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PyroSim User Manual - Thunderhead Engineering

1. Untitled File Edit Model Devices Evec Output FDS View Help Beas OCOS t RAX ZI AQRKEARHA O H 6 RAXIT RRARA O N o i Goa SG SSB amp 9 9 BR crou Beds Goa a BSB amp 23 9 ER oe de mods Show Def om AE AER E a e Show Defam E AAC E e A Rotate Center xyz 0 0 m 1 0m 0 25m os P a gt 1 9 a o E e nr Ye gt 7 2 13 oR Omogeaeage as Reference Direction xyz 0 707107 0 707107 0 0 K lt Type to enter Rotate Center 1 y 2 gt File Edit Model Devices Ever Output FDS View Help Bela s oO t ROXAS RKRSHHO B 6 Goa SE SSS amp 9 9 8 cae domos SING 2 4n00 11900 Figure 8 31 Rotating an object with the Rotate Tool Mirror Tool The mirror tool allows objects to be mirrored across a plane as shown in Figure 8 32 To use the mirror tool perform the following Select the desired objects to mirror from any view Select the Mirror Tool 9 from the drawing toolbar 3 Use Click drag Mode or Multi click Mode to define two points that create a plane about which the selected objects are mirrored 1 Some objects such as solution meshes can only be mirrored about an X Y or Z plane 75 Drawing in PyroSim 7602 mW4A 00 H 4 Sas aa aaa amp 9 amp Rl ooo dos son cnn A AAA E e e e BSHlwd COt RAX VIAAGARARA O H i Sas ree amp e aA amp Rl ooo Barve Show Defaut Om A e ES ESR E
2. The type of flow device you would like to use in the duct Damper A damper device sets an open closed state for the duct When a damper control is TRUE it allows normal airflow When a damper is FALSE the duct is closed and blocks 100 of the duct area 107 HVAC Systems Basic Fan A basic fan represents a fan between the two nodes of the duct Basic fans are defined on the duct itself rather than on a fan object are limited to simpler use cases An aircoil represents a heat exchanger between the two nodes of the duct Selecting Fan as the flow device allows you to choose a defined fan object as the airflow device between the nodes of the duct Specifying Activation for either a damper a fan or an aircoil attaches a device to set the state of the HVAC component as active or inactive The fixed volumetric flow rate through the duct Ramp up time Used to define a custom time ramp of the duct flow rising to the Volume Flow Selects a defined HVAC Fan object to use as the flow device Flow Direction Choose the direction of airflow By default air moves from Node 1 to Node 2 Selects a defined HVAC Aircoil object to use as the flow device HVAC Node An HVAC Node represents a either a joining of two or more HVAC Ducts or the meeting point between a duct and the PyroSim computational model To create an HVAC Node 1 Onthe Model menu click Edit HVAC 2 Click New 3 Inthe Type box select NODE 4 Clic
3. El zoneo outer Zone cons ATARA 2 4ana 1195 04 gt 30 view 20 View Record View Figure 8 12 Objects stacked in the 3D View Holes in the 3D View While stacking can be useful for obstructions a user must be more careful when drawing holes in the 3D View For instance with the slab hole tool and block hole tool the user will need to change the extrusion direction to properly direct the hole into the obstruction For instance if the user draws a slab obstruction in the 3D View and then draws a slab hole while snapping to the obstruction the hole will be stacked on top of the obstruction without cutting a hole as shown in Figure 8 13 A To draw this 59 Drawing in PyroSim properly the user would need to change the extrusion direction when drawing the hole by pressing CTRL on the keyboard or changing it through the tool s right click menu This will result in a proper hole as shown in Figure 8 13 B This is not a problem in the 2D View since it always uses the drawing plane set in the tool properties instead of stacking the objects COS o File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help ASGHia4 CStRBAX MARAKRSABRAO H 6 ASCH ma4 C 4 BRX BI ARRKSBBDA O B 6 cla OA xr 9 cas rs z E EGGS t Ek 2 amp op ros A EA EEA E e e stow res o aaa TINS 4QuUna 14139350 de gt D a a o 8 a o E r gt hal 7 E
4. 150 Chapter 22 Appendix B Opening FDS v5 and PyroSim v2012 Files Appendix B Opening FDS v5 and PyroSim v2012 Files Due to the differences between versions 5 and 6 of FDS it is not always possible to automatically convert legacy FDS input files and PyroSim 2012 PSM files to the new version However many conversions are possible and in many cases PyroSim can completely convert old input files to the new format PyroSim will begin the conversion process as a result of either of two actions 1 opening a PSM file saved with a version of PyroSim designed to work with version 5 of FDS and 2 importing an FDS input file designed to work with version 5 of FDS The process for converting PSM files and FDS input files is identical PyroSim first loads the data into a form designed to work with version 5 of FDS then applies conversion logic to produce the corresponding data structures designed to work with version 6 of FDS When PyroSim encounters a record that cannot be automatically converted a warning message is generated Each warning contains information about the source of the problematic record and the action taken Some records are simply dropped and others are converted to default values If a record is encountered that cannot be converted but contained only default values and would not have affected the simulation that record is dropped without issuing a warning Great care was taken to ensure that PyroSim generates these warnings wh
5. 3 Obstruction 3 T Obstruction 4 T Obstruction 5 T Obstruction 6 3 Obstruction 7 T Obstruction 8 8 Obstruction 9 4 Surfaces A ADIABATIC 4 INERT MIRROR gt OPEN K Reactions gt 3D view 2D View Record View Figure 9 8 A stairway created with the replicate tool 85 Working with Geometry Objects Chapter 10 Working with Geometry Objects Selection PyroSim relies heavily on the idea of selected objects For almost all operations the user first selects an object s and then changes the selected object s The Selection Tool is used to select objects e A left mouse click on an object in any view will select it e Holding Ctrl while clicking will toggle the item in the selection adding previously unselected items and removing previously selected items e Holding Alt while clicking an object in the 3D View or the 2D View will select the entire group that the object belongs to e Inthe Navigation View a range of objects can be selected by clicking the first object then holding Shift while clicking the last object e Inthe 2D and 3D Views multiple objects can be selected with the Selection Tool and a click drag motion to define a selection box Once objects have been selected the user can modify the object using the menus Selection can be made in any of the views using the Selection tool Multiple objects can be selected using the Ctrl key or click and drag to define a
6. A MODEL CONSTRUCTION TOOL FOR FIRE DYNAMICS SIMULATOR FDS PyroSim User Manual q 9 RUNDESHEAD 2014 PyroSim User Manual Table of Contents Table of Contents PyroSim User MANU al sicsvsssesseaivanvans sasancensesosueuseiasvonsdsnssspadeaeesvsans suousovasueseeoecussdeaenoasenesuseneuaeess ii Table of CONTENER roca iv POS PN T E AEE ON viii DISCO tirao xi AcKNOWle demente cd xii Chapter 1 Getting Started ssssessssessssessssessssecssssesssseossoecssoscsssecssssosssscssssossssssessossseossssoseee 1 o A E A bee baeeeeo eseeteetecuneces 1 Download and asta rodas 1 Using a Different EDS Pre cltaDlOs encienda 2 PE Cle sa E eee 2 inst lling a Floating LION SS usais 3 Additional FDS and Smokeview DOCUMENTATION ccccnccncnnccnnnncnnnnacononanononacanonacononacnnnarononanononaso 7 System REQUIFEMEN ES unan eterna vce 7 COMIC Saa 7 Chapter 2 PyroSim BASICS siescsvenceccesceceesacaveeseaiwsaesscussaeeueeesdnnsuesseerseuesdesseunsseedeoustersnessvosvaces teres 8 PUTOS IMITA tes 8 NAVE ORN VISW nessa 8 A e q PA 9 LO A e e IA 13 PNO Or DI D Verr e icaod 13 dd o A E A 13 nn A 16 COIE SCAN ES anna and 17 Chapter 3 Working with FileS ssssesessesessessssesesssossssoesssossssoesssoessssesssosssssesssssssssesssseoseses 18 Creating a New PyroSim Mode sintio 18 SAVING a PYUrOSIM Mode h essaies 18 Opern a Saved PyroSim Mode lirica io rias 18 Preventing Changes to a Mode liviana dadas 18 Moor EFO MOdelS cara iia 1
7. on the FDS toolbar to launch the most recent results You may also run Smokeview at any time by going to the FDS menu and selecting Run Smokeview This will prompt you to choose a Smokeview file to open Time History Results Time history results are saved for heat detectors thermocouples and other fire output After running an FDS simulation the most recent plots can be viewed by clicking on the FDS toolbar This will show a plot of thermal results Device and control results may also be viewed by by clicking the down arrow and selecting the desired plot Additional plots may be shown by going to the FDS menu and choosing Plot Time History Results A typical heat detector plot is shown in Figure 19 1 The user can export the image to a file X Time History Plots Atrium 00 0 400 0 30 0 600 0 time s Figure 19 1 Time History Results 137 Post Processing Archiving Results After running a simulation the results may be archived along with the FDS and PyroSim input files To do so on the FDS menu click Archive FDS Results This will show the Archive FDS Results dialog as shown in Figure 19 2 PArchive HDS Result Archive name CET ee a a 4 Retain current results Compress to a ZIP file Figure 19 2 Archive FDS Results dialog The Archive name identifies the archive for later retrieval The default name contains the name of the model along with a date stamp If Retain current results is checked
8. 2 Select the FDS file and click Open PyroSim supports file import for versions 4 5 and 6 of FDS For more information about opening files compatible with version 4 or 5 of FDS please refer to Appendix A Exporting FDS Models PyroSim also allows you to explicitly export the current model to an FDS input file You can manually edit the file to take advantage of advanced FDS features or to easily transfer the input file to a different machine or special version of FDS To export an FDS file 1 On the File menu click Export then click FDS File or click the Export button 24 on the main toolbar 2 Enter the file name and click Save The file exported by PyroSim will be compatible with version 6 of FDS 19 Working with Files Importing CAD Files PyroSim allows users to import several types of CAD file formats including the DXF and DWG format and the STL Standard Tessellation Language format Each type of file provides a variety of geometry that can either be directly represented as obstructions or as drawing guides in the PyroSim model Unlike FDS import which completely replaces the current PyroSim model CAD import appends the data to the current model This facilitates the ability to import data from several CAD files into one PyroSim model This is useful when there is one blueprint per floor of a building or a 3D building has been split into several sections each in a separate file DWG DXF Import DWG and DXF file
9. A Figure 8 13 Improper vs proper hole drawing in the 3D view Projected Drawing in the 3D View Once the drawing plane for a tool has been established by the first click the tool can still determine the next points by snapping to objects in another plane In this case the snapped points will be projected to the drawing plane for the current tool A dotted line will show how the snapped point was projected to the plane For instance Figure 8 14 shows a new slab being drawn in the Z 1 5 plane A slab below the new slab is being snapped to determine the new slab s points Figure 8 14 Snapping to another plane in the 3D View Obstruction Drawing Tools There are four tools that can draw obstructions for more information on obstructions see Obstructions on page 41 60 Drawing in PyroSim e amp Slab Obstruction Tool Used to draw the slab for a floor e wall Obstruction Tool Used to draw a wall e 7 Block Obstruction Tool Used to fill grid cells with obstructions e Room Tool Used to draw a rectangular room For all the obstruction tools the tool properties dialog will appear similar to that in Figure 8 15 The only section of the dialog that will change between these tools is the geometry such as Z Location and Thickness All other properties including name surface color and obstruction flags appear in all obstruction dialogs These parameters control the properties that will be applied to the next drawn obstruc
10. A good choice for image type is Portable Network Graphics png Preferences PyroSim preferences can be set by going to the File menu and choosing Preferences Any changes to the preferences will be set for the current PyroSim session and be remembered the next time PyroSim is started The preferences are split into several groups including PyroSim FDS and Display preferences PyroSim Preferences These describe global PyroSim preferences as shown in Figure 2 9 13 PyroSim Basics Leos Display FDS File Format 4 Format FDS file for easy reading Max precision 6 Options 7 Autosave 10 0 min F Create Backup on Open W Record Preview 4 Show Splash Screen on Startup Figure 2 9 PyroSim Preferences Format FDS file for easy reading controls the format of real numbers in the FDS input file created by PyroSim When this is checked a real number is written such that if the absolute value is gt 001 and lt 10000 it is written in decimal notation otherwise it is written in scientific notation Max precision controls the number of significant digits written to the input file e Autosave instructs PyroSim to periodically create a backup of the current model that is deleted when the PyroSim model is closed This backup is useful in case PyroSim crashes or the computer loses power The default setting enables this feature and saves every 10 minutes In some cases when working with large mod
11. Black Background White Background or Custom color scheme on the View menu PyroSim Basics click Color Scheme The custom color scheme is defined in the PyroSim props file in the PyroSim installation directory usually C Program Files PyroSim ee IS 5 To define a custom color scheme Close PyroSim Edit the PyroSim props file Colors COLOrs COLOrs Colors GOLOES COLORS Colors COLOrs Colors Colors GOlSTS COLO sS COLOrs COLOrs COLOrs CO LOrs Colors COLORS Colors CO lors sue lOMm sue Lom CUSTOM CUSTOM CUS LEO CUSTOM e MS tons custom Custom CUSTOM CUsS EOI CUSTOM sG US SCON CUSTOM GUS LOM CUSTOM CUSTOM CUSTOM CUSTOM CUSLOM Change the following default colors to the colors you wish axis Oxirrroo ax1s box 0x404040 ax1s text 0xffffff background 0x0 boundary line OxfffffFf grid 0x4d4d66 group highlight 0xffff00 heatDetector 0xff0000 obst 0xff0000 oo0st htghAaltghac 0xbD2b200 origin2D 0x737373 smokeDetector 0xff00 snap point 0xff00 snapto grid 0x404040 snapto points 0xc0c0c0 sprk 0xff text 0xffffff thcp 0xffff00 tool 0xff00 tool guides 0x7c00 Save the edited PyroSim props file 6 Restart PyroSim 17 Working with Files Chapter 3 Working with Files Several files are used when performing a fire analysis using PyroSim These include the PyroSim model file the FDS input file and FDS output files This section describes how to load
12. PROPANE_REAC when converting PyroSim files that do not specify a reaction The PROPANE_REAC attempts to mimic the default propane reaction that is used in FDS5 The following items will be dropped from the Reaction record e Under the Fuel tab Mass Fraction of Fuel in Burner e Under the Fuel tab Other atoms e Under the Fuel tab Molecular Weight e Under the Fire Suppression tab Limiting Oxygen Index e Under the Heat Release Rate tab Use Eddy Dissipation model for heat release rate e Under the Heat Release Rate tab C C_EDC e Under the Byproducts tab Hydrogen Fraction e Under the Soot tab Hydrogen Fraction e Under the Soot tab Maximum Visibility e Under the Soot tab Mass Extinction Coefficient e Under the Fuel tab Ambient Oxygen Mass Fraction has moved to Simulation Parameters Surfaces Surfaces have undergone relatively few changes in from PyroSim 2012 to PyroSim 2013 However a number of items are no longer supported in the new version The following records will be dropped e A surface of type Fan will no longer set the FDS variable POROUS TRUE e Under the Surface Props tab Porous e Under the Surface Props tab Surface Density e Under the Air Duct tab Enable Air Duct e Under the Air Duct tab Duct Path e Under the Air Duct tab Maximum Over pressure e Under the Air Leak tab Porous Particles Unlike PyroSim 2006 PyroSim 2007 requires that every layered surface specify a thickness Delta for each
13. editor to bind that object to an existing activation control or even create a new control directly Figure 0 3 shows the activation control in the object properties dialog for a hole 113 HVAC Systems Description Dividing Door Group e Model Activation CTRL Create att 300 05 Specify Color Bounding Box Min X 8 61m Min Y 3 43 m 0 0m Max Y 5 26 m Jatim Figure 0 3 The Activation Controls dialog Once a control has been bound to an object or objects any objects linked to that control will show a text description of the control in their properties editor This text will be shown in blue and underlined and can be clicked to edit the activation control Changes made to the activation control will impact all referencing objects Time based Input To create or remove an object at a specific time select Time for the Input Type in the Activation Controls dialog When using time as the input objects can be created at a specific time removed at a specific time or be created and removed periodically throughout the simulation To create or remove the objects once select Create Activate or Remove Deactivate under the Action to Perform To create remove the object periodically select Multiple under the Action to Perform When performing multiple timed events the creation and removal and times at which they occur are specified in the table at the bottom of the dialog The create and remove events should alternate as tim
14. 100 Devices Chapter 14 Devices Devices are used to record entities in the model or to represent more complex sensors such as smoke detectors sprinklers and thermocouples You can make time history plots of device output in PyroSim by opening the CHID_devc csv file Devices can be moved copied rotated and scaled using the tools described in Chapter 10 on page 86 Most often the user will simply select one or more devices right click to display the context menu and click Copy Move By copying a single device along a line and then copying the line in the normal direction it is possible to quickly define an array of devices After a device is defined it can be used to activate an object The value that triggers the activation setpoint is defined in the same dialog as the device This is discussed more in Chapter 155 Aspiration Detection System An aspiration detection system groups together a series of soot measurement devices An aspiration system consists of a sampling pipe network that draws air from a series of locations to a central point where an obscuration measurement is made To define such a system in FDS you must provide the sampling locations sampling flow rates the transport time from each sampling location and if an alarm output is desired the overall obscuration setpoint To define the soot measurement devices 1 Onthe Devices menu click New Aspirator Sampler 2 Enter the Name and Location of the sample
15. B Manhattan KS 66502 6081 USA Sales Information sales thunderheadeng com Product Support support thunderheadeng com Phone 1 785 770 8511 PyroSim Basics Chapter 2 PyroSim Basics PyroSim Interface PyroSim provides four editors for your fire model the 3D View 2D View Navigation View and the Record View These all represent your current model If an object is added removed or selected in one view the other views will simultaneously reflect the change Each view is briefly described below e Navigation View This view lists many of the important records in the model It allows you to organize your model geometry into groups such as room or sofa Locating and modifying records is often faster and easier in this view e 3D View This view shows a 3D representation of your current fire model You can explore the model using different view controls You can also control the appearance of the model with options like smooth shading textures and object outlines Geometric features can also be changed e 2D View This view is useful for quickly sketching geometry such as walls and furniture You can choose from three viewing planes and perform many useful geometric manipulations e Record View This view gives a preview of the FDS input file that will be generated for the simulation It also provides a way to add custom records that will not be processed by PyroSim but will be sent to FDS Navigation View The navigation view is a
16. Color gt Bounding Box Minx 0 0m Min Y 0 0m Max X 1 0m Max Y L0m Max 2 11 0 m Figure 7 4 Hole Properties dialog Like obstructions holes can also be activated as discussed in Chapter 155 Holes can also have a color applied Vents Vents have general usage in FDS to describe a 2D rectangular patch on the surface of a solid obstruction or on a mesh boundary as shown in Figure 7 5 A vent may have a different surface applied to it than the rest of the obstruction to which it is attached File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help Bebliau C BAX B ACERA TBA ON jes au RYE xx 2 E uo 4 Model ai eee sor a os ATEO E e e A ah Zones HI zoneo Outer Zone Renctons TNS E Jannat 9 04 836 407 2 155 569 0 m D View Record View Figure 7 5 Vents on a mesh boundary and obstruction Taken literally a vent can be used to model components of the ventilation system in a building like a diffuser or a return In these cases the vent coordinates form a plane on a solid surface forming the boundary of the duct No holes need to be created through the solid it is assumed that air is pushed out of or sucked into duct work within the wall 45 Geometry Basic Concepts You can also use vents as a means of applying a particular boundary condition to a rectangular patch on a solid surface A fire for example is usually created by first generating a solid obstruction and
17. Detector Dased Int AS 114 Chapter 16 DUtput Control inicia stuavecaagus ees eSeu duns aeeuades suseuecesaveaseskeaes 116 SOMA PROMESA 116 MO A elon ated Ai art ae Sitinre aut Datta a Sus ate 116 Boundary QUAMTILICS E daa 117 ISOS UIT ACCS gas ayecai a 118 EN 119 A A 120 Chapter 1 7 EVaAG aloe 123 USE POSEA asst te flies asi hh Salem Atal nt ace ol bt laches 123 Where to Find FDS EVAC Records in PYrOSiM ccccessccccessecccceseccceeseceeeeeceseeeeceeseusecessugecss 124 Chapter 18 Running the Simulation ssesessesessssessssessssessssecssssossseossssoessesesssoesssosssssessesese 125 Simulation Paramete S norman a a e do 125 Sinele thiread Execution 131 Parallel Executi ON nenea a avert baatenek ue Sekhe arid Guess te ae 134 A Executioner a ashes onieevu amin ae ashen ee 135 RESUMES A SIMULA eee 136 Chapter 19 Post Processing iii as 137 PAU CHINIS Smoke vie We ii daa 137 vi Table of Contents AM USO AOS UE sis cts tn tlo tdci idos 137 ATEN IWS Results td dados 138 Restoring Archived Results unn adidas 138 Chapter 20 Managing Data Libraries ii ideas 140 Create and Manage Your Own Libraries ooocccnocnccnnnnnononcnnncnnnonanonnnnononnnonaronnonarcnnonanonnnonaoos 140 Use the Library Provided with PyrOSiM cccccesccccesseccceesscceceesececseecceseescceseueceseegeceesenseeetas 140 Import a Material or Reaction from the FDS 4 Database cccconccnnconoccnncnncnnnonanonnnonaconnonanonnos 141 Chapter 21 Advan
18. Managing Data Libraries Chapter 20 Managing Data Libraries Libraries of material or other model data can reduce errors and speed the creation of new models The user can import data from the library into a new model This section describes how to manage PyroSim libraries Create and Manage Your Own Libraries You can create and manage your own libraries for data that you commonly use A library is a single file that can contain several categories of objects such as Materials Gas phase Reactions and Surfaces To manage your library 1 Onthe Model menu click Edit Libraries 2 Select the Category that you want to manage and move selected items from the Current Model into the Library Figure 20 1 3 Click Save Current Library and save the library in a location and with a name that you can access in the future 4 Close the PyroSim Libraries dialog PyroSim Libraries a Category Materials Current Model Library untitled fds BRICK_MATL CARPET_MATL CARPET_MATL GYPSUM BOARD_MATL CEILING TILE_MATL SPRUCE_CHAR CONCRETE_MATL ETHANOL_MATL GLASS_MATL GYPSUM BOARD_MATL HEPTANE_MATL KEROSENE_MATL IMARINITE_MATL METHANOL_MATL PLASTIC A_MATL PMMA_MATL SHEET METAL_MATL l Create New Library SPRUCE_CHAR SPRUCE_VIRGIN Load Library STEEL_MATL vr ETT l Delete Selected Objects J l Delete Selected Objects J Close Figure 20 1 Creating a library of ma
19. Output tab select the mass fraction quantity of the desired 95 Reactions species from the Smoke Quantity drop down box Note that in addition to specifying the mass fraction of an extra species the mass fraction of any mixture fraction species can also be selected for smoke display including the mass fraction of oxygen water vapor and the other species specified in the gas phase reaction 96 Particles Chapter 13 Particles PyroSim supports four types of particles massless tracers water droplets fuel droplets and a generic particle that provides the same options as water droplets Massless Tracers Massless tracer particles can be used to track air flow within a simulation They can be used with the particle injection feature of the Burner Heater Cooler Blower and Layered surface types They can also be used in particle clouds By default PyroSim provides a black massless tracer particle called Tracer To use a custom tracer particle in your simulation you can modify the parameters of this default particle to suit your needs or you can create a new particle To create a new massless tracer particle 1 Onthe Model menu click Edit Particles 2 Click New 3 Inthe Particle Type box select Massless Tracer 4 Click OK You can now edit the particle properties The amount of time a droplet of this type will remain in the simulation Sampling Factor Sampling factor for the particle output file A value of
20. This option is only available when atmospheric profile is selected untitled Jim E smokeview 5 0 0 Beta Sep 6 2007 Figure 6 2 Effect of normal axis on the direction of tangential velocity 36 Surfaces The temperature of the air injected by supply vents can be controlled using the following options Surface Temperature The temperature of the injected air The value TMPA represents ambient temperature Convective Heat Flux The heat flux per unit area at the surface Ramp Up Time This field allows you to describe how the temperature ramps up from ambient to the specified value Emissivity This parameter is not used for supply surfaces The species injection options are available if the Specify Mass Flux of Individual Species option in the Air Flow group is selected and there are extra non reactive species present in the simulation Particle injection options Emit Particles Enable this option to emit particles from the surface Particle Type Select a particle to emit To create a new particle click the Edit Particles button Number of Particles per Cell Controls the number of particles inserted per time step Insertion Interval The frequency at which particles are inserted at the solid cells Mass Flux For particles that have mass this option provides an alternate way to control the number of particles inserted per second Exhaust Exhaust surfaces can be used to remove gas from the
21. To specify the memory you can either run from a command line or change the Start Menu shortcut properties To run from a command line open a command window and then go to the PyroSim installation directory usually C Program Files PyroSim Execute PyroSim on the command line using the JXmx argument In this argument the J specifies that the command will be passed along to the Java VM not PyroSim For example pyrosim JXmx1200m will request 1200 MB of memory To edit the PyroSim shortcut properties right click on the PyroSim icon select the Shortcut tab and then edit the Target by adding a space and JXmx1200 to the end of the Target A typical Target will then read C Program Files PyroSim pyrosim exe JXmx500m MPI Problems PyroSim Requires a Password to Run Parallel MPI processes communicate using network protocols that are disabled by default for accounts without passwords In order to work MPI must have access to a password protected account Users without passwords can overcome this problem in a couple ways e Seta password for the account 144 Troubleshooting e Instruct MPI to authenticate using an alternate account To instruct MPI to authenticate using an alternate account e g set to mpi_user on a computer named aurora you must issue a command using the console Microsoft Windows Version 6 0 6002 Copyright c 2006 Microsott Corporation ALL rights reserved C gt ed Program Files PyroSim 2014
22. WATER Each material is separated by a semi colon Click to specify the materials in this layer using an alternate table UI The Surface Props tab contains the following options The effective geometry for heat transfer calculations Tangential Boundary Sets the slip condition at the boundary layer as either Condition Default Free Slip or No Slip Roughness Sets the surface roughness This option is only available if the Tangential Boundary Condition is set to Default Slip Enable Leakage This option allows you to select two pressure zones for leakage across the surface Initial Internal Temperature Starting temperature inside the solid Backing The backing of a surface is the boundary condition behind the surface The default value Air Gap represents an air gap Exposed will allow the surface to transfer heat into the space behind the wall and Insulated prevents any heat loss from the back of the material Gap Temperature The temperature of air in the air gap This option is only available when the Air Gap backing type is selected Temperature Ramp Specifies the surface temperature ramp from ambient to the specified surface temperature The reaction used to model a given surface can either be taken from the material specifications or given explicitly by the surface Manually specifying the parameters will produce a surface similar to a burner You can edit this behavior using the reaction options Governed by M
23. a version of PyroSim designed to work with version 4 of FDS and 2 importing an FDS input file designed to work with version 4 of FDS In many cases PyroSim 2013 can import records intended for version 4 of FDS that PyroSim 2006 could not This is because PyroSim 2013 supports a broader range of FDS features than the previous version Examples of previously unsupported version 4 features that can now be imported include solid phase thermocouples and extra species The process for converting PSM files and FDS input files is identical PyroSim first loads the data into a form designed to work with version 4 of FDS then applies conversion logic to produce the corresponding data structures designed to work with version 5 of FDS For more information about how the data is converted from a format suitable for version 5 of FDS to version 6 of FDS see Chapter 1 Appendix A When PyroSim encounters a record that cannot be automatically converted a warning message is generated Each warning contains information about the source of the problematic record and the action taken Some records are simply dropped and others are converted to default values If a record is encountered that cannot be converted but contained only default values and would not have affected the simulation that record is dropped without issuing a warning Great care was taken to ensure that PyroSim generates these warnings whenever they contain important information but not so often th
