JAPANESE INPUT METHOD INDEPENDENT OF APPLICATIONS
Contents
1. esult all applicati PROFILE DATABASE FILE the front end input process ns convers tring in p applicatio ms all no di rect ons ULTRIX KEYBIND PROFILE and and of the Japanese input manipulator and is ion in but accepts key input reediting n passes the Japanese nanipulation ts the preediting string is independent of any including use HM igure 8 Henkan Module Function APPLICATION HM can acc r ss th s of resourc IMLIB zr EDITING RING This feature helps the un reduces th ification of the Japanese input user interface and significant application Japanese conversion engines and implemented PLUGGS number of similar product conversions capability We defined the common progra HM has another minimum ming interface to potentially accept all in HM Therefore HM can use one or more engines for kana to kanji conversion HM Mechanism HM is a tool key input to it HM calls Because HM h allocates de we used a ca later in the HM operates by key input Overview that any application can use HM by a normal procedure call An application passes After HM processes applicatio andles large string buffers allocates memory To ensure that memory n routines with the processed result it dynamically is retained desc2. n the ffe con nto a process for overflowed FIP n inues later versi he produc eediting Some appl o the limi LONS function lications ta s not code e ter SO ina detect the re app iver the d Li d input termina that is to process tio defined by an co Al ES n oO a mmunicate ngi inate key is expli ci to g th y input we implemented a pseudo driv na catio Japanese To overco s mechani ions of sm does not FIP and ad cation Tdriver so FIP ad with string me these d Fidriver to n befor processed by the TTdriver they at ELE FIP processes all Digital activating deacti the it is available deac Figu the Figure 10 FIP SQIO READ tivated re 10 shows Japanese input TTdriver to ge Tdriver t with the drive pass the resul vat Mechanism Overview unti FIP and its e An applicatio user inputs hrough the FlIdriver rs and the Japa tant string as well as p Japanese input opera L Command Language ing FIP the user DCL com Once a us logs ou nvironmen but FIP Environment for Manipula tions using nand INPUT er activates or the sys for the ma tches th AN APPLICATION END START RE EST 4 f is
3. ion or a client s image fy the connection to a client he connection ET library presents programming for the Japanese conversion ted between an application and yes IMCP is a command line the CI serv inte HM has a conversio select fro the CIS he Canna nvironment A user sets roxy to a Japanese system dictionary at a remote node on the and IMCP administrates a proxy database confirm the status of the server a rver from the IMCP A user can t a command line and can shut rface n engine dispatcher that can several Japanese conversion engines HM CIserver Digital Japan the Wnn Omron NEC and the JSY Digital Japan engines an application that uses HM as the Japanese conversion interface can select i ts preferred ngin EXTENSION IN THE FUTURE In this section we describe the possibilities for internationalization of FIP HM IMLIB the CIserver and the FIdriver Although our approach does not provide a multilingual input method it does provide an architecture that can be used for any language FIP has a multibyte I O operation that can be applied to other two byte languages In addition all the read write communications among FIP the FIdriver and the TTdriver proved able to handle one byte languages such as English Also IMLIB can expand its keybinding system for conve languages of other languages
4. nipula n issues I O requests to the tion of Japanese I HM We supplied START FIP tem STOP for rom DCL tion of requests from Then FIP starts to co nese string conversion engi reedits to a scree municate ne to N nput DICTIONARY CONVERSION ENGINE THE ST ESULT RING E EQU EST lt END START CONFIRM FIP E BACK THE ESULT SQIO READ WRITE TIDRIV lies EQUE INT ERC EP T OF READ QIO wn 10 H O AST FIDRIV Gl TERMINAL H NPUT DEVI CE The sequence of the f 10 L 12 13s Fldriver An applicatio A front end i ront end input process follows n creates a front end input process nput process exchanges packets with an application through its mailbox An application issues a queued I O QIO read request to the TTIdriver The FIdriver intercepts the request and passes the information to FIP as a packet FIP issues a QIO read request to the TTdriver to get input strings for conversion A user inputs a key from a terminal FIP receives the input
