Additional Instructions
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1. there need not be a space after the field marker Records consist of one or more fields and can optionally end with a record end marker This is usually signalled with the field re without any value Blank lines and lines which do not start with a field marker are ignored In LTC the gen file format is an SFM file format as are the library files described in Appendix B 6 Appendix B library files This appendix describes the various library files that are used with LTC 6 1 Location The library files are looked for by LTC in two places First the program looks in a configuration directory specified below which the user can control If the file is found there the program looks no further If the file is not found there however the program looks in a directory specified below which the program controls e The user controlled directory is located as follows On Windows XP In the directory C Documents and Settings user name Application Data LingTreeConstructor On Windows Vista In the directory C Users user name Application Data LingTreeConstructor On Mac OS X In the directory Library Application Support LingTreeConstructor 18 On Unix Linux In the directory ltc e The program controlled directory is located as follows On Windows In the lib directory underneath the installation path Typically it will be C Program Files LingTreeConstructor2. Appendix A for a description of the SFM file format Only the following characters may be used in a label or label set name e The letters A Z e The letters a z e The underscore e The numbers 0 9 Both labels and label set names must begin with a letter or an underscore 20 7 Appendix C gen file format gen files must be word per record SFM files and may only use the two encod ings UTF 8 and iso latin 1 also known as iso 8859 1 Each record must have a record end field The file must contain a header such as the following anywhere in the file wordfield wd glossfield gl tagfield tg transliterationfield tr lemmafield 1m recordend re foreignfont Galatia SIL glossfont Times New Roman transliterationfont Galatia SIL This is explained in the following table 21 Field wordfield after_punctuationfield glossfield tagfield transliterationfield lemmafield recordend foreignfont glossfont tagfont transliterationfont righttoleft lefttoright wordfieldisUTF8 glossfieldisUTF8 transliterationfieldisUTF8 tagfieldisUTF8 Meaning The SFM _ field marker used for the word The SFM field marker used for adding punctua tion to the word after the surface The SFM field marker used for the gloss if any The SFM field marker used for the tag if any The SFM field marker used for the translitera tion if any The SFM field mark
3. already have the same parent Thus what happens when you make a node is that you push a node in between the nodes of the selection and their previous parent The program maintains this rigor by not letting you select nodes that don t have the same parent If you try to select a node that doesn t have the same parent as the nodes that are already in the selection a dialog box will pop up with a brief explanation of the problem and the program won t let you select the node you were trying to select 13 An easy way to overcome the problem is to right click on the node you wish to select Then the selection is cleared before the node is selected thus getting around the problem 4 3 6 Making a phrase The Make phrase button on the tool bar looks like this NP This is not to suggest that all phrases are NPs but the button had to have some kind of look and NPs are almost the prototypical phrases To make a phrase simply select the nodes in the tree view which should be immediate constituents of the phrase and click the Make phrase button This will bring up a dialog box with all the available phrase types W Choose a phrase typ Phrase type Unknown PtcP Ove O InfP ONP O cp O AP O uP O PP O PartP O Adve OK Cancel Select the appropriate phrase type The click OK to make the phrase or Cancel to return to the program without making the phrase You can control the
4. categories which appear in this dialog box by editing the phrase types txt file Please see Appendix B for more information 4 3 7 Making an X bar node The XP button XP is for making X bar style tree nodes It works similarly to making a phrase except that you get to choose both node category and node level E Choose XBar category and le xP Ox1 Ov O Adv O x2 Oxo OAOQ OP O Part The intention is that X should be read X bar whereas X should be read X double bar 14 4 3 8 Making an RRG node There are two RRG buttons LSC for making the Layered Structure of the Clause and LSNP for making the Layered Structure of the NP The LSC button LSC brings up this dialog Choose a node type X LSC SENTENCE PRED OcCLAUSE Oprcs O PERIPHERY Pocs O CORE O LDP O ARG O RDP O NUC OK Cancel The LSNP button LSNP brings up this dialog Choose anode type X O PERIPHERYN O REF COREN O NPIP O ARGN Both work similarly to making a phrase 4 3 9 Deleting the selection When a mistake is made in the analysis it can be rectified by first deleting the offending nodes from the tree This is done by selecting the nodes to be deleted and then pressing the Delete button x What you can t do It is impossible to delete words with this command and it is impossible to delete the Text LTC
