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Report No. 56 XITE User`s Manual

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1. one to give a certain effect the other to cancel the effect This is necessary in order to be able to override X resource settings Refer to the reference documentation for information about the X resources Unique abbreviations of the options are accepted aspect Don t preserve image aspect ratio when resizing windows Normally an image window will have the same width height ratio as the image data When a window is resized it will be forced to keep this ratio unchanged If aspect is specified it is possible to resize the window independently in the width and height directions This can be toggled individually for each image in the Options menu cl filename colorlist filename The file given by filename contains a list of color table filenames which will be used instead of the default list of color tables Leading and environment variables in filename will be expanded If not found try to find filename in one of the directories listed in the environment variable XSHOWPATH The color tables will be available from the Colors menu of the image windows See also option colortable The default value for filename is xshow_colortabs ct filename colortable filename The file given by filename contains a color table Lead ing and environment variables in filename will be expanded If not found try to find 54 6 1 Options 55 filename in one of the directories listed in the environment variable XSHOWPATH The co
2. llle 12 2 5 1 2 Using keyboard accelerators shortcuts oo 13 2 5 1 3 Permanent display of submenus 13 2 5 2 Control window accelerators o 14 2 5 3 Dialog window accelerators ee 14 111 3 Help and documentation 15 3 1 General documentation 15 3 2 Reference documentation 16 3 2 1 Hypertext browsers ee tn 16 322 HMM Had t Ge AOL KD dd Be A NOE Se PPO 4 17 IS MED ANA b adus hasene feka d akk DES vss 17 20 2 1 ADTODOS ka VTS SSS SE AE AA evite GE Gr ye 17 32 07 WAS ic pe SE A Violate a ae REMIS da 18 3 2 6 Printing reference documentation e krav 18 3 3 Program help options 44 54 cuu sd HAGA EA IEEE Ses 18 3 4 Image history sg ss 6 KST GS koe de MO Ee eh ee 18 4 xshow 20 4 1 Running a program from xshow ee ees 20 LI Pr gr ni m nus s Va seld krev mage s aane 21 4 1 1 1 Example menu flle ens 21 4 1 1 2 Special menu file command line arguments 23 4 1 1 3 Concatenating menu files eA 23 4 2 Control window 24 42 1 Men column ess ve ee A 24 ADA CMACEO sg n Pa re ao o e de AE ee o sos 24 ADMD Help ia Ab ae et UR BE Gat as ble se 24 4213 Gun over eee Se GE ae ite eh ne 25 AD2 Info eblumn s e ss oe ee ee ee Sd ee Re a 25 A220 Images ah hl se Sat aS SE GEA 25 42DD TOD b amp ka se e e ere ettet EEE dt n 25 4 2 2 35 MOUSE kA r der he a tee hk de
3. Second row Magnification and zoom This field displays the ratio between the image pixel size and the screen dot size A zoom factor of 4 indicates that an area of 4x4 dots on the screen corresponds to one BIFF image pixel Also the percentage of image pixels visible in the image window is displayed Third row Depending on the Log position option in the Options image menu or on the command line this field will either print the image size or the cursor position and pixel value When a sub image or ROI is selected as input to a program this row will display the position and size of the indicated ROI 4 3 Colors menu Each pixel on a computer screen is shown with a color The color is determined by a look up table LUT using the pixel value as a table index In principle this color table or color map has one entry for each possible pixel value The indexing procedure is performed in hardware using the hardware color map In the menu bar for each image there is a Colors menu which can be used to chose different color tables for the image The default menu is shown in figure 4 3 a on the next page A mark is present on the left side of the menu entry which is in use for this particular image window By default the color table entry labeled Work map should be active in an image Try to switch to the one labeled White 256 There should be no changes to the image in this case The two color tables are identical gray scale color t
4. Region analyse Start the program regionAnalyse on the current regions Set options with the Parameters pushbuttons regionAnalyse will create a new window To kill the window hit the q key or save the content of the window via the menu you get by pressing Shift lt Btn2 gt in the text window Statistics Invoke the program statistics Set options with the Parameters pushbuttons Quit Exit the program 5 7 4 Pushbuttons for selecting options parameters Refer to figure 5 7 on the following page These pushbuttons set options for regionAnalyse and or statistics From the image in figure 5 6 on the next page xregion with the help of regionAnalyse will give the result shown in figure 5 8 on page 53 The 7 characters O V E R L A and Y were drawn with class or object numbers 1 7 Class number 0 represents the background The result shows some features from the background the 7 objects and the three holes in 0 R and A region numbers 9 10 and 11 in figure 5 8 on page 53 52 Other X display programs MONA Colors OverlayColors Tools Options Visuals Figure 5 6 Regions drawn in an XITE overlay image with xregion xregion control panel Region Drawing 1 Prev Next Clear Read mask Save mask Save gray Set class Close path Fill regions Checkpoint Undo Graphics Parameters Behaviour W Header ne 8 Sort IE Split
5. 12 find the size of the pbm header 13 head cat tmp pbm2biff i wc c 15 4 find the size of the whole pbm file 16 tsize cat 1 wc c 18 find the number of bands in the pbm file 19 bands expr tsize head xsize ysize 21 t convert to BIFF 22 raw2biff ih head org lsb 1 2 xsize ysize bands 24 clean up 25 bin rm tmp pbm2biff i 27 exit 0 In similar way BIFF file can be converted to other file formats using biffinfo with its different options to obtain information about the image parameters To list all BIFF files in a directory give the command 1sbiff files where files is as for 66 Command based image processing NOouhwnre NOoPwnd Fe Is and Isbiff for the UNIX shell is shown in example 8 9 Example 8 9 Script to list all BIFF files in a directory bin sh for i in biffinfo f 1 do echo i done exit 0 The program statistics is also well suited for shell scripts giving unformatted or formatted output of the desired statistical properties of one or more images The UNIX shell script in example 8 10 will print the names of all BIFF images together with a header and lower and upper values for each band Example 8 10 Script to process a number of images bin sh for i in biffinfo f 1 do statistics fhlu i done exit 0 8 4 Automatic shell macro generation The xshow display program has the ability to gene
6. List of figures vii List of tables viii List of examples ix 1 Introduction 1 tI Aboutsthis reportes s i a cent Renee TEMERE ha ae dud 1 1 1 1 Typographic conventions rh 2 1 2 User interaction levels o e a 2 1 3 XITE user group and contact information eee 3 2 Getting started 4 2 1 Setup and environment variables 0 e o 4 2 1 1 Recommended setup 4 2 1 1 1 On UNIX platforms e 4 2 1 1 2 On Windows NT 95 0 000000 eee eee 5 2 12 Manualsetup e e a 22m lo oia 5 2 1 2 1 On UNIX platforms e 5 2 1 2 2 On Windows NT 95 o o eee eee 5 2 2 File naming conventions t n 5 2 3 Examples of using xshow ee RG 6 2 344 Starting Xshow 24 sn es ses G TEST GAGE Haa MEG Setene sl 6 2 3 2 Displaying an image av 7 2 3 3 Zooming and panning an image e 8 2 3 4 Histogram of an image 9 2 3 5 Fourier transform of an image e e 9 2 3 6 Adding two images vr rv ee eee 10 2 4 The Reference Manual rn rn rn eee aa 10 2 4 1 Reading the on line hypertext Reference Manual 10 242 AD ar ope fe Be Solan oer ds SON CR ed Re cid tU 10 2 5 Speeding up user interaction with xshow lens 10 2 5 1 Navigation in the xshow menu hierarchy ra rv rav 12 2 5 1 1 Navigation with the mouse only
7. Reset Reset the initial linear mapping for the selected mode Histogram EQ Make a new image with equalized histogram This action actually transforms the image pixel values The histogram of the new image can also be inspected with a histogram tool Send param If the Linear action is chosen the linear transformation will be applied to all color tables used by this image until the Reset action is selected Send colortab Send color table back to xshow add it to the list of available color tables or to a file Send image Transform the image pixel values according to the current color table transforma tion for the selected mode only and send the transformed image back to xshow 4 4 2 2 Mode With Gray mode active all the three primary colors undergo the same transformation and they are all used if the image pixel values are transformed With Red Green or Blue mode only the corresponding primary color is affected and used in pixel value transformations separate curve is displayed in the histogram graph window for each primary color 4 4 3 Slice The Slice entry creates a new window which provides a way to mix colors in a palette by specifying RGB or IHS values An example is shown in figure 4 6 on the next page A piecewise constant color table look up table LUT of pseudo colors is added to the list of color tables in the Colors menu It is installed for the image and displayed in the bottom rectangular area of
8. XITE comes with two kinds of image widgets the Image class and the ImageOverlay class The Image class is not equipped to handle overlays or ROIs but the ImageOverlay class is an extension which can handle both In xshow all images are of class ImageOverlay while some of the other display programs use images of class Image ROIs are described in section 4 5 and will not be discussed further at this point Overlays provide a way to label parts of an image without changing the pixel values of the image itself An overlay is itself an image and any image with pixel type unsigned byte can be used as an overlay Try e g the image in the file mask img as an overlay for mona img using the commands 8 cd XITE HOME data img 8 xshow mona img mask img mask img In the above command line the character at the front of the filename mask img instructs xshow to use this image as an overlay for the preceding image The command will in this example 4 8 Image overlays 39 Background x Std overlay Hhite mono Black mono Figure 4 9 Default OverlayColors menu display two images the first containing mona img with an overlay mask img outlining the letters in the string overlay with separate colors for each letter The second image contains mask img but appears all black Switch color table for the second image to Hue Now the letters overlay appear but not with the same colors as in the overlay of the first image
9. 8 xshow mona col mona img blue col lena img Display two images mona img with the color table mona col lena img with the color table blue col and make green col available from the Colors menu 8 xshow green col mona col mona img blue col lena img xshow ct green col mona col mona img blue col lena im 8 8 8 Display an image with a given overlay image 8 xshow mona img lena img Recall from section 4 8 that hitting the key g while the mouse pointer is inside the image will toggle the visibility of the overlay Display the image mona img with the color table mona col and an overlay lena img with the overlay color table black ovl col 8 xshow ovt black ovl col mona col mona img lena img Use xshow at the end of a pipe 8 median mona img 5 xshow Refer to section 8 2 for information about pipes Display an rgb image in a single window assuming that the display supports the DirectColor visual class 8 xshow rgb iv DirectColor reine rgb img 4 10 Options xshow accepts all of the standard X Toolkit command line options as well as the options defined by the ximage toolkit Refer to chapter 6 for more information on the ximage toolkit Additionally xshow supports the command line options listed below 42 xshow i chan Use input channel chan This option may be used when xshow is forked out of other programs Refer to the Reference Manual for the program fork xshow and the function start xshow m filename The file
10. SIf the image is displayed with a visual class which does not allow changing the hardware color map the histogram window will be severely limited and not allow any manipulation No Actions menu will be available Refer to sections 4 3 and 4 6 for more information on color maps and visual classes The image can still be selected as input to other programs 10 Getting started Instead of passing a whole image along to a program you may select a rectangular subpart by clicking and dragging lt Btn1 gt in the image rectangular outline will show the selected area and the position and size of the rectangle are updated continuously in the Control window The transformed images may be removed by typing q inside them Section 5 2 describes a specialized display program xfft for 2 dimensional FFT This handles the Fourier transformation and the display function in a more user friendly manner 2 3 6 Adding two images Display two images in xshow e g mona img and lena img Choose the submenu called Arith metic logical and the menu entry Weighted sum Push the Accept button then lt Btn2 gt on the two images new window will pop up with the resulting sum Section 5 1 describes a specialized display program xadd for addition of two images This program can interactively change the weight of the two images when the user manipulates a slider 2 4 The Reference Manual The Reference Manual i e the documentation for each program and
11. Zooming in on the second image until the pixelvalues are displayed as numbers it can be seen that they are all in the range 0 7 This is why the image appeared all black with the default grayscale color table in which pixelvalue zero indexes black Now concentrating on the first image the one with overlay displayed as an overlay turn the option Reduced colors off This changes the colors of the overlay letters to shades of gray Recall from sections 4 7 2 1 and 4 7 2 2 that with Reduced colors turned on the image color table is split in four parts The central part contains a compressed version of the selected 256 element image color table and the image only uses this part to look up colors A different part of the table is used to determine the colors of the overlay With the option turned off the color table contains all the 256 elements of the selected image color table In this example the image color table is grayscale and the overlay string appears with shades of gray GU Zooming in on the letter y in overlay until the numerical pixelvalues appear and toggling the option Reduced colors shows that the pixel values remain constant while the colors change Hitting the key g while the mouse pointer is inside the image will toggle the visibility of the overlay 4 8 1 OverlayColors menu From the Colors image menu an image color table can be chosen From the OverlayColors menu available from the menubar
12. have also been constructed from closed form Fourier domain filter functions and the spatial domain functions have been found with inverse FFT 5 3 1 Arguments and options xfilter is started with a command of this form 8 xfilter lt option gt lt inimage gt xfilter accepts all X toolkit command line options see the manual page for X as well as the XITE ximage toolkit options Unless your display has multiple hardware color maps we recommend using the ximage toolkit option share so that the images appear with correct colors when you operate the sliders in the control panel If you change the active color table you of course loose the benefit of this option Refer to sections 4 7 2 1 and 6 1 The following is a list of some of the additional options recognized by xfilter Refer to the Reference Manual for a complete list ftype filter type Type of filter Use one of the strings in table 5 1 on the facing page The default filter type is lowpass low cutoff Lower cutoff frequency normalized by the Nyquist frequency This means that cutoff equal to 1 0 corresponds to half the sampling frequency cutoff can be adjusted with a slider after startup Default 0 2 high cutoff Higher cutoff frequency normalized by the Nyquist frequency This can be ad justed with a slider after startup Default 0 5 3 Just as with xadd this may not work 5 3 xfilter 47 lowpass highpass bandpass bandstop lowpass ideal b
13. xshow XITE function 42 62 Statistics button 51 statistics XITE program 50 51 53 66 Std overlay entry in OverlayColors menu of Image widget 37 39 40 stderr file 20 stdin file 20 stdout file 20 23 submenu permanent 12 13 20 81 System Administrator s Manual 2 15 tcsh shell 5 63 technicolor 35 36 55 Threshold entry in Actions menu of Image Histogram tool 29 threshold XITE program 62 toolkit pbm 65 X ii 1 2 13 15 17 20 26 35 41 43 44 46 48 50 54 56 62 68 70 ximage 15 32 34 37 40 50 53 54 56 Tools Image widget menu 9 27 38 49 55 TrueColor 24 plane entry in Visuals menu of Image widget 35 Undo button 51 usage 18 User s Manual 15 verbose 18 version 56 Visuals Image widget menu 34 37 55 visualsmenu 55 wall 47 wcross 47 Weighted sum xshow menu entry 10 wffilt 47 wfilt 47 wfin 47 wfout 47 whatis non XITE program 16 18 whatis 5 18 68 whatis file 18 White 256 entry in Colors menu of Image widget 26 White mono entry in OverlayColors menu of Image widget 39 widget Histogram 48 Image 44 47 53 54 ImageOverlay 53 55 win 47 windex file 18 Work map entry in Colors menu of Image wid get 26 37 40 55 wout 47 wtype 47 X toolkit ii 1 2 13 15 17 20 26 35 41 43 44 46 48 50 54 56 62 68 70 X resource xiteHelper 68 xiteHelperOption 68 82 Inde
14. 16 18 24 68 m 21 42 Macro button 14 24 66 man non XITE program 10 16 18 24 67 68 man 5 18 68 MANPATH 17 67 mb 33 55 mean XITE program 62 63 median XITE program 41 60 62 63 menu Histogram window Index Actions 9 28 29 Mode 28 30 Image widget Colors 26 28 30 37 39 41 54 56 Options 17 26 28 32 33 36 37 54 56 OverlayColors 39 40 55 Tools 9 27 38 49 55 Visuals 34 37 55 navigation 12 13 submenu permanent 12 13 20 xshow menu hierarchy Absolute difference 21 Absolute value 21 Arithmetic logical 9 10 21 Color 38 Complex result 9 Copy bands of image 55 Copy image 24 Fft 9 File 8 13 24 38 55 Format conversions 38 65 From TIFF palette 38 General convolutions 12 Generate noisy images 21 Global operators 9 Image information 7 List image files 7 Local extrema 12 Local operators 12 Log magnitude 9 Logarithm 9 My programs 23 Negate 21 Read colortable 38 Read image 8 Reduced colors 28 RGB pseudocolor 38 Scale 21 Signed difference 21 Site specific programs 23 Weighted sum 10 Menubar entry in Options menu of Image wid get 32 33 menubar 55 Mode menu in Image Histogram tool 28 30 more non XITE program 17 25 68 Mosaic non XITE program 16 18 24 68 Mouse button 9 20 25 26 mouse lt Btn1 gt 2 7 10 12 13 20 25 29 30 32 33 44 45
15. 32 36 39 55 Reduced colors xshow menu entry 28 Reference Manual 10 11 13 15 16 23 25 42 44 49 53 62 65 68 Region analyse button 51 regionAnalyse XITE program 50 51 53 remote 68 Reset entry in Actions menu of Image His togram tool 29 30 rgb 34 49 55 Index RGB pseudocolor xshow menu entry 38 rms 47 ROI 25 26 32 34 38 44 ROI fill entry in Options menu of Image wid get 33 ROI permanent entry in Options menu of Im age widget 33 ROI square entry in Options menu of Image widget 33 ROI zoom amp pan entry in Options menu of Image widget 34 Save button 44 Save gray button 51 Save mask button 51 Scale xshow menu entry 21 Select button 8 Send colortab entry in Actions menu of Image Histogram tool 30 48 Send image entry in Actions menu of Image Histogram tool 30 Send param entry in Actions menu of Image Histogram tool 30 Set class button 51 Set patch in color range 32 sh shell 5 62 63 share 6 28 36 43 44 46 49 56 shell bash 5 csh 4 5 62 63 sh 5 62 63 tcsh 5 63 shortcut 13 Shrink button 44 Signed difference xshow menu entry 21 Site specific programs xshow submenu 23 Slice entry in Tools menu of Image widget 30 49 Slice window Set patch in color range 32 sobel XITE program 62 source non XITE program 4 5 Spectrum entry in Colors menu of Image wid get 26 split 48 start
16. 54 xshow_menues file 21 23 XSHOWPATH 21 23 37 40 42 54 55 xsize 57 xstart 58 ymag 58 ysize 57 ystart 58 zoom 8 20 26 29 34 48 49 56 Zoom all entry in Options menu of Image wid get 32 34 56 zoomall 34 56 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 REPORTS FROM THE IMAGE PROCESSING LABORATORY Maurycy Szmurlo A comparative study of statistically classifiable features used within the area of Optical Character Recognition Cand Scient Master thesis May 1995 Ingvil Hovig Verkt y og metoder for komprimering av MR bilder Dr Scient Ph D thesis August 1995 yvind Akerhaugen Automatisk plassering av navn p kart ved hjelp av simulated annealing Cand Scient Master thesis February 1996 Marius Midtvik Reversibel komprimering av MR bilder basert p statisk kildemodellering Cand Scient Master thesis May 1996 Tor yvind Didriksen Linjefinning og klassifikasjon med Random Hough transform en eksperimentell studie Cand Scient Master thesis June 1996 Edward Allen Smith Image Processing Techniques on DNA Fingerprint Images and its Application to Genetic Similarity Analysis Cand Scient Master thesis August 1996 Parviz Heydari Line Following in Digitized Map Cand Scient Master thesis November 1996 Ramin Gordjianfar Vectorization of the Cartographic Data Cand Scient Master the