5. JAPANESE INPUT METHOD INDEP END ENT O By kahide H ABSTRAC The Japanese preediting op an input devi keybinding sy kana to kanji manipulators separates an layers perf henkan conve application c is handled by INTRODUCTION In envi this this paper ronment o overview An applicati orm all operations including nd imp F APPLICATIONS onma Hiroyoshi Baba input me ns ce must nav eratio thr and Kuniaki Takizawa the Ss stem a man conversion system accelerate input ope application from the on can use a ipulator rsion module e all opera method lib a an execut an input ystems for for preediting anda rations Our Japa I O leme An app nt I O tions except rary operation keybinding thod is a complex procedure involving An application that accepts Japanese from input method a Various keybinding systems and implementation nese input method in three ront end input processor to lication can use the itself An which we first present an overview of the technical f the Japanese input method imple the critical issues for co user Our mos similar but Another issue to use the ma approach to t overcomes th we briefly describ rsion of Digital t critical engineeri nve entation Based on s products fo
6. tion has to stop for example This ab X Window System HMConvert performs a co information rnal status nds a a key to longword ne s FH CT Le a user can neralized Japanese and loads neces dynamically we nd routine creates a context for HM a user defined data he callbacks ion as its arguments HM that hen processes the describe Tt and an The key is is generated that Key rom an by a scap IM A sum routine aborts t It is used w WEB sequenc function HMKeysymToKeycode nversion interprets in ary of what is the Mechanism Overview section he conversion and hen the the input for a particular f an application issues the cancel HM is HM requires thr callback routines start_conversion format_output and end_conversion They are used as follows fe start_conversion This routine is called when the conversion string input is started The application memorizes where the cursor is positioned o format_output This routine is called whenever th information to be displayed has been changed The application updates the screen fe end_conversion This routine is called when the input string is determined As a result the application takes the string passed in the argument of the last call of format_output into its input buffer The user defined d
7. a candidate from this manipulator onto output devices ration except for to implement this IMLIB and finished at the In the following sections front end ab I e t A t a O oO m m K I s t qd s K K K MPLEM MLIB unc peration nd feel of introduced two databases K look a K nd feel D compiler EYBIN s ment ext ed diffe ur method uni f inpu odel for this odel L EYBIND Database everal th ingle key input EYBIND database fin EYBIND database ENTATION OF tion and other This capabili keybinding systems look a and he grammatical e ioned in the introductio of Japanese input itors on various operati rent edito fies the input operatio styles and recognized input operation n detail 5 6 In this paper n the Japanese input operation conversion actions and state trans he multiple trans conversi EYBIND database IMLIB infor th r interfac ation for cus ty enables us A user can change us an applicatio rror at run time Ny styles on PCs A iti action We and language EYBIND for n s usage for improved performa the or some word p ng sys entering ons incurred during i Lon actions and some sta implemented th Figure 5 is A user builds an input s the mod inpu by nce and t
8. a final remark we acknowledge Eiichi Aoki an engineering manager of ISE Japan and Hirotaka Yoshioka in the ISA group for their encouragement in writing this paper REFERENCES Py Guides to the X Window System Programmer s Supplement for Release 5 Sebastopol CA O Reilly amp Associates Inc 1991 Dir Standard X Version 11 Release 5 Cambridge MA MIT X Consortium 1988 EA K Yoshimura T Hitaka and S Yoshida Morphological Analysis of Non marked off Japanese Sentences by the Least BUNSETSU s Number Method Transactions of Information Processing Society of Japan vol 24 1983 4 K Shirai Y Hayashi Y Hirata and J Kubota Database Formulation and Learning Procedure for Kakari Uke Dependency Analysis Transactions of Information Processing Society of Japan vol 26 1985 5 IMLIB OpenVMS Library Reference Manual in Japanese Tokyo Digital Equipment Corporation Japan Order No AA PU8TA TE 1993 6 User s Manual for Defining User Keys in IMLIB in Japanese Tokyo Digital Equipment Corporation Japan Order No AA PU8UA TI EJ PA RADEMARKS he following are tr DEC OSF 1 AXP DECwi OpenVMS VAX ULTRIX Motif and is a regis Foundation Inc Unicode is a tradema X Window System is a Technology BIOGRAPHII Fl n 93 ademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation ndows DECwrite Digital OpenVMS AXP and VMS tered trademark of the Ope
