTFPs and the establishment of payment schemes for environmental services especially for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation REDD plus It has notably pioneered the Forest Stewardship Council FSC certification in Nepal and introduced the concept of subgroup in community forestry to ensure that ultra poor and marginalized people benefit from the natural resources of their communities ANSAB is also deeply involved in climate change mitigation and adaptation as the issue continues to threaten the environmental and economic progresses achieved so far in Nepal as in the rest of the world Visit www ansab org to Read our detailed capability statement W Watch short documentaries about our work W Consult more than 50 publications W Subscribe to our newsletter price list amp more ANM ASIA NETWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND Broresources ANSAB P O Box 11035 Kathmand
54. hich enterprise decisions were made Step 6 Incorporation of management provisions in FMP Table 23 gives a summary of the recommended optimal harvesting practices for Wintergreen as determined from the biological field research and studies completed in Dolakha TABLE 23 Recommended optimal harvesting practices for sustainable use of wintergreen PLANT SPECIES AND PARTS HARVESTED OPTIMAL HARVEST SEASON OPTIMAL ROTATIONAL INTERVAL Wintergreen leaves OPTIMAL PERCENTAGE OF PLANT NOT HARVESTED Whole year 6 month 1 year 25 leaves undisturbed OPTIMAL HARVESTING METHOD Collection of the twigs with leaves of 5 6 yrs old plants with the help of knife or scissor 4 CHIRAITO SWERTIA CHIRAYITA Product Category Whole plant Chiraito assessment in Darchula Step 1 Participatory resource mapping Chiraito habitat was delineated and stratification i e dense medium and sparse stratum was made in the forest map by community members in facilitation of forest technicians Through a transect walk with community members cross check and verification of the delineated area and strata were done and habitat map was finalized Then area was calculated for each species Step 2 Chiraito habitat mapping and area calculation Transect walk with community members was made in order to cross check and verify the delineated area and stratification were done The delineated potential habitat and strata was f
55. hods and tools of which are presented in the stage four of this toolkit FIGURE 11 STEPS OF FIELD MEASUREMENT Lay the sample plots on the ground Carry out measurement and recording 1 Timber products 2 Non timber forest products Roots and rhizome Leaves Bark Fruits and flowers Whole plants Carry Measurement in the Field out the Step 1 LAYOUT THE SAMPLE PLOTS ON THE GROUND The first step of stage three of this toolkit guides the facilitator on how to lay out sample plots on the ground the location of the sample plots were identified at the end of stage two As mentioned earlier plot layout as well as field measurements are carried out by an in inventory team comprising of facilitator s and a number of previously assigned local people It is important to remind the roles of team members as assigned previously before starting the work on ground Now the FIGURE 12 LAYOUT OF THE SAMPLE PLOTS ON GROUND Composite plot of 100 m2 amp 4 m2 where shrub amp herb NTFPsare measured Singleplot of 4 m where herb NTFP productsare measured Plotto plot distance for Shrub products Plot to plot distance for herb Plot to plot distance products tree products Composite plots of 500 m2 100m amp 4m where tree shrub regeneration and herb NTFPs are measured Starting point facilitator carries out following procedures to lay out the plots Find the sta
56. ies consists of eight separate but interrelated toolkits These toolkits offer practical guidance on the key methods and tools that were developed tested and refined over the years by working with local communities development partners and government agencies These capture the experiential knowledge of dozens of people working for ANSAB and are published after a thorough field testing and peer review These toolkits are primarily designed for field facilitators and managers of development and conservation programs who have some basic facilitation skills and experience of working with rural people We are hopeful that the toolkits will prove useful to other rural development and conservation programs and consequently to a wider application of our fruitful approach It is expected that users will adapt the methods and tools presented here to work in different social contexts This Toolkit Participatory Inventory of Non Timber Forest Products provides practical methods and tools to determine total stock and harvestable amount of the selected NTFPs and derive specific recommendations for forest management interventions The objective is to provide participatory inventory method that provides a basis for sustainable forest management This toolkit is divided into 4 stages A number of steps are suggested for each stage and a number of activities are recommended for each step Practical tools and considerations are provided along wi