17. 8 3 connects an edge detector between the median and threshold The result is not sent to the display but saved in a file Example 8 3 Save the result of a three stage image processing pipe 8 median lt input gt 5 sobel threshold lt output gt 100 Example 8 4 on the facing page implements a different edge detector Unlike the previous examples this example needs be written differently The median filter preserves edges quite well the mean filter doesn t The difference will give an edge detector The parentheses group the two commands median and mean They output one image each and they are both passed along to absDiff You may also use the syntax lt n gt to indicate a file name where lt n gt is any non negative number This special file name is interpreted as channel number lt n gt Thus the may be replaced by 0 at all input positions and by 1 at all output positions For daily use this has little purpose but it may be useful when forking out XITE programs from other processes refer to the Reference Manual for fork xshow and start_xshow available on UNIX systems 8 3 Shell programming 63 Example 8 4 Command line for edge detector which displays the result 1 This is a comment for the UNIX shell 2 The following pipeline uses UNIX shell syntax 3 median lt input gt 5 mean input 5 4 absDiff N 5 threshold 10 N 6 xshow 1 REM This is a comment
18. Solaris 2 5 e Silicon Graphics IRIX 5 3 e DEC alpha OSF1 V4 0 e Linux e IBM RS 6000 AIX e DECstation ULTRIX 4 4 The purpose of the system is to help you perform image processing in the broad sense image to image operations as well as image to description operations image analysis Currently though the image to image operations are outnumbering the image analysis operations Tools and Environment means that the system contains a set of tools by means of which you can create new modules small routines or large applications as well as a complete environment ready to perform image processing for you 1 1 About this report This report describes e how to use the on line documentation system e the image concept used in XITE e the use of the xshow program in detail both as a display program and as a graphical user interface 2 Introduction Program function widget names File and directory names Shell command window command lines Environment variables Command line options Submenu name File Menu entry Pushbutton widget Mouse button Keyboard key Table 1 1 Typographic conventions e how to activate image programs directly from the shell command window one program at a time as well as several in a pipe sequence e how to write image processing shell scripts e how to generate shell scripts or macros from xshow This report does not describe how to use the XITE function library or how to
19. a top level menu with the name Xshow Two of the other top level submenus are Site specific programs and My programs So if you 1 have a file called xshow_menues in your home directory 2 you call the top level menu in your file My programs 3 set the environment variable XSHOWPATH to include your home directory in addition to the directory where xshow s own menu file is located your menu hierarchy will pop up under the submenu My programs In the same way a menu file specific to the local site or project can be created and included in the menu hierarchy 24 xshow 4 2 Control window xshow may display several images The Control window gives information about existing images and running jobs It is divided in four major parts a column of menu buttons a column of information buttons a column of image data and a message area which displays information about jobs programs and error messages The Control window at startup is shown in figure 2 1 on page 7 4 2 1 Menu column This column contains three command buttons 4 2 1 1 Macro The Macro toggle button indicates whether or not the macro generating facility is active It provides a mechanism for running a sequence of algorithms on several images with a minimum of mouse button activity and with the same arguments to the algorithms for each run Press the Macro button and you will be asked to enter a name for a macro All activity generated via the menu win
20. and shown in figure 4 9 a color table for the overlay is selected A change in the selection of an overlay color table will only be visible when the Reduced colors option is turned on By default the overlay color table selected is the entry Std overlay Changing to White mono will make the string overlay all white Please note that the overlay colors are always installed in the color entries with indices 192 223 in the current color table for the image itself Since all images use the same list of color tables in the Colors menu no two images with overlays can use the same color table and at the same time different overlay color tables Of course one may work around this limitation by adding an extra copy of the image color table and choose a different overlay color table to be installed into this copy 20 at least when the mouse pointer is inside this image 21 or with the key mouse combination Shift Alt lt Btn1 gt 22 This is not the whole story Images displayed with different visuals can use the same color table and at the same time different overlay color tables 40 xshow 4 8 2 Adding extra overlay color tables As explained in section 4 7 4 xshow will search for the file xshow_colortabs in the directories listed in the environment variable XSHOWPATH In addition to a list of color table filenames this file may contain a list of filenames for overlay color tables Refer to example 4 2 on page 38 The ximage toolkit o
21. c programs closest of minimum and maximum noise reduction dump a colortable in ascii format qolor quantization and rgb to pseudocolor conversion combine two images Take the complex conjugate value of an image xshow with additional menu items for image gt compression decompression contour conv3x3 convolve corrfac crossSection crossing distance gt calculated dither divide exponential gt spatial or Fourier domain extremal extrema2 fft2d fftAmp fftDisplay fftlmag fft MagPhase gt and phase fftMakeBp gt spatial or Fourier domain fftMakeBs gt spatial or Fourier domain fftMakeHp gt spatial or Fourier domain fftMakeL p gt spatial or Fourier domain fftMult fftPhase fftPower fftReal fht2d fhtPhase fhtPower fork xshow fractile ft2ht gammaAdjust glRunLength glcm glcmParameter make a contour map convolution between image and 3x3 matrix perform an n x m convolution Correlation factor are calculated Find cross sections row or column of image find zero crossing or any other crossing different distance calculations between classes are create a dithering image divide two images pixel by pixel make an ideal truncated lowpass filter in the detection of local minima and maxima detection of local minima and maxima Two dimensional Fourier Transform Take the absolute value of an image Take logarithm of BIFF band compress dynamic range extract imaginary part o
22. every pixel of every band There are NBANDS bands NBANDS gt 1 Thus the band data only contains a sequence of bands possibly with different pixel types and sizes in their individual local coordinate systems 7 4 Block data Block data is a collection of blocks each containing 512 bytes The contents of each block is entirely decided by the user and the user must keep in mind what is stored where and how to interpret the data The blocks can be used to store histograms color tables etc It mainly has interest for non textual data as info data can contain any amount of text There are NBLOCKS blocks NBLOCKS gt 0 The number of blocks can increase new blocks can be added to the image 7 5 Examples Look in the XITE_HOME data img directory for an image file and try 8 biffinfo lt filename gt 60 The BIFF image concept to see the image parameters and the image history The image history of these images may be empty Run some XITE program like the median filter 8 median lt input image gt lt output image gt and compare the text fields reported by biffinfo of the two images The output image should have an additional entry describing the median filtering Then test the newtitle program used to change the title of an image 8 newtitle lt image gt lt new title gt Finally use the bifftext program to modify the text field containing the image history 8 bifftext lt image gt lt new text gt appends a text line
23. for the Windows NT command processor 2 REM The following pipeline uses Windows NT command processor syntax 3 8 median input 5 mean input 5 absDiff threshold output 10 8 3 Shell programming If you are regularly using long command sequences typing them gets boring You should then create a script containing the command sequence or you may find the automatic macro generation described in section 8 4 useful In these examples we assume that you have some general knowledge about UNIX shell scripts or the Windows NT 95 command processor syntax otherwise see the manual page for the UNIX shell you are using sh csh tcsh etc or consult Windows NT 95 Help The UNIX versions of the examples are written for sh as evident from their first line Example 8 4 in the previous section may be a typical example Let s create a UNIX shell script in a file called edge and a Windows NT 95 batch program in a file called edge cmd both shown in example 8 5 We have removed the display program compared to the last example in section 8 2 1 This makes the script applicable for display as well as for file generation Example 8 5 Script for edge detector which does not display the result 1 4 bin sh 2 3 median 1 5 mean 1 5 N 4 absDiff IN 5 threshold 2 10 1 echo off 2 REM Windows NT command processor syntax 3 4 median 1 5 amp mean 1 5 absDiff threshold 2 10 For
24. given by filename contains the menu layout No other menu files will be read Default Dir xshow menues and Dir xshowrc where Dir represents each directory listed in the environment variable XSHOWPATH See also section 4 1 1 4 11 More information Please refer to the reference documentation for xshow and ximage The Programmer s Manual 1 may also be of interest if you wish to write your own programs based on functions supplied with XITE Chapter 5 Other X display programs The tailor made display programs xadd xfft xfilter xhistogram xmovie xpyramid and xregion are described in this chapter They are not available under Windows NT 95 unless the X Win dow System is already installed The more general main display program xshow was treated in chapter 4 5 1 xadd xadd calculates the pixel wise weighted sum of two images The weight is controlled by a scrollbar One or both images may be negated and the sum may be saved to a file The images must be of equal size The xadd control panel is shown in figure 5 1 5 1 1 Arguments and options xadd is started with a command of this form 8 xadd lt option gt lt inimage 1 gt lt inimage 2 gt lt outimage gt The lt outimage gt argument can supply a filename which will be used when saving the image sum or the filename can be given interactively xadd supports all standard X Toolkit command line arguments see the manual page for X as well as the XITE ximage toolkit
25. lt BtniDown gt 32 50 lt Btn2 gt 8 10 25 29 51 79 lt Btn2Down gt 32 51 lt Btn3 gt 8 25 29 55 lt Btn3Down gt 32 51 multivisual 55 multivisual 34 55 My programs xshow submenu 23 Negate xshow menu entry 21 Netscape non XITE program 16 18 netscape non XITE program 10 24 68 newtitle XITE program 60 Next button 51 Notepad non XITE program 60 option aspect 33 54 55 bg 56 cl 37 54 colorlist 54 colortable 54 55 ct 37 40 54 f 49 fg 56 ftype 46 full 32 55 help 18 high 46 i 42 ih 55 imageheight 55 imagewidth 55 iv 34 37 49 55 iw 55 logpos 34 55 low 46 m 21 42 man 5 18 68 mb 33 55 menubar 55 multivisual 55 multivisual 34 55 order 47 overlaytable 55 ovt 40 55 protect 55 remote 68 rgb 34 49 55 rms 47 share 6 28 36 43 44 46 49 56 split 48 universal in XITE 16 18 usage 18 verbose 18 version 56 80 visualsmenu 55 wall 47 wcross 47 wffilt 47 wfilt 47 wfin 47 wfout 47 whatis 5 18 68 win 47 wout 47 wtype 47 zoomall 34 56 Options Image widget menu 17 26 28 32 33 36 37 54 56 order 47 overlay 36 41 50 52 55 OverlayColors Image widget menu 39 40 55 overlaytable 55 ovt 40 55 pan 8 20 34 49 56 PATH 5 67 pbm toolkit 65 Piecewise linear entry in Actions menu of Im age Hist
26. start 015819 Panning DIS Zoom 1 000000 Assumed minimum 0 000000 Assumed maximum 256 000000 Visual class PseudoColor Visual depth 8 Single band display Close Figure 4 4 Image information window 4 4 2 Histogram The Histogram entry was introduced in section 2 3 4 It will create a histogram window consisting of four parts shown in figure 4 5 on the facing page The main part is a graphical display of the image histogram The header at the top of the window displays the horizontal mouse pointer coordinate in the histogram graph equal to the pixel value 68 in the figure and the histogram value 1705 in the figure as well as the percentage 0 65 in the figure of the total number of image pixels 262144 in the figure Press Ctrl lt Btn1 gt in the histogram part to toggle between histogram and cumulative histogram When the histogram tool is started a new gray scale color table will be installed for the image regardless of which color table is active when the menu entry is chosen Check the Colors menu to see that a new color table is added as the last color table entry and that this new table is marked active Below the histogram graph is a rectangular patch which displays the gray scale color table If this patch is missing the Colors menu in the image menu bar probably only contains one entry In this case refer to section 4 3 for advice The color table or look up table LUT may be manipulated with the m
27. the button down Choose the type of transformation function from the Actions menu in the histogram widget try e g Linear The manipulations of the histogram will be reflected simultaneously in the original image You can remove the histogram window by typing q inside the histogram field or the color map field at the bottom Refer to section 4 4 2 for more information on manipulating the histogram Also section 5 4 describes a simple specialized program xhistogram for display of image histograms only 2 3 5 Fourier transform of an image First notice the appearance of the bottom button below the info field in the xshow Control window It is labeled Mouse N in a diffuse color This means that the button is insensitive Now with an image displayed on the screen choose the submenu Global operators from the main menu then Fft and finally the menu entry Complex result below the label 2D Forward A dialog window will appear expecting you to give the scaling of the FFT Simply push the Accept button for now The xshow Control window will display a text similar to Job 13467 started fft2d r lt infile gt lt outfile gt and the button in the Control window previously labeled Mouse N will now be labeled Mouse JC where JC is short for Job Control The button is now sensitive This is the sign that xshow is waiting for you to tell what image should be sent to the FFT program Choose an ima
28. the slice window The other main parts of the slice window are a set of six vertical scrollbars a single color palette or patch and a column of command buttons The scrollbars can be used to specify RGB or IHS components to get the desired color in the color palette However if your display has only one hardware color map the image palette and color table field colors will look right only when the mouse pointer is inside one of these three areas This awkward behavior prevents immediate visual feedback from the palette when the scrollbars are pulled You need to move the mouse pointer to one of the three areas to see the effect Hopefully this will be changed in a future version of XITE The color mixed in the palette can be inserted into the color table Also a color can be copied from the color table to the palette To achieve these changes the following actions may be invoked 10 This tool is not available for images displayed with a visual class which only provides an immmutable color map 11see section 4 3 4 4 Tools menu Figure 4 6 Slice window 31 32 xshow in the color table area at the bottom of the slice window With these actions immediate visual feedback is provided from the image color table palette because the mouse pointer is inside the color table lt BtniDown gt Fill the color table at the cursor position with the palette color This may influence the image lt Btn2Down gt Set the palette color equ
29. the xshow menu hierarchy The menus available from the main menu window in xshow may be manipulated in three different ways which are described below 2 5 1 1 Navigation with the mouse only Navigation with the mouse only is typically preferred by the novice user Start by moving the mouse pointer into the main menu window and position the pointer on the entry labeled Local operators The three trailing dots in the label signal that a submenu is available at this point Push and release lt Btn1 gt The submenu shown in figure 2 4 a will pop up If you move the mouse pointer towards the right hand side of the submenu keeping it in the entry labeled Local extrema new submenu will pop up Moving the mouse down into the entry labeled General convolutions will remove the submenu called Local extrema and pop up a submenu called General convolutions Choose a command by clicking the mouse in a menu entry which is not a submenu A submenu may also be popped up by clicking the mouse instead of moving the mouse pointer 2 5 Speeding up user interaction with xshow 13 over to the right hand side If you move the mouse pointer outside a submenu it will usually disappear 2 5 1 2 Using keyboard accelerators shortcuts The labels in the main menu all contain a right justified string starting with the letters Ctrl followed by an additional letter If you move the mouse so that the pointer is inside the Control window b
30. to specify a piecewise linear polynomial as a transfor mation for the color table Clicking lt Btn1 gt will insert a new breakpoint and change the initial ramp function into a piece wise linear function At the same time the color table patch below the graph will be updated accordingly along with the image itself Clicking and dragging lt Btn2 gt near a breakpoint will move the breakpoint vertically Click lt Btn3 gt near a breakpoint to delete it Click Reset in the Actions list to restore the linear ramp function and the color table patch and image With this action highly specialized color tables can be produced When choosing the breakpoints of the transformation it may be helpful to zoom in the image to have the pixel values displayed Threshold Use the mouse pointer to set a global threshold value for the image Clicking or dragging lt Btn1 gt horizontally will change the threshold value Linear Click or drag lt Btn1 gt to specify a linear transformation p ax b The vertical position of the mouse pointer determines the inclination a of the linear function while the horizontal position determines the line crossing b With the mouse pointer in the bottom half of the histogram graph window a gt 0 and with the mouse pointer in the upper half a lt 0 30 xshow Logarithmic or Exponential The horizontal position of the mouse pointer when lt Btn1 gt is pressed determines the logarithmic or exponential function
31. versus full color display rn vr ravn 4 7 2 1 Technicolor in detail o vr vr as 4 2 2 Overlays ex ad REPE HRREREREMSP SEALS 4 7 3 The color bar revisited rakk ren 4 7 4 Adding extra color tables o o e Image overlays e as se oe e lu rn ee 4 81 OverlayColors menu vnr vr rv rens 4 8 2 Adding extra overlay color tables ls 4 8 3 More about overlays 2222s Command ines ua 13m Ea Sa Gade as os GENSERE rede done a ia 4 071 I Examples 2 1 3 Lad SA l4 d o uses ert NG OpPptons sukk GASS eke Ge brer Ge G GRE Ar Gad More information 44022 2 tt A XD UNDE E Ge ee ha Other X display programs 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 The 6 1 6 2 The 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 Rad Me ice wd at BOP oo de SAMENE eS Bae eae yy Rb wer oF Ra EG 5 1 1 Arguments and options aoao 5 1 2 Examples s k s oh A we ceed eee ge o Pre Sg ol durius d POS 5 1 3 More information A o e a dencia dde de BOO OC 5 2 1 Arguments and options aaou 5 2 2 More information Jer a Svan ke eee fa Se SO Gar ee ES Br NESET mot Eom fa 5 3 1 Arguments and options scs s scias aa e 5 9 2 More information uu 44 84 ei g re ra EE ee ee E Xhistogram Kolk A e Ek sd cete fe ST 05 Dae 5 4 1 Arguments and options vr knr rn ee eee 5 42 More information bana 4 ha b e GE Gea G rs a ar GE 5 5 1 Arguments an
32. visualization of the color table partitioning described in sec tions 4 7 2 1 4 7 2 2 and 4 8 1 On displays with multiple hardware color maps this is not avail able 4 7 4 Adding extra color tables xshow will by default provide a few predefined color tables in the image Colors menu but new ones may be added This can be done from inside xshow or when the program starts When xshow starts it will search for a file called xshow_colortabs in the directories listed in the environment variable XSHOWPATH The file should contain a list of color table filenames The color table files are expected to be found in the same directory as the file xshow_colortabs The c1 option from the ximage toolkit see chapter 6 can be used to supply a file containing a list of color tables This will be used instead of xshow_colortabs Also option ct can be used to supply a single additional color table which will be used initially instead of Work map for the images given on the command line 171f the visual class of the image is not the same as the default visual class of the display the command line option iv was used or the Visuals image menu has been used the latter two ranges will display a gray scale color map instead of the default display color map 18 For visual classes with only an immutable color map there will only be one sensitive entry in the menu i e the one for the fixed display colormap 19 You can see the contents of the XSHOWPAT