5. for making phrases and other nodes 3 The middle left which contains checkboxes for selecting labels for a node 4 The toolbar which is where most of the program s commands are activated from 5 The status bar which is where you can see messages and manipulate the number of interlinear lines displayed 6 The menu bar File Edit Tree View Help eG E Unknown Funetion Text m S This NP is a small AP a example NP NP cl s AP S a Cl PAER NP We NP PtcP Word hope ine CI you NP like it NP cjP c PartP Paragraph Sentence Clause Welcome to Linguistic Tree Constructor Line2 OLine3 O Line4 OLines These will be described in turn below 4 2 1 The tree view The tree view is where most of your interaction with the program goes on It contains a tree view of the text much as the one you see in Windows Explorer The things you can do to this view are 1 Expand a node 2 Collapse a node Select a node e w Deselect a node 5 Select one node and simultaneously deselect all others 6 Select a range of nodes To expand or collapse a node click on the plus or minus next to the node itself To select or deselect a node press the left mouse button on the node itself This toggles its selected state on or off To select one node and simultaneously deselect all others click on a node with the right mouse button To select a
6. horizontal tree to be produced by selecting the previous menu item Think of it as a default size for the horizontal tree Once the horizontal tree has been created you can change its size on the fly with the View menu in the new window Help menu The Help menu at lets you see the Help file and lets you see the About box On Mac OS X the About LTC menu item is under the LingTreeConstructor menu where you would expect it 4 3 Daily usage In this section we describe daily LTC usage 10 4 3 1 Starting afresh File New This command can be reached in two ways Either with the New button on the tool bar or with the File gt New menu item It clears the document at hand and loads in a new document If changes have been made to the document the program will ask first if you want to save the present document The following can be loaded e txt Plain text files e gen Interlinear text see Appendix C e Itc syntactically analyzed legacy LTC format e Itcx the syntactically analyzed format of current versions of LTC 4 3 2 Opening a previous session File Open This command can be reached in two ways Either with the Open button on the tool bar or with the File gt Open menu item You can only open ltcx files with this command not say txt or gen files If you want to start afresh from a txt or a gen file use the New com
7. straight 7 bit ASCII or UTF 8 3 3 gen files The gen files are Generic files You can use this format to load your own language data provided they are in a word per record SFM form See Appendix C for information on the file format 3 4 Itc files The ltc files are the equivalent of the ltcx files only they have been saved with a version of LTC prior to version 3 0 0 You can import these into LTC with the File gt New menu item You cannot however save work to the ltc format only load it then save as ltcx 4 Using LTC In this section we describe how to use LTC 4 1 Starting LTC When you start LTC you will see a window similar to this File Edit Tree View Help Le Unknown VP NP AP PP adp PtcP InfP cjP IjP PartP Paragraph Sentence Clause Function X Welcome to Linguistic Tree Constructor You can now start a new document by pressing the New button by pressing the Open button had G Or a The New button allows you to create a new document from one of the file formats described above The Open button sd allows you to open a ltcx file that you have saved with LTC before 4 2 Layout of the main window When working with an LTC document you will see a main window which is divided into six areas 1 The main part of the window which is the tree view 2 The far left which contains a number of buttons
8. LTC User s Guide Ulrik Petersen September 18 2010 1 Introduction 1 1 What is LTC LTC is a program for analyzing text in terms of syntax trees That is it assists in building a rigorous hierarchy of syntactic elements on top of the words in a given piece of text This is done by interacting with a tree view of the text gradually building the analysis This can be done either bottom up or top down or in a mix of both styles 1 2 One version As of version 3 0 0 LTC only exists in a Unicode version This is true on all supported platforms Windows Mac OS X and Linux Unix 1 3 Supported platforms The following are supported e Mac OS X e Some versions of Windows e Linux e Some versions of Unix 1 4 Supported Windows platforms In the Windows family LTC will run only on the following platforms e Windows 2000 e Windows XP e Windows Server 2003 and e Windows Vista The following are NOT SUPPORTED It is NOT POSSIBLE to run LTC on the following platforms e Windows 95 e Windows 98 e Windows 98SE e Windows ME 1 5 What s next This user s manual attempts to lay out all the knowledge needed in order to operate LTC The layout of the document is as follows 1 First we discuss a few linguistic issues Then we briefly talk about the file formats of LTC Then we discuss how to start a new project ee 08 ON After that we give a brief tour of the main window of the program which introduces all fo