9. dri can get the Japanese st A or abort nan application to the TTdriver terminal read requests and FIP passes its completion message with its processed the FIdriver validate f the TTdriver had retu the information to FIP Functioning as FIdriver and maintains s it and completes a user s rned it Thus the ring without modification ions for 1l the ope FIP Functional Structure FIP EVENT MANAGEMENT als pe KEY EVEN FIDRIVER MAILBOX ACTION CONTROL EVENT EVENT TERMINAL HENKAN ACTION MODULE ng opera Eo th Mailbox Gp Pi wit mailbox a as set ter de tart so ina Et n FIdriver h an application essage f Ces se thr vent The mailbox event provides communication ad request to tions in the front end input pr vents rations iven by the mailbox event and the key event exception in the the Figure 11 shows the functional ocess FIP issues a r The mailbox event not rom an appli cation request to the FIP starts to initialize i itself at the ti livered to its mailbox P Event commun a request a packet FIdrive de request ie Key Event TTdriver ica tion with the for FIP FIP and this event is set livered A request is ca
10. input operation by using IMLIB kana to kanji conver ber calls back the application rt FH Ct After rou rs W it processes t he romaji to kana converter he input key tines There are s romaji to kana conv romaji to kana conve change this table to a he kana to kanji co onversion library he interface routi t the initializatio co o e t a Services HM provides three basic routines HMEndConversion HMInitialize rte nve Many Japanese conversion ach one is used diffe ne t of the HM context n nversion request wit 5 This r drive another rter mo rently hat abs h any en 17 library entries HMInitia accepts three callback ter that li poin item HMConvert o ya ne rom im ee a the keycode accorda executed was HMEndCo resets applica reason request nvers Callback Routines st for Th represented as a 32 bit da function keyboard sends o keysym nce with t would be passed to t initial vV and the TE ral types of implemented a submodule n by a convers dule is a ge The kana to kanji orbs these differ ion tab engines exist converter It t gine In this section lize HMConvert a ries ent informat is routi HMEncode of and the he n in give ion an inte
11. its resources while the remote server processes the conversions In addition many users can access a common dictionary on the specific remote node It is possible for any local user to access a dictionary on a remote node if the CIserver on the node is active CiIserve The object inding then ines ct u Iserve nspo mail cra r Che a cer minat CIserver Cl a tl box disconnec n ame is the name of a transpor creates corresponding nd waits fora communicates with IMSCISERV ER 7 con it sha nect s cl j reable images initializes itself a logical table maps i required request from a client The ent via a mailbox at the he ClIserve protocol in ts ion and specify a conve i vel and Th reques The ent ib interfaces Thes serv S reads a message a connect abo CIserver al can rsion rary S N tring mani a the CIserver body interface to customiz pP network down the se Other Serve dynamically now serves Company Therefore t S Input Method Control Program stream ts ide The clien callable routines that execute various ipulations and operations CIserver client library is loca IMCP in n in he asynchronous system trap to such as a connect request
12. predefines the INDE purp inpu defi plac reco Figu KEYB The the memo sends it the B represent each environment This record format ose however IMLIB defines some INDEXes related t operation because it requires some common envi rd from a PROFILE database IND Compiler this rela tionship ong the IMLIB components N H n specific nal the X Window ral records as the style X for Fts to Japanese onment nitions The range or value corresponding to the INDEX is ed in the right hand side of the record Figure 6 shows a re 6 PROFILE Database Record DEC JAPANESE KEY keybind im_key_jvms_level2 DEC JAPANESE KEY keybind_1 im_key_jvms DEC JAPANESE DISP preEditRow current DEC JAPANESE DISP preEditColumn current DEC JAPANESE DISP inputRendition bold DEC JAPANESE DISP kanaRendition bold DEC JAPANESE DISP currentClauseRendition reverse DEC JAPANESE DISP leadingClauseRendition none DEC JAPANESE DISP trailingClauseRendition none DEC JAPANESE ECHO ascii hankaku DEC JAPANESE ECHO kana hiragana DEC JAPANESE ECHO autoRomanKana off DEC JAPANESE OUTRANGE clauseSize none DEC JAPANESE OUTRANGE clauseNumber rotate DEC JAPANESE OUTRANGE cursorPositi
13. stri Lator rigi the Japanese Lon wi is automatically e a user tel ERSION SYST mus Lal n set this system to convert input to another expression for example automatic conversion of romaji to PC input method intelligence lly has only statistical ing as handled by HARACTER HANDLI R SYSTEM n Japanese and an i nal Digital user does h the nte explicit keystroke nput This system analyzes the input and constructs the tically Many personal computer In NG we not red y This th ication but it requi S t y separa the us xtra step between the o sligh user yd ust using Environments ifferent keybind learn more tha multiple products LESS iginal product s key Japanese input function each pro O duct ing system for Japanese n one Japanese input re widely used in many offices and are popular devices for Japanese input Natu PC keys some se integra often pr environme tro rs When into envi rs the PC is rve ted f nt th rally a user wa ke for Japanese input eve PCs which use fac TH mor In addition environment method This kit ket for groups nents N oO ar ma E t in who imple o i m wo O ther is mplementa aintenance free cost tions In the next sec of an applicat our design