33. window manager 5 5 1 Arguments and options xmovie is started with a command of this form 8 xmovie lt option gt lt inimage gt 5 6 xpyramid 49 xmovie accepts all X toolkit command line options as well as the XITE ximage toolkit options If your display only has a single hardware color map you may wish to use the ximage toolkit option share for the image colors to appear correctly when you operate the slider Refer to section 6 1 One additional option is recognized f If you don t intend to resize or zoom pan the image window or use the Histogram or Slice entries in the image Tools menu this allows for simpler calculations and will enable a faster movie probably at least double speed Also one of the options from the ximage toolkit deserves some comment rgb Any three band image command line argument will be interpreted as an rgb image In this way xmovie can include pseudocolor as well as rgb images in the same movie For an rgb image to appear as a color image you must use a DirectColor or TrueColor visual Refer to the ximage option iv 5 5 2 Examples 8 xmovie imgi img2 img3 8 xmovie f nbandimg img 1 5 8 xmovie f rgb iv DirectColor reine rgb img mona img lena img 5 5 3 More information Please refer to the Reference Manual for xmovie and ximage 5 6 xpyramid xpyramid will create and display a pyramid representation of a BIFF image The resolution and number of gray levels can be selected in
34. ximage and Image 48 Other X display programs Frame 1 1 Quit Stop Previous Next Series Movie Figure 5 4 xmovie control panel 5 4 xhistogram xhistogram is a simple program which can be used to display the histogram of an image 5 4 1 Arguments and options xhistogram is started with a command of this form xhistogram split lt inimage gt lt outimage gt The command line argument lt outimage gt can supply the name of an output file This enables the Histogram EQ and Send colortab actions which will send the resulting image or color table to the file xhistogram supports all standard X Toolkit command line arguments see the manual page for X as well as the XITE ximage toolkit command line options One additional option is recognized split Ifthe input image is multi band the default behavior is to show a total histogram for all the bands This option forces one histogram per band 5 4 2 More information Please refer to the Reference Manual for xhistogram the ximage toolkit and the Histogram widget 5 5 xmovie xmovie can display a sequence of images animation Three band rgb images may be mixed with single or multiband pseudocolor images The scrollbar in the control panel determines the movie speed The xmovie control panel is shown in figure 5 4 The images can be zoomed and panned with the usual mouse button and key combinations The image window can also be resized with the
35. 26 bandpass XITE program 47 bandstop XITE program 47 bash shell 5 bg 56 BIFF Manual 57 biffinfo XITE program 7 19 59 60 65 bifftext XITE program 60 Blue entry in Mode menu of Image Histogram tool 30 butterworth XITE program 47 button command or toggle Abort 14 Accept 9 10 14 Checkpoint 51 Clear 51 Close 27 Close path 51 Expand 44 Fill regions 51 Graphics 51 Help 10 14 24 68 Info 44 Jobs 25 Macro 14 24 66 Mouse 9 20 25 26 76 Next 51 Prev 51 Quit 7 14 25 51 Read mask 51 Region analyse 51 Save 44 Save gray 51 Save mask 51 Select 8 Set class 51 Shrink 44 Statistics 51 Undo 51 cat non XITE program 25 68 Checkpoint button 51 cl 37 54 Clear button 51 Close button 27 Close path button 51 color flashing 27 35 36 56 technicolor 35 36 55 Color xshow submenu 38 Colorbar entry in Tools menu of Image wid get 32 colorlist 54 Colors Image widget menu 26 28 30 37 39 41 54 56 colortable 54 55 Complex result xshow menu entry 9 Copy bands of image xshow menu entry 55 Copy image xshow menu entry 24 csh shell 4 5 62 63 ct 37 40 54 DirectColor 24 plane entry in Visuals menu of Image widget 35 documentation BIFF Manual 57 hypertext 10 15 16 18 24 68 image history 18 19 27 60 Programmer s Manual 2 15 34 42 Reference Manual 10 11 13 15 16 23 25 42 44 49 53
36. 62 65 68 Index System Administrator s Manual 2 15 User s Manual 15 echo non XITE program 37 EDITOR 60 egrep non XITE program 18 emacs non XITE program 60 email address xite bugsGifi uio no 3 xite request ifi uio no 3 xite ifi uio no 3 environment variable EDITOR 60 HOME 4 MANPATH 17 67 PATH 5 67 setting up 4 XITE_DOC 15 25 68 XITE_HELPER 10 24 68 XITE_HELPER_OPTION 25 68 XITE_HOME 4 5 XITE_MAN 5 25 68 XSHOWPATH 21 23 37 40 42 54 55 Expand button 44 Exponential entry in Actions menu of Image Histogram tool 30 exponential XITE program 47 f 49 Fft xshow submenu 9 fft2d XITE program 45 47 fg 56 fht2d XITE program 47 fhtPower XITE program 47 file 38 40 cshrc 4 5 profile 5 stderr 20 stdin 20 stdout 20 23 whatis 18 windex 18 xshow_colortabs 37 38 40 54 xshow_menues 21 23 File xshow submenu 8 13 24 38 55 filename syntax 6 Fill regions button 51 Fixed aspect entry in Options menu of Image widget 32 33 fork xshow XITE program 42 62 Format conversions xshow submenu 38 65 77 FormDialog XITE function 23 From TIFF palette xshow menu entry 38 ftype 46 full 32 55 function in XITE FormDialog 23 start xshow 42 62 General convolutions xshow submenu 12 Generate noisy images xshow submenu 21 Global operators xshow submenu 9 Graphics button 51 Gray entry i
37. 8 bifftext lt image gt lets you edit the whole text In the latter case your EDITOR environment variable is examined to start your favorite editor If the environment variable is unset emacs will be used on a UNIX system and Notepad will be used on a Windows NT 95 system Chapter 8 Command based image processing This chapter describes how to activate XITE programs from the shell command window one program at a time as well as several in a pipe and through shell scripts We will not go into detail about the different programs for this we refer to the reference documentation 8 1 Activating a program If your PATH environment variable is modified to account for the XITE system see section 2 1 all you have to do to activate a program in the XITE program library is typing the name of the program Most programs will respond with their usage and then terminate if activated with no arguments There are a few exceptions programs that are able to behave sensibly with no arguments In section 3 3 a number of help options were described In section 2 2 we explained how to specify image file names including a syntax to specify that only a subset of the bands are to be processed The file format allows every band to have its own size and pixel type and allows you to choose between a number of different pixel types Unfortunately many programs are not able to handle all pixel types the most generally accepted type is unsigned byte This
38. Ctrl z One image band Xshow Two images bands Absolute difference Signed difference Modl minus a Main menu window b Submenu window Figure 4 1 The main menu window and one submenu window generated by menu file example 4 1 on the following page 4 1 1 Program menus xshow will search for files with name xshow_menues in all the directories specified by the environ ment variable XSHOWPATH This may be overridden by using the m option in which case only the file given by this option will be read The XITE distribution contains a menu file which should be loaded automatically when the envi ronment variables are set according to section 2 1 You only need to read the rest of this section if you intend to extend or modify the menu hierarchy Otherwise skip to section 4 2 4 1 1 1 Example menu file Example 4 1 on the next page shows a simple menu file and the resulting main menu window and first submenu are displayed in figure 4 1 The example creates eight rows in the submenu Arithmetic logical 1 Generate noisy images This refers to a new submenu 2 One image band This is a menu separator 3 Negate 4 Scale 5 Absolute value 6 Two images bands A menu separator 7 Absolute difference 8 Signed difference Text to the left of in the menu file is the entry name text to the right of is the command line ordinary UNIX commands OMDNIDUAPRRUVNE Q2 Q2 C2 C29 Q2 b2 b2O
39. H environment variable by giving the UNIX command echo XSHOWPATH 38 xshow Example 4 2 shows an xshow colortabs file The file also lists overlay color tables discussed in section 4 8 Example 4 2 An xshow_colortabs file 1 2 Sample color tables file 3 Lines beginning with or are comment lines 4 Lines beginning with S start standard colortabs 5 Lines beginning with 0 start overlay colortabs 6 Lines beginning with read an include file T 8 First read all standard color tables 9 10 XSHOWPATH xshow_colortabs 11 12 Add some private color tables 13 14 Standard color tables 15 mywhite col 16 myblack col 17 18 Add an overlay table 19 20 Overlay color tables 21 myoverlay col From inside xshow a color table may be added by reading from file with the Read colortable entry of the File and Color menus New color tables also result from using the histogram or slice tools of the Tools image menu and from some of the entries in the main menu hierarchy such as RGB pseudocolor in the Color menu and From TIFF palette in the Format conversions menu The new color tables produced by entries in the menu hierarchy are automatically set active for the images produced by the same entries 4 8 Image overlays As mentioned in section 4 7 2 2 when the Reduced colors option is turned on a part of the image color table may be used to represent colors for an image overlay
40. If the main menu does not appear it means that the 2or perhaps a pixeltype specific extension such as ub unsigned byte us unsigned short or r real 3A message appearing in the terminal window starting with the string SetShellArgs and concerning the option share will be explained in section 4 7 2 1 2 3 Examples of using xshow 7 Active Images Figure 2 1 xshow Control window menufile was not found Without the menufile xshow is severely limited Make sure that you followed the initialization instructions in section 2 1 closely When you are ready to proceed select the Image information submenu from the main menu by pushing and releasing lt Btn1 gt when the mouse pointer is inside the submenu label and the List image files command in the submenu The message field in the Control window should respond with Job 12345 started biffinfo f or something similar This means that xshow starts the program biffinfo with command line arguments f If any BIFF files are found in this directory a separate text window appears place it with lt Btn1 gt if necessary listing the BIFF files Finally a text like Job 12345 finished biffinfo f appears in the message field The window labeled xshow terminal can be removed by typing q inside it Exit xshow by pushing Quit in the Control window 2 3 2 Displaying an image An image can be displayed by xshow by giving a BIFF filename as command li
41. Image Processing Laboratory Department of Informatics University of Oslo Report No 56 Xshow Colors OverlayColors Tools Options Visuals Ct muc sp P mage information Ctrl i Format conversions Ctrl Ctrl c Ctrl h mage representation Ctrl r Arithmetic logical Ctrl a Local operators Ctrl I Global operators Ctrl g Filter design Ctrl d mage analysis Ctrl e System Ctrl u Site specific programs Ctrl s z z o ae amp ll 2 3 Il My programs Ctrl m XITE X based Image Processing Tools and Environment User s Manual For version 3 41 Svein B e Tor L nnestad and Otto Milvang September 1998 Bildebehandlingslaboratoriet Institutt for informatikk Universitetet i Oslo Tittel Title XITE User s Manual Forfatter e Author s Image E Laboratory Department of Informatics University of Oslo Svein B e Tor L nnestad and Otto Milvang Rapport nr Report no 56 4th ed ISBN 82 7476 061 1 Dato Date June 1998 Resym Abstract XITE consists of display programs with image widget and graphical user interface as well as more than 200 command line programs and 600 sub routines for image processing all documented on line The command line programs and subroutine library are written in C and run under UNIX Windows NT and Windows 95 The display programs run under UNIX They work with images of arbitrary size and pixel type on 8 bit Ps
42. Overlay properties W Objnr m Regnr m Area zi Perimeter E Minmax Height m Width 4 Point Image properties I Minmaxpix E Xymean Volume Mean M Median 1 Stdev Commands Region analyse Statistics Quit Figure 5 7 Layout of xregion control panel Result of region analysis is shown in figure 5 8 on the facing page 5 7 xregion 53 Figure 5 8 Result of running regionAnalyse from xregion 5 7 5 More information Please refer to the Reference Manual for xregion regionAnalyse statistics ximage Image and Ima geOverlay Chapter 6 The ximage toolkit All the XITE display programs are based on the ximage toolkit itself an XITE component The toolkit uses the Image and ImageOverlay widgets as well as some Athena and Free Widget Foun dation FWF widgets The latter are supplied with XITE The ximage toolkit is not available under Windows NT 95 unless the X Window System is already installed In this document we focus on the usage of XITE programs so only the command line options of ximage will be described 6 1 Options ximage based programs accept all standard X Toolkit command line options The most useful additional options defined by the ximage toolkit are listed in this section Consult the toolkit reference documentation for a complete list All the options have their X resource equivalents This is the reason why some of the options have two legal forms leading and
43. TE wrapper for arithmetic decoding a BIFF image aritenc XITE wrapper for arithmetic coding a BIFF image ascii2biff convert an ascii file to BIFF format average computes the average of several bands in an input gt image bandpass make an ideal truncated lowpass filter in the gt spatial or Fourier domain bandstop make an ideal truncated lowpass filter in the gt spatial or Fourier domain bayes Bayes classification bdf2biff converts a Bitmap Distribution Format font file to a gt BIFF file biff2ascii dump part of an image in ascii format biff2pnm Convert a BIFF image to pnm ppm pgm or pbm format biff2ps convert BIFF image to PostScript biff2raw write part of an image as raw binary data biff2sunraster convert BIFF image to Sun rasterfile biff2tiff Convert an image from BIFF to TIFF format biffConvert convert image between different pixel types biffDump dump a part of an image to stdout or file biffcopy copy a biff file biffinfo extract information from BIFF file biffmerge merge several images into one image biffswap swap byte order for bands in bifEfile bifftext append a text line or edit text on image biffwrite write text on a biff image butterworth make an ideal truncated lowpass filter in the 70 gt spatial or Fourier domain canny cdoc closestMinMax color2ascii colorquant combine complexConjug compression 71 detect edges in image using Canny operator Extract documentation from comments in
44. ables Now try e g the Spectrum or Hue color table All the images in an xshow session share the same list of color tables in the Colors menu If the Colors menu contains only one entry labeled Background you are most likely running xshow on a display with immutable color maps probably with the TrueColor visual class You will not be able to switch or manipulate color tables Refer to section 4 6 and in particular to the options mentioned there for hints on using other visual classes It may also be helpful convenient to make the X server of your display use visual class PseudoColor or DirectColor as default Talk to your system manager about this for via the key mouse combination Shift lt Btn1 gt while the mouse pointer is inside an image window 4 4 Tools menu 27 Background Hork map White 256 Black 256 Bed 256 Green 256 Blue 256 Image info Spectrum 256 Histogram Hue 256 Slice Rainbow 256 Colorbar a Default Colors menu b Tools menu Figure 4 3 Default Colors menu and the Tools menu 4 3 1 Color flashing When the Work map color table is set for an image and the mouse pointer is inside the image window you should see a black and white actually shades of gray version of the image When the mouse pointer is moved outside the image the colors of the image may change depending on your display hardware This does not indicate a malfunctioning hardware nor a defect in xshow In fact probably most w
45. age formats may be imported to and exported from xshow such as TIFF pnm raw binary ascii Sunraster and MATLAB Images may also be printed on a PostScript printer When an image is displayed with xshow the colors of the image may change as the mouse pointer is moved in and out of the image window This behaviour which depends on the capabilities of your display hardware and X server is explained in section 4 7 4 1 Running a program from xshow Section 2 3 explained how to start a program from the menu hierarchy and section 2 5 1 described menu navigation the use of keyboard accelerators and permanent display of submenus Most of the programs expect parameters or input images and display resulting output images Recall from section 2 3 5 that the Mouse state toggle button of the Control window indicates when xshow expects you to choose an input image The button is described in detail in section 4 2 2 3 for easy reference If the program reads from stdin or writes to stdout a text window for the job will be created You may delete the window by hitting the q key or save it via the Shift lt Btn2 gt combination If the program writes to stderr the text will be written in the message area of the Control window To abort a program press lt Btn1 gt on the Mouse state toggle button I Refer to section 4 9 for the general command line syntax 20 4 1 Running a program from xshow 21 Arithmetic logical Generate noisy images
46. al e lynx another WWW browser giving access to the hypertext Reference Manual e man The man page for xshow will be displayed in a separate window 2or use the accelerator described in section 2 5 2 Sor the accelerator described in section 2 5 2 4 2 Control window 25 kouse N Bl Mouse JC a Insensitive N means None b Sensitive JC means Job Control Figure 4 2 The two possible states of the Mouse state toggle button in the Control window e xman e more less cat One of these programs is started with the formatted xshow manual page file as argument or with an argument specified by the environment variable XITE_HELPER_OPTION By default xshow will attempt to start the above programs in the order listed until one succeeds The environment variable XITE_DOC determines where the Reference Manual is found i e in XITE_DOC ReferenceManual Contents html The environment variable XITE_MAN determines where the formatted xshow manual page is found i e in XITE_MAN cat1 xshow 1 4 2 1 3 Quit Quit xshow 4 2 2 Info column The fields in this column give some information about the state of xshow 4 2 2 1 Images The number of image windows displayed 4 2 2 2 Jobs The number of running jobs started by xshow Press lt Btn1 gt on the Jobs command button to get a list of all running jobs The list is written in the message area 4 2 2 3 Mouse The two possible states of the Mouse s
47. al reasons 7 1 Definitions e A PIXEL is a basic unit a variable able to contain information about the intensity of a local area of a picture pixel has a certain type and thus a certain domain and a value within this domain e A BAND is a rectangular arrangement of pixels all of them having the same type e THE LOCAL COORDINATE SYSTEM To be able to name each individual pixel within a band a coordinate system local to the band is used The local coordinate system has two axes X and Y the X index grows from left to right starting with one ending with xsize and the Y index grows from top to bottom starting with one and ending with ysize Thus the upper left pixel of any band has local coordinates X Y 1 1 and the bottom right pixel has coordinates X Y xsize ysize A band in its local coordinate system is illustrated in figure 7 1 on the following page e A LINE is a sequence of pixels from one band containing all pixels with some fixed Y coordinate ordered with growing X coordinate e A COLUMN is a sequence of pixels from one band containing all pixels with some fixed X coordinate ordered with growing Y coordinate 57 58 The BIFF image concept xsize 7 ysize 4 Figure 7 1 band in its local coordinate system e THE GLOBAL COORDINATE SYSTEM We often need more than one band in an image Two bands in an image can represent the same spatial area on the surface of the earth or inside an engineering