9. _nodes txt The syntax_nodes txt file is an SFM File with two adjacent lines describing one syntax node level The first line in each pair must have a backslash followed by ls for short label followed by a space followed by a short label to be used in the tree for the syntax node level 19 The second line in each pair must have a backslash followed by Il for long label followed by a space followed by an arbitrary label to be used in the side panel for buttons with which one can make the syntax node level Example ls S 1l Sentence ls Par 11 Paragraph All syntax node namdes must be C identifiers This means that they must start with one of the letters A Z a z or an underscore and the rest of the characters in the name must be one of these characters or the characters 0 9 For example Par is a valid C identifier as is S2 whereas 19 is not since it does not start with one of the letters A Z a z or an underscore 6 4 labels txt The labels which are accessible by shift right clicking are stored in the la bels txt file The format can be exemplified as in this example lsn Function l Pred l Subj l Objc 1 Cmpl lL Adju l Rela l Time l Loca re The file is an SFM file with records that start with an lsn field label set name followed by one or more label fields 1 ended by a record end field re See
10. case IN sensitively so clause cluster will also do 24 e All other strings will be interpreted as Syntax Nodes and a correspond ing entry must exist in the syntax_nodes txt file see Appendix B The Long name must be specified e The string that is used to end an object must be exactly the same as the string that was used to begin the object e The name Text is special and represents the Text node so it must not be used after begin or end Note that you cannot use this method to create discontiguous constituents Those can be created later once the input has been loaded into LTC 25
11. e Clear button on the tool bar LJ 2 From the Edit menu or 3 with the Ctrl D key combination Nothing happens structurally to any node this simply deselects all selected nodes 4 3 12 Expanding the selection When one thinks one is finished with one s analysis it might be a good idea to check it This can be done by selecting top level nodes or indeed the text node and Expanding the selection recursively downwards The button for doing this looks like this Y Clicking this button expands all selected nodes right down to the level just above the word level and clears the selection One can then step through the tree using the right mouse button and check that all constituents are as they should be 16 4 3 13 Collapsing the selection The opposite of expanding recursively downwards is Collapsing recursively downwards The button for doing this looks like this Clicking this button collapses all selected nodes right down to the word level and clears the selection 4 3 14 Undo Edit Undo It is possible to undo anything you have done to the tree This can be done right back to when you started the program Press Ctrl Z or choose Undo from the Edit menu 4 3 15 Adding or removing labels There are two ways to add or remove labels from a node in the tree 1 If you shift right click on any node in the tree you will get a menu from which you can choose a lab
12. el set From one of these menus you will be given the opportunity to toggle individual labels on or off 2 The easier way however is to use the label panel at the left of the window Function Pred Prec Subj Objc Indo Cmpl Adju Rela Voca Nega Ee e ee Ques O Intj Conj Modi Time Loca G SENTENCE CLAUSE HUD aoe E X The label panel is only active when you have selected one node and one node only If you select more than one node or if no nodes are selected then the label panel is inactive greyed out You can toggle as many labels as you want for any given node 17 4 3 16 Keyboard shortcuts You can use the keyboard shortcuts defined in the following table Key Command P Make a phrase Y Make an syntax node X Make an X bar node N Make an RRG LSNP node S Make an RRG LSC node Del Delete the current selec tion Ctrl D Clear the selection U Move one upwards 5 Appendix A SFM files SFM files are an old SIL standard for encoding textual information The acronym stands for Standard Format Marker It is a line oriented text based file format Each line that bears information begins with a field marker which consists of a backslash followed by one or more letters After the field marker is a space followed by the content of the field The field continues until the end of the line If the field value is empty