24. and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation xii Getting Started Chapter 1 Getting Started Introduction PyroSim is a graphical user interface for the Fire Dynamics Simulator FDS FDS models can predict smoke temperature carbon monoxide and other substances during fires The results of these simulations have been used to ensure the safety of buildings before construction evaluate safety options of existing buildings reconstruct fires for post accident investigation and assist in firefighter training FDS is a powerful fire simulator which was developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST McGrattan et al 2013 FDS simulates fire scenarios using computational fluid dynamics CFD optimized for low speed thermally driven flow This approach is very flexible and can be applied to fires ranging from stove tops to oil storage tanks It can also model situations that do not include a fire such as ventilation in buildings FDS and the Smokeview visualization program are both closely integrated into PyroSim The PyroSim interface provides immediate input feedback and ensures the correct format for the FDS input file You can work in either metric or English units and you can switch between the two at any time In addition PyroSim offers high level 2D and 3D geometry creation features such as diagonal walls background images for sketching object grouping flexible display optio
25. and save files in the formats supported by PyroSim Creating a New PyroSim Model When PyroSim is started it begins with an empty model You can close the current model and create a new empty model by opening the File menu and clicking New PyroSim always has one and only one active model Saving a PyroSim Model The PyroSim model file PSM is stored in a binary format that represents a PyroSim model The PyroSim model contains all the information needed to write an FDS input file as well as additional information such as obstruction grouping floor heights background images and textures This format is ideal for sharing your models with other PyroSim users To save a new model 1 On the File menu click Save 2 Enter the file name and click the Save button Open a Saved PyroSim Model PyroSim model files have a PSM extension To open a saved model 1 On the File menu click Open 2 Select the file and click the Open button A list of recently opened files is also available To open recent files on the File menu click Recent PyroSim Files then click the desired file PyroSim has an auto save feature which stores a copy of your current model every 10 minutes This file is automatically deleted if PyroSim exits normally but if PyroSim crashes you can recover your work by opening the autosave file It can be found either in the same directory as your most recent PSM file or in the PyroSim installation directory if your
26. are there will be one resulting PyroSim object per connected set of faces In addition if the solid option is enabled or the objects are being treated as holes import will only succeed if each face set is detected as a closed shell by PyroSim Working with Revit Architecture While PyroSim cannot directly import Autodesk Revit files RVT Revit can export to DWG which can then be imported into PyroSim To export a DWG file in Revit Architecture 2012 perform the following e SP E O SY Open the desired RVT file within Revit Architecture Click the Revit icon at the top left ls Select Export gt CAD Formats gt DWG files In the DWG Export dialog click the button in the Select Export Setup section In the Modify DWG DXF Export Setup dialog select the Solids tab and select ACIS solids This option allows PyroSim to import objects as solid obstructions rather than treating each exported face as a thin obstruction Click OK to close the Modify DWG DXF Export Setup dialog In the DWG Export dialog for Export select lt In session view sheet set gt For Show in list select Views in the Model Click the Check None button and then in the view table select the check box for 3D View 3D Other views may be chosen but the DWG will only contain entities visible in the selected views 10 Click the Next button and choose a file name for the DWG file 11 Click OK to create the DWG The resulting DWG file can now b
27. either in the navigation view or by holding g on the keyboard while selecting a grid in the 2D or 3D view 2 Select the Mesh Splitter Tool 3 Move the cursor over one of the meshes A preview slice will show where the meshes will be split as shown in Figure 8 23 By default the tool will choose the split axis based on the nearest boundary edge of a selected mesh The split axis can be explicitly set through the right click 67 e PyroSim Untitled Drawing in PyroSim menu in the tool properties dialog by click dragging the left mouse button or by pressing CTRL on the keyboard to cycle through the options Once the desired split location can be seen left click the mouse to set the location Repeat steps 3 and 4 to set more split locations The meshes can be split along any number of axes in asingle operation To perform the split right click in the 2D or 3D view and select Finish PyroSim will create a new mesh group for each selected mesh and place the resulting meshes in the appropriate groups SS File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help e ce Hl yH4 C 4 BARS AARKARHA O H a ae E 3 Meshes la Zones 7 E ZONEO Outer Zone Xx Reactons PBB amp 9 3 amp 8 uo 8 mode Som aroos AE AAA PAPER 2 e E o Ed E a E a o g E m w lt Muti dick to set locations Right click to finish gt lt Click drag to change onentation gt Press CTR
28. fds C Program Files PyroSim 2014 fds gt mpiexec remove Account and password information removed from the Registry C Program Files PyroSim 2014 fds gt mpiexec register account demain user aurora thornton aurora mpi_ user password confirm password Password encrypted into the Registry To verify that MPI will function with the account information C Program Files PyroSim 2014 fds gt mpiexec validate port 52700 SUCCESS When trying to Run Parallel PyroSim Repeatedly Requests a Password PyroSim attempts to validate the MPI configuration prior to running the simulation If this validation fails PyroSim assumes it was because of a password mismatch If you know this is not the case e g you know you entered your password correctly PyroSim may be responding incorrectly to a different error To diagnose this error please run PyroSim in safe mode The error output should appear at the bottom of the console window Forward this text to lt support thunderheadeng com gt and the support staff will help resolve the problem When Trying to Run Parallel FDS Completes Immediately with No Output This indicates that MPI started successfully but the FDS executable fds5_mpi failed to run To gather additional information about this error you must run the MPI executable manually from the command prompt and observe the error output To run the MPI executable manually open a console window and issue the following commands M
29. in the Z Cells box type 10 Click OK Ye S YS 24 Meshes Edit Meshes MESH Order Priority 1 2 vY C Specify Color C Synchronize time step For tighter connection between meshes Mesh Boundary m Min x 0 0 Min Y 0 0 Min Z 0 0 Maxx 5 Max 1 MaxZ 1 Division Method Uniform v x Cells 50 Cell Size Ratio 1 00 Y Cells 110 Cell Size Ratio 1 00 Z Cells 10 Cell Size Ratio 1 00 Cell Size m 0 10 x 0 10 x 0 10 Number of cells For mesh 5000 lt New Figure 4 1 Defining properties of the new mesh The 3D View will now display the resulting mesh Nonuniform Meshes To create a second nonuniform mesh On the Model menu click Edit Meshes Click New In the Min X box type 0 0 in the Min Y box type 1 0 and in the Min Z box type 0 0 In the Max X box type 1 0 in the Max Y box type 3 0 and in the Max Z box type 1 0 In the Division method box select Non Uniform In the table enter the data shown in Table 4 1 Click OK E E e o Table 4 1 Non Uniform Mesh Parameters Dir 6 2 Num Cells Size 25 Meshes dit Meshes 22 C Specify Color Synchronize time step For tighter connection between meshes Mesh Boundary m Minx 0 0 Min Y 1 0 Minz 0 0 Maxx 1 0 Max Y 3 0 MaxZ 1 0 Division Method Non uniform v Dir ix Y 2 Num Cells Size 1 x 10 ew o y y y EG 5 4 2 10 0
30. lab data as validation In this section we describe how to import the FDS 4 database however it is your responsibility to verify that this data is correct and applicable to your simulation You can convert the old FDS 4 materials and reactions for use in PyroSim 2007 To import FDS 4 data On the File menu click Import and select FDS File In the Open dialog browse to Program Files PyroSim 2007 fds folder and open the database4 data file You will receive conversion warning messages depending on what is converted and what properties are defined Because of the change in material and reaction models between FDS 4 and FDS 5 you should review these carefully and edit the imported data appropriately for use with FDS 5 You can save the warnings to a file for future reference Click OK to close the File Conversion Warnings dialog The imported materials and reactions are now available for use in PyroSim 2007 It is the user s responsibility to verify these values 141 Advanced FDS Parameters Chapter 21 Advanced FDS Parameters PyroSim tries to support FDS completely but there are some more obscure features that might not be found in the PyroSim user interface For these items PyroSim provides additional mechanisms to allow these features through the Additional Records section of the Record View and the Advanced tab of some dialogs Additional Records Section There are times when PyroSim does not support an entire record In
31. layer and that materials specify density Rho specific heat and conductivity C In PyroSim 2006 there were a number of ways for thermally thin surfaces to either specify or omit these parameters These surfaces allowed any one or more of C Delta and Rho to be specified in addition to C Delta Rho PyroSim 2007 will make a best effort calculation of missing parameters For instance if C Delta Rho is specified along with two of the parameters the third will be calculated however if more than one parameter is missing PyroSim will use defaults for up to two of the parameters and calculate the third missing one The default thickness for thermally thin surfaces is set to Imm In all cases where a default number has been assumed due to a missing parameter a warning will be shown for the parameter In PyroSim 2013 the interaction between particles and species has changed significantly In PyroSim 2012 a particle could be attributed various Thermal Properties and Fuel Properties Most of these variables have since been moved to the species object 153 Chapter 22 Appendix B Opening FDS v5 and PyroSim v2012 Files To handle converting legacy files PyroSim 2013 generates a new species based on the Thermal Fuel Properties of the legacy particle This species is then assigned under the Liquid tab of the PyroSim 2013 particle The following is a list of items which are applied to the generated species e Under the Fuel tab Melting Temperatur
32. model was unsaved For more information about opening files saved with previous versions of PyroSim please refer to Chapter 22 Appendix A Preventing Changes to a Model PyroSim supports write protection for a model When write protection is enabled users cannot modify a model e g change geometry edit surface properties etc This option can be enabled with or without password protection If a model is write protected PyroSim will display notification in the application title bar 18 Working with Files To add write protection to a model 1 On the File menu click Write Protection 2 Click OK The model will now be write protected Since a password was not used a password will not be required to remove write protection To remove write protection from a model 1 On the File menu click Write Protection 2 Click OK The model can now be edited If needed the dialog will require a password to release the lock Importing FDS Models PyroSim allows you to import existing FDS input files When you import an FDS file PyroSim will create a new PyroSim model from the imported file During import PyroSim will check for the validity of each record If errors are detected you will be notified You may then make the required corrections and attempt to import the file again To import existing FDS models into PyroSim 1 On the File menu select Import FDS CAD File or click the Import button on the main toolbar
33. simulation you may want to take into account some guidelines e Use at least as many meshes as available processors or cores If there are 4 available processors and only two meshes the additional two processors will not be used e Donot overlap meshes Since information is exchanged between meshes at the edges it is ideal to organize meshes in such a way that they touch but do not overlap It is not recommended to embed a fine mesh within a coarse mesh in an attempt to improve localized mesh resolution Because information is exchanged at mesh boundaries the outer mesh will not receive any data from the inner mesh e Do not allow a fire source to cross mesh boundaries When a fire source crosses mesh boundaries it is not possible to maintain the same level of simulation accuracy For a detailed list of suggestions and information about running FDS in parallel please consult section 6 3 2 of the FDS Users Guide Cluster Execution PyroSim supports the ability to run an FDS simulation on a network cluster using MPI This has similar restrictions to running a parallel simulation in that each grid is run in a separate process The cluster may be composed of several computers or nodes and each node may have any number of processors Before launching a cluster simulation from within PyroSim the node installer available from the PyroSim website must be installed on each computer that will participate including the computer running PyroSi
34. then specifying a vent somewhere on one of the faces of the solid with the characteristics of the thermal and combustion properties of the fuel There are two reserved surface types that may be applied to a vent OPEN and MIRROR For more information on these types see Chapter 6 Creating Vents Vents can either be drawn as discussed in Chapter 8 or be created by opening the Model menu and clicking New Vent This will open the New Vent dialog as shown in Figure 7 6 Like obstructions and holes vents can also be activated but only if the surface is not MIRROR or OPEN With the exception of Fire Spread the other properties are similar to obstructions Fire Spread can be specified on vents using a burner surface Chapter 6 This option simulates a radially spreading fire at the vent dp Model lt Always On gt v Surface 8 INERT x Specify Color C Display as Outline Texture Origin Relative to object a 0 0m Y 0 0m Fire Spread Spread Rate 0 0 m s eE ct Y 7 0 0m Bounding Box Min X 0 0m Min Y 0 0m Min Z 0 0m Max X 1 0m Max Y 1 0m Max Z 0 0m ok cama Figure 7 6 New Vent dialog Groups Groups can be used to hierarchically organize the model Groups can only be seen in the Navigation View The Model is the base group Users can nest groups inside other groups allowing the user to work with thousands of objects in an organized way When the user performs an action on a group that ac
35. this case the record can be entered into the Additional Records Section of the Record View as shown in Figure 21 1 o YX PyroSim C Users okonski Documents Pyrosim tests parallel_tests 3 grids13_grids psm el File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help amp ki 24 f X BPRAEARABRHRA YV G Elsa Model Records Read Only uesnes TIME 7_END 60 0 FP MESH DUMP DT RESTART 300 Figure 21 1 Additional Records Section When PyroSim write the FDS input file it copies the contents of the Additional Records Section exactly at the beginning of the FDS file Because PyroSim performs no validation on text in this view it is up to the user to ensure that the statements are well formed FDS statements and that they do not conflict with any records generated by PyroSim In addition none of the records written in this section can be referenced by other PyroSim objects For instance if a SURF record is entered in this section it cannot be referenced by an obstruction in the PyroSim user interface The only way to do so would be to write the obstruction in the Additional Records Section as well Some records such as MISC RADI and others that occur once in the FDS input file can be entered in the Additional Records Section even if PyroSim has generated the record already For instance if PyroSim generates the record amp MISC TMPA 30 0 you can still enter another entry for MISC in the Addi
36. write these fields to the file exactly as entered in the table so care must be taken by the user to make sure they are correct 143 Troubleshooting Chapter 22 Troubleshooting Licensing Registration Problems If you experience trouble registering PyroSim please contact lt support thunderheadeng com gt Video Display Problems PyroSim utilizes many advanced graphics card features in order to provide accelerated display of models in three dimensions If you have problems with display such as corruption of the image when you move the mouse go to File gt Preferences and turn off the fast hardware drawing options This will disable the image caching and force PyroSim to always re render the model This should correct any display problems at the expense of speed You can also turn off graphics acceleration by starting PyroSim in Safe Mode Select Run All Programs PyroSim and then PyroSim Safe Mode If you encounter this problem please let us know the make model of your video card and what video driver you are using That will help us improve the faster version to work on more computers Memory for Large Models When running large models it is possible that an out of memory error will be encountered If this occurs you can increase the default Java heap size In our experience the maximum size can be specified to approximately 70 of physical memory By default PyroSim will specify a java heap size of 50 of physical memory
37. 000 Figure 9 5 A curved wall drawn using the rotate technique If we would have created 60 copies instead of 15 this procedure would have created a cylinder While complicated the rotation approach is the most effective at creating complex symmetrical geometry Trusses Trusses can be created by drawing a single truss out of slab obstructions and slab holes then replicating that truss as many times as needed as shown in Figure 9 6 The following steps show how to create the trusses for an example roof Fo A 12 13 14 Click the 2D View tab On the toolbar click the Front View button On the drawing toolbar select the Slab Obstruction Tool On the drawing toolbar click the Tool Properties button and set the thickness to the desired thickness of the truss Draw a triangle representing the outer boundary of the truss On the toolbar select the Slab Hole Tool Draw a triangular hole in the left half of the truss Select the newly created hole Select the Mirror Tool 94 Right click in the 2D View and select Copy Mode Draw a line from the top vertex of the outer obstruction to the center of the bottom to define the mirror plane Select the entire truss including the outer obstruction and two holes Open the Model menu and click Copy Move In the Translate dialog select Copy set Number of Copies to 4 set Offset to be 2 O meters along the Y axis and click OK 82 Creating Complex Geo
38. 1 uses the FDS default value for this property Set to an integer greater than 1 to reduce the size of particle output Liquid Droplets Evaporating liquid droplets can be used with sprinkler spray models and nozzles to customize the spray They can also be used in particle clouds and surface types that support particle injection To specify a liquid droplet you must specify a species This can be one of the predefined species recognized in Table 11 1 of the FDS User s Guide McGrattan et al 2013 or any other user defined species If the species is not predefined it is important to specify the liquid properties of the species To edit the liquid properties of the species On the Model menu click Edit Extra Species Select the primitive species Select the Liquid tab Specify the fields below Click OK MEN Se 97 Particles Liquid Species Coloring Default Select to FDS to select a color for this particle Specify Select to choose a custom particle color By Droplet Property Select this option to choose one or more scalar quantities that will be used to color this particle in Smokeview Size Distribution Median Diameter The median volumetric diameter of each droplet Use a constant diameter for each droplet Rosin Rammler Allow each droplet to be sized according to Rosin Rammler distribution Lognormal Allow each droplet to be sized according to a lognormal distribution Rosin Rammler Lognormal Rath
39. 3 E oe d odei o Aros A a e e Resta eip arRR4naA OE x SS SSS i gt k tA R 4 Grow dih Model Show A os E E A e PEPPER e e A NTE SAMA RAA AAA NES HAMDARAA AA TINS SAMA AA t SH EA ol or nm lt Figure 2 8 Filtering mesh elements Background images attached to floors can be quickly shown hidden using the Show Background Image filter button l next to the floor drop down 2D View The 2D view is mostly the same as the 3D view with some key differences e The 2D view provides pre set orthographic views of the model The view can be set to the top front or side views e The 2D view does not have the Orbit and Roam tools e The Select Manipulate tool pans the model when dragging the right mouse button rather than orbiting e Drafting is performed differently in the 2D View For more information see 2D versus 3D Drawing on page 57 e Snapping can be performed to either the solution mesh or to a user defined sketch grid e When snapping to a solution mesh the mesh grid lines are always shown the boundary is never shown and only the outline of the mesh can be optionally shown e Floor clipping is slightly different For more information see Floors on page 48 Snapshots of Display Images of the current display can be saved to a file by opening the File menu and clicking Snapshot The user can specify the file name image type png jpg tif bmp and the resolution
40. 6 O Allow resulting blocks to span multiple mesh cells default Resulting adjacent blocks with the same properties are merged into one block vastly reducing the number of produced blocks Force blocks to be on larger than one grid cell thick Blocks will not be merged This may create great numbers of blocks that will take additional memory but have the advantage of being more easily deleted 1 Using this option skips axis aligned blocks but it does not check that the boundaries of the skipped objects are aligned with mesh cell boundaries 129 Running the Simulation e Thickening Controls whether objects are allowed to be thin o Allow thin obstructions default Allows objects to become thin as shown in Figure 18 7 This may be overridden for obstructions by turning on Thicken in the obstruction properties dialog o Force all obstructions to be thickened Prevents all obstructions from becoming thin e Merge objects with identical properties default true Allows blocks to be merged across source objects if their resulting blocks have similar properties For instance if this is true and two walls are drawn with similar properties their converted blocks will be merged into the same group or composite object This can further reduce the number of resulting objects o Separate disjoint objects default true Prevents objects block from being merged if their blocks do not touch o Ignore names while merging default false
41. 9 EOS TFDS MOdE Genier 19 IMO TIC FCS e a a dandao saseiancteswatbesnieucosoneneacee 20 Chapter 4 IVICSIICS lt cscvucvacavecavssosssshesvensarsstonsebew see eensseuneeyesvewaeswesne ve vaveyesonenenbenveyeneuersssuesewuserts 24 WU IVS CS aio on 24 URL VS CS as 24 Nonuntorm MESE Saa 25 Jemne Multiple Meses orita 26 Additional Mesh ACTIONS nadaa 29 Chapter 5 Materials ccscscsscscscecsccscsccccccscsccccecscscsccccecsceccececscucescecscuceccecececeseccecscssessecs 30 o 5 In E o A 30 A o o A nn nn 31 Chapter 6 Surfaces rancia ias seba cine sices 33 Reserved SUrTICOS dados 33 ECET E E care arcsec enn anec ee caecenemanuet cee cesenae seo aunecoentnaeeseine ceuransaseeeesaunaeeeeccunc sess 34 Adding Textures to Sua SS spa iio eds 40 Chapter 7 Geometry Basic Concepts cscsccscsccsceccsceccsceccccscsccsceccscescscsscscsscccscescscescecess 41 Table of Contents o O ee re ee ee 41 O 44 VEN untada dnd d dada dana 45 EU doc ncoaeenaeie eens 46 o O e er ene ee eee eee 48 Adding a Background Image to a FIOOL ccccccsssecccessecceceecccceesececeuseceeeeeecceseuecessuneceeseneeeeeas 50 Chapter 8 Drawing PUTOS Miss io 51 Drawing Editing TOOlMOVERVI e Wonnen ds A deceenbateians oetienats 51 A A O NI PO PEE deus PEAT E A A AE A AE E 53 PRECISE Keyboard ENY ida doce tacace ca ba octave Ge tate us dc ousdeotetbauecds duceanuetamanedacecdust 56 ZOD VELSUS 3D DRAWING discus santvanatons uae cvencanayehien d 57 Obstructi
42. 9 5 04 Figure 8 19 Blocks drawn with the block obstruction tool This tool adds the following properties to the tool properties dialog e X Y orZ Location the drawing plane When the active floor is changed this is set to the floor s elevation e Height the distance the block is extruded toward or away from the camera When the active floor is changed this is set to the floor s wall height property e Size the size of the block when there is no snap grid under the cursor In addition the extrusion direction for the block can be toggled by pressing CTRL on the keyboard or through the right click menu for the tool To create blocks using this tool perform the following 1 Select the Block Obstruction Tool from the drawing toolbar 2 Ifa solution mesh or sketch grid is visible either click the desired cell to fill or click drag the mouse across the grid to paint blocks The depth of the cells will not necessarily be the depth 64 Drawing in PyroSim of a cell in the filled mesh however The depth is strictly controlled by the height property for the tool Room Tool The room tool can be used to draw a rectangular room using one closed wall as shown in Figure 8 20 R PyroSim Untitled File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help Bella C BEX BI AARGKBRRAO HR au Euu NN k 2 E crop 4 Model Show aroos E E AAA E 2 e j Meshes Zones E ZONEO Outer Zone React
43. C uses several inputs that should only defined once in the input file This global data includes FDS EVAC entries on the TIME and MISC namelist groups as well as global data that is defined using a PERS namelist This data can be edited in PyroSim using the Evac Properties dialog The EVACUATION EVAC_HUMANS and MESH_ID records associated with MESH OBST HOLE and VENT records can be edited using the usual editor for that record The controls used to edit these parameters will not be available when the FDS EVAC mode is disabled The FDS EVAC specific namelists can be edited by selecting the corresponding option on the Evac menu The mapping for these dialogs is shown below PyroSim Dialog FDS EVAC Namelist Person Types PERS Initial Positions EVAC Evac Holes EVHO Exits EXIT Entrances ENTR Doors DOOR Corridors CORR Incline Stairs EVSS When viewing the descriptive text for a user interface element in PyroSim you can learn the specific FDS EVAC parameter by moving the mouse pointer over the text The popup text will show the FDS EVAC record name For detailed information on all of the FDS EVAC parameters please refer to the FDS EVAC users guide 124 Running the Simulation Chapter 18 Running the Simulation All aspects of running an FDS simulation can be performed through the PyroSim user interface including setting up simulation parameters executing single and multi threaded simulations running a remote cluster simulati
44. Controls whether names are considered when determining whether objects are similar File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help Beles RRxX BSB A4OBKAHA O B 6 ag Ga GS SBS KN 4 A E 00 4 Modei E Go a BETS NM 4 E o Bp mocei A aaa I ees A aaa Zones TNS e se QGaeeettasces Nepe mannana t ace 275 6 028 0 m K2 567 6 018 0 m Sew D vem Record View D Vew D vem Record View Figure 18 6 Merging converted blocks Ji Figure 18 7 Effect of thickening on converted blocks Misc Tab This tab allows some miscellaneous simulation and model properties to be set 1 FDS does not allow thin obstructions to have vents attached to them 130 Running the Simulation Simulation Parameters Simulation Tite Time Output Environment Partides Simulator Radiation Angled al Default Surface Type INERT 4 Force the Mixture Fraction Model If Needed Specify Texture Origin X dir 0 0m dir 0 0m Z dir 0 0m Figure 18 8 Misc tab on the simulation parameters dialog e Default Surface Type This specifies the surface to apply to mesh boundaries e Force the Mixture Fraction Model If Needed This detects if an output quantity is being used such as by a device Single thread Execution Once you have created a fire model you can run the simulation from within PyroSim
45. Essentially the larger usually coarser mesh is doing its own simulation of the scenario and is not affected by the smaller usually finer mesh embedded within it Details within the fine mesh especially related to fire growth and spread may not be picked up by the coarse mesh In such cases it is preferable to isolate the detailed fire behavior within one mesh and position coarser meshes at the exterior boundary of the fine mesh Then the fine and coarse meshes mutually exchange information e Boundary Obstructions If a planar obstruction is close to where two meshes abut make sure that each mesh sees the 27 Meshes obstruction If the obstruction is even a millimeter outside of one of the meshes that mesh may not account for it in which case information is not transferred properly between meshes Parallel Calculation In a parallel calculation it is recommended that the time steps in all meshes to be the same This is the default setting in PyroSim and FDS 5 and provides a tighter connection between meshes This option is selected by the Synchronize time step for tighter connection between meshes checkbox on the Edit Meshes dialog Trial and Error Experiment with different mesh configurations using relatively coarse mesh cells to ensure that information is being transferred properly from mesh to mesh There are two issues of concern First does it appear that the flow is being badly affected by the mesh boundary If so try to
46. FDS actions can be accessed from either the FDS menu or the main toolbar as shown in Figure 18 9 To begin a single processor simulation on the FDS menu click Run FDS or click from the main toolbar NOTE By default PyroSim will not automatically save the current model to disk unless indicated to do so under File gt Preferences under the FDS tab O K 4 Figure 18 9 The FDS Toolbar PyroSim will create a sub directory of the current PyroSim file to store FDS input and results So for instance if the PyroSim file is named C pyrosim_files switchgear psm the results will be stored in C pyrosim_files switchgear PyroSim will save a copy of the current PyroSim file into this directory as well as the FDS input file a Snokeview ini file and a ge1 file containing detailed geometry The input files will automatically be named after the PyroSim file For the switchgear example the files would be switchgear fds switchgear ini and switchgear ge1 All result files from FDS will also be stored in this directory Next the FDS Simulation dialog shown in Figure 18 10 is launched This dialog which shows FDS progress and messages can be minimized and you can continue using PyroSim and even run additional simulations while a simulation is running 131 Running the Simulation E FDS Simulation roomfire4 data Fire Dynamics Simulator FDS Building and Fire Research Laboratory National Institute
47. In this view the user can navigate through the model in 3D and select objects This view also provides display filters to quickly show hide entire categories of objects or switch between floors In addition any drafting that requires objects to be snapped to faces of other objects such as drawing a vent on an obstruction or attaching a measuring device to a solid can be easily achieved in this view For more information on drafting see Chapter 8 Navigation Selection There are several tools that can be used to navigate the model and select objects The tools for the 3D view are found in the navigation toolbar above the 3D view as shown in Figure 2 2 k BA A E Figure 2 2 3D navigation toolbar e Select Manipulate Tool le This general purpose tool can be used to perform most navigation activities o Selection Left click an object to select it Drag the left mouse button to draw a selection box and select all objects within the box Double click the left mouse button to select and open a properties dialog for the object under the cursor Hold ALT while performing selection to select the hierarchical parent of the object under the cursor Right click to show a context menu for selected items under the cursor Panning Drag the middle mouse button to pan the model Orbiting Drag the right mouse button to orbit the model PyroSim Basics o Manipulating If a single object is selected it may show manipulation handles blue dots