48. al to the LUT value at the cursor position This will influence the color palette as well as the RGB THS scrollbars and numerical labels lt Btn3Down gt Replace a constant part of LUT values around the cursor position with the palette color This may influence the image Drag lt Btn1 gt Same as BtniDown The command buttons are probably self explanatory The Set patch in color range button has the same effect as lt Btn1Down gt except that the color table indices can be specified numerically 4 4 4 Color bar The Colorbar entry will display the currently active color table for the image The color table window is a regular image window but without a menu bar Only the Options menu is available with the ordinary key mouse combination Refer to section 4 5 for information about the Options menu The behavior of the color bar image deserves some explanation On a display with only one hardware color map the color table will appear with correct colors only when the mouse pointer is inside the color bar or an image which has the same active color table When the mouse pointer moves into the Control window or some other window which uses the default display color map the default display color map will be shown in the color bar This is not the full story of the color bar Refer to section 4 7 3 for the rest 4 5 Options menu Some of the entries in the Options menu available from the menu bar and shown in figure 4 7 on the faci
49. atis is again roughly speaking a synonym for man f telling man to print only the one line description of each given topic not the entire manual page If a whatis or windex database has been created by the system manager or local XITE administrator these descriptions are obtained quickly Otherwise the search will take some time or the command will fail completely depending on the local man system 3 2 6 Printing reference documentation If you would like to have the documentation about a program or function on paper to read it quietly at home both hypertext browsers and the man program can send it to a printer With the WWW browsers Netscape and Mosaic you can do this from an entry in the File menu With lynx use the p keystroke command With man you may simply type the command line 8 man t lt topic gt This will typeset the man page for printing on paper and probably also print the man page on your standard printer according to your PRINTER environment variable 3 3 Program help options Some options are generally available in all XITE programs on UNIX as well as Windows NT 95 platforms help usage Gives the usage for the program and terminates whatis Gives the one line description of the program and terminates man Gives the same as man prog This works also under Windows NT 95 although man is only available under UNIX verbose Makes some programs report the actions taking place In addition to t
50. bh2 b2 b2 b2 bo h2 hbh2 2 KR KE RP RP RP RP bk FPWwWNYNrFOOANDOTBWNFrFOVUVANDTBWNF CO 22 Example 4 1 A possible menu file for xshow Sample menu file Lines beginning with or are comment lines in first column reads an include file in first column creates a new menu in first column means that the entry is a new menu in first column creates a menu separator in first column defines a dialog blank in first column means a simple entry ONE MENU IN ONE OF THE MENU FILES MUST HAVE THE NAME Xshow root menu Xshow Arithmetic logical Others Arithmetic logical Generate noisy images One image band Negate negate lt infile gt lt outfile gt Scale scale lt infile gt lt outfile gt dialog scale Absolute value absValue lt infile gt lt outfile gt Two images bands Absolute difference absDiff lt infile gt lt infile gt lt outfile gt Signed difference signDiff lt infile gt lt infile gt lt outfile gt scale scale the input image according to the formula output x y scale input x y offset scale scale f 1 0 offset offset f 0 0 xshow 4 1 Running a program from xshow 23 4 1 1 2 Special menu file command line arguments A menu file allows a few special command line arguments These are lt infile gt Read input image indicated with the mouse lt outfile gt Send output to xshow image or color table
51. cally be set to XITE HOME doc and the front page of the Reference Manual is XITE_DOC ReferenceManual Contents html The variable XITE DOC is needed by the WWW browsers mentioned above when they are launched by xshow Appendix B General file name syntax Examples of specifying a subset of image bands were given in section 2 2 Using the meta symbols lt gt DR and x the general file name syntax for specifying a subset is lt specified file name gt lt real file name gt lt band specification gt lt band specification gt lt simple band specification gt lt simple band specification gt lt band number gt OR lt band range gt The band lt band range gt lt band number gt lt band number gt lt band number gt 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR N specification separator is on UNIX systems on Windows NT 95 systems 69 Appendix C List of available programs Below is a list of programs available in XITE On a UNIX system most of them can also be started from the menu hierarchy in xshow The display programs are not available for Windows NT 95 unless the X Window System is also installed absDiff absolute difference between two images absValue Take the absolute value of an image addGauss add gaussian random noise to an image addPoisson add Poisson noise to the output image addw add two bands pixel by pixel with weights affine affine geometric transform aritde XI
52. ce delimited indicates an empty overlay The overlay will be written to the image listed in front of it on the command line A sign in front of a color table filename indicates an overlay color table All color tables given as arguments will be available from the Colors menu of each image This resembles the effect of the ct option of the ximage toolkit However an image will be displayed with the rightmost non option color table argument preceding the image argument on the com mand line With no such color table argument the initial color table for all image arguments is determined by the ct option Without this option the images are displayed initially with the standard Work map gray scale color table Arguments which are overlay color tables are treated the same way as ordinary color tables except that they become available from the OverlayColors menu and that the corresponding ximage toolkit option is ovt 4 9 1 Examples Display an image with the standard grayscale color table g xshow mona img 4 10 Options 41 Display an image with the standard grayscale color table and an extra given color table available from the Colors menu 8 xshow mona img mona col Display an image with a given color table which is also available from the Colors menu 8 xshow mona col mona img Display two images both with the same given color table 8 xshow mona col mona img lena img Display two images with different given color tables
53. command line arguments described in chapter 6 Unless your display has multiple hardware color maps you will most likely want to use the ximage toolkit option share so that the image sum appears with correct colors when you pull the slider Band 1 50 0 50 0 Quit I Negate 1 sal Negate 2 Prey Next Save Figure 5 1 xadd control panel 43 44 Other X display programs Quit Expand Shrink Save Info Figure 5 2 xfft control panel in the scrollbar If you change the active color table you of course loose the benefit of this option Refer to sections 4 7 2 1 and 6 1 5 1 2 Examples 8 xadd img1 img2 img3 5 1 3 More information Please refer to the Reference Manual for xadd addw ximage and Image 5 2 xfft xfft computes the 2D Fourier transform of a part of an image while displaying the result Initially the input image is displayed in one window and the 2D Fourier transform of the upper left corner in another window The xfft control panel is shown in figure 5 2 You may move the processing window or ROI region of interest by pushing lt Btn1 gt at the desired new position in the image or change the size of the ROI by pushing the corresponding control panel buttons Expand and Shrink The Save button can be used to save the Fourier image in a file while the nfo button gives information about current sizes and positions The display in the Fourier window is the logarithm of the abs
54. ction mbknn mct mean median minarea minima texture measure maximum similarity 3x3 noise reduction max operator over a local window detection of local maxima multi band k nearest connected neighbour noise multi band k nearest neighbour noise reduction Create a color table from ascii data compute local mean noise reduction filtering min operator over a local window detection of local minima minmaxTexture mkFractalSra mkGauss mkHisto mklmg gt value mkMorph mkPoisson mode morphClose morphDilate morphErode morphOpen mosaic multGauss multiply negate newtitle overlap peanoScan phase pixel mapper pnm2biff power prewitt profile pseudo2rgb pseudomedian3x3 pyramid quadratic rainbow rank raw2biff real regionAnalyse regionConvexHull reorganize resample rgb2ihs rms roberts rotate run length binary saturmod scale scatter segmRandom segmSpannWilson shift img sigma signDiff snn sobel square 73 Min Max filters for texture measurement make fractal brownian motion noise make an image with gaussian random noise make and print a histogram make an image with specified size pixel type and make a morphological structuring element make an image with Poisson random noise noise removal and edge sharpening morphological grayscale operations on an image morphological grayscale operations on an image morphological grayscale operations on an image morphological grayscale operatio
55. d an overlay The overlay uses the 32 entries with indices 192 223 in the image color table and the pixel values of the overlay are transformed to this range before looking up the colors The transformation from overlay pixel value p to color table index i is by default i p mod 32 192 Refer to section 4 8 for a discussion of the use of overlays and a description of how to choose colors for the overlay 4 7 3 The color bar revisited If you turn off the Reduced colors option in the Options menu of the color bar and again move the mouse pointer into a window which uses the default display color map the color bar will look different from its appearance when the Reduced colors option was turned on Now with the option off you can see the complete default display color map in the color bar With the option on only the color table entries with indices in the range 64 191 were visible in the color bar Moving the mouse pointer into the original image which has Work map as its active color table Std overlay as its active overlay color table and the Reduced colors option turned on while the Reduced colors option of the color bar image is still turned off the color bar image will display the reduced colors version of the Work map color table in the middle in the index range 64 191 the active overlay color map in the index range 192 223 and the default display color map in the index ranges 0 64 and 224 2551 The above behavior provides a
56. d options lees 5 5 2 Examples o e coors bs va aa ANS SE Ge wep pe S die 5 5 3 More information SPYCAM Boas CCP a go oe Ee RR Ra a ee Ge ed ent 5 6 1 Arguments and options 4 llle 5 6 2 More information XfegiOl oxemsktesrg e 3m Na 9 9 9 SUR REE ONSE GG DE amp ee we oS 5 7 1 Arguments and options 0 rn rn ee eee 5 72 Editino Gata a hac E eden a s 5 7 3 Pushbuttons for region drawing ee 5 7 4 Pushbuttons for selecting options parameters bof More information se cc a ETE delos da do de dd di ximage toolkit Options te to aar dads hs de de Geer ener BR Re tail a a ef i More information aoaaa ss BIFF image concept De nitiorsz asia dale d ao e bred AMG ae besatt Bos Intosdata fa 866 deck ARA AE a Ne Gard Band d ta ss ass 4444 2 Ad ASS SE TTS EON og S S Bl ck d ta tt d Ad GENENE he ee le ee qx Bless e e ea 43 43 43 44 44 44 44 45 45 46 47 48 48 48 48 48 49 49 49 49 49 50 50 51 51 51 53 54 54 56 8 Command based image processing 8 1 Activating a program 82 Pipine 4 55i xk Ide 8 21 Examples 8 3 Shell programming 8 4 Automatic shell macro generation A The environment variables in detail B General file name syntax C List of available programs Bibliography Index vi 61 61 61 62 63 66 67 69 70 75 76 List of Figures xshow Control window aooaa a s xshow
57. de on When the cursor is moved inside an image and the Log position option is on the cursor position and pixel value are printed Default Off This can be toggled globally for all the images in the Options image menu mb menubar Start without menu bar above image windows This can be toggled individually for each image in the Options image menu multivisual multivisual Enable display of images for all available visual classes via the image Visuals menu Implies option visualsmenu ovt filename overlaytable filename Similar to option colortable but filename now contains a color table for an image overlay It will be available from the image OverlayColors menu for widgets of class ImageOverlay Image overlay command line arguments will initially be displayed with this color table Default is a built in 32 element table protect Set protect mode on It will then not be possible to overdraw nonzero pixels in the overlay plane rgb Assume that all three band images represent 24 bit color images where the first second and third bands represent the red green and blue intensities respectively If a three band image is displayed on a 24 bit plane DirectColor or TrueColor screen and the rgb option is specified the three bands will be combined into a color image If the image is displayed on a different kind of screen only the first band will be visible although all the three bands are hooked to the data structure of the image w
58. display 8 edge lt input gt xshow For file generation 8 edge lt input gt lt output gt Note that in example 8 5 the input file name 1 in the Windows NT 95 version appears twice in the script This means that a real file name has to be given you may not pipe an image into the edge script If you want to make the script more general the window sizes of median and mean as well as the threshold value may be arguments to the script This is shown in example 8 6 on the following page The example also shows how to test the number of arguments The 1 gt amp 2 appended to the echo command in the UNIX shell version makes sure that the usage message appears on the screen even if the output from the script is piped into some other program mm rcg o0o Ic cUmcrtvwr 00 IDAR C0 r 64 Command based image processing Example 8 6 Script which checks the number of input arguments bin sh if test 5 then echo Usage edge lt input gt lt output gt lt medianfiltersize gt n lt meanfiltersize gt lt threshold gt 1 gt amp 2 exit 2 fi median 1 3 mean 1 4 I N absDiff N threshold 2 5 echo off REM Windows NT version REM At least 5 parameters if 45 goto usage REM No more than 5 parameters if not 46 goto usage median 1 43 amp mean 1 44 absDiff threshold 2 5 goto end usage echo Usage edge lt input
59. dow will be logged to a file with the macro name The macro can optionally be added to the menu hierarchy as the last entry in a menu file You will be asked for the location of such a file section 4 1 1 The menu hierarchy of xshow is updated automatically to reflect the change The macro file can alternatively be executed from the UNIX command line When running a macro from within the xshow menu hierarchy you must give the input images in the same order as when the macro was generated by clicking a mouse button as described in section 4 1 A macro run may leave fewer images displayed than when the macro was generated The rule here is that only those images which were not used as input to other commands within the macro are displayed If you want to display also intermediate results use the menu entry Copy image in the File menu to display an extra copy while generating the macro A current limitation of the macro facility is that any dialog input during macro generation is fixed in the resulting macro which of course can be manually edited 4 2 1 2 Help This button will start an external program of choice How to choose a program is explained in appendix in the paragraph concerning the environment variable XITE_HELPER Some typical choices are e netscape This WWW browser will be started on the front page of the on line hypertext Reference Manual e Mosaic also a WWW browser giving access to the hypertext Reference Manu
60. drawing or different spatial areas They can have identical or different spatial resolution To store such information we use a global coordinate system For each band two parameters are used to describe the spatial resolution Xmag is a magnification factor in the X direction and ymag is a magnification factor in the Y direction If each pixel value of a band is repeated xmag times in the X direction and ymag times in the Y direction then each of these new pixels will cover the same true area as a pixel from another band in the same image treated the same way To describe the relative positions of these blown up bands we use two more parameters xstart and ystart They specify the coordinates in a global coordinate system of the pixel that is numbered 1 1 in the local system The axes of the global coordinate system must be parallel to the axes of the local systems Figure 7 2 gives an example the band from figure 7 1 is shown in a global coordinate system All six parameters xsize ysize xstart ystart xmag and ymag are integers and except for xstart and ystart they should be positive When there could be confusion between the pixels in the local coordinate system and the elements in the global coordinate system the names locel and globel could be used X xsize 7 ysize 4 xstart 5 ystart 2 xmag 2 ymag 3 Figure 7 2 band located in the global coordinate system 7 2 Info data The inf
61. enu of all man sections available For an XITE user this menu should include the three menu entries X TE programs XITE routines and BIFF format routines Selecting the first one xman will show you a menu of all available programs in the system When you select the desired program the man page for this program will be displayed a scrollbar may be used in case the manual covers several pages If you do not know the name of the needed program one solution is reading through the menu The names of the programs are chosen to describe the purpose of the program as good as possible and you may end up with a few alternatives that can be examined in full detail by selecting them in turn to verify the usefulness of the programs Another possibility is through the Options menu in xman where you may search for any keyword You write the desired keyword into the empty text field select Apropos and xman will try to find all man pages that contain this keyword in its name field that is in its name or in its one line description 3 23 man man is the traditional text based interface to the man pages on a UNIX system In its simplest form the command line man lt name gt prints the man page for lt name gt to the screen probably using a print program like more or less If there are more than one man page of the name you have specified the first one encountered will be displayed The man pages for programs man section 1 will usually by de
62. eudoColor and 24 bit Direct Color and TrueColor X11 displays Images can be zoomed and panned and colortables can be selected from a menu The main display program xshow gives access to most of the other command line programs via a menu interface which the user can customize and extend to include local programs Input images for the menu entries can be selected with the mouse and output images appear on the display This report describes how to use the display and command line based programs the image format the documentation system and how to pre pare a user account for XITE Norske emneord Indexing terms Norwegian Bildebehandling Bildebegrep Bildeprogram Vindussystemet X Farger UNIX C Windows NT Adresse Bildebehandlingslaboratoriet Institutt for informatikk Universitetet i Oslo Boks 1080 Blindern 0316 Oslo epost blabQifi uio no tlf 22 85 24 10 Engelske emneord Indexing terms English Image Processing Image Concept Display Program X Window System Colors UNIX C Windows NT Address Image Processing Laboratory Department of Informatics University of Oslo P O Box 1080 Blindern N 0316 Oslo NORWAY email blab ifi uio no phone 47 22 85 24 10 XITE X based Image processing Tools and Environment User s Manual For version 3 41 Image Processing Laboratory Department of Informatics University of Oslo Svein B e Tor L nnestad and Otto Milvang September 1998 Contents
63. f complex band 2D Fourier transform and conversion into magnitude make an ideal truncated lowpass filter in the make an ideal truncated lowpass filter in the make an ideal truncated lowpass filter in the make an ideal truncated lowpass filter in the multiply two bands pixel by pixel phase of complex image take the power of each pixel value extract real part of complex band 2 dimensional fast Hartley transform find Fourier transform phase from Hartley transform calculate power spectrum from Hartley transform an example of how to pass data to xshow noise reduction filtering 2d fourier to hartley conversion Simple gamma correction Grey value distribution of run lengths Computes Grey Level Cooccurrence Matrix Computes different features from the Grey Level gt Co occurrence Matrix GLCM grad gradient like operators 72 gradInv gradient haar haar2d haarTexture highpass gt spatial or Fourier domain histo2ps histoEq histoEqCol histoMeanStd histoNorm houghCircle houghLine ht2ft ihs2rgb imag image minmax invers runl bin isoCluster jpegde gt to a BIFF image jpegenc gt to a JPEG image kMeansCluster kncn knn lapZeroCross laplace linearTrans lit litSnn logarithm logical lowpass gt spatial or Fourier domain lowpassldeal gt spatial or Fourier domain makecdb makefvb makepseudo List of available programs gradient invers noise reduction gradie