14. were integrated envi input method P access the int capture the f tion 1 2 ree sof or a distribu has some sample gives a user the Japa One is we p lon independent Japanese input to include the PC keybinding system ronments so users could select their preferred to supply a tool that would easily convert to provide a way to rfaces of several Japanese engines and thus tware capabilities roducts for the Japanese user requir nts a user kit for impleme e tion nese the PC f m vendor who supplies hout guarantee and resent our approach ntations of re choices for has input method separates vendors into ront end processor manufacturer more advanced techniques but at the UNIX syste wit a high price input thus reduces the The nts to operate with a familiar n in integrated systems i front end processors ronments with VMS and UNIX systems s inter LN are a user integrated a user s the X Window System in a UNIX the Japanese input input at no cost The to the development nethod goals of in and 3 APPLICATION INDEPENDENT APPROACH As described in the previous section the Japanese input method includes complex techniques Many PC software vendors but not manufacturers decided against developing their own methods a
15. MLIB hen passes nd LTRIX Japanese versio yste ny applicat nd ng Es nput method of efinition files hange the appl s a result this point he input method f led the fron it to an released i this facil layering s oducts for We named Layers to reduce the cost the Japanese user 2 to unify the rface and 3 to protect the user s in a keybinding system trategy were 1 to set the keybinding system into the our system the input method library t on VMS Japanese version 5 5 and n 4 3 We also ported it to the Alpha AXP ity is available on any Japanese platform ion using our th f ope If icati on an applicatio we co N the pseudo ter i rmediat na an application supports IMLIB nsidered t rom applications t end application Many f ethod needs to use IMLIB is keybinding system allows a user to change the ration to any style by changing the IMLIB a user can operation by changing IMLIB once key customization function can move s input n s t method of intermediat the i he simples Th ethod processes all ront end in UNIX or FT separating process input and plementations driver pty in OpenVMS I O to int rocesses Th nput h TEG is imple requests is operation all P MB Ww and ocess gets all nal and from an applicati
16. TART_SELECTED LOWER GOTO converting START ECHO GOTO inputting IMLIB allows the user to change the different input sequence wi vector For the user s convenience IMLIB p databases of the major Japanese input When an application calls the ImSetKeybind fu KEYBIND binary file into memory Each time t the key input it queries the key s searches the KEYBIND file for the that information called an action nction function from IMLIB key s definition and returns to the application keybinding and to choose a th a different state transitio rovides some KEYBIND styles in default n it loads a he application gets IMLIB Each acti on is a set of orders that has a different procedure for Japanese conversion For example the action CONVERT means to conv also the PROF he look ert an input string to a kanji string At that time IMLIB naintains Japanese input states and if necessary changes state ILE Database Japanese input operation has many parameters to determine its and feel such as the video attribute for the preediting string preediting exception handling and applicatio processing The PROFILE database stores these additio parameters the same way as the resource file does in System The PROFILE database is a text file It contains seve that of INDEX value The application
17. acter If the input key is for line editing for example to delete a line or a word or to refresh a line FIP emulates the line editing function of the TTdriver so its editing function is executed FIP stores all user input and read request information from an application in its internal buffers and database The buffers contain the codes of user input and corresponding video attributes to display The database contains item codes in a read request channel numbers to connect other devices and so on FIP creates a new database when the updated read request from an application is delivered in other words when the FIdriver event is set Also FIP adds the ASCII code and an attribute of the updated user input into buffers when a user inputs that is when the key event is set Q H ENT SERVER CONVERSION The use of a client server conversion has two advantages 1 It reduces the required resources for language conversion by distributing some components to other systems and 2 It presents an environment that shares a common dictionary ee ll procedures for the Japanese conversion require large system resources such as CPU power A user can place the conversion information server CIserver and a dictionary on a remote node and call some functions of the CIserver client library to get the resultant string In this way a local system saves