13. er used for the lemma if any The SFM field marker used to signal record end The font of the word and the lemma The font of the gloss The font of the tag The font of the transliter ation This file is to be displayed right to left This file is to be displayed left to right The word field uses the UTF 8 encoding if not defined the field is as sumed to be in iso latin 1 encoding If this is de fined then the lemma field will need to be UTF 8 as well since the wordfield and the lemma field share the same font The gloss field uses the UTF 8 encoding if not defined the field is as sumed to be in iso latin 1 encoding The transliteration field uses the UTF 8 encoding if not defined the field is assumed to be in iso latin 1 encoding jtdj Not de fined The tag field uses the UTF 8 encoding if not defined the field is as i to be in iso latin 1 encoding Default value wd after_punct tg tr re Arial Arial Arial Arial N A N A Not defined Not defined Not defined None of the fields are mandatory The missing fields will be given default values For righttoleft and lefttoright there is no field value you just write righttoleft or lefttoright on a separate line to indicate which reading direction you want The default is lefttoright The header may appear anywhere within the file At the top at the bottom inter
14. lib On Mac OS X In the Contents Lib directory underneath the LingTreeConstructor app folder Typically it will be Applica tions LingTreeConstructor app Contents Lib On Unix Linux In the usr local share Itc lib directory The user may copy the files from the program controlled directory to the user controlled directory and edit them further there or start new ones from scratch All of the files are SFM files please refer to Appendix A for a general introduction to SFM files The program will never overwrite the files in the user controlled directory whereas the files in the program controlled directory are overwritten each time the program is reinstalled 6 2 phrase_types txt The phrase_types txt file is an SFM File where each line signfies one phrase type Each line starts with pt and a space pt for phrase type Then comes the name of the phrase type The name must be encoded in the ASCII character set Example pt VP pt NP pt AP pt PP The phrase type names must be C identifiers This means that they must start with one of the letters A Z a z or an underscore and the rest of the characters in the name must be one of these characters or the characters 0 9 For example VP is a valid C identifier as is VP2 whereas 1V is not since it does not start with one of the letters A Z a z or an underscore 6 3 syntax
15. mand a If changes have been made to the present document you will be asked if you want to save them before loading the new document The side panel may be affected by loading a ltcx file since the labels phrase categories and syntax node categories present in the ltcx file is used in the side panel after loading Upon closing the document the original default values in the side panel are restored 4 3 3 Saving your work File Save This command can be reached either from the tool bar H or from the File menu It lets you save your work in ltcx format 4 3 4 Exporting to MQL LTC can export a document to Emdros MQL Emdros http emdros org is a database engine for linguistically analyzed text As such it is ideally suited to making LTC documents searchable You export an LTC document by accessing the File gt Export to Emdros MQL menu item Since it exports a document it is only available if a document is open Otherwise it is grayed out Accessing this menu item will bring up a dialog box in which you can choose the following e Output filename Here you can set the name of the output MQL file It defaults to the filename of the document with the extension set to mql 11 e Starting id_d All objects in a given database need to have a unique integer id id d This setting says which id d to start the export at This integer can be between 1 and 2 100 000 000 It is stored between sessions
16. menu replicates most of the functionality of the buttons that make delete or move nodes Two menu items in the Tree menu do not have toolbar button equivalents Insert Null Element and Delete a word The Insert Null Element inserts an item at word level which looks like the symbol used in many branches of linguistics for null elements a ring with a slash through it The selection must contain precisely one node for this to work The node need not be a word but can be any node other than the Text You will be prompted to choose whether the new null element should be inserted Before or After the selected node The new null element node will be inserted at word level as a sibling of the selected node i e it will have the same parent as the selected node and will be inserted Before or After the selected node This operation can of course be undone with the Undo functionality The Delete a word menu item deletes a node at word level The selection must contain exactly one word for this to work and the word must not be the only child of its parent You will be asked whether you really really want to delete the word This operation can of course be undone with the Undo functionality View menu The View menu has seven items The first option Colors lets you configure the colors of the various parts of the display When you choose one of the sub items of the C