57. inalized after the transect walk in the area Then area was calculated for each species Step 3 Sampling design Taking sampling intensity 0 576 the number of sample plots of size 4 m was calculated for sampling Similarly the plot to plot distance was calculated These sample plots were laid along the transect line following the stratified systematic sampling Step 4 Measurement and recording After laying the plot on ground measurement was made in the plot of 4 m The numbers of individual were counted and fresh weight was taken through destructive sampling on five percent of total sample plots In the remaining plots only number of plants were recorded Step 5 Data analysis and estimation of sustainable harvesting level After completion of field measurement data sheets were in systematic manner based on strata and the total and harvestable stock number and volume was analyzed density and distribution of Chiraito per hectare in blocks and within the community forest were estimated In average 1 93 to 2 61 chiraito plant per m and up to 100 400 kg dry biomass per hectare was found This data has also been supported by another research conducted by CECI which found 207 33 kg per hectare Chaudhary 2004 Step 6 Incorporation of management provisions in FMP Table 24 gives a summary of the recommended optimal harvesting practices for Chiraito as determined from the biological field research and studies TABLE
58. ing forests and their real users The forest boundary was delineated on a topographic map sheet neatly and cleanly STEP 2 FOREST BOUNDARY SURVEY AND MAPPING Using topographical map sheet forest boundary was tentatively delineated The Annex 1 Examples of rii participatory inventory four NTEP species Lokta Jatamansi Wintergreen Chiraito boundary was verified with a compass and tape survey The community forest area was calculated from the map 912 hectares and was divided into seven blocks based on the existing natural boundaries and forest types STEP 3 SAMPLING DESIGN Lokta grows in patches that are highly variable in size and density To reduce variability the size of the plots should have been large Taking the 0 5 sampling intensity the sample size was determined In order to take the measurement the sample plot size of 100 m area was used 136 plots were determined as optimal number of sample plots Then the plots were allocated along the strata based on stratified systematic sampling along the transect line with plot to plot distance of 55 m FORMAT 8 Data recording format for Lokta plant STRATA NO ASPECT ALTITUDE SLOPE 0 ASSOCIATED SPECIES Plot no Plot no Plot no Plot no Plot no Plot no Girth cm No Girth cm No Girth cm No Girth Girth No Girth cm No 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 24 24 24
59. isplayed highlight System icon and press Enter again Set the following system setup using Roger Key GPS Normal WAAS EGNOS Disabled Battery Type Alkaline Text Language English External Power Lost Turn Off Proximity Alarms On Quit this page using Quit Key BOX 2 Procedure for setting up of the unit Unit set up GPS Map 60CSx Garmin Unit set up is an important step and can be done as per following instructions e Inthe Setup Menu page highlight the Units icon and press Enter Set the following Units Setup using Roger Key Position Format Users UPS chose a coordinate system according to your working area Map Datum India Bangaladesh it is a description of geographic location for surveying mapping and navigation for Nepal However it may change on your Availability and location Distance Speed Matrices Elevation vert Speed Meter a Depth Meter a Temperature Celsius Fahrenheit Pressure Millibars Units Setup BOX 3 Process for marking location and delineating boundary using GPS and GIS Marking Current Location GPS Map 60CSx Garmin e To quickly capture your current location press and hold the Mark Key until the Mark Waypoint page appears e At the top of the screen a digit Waypoint name appears as a default highlight it and press the Enter key e Use the Rocker to enter the name of captured Waypoint and press OK on the keybo
60. lope correction table It is advisable to make measurements with new equipment f such as vertex IV and Transponder Densiometer Silva Survey Master if available Step 4 PROVIDE ORIENTATION TRAINING TO THE INVENTORY TEAM The facilitator should provide training and orientation to the community members to make them capable to conduct forest inventory The main contents of the orientation are e What isa forest product timber and NTFP What is NTFP inventory What is its general method What are the major objectives of forest resource inventory What is the process of participatory forest resource inventory What tools and equipment are used in inventory and how How to record the measurements What formats are used in forest resource inventory TABLE 2 List of instruments and materials required to carry out NTFP inventory FOR EQUIPMENT MATERIAL BOUNDARY Topographic map DELINEATION GPS GPS Map B CSx Garmin or compass AND AREA Length measuring tape Pedometer DMU CALCULATION Transparent grid sheet LAYING OUT GPS THE PLOTS AND Rope MEASUREMENT Length measuring tape Diameter tape Clinometers or Silva survey master Vertex IV and Transponder Densiometer Kuto spade Plastic bags Knife or sickle Scissors Weighing machine Data recording formats PURPOSE Forest boundary delineation and stratification Boundary survey stratification and locating plots
61. lumps from water body and extract the bark from the plant make a small clump of Allo bark by tightening it with an Allo bark dry the extracted bark in sun or oven take dry weight of all extracted bark from different plots calculate the conversion factor as per the formula provided in roots and rhizomes section count the number of Allo plant in rest of the sample plots and record the measurement in Format 1 2 2 4 Fruits and flowers flosses Fruit flower and flosses of some plants are of high commercial value Season and methods of inventory differs for fruits and flowers flosses of tree shrub and herbs Season of inventory The inventory season of fruits and flowers flosess coincides with the season when they become mature The list of important species with tradable fruit parts and their season of inventory is provided in Table 14 Measurement and data recording The measurement method for tree fruit and shrub or herb climber fruit are more or less similar Countthe number and measure the dbh within the sample plot divide the tree into five dbh classes dbh lt 10 cm 10 20 cm 20 30 cm 30 40 cm and gt 40 select 3 5 individual trees from each diameter class for partial destructive sampling select the 3 branches lower medium and top part of crown from each selected tree collect the fruit from these selected branches and calculate the average fresh According to ANSA