48. L to speafy Y amus gt p 30 view 20 View Record View Figure 8 23 Meshes being split by the mesh splitter tool Device Tool PyroSim allows point devices to be drawn with the device tool Se for more information on devices see Chapter 144 The device tool has the following properties X Y or Z Location The drawing plane on which to place the device When the active floor is changed this is set to the floor s elevation plus the floor s wall height 5 Device Type The type of point device to draw This can include sprinklers smoke detectors gas phase devices solid phase devices etc Changing the device type also changes the other properties editable in the properties dialog For more information on properties for each device type see O To draw a device perform the following 1 Select the Device Tool 2 Click on the desired location 68 Drawing in PyroSim NOTE When drawing a device in the 3D View the device s location will snap differently depending on whether the device is a solid phase device such as one that measures wall temperature or a gas phase device such as a smoke detector If it is a solid phase device the device s location will snap directly to the point under the cursor if one is found This makes it trivial to attach a solid phase device to an obstruction If the device is a gas phase device however the device s location will be projected to the plane as set in the device tool prop
49. Min 2 0 0m Max X L0m Max Y LO0m Max Z LOm Figure 18 4 Init Region dialog Simulator The Simulator tab provides control over the simulator used in FDS Refer to the FDS User Manual McGrattan et al 2013 for more information on various parameters Radiation The Radiation tab provides control over radiation parameters used in FDS Refer to the FDS User Manual McGrattan et al 2013 for more information on radiation parameters Angled Geometry PyroSim allows obstructions and holes to be drawn that are not aligned with the solution mesh needed by FDS To write the FDS input file PyroSim must convert these objects to axis aligned blocks first PyroSim will either do this automatically when the FDS input file is generated or this can be done manually for individual objects by right clicking the object and selecting Convert to Blocks The Angled Geometry tab of the simulation parameters dialog provides default parameters that control conversion of obstructions and holes into blocks for the FDS input file as shown in Figure 18 5 1 1 If objects are converted manually through the right click menu a dialog with the same conversion parameters is shown to the user that is initialized with the values from the angled geometry tab of the simulation parameters dialog 128 Running the Simulation Simulation Parameters wr e hd Simulation Title Merge objects with identical properties Grouping Group block
50. Numerical Simulation The mixture fraction model is the most frequently used approach Mixture Fraction Combustion In FDS there are two ways of designating a fire the first is to specify a Heat Release Rate Per Unit Area HRRPUA as part of a surface the other is to specify a HEAT OF REACTION along with other thermal parameters as part of a material In both cases the mixture fraction combustion model is used The heat release rate approach is the simplest way to specify a fire All that needs to be done is create a burner surface with the desired heat release rate see Chapter 6 If no other reaction is specified propane will be used as the surrogate fuel If a reaction is specified that reaction will be used to calculate the combustion products In the mixture fraction model the reaction is assumed to be of the form C H O N Vo 07 Veo CO2 Vino H20 Voo CO Vs Soot Va No Figure 12 1 Reaction equation The user specifies the chemical formula of the fuel along with the yields of CO soot and H2 and the amount of hydrogen in the soot For completeness you can also specify the N2 content of the fuel To edit a reaction On the Model menu click Edit Reactions On the Fuel tab you may enter either the number of atoms in the reaction equation or specify the reacting species By default PyroSim adds a custom species called REAC_ FUEL to serve as the default fuel Species If the species is not one defined by FDS t
51. Particles Insertion Insert Once Insert Periodically Mass Per Volume 1 0 kg m Movement Partides Can Move 0 Partides Are Stationary Droplet Count Density 10 0 Droplets m A Constant 100 Bounding Box Min X 0 0m Min Y 0 0m Min 2 0 0m Max X 1 0 m Max Y 1 0 m Max Z 1 0 m gt mas Figure 13 1 Particle Cloud dialog Particle clouds have the following properties e Particle The particle to insert in the volume e Insertion How the particles are inserted in the volume o Insert Once Inserts the particles once at the beginning of the simulation o Insert Periodically Inserts particles at an interval throughout the entire simulation o Mass Per Volume The total density of the particles in the volume This independent of the particle density which is specified per particle type e Movement How the particles move in the volume o Particles Can Move Allows particles to move in the volume o Particles Are Stationary Particles remain stationary and act as obstructions to flow e Droplet Count Controls the number of particles in the volume o Density Species the particle count as a density o Constant Species a constant number of particles The geometry properties including the size and location of the volume can be specified on the Geometry tab Press OK to create the new particle cloud It will appear as a transparent box in the 3D and 2D Views
52. PyroSim has detected a hole touching a mesh boundary which may cause cutting problems in FDS Would you like to slightly expand these types of holes 132 Running the Simulation PyroSim has detected a hole touching a mesh boundary which may cause cutting problems in FOS Would you like to slightly expand these types of holes Figure 18 11 Expand Boundary Holes dialog FDS currently has an issue where it will not fully cut a hole from an obstruction if both the hole and obstruction touch a mesh boundary at the same location Instead FDS leaves a thin obstruction along the mesh boundary Figure 18 12 shows a model in PyroSim that can lead this problem In this model both the hole and the obstruction touch the bottom of the mesh and the hole should cut all the way through the mesh Figure 18 13 shows this model in FDS where the hole has not been punched all the way through the obstruction PyroSim detects potential cases where this might happen and prompts the user with the Expand Boundary Holes dialog If the user chooses to expand the hole the Yes option PyroSim will expand the hole to 1 10 of a mesh cell past the mesh boundary for every side of the hole that touches a mesh boundary This ensures the hole is properly cut all the way through the obstruction as shown in Figure 18 14 If the user chooses not to expand these types of holes the No option the hole will be written exactly as specified and may lead to the thin obstructi
53. RREDRBAERRADRAROA QES Iro FERIE TEO 3 E Je Figure 9 au Eauu NN BH a E Jo By Model gt Show A o EA S CEE e e ch TNS RG VAROVSBBRla cw 57 508 61 802 0 m 30 view 2D View Record View 7 A roof created with the slab obstruction tool The extruded polygon tool can be used to create obstructions with any number of boundary points triangles quads etc Stalrs Users can create simple stairways by placing the initial stair then using the translate copy operation This section will present a simple example to illustrate the approach We will create a 10 step stairway Each step will have a 7 inch rise 0 58 feet and a 10 inch 0 83 feet run The stairway itself will be 24 inches 2 0 feet wide To keep things as simple as possible we will construct the stairway in an empty model 1 2 On the Model menu click New Obstruction In the Obstruction Properties dialog specify the min point as 0 0 0 0 0 0 and the max pointas 2 0 0 83 0 58 On the Model menu click Copy Move In the Translate dialog select Copy set the Number of Copies to 9 set the Offsetto 0 0 0 83 0 58 and click OK The stairway generated in this example is shown in Figure 9 8 84 Creating Complex Geometry KX PyroSim Untitled aX File Edit Model Output FDS View Help BCH ed 204 EEX ADA 6 6 Grids aale OT show jatriors v BM b ee Ae 3 Obstruction 1 T Obstruction 2
54. Sim Basics To use clipping the user must first define floors for the model as discussed in Floors on page 48 Once the floors are defined a floor can be selected by using the Floor Drop down above the 3D or 2D view as shown in Figure 2 5 SE AIFS coe E Bl al amp All Floors Floor 9 0 m 3 m Floor 6 0 m 6m D Floor 3 0 m 3m Y Default 0 m Figure 2 5 Floors drop down Show Once a floor has been selected its clipping planes will be applied to the entire scene to only show objects within the clipping region Filtering can also be performed using the filter toolbar buttons as shown in Figure 2 6 Selecting deselecting these buttons will quickly show hide all objects of a specific type such as obstructions holes vents etc Figure 2 6 Filter toolbar Filtering can also be applied to meshes but in a slightly different way Instead of showing hiding all meshes the user can selectively show hide three different elements of them using the mesh filter toolbar shown in Figure 2 7 This toolbar selectively allows viewing mesh grid lines mesh boundaries and mesh outlines Figure 2 8 shows the different mesh elements In the figure A shows the grid lines B shows the boundary and C shows the outline Figure 2 7 Mesh filter toolbar 12 PyroSim Basics ac Output FDS View Help anRKAANMRA O E HSA me oi Show Aro RAD PERE ce S View Help gt LAERA nNAO E em TOEF o k 9
55. Surface with one single step reacting Material Thermally Thin Surfaces Unlike PyroSim 2006 PyroSim 2013 requires that every layered surface specify a thickness Delta for each layer and that materials specify density Rho specific heat and conductivity C In PyroSim 2006 there were a number of ways for thermally thin surfaces to either specify or omit these parameters These surfaces allowed any one or more of C Delta and Rho to be specified in addition to C Delta Rho PyroSim 2013 will make a best effort calculation of missing parameters For instance if C Delta Rho is specified along with two of the parameters the third will be calculated however if more than one parameter is missing PyroSim will use defaults for up to two of the parameters and calculate the third missing one The default thickness for thermally thin surfaces is set to Imm In all cases where a default number has been assumed due to a missing parameter a warning will be shown for the parameter Where is the Surface Database PyroSim 2013 does not currently ship with a surface database but users can still make their own In fact many different objects can now be put into a database including materials and surfaces extra species reactions particles and several more As common surface descriptions and other of these object properties become available from reliable sources in a format supported by version 5 of FDS PyroSim will again ship with a pre filled database
56. Temperature 1 PyroSim 2006 did not properly support initial droplets or particle clouds In PyroSim 2007 particle clouds are supported and existing particles with initial droplets specified will now be handled correctly 2 The unsupported records are copied verbatim from your previous version Even though some of these records may now be supported PyroSim will not perform any automated handling 148 Appendix A Opening FDS v4 and PyroSim v2006 Files e Under the Particles tab Droplet Insert Interval e Under the Particles tab Max Particles per Second All other simulation parameters will be converted to PyroSim 2013 without warnings Note In PyroSim 2013 it is possible to specify both the particle insertion interval and the particle insertion rate ona per particle basis These options are available in the Edit Particles dialog in the Injection tab PyroSim does not automatically apply the global data to these fields Sprinklers and Pipes All correctly specified sprinkler parameters are converted without warnings If a sprinkler has been assigned a massless particle however that sprinkler will be assigned a particle with parameters from the make file and a warning will be issued For FDS 4 sprinkler make files PyroSim has a robust built in parser that can handle both simple and complex spray patterns The only requirement is that referenced make files must exist in the fds folder in the PyroSim install directory PyroSim 2013 ships w
57. The output will be the total flow through the defined area Heat Release Rate Device The heat release rate device measures the heat release rate within a volume To define a heat release rate device on the Devices menu click New Heat Release Rate Device 103 Devices The heat release rate device properties are Device Name The name of the heat release rate device Bounds The coordinates of the volume within which to calculate the heat release rate The output will be the total heat release rate within the volume Layer Zoning Device There is often the need to estimate the location of the interface between the hot smoke laden upper layer and the cooler lower layer in a burning compartment Relatively simple fire models often referred to as two zone models compute this quantity directly along with the average temperature of the upper and lower layers In a computational fluid dynamics CFD model like FDS there are not two distinct zones but rather a continuous profile of temperature FDS uses an algorithm based on integration along a line to estimate the layer height and the average upper and lower layer temperatures To define a layer zoning device on the Devices menu click New Layer Zoning Device The layer zoning device properties are The coordinates of the end points of a line along which the layer height will be calculated The two endpoints must lie in the same mesh The output will be the quantities sel
58. The software package is a computer model that may or may not have predictive capability when applied to a specific set of factual circumstances Lack of accurate predictions by the model could lead to erroneous conclusions with regard to fire safety All results should be evaluated by an informed user Throughout this document the mention of computer hardware or commercial software does not constitute endorsement by Thunderhead Engineering nor does it indicate that the products are necessarily those best suited for the intended purpose xi Acknowledgements Acknowledgements We thank Kevin McGrattan Simo Hostikka Jason Floyd Bryan Klein and Glenn Forney in the Building and Fire Research Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland They are the primary authors of the Fire Dynamics Simulator and Smokeview without which PyroSim would not exist They have been gracious in their responses to our many questions We would like to gratefully acknowledge the RJA Group for their collaboration with Thunderhead engineering in the development of PyroSim Feedback and testing from the engineers at RJA has improved the usability and quality of PyroSim Development of PyroSim was originally supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants DMI 0232401 and DMI 0349759 Any opinions findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors
59. an FDS file and paste into PyroSim the 3D View 2D View or Navigation View The object will be added to the PyroSim model An error message will be received if the pasted object depends on data that is not available in the PyroSim model The user will then need to paste that information such as surface properties first before pasting the geometric object Double Click to Edit Double clicking on an object opens the appropriate dialog for editing the object properties Translate and Copy Dialog The Translate dialog can be used to both move an object and to create copies of an object each offset in space To move an object in this manner perform the following 1 Right click the object s to move 2 From the right click menu select Copy Move 3 This will show the Translate dialog Figure 10 1 The Mode selects either the option to move only the selected object or to create copies of the object and move them The Offset parameters indicate the increment to move or offset the copies To preview the changes without applying them click Preview To apply the changes and close the dialog click OK To cancel the changes instead click Cancel Translate Mode O Move 2 Copy Number of Copies 3 Translate a Offset Fey 0 0 Selected Border FO 000 9 50000 0 0 3 00000 3 75000 100000 Figure 10 1 The translate dialog Mirror and Copy Dialog The Mirror dialog can be used to mirror an object about a plane or pla
60. ascduoutewunaanvayeisdsdabederscanchuspiesasasetaesieyes 93 Mixt re Fraction COMPUSO Na 93 CUO o CO 95 Chapter 13 Partidos cia 97 Table of Contents Master do don 97 E E E E ane ra 97 O tue 99 SAPI cc se eo Co ee eon a eer eae 99 PC UIN ld do 99 Glopa Pall Neteks cusconescucderesictotoas savicos aude ns totes dssueaten ed 99 Egel 58 10 o cpm samen nei PR O In a ten a OR EO 99 Chapter 1A DEVICES cscs caro ticac teeta ctacaee e o a bla e 101 Aspiration Detection System ccccccssccssccsccesccescceseceseceseceseceseceeceeeteecseesseesseeeeeseeeseeeesees 101 Gas Or old Phase Devit a O e ONNO 102 TRACI OCIO UD E ceana oetundteea gent uauae sedate seen aeoe ea lao tGun we ded teaubatten de eyacsaee 103 FOW Meas 0 e210 01 N carne ne A A 103 HeatRelease Rate DV ICO rasera E O 103 RAVER ZONING DEVICE diia A da ahii 104 Path Obscuration Beam Detector Device ooocccccccnnnccnnnnnnnnccnnnnonanoconnnonanoconnnonanoconnnonaninonnss 104 Ao E o A 105 SMOKE Detector E e o RO A idosmaantaaata 105 SPIO A A o O ne 105 NP O 106 Chapter 15 HVAC Systems dolida 107 A A A tons 107 A GS rin N aetna eden icant aonae ea naceeecean beaten a a a A 108 A A shaeeeea 109 AA A nash AGce ote once cu nacace salen ae sun ca rae b a a a A 109 FL GPEC A A O 110 VACAS a o e o O 111 Control LOGIC ia 112 Creating Acta ton Control serere a tabe thie duces bai acetate tad adalgcnan A 112 TMe Dase INDU ara A ws erent pues letaoad Milles Mat 114
61. at they distract from important issues When in question PyroSim will err on the side of caution and generate a warning message An example of this warning dialog is shown in Figure A 1 If no warning dialog appears PyroSim was able to convert the input file without encountering any compatibility issues 147 Appendix A Opening FDS v4 and PyroSim v2006 Files A File Conversion Warnings A Please review the Following items in your updated model to verify proper conversion Record Action MATL CARPET_MATL Conductivity set to default of 0 1 Weir Ki SURF CARPET Thickness set to default of 0 0010 m MATL CARPET_MATL Specific heat set to default of 1 0 k1 Tkg k SURF CARPET Dropped Record s BURNING RATE MAX SURFACE_DENSITY J SURF OAR AAA AAA Save bo File Copy to Clipboard Figure A 1 Example import warnings In most cases the following records can be converted with no additional input e Geometry Data walls holes triangles etc e Textures e Mesh e Floors e Particles e Smoke Detectors e Thermocouples e Heat Detectors e Boundary Quantity Output e Plot3D Data e Isosurfaces e Slices e Unsupported Records Global Simulation Parameters The following items that can be set in the Simulation Parameters dialog of PyroSim 2006 are not supported in PyroSim 2013 and will be dropped e Under the Simulator tab Incompressible Calculation excludes heat e Under the Environment tab External
62. aterial This surface s reaction will be controlled by the materials 38 Surfaces Firatitisconstructed om specify the following parameters Ramp Up Time This field allows you to describe how the heat release ramps up from ambient to the specified value Extinguishing Coefficient This parameter governs the suppression of the fire by water For more information see section 10 7 of the FDS User s Guide Burn Immediately Select this option to create a surface that is initially burning Ignite at Select this option to create a surface that will begin burning at a specified temperature Heat of Vaporization Heat yield when this fuel is converted to gas Allow burn away Surfaces of this type can be removed from the simulation after expending all available fuel You can inject extra non reactive species into the simulation using the species injection options To use these options you must first specify extra species using the Edit Extra Species dialog You can edit the following extra species options Inject by Mass Fraction Select this option to specify species injection using mass fractions Inject by Mass Flux Select this option to specify species injection using mass flux Species This value cannot be edited It displays the name of one of the species selected in the Edit Extra Species dialog Mass Fraction The mass fraction of an extra species to inject This option is only available if Inject by Mass Fraction i
63. ation on how enthalpy is calculated refer to the FDS User Manual McGrattan et al 2013 91 Species Lumped Species Species mixtures can be defined as a mixture of any number of primitive species Because all species in the simulation must be tracked by a transport equation a lumped species can be used to save on simulation time To create a lumped species On the Model menu click Edit Extra Species Click New Select the Lumped option Click OK A A To edit the lumped species 1 Onthe Model menu click Edit Extra Species 2 Lumped species cannot be assigned fixed values like a primitive species can Instead the simulator derives this information from the combination of all the individual components of the species In the Lumped panel you can specify the composition as either a Mass Fraction or a Volume Fraction In either case a table of all declared Primitive Species and their fractional composition is displayed on the panel When using lumped species it is recommended that certain actions be taken to reduce the complexity of the simulation To save on simulation time 1 Onthe Model menu click Edit Extra Species 2 Ifa primitive species is to be used only as a component of a lumped species select that species 3 Click the Advanced panel 4 Add the line LUMPED_COMPONENT_ ONLY TRUE to the list of Additional Fields For more information about Advanced FDS parameters see Chapter 21 5 Cli
64. b Include Gas Phase Flame Extinction e Under the Simulator tab Use Moinuddin and Li Turbulent Model e Under the Simulator tab Specify forced coefficient e Under the Simulator tab Specify horizontal coefficient e Under the Simulator tab Specify verticlal coefficient e Under the Radiation tab Use Additional Fuel Bands All other simulation parameters will be converted to PyroSim 2013 without warnings Reactions While most reaction data can be converted easily FDS6 does add new requirements to specify a valid reaction Most notable is the requirement that a Fuel Species by specified by the user This can be either a Predefined species a User Defined species or a Default species When the Default species type is used a generic non editable species called REAC FUEL is added to the list of species This species can be used the same way any other species would be but its fields cannot be edited All reactions defined in PyroSim 2012 or older automatically use the Default fuel type It should also be noted that in FDS6 based PyroSim versions it is required that a reaction be active in order to simulate a fire To make this transition easier PyroSim automatically adds a reaction called 1 The unsupported records are copied verbatim from your previous version Even though some of these records may now be supported PyroSim will not perform any automated handling 152 Chapter 22 Appendix B Opening FDS v5 and PyroSim v2012 Files
65. box In the Navigation View the Shift key can be used to select a consecutive list of objects Context Menus A right click on a selection displays a context menu This menu includes the most common options for working with the object The user may also right click on individual objects for immediate display of the context menu Undo Redo All geometric changes to the model can be undone and redone using the Undo and Redo buttons as well as Ctrl Z and Ctrl Y respectively Copy Paste Select an object to copy then either use Ctrl C or Edit gt Copy to copy Alternately right click on an object to display the context menu with Copy Either use Ctrl V or Edit gt Paste to paste a copy of the object Alternately right click on an object to display the context menu with Paste Copy Paste from Other Models By running two instances of PyroSim you can copy objects from one model and paste them into a second model If the copied objects rely on other properties such as surfaces that are not included in the second model these properties will be pasted into the model when the objects are pasted 86 Working with Geometry Objects Copy Paste from Text Files Copy paste can also be performed to and from text files For example the user can select an object in PyroSim open a text file and paste the object The text FDS representations of the object and dependent properties will be pasted Alternatively the user can copy the text from
66. cations FDS 5 Users lokonskilProjects PyroSimifds321fds5 exe MPI FDS 5 ers okonski Projects PyroSim fds32 fds5_mpi exe OpenMP FDS 5 ikonski Projects PyroSim fds32 fds5S_openmp exe Smokeview s okonski Projects PyroSim fds32 smokeview exe NOTE PyroSim is designed to work with FDS Version 5 5 3 and later Execution Auto save PyroSim model before running FDS Run Smokeview when FDS simulation completes Parallel Simulations Use 3 MPI OpenMP Figure 2 11 FDS Preferences e Executable Locations allow you to specify the FDS and Smokeview executables that are used by PyroSim NOTE PyroSim is designed to work with a specific version of FDS as noted below the executable locations If you specify a different version you may encounter unpredictable FDS results or errors 15 PyroSim Basics Auto save PyroSim model before running FDS controls whether PyroSim automatically saves the current PyroSim file just before beginning an FDS simulation Run Smokeview when FDS simulation completes indicates whether to automatically launch Smokeview when an FDS simulation completes Parallel Simulations Use selects the FDS executable used when you click Run Parallel on the FDS menu The MPI option uses a separate process for each mesh in the simulation The OpenMP option attempts to process loops in parallel and can improve performance on simulations that use one or many meshes Display Preferences These preferences defi
67. ced FDS Parameters ccsccccscscccsccscsccccccscsceccccscscececcccscssessccecsceseecececes 142 Adaitional Records SCCUO Nisrin A 142 Advanced Parane to S aae a ous asmmioatwsneedsdcecte 143 Chapter 22 TrOUDICSMOOUIIIE is 144 Litcensing Resistration Probe Senin N a a 144 Video DISDIAV PRODI GINS cara a a a a ler 144 Memorrtor Large Models di di dis 144 PPMP HOO MS a A 144 Contactine MECHNICal SUDPDOME cann a acc sanibeadun 146 Appendix A Opening FDS v4 and PyroSim v2006 Files csceccscscscessccscsceccccscscececcscscscees 147 Global Simulation Parameters siria 148 Sd dead a A 149 RECON Sat cane stabs cee o PA ae eoentontbee cual 149 o A e 149 thermal SURCOS en a iio ita ies acto e 150 Where is the Surface Database rivalidad loca 150 Appendix B Opening FDS v5 and PyroSim v2012 Files cccscsccscscecsccscsceccccscsceccccscscscees 151 Global Simulation Parameters ccccceeeccceeeccceccceecsceecsceecseeuecseeuceeeescsseueceseueceeeueeseeeeeeensss 152 ASAS ana A E EE E PEO SI E E AE e de 152 SU ACES a E AAEE E EA E T E E E E E T 153 Particle A O a a EN 153 RETEKEMCES cas 155 vil Figures Figures Figure 1 1 Licensing ana Activation Dialog ivssiscuisicasviccsdancnsvicaseiasatiebedeinaneeveakecsuseiceseuanacestudebes d 3 Figure 1 2 Display of Host Name ana Host ID asirio 4 Figure 1 3 Select License Server indialog criar iatasioiete 6 Figure 1 4 DUT server and PO alii did ion otro 6 Figure 2 1 Using th
68. ck OK Doing this check for all primitive species will reduce the number of transport equations solved by the simulator and save significant time on the simulation 92 Reactions Chapter 12 Reactions This chapter provides an overview of how to specify combustion the reaction of fuel vapor and oxygen using PyroSim A more detailed discussion of this topic is provided in the Fire Dynamics Simulator User s Guide McGrattan et al 2013 and the Fire Dynamics Simulator Technical Reference Guide McGrattan et al 2013 As described in the Fire Dynamics Simulator User s Guide McGrattan et al 2005 a common source of confusion in FDS is the distinction between gas phase combustion and solid phase pyrolysis The former refers to the reaction of fuel vapor and oxygen the latter the generation of fuel vapor at a solid or liquid surface In an FDS fire simulation there is only one gaseous fuel that acts as a surrogate for all the potential fuel sources The reaction is defined using the Edit Reactions dialog in PyroSim The PyroSim interface supports only the single step mixing controlled combustion model to account for the evolution of the fuel gas from its surface of origin through the combustion process The alternative provided in FDS6 is the finite rate approach where all of the individual gas species involved in the combustion process are defined and tracked individually This finite rate approach is recommended only for Direct
69. ct to be the backing object for a vent Removable Makes it possible for the object to be removed from the simulation by activation events or the BURN_AWAY surface option Display as Outline Changes the appearance of this object Bulk Density Use this option to override the amount of fuel provided by this object Geometry This tab allows you to enter the min and max coordinates of the object For more elaborate geometry such as slabs this tab may contain a table of points and extrusion options Extrusion is the mechanism PyroSim uses to extend 2 dimensional objects along a vector creating a 3 dimensional object icken Surfaces By default all six sides of an obstruction use the INERT surface The Surfaces tab can be used to specify one surface to be used for all six sides of the object or assign surfaces on a per face basis Alternately 43 Geometry Basic Concepts surfaces can be painted using the Paint Tool as discussed in Painting Obstructions and Vents on page 76 Holes Holes are used to carve negative spaces out of obstructions In FDS holes are similar to obstructions in that they are defined as axis aligned blocks Like obstructions in PyroSim however holes can be any shape PyroSim automatically converts them to blocks in the FDS input file PyroSim treats holes as first class objects that be selected deleted and have other operations performed on them similar to obstructions as discussed in 0 In
70. ctory that is visible to all nodes in the cluster Click the OK button to begin the simulation All input and output files will be stored in the same directory as the specified FDS file In addition to the standard input files PyroSim will also copy the appropriate FDS and MPI executables into the FDS file s directory This ensures that all nodes in the cluster use the same versions of FDS and MPI Resuming a Simulation If an FDS simulation has been gracefully stopped by pressing the Stop button in the simulation dialog it can later be resumed To do so on the FDS menu click Resume Simulation This will cause an additional RESTART flag to be written to the FDS input file When FDS detects this flag it will automatically attempt to reload the previous execution state from the hard disk and resume where it left off If FDS is unable to load the previous execution state it will exit with an error 136 Post Processing Chapter 19 Post Processing PyroSim supports post processing in two ways e Launching of Smokeview from within PyroSim and e Time history plots of output data Launching Smokeview Smokeview is a post processor for FDS supplied by NIST It allows the user to view the FDS model along with results in 3D The user can view animated smoke slices Plot3D and various other output quantities By default if you run FDS from within PyroSim Smokeview will be launched at the end of the FDS run Alternately you can click