18. and decides whether or not to call a routine of the conversion engine If an input key is recognized as one of the conversion keys FIP calls the routine and passes the input strings If not FIP issues a QIO write request to the TTdriver to echo an input character A conversion engine receives a string and converts it to the Japanese string A conversion engine returns the result to FIP FIP issues a S QIO write request to the TTdriver to display the resultant string from the engine and arranges the current editing line Steps 5 to 9 are repeated Once a user inputs the Terminate key of an application s request FIP recognizes it as a terminator and returns the entire resultant string to the FIdriver as a write packet The FIdriver sends the result string and I O status to an application An application accepts the converted string After executing its internal process it issues another QIO read request to the TTIdriver Return to step 3 The FIdriver is a pseudo driver that intercepts QIO it read requests f a bridge betwee gets a read reque When FIP re Japanese string read request as user applicatio for Japanese inpu he FIdr n n iver has handling such as F F Ss Figure The followi correspond e Idriver event ront end input process ar ro Cu i Sty rns the t method other notification funct logout ront end Input Process Operations cancel
19. ata pointer one of the arguments for HMInitialize is always passed to these callbacks Since not concerned with its contents the user can put any kind of information into it HM is availabl OSF 1 AXP opera odule s indepe appli ting systems ndence from physical I e on the OpenVMS VAX OpenVMS AXP O ULTRIX and D This portability is due to the The major client ications working on these operating systems are DECwindows Motif Japanese SMG and the front end input process IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FRONT END INPUT PROCESSOR The front end input process FIP for a dumb terminal supports full operations for the Japanese string manipulation FIP is implemented on the following operating systems OpenVMS Japanese VAX version 5 5 2 or later versions and OpenVMS Japanese AXP version 1 0 or Full Operation The o par con con its riginal pr ticularly it ict with t ict with t Fh Fh ct that issues suc does not step i application has the TTdri unless the term conflicts intercept I O requests from the appli environment request that includes the NO cannot use FIP as a Japanese front e request simply because a read bu iver and a conversion Support oduct can use FIP if s I O operation and p he FIP implementation he design of FIP due For example FIP doe ECHO i h a read request Ce CO N
20. ems If nN that we could buil The IMLIB manual we discus nput with the KEYBIND language Figure 4 State Transition INITIAL STATE INPUT ING STATE S the key itions We te transi is functi an example of the tyle by c re are many implementa rocessors a user needs he or she needs to learn another operation We studied several d the gene describes it briefly F is a utility that supplies the keybinding definition tomizing the Japanese input to supply user friendly sequences a ifying databases keybinding and PROFILE We also supplied the el nd the We for the nation of P Sa tions and some to use types ral this input causes igure 4 shows needed to tions as a Lon through the hanging the gt KANJI CONVERTED st X vV s gt KANA CONVERTED Figure 5 Portion of K candidate STATE JVMS conversion key de gold kakutel hen kanji_ ka hiragana_he katakana_he zenkaku_hen hankaku_hen gou_hen oji komoji ji_bunsetsu zen_bunsetsu ki oo Ka tansyuku sintyou zen_kouho kaijo sakujo hidari igi space_first space_input tial space_first henkan ini kanji_ ragana_ takana_ nkaku_ nkaku_ he hi ka ze ha kigou_ oomo ji komo ji TYPING_KE END nka
21. g gets t vendors have i Japa tech rule Figu appl Figu JAPAN ust need spec With at Method o method product ial pu n some ve nology bu s 3 4 re 3 summa ications re 3 Japa ESE PROC ry As mentioned above imple fe t ret h int he word fr rrect statement gramma nvested in ndors have this sys rizes Japa SSING n the rfac w i ai om a dictionary systems that use this introduced artificial tem essential nese process nese Processing by Applications F VARIABLE F MULTIBYTE C T ry JAPANE INPUT M E THO nN EYBINDING SYST T Japanese Conversion anipul of the ng ook and feel O to explic rpos appl mos Ee Ti re To func has As a operation whe User PCs a implemen input embe eli pr tatio thod to p Mh 5 me oO nate ion and mi CO have a result a n s designed so itly ent e key Ent ications o diting ses has the a rom t rform E ans 1 he con he addi he appli ict Lonal the preediting sessi er Preedit bu n other systems sion by using the speci dvantage that it compl EDIT MANIPULATO KANA TO KANJI CONV EM to convert a product for use i ent both a Japanese