62. n circular plots where the distance from the plot centre to trees within a defined circle should be measured To determine the radius in case of a circular plot first fix the T3 at T HEIGHT at the centre of the plot Then press the DME key left arrow key when the Vertex IV radius of the circular plot adjusted according to the terrain slope as given by Vertex DME a Tree outside the plot Tree A inside Plot centre the plot is turned off The distance between Vertex IV and the T3 is presented in the Vertex display Now move away from the centre until the distance reading on the Vertex equals to the radius of the circular plot in case of sloping terrain the radius should be adjusted according to the slope As the Vertex gives reading of the shortest distance make sure you hold the Vertex at T HEIGHT above the ground level while taking Vertex reading Now you can determine whether the surrounding trees are within or outside the circular plot IMPORTANT PRECAUTIONS TO TAKE WHILE USING THE VERTEX IV The Vertex IV uses ultra sonic signals to determine distances Humidity air pressure surrounding noise and above all the temperature can affect the range and extension of the ultra sonic signals In some cases distances of 50 meters and greater can be measured without problems and in other cases the maximum distance can be shorter than 30 meters Check your instrument daily and recalibrate if necess
63. nd tools that will also be useful for inventory work Secondly the facilitator should have skills to work with the community However if s he has no prior experience working with community s he should attend a training Get Prepared Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products course on community facilitation Finally the facilitator should gather information about the community and locality where inventory is planned This will make subsequent work manageable FIGURE 2 STEPS OF PREPARATION PHASE Prepare yourself Build rapport and make a preliminary plan for inventory Develop data collection formats and arrange field equipment Provide orientation training to the inventory team STEP 2 BUILD RAPPORT AND MAKE A PRELIMINARY PLAN FOR INVENTORY At the second step the facilitator should build rapport with the community This helps develop a plan for inventory and subsequently conduct field activities This step involves the following activities 2 1 Visit community leaders In the beginning the facilitator needs to visit community leaders including the chairperson secretary treasurer etc of FMUs and share the purpose of the visit In these meetings the facilitator and the local leaders identify the major interest groups of the community that should be involved in inventory process They should also fix the date of the meeting to prepare the preliminary action plan for inventory Th
64. ned for compass survey STEP 2 STRATIFY AND CALCULATE THE AREA The second step of this stage discusses how to divide the forest into a number of strata The strata increase accuracy and can serve as blocks in the forest management plan 2 1 Stratification focusing on timber resources Once the forest and forest blocks have been delineated and mapped it is essential to stratify the areas to make more or less Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products homogeneous units so that inventory provides accurate result Stratification of forest is based mainly on the following criteria altitude diameter group of dominant forest species composition of the species i e conifer forest broad leaved forest mixed forest and grassland and others and aspect and position of hill slopes The strata may be whole forest alone e g in even aged plantation or in small sized forest or a number of blocks if the forest is heterogeneous in terms of species age or topographic conditions Carry out the following activities in a community meeting orient the participants about the process of stratification provide pencil to a person and facilitate FIGURE 7 STRATIFICATION FOCUSING TIMBER RESOURCES Stratification focusing timber forest resources in Bhagalichhap CF to delineate non timber forest product NTFPs area and timber area first during this stage facilitator needs to cross verify the ar
65. o mark and stratify the NTFPs area based on NTFP species composition for example a stratum of Sunpati Dhupi Jatamansi and Nirmasi in high mountains Lokta Argeli Wintergreen Sugandhawal and Satuwa in Mid hills and strata of single species The habitat of selected NTFP species may be within a block or within two or more blocks stratify the forest accurately The inventory team should conduct the following activities for the stratification of forest focusing on NTFPs keep the base map e g survey map or topographic map in the center stage of the participants and facilitate to delineate the NTFP habitat in the map and facilitate the community members to delineate the strata where large number of commercially important selected species are growing together and go on to areas with lesser number of species using color pen on the base map Accordingly the inventory team can have various strata e g strata of multiple NTFPs species herbs shrubs and tree or of only multiple herb species or single herb species or single shrub species Figure 8 2 3 Verification of the NTFP area and strata To verify the NTFP area and its stratification the inventory team conducts a transect walk on the sample sites of the forest Sampling sites should be accessible in a short period of time The following activities should be carried out select sample sites and agree on suitable route for a transect walk in the s