71. d Obstructions obstructions that are at least one grid cell thick in all dimensions FDS allows heat transfer calculations only on these types of obstructions In addition only these obstructions can have vents applied e Thin Obstructions obstructions that have zero thickness in one dimension These obstructions are mainly used to prevent flow In addition only this type of obstruction may be a fan as discussed in Chapter 6 Figure 7 1 shows an example of a polygonal slab drawn in PyroSim and its conversion to blocks for use in FDS 41 Geometry Basic Concepts File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FOS View Help Reblad O ROAX BIAAAKRARAO H Reblud O ROAX B AAAKRARA O H i Guo SEH BSE Re 1 amp E so Bross E Gua oa BE BSE NM 1 amp E so 4 mo A ua Eo Su Som ros ana Ao 4 e e gt me a 2 rd e 0 1 s a a O o E E g a 5 ee fr e 7 7 a E Figure 7 1 Conversion of a slab obstruction to FDS blocks Creating Obstructions To create a new obstruction either use an obstruction drawing tool as discussed in Chapter 8 or on the Model menu click New Obstruction or New Slab Record BNDF Permit Holes Allow Vents Removable Display as Outline T Buk Density Bounding Box __ Figure 7 2 Obstruction dialog General This tab of the obstruction panel presents all options other than those controlling geometry and surface informat
72. d click the Show Background Images button l next to the floors drop down 50 Drawing in PyroSim Chapter 8 Drawing in PyroSim While not a full fledged drafting application PyroSim does provide useful drawing features including the following e Snapping to grids objects and polar and orthographic constraints e Precise keyboard entry e 3D and 2D drawing each having strengths over the other e Mesh Obstruction Hole and Vent drawing tools e Editing tools e Transforming tools e Surface painting tools for obstructions and vents Drawing Editing Tool Overview PyroSim provides several drawing and editing tools These tools are located on the drawing toolbar at the left side of the 3D and 2D Views as shown in Figure 8 1 ta m a O H E o Haal gs FRO Sk BSiz a a 10 Figure 8 1 Drawing Editing toolbar Some of these tools allow a user to create and edit objects such as slabs and walls that are not constrained to the FDS mesh In these cases PyroSim will automatically convert the shapes to mesh based blocks when the FDS input file is created These blocks can be previewed by clicking the Preview FDS Blocks button on the filter toolbar above the 3D or 2D View For information on block conversion see Angled Geometry on page 128 51 Drawing in PyroSim Selecting a Tool To begin drawing or editing with a tool the user can single click the tool from the tool bar Once the tool has fi
73. d to rotate an object Object Visibility Often it is desirable to turn off the display of selected objects for example to hide a roof of a building in order to visualize the interior In any of the views right click on a selection to obtain the following options e Hide object s This turns off the display of the selected object s e Show object s This turns on the display of the selected object s e Filter object s This turns off the display of all objects except the selection s e Show all objects Turns on the display of all objects 90 Species Chapter 11 Species Species may be used for a number of different purposes in a PyroSim model They can be used as the reactive species for a combustion model as a non reactive species in a simulation of air flow or simply as a component of a more complex species Species can be managed by opening the Model menu and selecting Edit Extra Species To create a new species select New You may select one of the predefined species provided by FDS or create a custom species You may also specify that the species is either Primitive or Lumped Primitive Species Primitive species can be tracked individually or as a component of a more complex lumped species To edit primitive species On the Model menu click Edit Extra Species On the Primitive tab set the Molecular Weight MW of the species You may also specify the chemical formula for the reaction if you plan to us
74. desired Once the file is imported PyroSim creates a hierarchy of groups and objects such that there is one top group named after the file On the next level there is a group for every layer containing geometry Under each layer group there are one or more objects representing the entities in the file The following illustrates the hierarchy as it would appear in the Navigation View 1 While PyroSim allows the user to draw walls and slabs it will not convert DWG DXF wall and slab entities to native walls and slabs due to the complexity with which walls and slabs can be represented in the DWG DXF file They will instead be represented as collections of individual faces representing one solid object 21 Working with Files e FileName o Layerl Entity1 Entity2 o Layer2 Entity3 Entity4 O If the DWG DXF file contains a block insert and the block contains entities from multiple layers the block insert is split into several PyroSim objects one for each layer of the block s originating entities If all the entities in the block are from the same layer however there will be one resulting PyroSim object that will belong to the group corresponding to the block s entities layer rather than the block insert s layer STL Import PyroSim can also import objects from STL files which are simply listings of triangles Usually each STL file represents the shell of one 3D solid object To import an STL file perform the foll
75. dir 0 0 ft s Y dir 0 0 ft s zZ dir 0 0 ft s C Specify Gravity X dir Constant 0 0 m s Y dir Constant 0 0 m s zZ dir Constant 9 81 m s Figure 18 3 Environment tab of the simulation parameters dialog A unique aspect of this tab is the specification feature for gravity Gravity in each of the X Y and Z directions can be defined as a ramped function This allows users to model complex behavior of gravity in tunnel or space applications where spatial or temporal variations in direction may change the magnitude vector Each ramp can be set to vary as a function of either the position along the X direction or time While this tab provides control over default environmental conditions different temperatures pressures and mass fractions of species can be specified in various sub regions of the model by using Init Regions To create an init region exit the Simulation Parameters dialog and on the Model menu choose New Init Region This opens the Initial Region dialog as shown in Figure 18 4 Specify the desired temperature pressure or mass fraction of species to override in the region on the General tab and enter the volume parameters on the Geometry tab Press OK to create the init region 127 Running the Simulation Initial Region Properties Description Init Region Group Es Model Initial Environment Properties Temperature 40 Mass Fraction kg kg Min X 0 0m Min Y 0 0m
76. e e Under the Fuel tab Vaporization Temperature e Under the Fuel tab Heat of Vaporization e Under the Fuel tab Density e Under the Fuel tab Specific Heat Some items are not convertible The following are dropped from the record e Under the Fuel tab Initial Temperature e Under the Fuel tab Heat of Combustion All other items are converted properly 154 References References McGrattan Kevin and Forney Glenn 2005 Fire Dynamics Simulator Version 4 User s Guide Washington DC USA s n 2005 NIST Special Publication 1019 McGrattan Kevin 2004 Fire Dynamics Simulator Version 4 Technical Reference Guide Washington DC USA s n 2004 NIST Special Publication 1018 McGrattan Kevin et al 2007 Fire Dynamics Simulator Version 5 Technical Reference Guide Gaithersburg Maryland USA s n October 2007 NIST Special Publication 1018 5 McGrattan Kevin et al 2007 Fire Dynamics Simulator Version 5 User s Guide Gaithersburg Maryland USA s n July 2007 NIST Special Publication 1019 5 McGrattan Kevin et al 2013 Fire Dynamics Simulator Technical Reference Guide Volume 1 Mathematical Model Gaithersburg Maryland USA s n November 2013 NIST Special Publication 1018 McGrattan Kevin et al 2013 Fire Dynamics Simulator User s Guide Gaithersburg Maryland USA s n November 2013 NIST Special Publication 1019 155
77. e movement vector 1 Only one object can be edited at a time Editing handles will only appear if exactly one object is selected 72 Drawing in PyroSim 2 Pyrosim United _ A Ss File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help BGs u4 CH BARSEIRAARKRBRHA O N H 4 e PE BOR k 2 8 com de mode Fg sor mros EA RISERS E e A ET zoneo Outer Zone Reactions a JA RMROBABBRKARAESS indie gt 1 a X 1 296 4 795 0 m 30 view 20 View Record View Figure 8 29 A highlighted face handle Transforming Objects PyroSim provides a variety of tools to transform geometry objects With the transform tools users can move rotate and mirror objects Copy Mode Each tool has an alternate mode to copy the source objects with the transform To toggle copy mode on off press the CTRL key on the keyboard Alternately choose Copy Mode or Move Mode from the tool s right click menu When using copy mode the selected objects are copied and the copies are transformed Move Tool This tool allows the user to move selected objects to a new location as shown in Figure 8 30 To use this tool perform the following 1 Select the desired objects to move from any of the views 2 Select the Move Tool from the drawing toolbar 3 Use Click drag Mode or Multi click Mode to draw two points defining the movement vector 73 Drawing in P
78. e 16 4 A velocity Plot3D data shown in SMoOkevieW ccoocccnccnccnnnonnccnnonanonnnonacnnnonaronnnnnncnnonanonnnonos 120 Figure 16 5 An example of statistic OUTOUE ia ia 121 Figure 18 1 Time tab of the simulation parameters dialog oooccccoonccnnonnnonnnonaconnnnaronnnnnnonnnonaronnnnns 125 Figure 18 2 Output tab of the simulation parameters dialO8 oocccooocncncnnncnnnnnacnnnnnanonnonanonnnonaconnonos 126 Figure 18 3 Environment tab of the simulation parameters dialog ooocccconocnnnonanonnnnanonnnnnaronnnnns 127 FISUre ES A IMIG REGION CIAO seat a a sois blicas aa Ledo di coc ccbaad 128 Figure 18 5 Angled Geometry tab of the simulation parameters dialOg cocoooccnconoccnnonanonnnonaconnnnns 129 Figure 18 6 Merging converted blocks coooocccnconocnnnonaccnnonanonnnnnnccnnonaronnononcnnnonaronnonaronnnnnncnnonaninnnonos 130 Figure 18 7 Effect of thickening on converted blocks ccooocccncconcnnnonaccnnonanonnnonaconnonaronnonanonnnnnaconnnnos 130 Figure 18 8 Misc tab on the simulation parameters dialOg8 ooocccooocccncnnnnnnnnnacnnnnnanonnnnanonnnonaronnnnos 131 Heure 1s MA A O 131 Eieure 13 10 The FDS SiMUlatOn lalo lolo ico 132 Fig re 18 11 Exba a Boundary Holes dialog is 133 Figure 18 12 Holealong a mesh BOUND Vic A Ae 133 Figure 18 13 Improperly cut hole along mesh boundary in FDS ooccccccnccnncnnccnnnnnnonnnonaconnnnnncnnnonaronnnnos 134 Figu
79. e 26 Figure 4 4 Correct and incorrect mesh alignMent cccoocccnnonnccnnnnononnnonaconnnonocononanonnnnnnonnnonarnnnonanonnnnnanos 29 Ferec a The Ee SU COs ANOS ansia olaaa iaostia 33 Figure 6 2 Effect of normal axis on the direction of tangential velOcCitY cocooocccnconocnnnonannnnnnanononnnanos 36 Figure 7 1 Conversion of a Slab Obstruction to FDS blocks oooccccconocnnnonaccnnonanonnnnnncononononononanonnnonanos 42 Hee 1 2 OBS UC TION Ol OS rado aereas 42 Figure 7 3 A Slab obstruction with a hole cut from it oooccccccnccnncnnncnnnonaconnnnaronnnnanonnnnnncnnnnnarnnnonanonnnnnnoss 44 Figure 4 Hole Properties Uat erco 45 Figure 7 5 Vents on a mesh boundary and ObstructiON cccooocccnononcnnnonaconnnnnnonnonanonnnnoncnnnnnaronnonaninononanos 45 Foure Lo NeW VEn dl lila ee E oe ee 46 Figure 7 7 Create Group dialog ii Goocsdvcatesssdatenadusstieceead denned ii 47 Figure 7 8 Dragging objects to a new group in the Navigation VieW ccccooncccncnnconnnonacnnnonanonnonaninnnnnaoos 47 Figure 7 9 The Change Group didl0g cccccccsssccccessececceseccccenscceceusececeeececeeenccessusecesseecessegeceesausecesseneses 48 Figure 7 10 The Gro p drop dOWT seria coito 48 Fleur 7 11 Manage Floors AIalO Pis na E a E EEE baucnsassaanearanet 48 Fig re 7 12 New Floor dialog sutatea nico ENN EAT 49 Figure 7 13 Display of background iMage ccccccsesecccceseccecesececsesececsuneceeeeenccessusececsu
80. e 5 a o a bj 7 Ead o o d a a O O Ei Ed o 7 7 1 Figure 8 32 Mirroring an object using the Mirror Tool Painting Obstructions and Vents PyroSim provides tools to paint obstructions and vents with a surface and or color A user can also use a picking tool to pick the surface and or color used to draw new obstructions or vents or to perform painting Paint Tool A user can use the Paint Tool F to paint the faces of obstructions and vents a specific surface and or color The Paint Tool has the following tool properties e Apply Surface Specifies whether to paint faces with surfaces and which surface to use e Apply Color Specifies whether to paint faces with a specific color and which color to use These painting options can also be cycled by pressing CTRL on the keyboard or through the tool s right click menu The right click menu also allows quick selection of a surface in the model or recently used color To paint faces with the paint tool perform the following 1 Select the Paint Tool F from the drawing toolbar Hover the cursor over the desired face to paint If the face can be painted with the current surface color the face with highlight yellow as shown in Figure 8 33 3 Either single click the face to paint only that face or click drag the left mouse button to paint all faces the cursor moves over Hold SHIFT on the keyboard while painti
81. e AAA a SAA AN N r a ee ee xd dae Y de Me a q gt m M M TERE Ei FEFE ET I gt odd deer a s a ad b pees AAs ae ee ee e 8 Figure 16 4 A velocity Plot3D data shown in Smokeview By default Plot3D data will be generated for the following quantities Heat Release Rate per Unit Volume HRRPUV Temperature U Velocity V Velocity and W Velocity To change the Plot3D output quantities on the Output menu click Plot3D Data In the Plot 3D Static Data Dumps dialog select the output quantities to generate Since FDS supports a maximum of five Plot3D output quantities you must remove some existing quantities to add new ones To specify the interval for writing Plot3D data on the FDS menu click Simulation Parameters Select the Output tab and under Output File Write Intervals click the Plot3D checkbox and type the interval Statistics Statistics output is an extension of the devices system You can insert a statistics gathering device and it will output data about the minimum maximum and average value of a particular quantity in one or more mesh This data can then be viewed in a 2D chart using PyroSim Figure 16 5 120 Output Controls 2 Time History Plots AE Export GAS GRID_MIN_TEMPERATURE RID_MAX_TEMPERATURE GRID_MEAN_TEMPERATURE GRID_MAX_TEMPERATURE 6 00 Time 3 Figure 16 5 An example of statistic output To generate statistics data for some region on the Outp
82. e context menu in the Navigation VieW ccccconccnnccnocnncnnncnnnonanonnonanonnnnononnnonaronnonanonnos 9 Erre 2 2 OR VE ONO O T a aa 9 Figure 2 3 Exterior view of model PyroSim model by John McKinney ccccccnoccccnncnnnccccnnnnnanccnnnnnnanonos 10 Figure 2 4 Interior view of model looking at roof and bleachers oooccnconoccnnonnncnnnonaconnnnncnononaninononanos 11 FSIS 25 Floors drop OVW tinc e 12 SA A E oi cuumnndeehsanutesiaewastunatncaseusncdsekeoecoteeeceesient 12 Heure 27 VIC Sa FIER ODIO Parr riot ibid 12 Figure 2 8 Filtering meshiele ment osmosis 13 Figure 2 9 PyroSim Preto receto itodi dsc aida icados 14 Figure 2 10 The materials dialog showing the FDS record preview Pane ccccccsscccccssececcessccceeeseceeeeneees 15 enee ste EDS POT ON NC ia iaa 15 Figure 2 12 Display Preferentes rant cic serie oc sec aiosmieers iii 16 Figure 3 1 DXF DWG Import Options dialog ooooncccccnnnncnnnnnnnnnnnonononananaccncncnnnnnnnnnnnno nono nnnananaccnnncannns 20 Figure 3 2 STL Import Options ala DB rss diia 22 Figure 4 1 Defining properties of the new Mesh ooccccccnoccnncnnccnnonononononaconnnnnnnnnonanonnnnnnronnonarnnnonaninnnnnnoss 25 Figure 4 2 Defining properties of the nonuniform MESH cccccnnccnnccnccnnnnnaconnnnnonnnonanonnnnncnnnnnarnnnonaninnnnnnoss 26 Figure 4 3 3D display of first and second MESH sssssssessssesesrrrsssreresrrrsssreresrrressreresererssreresererssrereserereseeren
83. e imported into PyroSim 23 Meshes Chapter 4 Meshes Working with Meshes All FDS calculations are performed within computational meshes Every object in the simulation e g obstructions and vents must conform to the mesh When an object s location doesn t exactly conform to a mesh the object is automatically repositioned during the simulation Any object that extends beyond the boundary of the physical domain is cut off at the boundary There is no penalty for defining objects outside of the domain but these objects do not appear in Smokeview To achieve optimal simulation accuracy it is important to use mesh cells that are approximately the same size in all three directions FDS uses a Poisson solver based on Fast Fourier Transforms FFTs A side effect of this approach is that optimal mesh divisions are constrained to the form 2 3 5 where u v and w are integers For example 64 2 72 2 3 and 108 22 3 are good mesh dimensions However 37 99 and 109 are not In addition using a prime number of cells along an axis may cause undesirable results PyroSim warns when the number of divisions is not optimal Uniform Meshes This example illustrates creating a multiple mesh model To create the first mesh On the Model menu click Edit Meshes Click New In the Max X box type 5 0 in the Max Y box type 1 0 and in the Max Z box type 1 0 In the X Cells box type 50 in the Y Cells box type 10 and
84. e increases Detector based Input To create or remove some objects based on a device in the model the device must first have a setpoint enabled To specify a setpoint perform the following Create a new device or open the properties for an existing device Check the box next to Enable Setpoint Enter the desired value at which the device will trip E A Choose the options for the detector e Trigger only once the detector will only trigger once at the setpoint during the entire simulation e Initially activated if this is unchecked the detector is untriggered at the start of the simulation and will turn on when the setpoint is reached for the first time If this is 114 HVAC Systems checked the detector is triggered at the start and will turn off when the setpoint is reached 5 Click OK to close the device dialog Once the desired devices have been given a setpoint they can be used as inputs to the control logic expression Now in the Activation Controls dialog select Detector as the Input Type The detector can be used to Create Activate or Remove Deactivate the desired objects when the detector either activates or deactivates If more than one detector is to be used to activate the objects the descriptive sentence can be used to decide if the objects should trigger when any all or a certain number of the devices activate 115 Output Controls Chapter 16 Output Controls In this chapter we describe the simulation
85. e the species in a combustion reaction The Primitive tab for the predefined Extra Species WATER VAPOR 3 On the Vis Dif tab you can specify the Diffusivity DIFFUSIVITY or Viscosity VISCOSITY for the species These can either be fixed or specified as ramps using the Custom option in the respective combo boxes You can also specify the Lennard Jones Parameters SIGMALJ EPSILONKLJ 4 Some species need to absorb or emit thermal radiation In this case you may specify a Radcal Surrogate on the Radiation tab The species will use the absorbing properties of the specified surrogate It is best to use a surrogate with molecular properties similar to the custom species 5 To invoke the aerosol deposition model of FDS select the Aerosol AEROSOL checkbox on the Soot tab If the deposition model is used you must also specify Density Solid DENSITY SOLID Conductivity Solid CONDUCTIVITY_ SOLID and Mean Diameter MEAN_ DIAMETER 6 The Liquid tab is used to define the thermal properties of evaporating liquid droplets Note that these variables are only used when a particle evaporates For more information about specifying an evaporating liquid droplet see Chapter 13 7 The Gas tab is used to set parameters related to the enthalpy of the gas species The enthalpy is specified by a combination of Specific Heat SPECIFIC_HEAT Reference Temperature REFERENCE_TEMPERATURE and Reference Enthalpy REFERENCE_ENTHALPY For more inform
86. eate a curved wall section from wall segments you can follow these steps Click the 2D View tab and select the Draw Wall Obstruction tool Turn off grid snapping In the View menu click Disable Grid Snapping Position the cursor at the beginning of the curve where you want to place the first wall segment e le Use Multi click Mode to click several points along the curve More points will create a smoother curve 5 Right click in the 2D View and select Finish to finish drawing the wall This is the fastest way to create smooth curves in PyroSim PyroSim will convert the curved walls to blocks before running the FDS simulation While smaller segments will make the wall look better in PyroSim placement of obstructions generated for FDS depends on the resolution of your mesh Three different versions of a curved wall created with this technique are shown in Figure 9 3 Figure 9 3 A curved wall drawn with three different segment lengths 80 Creating Complex Geometry Using extremely short line segments will probably not be of any benefit unless you also use very small mesh cells Using the Block Tool To create a curved wall section from blocks you can follow these steps Create a mesh This example usesa50 0 ft x 50 0 ft mesh with 1 ft mesh cells Click the 2D View tab and select the Block Obstruction Tool T Turn grid snapping on If snapping is off in the View menu click Snap to Model Grid A A Click each cell along the c
87. ected Path Obscuration Beam Detector Device A beam detector measures the total obscuration between points To define a beam detector device on the Devices menu click New Path Obscuration Device The path obscuration device properties are Device Name The name of the path obscuration device The coordinates of the end points of a line along which the obscuration will be calculated The two endpoints must lie in the same mesh 104 Devices The output will be the percent obscuration along the path Heat Detector A heat detector measures the temperature at a location using a Response Time Index model To define a heat detector device on the Devices menu click New Heat Detector The heat detector device properties are Device Name The name of the heat detector Link The link defines the activation temperature and the response time index Location The coordinates of the device The output will be the heat detector temperature Smoke Detector A smoke detector measures obscuration at a point with two characteristic fill in or lag times To define a smoke detector on the Devices menu click New Smoke Detector The smoke detector device properties are Detector Name The name of the smoke detector Select the smoke detector type You can edit the smoke detector parameters to create a new type Location The coordinates of the device The output will be the percent obscuration per met
88. ed between two nodes by selecting it as the Flow Device for an HVAC Duct Note that an HVAC Aircoil is a class of object and a single aircoil definition can be used by any number of ducts To create an HVAC Aircoil 1 Onthe Model menu click Edit HVAC 2 Click New 3 Inthe Type box select AIRCOIL 4 Click OK Activation Attach a control logic device to the aircoil Heat Exchange Rate A constant exchange rate between the aircoil and the air across it A negative value represents heat removal Ramp Up Time Specify either a Tanh or a t ramp up time to the heat exchange rate Coolant Specific Heat The specific heat of the working fluid Coolant Mass Flow Rate The mass flow rate of the working fluid Coolant Temperature The inlet temperature of the working fluid Heat Exchanger Efficiency A value from 0 to 1 representing the efficiency of the aircoil A value of 1 indicates the exit temperatures on both sides of the heat exchanger will be equal 110 HVAC Systems HVAC Vents HVAC Vents are used to represent the junction between the HVAC system and the rest of the computational model See Chapter 7 for more information on using vents To define an HVAC Vent oo A On the Model menu click New Vent In the Surface box select HVAC Click the Geometry tab Specify the appropriate 2D geometry of the vent Click the HVAC Properties tab If you want the flow from the vent to go in a direction not perpendicular to
89. els this can cause unexpected delays during the save and some users prefer to disable the feature and save manually e Create Backup on Open controls whether PyroSim makes a backup of the PyroSim file after successfully opening it This backup remains on disk when the file is closed and so it can be used in case the main PyroSim file somehow becomes corrupted NOTE if this is enabled PyroSim files may take slightly longer to load depending on how quickly the file can be copied to backup e Record Preview adds a preview pane to many of the dialogs in PyroSim This preview pane shows the text that will be produced for the FDS input file This can be helpful for users that want to understand exactly how PyroSim options correspond to FDS input An example can be seen in Figure 2 10 e Show Splash Screen on Startup controls whether the PyroSim splash screen is shown when Starting PyroSim 14 PyroSim Basics A Material ID Steel Description Material Type Sold v Thermal Properties Pyrolysis Density Specific Heat Constant Conductivity Constant Emissivity Absorption Coefficient MATL ID Steel SPECIFIC_HEAT 0 4500 CONDUCTIVITY 46 60 DENSITY 7 8500000E003 amy _o _ cna Figure 2 10 The materials dialog showing the FDS record preview pane FDS Preferences These preferences define the execution of FDS within PyroSim They can be seen in Figure 2 11 Executable Lo
90. enever they contain important information but not so often that they distract from important issues When in question PyroSim will err on the side of caution and generate a warning message An example of this warning dialog is shown in Figure A 1 If no warning dialog appears PyroSim was able to convert the input file without encountering any compatibility issues E n n E ll A File Conversion Warnings A Please review the Following items in your updated model to verify proper conversion Record Action MATL CARPET_MATL Conductivity set to default of 0 1 Wei Ki URF CARPET l MATL CARPET_MATL URF CARPET Dropped Record s BURNING _RATE_MAX SURFACE_DENSITY D URF PINE URF UPHOLSTERY URF UPHOLSTERY Dropped Record s BURNING RATEMA ho Save bo File Copy to Clipboard Figure B 1 Example import warnings 151 Chapter 22 Appendix B Opening FDS v5 and PyroSim v2012 Files In most cases the following records can be converted with no additional input e Geometry Data walls holes triangles etc e Textures e Mesh e Floors e Smoke Detectors e Thermocouples e Heat Detectors e Boundary Quantity Output e Plot3D Data e lsosurfaces e Slices e Unsupported Records Global Simulation Parameters The following items that can be set in the Simulation Parameters dialog of PyroSim 2012 are not supported in PyroSim 2013 and will be dropped e Under the Simulator tab Isothermal Calculation e Under the Simulator ta
91. ential Factor parameter shown in equation Mass Fraction Exponent E Activation Energy parameter shown in equation parameter shown in equation Exponent parameter shown in equation Value parameter shown in equation On the Byproducts tab Heat of Reaction Heat yield of this reaction This must be a positive number Endothermic Exothermic Specifies if the heat yield is endothermic or exothermic Residue The material that will be used to represent the residue If there is only one material defined in PyroSim this option will not be available Liquid Fuels Examples of liquid fuels include kerosene and ethanol To create a liquid fuel e Inthe Edit Materials dialog click New e Inthe Material Name box type the name of the new material e Inthe Material Type box select Liquid Fuel e Click OK After following these steps a default solid material will be created Text entered in the Description box will not affect the simulation but will be preserved in the FDS input file using the FYI field of the material Including a description of the material is recommended The thermal properties tab for liquid fuels is identical to the thermal properties tab for solid fuels see Solid Materials The Pyrolysis tab provides the following parameters Heat of Vaporization Heat yield when this liquid fuel is converted to gas This must be a positive number Endothermic Exothermic Specifies if the heat yield is endo
92. er Sprinkler Sprinklers can spray water or fuel into the model To define a sprinkler 1 On the Devices menu click New Sprinkler This will display the Sprinkler dialog Figure 14 2 2 Select the desired options and define required input parameters as described below 3 Click OK to create the sprinkler 105 Devices Sprinkler Name SPRK Spray Model Water Spray Edik Dry Pipe None v New Activator Temperature Link Default Quantity Temperature Y Trigger Only Once Initially Activated Location m X 0 0 Orientation xX 0 0 Rotation 0 0 Cancel Figure 14 2 Creating a new sprinkler The sprinkler properties are Sprinkler Name The name of the sprinkler Spray Model The spray model defines the particle type water and fuel are default options the flow rate and the jet stream shape Dry Pipe In a dry pipe sprinkler system the normally dry sprinkler pipes are pressurized with gas When a link activates in a sprinkler head the pressure drop allows water to flow into the pipe network You can create a dry pipe and edit the delay By default the sprinkler is activated by a temperature link with a response time index You can edit the activation temperature and the response time index Alternately you can select a more general quantity to activate the sprinkler By default the sprinkler is initially not active and is triggered only once Location Location The coord
93. er than use a constant diameter for each droplet allow each to be sized according to a combination of Rosin Rammler and lognormal The width of the Rosin Rammler distribution The larger the value of gamma the narrower the droplet size is distributed about the median value The width of the lognormal distribution Minimum Diameter Droplets smaller than the minimum diameter are assumed to evaporate in a single time step Maximum Diameter Droplets larger than the maximum diameter are assumed to break up in a single time step 98 Particles Injection The amount of time a water droplet will remain in the simulation Sampling Factor Sampling factor for the particle output file A value of 1 uses the FDS default value for this property Set to an integer greater than 1 to reduce the size of particle output Fuel Droplets Fuel droplets can be used with sprinkler spray models and nozzles to customize the spray They can also be used in particle clouds and surface types that support particle injection Evaporating fuel vapor will burn according to the combustion model specified in the active reaction To specify a liquid droplet as a fuel droplet select the species identified by the active reaction as the Fuel Species By default this variable is called REAC_FUEL Solid Particles PyroSim provides basic support for specifying solid particles A solid particle must reference a surface from which it derives its thermophys
94. ert and Adiabatic converted directly e Burner Fire converted to a Burner Surface e Fan Wind converted to a Supply surface if the air flow is negative an Exhaust surface otherwise e Flammable Solid of Fixed Temperature or Heat Flux converted to a Heater Cooler surface 149 Appendix A Opening FDS v4 and PyroSim v2006 Files e Thermally Thick Thin Flammable Solid converted to a Layered Surface with one single step reacting Material e Flammable Solid Constant HRR of Fixed Temperature or Heat Flux converted to a burner e Thermally Thick Thin Flammable Solid Constant HRR converted to a Layered Surface with one non reacting Material The reaction is controlled at the surface e Non Flammable Solid of Fixed Temperature or Heat Flux converted to a Heater Cooler e Thermally Thick Thin Non Flammable Solid converted to a Layered Surface with one non reacting Material e Liquid Fuel converted to a Layered Surface with one Liquid Fuel Material e Charring Fuel converted to a Layered Surface with one layer The layer is composed of a water and a virgin material The virgin material undergoes one reaction where half of it is converted to fuel and the other half is converted to the charring material specified in the original surface This ratio may need to be adjusted after conversion e Liquid Thermoplastic converted to a Layered Surface with one Liquid Fuel Material e Charring Thermoplastic converted to a Layered