17. n the selection In other words if you have selected one node and one node only then that node s labels will be editable with this panel Simply click on a label s check box to turn it on or off The tree view will update itself with the new or removed label You can scroll the panel vertically to reveal more labels if present in la bels txt You can turn the panel on and off in the View menu View Show label panel Please see Appendix B for more information on labels txt 4 2 5 The status bar Welcome to Linguistic Tree Constructor Cline 2 Line 3 line 4 Line 5 The status bar is the line at the bottom of the window Its function is two fold First on the left hand side it displays a message pertinent to the current situation This includes giving hints on what a particular command does when hovering the mouse over its button Second on the right hand side are four buttons labelled Line 2 to Line 5 These are for switching individual interlinear lines in the tree view on or off 4 2 6 The menu bar The menu bar is at the top of the window It has five menus e File standard file menu entries e Edit Undo Ctrl Z Clear selection Ctrl D Copy Ctrl C Always clear selection after action e Tree Make Phrase Make X Bar Make RRG LNSP Make RRG LSC Make Syntax Node Make Delete selection Move one upwards Insert Null Eleme
18. nt Delete a word e View Colors Interlinear Lines Magnification Brackets Show label pane Toggle Open horizontal tree Ctrl H Next horizontal tree magnification e Help Help Contents F1 About LTC File menu The File menu is for manipulating files and uses standard termi nology Edit menu The Edit menu has three items Clear selection Ctrl D Copy Ctrl C and Undo Ctrl Z The Copy command only works if you have selected exactly one node in the tree It places the node and its descendants on the clipboard as a graphics image file You can either paste it into your favourite word processor or paste it into a graphics manipulation program such as the Paint application that comes with Windows You can toggle the Always clear selection after action item on and off If on LTC will always clear the selection after an action has been taken e g after making a phrase making a clause or moving the selection once upwards If this item is off on the other hand then the selection will for most actions not be cleared Instead after making a node the new node will be selected After moving the selection once upwards the node s will still be selected etc The state of this item on or off will be saved between sessions so this is really a configuration menu item Which state best suits your needs and analysis habits is up to you to decide Tree menu The Tree
19. olors menu you will be presented with a dialog box in which you can choose the name of a color If you click OK the color of the chosen part of the display will be set to whatever you chose If you click Cancel then nothing happens The second option Interlinear Lines turns individual interlinear lines on and off This does the same as toggling the checkboxes on the status bar The third option Magnification is for setting the magnification of the tree view Thus with this menu you can make the typeface larger or smaller in the tree view The fourth option Brackets is for setting the bracketing options for the tree view Thus with this menu you can turn bracketing off and on and you can choose the highest and lowest level for which you wish to have brackets The fifth option Show label panel is for toggling the label panel on and off The sixth option Open horizontal tree is for viewing the current selection as a horizontal tree in a separate window This command is only available if you have selected precisely one node no more no less The new window produced by this command is independent of the main window and can be moved scrolled and resized at will The new window has a File menu which you can use to draw the window contents to the clipboard or to close the window The seventh option Next horizontal tree magnification is for changing the magnification of the next
20. range of nodes hold down the shift key and left click a node The selection will extend backwards to the nearest selected node or if there is no selected node at the same level in the backwards direction forwards to the nearest selected node 4 2 2 The tool bar A NP XP Lla A OGE The tool bar is on the top of the window beneath the menu bar It consists of a number of buttons These buttons are for executing commands such as save file H or make phrase NP You will learn more about these below 4 2 3 The node panel Unknown lt gt AdvP PtcP InfP O v fH beeke PartP Paragraph Sentence Clause The node panel shows the phrase types which are in the phrase types txt file edit this file to change the phrase types along with the syntax nodes which are in the syntax nodes txt file You can press any of the buttons to quickly create a phrase or a syntax node Please see Appendix B for more information on phrase_types txt and syn tax_nodes txt 4 2 4 The label panel Function O Pred o Prec O Subj O Objc O Indo O cmpl Q Adju g Rela g Voca O Nega O Ques g Intj O Conj Q Modi O Time g Loca ESG _ SENTENCE Q CLAUSE The label panel shows the labels which are in the labels txt file edit this file to change the labels The panel is inactive greyed out at all times except when there is pre cisely one node i