66. oducts TABLE 10 Details of plot distribution the map BLOCK STRATA PLOT TYPE OF PLOTS LIFEFORMS AND TRANSECT BEARING GPS DISTANCE DISTANCE REMARKS NO NO SINGLE OR COMPOSITE SPECIES BE LINE LOCATION FROM TO NEXT SIZE m MEASURED NUMBER X amp Y STARTING POINT PLOT 3 24D 1 100 m 4 m Tree shrub herb 1 150 10m 134 2 100 m 4 m Tree shrub herb 2 90 14m 114m 3 100 4 m Shrub 258 m 20m 4 100 m 4 m Tree shrub herb 3 68 218 134m 5 100 m 4 m Tree shrub herb 4 410 42m 134m 6 100 m 4 m Tree shrub herb 546 m 10m 1 100 n 4 m Shurh 556 m 124m 8 100 m 4 m Tree shrub herb 680 m 3 EN ae nnn WOU Nien a 5 10 15 500 100 m 4m shrub 1 and regeneration 9860 Stage Three The stage three of this toolkit presents process of field measurement and recording of data for subsequent analysis This stage includes two steps Figure 11 The first step describes procedure and tools for laying the sample plots on the ground The next step provides methods and tools for field measurement and recording of information on various forest products e g timber root rhizome leaf fruit and flowers barks whole plant and exudates Thus the steps and activities of this stage are concerned with collecting and organizing inventory data The data generated in this way will be used in the analysis the met
67. orms of NTFPs FOREST SIZE SAMPLING INTENSITY 7 FOR VARIOUS LIFE FORMS OF NTFPS TREES TIMBER OR NON TIMBER SHRUBS NON TIMBER HERBS 100 ha a 05 005 01 100 500 ha 05 05 005 gt 500 ha 01 05 01 0 01 intensity as given in Inventory Guideline 2061 published by Department of Forest Government of Nepal Sample size Using sampling intensity we can calculate sample size area in hectare as follows take sampling intensity multiply total species effective area by sampling intensity and divide by 100 and repeat the same process to calculate the sample size of each selected species Size of the sample plot Size of the sample plot depends upon the life forms of the plants i e herbs shrubs and trees A circular of various radii or rectangular sample plot can be used However circular plot is preferred as it is relatively trouble free to establish and more accurate with less boundary error 500 plot with 12 62 m radius is used for mature tree species while the 100 m plot with 5 64 m radius is used for pole size tree and shrub measurement For herb 4 m plots with radius 1 128 m are used in general see Table 7 Sample plot types differ with the life form and product category Three different plot sizes of 500 100 m and 4 m for mature trees gt 30 cm dbh pole size trees 10 30 cm dbh and shrubs and 4 m for herbs and regeneration can be used respectiv
68. ory results are then used in Harvesting plan of timber and each NTFP product Forest management plan of community managed forest Business plan for enterprise development Reports of NTFP research and inventory Additional References ANSAB amp DFO Parbat 2010 Mapping Allo Production Potential Areas and Enterprise Opportunities in Parbat District Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources ANSAB Kathmandu and District Forest Office Parbat Nepal ANSAB amp SNV 2002 Inventory of Non Timber Forest Products at Mimi Melchham and Darma VDCs Humla Nepal Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources and Netherland Development organization SNV Nepal ANSAB 2003 Commercially important non timber forest products NTFPs of Nepal Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources Kathmandu Nepal ANSAB 2003 Enterprise Development for Natural Products Manual Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources Kathmandu Nepal Annexes The participatory process of inventory for four species is illustrated here in detail The species are Lokta Jatamansi Dhasingare and Chiraito as an example practiced by ANSAB in Nepal 1 Lokta Daphne bholua Product category Bark Assessment of Lokta in Binayak Community Forest Bajhang Step 1 PARTICIPATORY RESOURCE MAPPING The community in support of ANSAB forest technician prepared a participatory resource map show
69. ots and the average fruit stock of a tree is calculated and the result can be used for inventory in similar regions 2 2 5 Whole plant If whole part of a NTFP species is commercially important detailed measurement is required This category mainly include plant and fungi Due to various distribution patterns of the plants the inventory techniques are different The season and methods of inventory for those For the inventory of flowers and flosses the methods are same as given for fruits but it is more sensitive due to their highly perishable nature Therefore the inventory should be conduct at the time maturity of the product with due carefulness species are as provided in Table 15 Season of inventory The season of inventory is chosen at a time when the plant flowers for flowering plants and when other fungal body TABLE 15 species and season for whole plant inventory SN SPECIES LOCAL NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME SEASON OF INVENTORY 1 Chirayito Swertia chiraita November January 2 Guchhichyau Morchella conica April June 3 Yarsagumba Cordyseps sinensis April June Name of CF Block name no Strata no Plot no matures in case of fungi The season of inventory for some important species is as provided in Table 15 Similarly the data can be collected using Format 6 Measuring and recording data The general methods of measuring whole plants are as follows FORMAT 6 RECORDING FORMAT FOR WHOLE PL