95. erties as shown in Figure 8 24 This makes it easy to draw devices at a specific height above the floor This behavior can be overridden for either type of device by selecting Lock Z to V where V is the drawing plane or Lock Z to Snap Location in the tool s right click menu Lock Z to V is the automatic behavior for gas phase devices and Lock Z to Snap Location is the automatic behavior for solid phase devices A File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help Bela uH CO BAXIB ACERA nA ON au Buu DW 8 crow 4 Modei E ron urean TOO ABETO E e 0 pu ZONEO Outer Zone gt prera TP Surfaces Y P ment vr OB apiaganc So MIRROR Mivac gt pe Devices D Controls i amp Results 123 Statstcs Y fh sices Model E onstruction T a g m f X E i lt Type to enter Locaton x y 2 gt 3D view 20 View Record View Figure 8 24 A gas phase device being drawn in the 3D View Planar Slice Tool Planar slices as discussed in Slices on page 116 can be drawn with the planar slice tool 0 To do so perform the following 1 Select the Planar Slice Tool 7 In the tool properties dialog select the desired quantity to record on the slice the desired plane on which to draw the slice and whether to include flow vectors 3 Move the cursor to the desired slice location A preview slice will be displayed as shown in Figure 8 25 1 The slice plane can be changed throu
96. esents ambient temperature Convective Heat Flux The heat flux per unit area at the surface Ramp Up Time This field allows you to describe how the temperature ramps up from ambient to the specified value This parameter controls how the surface radiates heat Using a value of 1 0 makes this surface a black body Lower values increase the amount of radiated heat Particle injection options Emit Particles Enable this option to emit particles from the surface Particle Type Select a particle to emit To create a new particle click the Edit Particles button Number of Particles per Cell Controls the number of particles inserted per time step Insertion Interval The frequency at which particles are inserted at the solid cells Mass Flux For particles that have mass this option provides an alternate way to control the number of particles inserted per second Heater Cooler This surface type represents a radiative heat source The options are identical to the options for a burner without the heat release options If the surface temperature is less than the ambient temperature the surface will remove heat from the surrounding gases Supply This surface represents a vent that injects air into the simulation domain The parameters for supply surfaces are arranged in 4 groups air flow temperature species injection and particle injection Air flow options Specify Velocity Use a constant velocity to define air movemen
97. g in the Evac menu When FDS EVAC support is enabled the Evac menu options will be enabled the FDS EVAC UI components will be present in the MESH and object editors and FDS EVAC options will be included with any FDS input files generated by PyroSim as seen in the record view when exporting FDS input files and when running simulations When FDS EVAC support is disabled the Evac menu options will be disabled FDS EVAC UI components will not be present in the MESH and object editors and FDS EVAC namelists will be excluded from any FDS input files generated by PyroSim FDS EVAC options within MESH OBST HOLE and VENT records will continue to be written to prevent modification of the fire model Disabling FDS EVAC within PyroSim does not cause FDS EVAC data to be lost this data will remain unchanged until FDS EVAC is enabled again Using FDS EVAC By default options relating to FDS EVAC are disabled in PyroSim If you load a model that uses FDS EVAC features or if you import an FDS file that contains FDS EVAC records PyroSim will automatically activate the FDS EVAC features To manually activate FDS EVAC support in PyroSim e On the Evac menu click Enable FDS EVAC FDS EVAC works by establishing flow fields using special 2D evacuation specific meshes and low powered intake vents at the building exits To run the evacuation model with a fire model you must e Define new meshes that will be used specifically for the evacuation simulation Fo
98. g should be restricted to one pre defined plane It is also useful for lining up objects along the X Y or Z axes The 3D View is useful when an object such as a vent or solid phase device needs to be 57 Drawing in PyroSim snapped to the face of an obstruction or vent or if the user would like to build objects by stacking them on top of one another 2D View Drawing When drawing in the 2D View the drawing will always take place in the drawing plane specified in the tool properties and snapping is only performed in the local X and Y dimensions The local Z value will remain true to the drawing plane In addition if a tool has some sort of height or depth property the tool will also remain true to that value Figure 8 10 shows two slabs that have been drawn in the top view one at Z 0 m and the other at Z 1 5 m While snapping was used to partially align the objects they both remain in the Z planes specified in their tool properties File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FOS View Help ISH malo RAX SE KAARKRADA O H 6 Ess 2B BSS r Sx 9 E crou mos Shom abFoos ATA SEVERE E c a FOS Help Q SB KARKBRA O H Sob aa BBE NM 1 A E sw Brod son mros o lar oa E e e Hvac 0 e gt 9 9 9 6 a a O O E E a na gt oa on ce 7 E E E Figure 8 10 Slabs in different planes aligned in the 2D View 3D View Drawing The 3D View uses snap
99. gh the right click menu by click dragging the left mouse button or by pressing CTRL on the keyboard to cycle through the options 4 Left click the mouse to create the slice 1 A planar slice can only be seen if the slice intersects a solution mesh 69 Drawing in PyroSim File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help lBeglinmu coBReE xi AGERA ERAO N E ESI A O amp A Eo Brown ae Stow ai Foos PoGo a AS MESHOZ Zones _ E zonto Outer Zone 8 n3 O 2 Hanna st1 193 04 lt Cid drag to change orientation gt lt Press CTRL to speafy Y a5 gt gt D view 20 View Record View Figure 8 25 Drawing a slice with the planar slice tool HVAC Node Tool HVAC nodes as discussed in Chapter 15 can be drawn with the HVAC Node Tool To do so perform the following Select the HVAC Node Tool In the tool properties dialog select the desired height of the node Move the cursor to the desired slice location oe LO Left click the mouse to create the node File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help Beb s gt H4 CX4 BEX B ABRRASRA O B 6 amenn A gt k 3 amp BB croup Mode ad Show All Floors y MES aa all eee f AcGBEBddaal ig 123 f e cao H zoneo Outer Zone Reactions w POLYURETHANE_REAC Active 9S Ee 9 maes aaah a El Location 6y Z 1 49523 m 5 0m 2 25m id N llo El inflowVento1 El outflowVent01 E outflowVen
100. gt If the user starts typing the popup window will be replaced with an editing window as shown in Figure 8 9 If the user presses ENTER the typed value will be committed If the user presses ESC instead the keyboard entry will be cancelled Pressing TAB cycles through alternate input methods to determine the next value For instance pressing TAB with the wall tool allows the user to enter a relative offset from the last point instead of a distance Pressing TAB a second time allows the user to enter an absolute position for the next point and pressing TAB a third time will cycle back to the distance input 56 Drawing in PyroSim File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help D e H rd EY e XE ACERA NAO N Ea GB BC BS A E joo Mode v Show AlFicors E al E AMERO e 45 aa soe 1 1 aces File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help Beblsa S BEX BIAARAKASDH O R 6 Bo B BCBS 2 E erop 4 Mode y Show AlFico s El E APPEAR e 45 Figure 8 9 Precise keyboard entry Precise keyboard entry may be easiest for some users when using the multi click mode of drawing rather than using the click drag mode Using multi click allows both hands to be used to type as opposed to click drag which requires one hand to remain on the mouse 2D versus 3D Drawing There are some key differences between drawing in the 2D and 3D Views The 2D View is useful when drawin
101. guration on Local Computer Configure PyroSim to locate the floating license server using the Licensing and Activation dialog To configure a PyroSim installation to use a floating license 1 Start PyroSim If the installation of PyroSim is not currently licensed the Licensing and Activation dialog will automatically appear and you can skip to step 3 On the Help menu click License Under Activation Method click License Server Click the button to the right of the Server box to edit the server name and port number In the Server box type your Host Name In the Port box type 52100 or the number you specified in the license file o ee Click OK to save the server connection settings and attempt to connect to the license server Getting Started PyroSim a Licensing and Activation Computer Information hostid da3031a7 ether 00197d8737e4 00188bb971b1 ip 192 168 0 9 Activation Method Online Activation Key Local License License Location C ProgramData Application Data PyroSim license Install License File Server Current License Status Not Licensed Details No license For product 1 Figure 1 3 Select License Server in dialog License Server Server aurora Port 52100 Figure 1 4 Input Server and Port This completes the floating license configuration This client will now check licenses in and out as needed Note The default port number is 52100 If your configurat
102. he center coordinates of the selected objects To preview the changes without applying them click Preview To apply the changes and close the dialog click OK To cancel the changes instead click Cancel 88 Working with Geometry Objects Scale Objects 1 00000 Y 1 00000 2 1 00000 Base Point Ft a 20 500 Zi 0000 Figure 10 3 The scale dialog being used to scale an object Rotate and Copy Dialog The Rotate dialog can be used to rotate an object To rotate an object perform the following 1 Right click the object s to rotate 2 From the right click menu select Rotate 3 This will show the Rotate dialog as in Figure 10 4 The Mode selects either the option to rotate only the selected object or to create multiple rotated copies of the object The Rotation values allow the user to select the axis about which the rotation will be made and the angle is the rotation angle counter clockwise is positive The Base Point defines the point about which the rotation will be performed The Use Center button can be used to fill the Base Point data with the center coordinates of the selected objects To preview the changes without applying them click Preview To apply the changes and close the dialog click OK To cancel the changes instead click Cancel 89 Working with Geometry Objects Rotate Objects Rotation Axis Ox OY Gz Base Point FE a 2 07 00 Zi 0000 Figure 10 4 The rotate dialog being use
103. head for a replacement license for the next computer PyroSim will exit when you close the Remove License dialog Updating PyroSim To update your version of PyroSim simply run the installer for the updated version Your application files will be replaced and your license will remain intact If you purchased a perpetual license for PyroSim and your maintenance period has expired new versions of PyroSim will not function with your old license and it will be necessary to reinstall the old version of PyroSim or purchase an updated license Installing a Floating License A floating network license allows multiple users to run PyroSim from a central server The PyroSim License Manager is required for floating network licenses of PyroSim The license manager maintains a pool of licenses that can be checked out from copies of PyroSim installed anywhere on the network The Getting Started license manager must be installed onto one computer that will act as a server for the floating licenses Multiple PyroSim installations can then be configured to use the floating license server Install the Floating License Manager The Floating License Manager should be installed on the computer that will act as the server for the floating licenses To install the PyroSim License Manager 1 Download the PyroSim License Manager installer PyroSimLicenseMgr setup exe This file can be downloaded from the PyroSim download page Log in using an account with adm
104. hen the fuel composition must 93 Reactions be defined as well The input for a polyurethane reaction described in the SFPE Handbook is shown in Figure 12 2 3 On the Fire Suppression tab you can enable fire suppression and then enter values for the Critical Flame Temperature CRITICAL FLAME TEMPERATURE and the Automatic Ignition Temperature AUTO_IGNITION_ TEMPERATURE The panel is shown in Figure 12 3 4 On the Byproducts tab you can select either Specify release per unit mass oxygen EPUMO2 or specify heat of combustion HEAT_OF_COMBUSTION You can also specify the CO yield H2 yield and Soot yield The values used for the polyurethane reaction are shown in Figure 12 4 POLYURETHANE_REAR Description SFPE Handbook GM27 Fuel Fire Suppression Heat Release Rate Byproducts Advanced Fuel Default y Spedes REAC_FUEL Edit Species Composition Carbon atoms Hydrogen atoms Oxygen atoms Nitrogen atoms New Add From Library amp REAC ID POLYURETHANE_REAC FYI SFPE Handbook GM27 FUEL REAC_FUEL Rename C 1 0 H 1 7 O 0 3 N 0 08 CO_YIELD 0 042 SOOT_YIELD 0 198 Delete peo OK Con Figure 12 2 Fuel panel of the Edit Reactions dialog 94 Reactions POLYURETHANE_RE4ES Description SFPE Handbook GM27 Fuel Fire Suppression Heat Release Rate Byproducts Advanced Enable Fire Suppression Critical Flame Temperature 1327 0 C Automatic Ignition Tem
105. ial Prevents FDS from allowing the time step to go above the initial time step Output The Output tab provides fine grained control of how output values are recorded 125 Running the Simulation Simulation Parameters TRE FR Simulation Tite Output Enable 3D Smoke Visualization Smoke Quantity Soot Mass Fraction Default Limit Text Output to 255 Columns C Number of Output Data Frames 1000 Write Plot3d XYZ File Write Gas Species Mass File Specify Write Interval Output File Write Intervals E Boundary Device Heat Release Rate Isosurface Particles Profile Restart Slice Plot3D Figure 18 2 Output tab of the simulation parameters dialog e Enable 3D Smoke Visualization whether to show smoke in the results If enabled the visualization can be based on various species in the model e Limit Text Output to 255 Columns Limits how many columns are written to CSV output files e Output File Write Intervals Specifies intervals at which to write to various output files Environment The Environment tab enables various ambient environmental properties to be set as shown in Figure 18 3 126 Running the Simulation Simulation Parameters Simulation Title Environment E Ambient Temperature 68 0 F E Ambient Pressure 760 002 mmHg A Atmospheric Lapse Rate 0 0 Ft E Relative Humidity 40 0 Ye Ground Level 0 0 ft A Initial Wind Velocity X
106. ial you can use the Edit Materials dialog On the Model menu click Edit Materials Solid Materials Examples of solid materials include brick gypsum board and upholstery To create a solid material In the Edit Materials dialog click New In the Material Name box type the name of the new material Inthe Material Type box select Solid Click OK A a After following these steps a default solid material will be created Text entered in the Description box will not affect the simulation but will be preserved in the FDS input file using the FYI field of the material Including a description of the material is recommended The Thermal Properties tab provides the following options The material s density Specific Heat The material s specific heat Specific heat can be specified as a function of temperature function of temperature radiation can be absorbed The Pyrolysis tab provides options to set the heat of combustion and add reactions that will be used to govern how the material burns Each material can have a maximum of 10 reactions To add a reaction click Add This will open a dialog to edit the new reaction It provides the following options On the Rate tab Reference Temperature The temperature at which the material mass fraction decreases at its highest rate Heating Rate The reaction rate at a given temperature 30 Materials Pyrolysis Range The temperature range of A Pre expon
107. ical and geometric parameters A solid particle can be used to model various heat transfer drag and vegetation applications Most of the parameters unique to solid particles must be defined on the Advanced Panel Chapter 21 For more information see FDS User Manual McGrattan et al 2013 Activation Normally the insertion of particles into the domain is controlled by the surface or object emitting them such as by a fan or supply surface or a particle cloud Alternatively the insertion of particles can be controlled by a device or other control logic For more information on controls see Chapter 155 Global Parameters There are two global options relating to particles in the Simulation Parameters dialog The first option Droplets Disappear at Floor can be used to prevent droplets from gathering on the floor of the simulation area The default value for this option is ON The second option Max Particles per Mesh can be used to set an upper limit on the number of particles allowed in any simulation mesh Particle Clouds Particle Clouds are box shaped volumes that can be filled with particles at the start of the FDS simulation or be inserted periodically To create a particle cloud on the Model menu click New Particle Cloud This will show the particle cloud dialog as in Figure 13 1 99 Particles Particle Cloud Properties General Geometry Description El Aa Group db Model Particle Water Edit
108. icrosoft Windows Version 6 0 6002 Copyright c 2006 Microsott Corporation ALL rights reserved C gt ed Program Files PyroSim 2014 fds C Program Files PyroSim 2014 fds gt fds5 mpi 145 Troubleshooting The subsequent output should resemble the start of a successful FDS run however in this case it will probably contain error output Copy this error output and email lt support thunderheadeng com gt the support staff will help resolve the problem Contacting Technical Support The PyroSim software is available for download at http www thunderheadeng com The same site provides PyroSim user manuals and example problems Please follow the examples to become familiar with the software Questions and suggestions should be sent to lt support thunderheadeng com gt or by phone to Fl 03 70 030LL Mail should be sent to Thunderhead Engineering 403 Poyntz Ave Suite B Manhattan KS 66502 6081 USA 146 Appendix A Opening FDS v4 and PyroSim v2006 Files Appendix A Opening FDS v4 and PyroSim v2006 Files Due to the differences between versions 4 and 5 of FDS it is not always possible to automatically convert legacy FDS input files and PyroSim 2006 PSM files to the new version However many conversions are possible and in many cases PyroSim can completely convert old input files to the new format PyroSim will begin the conversion process as a result of either of two actions 1 opening a PSM file saved with
109. iews the Z clipping range for a particular floor is from the floor elevation minus slab thickness to floor elevation plus wall height The Z clipping range works differently for the top camera of the 2D view however In this view the clipping is from the elevation of the floor BELOW to the elevation plus wall height of the current floor This allows the geometry on the floor below to be snapped to in drawing geometry for the current floor For this to be useful however the user may want to use wireframe rendering 49 Geometry Basic Concepts Adding a Background Image to a Floor Each floor can have an associated background image To add a background image to a floor go to the 2D or 3D View select a specific floor then click the Configure Background Image button lu alternately click the Define Floor Locations button Ez and then in the Background Image column select the Edit button This will display the Configure Background Image dialog shown in Figure 7 13 You will be guided through the following steps 1 Choose a background image file Valid image formats are bmp dxf gif jpg png tga and tif Specify the Anchor Point for the image by clicking on the image The Anchor Point is a point on the image at which the coordinates are specified in the model coordinate system The model coordinates of the anchor point are not required to be at the origin 3 Set the model scale Select the Choose Point A button then select the first poin
110. ified by clicking the Tool Properties button located at the bottom of the toolbar after selecting the desired tool Options such as elevation height surface and color can all be edited in the Tool Properties dialog Quick Actions In addition to the tool properties each tool also has additional quick actions To show these actions start the desired tool and then right click in the 2D or 3D View This opens a context menu with the quick actions Figure 8 3 shows an example of the quick action menu for the wall tool 52 Drawing in PyroSim Finish Align wall to lett Align wall to right Align wall to center Surface b Color gt Cancel H Tool Properties Figure 8 3 The quick action menu for the wall tool This menu allows the user to perform actions specific to the tool such as closing a polygon picking a surface setting wall alignment accessing the tool properties etc Snapping Snapping is one way to precisely draw and edit objects It is the process of finding some element in the scene such as a vertex or edge close to the cursor and snapping the cursor to that element like a magnet In PyroSim snapping can be performed against the solution meshes objects in the model and orthographic constraints The 2D View additionally provides a sketch grid and polar angle constraints If a Snap point is found an indicator dot will appear at the snap point as shown in Figure 8 4 lo i Figure 8 4 Snap indicat
111. ill be loaded and the server is ready to provide PyroSim licenses to client computers Getting Started Server Configuration You can check the status of the license server using the Server Status shortcut which displays a short textual report of server usage or through the Monitor License Server shortcut which will displays a simple web interface Both methods show how many licenses are in use and which users are currently using licenses HOST aurora 4e7c365b 52100 ISV theng theng exe theng opt 52101 By default your license server uses TCP port 52100 If you are using a personal software firewall or accessing the server across a hardware firewall you will have to configure the firewall to allow TCP traffic on ports 52100 and 52101 The ports used by the license manager can be configured in the license file by editing the port numbers on the HOST and ISV lines After changing the port numbers in the license file you must restart the server for the changes to take effect Also any PyroSim installations that were configured using the previous port assignments will need to be updated There are several advanced options available to administrators to control the behavior of the license manager The PyroSim License Manager is based on the Reprise License Manager RLM Please see the RLM End User Documentation for advanced server administration The RLM documentation can be found in the PyroSim License Manager installation folder PyroSim Confi
112. inates of the sprinkler The components of the direction vector Rotation Normally not used for a sprinkler It could be used to rotate a spray pattern that varies with latitude circumferentially Nozzle Nozzles are very much like sprinklers only they do not activate based on the standard RTI model The can be set to activate by custom control logic 106 HVAC Systems Chapter 15 HVAC Systems In PyroSim HVAC Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning systems are specified as networks of ducts nodes and some combination of fans aircoils and filters HVAC Duct A duct is required for any HVAC system At a basic level a duct represents the joining of two HVAC Nodes To define an HVAC Duct 1 Onthe Model menu click Edit HVAC 2 Click New 3 Inthe Type box select DUCT 4 Click OK You can now edit the duct Properties The names of nodes on either side of the duct A positive velocity is described as flowing from Node 1 to Node 2 By default PyroSim estimates the length of the duct based on the straight line geometry between the specified nodes If for any reason this is not a sufficient representation of the model you may explicitly specify a fixed length for the duct The diameter for a circular duct Area The total area for any non circular duct Perimeter The perimeter of a non circular duct Used by the simulator to compute a hydraulic diameter for predicting the flow Flow Model options
113. inistrative privileges 3 Run the PyroSim License Manager installer This will install the main license server rlm exe a PyroSim specific license server theng exe and utilities for managing the server To enable the floating license server you must now install a license file Install the License File To activate your floating license you must install a license file This license file is generated by Thunderhead Engineering based on your server s Host Name and Host ID To find your Host Name and Host ID 1 On the Windows Start Menu click All Programs PyroSim License Manager Server HostID A command window will appear that displays the server s Host Name and Host ID Figure 1 2 2 Send your Host Name and Host ID to Thunderhead Engineering email sales thunderheadeng com Also include your purchasing information to help us know what kind of license you need Thunderhead Engineering will reply with a license file pyrosim lic 3 Copy the license file pyrosim lic to the license manager installation folder typically C Program Files PyroSim License Manager 4 Onthe Windows Start Menu click All Programs PyroSim License Manager Restart License Service You must be an administrator to restart the license service On Windows Vista right click the Restart License Service shortcut and select Run as administrator Figure 1 2 Display of Host Name and Host ID Once the license service has been restarted the license file w
114. ion Recording Volume This is available for gas phase quantities as long as the Area Integral option is not selected This defines a volume over which the statistics will be taken Recording Area This is available for gas phase quantities if the Area Integral option is selected This defines an area over which the statistics will be taken Recording Mesh This is available for solid phase quantities Select the mesh for which you would like to output this statistical data A proper location will automatically be chosen for the device in the FDS output file The output file for measurement devices will be named CHID _devc csv where CHID is the job ID Note When using statistics data it is important to consider nuances of FDS s numerical solver For instance the minimum statistic is sensitive to numerical errors in the solver during species transport and will sometimes report artificially low values 122 Evac Chapter 17 Evac FDS contains an evacuation model that makes it possible to perform a coupled fire and evacuation simulation Documentation relating specifically to FDS EVAC is not included with PyroSim To learn more please visit the FDS EVAC web site at http www vtt fi proj fdsevac index js PyroSim supports FDS EVAC by optionally activating user interface controls in the MESH editor as well as the geometric object obstructions holes vents editors Also for each FDS EVAC namelist PyroSim provides a manager dialo
115. ion This includes activation events conditions that can cause the obstruction to be added or removed from the simulation and miscellaneous options such as color and smoothing 42 Geometry Basic Concepts Description A human readable description for the object This value will not affect the result of the simulation Controls the position of the object in PyroSim s tree view Activation Bind this object to new or existing activation control logic Activation control logic is used to add or remove the object based on time or measurement conditions To learn more about activation events please refer to Chapter 155 Specify Color Override the material colors for this object Relative to Object When textures are attached to an object they are tiled based on an origin point By default this point is the origin Relative to Object makes the anchor point the minimum point of the object These values offset the texture origin based on the default texture origin If the origin is relative to the object leave at zero to use the object s min point Obstruction Properties Th When this option is selected this object will not be reduced to 2D faces by FDS This is needed for obstructions to have vents attached Record BNDF When this option is selected this object is included in boundary data output Permit Holes When this option is selected holes can modify the geometry of this object Allow Vents Makes it possible for this obje
116. ion at all between them Obstructions and vents are entered in terms of the overall coordinate system and need not apply to any one particular mesh Each mesh checks the coordinates of all the geometric entities and decides whether or not they are to be included As described in the FDS 5 User Guide McGrattan et al 2013 the following rules of thumb should also be followed when setting up a multiple mesh calculation e Mesh Alignment The most important rule of mesh alignment is that abutting cells ought to have the same cross sectional area or integral ratios as shown in Figure 4 4 e Mesh Priority In general the meshes should be entered from finest to coarsest FDS assumes that a mesh with higher priority has precedence over a mesh with a lower priority if the two meshes abut or overlap e Mesh Boundaries Avoid putting mesh boundaries where critical action is expected especially fire Sometimes fire spread from mesh to mesh cannot be avoided but if at all possible try to keep mesh interfaces relatively free of complicating phenomena since the exchange of information across mesh boundaries is not as accurate as cell to cell exchanges within one mesh e Data Exchange Information from other meshes is received only at the exterior boundary of a given mesh This means that a mesh that is completely embedded within another receives information at its exterior boundary but the larger mesh receives no information from the mesh embedded within
117. ion the device on a surface A Se Enter the Normal of Solid of the device For solid phase devices this is the outward normal to the surface on which the device is attached The Rotation can be left as 0 7 Click OK to create the device 102 Devices Thermocouple To create a thermocouple on the Devices menu click New Thermocouple The thermocouple properties are Bead Density The material density of the bead The default value is that for nickel Bead Specific Heat The material specific heat of the bead The default value is that for nickel Location The coordinates of the device Orientation Not used Rotation Not used The output of the thermocouple is the temperature of the thermocouple itself which is usually close to the gas temperature but not always since radiation is included in the calculation of thermocouple temperature Flow Measurement The flow measurement device can be used to measure a flow quantity through an area To create a flow measuring device on the Devices menu click New Flow Measuring Device The flow measurement device properties are Device Name The name of the flow measuring device Quantity The quantity to be measured Flow Direction Select the direction for the measurement as defined by the normal to the measurement plane The axis normal to the measurement plane and the location of that plane on the axis The coordinates of the area normal to the axis
118. ion uses a custom port number on the HOST line of the server license file use that port number instead The license server location can also be set for the client using the pyrosim props configuration file Set the PyroSim licenseServer property to port host where port is the port number of the license manager and host is the server name Using the server name aurora from our previous example this line would be PyroSim licenseServer 52100 aurora Property names in the pyrosim props file are case sensitive so the property name must be entered exactly as shown Getting Started Additional FDS and Smokeview Documentation In preparing this manual we have liberally used descriptions from the FDS User s Guide McGrattan et al 2013 The FDS Users Guide the FDS Technical Reference and the Smokeview Users Guide have been included with PyroSim Updated documentation and executables for FDS and Smokeview may be available at http fire nist gov fds System Requirements PyroSim runs on the Microsoft Windows operating system You should have at least 256 MB of system RAM and a graphics card that supports OpenGL 1 1 or later If you want to perform realistic simulations we recommend 2 GB of system RAM a graphics card with at least 128 MB of graphics memory and a dual or quad core PyroSim transparently supports parallel processing on multi core multi processor computers Contact Us Thunderhead Engineering 403 Poyntz Avenue Suite