64. f region in spatial domain image to be Fourier transformed xrm XFft ImageOverlay roiWidth 64 Set width of region in spatial domain image to be Fourier transformed xrm XFft ImageOverlay roiHeight 64 Set height of region in spatial domain image to be Fourier transformed This must equal the width of the region 5 2 2 More information Please refer to the Reference Manual for xfft fft2d logarithm and ximage 5 3 xfilter xfilter will filter a spatial domain image in the frequency domain The filter type filter order and window function can be interactively selected while the display of some or all of the involved images and power spectra are continuously updated The xfilter control panel is shown in figure 5 3 To change filter type click lt Btn1 gt on the current filter type entry and choose from the menu which appears The window type can be changed in the same manner The other parameters in the control panel can be changed either by operating the scrollbars or by editing the input fields By default the input image the logarithm of the chosen filter s discrete Fourier transform magni tude the cross section of the latter and the output filtered image are displayed Use the options 46 Other X display programs described below to change the selection of images to display The actual filtering is performed in the Fourier domain by multiplication of the discrete Fourier transform of the input image by the discrete Four
65. fault be searched prior to the man pages for routines man section 3 You will therefore get the program man page if both are available If you want the other one specify the desired section like man 3 lt proc gt to obtain man about the procedure lt proc gt or change the default section search order If you do not know the name of the desired program use man k lt topic gt to search for a module with lt topic gt in the name or in the one line description There are lots of other options to the man command see man man On some systems the man command will only search usr man In that case for programs you can use lt prog gt man as explained in section 3 3 or set the environment variable MANPATH as described in appendix A 3 2 4 apropos apropos is roughly speaking simply a synonym for man k which means that the supplied ar gument is not to be taken as an exact topic to be found in the man pages but a keyword to be searched for in the topic names and in the one line descriptions The commands man K and apropos K available on some systems are slightly more powerful than man k and apropos as 2You can find information about these programs in section 1 of the UNIX man system try e g man more 18 Help and documentation they accept regular expressions as in egrep to be used in the keyword Again in case of problems with finding the XITE man directory use the program options described in section 3 3 3 2 5 whatis wh
66. few other windows may require special color tables and therefore refer to their own virtual color maps The window manager will install the virtual color map of an image window into the hardware color map when the mouse pointer or keyboard 36 xshow focus enters the image window and reinstall the previous color map when the mouse pointer or keyboard focus leaves the image window This causes the color flashing because all the windows use the single hardware color map as a look up table while each image window actually requires the colors provided by its own virtual color map If a system has multiple hardware color maps the color flashing induced by moving the mouse pointer between windows will be reduced With e g four hardware color maps four windows requiring different color maps may appear just fine at the same time 4 7 2 Reduced versus full color display In the Options menu available from the menu bar above each image there is an entry called Reduced colors By default this option is on indicated by a mark on the left The menu entry will be insensitive and in effect turned off for visual classes with only an immutable color map The decision of using Reduced colors or not affects the color flashing or technicolor behavior as well as the possibility of using image overlays Technicolor was discussed in general in section 4 7 1 and will be treated in more detail in section 4 7 2 1 Overlays are briefly introduced in sectio
67. function is available in hypertext format as well as man files the man files are included preformatted with the prebuilt Windows NT 95 distribution 2 4 1 Reading the on line hypertext Reference Manual On UNIX to check that the on line hypertext Reference Manual is installed correctly click the Help button in the xshow Control window By default this will try to start netscape If successful it will display a page with links to alphabetically sorted lists of all XITE programs and functions as shown in figure 2 3 on the next page Also a copy of the xshow menu hierarchy is shown You may find it useful to move about in this hypertext hierarchy at the same time as you are navigating in xshow s menu hierarchy If xshow fails to launch netscape you may choose to let xshow start a different program Refer to the description of the environment variable XITE HELPER in appendix A On all platforms the hypertext Reference Manual can also be read by pointing your WWW browser to the file XITE HOME doc ReferenceManual Contents html 2 42 man To see if the UNIX man system works with the XITE Reference Manual pages give the commands man biffinfo biffinfo man and biffinfo whatis The latter two should also work under Windows NT 95 2 5 Speeding up user interaction with xshow A number of shortcuts are available for user interaction with xshow 10 XITE_HOME AdocYReferenceManuall Contents html in Windows NT 95 notation 2 5 Speeding
68. g a keyboard accelerator Click lt Btn1 gt when the pointer is in the menu titlefield the top label 2 Use the submenu keyboard accelerator without the Ctrl key Remember that the accelerators only work when the mouse pointer is inside the Control window but not on a button Either of the above alternatives will make an extract of the submenu and place it on the screen It can be moved and iconified as any other window An example of a permanent submenu is shown in figure 2 4 b on the preceding page It is an extract of the one shown in figure 2 4 a on the facing page A permanent submenu will often not be complete It contains only the command entries not entries for other submenus You may navigate inside the submenus with arrow keys or alternatively with Ctrl n and Ctrl p for moving to the next or previous entry respectively Hitting the Return key will activate a menu entry A permanent submenu may be removed by hitting the q key while the mouse pointer is somewhere inside the submenu 11The Modi key is labeled Alt on a Silicon Graphics Indy keyboard Your computer may be different The program xmodmap will tell you which key corresponds to the Modi key on your keyboard If no key is bound to Mod1 you may be able to bind a key with a command such as xmodmap e add modi Alt_L 14 Getting started Ab a Table 2 2 Accelerators for dialog window buttons 2 5 2 Control window accelerators The three button
69. ge by clicking lt Btn2 gt in an image window A new image window will pop up but instead of displaying an image it will contain a text telling you that the resulting image has a pixeltype which can t be displayed xshow is unable to display the pixel values because the result of the Fourier transform has complex valued pixels To see the absolute value of the 2D FFT result traverse the menu hierarchy again as described above until you reach the submenu Fft Choose menu entry Log magnitude Press Accept in the following dialog box then click lt Btn2 gt in the window showing the original image This will supply the image as input to the FFT program followed by a transformation which returns the logarithm of the magnitude This final result is real valued and a new window will pop up to display the result with the zero frequency in the center of the window The same result could be achieved by taking the logarithm of the complex valued FFT image which xshow could not display properly thus avoiding to recompute the FFT To do this choose the submenu Arithmetic logical its Logarithm entry and select the complex valued FFT image as input In the resulting dialog window select the field Shift band by xsize 2 ysize 2 and push the Accept button Some window managers catch these key mouse events and use them for special purposes In this case the action is not available for xshow unless you change the window manager configuration
70. gt lt output gt lt medianfiltersize gt echo lt meanfiltersize gt lt threshold gt end 8 3 Shell programming 65 You can even give the edge script the ability to process the standard XITE help options with the version in example 8 7 Refer to the Reference Manual for xiteStdOpt for information on this XITE supplied auxiliary script This is not available in the Windows NT 95 version Example 8 7 Script which can process standard XITE help options 1 bin sh 2 3 progName basename 0 4 usage Usage progName lt input gt output lt medianfiltersize gt n 5 lt meanfiltersize gt lt threshold gt 6 eval xiteStdOpt 5 5 0 0 Susage 7 8 median 1 3 mean 1 4 N 9 absDiff 10 threshold 2 5 Example 8 8 shows that file conversion from pbm format to BIFF format can be accomplished with a simple UNIX shell script using a converter from raw binary format to BIFF A separate C program in the XITE distribution will do this task more efficiently It is also available as an entry in the xshow menu under Format conversions Example 8 8 Conversion from pbm to BIFF file format bin sh grab the pbm header head 3 1 tr NO12 gt tmp pbm2biff_i_ find the horizontal size of the image xsize cat tmp pbm2biff_i_ head 2 tail 1 oo q10 0v 4 C NN n 9 find the vertical size of the image 10 ysize cat tmp pbm2biff i head 3 tail 1
71. hange the colors is to change the image pixel values 4 7 Colors Being an image processing program xshow is of course capable of displaying images with different colors Because of the wide variety of display hardware available the color models of the X Window System are fairly complex and an application may not always behave the way a novice user would expect You may have experienced the color flashing behaviour of section 4 3 with a preliminary explanation given in section 4 3 1 This section will provide more background Initially the hardware color map will usually contain a copy of the default display color map Most window based applications are designed to try to satisfy their color needs by using the closest colors available in the default color map and not request special virtual color maps to be installed in the hardware color map As long as all the applications on the screen use this friendly strategy there will not be any color flashing when the mouse pointer is moved All the windows are content with the colors provided by the default color map which is installed in the hardware color map However some applications have special color needs This is the case for xshow when displaying images The color flashing behavior is sometimes called going technicolor 4 7 1 Technicolor in general The Control window menu windows and dialog windows displayed by xshow will use colors from the standard color map while images and a
72. he standard X Toolkit command line options see the manual page for X as well as the XITE ximage toolkit command line options 5 7 xregion 51 5 7 2 Editing lt Btn1Down gt Draw line with the present class color lt Btn2Down gt Fill region with the present class color lt Btn3Down gt Clear region 5 7 3 Pushbuttons for region drawing Refer to figure 5 7 on the next page Prev Work on the previous band of the image Next Work on the next band of the image Clear Remove all regions masks clear all overlays Read mask Read a file of regions masks an overlay image Save mask Save the regions masks an overlay image in a file Save gray Save the image in a file with pixel values set equal to zero where no regions masks have been drawn Set class Set region number class for drawing new draw color The class number can also be incremented by hitting the c key inside the image window Close path Close curve Fill regions Fill all regions all holes This command will remove small areas of background pixels This can also be done for single regions by pressing lt Btn2 gt inside a region Checkpoint Save the current regions masks overlays Go back to this state by pressing the Undo button Checkpoint is performed automatically before each fill and delete operation Undo Go back to the last checkpoint state Graphics Toggle graphic overlay on off This can also be done by hitting the g key inside the image window
73. hese options activating an XITE program with no arguments generally gives the usage message and terminates the program with a few exceptions such as xshow 3 4 Image history Documentation on a completely different level is provided by the image history system which aggregates a textual description of the processing steps applied to an image Each processing step is documented by three items 3 depending on your platform 3 4 Image history 19 e Date and time of the processing usually when it was completed e The name of the program e Arguments to the program By looking at the history of an image try 8 biffinfo h lt filename gt you will see exactly what has happened to it and you may recreate the process that ended up with this image Chapter 4 xshow xshow is the main display program as well as a graphical user interface to the program library Other display programs xadd xfft xfilter xhistogram xmovie xpyramid and xregion are described in chapter 5 None of the display programs are available under Windows NT 95 unless the X Window System is already installed The typical command line for starting xshow is 8 xshow lt image gt As seen in section 2 3 xshow starts by displaying a control window a menu window and optionally one or more image windows The image data are read from BIFF files described in chapter 7 Information on how to zoom and pan an image was given in section 2 3 3 Several popular im
74. i uio no If there are many XITE users at your site it may be a good idea to create a local newsgroup for XITE to distribute the news from xiteQifi uio no Only this newsgroup needs to be on the mailing list Contact your local system manager for further details XITE has its own home page on the World Wide Web at http www ifi uio no blab Software Xite Information about new versions known bugs and documentation can be found here Chapter 2 Getting started This chapter briefly covers the basics needed to start using XITE in particular how to set up the environment and a short introduction to the main display program xshow which is also a graphical user interface to the program library More information on xshow can be found in chapter 4 Throughout this documentation the value of an environment variable will be shown in a UNIX manner i e with a prepended to the variable name like XITE HOME Under Windows NT 95 the correct way to get the value of an environment variable is to surround the variable name by a pair of 96 like XITE_HOME Also the notation for folders directories in this documentation uses the slash delimiter For Windows NT 95 replace the slash by a backslash 2 1 Setup and environment variables Before starting to use the XITE system some environment variables should be initialized properly This may already have been done for you by your local XITE administrator In section 2 1 1
75. ial Men sra e eee SAA eee ESSE es XITE on line Reference Manual front page lens submenu and its permanent version o o e A simple menu hierarchy 2s The two possible states of the Mouse state toggle button in the Control window Default Colors menu and the Tools menu llle Image information window les Histogram window 3 23 2 Roo Ro x gr 6 RR GE Y MESS D d Ue Slice WIBdOWs oim sr ere ee Be a S ae G Options MEU Ie det diee A ine ag ATA ELT RR P de e be cr s Visuals mend oe m A ke RU HR I Rt ARE Gea m A Default OverlayColors Menu xadd control panel 4 15 se ss eA EEUU emm eu hd baee Xfftzcoritrol paneles AA edes tos HIE eter User xfilter control panel ima h seder Ee a RE a en ee Omer m ad xmovie control panel I a Sea a 2s xpyramid control panel Regions drawn in an XITE overlay image with xregion les Layout of xregion control panel eee Result of running regionAnalyse from xregion a A band in its local coordinate system 22e A band located in the global coordinate system a lll vii List of Tables 1 1 2 1 2 2 5 1 5 2 Typographic conventions 00 ee es 2 Shell initialization file and XITE setup command depending on login shell 5 Accelerators for dialog window buttons o e verre 14 Filter type specification for xfilter 2 2 o 47 Window type specification for xfi
76. ier transform of the filter Actually the FFT is not directly computed rather the Fast Hartley transform is used because it is more effective than the FFT The results are the same as if the FFT had been used except for roundoff errors There are two main classes of filters available One class contains realizable filters the other contains non realizable filters realizable in this context means that the filters can be implemented in finite space The realizable filters are lowpass highpass bandpass and bandstop These are all based on the ideal Fourier transform magnitudes of the corresponding type The spatial domain filter functions are known analytically and their spatial extent is infinite In this application the spatial domain filter functions are multiplied by 2 dimensional window functions to make them realizable The resulting Fourier transform magnitudes are displayed The non realizable filters are lowpass ideal butterworth_ lp and exponential lp The for mer lowpass ideal is made from the ideal Fourier transform magnitude Instead of using the analytically correct spatial domain filter function lowpass ideal computes the spatial domain filter function via inverse FFT The result is not equal to the inverse Fourier transform on the continuous frequency domain because the frequency domain sampling results in aliasing in the spa tial domain butterworth_ lp and exponential lp
77. iles but rather set the required environment variables manually This should be done in every command window from which you want to invoke XITE commands The following commands use csh syntax and may be different for other shells Assuming a SunOS computer platform the commands may be setenv XITE_HOME local xite Depends on the actual location setenv XSHOWPATH XITE_HOME data xshow setenv PATH XITE HOME bin SunOS XITE HOME bin PATH setenv MANPATH XITE HOME man usr local man usr man setenv XITE DOC XITE HOME doc m om Mm N wm 2 1 2 2 On Windows NT 95 From the Windows NT Start menu and its Setup entry launch the Control Panel double click on the System entry and choose the Environment tab Set the environment variable XITE_HOME to re flect the folder in which XITE is installed on your system Change the environment variable PATH so that the XITE programs will be found i e add the folder name in which the XITE executable programs reside to this variable This folder may be something like XITE_HOME bin NT4 Fi nally set the environment variable XITE_MAN to the folder where the preformatted reference man ual pages in ordinary text format are located This is probably XITE_HOME man The XITE_MAN variable is required for the general XITE program options man and whatis to work 2 2 File naming conventions If any part of the XITE system asks you for a file name the name of a program file an image file a color table fi
78. ilter design and FFT These display programs do not run under Windows NT 95 The non display programs are available as commands to the command window under Windows NT 95 and to a UNIX shell A single program may be started while specifying all input and 1 3 XITE user group and contact information 3 output arguments If any argument is missing the program will complain and print a usage message sequence of programs may also be started piping images through the programs The tools of the system can be used to build new modules The tools contain three main conceptual parts set of image processing routines implementing basic image processing algorithms a set of image handling routines for administrative manipulation of disk and memory images and particularly transfer between disk and memory and finally some widgets and widget tools which simplify the creation of window based image applications The widgets and widget tools are not available under Windows NT 95 1 3 XITE user group and contact information mailing list has been established to enable contact between the users of the XITE system If you want to join or leave the list or if you have questions or other feedback to the XITE developers please send this in email to xite request ifi uio no The name of the mailing list is xiteGifi uio no Thus to communicate with other users of the system send mail to xite ifi uio no Bug reports should preferably be sent to xite bugs if