21. sQuery Tool cfg 4 3 5 The selection The selection is all the highlighted nodes on the tree view 12 File Edit Tree View Help A H NP XPIWicix FILJIHSE Unknown Function Text 2s Cl 7 NJ This NP Word is BE e small AP mE example NP NP mfp S ap Cl _ NP We NP mE Word hope CI you NP like it NP caman LSC c Sentence clause ERE to Linguistic Tree Constructor O Line 2 Line 3 Line4 OLines In the above example the two Sentence nodes are highlighted Selecting individual nodes You select or deselect individual nodes in the tree by clicking on them with the left mouse button You can select one node and deselect all others by clicking on it with the right mouse button This is useful for example when going through the tree to see if everything is OK It is also useful when you want to start a new grouping and wish to clear any previous selection before selecting the first node The importance of the selection The importance of the selection cannot be underestimated Everything that happens in the program happens with or because of the selection You make a phrase from the selection You delete the nodes in the selection You expand the selection recursively and so on What you can t do Because of the nature of the immediate constituent model of language it is impossible to make a new node from nodes that don t
22. se end Sentence re wd and re wd you begin Sentence begin Clause re wd are end Clause end Sentence re This imports a sentence I am and you are with the following bracketing S Cl I am and Cl you are The following rules apply The name of the syntax level from which an object must be created must be given after the begin or end SFM marker Example begin Sentence begin starts an object of the specified kind on the left side of the current word right side if we are doing right to left end ends an object of the specified kind on the right side of the current word left side if we are doing right to left If two or more objects end on the same boundary their end SFMs must be specified in the order that is opposite that in which they were created In the example above the Sentence is created first then the Clause for the word I therefore the Clause must be end ed first then the Sentence can be ended this is the order in which it is done on the word are If you specify Clause after begin or end a Clause object will be started or ended respectively The comparison is done case IN sensitively so clause will also do If you specify Clause Cluster or ClauseCluster after begin or end a Clause Cluster object will be started or ended respectively The com parison is done
23. spersed with the language data The file is read twice first the header is extracted and then starting from the beginning language data is extracted Each time fields that are unknown are ignored The after_punctuationfield field is for placing stuff into the word that belongs together with the word but which is separate from the surface The language data may for each record have the fields in any order but you must end the record with the field specified with recordend e g re A two word database coming after the above example header might look like this wd XXX gl The gloss of XXX tg pronoun tr xxx lm X re wd YYY gl The gloss of YYY tg verb tr yyy lm Y re TIP If you have a reference field but not a transliteration field tag field or gloss field you can put the reference field in one of those lines by setting e g the transliterationfield to the ref field marker 7 1 Syntax in the gen file format There is more to the gen file format It supports limited import of objects above word level i e syntax level objects Consider the following table Field Meaning Default value beginfield The SFM _ field marker begin used for beginning an object endfield The SFM field marker end used for ending an object Say the defaults are used then the following gen file is valid 23 wd I begin Sentence begin Clause re wd am end Clau