22. if such and HM can add the inte rsion of other rfaces for conversion engines ngi ines are prepared SUMMARY The Japanese input method is a complex procedure involving preediting operations Various keybinding systems and manipulators accelerate input operations Our approach for the Japanese input method allows an application three choices 1 An application can use a front end input processor to perform all operations including I O 2 An application can use the henkan module and implement I O operation itself 3 An application can execute all operations except keybinding which is handled by an input method library ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We want to express our appreciation to Katsushi Takeuchi of the XTPU development team for his initial designing and prototyping of IMLIB and some implementation of FIP and Junji Morimitsu on the same team for his initial implementation of IMLIB and its compiler Also we wish to thank Makoto Inada on the DECwindows team for his implementation of HM Hitoshi Izumida Tsutomu Saito and Jun Yoshida from the JVMS driver team for their contribution toward creating the FIdriver and Naoki Okudera for his implementation to th ntire CIserver environment As
23. igital in April 1991 and is currently develop input method library ing and porting the henkan module and the IMLIB on OpenVMS ULTRIX and OSF 1 He graduated from the University of Electronic Communications Denki Tsushin Unive was the structure of rsity in Japan in 1991 His speciality area operating systems Copyright 1993 Digital Equipment Corporation Forwarding and copying of this article is permitted for personal and educational purposes without fee provided that Digital Equipment Corporation s copyright article and that the content is not modified distributed for commercial advantage is retained with the This article is not to be Abstracting with credit of Digital Equipment Corporation s authorship is permitted All rights reserved
24. n nkan nkan kan kan henkan henkan henkan henkan EYBIND Database finition file system template ver 1 0 CTRL_G Gold key used as a PREFIX key CTRL_N Finish without any conversion NULL gold CTRL_K Convert to Kanji next CTRL_L Convert clause to Hiragana CTRL_K Convert clause to Katakana CTRL_F Convert to full width characters gold CTRL_F Convert to half width characters GS Symbolic code conversion VOID Convert to upper characters VOID Convert to lower characters CTRL_P Move to next clause gold CTRL_P Move to previous clause US Shrink the clause gold US Extend the clause gold NULL CTRL_L Previous clause candidate CTRL_N Cancel the conversion and go into input state DEL Delete previous character LEFT Move the cursor left RIGHT Move the cursor right TA G Finish by space space at initial state BAe Finish by space space at other states NONE START_SELECTED CONVERT GOTO kk_converting START_SELECTED HIRAGANA GOTO converting START_SELECTED KATAKANA GOTO converting START_SELECTED ZENKAKU GOTO converting START_SELECTED HANKAKU GOTO converting START_SELECTED SYMBOL GOTO converting START_SELECTED UPPER GOTO converting S
25. n Software rk of Unicode Inc UNIX is a registered trademark of UNIX Systems Laboratories Inc trademark of the Massachusetts Institute of Hiroyoshi Baba Hiroyoshi Baba is an engineer in the Japanese Input Method Group in Digital Japan Research and Development Center He is currently developing the Japanese front end input system on OpenVMS VAX and OpenVMS AXP and the Japanese language conversion server sy 1991 in electronic oftware servic ng Takahide Honma A senior software engineer the Japanese Input Method Group He joined Digital in 1985 as a s stem He received a B S 1989 and an M S s engineering from Muroran Institute of Technology Japan He joined Digital in April 1991 Takahide Honma leads ineer He has worked on systems such as real time drivers n nd was a consultant w een with Research a hysics from Kyoto U Society of Japan Kuniaki Takizawa Ku Japan Research and twork system P S I and database on VMS to customers At the same time he also took he role of a sales advisory support engineer Since 1990 he has nd Development in Japan and has worked on the b Japanese input method He has an M S 1983 in high energy P niversity and is a member of the Physics niaki Takizawa is an engineer with Digital Development Center and is a member of the Japanese Input Method Group He joined D
26. nd incorporated a popular input method for their applications This decision of course reduces their development cost Our approach also seeks to reduce development cost We separated the input method from the application to the greatest extent possible as long as the separation did not adversely affect the application The PC system is designed as a single task system but Digital s operating systems OpenVMS ULTRIX and DEC OSF 1 AXP are designed as multitasking systems Therefore we could not adopt many of the PC techniques that were implemented in the driver level For example access to dictionary and grammatical analysis of the input string are too expensive in the driver v of a multitasking system because they use system resources that are common to all tas Our approach divides layer is dependent on application using the of the other two laye ks on the system he input any lower layer highest layer also uses the functio cs method into th ree layers Each Consequently any nalities I i qd A i cdtod bp 4 J P d t example of reengi input opera Owes Pu GAH lso call S evice he criteri met Lona trategy of a neering pr hod Three of our user inte investment hese cri ia led us laye a IMLIB n a n essence nto I