70. ots in overlapped area of different herb products Initiate from overlapped area containing large number of herbs species to the least one Use following formula to calculate the plot to plot to distance Total length of transect a strata m Total length intercepted by tree amp shrub composite plots m Total sample plots required for shrub species total sample plots overlapped in tree and shrub Composite plots Sample plots for single herbs stratum Calculate the total number of sample plots to be taken for stratum of single NTFP species by deducting the number of plots distributed previously Distribute these sample plots along transect line Develop index table and fix entry and exit points Prepare a table including number of sample plots and plot to plot distance for each plant form for each stratum as in Table 9 and Find the entry and exit points in participation of the community members Record the direction geographical position in each terminal point and length of transect lines if GPS is available Lay the first sample plot randomly when the transect line starts and rest of the plots are laid according to the calculated plot to plot distance Prepare index table of plot distribution After laying and distributing the required number of sample plots on the map the facilitator prepares the details of the plot distribution on a sheet Table 10 Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Pr
71. overlay transparent grid sheet on the base map area delineated map sheet If there is no transparent grid sheet first the delineated map is traced and overlaid over the graph paper count and mark the number of grid cell covered by each strata calculate the area covered by a grid cell using the scale of the map and unit given in the grid sheet i e cm convert area of a grid cell cm into hectare and multiply the area of a grid cell by number of grid cell counted in each block so as to calculate the area covered by each block and whole forest 1 3 Forest mapping using topographic map Forest boundary is delineated on topographic map or satellite image in the active participation of the community members select a location from where most parts of the forest are visible place the topographic map in the center of the community members ask with community members to fix the north on the map then describe the process of delineation and provide pencil for a person and facilitate to delineate the boundary of forest and forest blocks During this stage the facilitator needs to cross verify the area repeatedly asking with community members with respect to some permanent natural features After completing the boundary delineation in topographic map or satellite image the facilitator should map the forest Finally the area of forest and forest blocks is calculated using the similar process mentio
72. portant roots and rhizomes The measurement techniques for all species of this category are similar but the season of inventory varies with their harvesting time The season of inventory and methods of inventory are discussed below Season of inventory Plants provide optimum yield of the product when they are mature For root and rhizomes the inventory season coincides with the harvesting season in which they grow to the full Table 11 provides the season of inventory for some commercial species having the root and rhizome Please see resource book Commercially important Non timber forest products in Nepal published by ANSAB 2003 for harvesting time of other species not included in Table 11 However facilitator needs to avoid too hot too rainy too snowy and stormy days for field measurement TABLE 11 Species and their inventory season EN SPECIES LOCAL NAME Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products SEASON OF INVENTORY 1 Jatamansi Nardostachys grandiflora September December 2 Kutki Picrorhiza scrophulariflora October November 3 Kurilo Asparagus racemosus January March 4 Sugandhawal Valeriana jatamansi September November 5 Padamchal Rheum emodi October November 6 Niramansi Delphinium denudatum November December 1 Lasun Allium wallichii October November 8 Bikhma Aconitum sps September December 9 Satuwa Paris polyphylla September November 1
73. priority species for management in the FMU Measurement and recording Trees and shrubs are measured in the composite plots of 500 m in which plots with sizes of 500 m 100 m2 and 4 m respectively for trees diameter gt 30 cm shrubs poles diameter 10 30 cm and herbs are laid out Further shrub and herbs selected for inventory as commercial non timber forest products are measured FIGURE 13 STANDARD FORESTRY PRACTICES WHILE MEASURING TREE DBH peDBH DBH yg DBH 13m JE 13m Treeon level ground Treeonslope Leaning tee Diameter M T measuring point DBH Diameter DBH DBH measurin 13m Hex EH gpoint Tree with branch deformity Tree forked below Tree forked above at breast height breast height breast height Diameter measuring point Diameter measuring point Bottleneck Tree with elevatedroot x 4 in detail within these composite plots The following are measured and recorded in the format see Annex 2 plant species dbhofthe mature and pole sized tree height of the mature and pole sized tree estimated crown cover of tree shrubs and herbs and number of sapling and seedling Dbh measurement Dbh is the basic measure of trees which is recorded for all trees The dbh of individual trees greater than or equal to 10 cm dbh are measured with diameter tape or callipers of each tree in composite plots Each tree is recorded individually together with its species