119. ired to install PyroSim The installer needs to add processes to the operating system for license management and parallel FDS simulation Using a Different FDS Executable Each PyroSim release comes bundled with FDS A particular PyroSim release is designed and tested against the bundled version of FDS but can be used to run any version of FDS However PyroSim will generate an input file based on the bundled version of FDS and it is important to understand differences in input format between the FDS versions before customizing PyroSim s FDS version To change the version of FDS used by PyroSim Download and install a new version of FDS from NIST On the File menu click Preferences Click on the appropriate Folder icon in the FDS Execution section to select the executable you want PyroSim to use 4 Click OK to close the Preferences dialog Purchase PyroSim To enable PyroSim beyond the 30 day trial you must purchase a license A full list of purchasing options can be found at the PyroSim web site Online Purchase You can purchase PyroSim online with our secure order form at https www thunderheadeng com php buy ph The order form is encrypted and Thunderhead Engineering will not retain your credit card number Once the online transaction has been processed you will receive an Activation Key Follow the instructions below to activate your license If you need to contact us please refer to the Contact Us section later in this chapte
120. is changed this is set to the floor s wall height property e Wall Thickness the thickness of the wall The alignment of the wall can be controlled through the right click menu for the tool or can be cycled by pressing the CTRL key on the keyboard The alignment options are shown in Figure 8 18 Left aligned Right aligned Center aligned Figure 8 18 Wall alignment options To draw a wall perform the following steps 1 Select the Wall Obstruction Tool from the drawing toolbar 2 Define the wall points using one of the two tool modes e Use Click drag mode to draw a single wall segment 63 Drawing in PyroSim e Use Multi click mode to click several points with wall segments between each pair of points If the first clicked point is clicked again after drawing at least two segments or Close is chosen from the right click menu the tool will draw one last segment from the last clicked point to the first point and finish Alternately the wall can be ended at the last clicked point by choosing Finish from the right click menu Block Obstruction Tool The Block Obstruction Tool can be used to quickly fill grid cells with blocks as shown in Figure 8 19 or place a block with a single click a OOOO E Fle Edit Model Devices Evec Output FDS View Help 2e Hinaw OCVYt REX BM AABKRAHRAIO H 6 GE Ge amp BS BBE e 8 crow 4 mode El Show albors E EZ SEES a cs 7 InN3 2 40 141
121. ith the make files provided by NIST for FDS 4 If a file uses another make file place it in this directory before importing or opening the file If there is a dry pipe delay greater than zero PyroSim 2013 will create a single dry pipe with that delay and attach it to all the sprinklers in the model Note however that in PyroSim 2013 the water pressure is specified per sprinkler rather than per pipe Because of this PyroSim will not convert the dry pipe pressure specified in the pipe record and a warning will be issued Reactions To convert reaction data into a form useable by version 5 of FDS PyroSim 2013 must reverse engineer the fuel molecule composition based on stoichiometric coefficients To accomplish this PyroSim uses the equations given in section 4 4 2 of the users guide for version 4 of FDS The result is then checked to ensure that the total molecular weight is the same as the specified molecular weight If this check succeeds no warning will be issued If the test fails PyroSim will issue a Converted stoichiometry warning and you must manually update reaction data to ensure accurate simulation results Surfaces Some surface properties are converted with no additional input or warnings including surface names colors and textures The different surface types however undergo more complicated conversions The following describes how PyroSim 2006 surface types are converted to Surfaces and Materials in PyroSim 2013 e In
122. k OK You can now edit the node Select the HVAC Filter to be used at the node Selecting Node Type Auto tells PyroSim to predict the node type based on its interaction with other HVAC objects An Internal node is one connected to only ducts An internal node must be connected to at least two ducts Ambient Endpoint A node specified as an Ambient Endpoint is connected to at least one duct and is equivalent to an OPEN surface Vent Endpoint If you select a node as a Vent Endpoint you can select a vent with surface type HVAC and the node will be the meeting 108 HVAC Systems point between the HVAC system and the rest of the PyroSim model Location The 3D coordinates of the node If the location is not specified the default values of O O O will be used by the simulator The flow loss for gases entering the HVAC system The flow loss for gases exiting the HVAC system HVAC Fan An HVAC Fan is used to generate airflow in a HVAC network A fan is specified between two nodes by selecting it as the Flow Device for an HVAC Duct Note that an HVAC Fan is a class of object and a single fan definition can be used by any number of ducts To create an HVAC Fan 1 Onthe Model menu click Edit HVAC 2 Click New 3 Inthe Type box select FAN 4 Click OK Activation Attach a control logic device to the fan Flow Loss The loss through the fan when the fan is not operational Initial Ramp up time Specify eithe
123. l minutes to calculate the model bounds It may be more beneficial to simply import the model using the default unit or take a guess and then resize the model after import When PyroSim imports a DWG DXF file it will treat all 3D face data as obstructions and all other data lines curves etc as separate CAD data If an entity in the file contains both face and CAD data the entity will be split into two entities so that CAD data can be easily deleted or hidden after import using the CAD filter button on the 3D 2D View toolbar see Filtering on page 11 An object with CAD data can be snapped to while drawing in PyroSim but is not converted to any type of FDS geometry An entity with face data will either be treated as a single solid obstruction with some volume or as a collection of thin obstructions depending on the entity type in the DWG DXF file These objects will be represented as FDS geometry The following entity types are treated as solids in PyroSim e 3D Solid e Mass Element e Mass Group e Roof e Slab1 e Roof Slab e Stair e Wall e Door e Window e Curtain Wall e Curtain Wall Unit e Curtain Wall Assembly e Structural Member All other entities containing faces such as polygon meshes and polyface meshes are treated as collections of thin obstructions by PyroSim They cannot be reliably treated as solid since there is no guarantee that their faces form a closed and non self intersecting shell or that this would even be
124. le 2 SHIFT was pressed and held on the keyboard to lock the constraint 3 The cursor was moved to a point on the right edge of the box while still holding SHIFT NOTE The distance displayed in the figure is the distance from the second point to the third point on the locked constraint and NOT from the second point to the cursor location 55 Drawing in PyroSim File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help BeoBlmulo9ROX IM L 0 m jO N 6 Ga Y BG PTGS r e 2 E croup 4 model Show Al Fioors E EE BET ke e 1 HE ZONEO Outer Zone E X Reactions Materials om Surfaces lt lt inert E Obstruction gt Ea maaala w H lt Type to enter Distance or press TAB for alternatives gt 3D View 2D View Record View Figure 8 7 Locked constraint Precise Keyboard Entry While using a drawing editing tool a popup window may appear next to the cursor such as in Figure 8 8 This window shows the value used to determine the next point or value for the current tool In this figure the value is the Distance from the previous point along the vector from the previous point to the current cursor location For other tools this value may be angle or relative offset etc The value is editable if the status bar at the bottom of the 3D or 2D View indicates it is For instance in the figure the status bar says lt Type to enter Distance or press TAB for alternatives
125. m Figure 4 2 Defining properties of the nonuniform mesh You can click or type Ctrl R to reset the model The resulting meshes are displayed below K PyroSim Untitled as O E File Edit Model Devices Output FDS Yiew Help BCH eA y BEX 2 ACERS A EZ aja 2 0 T show an Floors i EDR gt x 2 p Surfaces ff ADIABATIC i BB Model Figure 4 3 3D display of first and second mesh Using Multiple Meshes The term multiple meshes means that the computational domain consists of more than one rectangular mesh usually connected although this is not required In each mesh the governing 26 Meshes equations can be solved with a time step based on the flow speed within that particular mesh Some reasons for using multiple meshes include e Multiple meshes are required for parallel processing of FDS using the MPI option e If the geometry of the problem has corridors such as shown in Figure 4 3 using multiple meshes can significantly reduce the number of cells and the solution time e Because each mesh can have different time steps this technique can save CPU time by requiring relatively coarse meshes to be updated only when necessary Coarse meshes are best used in regions where temporal and spatial gradients of key quantities are small or unimportant Meshes can overlap abut or not touch at all In the last case essentially two separate calculations are performed with no communicat
126. m if it is to be part of the cluster Running the node installer will install the MPI service and configure it appropriately for use by PyroSim If you have purchased the PyroSim cluster option you will be able to run the simulation on any number of computers If you have not purchased the cluster option you will be limited to the computer running PyroSim plus one other To launch a cluster simulation within PyroSim on the FDS menu click Run FDS Cluster or click the down arrow next to the Run FDS button 0 and select Run FDS Cluster This will launch the Cluster FDS Parameters dialog as shown in Figure 18 15 1 This is also referred to as a linear performance improvement or linear speedup 135 Running the Simulation J2 Cluster FDS Parameters I FOS File Location 2 temp 3_grids 3_grids fds Note FDS file should be saved in a shared location Host Number of Processes Assigned Meshes 1 jaurora 2 MESH MESHOS abre SHO Y 3 hurricane Local Host Number of meshes Figure 18 15 The Cluster FDS Parameters dialog All nodes in the cluster can be entered in the table along with the number of processes to launch on each node NOTE these nodes will be remembered the next time a cluster simulation is run The Assigned Meshes column previews which FDS meshes will run on each computer which is determined by the order of the meshes and the order of the hosts The FDS File Location must be in a dire
127. metry YK PyroSim Untitled File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help Bella w C RAX BI AGERA RAON H ees PE RSE NN gt x tA 8 crow 8 mode z de sor mros AAA AE gt e ones EE zoneo Outer Zone Reactons de 6 B a o S al o El fad To ES e o 4 E Hole 4 F Obstractioni4 075 613 57 259 0 m p 30 mew 20 View Record View E Figure 9 6 Trusses created using PyroSim tools Roofs You can quickly add a roof to the model using the Slab Obstruction Tool The following steps show how to add a roof to the previous truss example Click the 2D View tab On the view toolbar select the front view On the drawing toolbar select the Slab Obstruction Tool e i i Draw the profile of the roof as one polygon so that it touches the trusses Click the top point then bottom point and the top point once more to create the slab On the view toolbar select the top view W On the navigation toolbar select the Select Manipulate Tool le Click to drag the leading edge of the slab to the opposite truss Single click to end manipulation oe oe Repeat steps 7 9 for the back edge of the roof slab to line it up with the back of the last truss The resulting roof section is shown in Figure 9 7 83 B e H J Prom mn ia File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help Creating Complex Geometry V BAX BI AARKAHAO H 6 hi PRERE
128. move the mesh boundaries away from areas of activity Second is there too much of a jump in cell size from one mesh to another If so consider whether the loss of information moving from a fine to a coarse mesh is tolerable This is the ideal mesh alignment This is allowed so long as there are an integral number of fine cells abutting each coarse cell This is allowed but of questionable value PyroSim will warn if meshes overlap 28 Meshes This is no longer allowed in FDS 5 1 and higher PyroSim will warn against this mesh alignment Figure 4 4 Correct and incorrect mesh alignment Additional Mesh Actions To simplify working with multiple meshes PyroSim provides the following additional mesh operations e Split Mesh splits selected meshes at a coordinate along a single axis e Refine Mesh makes selected meshes finer or coarser by a factor e g refine a mesh by 4 to turn 1 0 meter cells into 0 25 meter cells e Merge Meshes combines two or more meshes into a single mesh To use any of the above actions select one or more meshes right click to open a popup menu then click the desired mesh action 29 Materials Chapter 5 Materials To simulate a surface made of heat conducting solids or a fuel you must specify a material that describes certain thermal properties and pyrolysis behavior PyroSim offers two categories of materials solid materials and liquid fuels To create a new mater
129. nconnonanonononaconnnnnonononanonnnonaoos 89 Figure 10 4 The rotate dialog being used to rotate an Object oooccccoooccnnonnconnnnanonnnonaconnnnaronnonanonnnnnaoos 90 Figure 12 1 REACTION equations 93 Figure 12 2 Fuel panel of the Edit Reactions didlOg ss iii ces 94 Figure 12 3 Fire Suppression panel of the Edit Reactions dialog cccooocccncnnncnnonnacnnnonanonnonanonnnonanos 95 Figure 12 4 Byproducts panel of the Edit Reactions dialog ocoooooccnnonocnnnnnanonnnonaconnonaronnonanonnnnnaoos 95 Feure 13 Particle CIO UG NAO A a ss 100 Figure 141 Creating an aspirator SIMP id A a a 102 FICUFE 142 Creating a NeW SpriNKler ars 106 Figure 0 1 The Activation Controls dialOg coooocccnnonocnnnnnnnnnnonononononanonnnnononnnnnncnnnonaronnnnononnnonaronnnnns 112 Figure 0 2 The object popup in the Activation Controls dialog ooocccncoocnnnnonocnnnnnanonnnnanonnnnnacnnnnnos 113 Figure 0 3 The Activation Controls dialog cccccccsssccccesscccceesecccceecceeeuscceseesecesseneceeeeeeceesseecessunecessenes 114 Figure 16 1 An example of a slice plane shown in SMOkevVieW ooocccccnoccnncnnncnnnonaconnnnaronnnnnncononanonnnonos 117 Figure 16 2 An example of a boundary quantity shown in SMOkevVieW ccooocccnconocnnnonaconnonaninnnonaconnnnos 118 Figure 16 3 An example of an isosurface shown in SMOKkevieW ooocccccnnccnnonnncnnnonaconnnnaronnnnanonnnonaronnnnns 119 Figur
130. nd rotate objects can greatly simplify the tasks of geometry creation Curved Walls While PyroSim s tools do not explicitly produce curved walls they can approximate them using any of the following techniques e Draw the wall using several straight wall segments e Draw the wall using individual blocks e Rotate a single object to produce the desired arc In all of the following examples we will use a background image as a pattern to draw against While this is not required it makes creating curved surfaces much easier and one of the strengths of PyroSim is that it allows you to sketch geometry directly on top of building design images The background image we will be using is shown in Figure 9 1 Figure 9 1 Background image used for all curved wall examples For simplicity we will assume that horizontal distance across the entire image is 50 feet and we will place the origin of the model at the lower left corner of the room shown in the image The brightness of the image will be set to 50 The Configure Background Image dialog shown in Figure 9 2 illustrates these settings 79 Creating Complex Geometry A do sl ar mn rada Tota a sale Fed Leo ports im Ue reza that ara bream der ee adi the buttons oca Pont A ae hon Park 6 Ea eet hen Src pora Then soe beer pacar oor in rode hee Pond g Cet oB 20 000 y Figure 9 2 Background image settings for curved wall examples Using the Wall Tool To cr
131. ne advanced 2D and 3D display properties as shown in Figure 2 12 They can be used to improve display performance on complex models but they tend to create problems for some graphics cards including crashing For this reason they are turned off when running in safe mode Hardware Drawing Options Y Hardware accelerated cursor W Hardware accelerated vertex buffers Figure 2 12 Display Preferences Hardware accelerated cursor when checked mouse crosshairs and object editing will remain smooth even on complex geometry that may be slow to pan or orbit PyroSim does this by rendering the scene into an image buffer and then rendering that buffer as a texture underneath the crosshairs or editing geometry whenever the mouse cursor moves Hardware accelerated vertex buffers when checked this can significantly improve rendering performance of complex geometry PyroSim does this by storing the geometry in vertex buffers on the graphics card PyroSim then makes very few OpenGL calls to render the geometry Models can be created in either English or Metric units To select a system of units on the View menu click Units then click the desired unit PyroSim will automatically convert your previous input values into the unit system you select The Record View will always display values in the appropriate FDS units regardless of what unit system you choose to work in 16 Color Schemes To select a Default
132. nes To mirror an object in this manner perform the following 87 Working with Geometry Objects 1 Right click the object s to mirror 2 From the right click menu select Mirror 3 This will show the Mirror dialog as in Figure 10 2 The Mode selects either the option to mirror only the selected object or to create a mirrored copy of the object The Mirror Plane s define planes normal to the X Y and Z axes about which the object will be mirrored The Use Center button can be used to fill the Mirror Plane data with the center coordinates of the selected objects To preview the changes without applying them click Preview To apply the changes and close the dialog click OK To cancel the changes instead click Cancel Mirror Mode e Move Copy Mirror Plane FE x 2 87500 Oy Oz Figure 10 2 The mirror dialog Scale and Copy Dialog The Scale dialog can be used to change the size of an object To scale an object perform the following 1 Right click the object s to scale 2 From the right click menu select Scale 3 This will show the Scale dialog as in Figure 10 3 The Mode selects either the option to scale only the selected object or to create multiple scaled copies of the object The Scale values define the scale factors in the X Y and Z directions The Base Point defines the point about which the scaling will be performed The Use Center button can be used to fill the Base Point data with t
133. ng to paint all the faces of the object rather than just one face NOTE A popup window will show which surface color is currently being painted but unlike other popup windows this one is NOT editable 76 Drawing in PyroSim EXA 4n4A0 H 4 toee r p k 92 Y crow a Model X Show pe a om E Ul HT EEA e USES E e 13 8 4009 1419 20 4 Figure 8 33 An obstruction face highlighted by the paint tool Pick Tool The Pick Tool 4 can be used to pick the next color surface to use when drawing or painting obstructions and vents The Pick Tool has the following tool properties e Pick Surface Whether to pick the surface under the cursor e Pick Color Whether to pick the color under the cursor The pick options can also be toggled by pressing CTRL on the keyboard or from the tool s right click menu To use the Pick Tool perform the following 1 Select the Pick Tool 4 from the drawing toolbar 2 Hover the cursor over the object from which the color surface should be chosen A popup window will show what that color surface is 3 Single click the left mouse button to pick The chosen color surface will then be applied to the surface or color properties for the obstruction vent mesh and paint tools Measuring Length Distance PyroSim provides a measure tool to measure distances in the model To measure a distance perform the following 1 Select the Measure Tool 77 Drawing in P
134. nished drawing editing its object the last used navigation tool is automatically selected If the user would like to create several objects with the same tool in succession the desired tool can be pinned by clicking the tool s button twice The button will show a green dot when pinned as shown in Figure 8 2 dr da 6 p y Figure 8 2 Pinning a drawing editing tool Every time the same tool button is clicked the pinned state of that tool will be toggled so clicking the button again after pinning will disable pinning At any time the current drawing editing tool can be cancelled by pressing ESC on the keyboard This will also cancel pinning and will revert back to the last used navigation tool Tool Modes Most drawing editing tools require at least two points to be specified to complete its action such as drawing the points for a wall or defining the extents of a box These tools can operate in two modes e Multi click mode This mode allows the user to specify each desired point by single clicking the left mouse button for each point This mode also facilitates precise keyboard entry e Click drag mode This mode only allows the user to specify two points When the left mouse button is pressed the first point is committed Then the mouse is dragged to the next location while still holding the left mouse button The button is then released to specify the second point Tool Properties Each tool has a set of properties that can be mod
135. nonnnonaronnnnanonnonononononaronnonanonnos 76 An obstruction face highlighted by the paint tool ooccccoooccnnonaconnnnnncnnnnnaconnnnaccnnonanonnos 77 Information displayed by the measure tool oocccccncccnncnoccnncnnncnnnnnnccnnonanonnonononnnonaronnonanonnos 78 Background image used for all curved wall examplesS ccccoocccncnnccnnnnnnonononanonnonanocnnonaronnnnns 79 Background image settings for curved wall examples ccooocccnconoccnncnncnononaconnnnanonnnonaronnnnns 80 A curved wall drawn with three different segment lengthsS ccccoocccnnonocnnncnancnnnnnacnnnonanonnss 80 A curved wall drawn using individual blocks oooccccooocnnnonononnnnnaconnnnnocnnonanonnnnnaconnonanonoos 81 A curved wall drawn using the rotate technique cccoocccnconnccnnonnncnnnnnaconnnnanonnonanonnnonaconnonanonnos 82 TRUSSES Cheated USING PUTO SIMAO O E senenin onn e A AEAN 83 A roof created with the slab obstruction tool ooocccccnncnnncnnncnnnnnacnnnonaronnnnanonnnnnaconnonanonnos 84 A stairway created with the replicate tool ccccoocccnconocnnnonanonnnonaconnnnnronnonanonnnonaconnonanonnos 85 TS transita ClalOP caso tae as a do tales fe 87 Figures Figure 10 2 THE Mio Cl AIO 8s snrsesdecncocdavensestecscteideqnasbaaceuasaadersatietesaateaseunanttedvaniaceesersiwincnsealimonneaaaeeten 88 Figure 10 3 The scale dialog being used to scale AN Object ccccoocccnconocnnnnn
136. ns as well as copying and replication of obstructions 0 You can import DXF files that include either 3D faces or 2D lines that can be extruded to create 3D objects in PyroSim Chapter 3 The PyroSim interface for which this manual is written supports Version 5 of the Fire Dynamics Simulator PyroSim 2006 which supports Version 4 of the Fire Dynamics Simulator is still available upon request Download and Install The current version of PyroSim is available on the web at http www pyrosim com Licensed users have access to a direct download page Other users can download PyroSim by requesting a free trial There is no difference between the trial version of PyroSim and the full version Any restrictions imposed by the trial version are based on the license When installing PyroSim the installer will either upgrade an existing version or install PyroSim to a new location This behavior is based on the version When installing a minor update e g upgrading from PyroSim 2008 1 to PyroSim 2008 2 the older installation will be removed and replaced with the new version When installing a major update e g PyroSim 2008 1 to PyroSim 2010 2 the older version will not be modified and the newer version will be installed to a different folder Versions of PyroSim after PyroSim 2006 include their major version number in the install folder to make the difference between installed versions clear Getting Started Administrator privileges are requ
137. of Standards and Technology NIST NIST Fire Dynamics Simulator Compilation Date March 10 2006 Version Number 4 07 Job TITLE ATF Room Fire Test Job ID string roomfire4 Iteration Simulation Time Iteration Simulation Time Iteration Simulation Time Progress 1 895 900 05 Time Elapsed 0 00 21 Time Remaining 2 27 40 Run smokeview when Finished Figure 18 10 The FDS simulation dialog You can save the simulation log at any time by clicking Save Log This log will be saved as a text file You can also run Smokeview while the simulation is in progress by clicking Run Smokeview For details on how to use Smokeview please consult the Smokeview User s Guide Smokeview will run automatically when the simulation is finished Clicking Stop will cause PyroSim to create a stop file that signals FDS to stop the simulation but also write out a checkpoint file that can be used to resume the simulation later There is often a significant delay between the time when you click the Stop button and when the simulation actually terminates This is because FDS checks for the stop file at the same rate that it updates the progress information To immediately terminate the current simulation you can click Kill or close the dialog You will not be able to resume the current simulation NOTE When starting a simulation or exporting an FDS file for some models the user may receive the following message as shown in Figure 18 11
138. ols by using the scroll wheel Scrolling up zooms in and scrolling down zooms out With all but the Roam Tool using the scroll wheel will zoom in on the point under the cursor With the Roam Tool the scroll wheel only zooms the center of the view Resetting the View At any time the camera s view can be reset to see the entire extents of the model by clicking the Reset View button or pressing CTRL r In addition the camera can be reset to only the currently selected objects by clicking the Reset to Visible button Ea or pressing CTRL e Resetting the view also has the effect of changing the orbit center when orbiting Orbiting Orbiting is the action of spinning the camera about its focal point which is the center of the model or center of the selection depending on which reset action was last performed By default orbit works as if there is an invisible sphere around the model on which you click and drag the mouse to spin Alternatively orbiting can be performed similarly to Smokeview by going to the View menu and selecting Use Smokeview like Navigation In this mode the camera spins about the Z axis with left and right mouse movements and about the local X axis with up and down movements Filtering There are several ways to filter the objects shown in the 3D view Filtering can be performed with clipping planes that are associated with floors or through filter buttons that can quickly show hide categories of objects 11 Pyro
139. on UPHOLSTERY o Initial Internal Temperature TMPA E Backing E Gap Default i Gap Temperature TMPA E Temperature Ramp Default v1 1 0 s Material Layers Thickness m Material Composition Edit Y Insert Row 1 0 0010 1 0 UPHOLSTERY _MATL to Move Up v 3 Copy Paste Add From Library xe Figure 6 1 The Edit Surfaces dialog Reserved Surfaces There are four fundamental or reserved surface types ADIABATIC INERT MIRROR and OPEN These surfaces cannot be changed and are present in every analysis e ADIABATIC This surface remains fixed at the ambient temperature There is no heat transfer radiative or convective from the gas to an adiabatic solid e INERT This surface remains fixed at the ambient temperature Heat transfer does occur from gases to INERT surfaces This is the default surface in PyroSim 33 Surfaces e MIRROR This surface is used only for vents on the exterior mesh boundary A MIRROR is a no flux free slip boundary that reverses flow It is intended to be applied to an entire mesh boundary to symmetrically double the size of the domain e OPEN This surface is used only for vents on the exterior mesh boundary OPEN denotes a passive opening to the outside and is often used to model open doors and windows e HVAC This surface is used only for vents that are part of an HVAC system Surface Types PyroSim aids the user by organizing the surface options into logical types such a
140. on and resuming previously stopped simulations Simulation Parameters Before running a simulation FDS simulation parameters should be adjusted to fit the problem This can include parameters such as simulation time output quantities environmental parameters conversion of angled geometry to blocks and miscellaneous simulator values To edit the simulation parameters on the FDS menu select Simulation Parameters This shows the simulation parameters dialog The parameters are split into several categories with each category on another tab of the dialog Time All time related values can be entered on the Time tab as shown in Figure 18 1 Simulation ae wr waar a Simulation Tite Time Output Environment Partides Simulator Radiation Angled Geometry Misc Start Time 0 0 5 End Time 10 0 5 E Initial Time Step A 7 Do not allow time step changes Do not allow time step to exceed initial L Wall Update Increment 2 frames Figure 18 1 Time tab of the simulation parameters dialog e Start Time a remapping of simulation time t 0 to a different time This is used to format the output time and can be useful for recreation scenarios e End Time the ending simulation time e Initial Time Step Overrides the default time step e Do not allow time step changes Prevents FDS from dynamically altering the time step e Do not allow time step to exceed init
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142. on problem File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FOS View Hel p of Q VILGAKASHA O U 4 3 eh RTE Ns 9 Elo dos rs Sue son po EE AA APC E MA ones Reactors TT MAROR METETE 7 3 0 m D Yen 20 Wew Record Yew Figure 18 12 Hole along a mesh boundary 133 Running the Simulation pyrosim7321113479900798751 Smokeview 5 6 Oct 29 2010 Z Figure 18 13 Improperly cut hole along mesh boundary in FDS Ca pyrosim ga 9600660689452 smokeview 5 6 Oct 29 2010 Figure 18 14 Properly cut hole along mesh boundary in FDS Parallel Execution PyroSim includes support to launch a parallel simulation using MPI When running a simulation in parallel all of the computation within each of the meshes can take place independently Assuming a simulation executes in t seconds using only one processor the best possible performance improvement 134 Running the Simulation using n processors and n meshes is a reduction to t n seconds In reality this is not generally possible due to communications overhead and load balancing PyroSim s support for parallel execution is restricted to a single machine and is only beneficial on machines that have dual core or multiple CPUs To launch a parallel simulation in PyroSim on the FDS menu click Run FDS Parallel or click the down arrow next to the Run FDS button 0 and select Run FDS Parallel Before running a parallel