79. implement your own algorithms according to XITE standards neither does it describe how to install the system Two other manuals handle this in detail the Programmer s Manual 1 and the System Administrator s Manual 2 You should read this report carefully before opening Programmer s Manual XITE has also been described elsewhere 6 5 7 If you re anxious to see examples of what XITE can do skip to section 2 3 For detailed information on how to navigate in the xshow menu hierarchy refer to section 2 5 1 1 1 1 Typographic conventions Table 1 1 shows how various kinds of items will appear throughout this text For shell terminal command window command lines 8 represents the prompt 1 2 User interaction levels There are several ways to use the system The highest level is through xshow which is a display program as well as a menu based interface to most of the other programs The user can activate other programs in the library send along input images parts of images and other arguments When a program is finished output images are sent back to xshow and immediately displayed Output text is sent to a text window which may be saved in a file xshow does not run under Windows NT 95 unless the X Window System is also installed Apart from xshow a number of tailored display programs are included with XITE These provide user interfaces which are especially convenient for certain tasks such as region analysis animation f
80. indow In this way the Histogram entry of the image Tools menu will calculate the combined histogram for all the three bands All the three bands can be made visible e g with the Copy bands of image entry of the File submenu in the main menu window This can be toggled globally for all the images in the Options image menu For this to work you may need to use option iv Default No I Remember to use lt Btn3 gt when selecting the input image so that all the bands are passed along to the copy program 56 The ximage toolkit share Let non image windows use the same initial color map as image windows This can reduce color map flashing on displays with a single hardware color map It is especially useful in this case for applications which involve manipulation of a non image widget with real time image changes such as using the slider in the XITE applications xadd and xfilter The color map for non image windows will not change when the image color map is changed via the Colors image menu Every ximage based application will issue a recommendation to use this option if it determines that the option may reduce color map flashing The drawback of using this option is that the colors of the non image windows may not be set equal to the colors requested in the X resource file or with X toolkit options bg and fg Warnings will be issued to this effect from the X toolkit This option only works when the preferred image visual class e
81. indows NT 95 system The notation Example 2 1 Notation for processing a subset of bands in this case by using xshow g xshow imagefilename 2 Process only second band under UNIX g xshow imagefilename 2 Process only second band under Windows NT 95 8 xshow imagefilename 1 3 Process first and third band 8 xshow imagefilename 1 3 Process first second and third band 8 xshow imagefilename 3 1 Process third second and first band 2 3 Process bands 2 3 2 1 3 4 and 7 under UNIX 2 3 Process bands 2 3 2 1 3 4 and 7 under Windows NT 95 8 xshow imagefilename 8 xshow imagefilename E in the example is only available when reading from an image file not for writing The general file name syntax is given in appendix B The BIFF format is described in some more detail in chapter 7 2 3 Examples of using xshow xshow is only available on UNIX systems For detailed information on how to navigate in the xshow menu hierarchy refer to section 2 5 1 2 3 1 Starting xshow Assuming a UNIX system and that the required environment variables have been set according to the description in section 2 1 1 go to a directory where there are BIFF image files and start xshow XITE comes with a few BIFF images which are located in the directory XITE_HOME data img so you may try 8 cd XITE_HOME data img 8 xshow The xshow Control window shown in figure 2 1 on the next page and the main menu shown in figure 2 2 on page 8 will be displayed
82. is interpreted as standard output few examples follow File names should be substituted for lt input gt and lt output gt 8 2 1 Examples The character in the examples represents the prompt from the shell command window e g csh sh or the Windows NT 95 command window you are using The string lt input gt should be replaced by the name of the file which contains the input image and the string lt output gt should be replaced by the name of a file for storage of the result Example 8 1 is a command line for displaying the output of a median filter It demonstrates the use of the argument to denote the standard output of the median program as well as the standard input for xshow Also the piping symbol is used to connect the standard output of median to the standard input of xshow This example does not work under Windows NT 95 because xshow is only available on UNIX systems unless the X Window System is also installed on the Windows NT 95 system Example 8 1 Command line to display the output from a median filter of size 5 8 median lt input gt 5 xshow Example 8 2 adds a thresholding operation to the median output It uses the argument for both the standard input and standard output of the threshold program Example 8 2 Command line to display the result of thresholded median output Threshold equals 100 8 median lt input gt 5 threshold 100 xshow Example
83. lay is always used Whether the entries in this menu are sensitive or not depends on the visual capabilities of the display which visual depth is the default for the display and the ximage toolkit options multivisual and iv An example of a Visuals menu is shown in figure 4 8 4 7 Colors 35 4 6 1 PseudoColor 8 plane Create a copy of this image for display with a PseudoColor visual of depth 8 For PseudoColor visuals of depth 8 the color maps have 256 entries and each image pixel value is used to look up a color the intensity for each of the three primary colors red green and blue in a color map 4 6 2 DirectColor 24 plane Create a copy of this image for display with a DirectColor visual of depth 24 For DirectColor visuals of depth 24 each color map consists of three sub maps one for each of the primary colors red green and blue The color map is also called a composite color map Each sub map has 256 entries Each image pixel value also consists of three parts each part will index one of the sub maps directly 4 6 3 TrueColor 24 plane Create a copy of this image for display with a TrueColor visual of depth 24 TrueColor visuals of depth 24 also have composite color maps just like the DirectColor visuals However a TrueColor visual only has one color map and its entries can not be changed This kind of color map is called immutable The colors of an image can not be changed by manipulating a color map The only way to c
84. le or any kind of file name you should give the full name of the file there l This is UNIX notation On windows NT the value of an environment variable is found by surrounding the variable name by a pair of instead of prepending the name with a and the folder separator is instead of iem 6 Getting started is no standard file name extension added by the system To avoid confusion you should however standardize on file name extensions We recommend img for images maybe biff if you are using several file formats BIFF means Blab Image File Format and is the format used by XITE but XITE can also import and export a few other popular formats reasonable extension for color table file names seems to be col The system accepts tilde file for a file in your home directory and friend file for a file in a friend s home directory The latter is not available under Windows NT 95 The home directory is determined from the environment variable HOME if set Otherwise on a UNIX system the password database is enquired and on a Windows NT 95 system the environment variable HOMEPATH is used Image files in BIFF format may contain multi band images If you want to process only a subset of the bands in a multi band image you may specify this in the file name Assuming that you want to display image bands with xshow a few examples are given in example 2 1 The band specification separator is on a UNIX system 5 on a W
85. lor table will be available from the Colors menu of the image windows Image command line arguments will initially be displayed with this color table Default is a monotonously rising gray scale color map labeled Work map in the Colors menu full Do not use Reduced colors display of images to reduce technicolor problems The default is that only 128 colors will be used to display images with PseudoColor visuals and only about 2 million colors will be used to display images with DirectColor visuals This can be toggled individually for each image in the Options menu ih height imageheight height Height of image widgets The option aspect can be useful with ih along with toggling the fixed aspect ratio entry of the image Options menu iv VisualClassName Use VisualClassName for all image windows and certain parts of the histogram and slice windows Default PseudoColor Tf this is not available try DirectColor If this also fails try TrueColor Legal choices PseudoColor DirectColor and TrueColor The depth of the visual can not be chosen For PseudoColor a depth of 8 is used for DirectColor and TrueColor a depth of 24 is used See also the Visuals menu of the image widget and the options visualsmenu multivisual and rgb iw width imagewidth width Width of image widgets The option aspect can be useful with iw along with toggling the fixed aspect ratio entry of the image Options menu logpos Turn log position mo
86. lt xterm gt Send textual output to a separate text window The command must be able to interpret 1 for stdout writeBIFFfile Standard dialog ask for BIFF output filename readBIFFfile Standard dialog ask for BIFF input filename dialog dialogname Fetch argument s from a dialog There are standard filename dialogs also for other file types than BIFF files A dialog is defined over three lines and the dialogname is global across all the menu files found in directories listed in the environment variable XSHOWPATH line 1 dialogname line 2 Short help text for the user line 3 Description of expected input arguments Refer to the standard menu file XSHOWPATH xshow_menues and the Reference Manual for the FormDialog function for more information especially on the third line of a menu dialog Lines 2 and 3 of a dialog definition may be continued if the last character on the line is a backslash 4 1 1 3 Concatenating menu files If more than one menu file is found among the directories given by XSHOWPATH all the entries are concatenated to form a larger menu hierarchy Two conditions must be met for this to work 1 One of the menu files must have a top level menu with the name Xshow This file is called a master menu file 2 The names of the top level menu of each of the other menu files must exist as entries in the top level menu of the master menu file The menu file supplied with the XITE distribution has
87. lter 2arr rv ee 47 viii List of Examples 2 1 Notation for processing a subset of bands 0 o e e 6 4 1 A possible menu file for xshow o o 22 4 2 An xshow_colortabs file lees 38 8 1 Command line to display the output of a program 62 8 2 Command line to display the output of a two stage pipe 62 8 3 Command line for a three stage image processing pipe 62 8 4 Command line for edge detector with display of the result 63 8 5 Edge detector script e ve 63 8 6 Script which checks the number of input arguments 64 8 7 Script which can process standard XITE help options 65 8 8 Conversion from pbm to BIFF file format arr llle 65 8 9 Script to list all BIFF files in a directory o vnr ravn 66 8 10 Script to process a number of images erre el 66 Chapter 1 Introduction XITE pronounced excite is an acronym for X based Image processing Tools and Environment The non display programs run under UNIX System V as well as BSD versions Windows NT and Windows 95 The display programs are based on the X Window System Version 11 currently using release 5 or 6 operating in a UNIX environment It is at least being used on the following platforms e Windows NT 4 0 and Windows 95 e Sun spare SunOS 4 1 3 Ul and
88. m With the option the non image windows will use the initial image window color map This is not possible on all display configurations and using the option may also have its drawbacks in particular that the Control window may not be able to appear with the default Control window colors The share option is described also in section 6 1 Displays with multiple hardware color maps tend to avoid the technicolor problem and thus don t benefit from the Reduced colors scheme to the same degree When turning Reduced colors off the whole screen except perhaps the current image may change in terms of colors The text in the image menu bar may even become invisible Moving the mouse 13This will of course not happen on displays with only an immutable color map Mor with the key mouse combination Shift lt Btn3 gt 15 Each of the primary colors red green and blue can take a value in the range 0 255 for a total of 256 16777216 colors 16Qn 24 plane DirectColor displays each primary color is transformed to this range 4 7 Colors 37 pointer into the menu bar will bring out the menu names again and a combination of the Shift key with a mouse button will pop up the menus in the image window If you see no change when the Reduced colors option is turned off it most likely means that the display hardware has multiple color maps 4 7 2 2 Overlays With Reduced colors turned on a second image may be put on top of the first one thus calle
89. m 25 4 2 3 Active Images column s 26 4 3 Colors menus dat sna dad gear sete em e m esse kh E dens 26 4 3 1 Color flashing ss nee doo red Re c ie cr 27 4 40 Tooli menu sad ke hear ered dd dd AA eee fk sau 27 441 Image M o uem uu eo TE eee ee ee Aa 27 4 42 Flistograms Roas aria Bada Bee a de Se So See SEE ES A 28 4 42 L Aeuons past sagde a EE LISui 28 4 4 2 27 Moder 25222248 GLA EE ve de Gol brt 30 4 43 HSBC has ret San STAS SJARK SAGNET SSE GSE EYES 30 4A AX Color par rera dass s re Gk ka AE keel aa Slade do do s 32 4 5 Optionsmen z od s ka fr A GT ERED SES Id ai S 32 4 5 1 Reduced colors ss ta d dd N de mmt Ga GEN 32 4 5 2 Fixed aspect 2s A beef ere a 33 4 5 3 Menubar 2 4 43 amp h Ls sd sms bi Gr GT TORE a tad dE s 33 494 ROPA GB ud ux 33 4 5 5 ROIpermanent 4 lee ss 33 4 5 0 ROLsquare occ eee RO DD ee ee 33 45r ROLEzoom Span 5 sg SANN SE EEE ee SA mem uen d de 34 4 5 8 Interpret next as RGB e 34 4 9 9 Log positions de gk Fe eu Eee te Beil dy SOK uua 34 4 5 10 Zoomralluss ee de debe GG e EEE eee ge AAA a 34 4 6 Visuals Menta a A a ee Se sd 34 4 6 1 PseudoColor amp plane 20 0000 eee ee 35 4 6 2 DirectColor24 plane ev aaa ee 35 4 6 3 TrueColor 24 plane 2222 ls 35 AT GOLES xxx ee 9 AGE ESAME WU Eee hee Ease PS SG 35 4 7 1 Technicolor in general een 35 4 8 4 9 4 10 4 11 4 7 2 Reduced
90. mage file and pop up an image widget 2 3 3 Zooming and panning an image An image can be zoomed in by holding down the Ctr1 key and clicking lt Btn1 gt or by resizing the window using the mouse The zoom factor is displayed in the Control window A zoom factor equal to one means that one dot on the screen corresponds to one image pixel The image can be zoomed out by holding down the Ctrl key and clicking lt Btn3 gt or again by resizing the window Clicking lt Btn2 gt while holding the Ctrl key down will set the zoom factor equal to one or as small as possible if the window is larger than the number of image pixels Larger zoom changes are available by holding down the Shift key in addition to the Ctrl key An image which is only partially visible inside its window can be panned with the arrow keys usually the middle mouse button SRefer to section 4 5 2 for explanation of how the image is resized depending on whether a fixed aspect ratio should be maintained 2 3 Examples of using xshow 9 Larger steps are taken if the Shift or Ctrl key is held down 2 3 4 Histogram of an image When you have mona img displayed on the screen as described in section 2 3 2 choose the menu entry Histogram from the Tools menu in the menubar above the image This will pop up a new window containing the histogram of the image You can manipulate this by pressing lt Btn1 gt in the histogram part of this window and moving the mouse while holding
91. n The new shape is achieved by clipping If fixed aspect ratio is turned on the window manager will not show the correct size during the resize operation The final window size is in this case determined by the following rule If only one of the window width and window height is changed this will determine the new window size If both window width and window height are changed the new window size is determined by the new window width 4 5 3 Menubar Toggle the appearance of a menu bar for this image The corresponding command line option from the ximage toolkit is mb There are separate command line options available to choose which menus will be provided by the menu bar 4 5 4 ROI fill Tf set the ROT Region Of Interest will be inverted when you drag lt Btn1 gt 4 5 5 ROI permanent If set keep the last ROI visible 4 5 6 ROI square If set force ROI to be a square 34 xshow x PseudoColor 8 plane DirectColor Z4 plane TrueColor 2 plane Figure 4 8 Visuals menu 4 5 7 ROI zoom amp pan If set the ROI size and position will remain constant relative to the image when the image is zoomed and panned Otherwise the ROI will have a fixed screen size in a fixed screen position 4 5 8 Interpret next as RGB If set the next image created will be interpreted as a three band RGB image The corresponding command line option from the ximage toolkit is rgb 4 5 9 Log position If set the mouse pointer positio
92. n 4 7 2 2 and discussed again in section 4 8 With Reduced colors turned on images are displayed with fewer colors than the display hardware offers For 8 plane PseudoColor displays the option toggles between using 128 and the maximum of 256 colors For 24 plane DirectColor displays it toggles between approximately 2 million and the maximum of approximately 16 million colors 4 7 2 1 Technicolor in detail With Reduced colors turned on all image pixel values are transformed to the range 64 191 6 and the resulting value is used to look up the color from the color table This means that from a 256 element color table only the 128 entries with indices 64 191 are used Among the remaining 128 color table entries the 96 color entries for indices 0 63 and 224 255 are copied from the default color table of the display Window manager decoration ordinary application colors display background cursor colors etc are often found among the first 64 color entries In this way the rest of the display is more likely to keep its original colors even when the mouse cursor is inside the image and only one hardware color table is available If the colors of the xshow Control window change when the mouse pointer enters the image window there may be a way to avoid this Depending on your display a warning message may have been issued in the terminal window when xshow was started This warning instructs you to use the option share when starting the progra
93. n Mode menu of Image Histogram tool 30 Green entry in Mode menu of Image Histogram tool 30 Help button 10 14 24 68 help 18 high 46 highpass XITE program 47 Histogram entry in Tools menu of Image wid get 9 28 49 55 Histogram widget 48 Histogram EQ entry in Actions menu of Image Histogram tool 30 48 Histogram window Actions 9 28 29 Actions entry Exponential 30 Histogram EQ 30 48 Linear 9 29 30 Logarithmic 30 Piecewise linear 29 Reset 29 30 Send colortab 30 48 Send image 30 Send param 30 Threshold 29 Mode 28 30 Mode entry Blue 30 Gray 30 Green 30 Red 30 HOME 4 ht2ft XITE program 47 Hue entry in Colors menu of Image widget 26 39 hypertext 10 15 16 18 24 68 i 42 ih 55 78 Image widget 44 47 53 54 image history 18 19 27 60 Image info entry in Tools menu of Image wid get 27 Image information xshow submenu 7 Image widget Colors 26 28 30 37 39 41 54 56 Colors entry Background 26 Hue 26 39 Spectrum 26 White 256 26 Work map 26 37 40 55 Options 17 26 28 32 33 36 37 54 56 Options entry Fixed aspect 32 33 Interpret next as RGB 32 34 Log position 26 32 34 55 Menubar 32 33 Reduced colors 32 36 39 55 ROI fill 33 ROI permanent 33 ROI square 33 ROI zoom amp pan 34 Zoom all 32 34 56 OverlayColors 39 40 55 Overlay Colors entry Std overlay 37 39 40 White mono 39 Tool
94. n in the image and the corresponding image pixel value will be displayed in the Control window Otherwise display image size The corresponding command line option from the ximage toolkit is logpos 4 5 10 Zoom all If set force all images to get the same zoom factor during future zooming operations This does not necessarily mean that all images change zoom factor every time one image is zoomed in or out An enlarged image with all pixels visible is e g not able to get a zoom factor smaller than 1 0 The corresponding command line option from the ximage toolkit is zoomall 4 6 Visuals menu xshow was originally developed for color workstations with 8 bit PseudoColor displays capable of showing 256 different colors at the same time It should now work fine also on 24 bit DirectColor and TrueColor displays xshow will give a warning message if it does not like the kind of visual you are using A description of visuals can be found in the Xlib Programmer s Manual 8 On displays which provide more than one of the above visual classes you can choose the default visual class for the image windows and certain parts of the histogram and slice windows with option iv Otherwise the PseudoColor visual class will be used if it is available The Visuals menu lets you create a copy of an existing image to be displayed with a different visual class For the Control window dialog windows menus buttons etc the default visual class of the disp