74. rting plot on transect line in participation of community members and from reference of geographic data Fix the centre of the plot and mark the edges of the plots Stretch the nylon rope along the plot boundary keeping small flag on the borders Facilitator can also place the team member around the plot if possible For composite plots lay out the smallest one first and gradually the larger one Figure 12 Data recorder needs to stand at a place from where whole plot is visible Record the plot characteristics slope aspect altitude soils characters texture and color associated species and other features within the sample plots STEP 2 CARRY OUT MEASUREMENT AND RECORDING The second step involves the measurement and recording in the sample plots which were laid out on the ground either as single or composite plots Methods of measurement vary according to forest product categories and are provided below in the following categories 2 1 Trees and shrubs 2 2 Non timber forest products 2 2 1 Roots and rhizome 2 2 2 Leaves 2 2 3 Bark 2 24 Fruits and flowers 2 2 5 Whole plant Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products 2 1 Measuring trees and shrubs The inventory of trees and shrubs frequently forms a part of an NTFP inventory as forest comprises a large number of trees and shrubs that are important for local people Some of these may contain valuable NTFPs and may have been identified as
75. sons LRPs who can later conduct forest resource inventory on their own ACTIVITIES RESPONSIBLE PERSON Participatory resource mapping Community members and facilitator 1 March Forest boundary mapping and species effective area calculation Facilitator and community member 3 10 March Sampling design Facilitator and community members 10 15 March Plot lay out in the ground Facilitator and community members 20 Mar 10 April Measurement and recording Facilitator and community members Data analysis and interpretation Facilitator and community members Up to April 25 Stage Two The stage two of this toolkit guides you through the delineation of forest boundary and development of the sampling design These two activities are carried out immediately before the actual field measurement This stage has three steps Figure 3 It starts with the delineation and mapping of the boundary of the forest for which inventory is planned At the second step effective areas for the species are identified for detailed inventory are delineated The third step provides methods and tools for stratification of the forest as stratified systematic sampling is commonly used in forest inventory and calculation of area of the whole forest as well as the strata Finally at the fourth step describes about how to lay out the sample plots on the map These steps lead the inventory team to be prepared for fiel
76. st area and under limited human resource and time ANSAB experience shows that the use of topographic map is suitable for those FMUs which have forest area larger than 500 hectares However for large forest area bigger than 500 hectares it is better to use topographic map or high resolution satellite image for mapping forest area and blocks the methods are described below GPS survey GPS GPS Map 60CSx Garmin is one of the modern and prominent tools for boundary survey and mapping With GPS tracking is performed to survey the forest boundary and block division For this the facilitator should first learn about handling the GPS receiver unit set up to mark location of forest boundary and mapping The process is given in Box 1 2 and 3 It is the process of dividing a forest into a number of blocks It is useful for prescribing forest management activities Some basic criteria of blocking are permanent natural features river road and ridge e objective of forest management and e forest type conifer broadleaved grass land shrub land Participatory Inventory of 4 Non timber Forest Products BOX 1 Procedure for handling GPS receiver How to Setup GPS GPS Map 60CSx Garmin Go to Main Menu page pressing Page Key there are six pages Satellite page Trip composer Map page Compass Altimeter and Main Menu e Highlight Setup Menu and press Enter Key When the setup page is d
77. supporting the sustainable management of NTFPs comprises an important aspect of rural development An important component of technical support for the sustainable management of the forest is inventory An inventory involves determination of existing stock of the forest products under consideration and an estimation of their growth rate in order that prescriptions can be offered for their management and utilization The inventory of forest products is thus important to develop forest management plan and for its subsequent implementation It is equally useful for the initiation and operation of forest product based enterprises as it is for conservation activities This toolkit seeks to fill the gap experienced by development as well as conservation organizations on the practical methods and tools essential for the inventory of NTFPs It is primarily based on the experience of ANSAB over the past one and a half decade It is expected that this toolkit will be useful for those who want to support the sustainable management of NTFPs as part of their conservation or rural development work Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products About this Toolkit OBJECTIVES OF THE TOOLKIT This toolkit provides practical methods and tools to determine total stock and harvestable amount of the selected NTFPs and other forest products The objectives of the toolkit are to offer practical methods and tools for participatory NTF