143. ons E e a a 9 E o E o To kg 4 E 51 157 102 194 0 ft 30 mew 20 View Record View Figure 8 20 A room drawn with the room tool The room tool contains the same properties as the wall obstruction tool To draw a room with the room tool perform the following 1 Select the Room Tool from the drawing toolbar 2 Use Click drag mode or Multi click mode to draw two points defining the extents of the room Hole Drawing Tools There are three tools that can draw holes for more information on holes see Holes on page 44 e amp Slab Hole Tool Used to draw a hole in a floor slab e Wall Hole Tool Used to draw an opening in a wall such as for a doorway or window e El Block Hole Tool Used to fill grid cells with holes All these tools work the same as their obstruction counterparts but they do not have the properties specific to obstructions such as the surface or obstruction flags Vent Tool There is only one tool for drawing vents for more information on vents see Vents on page 45 PyroSim only allows vents in an X Y or Z plane Vents cannot currently be drawn off axis like walls can 65 Drawing in PyroSim Vents also must be attached to solid obstructions at least one grid cell thick This is easily accomplished by drawing the vent in the 3D View see 2D versus 3D Drawing on page 57 To draw a vent perform the following 1 Select the Vent Tool El from the drawing t
144. oolbar 2 Use Click drag Mode or Multi click Mode to specify two points that define the extents of the vent e When this is performed in the 2D View the vent will be drawn in the plane specified in the tool properties and is view dependent in the top view the vent will be drawn in the XY plane in the front view the vent will be drawn in the XZ plane etc e lf the vent is drawn in the 3D View the vent will be drawn in the plane containing the two specified points If the two points are not in an axis aligned plane an axis aligned plane will be chosen containing the first point while maximizing the area of the vent Solution Mesh Tool Solution meshes can also be drawn in PyroSim with the solution mesh tool as shown in Figure 8 21 t Clipboard16 IrfanView rae OQ Fh PERE File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help BsBHlmau l4y REXIMIAORR lt mMA O WH 4 gt TO E al e Show All Floors D e E v y a a Sl z w amp ll o gt 4 14 75 m 12 0 m 0 0m lt Type to enter Dimensions L W A or press TAB for alternatives gt 30 view 20 Wew Record View 1104 x 802 x24 BPP Notafile 100 Notafile 253MB Notas fil Figure 8 21 A solution mesh drawn with the mesh tool The solution mesh tool has the following tool properties e X Y or Z Location The drawing plane containing the bottom of the mesh When the active floor is changed this is set to the floor
145. or By default snapping is enabled It can be disabled by holding ALT on the keyboard while using a drawing editing tool Solution Mesh Snapping If there are any solution meshes in the model see Chapter 4 PyroSim can snap to them during drawing and editing For each mesh that is visible PyroSim can snap to its boundary edges boundary faces grid lines and the intersections of the grid lines depending on which mesh display filters are active as discussed in Filtering on page 11 Sketch Grid Snapping 2D View Only PyroSim also provides a user defined drawing grid or sketch grid in the 2D View as shown in Figure 8 5 53 Drawing in PyroSim YK PyroSim Untitied E b File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help Bella vt RX Ss AAA RA O H 4 e BOQ B BT BSG NN y E cow de Modei re amy sox mron ACA E Fe TNS RPT VRARSBaRla cw 1 557 5 483 0 m View 2D View Record View Figure 8 5 Sketch grid When a new model is created the sketch grid is visible and can be snapped to in the 2D view The default spacing for the divisions is 1 m but can be changed by going to the View menu and clicking Set Sketch Grid Spacing Once the user has created a solution mesh PyroSim will automatically switch to solution mesh snapping and disable sketch grid snapping In the 2D View PyroSim will only snap to the sketch grid or visible solution meshes To switch which
146. or Z Location The drawing plane for the tool When the active floor is changed this is set to the floor s elevation e Height The depth of the drawn box in the current view When the active floor is changed this is set to the floor s wall height To draw one of these objects perform the following 1 Select the appropriate tool 2 Use Click drag Mode or Multi click Mode to draw two points defining the extents of the object s box 71 Drawing in PyroSim Editing Objects Nearly all geometric objects can also be graphically edited in the 3D or 2D View with the Select Manipulate Tool 3 Editing is performed through an object s editing handles Handles appear on an object either as a blue dot as shown in Figure 8 28 or a face with a different color The dots indicate a point that can be moved in either two or three dimensions A discolored face indicates that a face can be moved or extruded along a line Figure 8 28 Editing handles on an object To graphically edit an object perform the following Select the Select Manipulate Tool from the navigation toolbar Select one object to editt If the object can be graphically edited blue editing handles will appear 3 Hover the cursor over the desired handle If the handle is a dot it will turn yellow If the handle is a face the entire face will turn yellow as shown in Figure 8 29 4 Move the handle using Click drag Mode or Multi click Mode to specify two points defining th
147. or faces Left click one of the handles to begin manipulation or drag the left mouse button to perform manipulation in one gesture For more information on manipulation see Editing Objects on page 72 e Orbit Tool This is another general purpose tool that may be more familiar to existing PyroSim users but it is more limited than the Select Manipulate Tool o Selection This is the same as with the Select Manipulate Tool except that a selection box cannot be drawn o Orbiting Drag any mouse button to orbit o Panning Hold the SHIFT key down while dragging any mouse button to pan o Zooming Hold the ALT key down while dragging any mouse button to zoom o Manipulating This tool cannot perform manipulation e Roam Tool XK This tool allows the user to move into the model rather than viewing it only from the outside as shown in Figure 2 4 This tool can take some experimentation but once mastered it can provide unique views of the model o Selection This is the same as with the Orbit Tool o Looking Drag any mouse button to look around This pivots the camera about the camera s location similar to a first person video game o Moving Hold the ALT key while dragging a mouse button to move the camera up and down along the Z axis Hold the CTRL key while dragging a mouse button to move the camera forward backward and side to side in the camera s XY plane e Pan Tool Zoom Tool Zoom Box Tool These tools break
148. ors When the active floor is changed this value is applied to the wall drawing tools but can be changed in the wall tool s properties Walls are drawn from the elevation to the elevation plus wall height e Background Image an image display along with the floor that can be traced over To add a new floor click the Add Floor button at the top of the Manage Floors dialog This will show the New Floor dialog shown in Figure 7 12 By default this dialog will assume the user wants a floor above the previous floor using that floor s slab thickness and wall height properties In this dialog if the user enters a new slab thickness the elevation will be automatically updated so the new floor does not overlap the others unless the user enters a specific value for the elevation In addition unless the user enters a specific name a name will be automatically generated based on the elevation Press OK to create the new floor Name Slab Thickness A Elevation B Wall Height C Figure 7 12 New Floor dialog Press OK again in the Manage Floors dialog to commit the changes By default the model contains one floor at elevation 0 0 m with a slab thickness of 25 m anda wall height of 2 75 m Using these values leaves a distance of 3 0 mfrom one floor elevation to another Once the floors have been defined the user can filter the display to show either a single floor or all floors as shown in Figure 2 5 For most v
149. out the functionality of the above tools so that dragging any mouse button will perform the needed action Je PyroSim CAPyroSimibuikd pem File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help Se blm4 CO ROX BI AAAKXHA O H o au RT amp Ex 2 Y crow 4 Model AE e APPEAR e ch bd LO ora Show Al Floors Zones ZONED Outer Zone Reactors Materials amp CARPET_MATL CEILING TLE_WATL COMBUSTIBLE CEILNG TILE_MATL concrete_wa THANK MA urtaces TINS S anaana oS ETHANOL MARINIT Figure 2 3 Exterior view of model PyroSim model by John McKinney 10 PyroSim Basics K Pyrosim POS ba pin E A File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help Sebimd OV BEX BI KAERKAHA O R 0 CEE eee amp Me aA E croup 8 Model z pr Show Al Floors ROD 07 CPC E e Zo ZONEO Outer Zone Reactors Materias canper mar CEILING TLE_WATL 6 COWBUSTBLE CEILNG TLE_MATL concrere_uan ETHANOL_MATL FRE BRICK_MATL GyPsuw BOARD_MATL HEPTANE MATL KEROSENE_MATL MARNTE_MATL Su TNS w anaana OB COMBUSTIBLE CEILING TLE A concrete ETHANOL A PRE suck AP cyrsum BOARO A meTHANOL OAK 3D View D View Y Record View Figure 2 4 Interior view of model looking at roof and bleachers Zooming The model can also be zoomed in and out with any of the navigation to
150. output options available in PyroSim Each of these options is located in the Output menu Solid Profiles Solid profiles measure quantities e g temperature density as they extend into solid objects The output file for this measurement device will be named CHID prof n where CHID is the job ID and n is the index of the solid profile This output file contains the data necessary to create an animated 2D chart of the quantity as it extends into the object over time PyroSim does not currently support displaying this output file To generate solid profile output on the Output menu click Solid Profiles Each solid profile requires the following parameters The name of this solid profile entry X Y Z The coordinates of a point on the face that will be examined by this solid profile ORIENT The direction of the face that will be examined by this solid profile To generate solid profile output for the top of an object this value will be Z This parameter prevents any ambiguity that might result from a point that lies on two adjoining faces Note The surface to be measured must be heat conducting If the surface on the specified face is not heat conducting FDS will issue an error and exit before running the simulation Slices Slices or slice planes measure gas phase data e g pressure velocity temperature on an axis aligned plane This data can then be animated and displayed using Smokeview Figure 16 1 116 Output Con
151. owing 1 On the File menu select Import FDS CAD File or click the Import button 1 on the main toolbar Select the desired STL file and click Open 3 Enter the import options in the STL Import Options dialog as shown in Figure 3 2 Click OK to begin import Vertex weld tolerance 1 0E 5 m What type of geometry should the STL data be imported as Obstruction 5 Hole Obstruction Properties Surface ff INERT 4 Convert to solid obstructions Figure 3 2 STL Import Options dialog In the STL Import Options dialog the following options can be specified 22 Working with Files File Units the units used to store the 3D coordinates in the STL file Vertex weld tolerance a distance used to determine how far apart vertices must be to be considered separate Resulting Geometry Type choose Obstruction to treat the resulting objects as obstructions and Hole to treat them as holes Surface the surface to apply to the resulting obstructions if applicable Convert to solid obstructions whether to treat the resulting objects as solid obstructions If this is unchecked each resulting object will be a collection of thin obstructions Because the STL file is simply a listing of triangles there may be more than one object represented in the file PyroSim will use the vertex weld tolerance to detect triangle connectivity and determine if there are several disconnected sets of faces in the file If there
152. perature 1 554 C New Add From Library amp REAC ID POLYURETHANE_REAC FYI SFPE Handbook GM27 FUEL REAC_FUEL C 1 0 H 1 7 O 0 3 N 0 08 AUTO_IGNITION_TEMPERATURE 1 5E4 CO_YIELD 0 042 SOOT_YIELD 0 198 oc cm Description SFPE Handbook GM27 Fuel Fire Suppression Heat Release Rate Byproducts Advanced Energy Released Specify release per unit mass oxygen 1 3184 kJ kg Specify heat of combustion 0 0 kJ kg _ Energy is Ideal does not account for yields of CO H or Soot CO Yield Y 0 042 Soot Yield Y 0 198 Hydrogen Fraction 0 1 Add From Library amp REAC ID POLYURETHANE_REAC FYI SFPE Handbook GM27 FUEL REAC_FUEL a C 1 0 H 1 7 O 0 3 N 0 08 AUTO_IGNITION_TEMPERATURE 1 5E4 CO_YIELD 0 042 SOOT_YIELD 0 198 Delete scr 06 ome Figure 12 4 Byproducts panel of the Edit Reactions dialog Custom Smoke PyroSim supports the custom smoke features available in FDS To create custom smoke first define an extra species with the desired mass extinction coefficient This smoke species can then be injected into the domain like any other extra species Smoke detectors can also detect this smoke species if it is selected under the smoke detector s model which can be edited under Edit Smoke Detector Models on the Devices menu Finally if Smokeview should track this species as smoke go to the FDS menu select Simulation Parameters and on the
153. ping in all three dimensions causing tool properties to be interpreted more loosely The drawing plane and depth properties for a drawn object are context sensitive in the 3D View When using tools such as the slab tool the first clicked point determines the drawing plane If on this first click another object is snapped to the drawing plane is set at the Z location of that snap point The tool properties drawing plane is only used if nothing is snapped to on the first click This 3D snapping feature of the 3D View is useful for drawing vents on obstructions and attaching solid phase devices to obstructions as shown in Figure 8 11 58 Drawing in PyroSim IK PyroSim Untitled File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help BoBlmau 204ROXIM aASrAmAjO M 6 e ROCONI k 9 8 oo 8 Modei i Show Al Floors TT COPA E och El zoneo outer Zone Reactons 0 o gt 9 ind o E g To gt gt 7 E 66 24 64 359 0 m 30 view 2D View Record View Figure 8 11 Vent and devices attached to a wall The 3D snapping feature is also useful for stacking objects as shown in Figure 8 15 In this figure the drawing plane was never changed All the objects were stacked on top of each other using snapping YK PyroSim Untitled File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help BeoBlmail o9 REX RAON Ees REOOO amp FA 2 E oo 8 Modei i son uran Rt DR APART E e e
154. r Phone Purchase Simply call Thunderhead and we will be happy to help you with the purchase For contact information please refer to the Contact Us section later in this chapter License Activation When you purchase a license you will receive an alphanumeric key that can be used to activate the software You must enter this key in the Licensing and Activation dialog To activate your license using Online Activation 1 Start PyroSim If the installation of PyroSim is not currently licensed the Licensing and Activation dialog will automatically appear and you can skip to step 3 2 Onthe Help menu click License Select the Online Activation option Getting Started 4 Enter your Registration Key into the Key box shown in Figure 1 1 5 Click the Activate button PyroSim o e Licensing and Activation Computer Information hostid da3031a7 ether 00197d8737e4 00188bb971b1 ip 192 168 0 9 Activation Method Online Activation Key Activate Local License License Location C License Server Server Current License Status Not Licensed Details No license For product 1 Figure 1 1 Licensing and Activation Dialog Transferring a License To transfer your license to another computer 1 On the Help menu click Remove License Click OK to permanently remove your license 3 Adialog indicating the license has been successfully removed will be displayed Copy the Confirmation code and contact Thunder
155. r 3 Click OK to create the sampler To define the aspiration detection system On the Devices menu click New Aspirator Give the Name and select which Aspirator Samplers will be included For each sampler provide the data described below 3 Click OK to create the aspirator detector Supply the following information for the aspiration detection system Figure 14 1 Aspirator Name The name of the aspiration detection system Bypass Flow Rate The flow rate of any air drawn into the system from outside the computational domain Transfer Delay The transport time from the sampling location to the central detector The gas flow rate 101 Devices Aspirator Name ASP Bypass Flow Rate 0 0 Input Samplers Enabled Sampler Transfer Delay 5 Flowrate lbs ASAMPO1 15 0 5 0E 02 Ee asaweoz O o Enable Setpoint 0 0 Trigger only once Initially activated Location x 10 0 Ft Orientation X 0 0 Rotation 0 0 Figure 14 1 Creating an aspirator sampler The output of the aspiration detection system will be the combined obscuration Gas or Solid Phase Device Simple gas phase and solid phase devices can be used to measure parameters in the gas or solid phase To define a measurement device On the Devices menu click New Gas phase Device or New Solid phase Device Enter the Name of the device Select the Quantity to be measured Enter the Location of the device For solid phase devices posit
156. r a Tanh or a t ramp up time to the flow rate Maximum Flow Rate The maximum volumetric flow rate used for the quadratic fan model Maximum Pressure The maximum stall pressure of the fan used for the quadratic fan model Volume Flow Rate The fixed volumetric flow of the fan Fan Curve Used to specify a table of pressure drops across the fan versus the volumetric flow rates HVAC Filter An HVAC Filter is used to stop gaseous species from circulating in the HVAC system A given filter can limit the flow of any number of valid species defined in the model Note that an HVAC Filter is a class of object and a single filter definition can be used by any number of nodes To create an HVAC Filter 1 Onthe Model menu click Edit HVAC 109 HVAC Systems 2 Click New 3 Inthe Type box select FAN 4 Click OK Clean Loss The flow loss across the filter at zero loading Loss The loss as function of the clean loss and the species loadings multipliers for the filter Loss Custom Specify a ramp loss table as a function of total loading The tracked species to be filtered Efficiency The efficiency at which the species is filtered Initial Loading The loading on the filter for the given species at t 0 Loading Multiplier A factor used for calculating the overall flow loss at the filter HVAC Aircoil An HVAC Aircoil is a device that provides a heating or cooling element to an HVAC system An aircoil is specifi
157. r these meshes the Evacuation box must be checked e Define an exhaust outflow surface used to create the evacuation flow field The FDS EVAC manual recommends this surface have a velocity of 1 0e 6 m s and aramptimeof0 1 s using a Tanh curve e Place vents at the exit and door locations and assign to them the outflow surface Using the Evac tab in the vent editor specify that the vents will be used in the evac simulation only This will prevent the vents from influencing the fire model Because vents must be placed against solid objects it may be necessary to back these vents with an evac only obstruction e Create the DOOR and EXIT objects using the editors available on the Evac menu Usually these will be placed in the same location as the evacuation exhaust vents e Add occupants to the simulation using the Initial Positions dialog available on the Evac menu 123 Evac To take advantage of the EVAC Initial Positions feature that limits known exits it is necessary to create an evacuation mesh for each exit This secondary mesh must be attached to the alternate exit vent allowing it to receive an alternate flow field This field will then be used by occupants that select the alternate exit Where to Find FDS EVAC Records in PyroSim PyroSim supports all the FDS EVAC namelists and parameters given in the FDS EVAC Users Guide FDS v5 3 1 EVAC v2 1 2 This section shows how the PyroSim dialogs relate to the FDS input records FDS EVA
158. raphic constraints extending from the last drawn point to aid in drawing the next point e Polar 2D View Only These constraints are similar to orthographic constraints but they are found at 15 degree increments from the current view s local X axis File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help BeCH s gt H4 4 Vt BEX BIBAABRASRHAIO B 6 Go a BTS SSS r a E crow do Mode Show AllFloors E A ERR B 2 e as HF ZONEO Outer Zone E 4 Reactions amp Materials E al Surfaces BP INERT Y ADIABATIC OPEN Bl MIRROR f Hvac YA Devices h T gt Controls E Results 1293 Statistics Slices amp Model gt aa maaa w H lt Type to enter Distance or press TAB for alternatives gt Figure 8 6 Polar constraint at an angle of 45 degrees Constraint Locking If a constraint is currently being snapped to that constraint can be locked by holding SHIFT on the keyboard While holding SHIFT a second dotted line will extend from the cursor to the locked constraint the first dotted line This is useful for lining up objects along a constraint with other objects For instance in Figure 8 7 a box already exists in the model A second slab is being drawn such that the third point of the slab lines up with the right side of the first box This was done as follows 1 After the second point for the slab was clicked the cursor was moved until the X axis constraint became visib
159. re 18 14 Properly cut hole along mesh boundary in FDS occcccocccnncnnccnncnnocnnonnnccnnnnanonnonanccncnnaronnnnas 134 Figure 18 15 The Cluster FDS Parameters dialog oooocccooocnnnonnnonnnonanonnnnanonnnonaconnonaronnnnanonnnnnaonnnnnns 136 Figure 29 1 Time History Resulta 137 Figure 19 2 Archive FDS Results dialog ccccsesscsossssescsssrestonsrscncussrcncausrestensrsencuserencasrestensrsencussrensens 138 Figure 19 3 Restore Archived Results didlOg ccscccccsssccccesseccceeseccecesccesseecesseneceeeeeeeeseenecessunecessenes 139 Figure 20 L Creating a library Ot Materials ia AS a a a a 140 Figure 21 1 Additional Records SECTION tata A dtimeetienaeitneown 142 Feure 2r 2 Additional Felder aca eee 143 Figure A 1 Example import warnings 148 Disclaimer Disclaimer Thunderhead Engineering makes no warranty expressed or implied to users of PyroSim and accepts no responsibility for its use Users of PyroSim assume sole responsibility under Federal law for determining the appropriateness of its use in any particular application for any conclusions drawn from the results of its use and for any actions taken or not taken as a result of analyses performed using these tools Users are warned that PyroSim is intended for use only by those competent in the fields of fluid dynamics thermodynamics combustion and heat transfer and is intended only to supplement the informed judgment of the qualified user
160. s a burner to define a simple fire or a Layered surface to represent a solid heat conducting wall The available surface types are described below Adiabatic This surface type is identical to the built in ADIABATIC surface type It allows you to customize the description color and texture of the adiabatic surface described in Reserved Surfaces Inert This surface type is identical to the built in INERT surface type It allows you to customize the description color and texture of the inert surface described in Reserved Surfaces Burner This surface type represents a fire with a known heat release rate or mass fuel loss rate Parameters for burner fires are arranged in two groups heat release and particle injection Heat release options Ramp Up Time At the beginning of the simulation this surface will not be burning This field allows you to describe how the heat release ramps up from ambient to the specified value Extinguishing Coefficient This parameter governs the suppression of the fire by water For more information see section 10 7 of the FDS users guide 2 Vents of this type should not be toggled deactivated or activated during the simulation 3 The heat release rate for a burner surface is specified per unit area A surface with a 500 kW m heat release rate applied to a 2 0 m vent would result in a 1000 kW fire 34 Surfaces Surface Temperature The surface temperature of this burner The value TMPA repr
161. s are standard drawing formats supported by a variety of CAD software including Autodesk s AutoCAD and Revit software suites These types of files can contain both 3D geometry such as walls slabs solids and faces and 2D geometry such as circles arcs and lines While versions of PyroSim earlier than 2012 required users to decompose some types of geometry such as solids or architectural elements in the source software PyroSim 2012 and later fully support these formats and all types of geometry without decomposition To import DXF or DWG files perform the following 1 On the File menu select Import FDS CAD File or click the Import button 1 on the main toolbar 2 Select the desired DXF or DWG file to import and click Open 3 Select the length unit from the Import Options dialog shown in Figure 3 1 If the DXF DWG file stored a length unit with the file this will be selected by default 4 Click OK to begin import Length Unit in Model Bounds Model Width 15 2012 m Model Depth 18 4129 m Model Height 11 9888 m Cancel Figure 3 1 DXF DWG Import Options dialog In the Import Options dialog the Model Bounds are shown to help the user choose the proper length unit if itis unknown The Model Bounds will change depending on which unit is chosen Depending on the size of the import file the model bounds may not be shown until the user clicks Calculate In this 20 Working with Files case it may take severa
162. s elevation minus the floor s slab thickness e Height The depth of the mesh in the current view When the active floor is changed this is set to the floor s wall height plus the floor s slab thickness 66 Drawing in PyroSim e Cells Define how cells are generated as the mesh is being drawn This can be one of two values fixed size or fixed count o Fixed Size each cell will have a fixed size While drawing the mesh the mesh boundary will snap to integer multiples of the cell size Figure 8 22 A shows a mesh drawn with fixed cell sizesof 25 x 25 x 25 m As can be seen the grid has been snapped away from the cursor the nearest multiple of 25 m o Fixed Count each dimension of the drawn mesh will be evenly divided to have the specified number of cells Figure 8 22 B shows a mesh drawn with fixed counts of 10 x 10 x 10 As can be seen the cells are stretched to match the drawn mesh boundary Dimensions L W H 0 474719 m 1 0 m 0 0m Dimensions L W H 1 0 m 1 0 m 0 0 m A B Figure 8 22 Two types of drawn meshes To draw a solution mesh perform the following 1 Select the Solution Mesh Tool 2 Use the Click drag Mode or Multi click Mode to draw two points defining the extents of the mesh Mesh Splitter Tool Solution meshes can be easily split into two or more sub meshes by using the mesh splitter tool To split one or more meshes perform the following 1 Select the desired meshes to split
163. s into composite objects Block Size Conversion Filtering e Rasterize only non axis aligned objects Rasterize all objects gt Create an object for each block and add to a group Allow resulting blocks to span multiple mesh cells gt Force blocks to be no larger than one grid cell thick Thickening Allow thin obstructions gt Force all obstructions to be thickened 4 Separate disjoint objects A Ignore names while merging Figure 18 5 Angled Geometry tab of the simulation parameters dialog Conversion Filtering Controls which objects are converted into blocks O Rasterize only non axis aligned objects default This prevents objects that are already axis aligned blocks from being processed in the conversion engine Rasterize all objects Forces all obstructions and holes regardless of shape to be converted to blocks Grouping Controls how resulting objects are created after being converted to blocks This is more relevant to manual conversion of objects to blocks O Group blocks into composite objects default For each converted object such as a wall creates one resulting object that is a composite of all the sub blocks Create an object for each block and add to a group Creates a new PyroSim object for each resulting block These objects are then added to a group representing the original object Block Size Controls how large resulting blocks may be See Figure 18
164. s selected Mass Flux The mass flux of an extra species to inject This option is only available if Inject by Mass Flux is selected Ramp Up Type This field allows you to describe the function used to ramp up the injection rate from zero to the specified value Ramp Value The time it takes to achieve the specified injection rate The particle injection parameters for layered surfaces are identical to those for burners Air Leak Air leak surfaces can be used to create a permeable barrier between two pressure zones The porous option is available to allow air movement to occur across the obstructions using this surface 39 Surfaces Adding Textures to Surfaces You can add textures to surfaces to increase the realism of your model Some default textures are provided or you can import your own The Room Fire example demonstrates using a wood texture for a pine floor and hanging a picture on a wall Your textures will be automatically displayed in PyroSim to display textures in Smokeview select Textures on the Show Hide menu To define a texture A e a a 6 On the Model menu click Edit Surfaces Either create or edit the surface to which you want to add a texture Click on the Texture box Either select a pre defined texture or click the Import button and select your own image file The image you selected will be displayed Under the image click the Details tab Set the Width and the Height values to correspond
165. secesseneeeessusecetseneses 50 Figure 8 1 Drawing Editing toolbar siii ries 51 viii Figure 8 2 Figure 8 3 Figure 8 4 Figure 8 5 Figure 8 6 Figure 8 7 Figure 8 8 Figure 8 9 Figure 8 10 Figure 8 11 Figure 8 12 Figure 8 13 Figure 8 14 Figure 8 15 Figure 8 16 Figure 8 17 Figure 8 18 Figure 8 19 Figure 8 20 Figure 8 21 Figure 8 22 Figure 8 23 Figure 8 24 Figure 8 25 Figure 8 26 Figure 8 27 Figure 8 28 Figure 8 29 Figure 8 30 Figure 8 31 Figure 8 32 Figure 8 33 Figure 8 34 Figure 9 1 Figure 9 2 Figure 9 3 Figure 9 4 Figure 9 5 Figure 9 6 Figure 9 7 Figure 9 8 Figure 10 1 Figures PINMING a draWwine COILING TO Ola ados 52 The quick action menu for the Wall TOON uscanisi n is 53 SNIP MadCat ti cti oia caiads 53 Sketche hare sachet lene aaa ce aleccues ss ecae nate a seatuicune basin peaaunainetaeGue A 54 Polar constraint at an angle of 45 degrees sick cco ei eR i a os 55 LOCKE Consta ea ie 56 TOO CGITOr WINdO Wii dias 57 PRECISE KEVDOal O EOI A id 57 Slabs in different planes aligned in the 2D VIEW ccccooccnnccnccnnnnnaccnnonanonnnnononnnonaronnonanonononanos 58 Vent and devices attached toa Walls aaa 59 Objects Stacked MANE 3D VIEW scada 59 Improper vs proper hole drawing in the 3D VICW cccccccssseccceeseceeceeseceeseececeueeceesaneeeeeas 60 Snapping to another plane in the 3D VIEW ccccccssseccceesececcesecceceuseceeeuseceeeeeeceeseeeces
166. simulation domain The specification of their air movement parameters is identical to that of a supply surface but instead of the velocity or flux driving air into the domain they are pulling air out Fan A fan is a special type of surface that more accurately simulates a fan than a supply surface Fans must be attached to a thin obstruction that separates two pressure zones For more information about fans please refer to section 8 3 2 of the FDS User s Guide Layered Layered surfaces are composed of one or more material definitions Materials include solid and liquid substances such as concrete pine and ethanol For more information about materials and how they can be specified in PyroSim please refer to Chapter 5 This type of surface is ideal for walls and other objects 37 Surfaces that are composed of real world materials This surface type can also be used to inject extra non reactive species into the simulation Layered surfaces have five groups of options material layers surface props reaction species injection and particle injection The Material Layers group contains the following options The thickness of this material layer Material Composition Within a layer row you can specify multiple materials based on mass fraction For example to specify a layer that is just brick type 1 0 BRICK assuming you have created a material called BRICK To specify a layer of wet brick you could enter 0 95 BRICK 0 05