95. ne argument Iry the command 8 xshow lena img usually the left mouse button 8 Getting started Xshow File Ctrl f Image information Ctrl i Format conversions Ctrl o Color o gP e Histogram Ctrl h Image representation Ctrl r Arithmetic logical Ctrl a Local operators Ctrl Global operators Ctrl g Filter design Ctrl d Image analysis Ctrl e System Ctrl u Site specific programs Ctrl s My programs Ctrl m Figure 2 2 xshow main menu when the current directory is XITE_HOME data img If the colors on the screen change radically when you move the mouse between windows and you don t understand why please refer to section 4 3 1 for an explanation You can also read images into xshow while the program is running From the main menu window choose the submenu File and then the menu entry Read image A file selector widget will pop up If your current directory is XITE HOME data img you should see a list of files on the right hand side Choose mona img This can be done by pressing lt Btn1 gt on the name mona img The name will be copied to the filename field in the widget Then either push the Select button or hit the Return key inside the filename field Place the resulting image widget with the mouse if necessary A quicker way to choose an image from the fileselector widget is to press lt Btn2 gt on the name mona img This will immediately read the BIFF i
96. ng Laboratory Department of Informatics University of Oslo P O Box 1080 Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway September 1998 http www ifi uio no blab Software Xite UsersManual Tor L nnestad The BIFF Image Concept File Format and Routine Library Report 29 Image Processing Laboratory Department of Informatics University of Oslo P O Box 1080 Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway February 1990 Tor L nnestad and Otto Milvang XITE X based Image Processing Tools and Environment pages 63 88 World Scientific Singapore 1994 ISBN 981 02 1510 X Otto Milvang and Tor L nnestad An image widget for image processing The X Journal 1 2 November December 1991 Otto Milvang and Tor L nnestad An object oriented image display system In Proceed ings 11th International Conference on Pattern Recognition pages D218 221 The Hague The Netherlands August September 1992 Adrian Nye Xlib Programming Manual O Reilly amp Associates Inc 1989 75 Index file 38 40 cshrc file 4 5 profile file 5 Abort button 14 absDiff XITE program 62 Absolute difference xshow menu entry 21 Absolute value xshow menu entry 21 accelerator 13 14 20 24 Accept button 9 10 14 Actions menu in Image Histogram tool 9 28 29 addw XITE program 44 apropos non XITE program 16 17 Arithmetic logical xshow submenu 9 10 21 aspect 33 54 55 Background entry in Colors menu of Image widget
97. ng page have the same effect as some of the command line options of the ximage toolkit refer to chapter 6 The menu is divided in three sections The first section entries Reduced colors Fixed aspect and Menubar concerns the appearance of the image window The second section concerns the Region of Interest ROD The third section entries Interpret next as RGB Log position and Zoom all contains auxiliary options The Region of Interest is used when only a rectangular subpart of an image is selected as input to a program started via the menu hierarchy This is done by clicking and dragging lt Btn1 gt The rectangular outline represents the ROI 4 5 1 Reduced colors This option is explained in section 4 7 2 It is insensitive for images displayed with a visual class which only provides an immutable color map The corresponding command line option of the ximage toolkit is full 120r with the key mouse combination Shift lt Btn3 gt 4 5 Options menu 33 x Reduced colors x Fixed aspect x Menubar ROI fill ROI permanent ROI square ROI zoom amp pan Interpret next as RGB Log position Zoom all Figure 4 7 Options menu 4 5 2 Fixed aspect Toggle whether the image should maintain a fixed aspect ratio The corresponding command line option from the ximage toolkit is aspect When resizing a window with fixed aspect ratio turned off the window will get the size indicated by the window manager during the resize operatio
98. ns on an image combine several images to a new one band image multiply image with random gaussian noise multiply two bands pixel by pixel negate an image insert new title into an image calculate overlapping band areas scan an image in peano order phase of complex image map pixel values into new value Convert a pnm ppm pgm or pbm image to BIFF format take the power of each pixel value gradient like operators Calculate pixel values along a line convert lband image colortable to rgb image median like noise reduction filtering create a pyramid data structure quadratic geometric transform create a color map based on ihs noise reduction filter convert raw data to BIFF file extract real part of complex band split BIFF image into regions and describe regions find the convex hull of regions rotate mirror or transpose an image stretch or compress an image Convert from RGB to IHS root mean square difference between two images gradient like operators rotate an image generate binary runlength code for BIFF image modify saturation in color map file linear scaling of pixel values make a scatterplot Create image with two regions random border segmentation by the Spann and Wilson method Set new origo on a BIFF image noise reduction filtering signed difference between two images symmetric nearest neighbour noise reduction gradient like operators take the square of each pixel value 74 squareRoot statistics s
99. nt like operators Two dimensional forward or inverse Haar transform Two dimensional forward or inverse Haar transform texture extraction from 2D Haar transform make an ideal truncated lowpass filter in the make a Postscript plot of a histogram histogram equalization histogram equalization color table linear scaling to desired mean and std histogram normalization Hough transform to detect circles Hough transform for line detection 2d hartley to fourier conversion Convert from IHS to RGB extract imaginary part of complex band find minimum and maximum in an image expand runlength coded image ISODATA clustering unsupervised classification XITE wrapper around djpeg for converting a JPEG image XITE wrapper around cjpeg for converting a BIFF image Kmeans clustering k nearest connected neighbour noise reduction k nearest neighbour noise reduction find zero crossing of lapacian edge and line detection linear image to image transformation Local Information Transform texture measure texture measure combination of lit and snn Take logarithm of BIFF band compress dynamic range logical pixel by pixel operations make an ideal truncated lowpass filter in the make an ideal truncated lowpass filter in the make cdb file v 1 from fvb v 1 Transform data into fvb format Make a pseudocolor image with corresponding gt colortable from rgb color image maxHisto maxSimilar3x3 maxarea maxima mbknen gt redu
100. nted 3 1 General documentation The following three manuals are classified as general documentation e XITE User s Manual 3 e XITE Programmer s Manual 1 e XITE System Administrator s Manual 2 The purpose of this XITE User s Manual is explained in the introduction To give end users the basic information needed to start using XITE The purposes of the XITE Programmer s Manual are to describe the BIFF file and memory format in detail and the routines available to utilize these formats e how to write new modules which use existing modules in the system e how to call ordinary image processing operations e the data structures and routines provided for region analysis e how to create X based image processing applications built with the ximage toolkit supplied with XITE on UNIX systems only e how to write new modules that are intended to be a part of the system itself The last manual XITE System Administrator s Manual is intended for those at every site that are responsible for the local installation of XITE The manual describes the installation and how to recompile parts of or the whole system 1 XITE_HOME Adoc on Windows NT 95 15 16 Help and documentation 3 2 Reference documentation For every program and most functions in the system there is a hypertext and man page description of its purpose and usage There are several ways to access this information Some of the tools you can use are e Netscape Internet E
101. o data contains all information necessary to describe the bands and other information connected to the image e TITLE A short text describing the image e NBANDS The number of bands in the image 7 3 Band data 59 e PARAM Eight user defined parameters that may contain any sort of information each with the size of an integer We recommend that the first parameter is used as an identification of the type of image The use of the last seven parameters could then be standardized among the users of this particular image type BANDARRAY Numerical information about each band containing PIXTYP The pixel type of the band The pixel type must be one of the following 9 types unsigned byte signed byte unsigned short signed short integer real float complex double precision real double and double precision complex XSIZE Horizontal band size YSIZE Vertical band size XSTART Horizontal positioning YSTART Vertical positioning XMAG Horizontal magnification factor YMAG Vertical magnification factor e NCHARS Number of characters in text data e TEXT DATA Textual description of the image The text data is a sequence of characters of any length and can even grow as new comments are added e NBLOCKS Number of blocks in block data The bands of an image may have different pixel types as well as different sizes magnifications and locations 7 3 Band data The band data contains the pixel values in
102. ogram tool 29 pipe 2 3 41 61 63 Prev button 51 program in XITE absDiff 62 addw 44 bandpass 47 bandstop 47 biffinfo 7 19 59 60 65 bifftext 60 butterworth 47 exponential 47 fft2d 45 47 fht2d 47 fhtPower 47 fork xshow 42 62 highpass 47 ht2ft 47 logarithm 45 47 lowpass 47 lowpassldeal 47 mean 62 63 median 41 60 62 63 newtitle 60 pyramid 49 regionAnalyse 50 51 53 sobel 62 statistics 50 51 53 66 Index threshold 62 xadd 10 20 43 44 46 49 56 xfft 10 20 43 45 xfilter 20 43 45 47 56 xhistogram 9 20 43 48 xiteStdOpt 65 xmovie 20 43 48 49 xpyramid 20 43 49 50 xregion 20 40 43 50 53 xshow 1 2 4 6 10 12 14 16 18 20 28 30 34 38 40 43 62 65 68 70 outside XITE apropos 16 17 cat 25 68 echo 37 egrep 18 emacs 60 Internet Explorer 16 less 17 25 68 lynx 16 18 24 68 man 10 16 18 24 67 68 more 17 25 68 Mosaic 16 18 24 68 Netscape 16 18 netscape 10 24 68 Notepad 60 source 4 5 whatis 16 18 xman 16 17 24 xmodmap 13 14 Programmer s Manual 2 15 34 42 protect 55 PseudoColor 8 plane entry in Visuals menu of Image widget 35 pyramid XITE program 49 Quit button 7 14 25 51 Read colortable xshow menu entry 38 Read image xshow menu entry 8 Read mask button 51 Red entry in Mode menu of Image Histogram tool 30 Reduced colors entry in Options menu of Im age widget
103. olute value of the 2D Fourier trans form shifted to get the zero frequency in the center of the image window 5 2 1 Arguments and options xfft is started with a command of this form 8 xfft lt option gt lt inimage gt xfft accepts all X toolkit command line options see the manual page for X as well as the XITE ximage toolkit options If your display only has a single hardware color map you may wish to use the ximage toolkit option share for the image colors to appear correctly when you push the Expand and Shrink buttons Refer to section 6 1 To change the geometry of the ROI with command line options use the general X11 command line option for setting X resources as shown in the following examples 1This is not possible if the image uses a different visual class than the default visual class of the display because the slider always uses the default visual class of the display 2 Just as with xadd this may not work 5 3 xfilter 45 Filter type ED by window method High cutoff Filter order Window type Sensitivity logiFF input 9000000e 08 Sensitivity log FF Tloutputgii 900090008 Read inimage Save outimage Save filter Quit Figure 5 3 xfilter control panel xrm XFft ImageOverlay roiX 10 Set horizontal coordinate for upper left corner of region in spatial domain image to be Fourier transformed xrm XFft ImageOverlay roiY 5 Set vertical coordinate for upper left corner o
104. orkstations will show this behavior while some don t The color flashing behavior described above will be explained in section 4 7 At this point it is sufficient to understand that the majority of computer displays have only one hardware color map but on most systems a virtual color map software table can be installed into the hardware color map The color flashing occurs because the xshow image and the other windows or display background don t want the same virtual color map installed into the hardware color map If you didn t experience any color flashing your display probably has multiple hardware color maps 4 4 Tools menu The Tools menu available from the image menu bar offers a small number of frequently used tools It is shown in figure 4 3 b The menu hierarchy provided by the main xshow menu window offers lots of other image processing tools 4 4 1 Image info The mage info entry will print some information about the image such as image title pixel type visual class depth and image history An example is shown in figure 4 4 on the next page Close the information window by hitting the q key or using the Close button 5On displays with only an immutable color map the hardware color map can not be changed or replaced Sor with the key mouse combination Shift lt Btn2 gt TRefer to section 4 6 for information about visual classes 28 xshow Image name Lena Pixeltype ImageBytePixel Image size 12 x 5123 Image
105. ouse pointer in the histogram part of the window The result depends on the action chosen from the Actions list and the mode chosen from the Mode list Before proceeding make sure that the Reduced colors option is turned on in the Options menu If the image colors turn false when the mouse pointer is inside the Mode or Actions fields of the histogram window and you find this behavior disturbing you may want to restart xshow with option share Refer to section 4 7 2 1 for more information 4 4 2 1 Actions The actions can be used to change the mapping between image pixel values and color This can be done with transformations on the new color table or directly on the pixel values The advantage of working with the color table is that it is much faster The image is updated continuously but SIf only the graph part of the histogram window appears it means that the image is displayed with a visual class which only has an immutable color map The histogram tool is then severely limited None of the actions are available when the image is displayed with a visual class which only provides an immutable color map 4 4 Tools menu 29 Hist 68 1705 262144 0 65 Piecewise linear Threshold Linear Logarithmic Exponential Reset Histogram EQ Send param Send colortab Send image Quit Figure 4 5 Histogram window the effect is the same in terms of color for both kinds of transformations Piecewise linear Use the mouse pointer
106. pixel type is well suited for handling gray level and pseudocolor images and allows 256 different colors High quality color images can be represented as three band images each band of type unsigned byte If you specify as input argument an image with a pixel type which the actual program is not able to handle you will get an error message stating this This is also the case if the size of the image is not correct A few programs may due to the implemented algorithm require that the size is some power of two that the image is quadratic or that the size is equal to that of another image 8 2 Piping Some program collections follow the design strategy that all programs always read from standard input and write to standard output always using the piping mechanism XITE uses a different strategy File names must be given as arguments to the program The reason for this is that we want to make the system as simple to use as possible for the unexperienced user Starting an XITE program with no arguments will give you the usage message Giving a similar command to another system will make the system wait forever wait for you to supply the whole image byte by byte 61 62 Command based image processing However with the XITE strategy how do you specify piping if that is really what you want The solution is the special file name If given as input file name is interpreted as standard input if given as output file name
107. pper for wavelet coding of a BIFF image Make a BIFF image containing a window function add two BIFF images and display under X11 X based interactive 2D fourier transform and display filter image and display power spectra Show the histogram of an image in XITE example application for the XITE ximage toolkit process standard XITE options X based animation movie program for BIFF images in pyramid representation of image interactively draw regions in an XITE overlay image XITE X11 displayprogram for images and GUI for image compare two images zernike moment image of a gray scale or binary image Bibliography 1 2 3 4 b 6 7 8 Svein B e XITE X based Image Processing Tools and Environment Programmer s Manual for version 3 4 Report 92 Image Processing Laboratory Department of Infor matics University of Oslo P O Box 1080 Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway June 1998 http www ifi uio no blab Software Xite ProgrammersManual Svein B e XITE X based Image Processing Tools and Environment System Adminis trator s Manual for version 3 41 Report 91 Image Processing Laboratory Department of Informatics University of Oslo P O Box 1080 Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway September 1998 http www ifi uio no blab Software Xite SysAdmMan Svein B e Tor L nnestad and Otto Milvang XITE X based Image Processing Tools and Environment User s Manual for version 3 41 Report 56 Image Processi
108. ption ovt can be used to supply a single additional overlay color table which will be used initially instead of Std overlay for the overlays given on the command line 4 8 3 More about overlays xshow does not really take full advantage of overlays in its default configuration although the ImageOverlay widget is equipped to handle free hand drawing with the mouse A different display program xregion described in section 5 7 is tailor made to handle drawing and analysis of regions In fact the overlay image mask img used above was created with xregion 4 9 Command line The general form of the xshow command line is 8 xshow lt option gt lt BIFF file gt lt BIFF file gt The interpretation of the above command line is that the characters lt gt enclose a required argument The string inside the delimiters describes the kind of argument expected and should be replaced by an actual argument pair of square brackets denotes that its contents is an optional argument Other characters in this case should be interpreted literally Trailing dots denote additional arguments of the same kind According to this xshow may be started without any command line arguments or with any combination of zero or more options and zero or more filename arguements A BIFF file can contain an image or a colortable A in front of an image filename indicates that the image is an overlay A spa
109. quals the default display visual class version Print XITE version number and exit Default Don t zoomall Turn Zoom all mode on With this mode set all images will be zoomed panned with the same parameters This can be toggled globally for all the images in the Options image menu 6 2 More information Please refer to the reference documentation for the ximage toolkit Chapter 7 The BIFF image concept The purpose of this chapter is to describe what we mean by a digital image in the XITE system This is done by describing the different elements of a digital image and the possibilities and limitations of this concept A more in depth description of the BIFF format and routine library can be found in the BIFF Manual 4 Conceptually the digital image contains three main parts the info data the band data and the block data The info data contains various information about the image textual as well as nu merical The band data contains numerical information representing the intensity distributions in the bands The image may contain any number of bands numbered from one The bands have individual sizes and pixel types Sizes are chosen freely and a set of pixel types are defined Po sition and magnification of each band is described relative to a global coordinate system Finally the block data contains whatever the user wants no restrictions are placed on it The block data is rarely used and is kept mainly for historic