78. t weight Annual allowable harvest The amount of forest products e g the volume or number of stems or plants that can be removed annually from a forest or from its block Annual growth An increment in the stock of forest products in a forest over a year Crown cover A vertical projection of the crown area of a species to the ground surface it indicates the dominance of a particular species in the forest Density Number of plants of a species relative to the total number of all species present in an area it is often expressed in terms of percentage or fraction Facilitator A person who supports the local community and other groups to conduct a specific activity or a range of activities primarily in reference to the objectives of a development program Frequency Number of occurrence of a plant species in a particular area Non timber forest products All goods of biological origin other than timber fuel wood and fodder derived from forest grassland or any land under similar use includes medicinal and aromatic plants MAPs bamboo and rattan nuts fruits tubers and berries grasses and leaves Glossary resins insect and insect providers and wild animals and birds NTFP inventory A measurement and assessment of the existing stock and growth of NTFPs given area Observation A record e g measurement of height girth diameter weight and number taken from sample unit Population Total number of
79. t from the entire blocks gives the abundance total growing stock growth total dry stock of the product in the whole and annual allowable cut of the selected forest species are interpreted according to the management objectives Based on that Worked out example of data analysis Forest management units in support of Table 16 gives a worked out example of forest technicians need to design and data analysis using the step wise method incorporate the sustainable utilization and mentioned management strategies in detail Total fresh and or dry biomass kg and annual harvestable stock of the product per hectare are incorporated in reports management plan harvesting plan and business plan Stock mapping should show the block wise total and harvestable stock of timber forest products and NTFPs Although the harvestable amount of product has been calculated in kg or cubic feet it is better to use units of measurement that are familiar to the users Number of regeneration total stock and harvestable stock are depicted in table along with some description needed for the particular management objective s of the FMU Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products Resource status and management prescription for each block of the specified forest should be given The NTFP stock should be linked with physical features of the block and the human influence on it so that these form the basis for future management The invent
80. th activities when required We are thankful to the blue moon fund bmf for providing the grant that allowed us to develop the Series and for encouraging us to translate ANSAB expertise into simple to use toolkits The main contributors of the toolkit are Bhishma Subedi Shiva Shanker Pandey Shambhu Charmakar Sushil Gyawali and Nabaraj Panta Surya B Binayee through his work in ANSAB program contributed to the evolution and development of the methodology A number of ANSAB staff especially Indu Bikal Sapkota Ram P Acharya Netra Bhandari Chandika Amagain Gopal Sharma Bishnu Luintel Govinda Baral Durga Regmi Sony Baral and Rijan Tamrakar donors USAID The Ford Foundation IDRC partners EWV NGOs and local communities contributed to this methodology through their involvement in ANSAB programs Hari Dhungana an experienced ANSAB technical expert edited the Series We welcome suggestions and feedback from readers and users as we are very much keen on periodically updating the toolkits to make it more productive and useful Bhishma P Subedi PhD Executive Director ANSAB Annual allowable harvest Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources Community forests Community forest users group centimeter Diameter at breast height Forest management unit gram Geographic information system Global positioning system hectare meter kilogram Non timber forest product Timber forest produc
81. thods tools and techniques for obtaining and implementing the Forest Stewardship Council s FSC Group Chain of Custody certification The purpose is to enable small companies and cooperatives promote their certified products in national and international markets and get rewarded RURAL DEVELOPMENT TOOLKITSERIES Participato Invento of Non mber Forest Products ASIA NETWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND BIORESOURCES ANSAB 2010 ANSAB 2010 Citation ANSAB 2010 Participatory Inventory of Non Timber Forest Products Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources Kathmandu Nepal All rights reserved Reproduction and dissemination of information in this toolkit for educational research or other non commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from ANSAB provided the source is fully acknowledged The reproduction of the information from this toolkit for any commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission from ANSAB ISBN 978 99933 796 8 3 First edition 2010 Designed and printed in Nepal Preface Rural development presents an immense challenge both to theorists and practitioners in the field Many rural development and conservation projects end up in utter frustration because they are not equipped with effective methods and tools ANSAB itself has tried various approaches since its establishment in 1992 We have developed a practical combin