167. snapping is being used on the View menu choose Snap to Sketch Grid or Snap to Model Grids To disable grid snapping altogether on the View menu choose Disable Grid Snapping Modeling Hint In FDS the spatial resolution of the solution is defined by the solution mesh not the Sketch Grid Using the solution mesh for 2D View drawing ensures that the model geometry matches the FDS solution geometry Some users create all model objects using mesh dimensions While this leads to a blocky appearance it does represent the true solution geometry and ensures there will be no unexpected gaps in the model Object Snapping All objects displayed in the model can be snapped to when using the drawing editing tools There are three basic categories of geometry that can be snapped to on objects faces edges and vertices Objects can have any combination of types If there are multiple types close to the cursor PyroSim will give vertices precedence over edges and edges precedence over faces Constraint Snapping Constraints are dynamic snapping lines that are only visible when the cursor is near them They appear as infinite dotted lines as shown in Figure 8 6 PyroSim contains two types of constraints 54 Drawing in PyroSim e Orthographic These constraints allow the user to snap to a line parallel to the X Y or Z axis from the last relevant point For instance when drawing a polygonal slab after each point specified there will be three orthog
168. suneces 60 TOO properties dialog TOPODSTFUCTIONS iii 61 Ap lygonal slab ODSEPUCHION ita eeu sie ade eet isan aa cide eee 62 ANAL OD SUPUICEION 3st cicada as oes estos re A ee 63 WY alll GINO TAL OP ion le 63 Blocks drawn with the block obstruction tool ooccccooocccncnnoconcnnnccnnonanonnonanonnnonaronnonanonnos 64 A room drawn with the room too ococonoccononnononconorinnonariononaoiononaoronconoricnonasiononasiononnarenos 65 A solution mesh drawn with the mesh too0l ccccoocccnccnccnnnonaconnnnanonnnnnnonnnnnnconnnnnocononanonnos 66 TWO tVPes OF araWA Meses oara peia a ile T N 67 Meshes being split by the mesh Splitter tOol o occcooocccnconocnncnnaconnonanonnonanonnnonaronnonanonnos 68 A gas phase device being drawn in the 3D VieW ccccseseccccesscceceesececaesececeeneceeeeeceeseeeeeeeas 69 Drawing a Slice with the planar slice tool cocoooccnnonacnnnonnncnnnnnaconnnnanonnonanonnnnnaronnonanonoos 70 Using the HVAC Node drawing tool cccccccssseccccesececcescceceeececeeeecceseeseceesuecessueceesanseeeees 70 DAWNE a FIV AG DUC iaa palas 71 Editine NanCles On ainOD OCE esnea E R aes ANR 72 ANieniehtedticehnandie entesa ARN 73 Moving an objectu usine the Move TOO iii 74 Rotating an object with the Rotate TooOl ooocccconocnnncnnccnnonnncnnnonaronnnnnncnnonanonononaronnnnanonnos 75 Mirroring an object using the Mirror ToOl ooocccconccnnnonacnnnonn
169. t that will be used to define a length Select the Choose Point B button and select the second point to define a length Input the Distance between points A and B 4 Use the sliding scale to change the image transparency 5 Ifthe image needs to be rotated check the box next to Dist A to B and enter an angle This specifies the angle between the positive X axis and the vector from reference point A to B For instance if A gt B should be aligned with the X axis enter O for the angle or if A gt B should be aligned with the positive Y axis enter 90 6 Click OK to close the Configure Background Image dialog la YR Configure Background Image 1 Choose image file C Users okonski Documents office png B 2 Set Anchor Point The Anchor Point is a reference point that determines where to Model Y 0 0 ft Model Z 0 0 ft 3 Set Scale The Scale determines how big the image will appear in the model To set the scale find two points in the image that are a known distance apart and use the buttons Choose Point A and Choose Point B to set the two points Choose Point B Dist AtoB 10 0 ft F A gt B angle 0 07113386 Image Brightness Opacity Figure 7 13 Display of background image Now in the 3D or 2D views when the user displays a specific floor the background image for that floor will be displayed To turn off the background images go to the 2D or 3D View an
170. t through the vent Specify Volume Flux Use a constant volume flux to define air movement through the vent 35 Surfaces Specify Mass Flux Use a constant mass flux to define air movement through the vent Specify Individual Species Define air movement through the vent using a table of extra species and their mass fluxes This method requires a model that includes extra non reactive species Flux data is specified on the Species Injection tab Tangential Velocity The tangential velocity of the air flow The first parameter is the velocity in the x or y direction and the second parameter is in the y or z direction depending on the normal direction of the vent An example of tangential velocity is shown in Figure 6 2 Ramp Up Time At the beginning of the simulation vents with this surface will not be blowing This parameter controls the time it takes to ramp the air flow up to the specified amount Wind Profile The default wind profile is constant Top Hat to model wind conditions outdoors there are two additional options parabolic and atmospheric Parabolic produces wind with a parabolic profile whose maximum is the specified velocity Atmospheric produces a wind profile of the form u u0 z z0 p A tmospheric Profile Exponent The term p in the atmospheric profile equation This option is only available when atmospheric profile is selected Atmospheric Profile Origin The term z0 in the atmospheric profile equation
171. t02 El inflowVento2 fal iu ype to enter Location x y z gt 3D View 2D View Record View Figure 8 26 Using the HVAC Node drawing tool 70 Drawing in PyroSim HVAC Duct Tool PyroSim allows HVAC ducts to be drawn with the HVAC Duct Tool To do so perform the following Select the HVAC Duct Tool Click to select the first HVAC Node It is best to select the nodes in the direction air will flow through them 3 After selecting the first node a green line will appear from the node to the cursor representing the duct Complete the duct by selecting the second node File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help Be s4 OO BR X M ARRAS K O H 6 BOBO HK 9 E croup Model Y Show AlFicos E aA eee aero e Zones _ l ZONEO Outer Zone L Ye 5 y 34 Reactions 38 POLYURETHANE_REAC Active lateria Qu Is Q a BIE a2 A Waay EF VHSY z llo Ba N lt Type to enter Node B gt gt 3D View 2D View Record View Figure 8 27 Drawing an HVAC Duct Other Drawing Tools PyroSim can also be used to draw Init Regions page 126 with the Init Region Tool TO Particle Clouds page 99 with the Particle Cloud Tool and Zones with the Zone Tool El These tools draw axis aligned boxes and so they behave similarly They all have the following drawing properties e X Y
172. terials After you have saved your library you can load it into a new model and copy data from the library to your model Use the Library Provided with PyroSim PyroSim includes a library of reaction and material data that has been gathered from the verification analyses provided with FDS Each of these reactions and materials has a reference in the Description that documents the source of the data This library is presently quite limited NIST is supporting the 140 Managing Data Libraries development of an engineering guide that will document the standard test methods used to obtain material properties To import data from the PyroSim database 1 2 On the Model menu click Edit Libraries Click Load Library and open the property library fds file that is found in the C Program Files PyroSim 20081samples folder In the Category box select Gas phase Reactions and copy appropriate reactions into your model In the Category box select Materials and copy the appropriate materials into your model Close the PyroSim Libraries dialog Import a Material or Reaction from the FDS 4 Database First a caution Version 4 of FDS provided a database that included several common materials and reactions In version 5 the FDS developers made a conscious choice to remove material and reaction data Many of the materials in FDS 4 were simply examples and they were worried that users were applying them without using their own test or
173. the 3D and 2D views holes appear as transparent objects In addition for display purposes only PyroSim carves holes out of obstructions as shown in Figure 7 3 For complex holes or obstructions or large holes that span many obstructions this process may be fairly slow In these cases hole cutting display can be turned off by going to the View menu and deselecting Cut Holes From Obstructions While PyroSim will display obstructions with holes cut from them it will NOT cut holes when creating the FDS input file Instead PyroSim converts holes and whole obstructions to blocks separately PyroSim makes no attempt to remove obstructions that overlap holes from the FDS input file By default all obstructions allow holes to be cut from them To prevent an obstruction from allowing holes edit the properties of the obstruction as discussed in O and deselect Permit Holes YK PyroSim Untitied ll ES File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help a e Hl udl Srt RARxXIFIAOERA RAON 4 Get a YS YN a Y E crown de mode rae sor aros EZ SESS e e Hi Zone TNS eannan ow Figure 7 3 A slab obstruction with a hole cut from it Creating Holes Holes can either be drawn as discussed in Chapter 8 or can be created by opening the Model menu and clicking New Hole This will open the Hole Properties dialog as shown in Figure 7 4 44 Geometry Basic Concepts o Model lt Almays On gt v E Specify
174. the current results will remain in place and a copy will be made for the archive If unchecked the current results will be deleted If Compress to a ZIP file is checked the archive will be stored in a compressed ZIP file If unchecked the archive will be stored as a duplicate folder of the current results Press OK to create the archive The archive will be stored in the directory of the current PyroSim file NOTE In order for PyroSim to remember the archive for later retrieval the PyroSim file must be saved after creating the archive Restoring Archived Results Once results have been archived they can be later restored To do so on the FDS menu click Restore FDS Results This will show the Restore Archived Results dialog as shown in Figure 19 3 138 Post Processing Retain selected archive Available Archives choose one FDS Results Date Created 3 grids results 2011 10 04 10 4 11 9 46 AM 9 29 11 9 41 AM Figure 19 3 Restore Archived Results dialog The Destination directory indicates the folder where the results will be restored By default this is the results directory of current PyroSim file If Retain selected archive is checked the selected archive will be kept on disk If it is unchecked the selected archive will be deleted The table of Available Archives shows a record of all archives made under the current PyroSim file Select one of these archives and then press the OK button to restore the archive 139
175. the vent click Louver Specify the values X Y and Z as a vector of the direction you would like the flow to be directed Click OK 111 HVAC Systems Control Logic Objects can be set to activate or deactivate during the simulation using activation events Activation events are the control logic system in FDS and can be set on each geometric simulation object e g walls holes vents using the Activation option in the object s Properties dialog PyroSim supports activation events based on time and input devices Some uses of activation events include e Causing a door obstruction to be removed i e opened from the simulation at a particular time e Causing a window obstruction to be removed i e break when a heat detector triggers and e Causing a ventilation system to activate when any of several smoke detectors activates To open the Activation Controls dialog shown in Figure 0 1 On the Devices menu click Edit Activation Controls Y Activation Controls CTRL a Input Type a Detector Deadband Control e g Thermostat Custom Action to Perform Create Activate Remove Deactivate Multiple Remove lt Entrance Door Blockage gt at t 300 0 s New amp DEVC ID TIMER QUANTITY TIME XYZ 0 00 0 00 0 00 SETPOINT 300 00 O INITIAL_STATE TRUE Delete Apply Cancel Figure 0 1 The Activation Controls dialog Creating Activa
176. thermic or exothermic Heat of Combustion The heat released when the liquid fuel combusts Boiling Temperature The temperature at which the liquid fuel changes to a gaseous fuel 31 Materials Residue The material that will be used to represent the residue If there is only one material defined in PyroSim this option will not be available 32 Surfaces Chapter 6 Surfaces Surfaces are used to define the properties of solid objects and vents in your FDS model The surface can use previously defined materials in mixtures or layers By default all solid objects and vents are inert with a temperature that is fixed at the ambient temperature set in the Simulation Parameters dialog In addition to defining heat conduction in a solid surfaces can also be used to define a burner specify the ignition temperature for an object give a vent a supply velocity and set the many other properties supported by FDS To create modify and delete surfaces you can use the Edit Surfaces dialog To open the surface manager dialog on the Model menu click Edit Surface Properties The dialog in Figure 6 1 shows the dialog being used to edit an upholstery surface r Edit Surfaces ADIABATIC A SurfacelD UPHOLSTERY BURNER EN CARPET escription GYPSUM BOARD Color HE Texture INERT MIRROR Surface Type Layered v SPRUCE Material Layers Reaction Species Injection Particle Injecti
177. tion Tool Properties Mame Z Location 0 25 m Thickness 0 25m Surface fF INERT Color From Surface Smooth Permit Holes Figure 8 15 Tool properties dialog for obstructions The surface and color of the next obstruction can also be set via the right click menu for the tool Slab Obstruction Tool A slab is an extruded polygonal object as shown in Figure 8 16 that can be used to draw the slab for a floor in a building 61 Drawing in PyroSim File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help BenHinu 9 BREx m 054 nH4A4 0 H 4 OOO NY k 92 a Eu e AECE A 6 i TNS Hee 4009 119 204 623 211 57 601 0 ft 30 mew 20 View Record View Figure 8 16 A polygonal slab obstruction The slab obstruction tool amp adds two additional properties to the tool dialog for obstructions e X Y orZ Location the drawing plane for the slab When the active floor is changed this is set to the floor s elevation minus the floor s slab thickness e Thickness the thickness of the slab When the active floor is changed this is set to the floor s slab thickness If this value is positive the slab is extruded toward the camera If it is negative the slab is extruded away from the camera The extrusion direction can be toggled by pressing CTRL on the keyboard or from the tool s right click menu To draw the polygon vertices of the slab obstruction perform the follo
178. tion Controls Creating controls in PyroSim takes 3 steps 1 Select an input type time detector deadband or custom This is the source of the signal that will trigger the control Choose an action to perform e g create an object 3 Set specific inputs for the control based on a pattern created by steps 1 and 2 After selecting an input type and an action a pattern in sentence form for describing the control logic will appear in the dialog Some key words and numbers will be drawn in blue and underlined Any blue text can be clicked to modify the behavior of the specific control 112 HVAC Systems Figure 0 2 shows the selector popup for objects Objects are selected by name To quickly find objects in the selector popup you can type the first few letters of the object s name E Activation Controls Input Type Time 5 Detector 6 Deadband Control e g Thermostat 7 Custom Action to Perform a Create Activate 5 Remove Deactivate Create lt Dividing Doors at t 300 0 s Dividing Door Dividing Wall Entrance Door Entrance Door Fire B Return Vent 3A _ amp DEVC I Number selected 1 1 Z 0 00 0 00 0 00 Figure 0 2 The object popup in the Activation Controls dialog Activation controls are stored separately from specific geometric objects This makes it possible to bind an object to a control after it has been created You can use the Activation box in an object s properties
179. tion will be propagated to all objects in the group Creating Groups There are two ways to create a group 46 Geometry Basic Concepts e Right click the desired parent group from the Navigation View and select New Group from the context menu This will create a child group in the selected parent e Click the New Group button S from the main tool bar Both of these actions will show the Create Group dialog as shown in Figure 7 7 This dialog allows the user to choose the parent group and name of the new group Parent Group gh Model Group Name New Group Figure 7 7 Create Group dialog Adding Objects to Groups There are several ways to add objects to a group e For existing objects in the Navigation View select the objects and drag them into the desired group as shown in Figure 7 8 Alternatively right click them in any view and select Change Group In the Change Group dialog shown in Figure 7 9 select the desired group If anew group is desired select New Subgroup and specify a name If this is chosen a new group will be created under the specified existing group and the selected objects will be moved to this new group e For newly drawn objects in the 3D or 2D view select the desired group from the group drop down above the view as shown in Figure 7 10 All newly drawn objects will be added to this group 1 2 3 lg Model E e Model Elgg Model Cs Obstruction EH do New Group pu PP Hole PP Obstr
180. tional Records Section such as amp MISC P_INF 2 0E5 FDS will merge these MISC records together to form amp MISC P_INF 2 0E5 TMPA 30 0 142 Advanced FDS Parameters Advanced Parameters Sometimes PyroSim may support a record but may not support it completely For many of these records including SURF REAC MATL PART TIME DUMP RADI and MISC PyroSim provides a way to enter additional fields For Surfaces Materials Reactions and Particles there is an Advanced tab in the properties dialog where these additional fields may be entered as shown in Figure 21 2 To enter additional fields for TIME DUMP RADI and MISC on the FDS menu choose Simulation Parameters then choose the Misc tab Description Color A Texture E Surface Type Burner y Heat Release Partide Injection Advanced Additional fields SURF Name Value 44 Insert Row 1 H_FIXED 400 0 ES Remove Row T Copy Paste 34 Cut New Add From Library A amp SURF ID SURF COLOR RED TEXTURE_MAP fire jpg HRRPUA 1000 0 Mr sine Delete acota ox _coneet_ Figure 21 2 Additional Fields When entering additional fields you must specify the field name and the field value These additional fields will then be appended to the FDS record generated by PyroSim As in the Additional Records Section PyroSim will
181. tity you would like to be available for visualization To view boundary data in Smokeview e g wall temperature right click to open the menu then select Load Unload gt Boundary File gt WALL_TEMPERATURE Isosurfaces Isosurfaces are used to plot the three dimensional contour of gas phase quantities This data can be animated and visualized in Smokeview Figure 16 3 118 Output Controls J untitled JE smokeview 5 0 0 Beta Sep 6 2007 Figure 16 3 An example of an isosurface shown in Smokeview To generate isosurface data on the Output menu click Isosurfaces In the Animated Isosurfaces dialog you can select each quantity you would like to be available for visualization Then you must enter values at which to display that quantity in the Contour Values column If you enter more than one contour value each value must be separated by the semi colon character Once you have finished typing the value press enter To view isosurface data in Smokeview right click to open the menu then select Load Unload gt Isosurface File gt TEMPERATURE Plot3D Data Plot3D is standard file format and can be used to display 2D contours vector plots and isosurfaces in Smokeview Figure 16 4 119 Output Controls plot3d Joe Smokeview 5 0 0 Beta plot3d_0004_01 q plot3d_0008_02 q jos m s 3 55 gt E A ss 8g A gt BAJA P AA Ate ow y cl e mea SH aan 2 00005039094 ane m s y A BOK G
182. to size to be used in the PyroSim model Click OK to close the Textures dialog The textured surface can now be used in either obstructions or vents 40 Geometry Basic Concepts Chapter 7 Geometry Basic Concepts PyroSim provides tools to help the user rapidly create and organize model geometry Geometry can either be created through dialogs or by using the drafting tools in the 2D or 3D views as discussed in Chapter 8 There are typically three types of geometry that can be created in PyroSim e Obstructions solid barriers to flow e Holes negative regions that carve holes in obstructions e Vents patches that define a sub region on an obstruction s surface that can have a different surface than the rest of the obstruction The user can also organize the model by creating floors and groups In addition the user can assign background images to floors to aid in drafting Obstructions Obstructions are the fundamental geometric representation in FDS In FDS obstructions are rectangular axis aligned solids defined by two points Surface properties are assigned to each face of the obstruction In PyroSim obstructions can take any shape have any number of faces and have different surfaces applied to each face At the time of simulation PyroSim will automatically convert the obstructions to axis aligned blocks required by FDS as discussed in Angled Geometry on page 128 FDS defines two types of obstructions e Soli
183. tree like view on the left side of the PyroSim main window An example of this view in use is shown in Figure 2 1 When you right click on an item in this view a list of the functions PyroSim can perform on that item is shown To rearrange objects in the Navigation view make a selection and then drag the object s to the new location PyroSim Basics R PyroSim C Thouse4 thouse4 psm BAX File Edit Model Output FDS Yiew Help Bebb ed Eyt ACRA Grids A y FA mai y Show All Floors v aA R h E 9 Grid 1 1 ae vie D h p eo A amp t ER H Model HG First Floor Second Floor ff Floor Floor 3 go 2nd flop la or sl E Master He New Obstruction E Second dy New Group Bedrooi E Add Floor Fitting Obstruction f Bedroot E Bathroc dp Change Group E Master Translate f Bedroot SH Bedroot H ly Strairun t g Master Rotate Hf Furnitur Rasterize Wall to Grid El Burner of Cut Ctrl X A Livingroomt E A Kitchen Floc ES Copy Ctrl C E Vent 1 E Paste Ctrl Y E vent 2 3 Delete Delete 3 Vent 3 z q Vent 4 Hide Object s E vent 5 Show Object s q E vent 6 Filter Object s Alt Shift F El vent 7 Show All Objects Alt ShiFt 4 E Vent 8 E e Surfaces Mirror Scale _ ye Properties Figure 2 1 Using the context menu in the Navigation View 3D View Use the 3D view to rapidly obtain a visual image of the model and perform some drafting
184. trols untitled smokeview 5 0 0 Beta Sep 6 2007 Figure 16 1 An example of a slice plane shown in Smokeview To generate animated slice planes on the Output menu click Slices Each slice plane requires the following parameters XYZ Plane The axis X Y or Z along which to place the slice plane Plane Value The value along the specified axis where the plane will be placed Gas Phase Quantity The quantity that this plane will measure This list includes built in options such as temperature as well as dynamic options such as those base on particles Use Vector Setting this option to YES will cause FDS to generate additional flow vector data for this slice Slice files may be viewed in Smokeview by selecting Load Unload gt Slice file To view the vector representation select Load Unload gt Vector slices Boundary Quantities Boundary quantities provide a way to visualize output quantities e g temperature on the walls of every obstruction in the simulation This data can be animated and visualized in Smokeview Figure 16 2 Since the data applies to all surfaces in the simulation no geometric data needs to be specified 117 Output Controls Smokeview 5 0 0 Beta Sep 6 2007 Figure 16 2 An example of a boundary quantity shown in Smokeview To generate boundary quantity data on the Output menu click Boundary Quantities In the Animated Boundary Quantities dialog you can select each quan
185. uction B Went E Vent as PF Hole E Went E Went oe El Went E dl Obstruction E d Obstruction a E Went dp New Group cn iy ici 4 Obstruction wn TONE El Vent El Vent de Obstruction Figure 7 8 Dragging objects to a new group in the Navigation View 47 Geometry Basic Concepts flo Model E New Subgroup New Group Figure 7 9 The Change Group dialog 2088 Show All Floors E al al P F aaar Figure 7 10 The Group drop down ada Floors Floors are used in PyroSim to quickly apply clipping filters to the scene to only show a portion of the model To define the floors in a model go to the 2D or 3D View and click the Define Floor Locations button E This will display the Manage Floors dialog shown in Figure 7 11 Figure 7 11 Manage Floors dialog Floors are defined by the following properties e Elevation the Z location at which walls and other obstructions will be drawn This is the location where occupants would walk on that floor e Slab Thickness the thickness of the slab for the floor When the active floor is changed this value is applied to the slab drawing tools but can be changed in the slab tool s properties This 48 Geometry Basic Concepts value is used such that the top of the slab is at the elevation and the bottom is at the elevation minus slab thickness e Wall Height the height of the walls for flo
186. urved wall to place the necessary blocks This technique forces you to convert the curve to blocks manually but the advantage is you know exactly what geometry will be generated for FDS If you have a high resolution mesh it may be useful to drag the mouse and paint the curve rather than clicking individual blocks The example curved wall is shown in Figure 9 4 a H n Figure 9 4 A curved wall drawn using individual blocks Rotating an Object To create curved objects using the rotation technique you must place an initial segment then perform a rotate copy operation about the center point of your desired curve This process is illustrated in the following steps Click the 2D View tab and select the Wall Obstruction Tool Turn off grid snapping If snapping is on in the View menu click Disable Grid Snapping Create an initial wall segment somewhere on the curve In the Model menu click Rotate Select the Copy mode Specify the necessary parameters for the rotation operation In this example the Number of Copies is 15 the Angle is 6 0 degrees and the Base Point is x 32 0 feet y 16 5 feet 6 Click Preview to verify that the settings are correct then click OK A a a a 81 Creating Complex Geometry The curve for this example is shown in Figure 9 5 Rolate Ob jects haja Cy Bovel Copr Numba of Coples 1S Rotation Ae Ainge J 6 00000 Bese Pronk ifti Ni 320000 Ti 15 5
187. ut menu click Statistics then click New Once a quantity is selected some combination of the following options is available depending on whether the quantity is gas or solid phase and what units are output by the quantity Quantity The quantity that will be measured This value is set when you create the statistics entry and cannot be modified Mean Select this option to output the average value of the measured quantity over time in a mesh Minimum Select this option to output the minimum value of the measured quantity over time in a mesh Maximum Select this option to output the maximum value of the measured quantity over time in a mesh Volume Mean This option is available for gas phase quantities only It is similar to Mean but each cell value is weighted according to its relative size Mass Mean This option is available for gas phase quantities only It is similar to Mean but each cell value is weighted according to its relative mass Volume Integral This option is available for gas phase quantities whose units involve mz such as heat release rate per unit volume Area Integral This option is available for gas phase quantities whose units involve m2 If this option is selected a recording area rather than a recording volume must be defined Surface Integral This option is available for solid phase quantities whose units involve m2 such as heat and mass fluxes 121 Output Controls Parameter Descript
188. wing 1 Select the Slab Obstruction Tool amp from the drawing toolbar 2 Define the slab points using one of the two tool modes e Use Click drag mode to draw an axis aligned box between two points e Use Multi click mode to click several points defining the polygonal boundary for the slab The slab will automatically close if the first point is clicked again or if the user selects Close from the right click menu Wall Obstruction Tool The wall obstruction tool can be used to draw multi segmented walls as shown in Figure 8 17 In this figure there is only one wall The user specifies a path along the floor from which the wall is extruded up The wall can be aligned to the left right or center of the drawn path 62 Drawing in PyroSim YX PyroSim Untitled File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help BeBlma v REX IMA RA O H 4 ees Ga amp eOe a E orou a odei LS Show AlF000s E EZ APPEAR a 7 e 45 Zones E zoneo Outer Zone Reactons gt 0 a a p A a o al To gt w gt 7 E 11 993 17 989 0 ft View D View Record View Figure 8 17 A wall obstruction The wall obstruction tool adds three properties to the tool properties dialog e Z Location the drawing plane for the bottom of the wall When the active floor is changed this is set to the floor s elevation property e Height the height of the wall This must be positive When the active floor
189. yroSim Kn EO N z File Edit Model Devices Evac Output FDS View Help 2ebla4 C BAX SIAARKRABA O N S Ees ESTE amp 19 2 9 ER croup dh Model Fe E sor pero lE EE e CEEA E e e A Surfaces sults 2 13 58 RMQAOBBBhRKE BSS lt Type to enter Distance or press TAB for alternatwes gt p 30 view 20 View Record View Figure 8 30 Moving an object using the Move Tool Rotate Tool This tool allows the user to rotate selected objects as shown in Figure 8 317 To use this tool perform the following ao 2 E Select the desired objects to rotate from any of the views Select the Rotate Tool from the drawing toolbar Single click to specify the rotation center Single click another point to define a reference vector from the first point to the second point This reference vector is what the angle is based from Single click a third point to define the angle vector from the first point to the third point The selected objects will be rotated by the angle between the reference and angle vectors The following defines the axis about which objects are rotated for each view 3D View Z axis Top View Z axis Front View Y axis Side View X axis 1 Some objects such as a solution mesh can only be rotated by 90 degree increments The rotate tool can only be performed with Multi click Mode since it requires three reference points 74 Drawing in PyroSim SK PyroSien
190. yroSim 2 Either click several points to measure the total distance along a path or click drag to measure a single distance between two points As the cursor is moved the current cursor location total path length and length of the most recent segment are displayed as shown in Figure 8 34 3 Tocopythe distance right click and from the menu choose Copy total distance to clipboard This will make the total distance measurement available on the clipboard so it can be pasted into a field or any other paste location The text that is copied to the clipboard includes both the full precision value and the current display length unit For example it might copy 3 2808399 ft if working in the English unit system Figure 8 34 Information displayed by the measure tool NOTE When working in the 3D View all distances are true to the 3D snapped locations of the cursor In the 2D Views however the cursor locations are projected to a single plane parallel to the view before determining the distance This means that in the Top View all Z distances are ignored In the Front View all Y distances are ignored In the Side View all X distances are ignored 78 Creating Complex Geometry Chapter 9 Creating Complex Geometry This chapter provides guidance on using the geometry tools available in PyroSim to create several geometric shapes that often appear in building models The ability to sketch in different planes copy replicate drag scale a

PyroSim User Manual - Thunderhead Engineering

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