27. on ly passes it to an application or a e but wo we set appl recognizes applica ication reques tion One advantage of this independence of since an application ca this implemen editor system We continued to study another layer preediting operatio except I O d k ta 3B O h vic he output is system Ny to devices input from input devices into the Japanese input then pass By using t ind of ur develop iddl dep fu a roceeded ndent op ctionali ty nent process started at the lowest layer to the highest layer lay describ r th pr he highes layer nta applica that is we can unify the input ope rations and reduce the cost diting manipulator functionalities in each layer from the lowest to nize the tion s opera the ter Our fron nd wor wit ion canno applica tion To change nal driver to get end process hout conflict t recog rks only by a user the hook inside information requests a i KS front end i tions This can nnot control the lter nplemen a tation is a complete lso be a disadvantage input method closely For h nterface of an tation can a user i The anipulations ons pass the ipulator and for separatio all the input stri All appli ng cati nan was
28. on done KEYBIND compiler analyzes the KEYBIND text file and creates KEYBIND binary file IMLIB services reads the PROFILE database and the KEYBIND binary file and maintains them in ry AS a response to an application s query IMLIB services actions in KEYBIND and the data in PROFILE and at time maintains the KEYBIND states Figure 7 shows the a Figure 7 Relationship among IMLIB Components IMLIB D D S IMPL c J K mh O O S wi F Fi EYBIN APPLICATION QU ACTIONS YWORDS H EYBIND EXT FILE is available o EC OSF 1 AXP opera ECwindows Mo nanage Creen ing D ECwr S MG Eat nent KEYBIND BINARY FILE n the OpenVMS VAX OpenVMS AXP The major applications are systems hee F EM INTAT he second alled apanese rom gu ey eediting ag ee E ai rom pecifi n addition the he the input HM Because HM does no I O ic device ndowing systems ION OF THE H ENKAN MODULE layer is par nkan modul It does not the application and converts re 8 summarizes the function o nput to HM stroke by stroke operations Then the As a r can e or HM Henkan mea handle I O operation it toa s fF HM An HM perfor tion has ge the appli applicati ca on it
29. r the ng issue was t slightly different was to satisfy cust ny input styles fami he development of a application S OVERVI EW OF In ma this secti nipulation application overview of summary of Japanese i Japanese I work to localize p omers requests fo engineeri ng Japanese he reduction of roducts r the ability liar to them We d Japanese input met hod HE JAPAN ESE INPUT ME O f n we describe Japa rom the perspectiv Based on these descriptions reengineering a product for Japanese users the industry s complex nput methods nput THOD nese input and string of both the user and we present a techniques developed The Japanese writing system uses hundreds of ideograms In add kana characte romaji words kanji ition Japanese uses rs hiragana and kat a phonetic system of akana scrib our that issues by separating the input method from an in three layers the brief anda for called and has accepted which is the use of Latin letters to spell Japanese Figure 1 summarizes the Japanese character systems Japanese input requires users to operate in a preediting mode to convert kana or romaji Figure 1 Japanese Character JAPAN The c chara are assigned both a Latin al chara input uses howev as ma reed he u hat
30. r wants to input rsion key to convert the phon mixed string At this ion result tic time it requires half na or romaji Then the the user th to ssio phonetic construction rato ixes th r equivalent must som ructs a co n to XPE Gout S rom a system generated may also need dete nsure a user ist of ine the 1 rm he space character rect or expected separation of times move th statement constr Fo Figure 2 Preediting Japanese Input uct Japanese docu r the Japanese user ents rrected statement The user repeats separation he or Figure 2 STA UP INPUT METHOD E gt INPUT PHONETIC EXPR eal CHANG CONVERT ESSION FOR A STAT PHONOGRAM SYST EM ENT EM KANA TO KANJI MOVE THE n EL ECT WOR FIX A STA EM ENT OF DOCUMENT Various techniques b EPARATION POSITION D FROM MANY HOMONYMS nav input operations and categorized They xpert dictio nar Japanese Application Capabilitie The Japanese application Japanese processing Firs handling multibyte charac as i has two t the bers I involves wchar_t and Unico paper focuses on the second capa input method An application tha device must have at least thre input me