82. ticipatory resource mapping brown sheet and marker pens of various colors can be used usesymbols to indicate different land uses etc as symbols provide easier visual reference support participants to find the north direction first and sketch the boundary with that direction as base facilitate to prepare sketch map showing the forest resources topographic features river terrain structures community and physical infrastructure including road and foot trails see Figure 4 support to sketch potential habitat of commercially important NTFP species discuss with community members the prominent features of forest NTFP distribution difference of topography and other physical features and how that would shape inventory design and transfer the participatory map either copy it by drawing in a plain sheet of paper or take a photograph showing all details for future reference 1 2 Conduct Forest Boundary Survey and Prepare Map Forest boundary survey and mapping is not necessary if forest map is already available If map is not available a boundary survey needs to be carried out Forest blocking should also be conducted simultaneously For small sized forest with area less than 500 hectares a GPS survey method or b compass survey method can be used FIGURE 4 PARTICIPATORY RESOURCE MAPPING Use topo map if the boundary survey is impossible due to terrain topography and large fore
83. trepreneurship skills and culture at the community level DEVELOPMENT AND MOBILIZATION OF LOCAL RESOURCE PERSONS This Toolkit focuses on the process and methods of recruiting training and mobilizing local resource persons LRPs so that development services could be more effectively delivered in rural settings through locally available human resource even beyond the termination of a development project MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR NATURAL PRODUCTS This Toolkit focuses on the process of setting up a marketing information system MIS program and the methods of collection processing and dissemination of information on markets and marketing of natural products The objective is to provide guidance in developing and implementing the MIS for natural products in order to enhance market transparency and good value chain governance CERTIFICATION OF COMMUNITY MANAGED FORESTS This Toolkit focuses on group forest management certification The major objective of the toolkit is to provide important methods and tools for developing and implementing the Forest Stewardship Council s FSC group forest management certification so that the communities achieve a position of getting recognition and rewards for their good practices while conserving the forest and biodiversity CHAIN OF CUSTODY CERTIFICATION FOR COMMUNITY FOREST ENTERPRISES This Toolkit provides field practitioners and program managers with up to date me
84. u Nepal Tel 977 01 4497547 or 4478412 Fax 977 01 4476586 E mail ansabeansab org Website www ansab org ISBN 378 13733 75 8999311379683
85. y cause deviation in the bearings DENSIOMETER Description Spherical densiometer is common yet simple instrument for measuring forest overstory density or canopy cover Figure 11 The instrument has reflective spherical surface divided into 16 equispaced square grids When the instrument is taken under forest canopy the images of overhead crown can be seen in mirror and the amount of canopy coverage is estimated based on proportion of the mirror surface reflecting the overstory crown EsTIMATING CANOPY COVER USING DENSIOMETER Although it is ideal to take canopy cover measurements in each sample plot but depending on resources availability canopy measurements can be taken in skipped in several plots However the plots where canopy measurements are taken should be allocated in proportion to the area of different strata Prior to taking the canopy cover measurements all trees should be already tagged and diameter at breast height dbh measured This measurement procedure can be efficiently handled by one person using the following procedure FIGURE 13 SPHERICAL DENSITOMETER Keep the densiometer instrument leveled indicated by the round level in the lower right hand corner Hold the densitometer far enough away from your body so that your head is just outside the grid 30 45 cm away Maintain the densiometer approximately at elbow height There are a total of 24 3 mm x 3 mm squares in the grid Each squ
86. yes towards the top of the tree Read the angle at the index line on the left side scale The angle is given in degrees on the left side and percentage on the right side For example 15 and XX A similar process can be repeated when measuring the angle at the base of the tree Measuring the bearing using Sight Master The Sight Master can be used in the following way to measure the bearing which is required when establishing reference points Hold the compass horizontally in front of you close to one of your eyes Participatory Inventory of Non timber Forest Products Sight with both eyes towards the object See fig A You read the bearing through the compass sighting system at the same time you sight above the instrument towards the object The index line will appear to stand up from the compass housing making it easy to accurately read the correct bearing towards the object See Fig B The bigger scale gives the bearing from your position to the object and the smaller one the reverse bearing from the object to your position Reverse bearings are essential in accurate positioning tasks particularly at sea THINGS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE USING SURVEY MASTER The compass should be used as far as possible from iron and steel objects such as engines electrical equipment knives tooling etc because they can cause magnetic interference and direction errors Even wrist watches and steel framed spectacles ma

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