24. such that the next export always starts at the highest id d used for the last export plus 1 That way a series of exports will produce MQL files in which the different objects are unique across the database Starting monad All words in a document need a unique monad integer This setting says which monad to start the export at This integer can be between 1 and 2 100 000 000 It is stored between sessions such that the next export always starts at the highest monad used for the last export plus 1 That way a series of exports will produce MQL files in which the different documents are adjacent and non overlapping Whether to emit the schema or not This should only be done for the first document to be imported into a new database All other documents to be imported into a database should have this checkbox unchecked before exporting In order to use the MQL files you should run the produced MQL files through the mql program mql exe on Windows See the manual page for mal for how to use it In order to use a database produced from this output with the Emdros Query Tool you need a cfg file which matches the output data A sample cfg file for the Emdros Query Tool is provided with LTC e On Windows it is located in Files LingTreeConstructor examples e On Mac OS X it is located in the distribution dmg image file in exam ples EmdrosQueryTool cfg e On Unix Linux this is located in usr local share Itc examples Emdro
25. text simply refers to the top level node of the tree That is one must be able to trace a line from all elements of the tree back upwards through the tree to the text node The program maintains this rigor automatically 3 File formats There are three basic file formats e txt for plain untagged text e gen for interlinear text and e ltcx for syntactically analyzed text The most important format besides ltcx is the gen format which you can use to import language data from any language so long as a Unicode font is available to display the language There is also a variation on the ltcx file format namely ltc It is for legacy support of previous versions of the program prior to 3 0 0 3 1 ltcx files The ltcx files hold both the words and the syntactic analysis of a piece of text They are the resulting files when you save your work from LTC The ltcx file format is XML based meaning programmers can easily write programs to read and manipulate the contents of the file The format is fully documented inside each ltcx file itself 3 2 txt files You can import plain text files using the File gt New menu item You will be asked upon loading such a file to tell LTC which font you want to use The name of this font will be stored in the analyzed ltcx file so that you don t need to specify it again when you load the analyzed file LTC will assume that the text file is encoded in either
26. ur parts of the window 5 After that the bulk of the document is taken up by descriptions of how to use the various parts of the program 6 At the end there are appendixes on file formats 2 Linguistic issues In this section we discuss some linguistic issues 2 1 Theories supported Three styles of trees are supported e Generic trees e X bar trees e Role and Reference Grammar RRG trees You can mix the various kinds of trees in the same document 2 2 Hierarchy of generic trees For the generic trees the hierarchy looks like this From bottom to top 1 Word 2 Phrase 3 Syntax node The Syntax nodes are defined in a file which you the user are free to edit Thus you can customize the availability of syntax nodes By default the kinds Clause Sentence and Paragraph are defined Please refer to Appendix B for more information 2 3 Phrase types A phrase must be given a phrase type such as NP or PP This can be selected from the side bar or via the NP button When making a phrase with the NP button you will be asked to pick a phrase type from a list of possible phrase types The list of available phrase types is stored in a special file which you can edit Please refer to Appendix B for more information 2 4 Text One special object which always exists in the program is the text In the terminology used by LTC the
27. will not let you delete the Text node However words can be deleted with the Tree gt Delete a word menu item 4 3 10 Moving the selection once upwards The Move once upwards button on the tool bar looks like this sa 15 What it does This command moves the selection once upwards Say that a node C is an immediate constituent of node B which is an immediate con stituent of node A When moving C once upwards C is first taken out of node B and is then placed in the tree so that its new mother is node A This command applies this procedure to all of the members of the selection except the text node and those nodes which are already immediate constituents of the text node if such nodes happen to be part of the selection It doesn t make sense to move these once upwards so it cannot be done The computer will just silently not do it When it is useful This command can be useful when for example a post positive conjunction is embedded one step too low and needs to be taken out at an outer level If you make a mistake If you make a mistake with this command there are two ways to recover Either e choose the Undo command or perform these steps e Delete the constituent which previously was the mother of the constituent you moved then make the mother again this time including the con stituent you moved 4 3 11 Clearing the selection This command can be reached in three ways 1 From th
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