31. ribed llback technique These techniques ar Callback Routines section as follows 1 HM gets a keycode from an application with procedure arguments 2 HM gets the actions assigned to the key from IMLIB 3 If the key is not assigned to the Japanese input operation HM tells the application to process it separately 4 If the key is assigned to the Japanese input operation HM processes it according to the actions 5 HM modifies the information to be displayed according to the action and calls a registered callback routine to update the screen HM passes the information that should be displayed on the screen in ana are prepared the appl ali on initi icati rgument of the callback routines by the applicati zation of HM Th interface and data flow more easily Components Figure 9 shows the composition of HM The callback on and registered into HM is callback method makes t routines context at he The application interfaces include both the C and the VMS binding interfaces for the OpenVMS operating sy stem Figure 9 HM Component Structure EV ERAL APPLICAT ERFACE ION INT JAPAN ESE INPU MANIPULATOR IMLIB ROMAJ CONVE RT ER I TO KANA KANA TO KANJI CONVERTER The Japanese input manipulator performs all Japanese
32. ser ESE CHARACTE O c puter keyboard ter assignments S ter The Japanes romaji alphabet er ny keystrokes as iting Operation or alphabet input a user prefers kana Systems PHONOGRAM KANA ROMAJI ORIGINAL JAPAN ESE HIRAGANA KATAKANA USING LATIN ALPHAB CHARACTE into a kana kanji string T2 RS ET TO EXPR ESS A PHONEM E IDEOGRAM KANJI used for Almost a e user A user key input romaji input ser inputs the p the s honetic atement th key input becaus xpression in either Japanese input has multiple ll keys on the Japanese keyboard phabet character and a Japanese kana nust first choose between kana key in an engineering area generally In the office environment ka represents xpre J t u e check needs seve sepa mea ni gra posit she f these shows the preediting steps presses th ssion toa s the to select t conv Kana kanji accuracy of us the convers rrect word f N co More al S ation positions ng ma homony 0 ful gra tical has no wo h To ob cal eleme After t nts ion s complex steps to ini in th rd sepa tain the cor the user he user const hes preediting and f over a user Someti
33. tego request cancel The key event provides commu FIP mai The FIdriver eve FIdrive from an application issues a ifies FIP of lbox lime as When an appl its own the arrival of lication sends te e CS he mai nvironment ilbox event is Also FIP is top r Ce Ehe EF bdr the TTdr CO and d read requ WwW n quest messag iver iver st to hen a packet rized in three types isconnect nt provides intercepts and creates the is read request ication with the issues a SQIO read request to the TTdriver byte by byte All the input from a keyboard is recognized as a key event in FIP Once a key event is set in FIP FIP examines the key sequence in a read buffer If the input is in the range of a terminator mask FIP terminates a read operation from the TTdriver and writes back the resultant string and I O status block to the FIdriver as a write packet A terminator mask is defined in the QIO read request from an application If the input key is a conversion key FIP calls a conversion engine and gets the resultant converted string Then FIP issues a write request to the TTdriver to display the updated string If the input key is a printable character FIP updates the contents of its internal buffers defined in the context and issues a write request to the TTdriver to echo the char
34. thod Thes t so c n developed to accelerate Japanese include UNDO COPY zip code conversion y S special capabilities for application must be capable of his subject itsel f is interesting de character sets however this bility the implementation of the t accepts Japanese from an input e additional systems for the ar h anipulator for preediting and system Keybinding System This system user and determines which of the to do It defines the user inter alled keybinding system a the kana to kanji conversion analyzes the key input from a key s functions the user wants face and the wW ith keystrokes It also defines way a user operates the preediting conversion key We imagine there are as many keybinding systems as there are word processors reedit Manipulator System Thi ttribute that expresses the pr nput characters on the screen but al s system not only echoes the Lso controls the video llows the user to distinguish p ixed strings tring for more processing P I a a s a The user must be abl for examp nother expression such as kana to ka ng area diti This capability reediting strings from background to recognize the preediting le to convert the input to nji In addition the user Le ca dy ka Kana to kanji Conversion System stri co namically na n
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