110. rate simple shell scripts or macros automati cally There can be no looping in the scripts Use the button labeled Macro in the xshow Control window to generate macros Refer to section 4 2 1 1 for more information Appendix The environment variables in detail The operation of XITE depends on a few environment variables which are described in detail below Refer to section 2 1 1 for instructions on how to set the variables On a UNIX system the value of an environment variable is accessed when the variable is prepended with e g XITE_HOME Under Windows NT 95 the value is accessed when the variable is surrounded by a pair of e g XITE_HOME Most of this document uses the UNIX notation but you should be able to figure out the Windows NT 95 notation in each case XITE HOME The home directory of the XITE system on your local computer XSHOWPATH A list of directories where the xshow program should look for specific data files This will typically be equal to XITE_HOME data xshow PATH This is a standard UNIX and Windows NT 95 environment variable containing a list of directories to be searched for a matching file when the user gives a command Your standard PATH should be extended with a directory for XITE executables Under UNIX the list elements are separated by under Windows NT 95 they are separated by If your local site uses several different computer architectures different binary codes
111. s 9 27 38 49 55 Tools entry Colorbar 32 Histogram 9 28 49 55 Image info 27 Slice 30 49 Visuals 34 37 55 Visuals entry DirectColor 24 plane 35 PseudoColor 8 plane 35 TrueColor 24 plane 35 imageheight 55 ImageOverlay widget 53 55 imagewidth 55 Info button 44 Internet Explorer non XITE program 16 Interpret next as RGB entry in Options menu of Image widget 32 34 iv 34 37 49 55 iw 55 Jobs button 25 keyboard accelerator 13 14 20 24 Index c 51 Ctrl lt Btn1 gt 28 Ctrl 2 8 9 13 Ctrl f 13 Ctrl n 13 Ctrl p 13 f 13 g 39 41 51 h 14 Mod1 13 Mod1 r 13 Mod2 14 Mod2 h 14 Mod2 m 14 Mod2 q 14 q 7 9 10 13 14 20 27 51 Return 8 13 14 Shift lt Btn1 gt 26 Shift lt Btn2 gt 20 27 51 Shift lt Btn3 gt 32 36 Shift 8 9 Shift Alt lt Btn1 gt 39 shortcut 13 less non XITE program 17 25 68 Linear entry in Actions menu of Image His togram tool 9 29 30 List image files xshow menu entry 7 Local extrema xshow submenu 12 Local operators xshow submenu 12 Log position entry in Options menu of Image widget 26 32 34 55 Log magnitude xshow menu entry 9 Logarithm xshow menu entry 9 logarithm XITE program 45 47 Logarithmic entry in Actions menu of Image Histogram tool 30 logpos 34 55 low 46 lowpass XITE program 47 lowpassldeal XITE program 47 lynx non XITE program
112. s in the leftmost column in the xshow Control window have their own accelerators The Macro button is activated with Mod2 m the Help button is activated with Mod2 h and the Quit button is activated with Mod2 q The Control window is described in more detail in section 4 2 2 5 3 Dialog window accelerators In the dialog windows which pop up for some of the programs in the xshow menu hierarchy there are three buttons Abort Accept and Help The accelerators for these buttons are shown in table 2 2 For Abort and Help the mouse pointer must be positioned on the dialog window background not on any input fields or buttons 12 The Mod2 key is labeled Num Lock on a Silicon Graphics Indy keyboard Your computer may be different The program xmodmap will tell you which key corresponds to the Mod2 key on your keyboard If no key is bound to Mod2 you may be able to bind a key with a command such as xmodmap e add mod2 Num Lock Chapter 3 Help and documentation The help and documentation system is divided in two parts general information and reference documentation on each program and function The User s Manual which you are currently read ing is an example of the former while the hypertext Reference Manual consisting of html files is an example of the latter All the documentation is available on line in the directory given by the environment variable XITE DOC by default the same as XITE HOME doc It can of course be pri
113. sis November 1996 Luren Yang and Torfinn Taxt Robust Methods for Sonar Bottom Detection February 1997 Christian Wladimir Hansson Strukturgrammatikk en h yeredimensjonal grammatikk for syntaktisk m nstergjenkjenning av 3D objekter i bilder Cand Scient Master thesis December 1996 Sverre H Huseby Video on the World Wide Web Accessing Video from WWW Browsers Cand Scient Master thesis February 1997 H vard Lauritzen Raster til vektor konvertering ved simulert st rkning Cand Scient Master thesis May 1997 Irene R dsten Texture Segmnetation using Moment based Features obtained by Locally Adaptive Thresholding Cand Scient Master thesis May 1997
114. tarted to provide help when the Help button in the Control window of the xshow display program is pushed xshow will start the first program in the list If it fails it will start the next and so on By default this variable is set to netscape Mosaic lynx man xman more less cat This means that xshow will first try to start netscape a World Wide Web browser which will give you access to the on line hypertext Reference Manual Mosaic and lynx are also WWW browsers If they all fail then the manual page of xshow will be displayed by the man program more less and cat will by default display the formatted manual page for xshow The location of this manual page is given by the environment variable XITE MAN A different file can be chosen with the environment variable XITE HELPER OPTION If XITE HELPER is not set the X application resource xiteHelper is checked in the same manner XITE HELPER OPTION This can be set to a list containing command line options for the corresponding program given by the variable XITE HELPER This option is not used by Mosaic For netscape you may try remote This means that netscape will open a new window for the XITE Reference Manual from an already running netscape and not start netscape from scratch If XITE HELPER OPTION is not set the X application resource xiteHelperOption is checked in the same manner XITE DOC This is the name of the directory where the XITE Reference Manual is located It will typi
115. tate button are shown in figure 4 2 Figure 4 2 b means that the Mouse state toggle button is sensitive and that xshow expects you to select an image as input to a program started from the menu hierarchy The Mouse state toggle button enters this state when a program is started with the special argument lt infile gt in the menu file Select an image by clicking lt Btn2 gt in an image window Select an area sub band or region of interest ROT by dragging lt Btn1 gt A rectangular outline will show the selected area and the position and size of the rectangle are continuously updated in the third row of the Active Images column of the Control window Select all the bands of an image by clicking lt Btn3 gt in an image window which displays one of the bands of the multi band image 26 xshow A job started from the menu hierarchy may be aborted by pressing lt Btn1 gt on the Mouse state toggle button when it is sensitive Figure 4 2 a on the preceding page means that the mouse has its ordinary function and that the Mouse state toggle button is insensitive 4 2 3 Active Images column When the cursor is on an image xshow will update the three rows of this column First row Image name generated from the title of the BIFF image The n th band of an image with title equal to title will get the name title n If additional images have the same title they will be called title 7m for some integer m or title n Pm
116. tdev stdiff stvar subcopy sunraster2biff thresBernsen thresLloyd thresMinErr thresMI thresMICentroid thresMIComCur gt curve thresMIReddi thresMIWaHa thresOtsu thresPtile thresRidCal thresSigma thresUniErr threshold tiff2biff transpose img warp wavede waveenc window xadd xfft xfilter xhistogram ximage example xiteStdOpt xmovie gt XITE xpyramid xregion xshow 7 processing xwarp zernike List of available programs take the square root of each pixel value extract statistical information from an image calculation of local standard deviation local statistical differencing local variance copy a part of an image into a new image convert Sun rasterfile to BIFF file local variable treshold by the method of Bernsen threshold by the method of Lloyd minimum error threshold multi level supervised thresholding multi level thresholding by local centroid method multi level thresholding by Reddi using complexity multi level thresholding by Reddi et al Finds multiple thresholds by Wang amp Haralick method threshold by the method of Otsu threshold at specified percentage threshold by the Ridler and Calvard method threshold at fraction of standard deviation Uniform Error Threshold threshold an image with specified threshold Convert an image from TIFF to BIFF format transpose every band of a BIFF image polynomial control point mapping XITE wrapper for wavelet decoding into a BIFF image XITE wra
117. teractively The xpyramid control panel is shown in figure 5 5 on the next page 5 6 1 Arguments and options xpyramid is started with a command of this form 8 xpyramid lt option gt filename xpyramid supports all standard X Toolkit command line options see the manual page for X as well as the XITE ximage toolkit command line arguments 5 6 2 More information Please refer to the Reference Manual for xpyramid pyramid and ximage 4 Just as with xadd this may not work 50 Other X display programs Pyramid 8x 8 pixels 32 colors Figure 5 5 xpyramid control panel 5 7 xregion xregion is used to interactively draw regions in an XITE overlay image and have the regions analyzed statistically The overlays are drawn with an overlay color palette Each color may represent a class in a classified image xregion has an interface to regionAnalyse and statistics which makes it very powerful The regions can be stored as masks in an output image file with background equal to zero and region pixels equal to a user specified value 1 254 default equal to one Regions must be filled with the same class number as they are drawn with An example of running xregion is given in figures 5 6 on page 52 5 7 on page 52 control panel and 5 8 on page 53 5 7 1 Arguments and options xregion is started with a command of this form 8 xregion lt option gt lt image filename gt lt maskimage gt xregion accepts all of t
118. to the location of the XITE hypertext Reference Manual XITE_DOC ReferenceManual Contents html The first screen of the hypertext Reference Manual provides two possibilities for looking up refer ence information The first is via lists of either XITE programs XITE routines or BIFF format and routines much the same way as for man pages accessed with xman see section 3 2 2 In fact the information in the man pages is the same as in the hypertext Reference Manual The second possibility is through a hierarchy which is similar to the menu hierarchy in the xshow display program On a UNIX system if you are running xshow and a WWW browser at the same time this is a convenient way to learn what each program is doing The browser will most likely allow text search in the reference documentation of each program or function search mechanism can also be set up to allow full text searches in the complete Reference Manual Ask your system administrator about this Documentation about the latest version of XITE is of course also available on line from its authors at the following address 3 2 Reference documentation 17 http www ifi uio no blab Software Xite 3 2 2 xman xman is an X based application offering a graphical user interface to the man pages on a UNIX system This application is a part of the standard X distribution from MIT but may not be available at all sites contact your local system manager xman will display a m
119. up user interaction with xshow 11 XITE Reference Manual For version 3 4 The XITE Reference Manual provides access to all documented XITE executable programs and functions including those which handle the BIFF image format and the ximage toolkit Sorted lists e XITE programs e XITE routines e BIFF format routines xshow menu hierarchy File Image information Format conversions Color Histogram Image representation Arithmetic logical Local operators Global operators Filter design Image analysis System Site specific programs My programs Figure 2 3 XITE on line Reference Manual front page 12 Getting started Local operators Local extrema Ctrl L General convolutions Ctrl G Gradient operators Ctrl O Laplace Ctrl A Compass Ctrl S Median and rank Ctrl R Nearest neighbor Ctrl N Canny edge detection Modi C Local information transform Maximum similarity mean Maximum similarity mean Local operators Canny edge detection Mod1 C Local information transform Closest of min and max Closest of min and max Standard deviation Local variance Local variance threshold Statistical differencing a Submenu Standard deviation Local variance Local variance threshold Statistical differencing b Permanent version of submenu Figure 2 4 Local operators submenu and its permanent version 2 5 1 Navigation in
120. ut not on a button you may type e g Ctrl f i e hold the key labeled Ctrl down and hit the f key This will pop up the File submenu where the mouse pointer is located You can choose one of the menu entries as usual by clicking the mouse over the chosen entry Most of the submenus in the menu hierarchy may be popped up with a keyboard accelerator sometimes called a keyboard shortcut They typically require some key combination including the Ctrl key In the submenu File some of the entry labels contain a right justified string starting with the letters Mod1 followed by an additional letter If you again move the mouse so that the pointer is inside the Control window but not on a button you may type e g Mod1 r to read a BIFF image from file This will pop up the file selector widget directly Notice that there is no need to first pop up the submenu The majority of the command entries in the menu hierarchy can be executed via keyboard accel erators They typically require some key combination including the Mod1 key Each individual user can change the default keyboard accelerators Refer to the Reference Manual for xshow and its description of X resources for details 2 5 1 3 Permanent display of submenus Extracts of the submenus can be placed on the screen for the duration of an xshow session This can be done in two ways 1 Pop up a submenu either by traversing the menu hierarchy with the mouse pointer or by usin
121. utterworth lp exponential lp Table 5 1 Filter type specification for xfilter rectangle bartlett triangle hamming hanning Table 5 2 Window type specification for xfilter order filter order For the window based filters this is the filter size in pixels diameter of window function For the Butterworth and Exponential filters filter order is the parameter in the defining formula It can be adjusted with a slider after startup The default value is 41 For the lowpass_ ideal filter this option has no meaning wtype window type Type of window function to multiply with filter in the spatial domain Use one of the strings in table 5 2 The default window function is hamming This option applies only to the Ip hp bp and bs filter types rms Do not calculate and display the RMS difference between input and output wall Display input FFT filter and output FFT in addition to input output filter FFT and its cross section win Do not display input wfin Do not display input FFT wfilt Do not display filter wffilt Do not display filter FFT wout Do not display output Also implies option rms wfout Do not display output FFT wcross Do not display cross section of filter FFT 5 3 2 More information Please refer to the Reference Manual for xfilter lowpass highpass bandpass bandstop lowpassldeal butterworth exponential fft2d fht2d ht2ft fhtPower logarithm
122. we show you the easy way to do it when XITE has been installed properly in appendix we explain the meaning of the environment variables in detail 2 1 1 Recommended setup 2 1 1 1 On UNIX platforms The most straightforward and recommended way of initializing the required environment variables is to invoke XITE setup files from the initialization files of your login shell If your login shell is csh insert the command source XITE_HOME etc xite_cshrc in your HOME cshrc file where HOME represents your home directory and XITE HOME should be replaced by the path to the XITE home directory Table 2 1 on the next page can be used to determine the shell initialization file and what command to insert in this file depending on what login shell you have Your system manager will hopefully maintain the XITE setup files and modify them if necessary 2 2 File naming conventions 5 Login shell Initialization fl HOME cshrc source XITE HOME etc xite cshrc HOME profile XITE HOME etc xite profile Table 2 1 Shell initialization file and XITE setup command depending on login shell Replace XITE HOME by the actual path to the XITE home directory Log out and in again for the changes to take effect 2 1 1 2 On Windows NT 95 Refer to the next section on manual setup 2 1 2 Manual setup 2 1 2 1 On UNIX platforms To just quickly try out some XITE capabilities you may choose not to edit your shell initialization f
123. will most likely be found in subdirectories e XITE_HOME bin NT4 for Windows NT 4 and Windows 95 e XITE HOME bin SunOS5 for Sparc under SunOS 5 Solaris e XITE HOME bin SunOS for Sparc under SunOS 4 e XITE HOME bin IRIX for Silicon Graphics e XITE HOME bin OSF1 for DEC alpha e XITE HOME bin ULTRIX for DECstation and so on The directory XITE HOME bin should always be in your path shell scripts may be found there MANPATH MANPATH is used by the UNIX man command on some systems while man on other UNIX systems may construct a MANPATH automatically from PATH If the man command on your system needs a MANPATH variable it must be a list of all directories in which the man system should start searching for man files If you have al ready defined a MANPATH it can be extended with XITE HOME man If you have no such environment variable it may be defined as 67 68 The environment variables in detail XITE HOME man usr local man usr man or something similar Consult your local system manager if you don t know where to search for man files XITE MAN This determines the location of the manual pages for XITE on both UNIX and Windows N T 95 systems It is used when an XITE program is given one of the options man or whatis It is also used by xshow when the Help button in the Control window is pushed and the helper application is more less or cat XITE HELPER A colon separated list of programs one of which will be s
124. x xadd XITE program 10 20 43 44 46 49 56 xfft XITE program 10 20 43 45 xfilter XITE program 20 43 45 47 56 xhistogram XITE program 9 20 43 48 ximage toolkit 15 32 34 37 40 50 53 54 56 xite bugs ifi uio no 3 xite request ifi uio no 3 xite ifi uio no 3 XITE_DOC 15 25 68 XITE_HELPER 10 24 68 XITE_HELPER_OPTION 25 68 XITE_HOME 4 5 XITE_MAN 5 25 68 xiteHelper 68 xiteHelperOption 68 xiteStdOpt XITE program 65 Xmag 58 xman non XITE program 16 17 24 xmodmap non XITE program 13 14 xmovie XITE program 20 43 48 49 xpyramid XITE program 20 43 49 50 xregion XITE program 20 40 43 50 53 xshow XITE program 1 2 4 6 10 12 14 16 18 20 28 30 34 38 40 43 62 65 68 70 xshow menu hierarchy Absolute difference 21 Absolute value 21 Arithmetic logical 9 10 21 Color 38 Complex result 9 Copy bands of image 55 Copy image 24 Fft 9 File 8 13 24 38 55 Format conversions 38 65 From TIFF palette 38 General convolutions 12 Generate noisy images 21 Global operators 9 Image information 7 List image files 7 Local extrema 12 Local operators 12 Log magnitude 9 Logarithm 9 My programs 23 Negate 21 Read colortable 38 Read image 8 Reduced colors 28 RGB pseudocolor 38 Scale 21 Signed difference 21 Site specific programs 23 Weighted sum 10 xshow_colortabs file 37 38 40
125. xplorer Mosaic lynx etc hypertext browsers e xman UNIX only e man UNIX only e apropos UNIX only e whatis UNIX only e standard XITE program options described in section 3 3 The main problem with the information available in a standard UNIX man library is that it is organized as a flat collection of man pages If you know the name of the desired module obtaining help is quite easy When all you know is the desired effect obtaining help is a lot more difficult With a hypertext browser such as Netscape pExtPrgFSInternet Explorer or Mosaic however this is much easier and natural The following is only a quick tutorial of the possibilities Start e g Netscape or use commands like man lynx man xman man man etc to obtain the details the man command is only available on UNIX systems 3 2 1 Hypertext browsers Hypertext browsers can be used to get textual information as well as digitized pictures video and sound An information source may also refer to other sources in the form of hyper links This can be used in a reference manual system where the documentation for a program or routine typically refers to other programs and routines If the environment variables described in section 2 1 have been initialized you can find the hy pertext Reference Manual from inside xshow as described in section 2 4 1 if you re on a UNIX system You can also read the manual by starting your favorite WWW hypertext browser and pointing it

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