Comments on using LATEX for theses
Contents
1. 19 D dashes esee 81 dimensions see IATEX dimensions NdOtsS cu xu UR RES 4S 85 dvipdfm 833 34 dvipdfm graphic driver 827 AVIPS s l ce ye 833 dvips graphic driver 827 E ellipsis 2 00 85 em dash Ls 81 en dash 81 Vensuremath 86 9 enumerate environment 16 environments array 2 v id aie da 810 centering 13 enumerate 816 flushleft 813 flushright 813 tab lar caa rd es 810 12 F flushing Ls 813 flushleft environment 813 flushright environment 13 footnotes 84 15 G GhostScript 833 graphics bounding box 829 drivers 827 34 35 ERS 4 40233006 pasosi 29 formats 29 35 inclusion of 828 35 JPG wine hedge baw 29 pixel size 29 PNG tego eee eee AR 29 PostScript see PostScript graphics rotation of 830 31 BIZ xd ocho IERE a 830 jii cic REP REN 29 graphicspath 828 graphicx package 827 34 35 H hyperref package 818 27 48 I include 821 22 24 26 Mincludegraphics 28 29 31 35 includeonly 22 26 index 836 38 39 48 Index indexation cross references 844 interactive indices 848 pageranges 843 46 I M Cm 844 tracking of 8472. 62 pittetd class 4 19 27 33 47 48 PostScript graphics conversion of 835 format ss 832 inclusion of as external files 33 internally generated 33 34 preamble 821 22 25 27 37 gloss Mprintindex 837 projects less 820 26 psfig Loos sp eO QUEE ds 32 PSTricks 22x 9 cae 83234 R MXraggedleft 813 vaggedright 813 raisebox 811 References Nr6f ua RE eka 815 19 S shortstack 811 showidx package 847 showkeys package 819 Smali cuc eda 84 spacing lessen 82 3 after commands 86 9 after period 62 around ellipsis 85 around index 38 in Makelndez 841 46 vertical slnL 810 11 stackrel 811 standard classes 84 subfile 26 subfiles package 26 subsidiary files 820 26 T Table of Contents 84 tabular environment 810 12 Nbexto su rar e ERES RET 814 textheight 12 textures graphic driver 827 textwidth 812 HOS ascen arem piapa 3 U uppercase 84 18 usewithpatch 847 W Word eoged d ai RE Rn 83 X xspace package 87 xspace 87 9 30
3. three one lips three one three Hello dots and Hello and Hello lips and Hello and Hello dots and Hello and Hello Mips and Hello and Hello dots And Hello And Hello lipsAnd Hello And Hello dots And Hello And Hello lipsuAnd Hello And Glossary Comment out When IATEX sees a character it ignores the rest of the line This is useful for making personal comments to the input file but also to temporarily delete things This is what 25 Glossary is referred to as commenting out Counters IATEX counters are integer variables The page number the chapter number and the number of floating objects in a page for example are stored by IATEX in counters A special kind of counters have an effect in cross referencing and can be retrieved by a Nref command when a Mabel has been assigned to them These are the counters for chapters and sections figures tables footnotes and enumerate items New counters can be created with newcounter name and modified as can be also the pre defined counters by typing setcounter name new value stepcounter name and refstepcounter name The latter makes the counter affect cross references Declarations Commands that rather than affect an argument change the general behavior from the moment of their occurrence on Typically used i
4. complementary to the documentation of the newly created document class pittetd although its contents is in no way limited to this class nor to theses and dissertations for that matter Motivation to write these Comments arose from questions I re ceived from users that answered the ETD Working Group s survey and especially from those who offered themselves as volunteer testers for pittetd I suspect that most TEX users will find below many old news of little or no interest but I am also confident most of them will get to know of new possibilities previously unknown to them On the other hand since I am myself nothing else than one more IATEX user this document will inevitably be confined to what is already old news for me surely many things will be omitted simply because I have not heard of them Main parts of this document are devoted to inclusion of graphics that presents serious problems to ETD s because of the unfortunate and unbridgeable incompatibility that exists between the PostScript and the PDF formats to the automatic compilation of indices with the program MakeIndez and to the tools that TREX offers for the handling of large documents Less than deserved attention is paid to BIBTEX because it is well documented by its author 4 and because Punctuation and spacing 81 the immense variety of styles makes it impossible to even dream of a useful survey The contents is arranged in paragraphs 81 82 etc rat
5. be manually provided The pittetd class has it built in so if you are typing your thesis with it the command is available see Appendix A for what you have to type to use this command in standard classes 85 Ellipsis is normally produced by the command dots How ever this command is not very reliable as regards the spacing before and after the three dots or their effect on surrounding punctuation marks Matt Swift has created a small package that helps to format text ellipses the lips package that provides the lips command a substitute for dots As an illustration I copy Figure 2 from the package s documentation as Appendix B below Definition of commands 6 The newcommand command allows the user to create his her own commands One particular kind of command with no arguments is what can be called abbreviation commands that facilitate the type setting of frequently occurring expressions newcommand pcs pitch class set newcommand stm Static Timing Analysis newcommand cubii emph Clavier Ubung II While these abbreviations are really helpful they also ensure simi lar formatting for similar expressions every ILXTEX user has had to cope with the annoying fact that they gobble the space that follows pcs number 4 produces the wrong output pitch classnumber 4 Note that this paragraph apply to text ellipses not to mathematical expres sions xspace ensuremath Definitio
6. indexing alphabetization 841 number format 842 preparation 37 process 36 subterms 39 41 input 24 26 L Mabel 815 19 large documents IATEX dimensions see projects 810 12 gloss BIgpXlengths 812 gloss linebreaking 3 10 lips package 85 NINE o2scduaddquebeep RA 5 lowercase esesns 84 M main files 820 26 makeidx package 837 Makelndez 836 46 switches lun 846 math mode 88 text in sess 814 NnDOX x es ed drug e es 814 METAPOST 33 N nameref package 818 nameref 818 Mnewcommand 86 8 9 O oztex graphic driver 927 P packages 0 gloss packages mentioned amsmath 814 COlOE due eis Gat 827 graphicx 827 34 35 hyperref 818 27 48 Tips 3x s RE e 85 makeidx 837 nameref 818 showldx oia sepre wane es 847 showkeys 819 subfiles 826 XSpa Ce posete ew wx 87 page numbering 24 Mpageref c 22x99 vx eked 817 Mpaperheight 812 paperwidth 12 parbox 455 bbe owes 11 13 parindent 12 PDEBIEX aie ccea skis ax 33 PDF TEX i2zsesee tes 34 pdftex graphic driver 27 35 period space after
7. other 16 PostScript graphics in PDF documents 29 32 graphic formats possible formats depend on the implementation and the driver but in general such standard formats as JPG TIFF and PNG can be included the bounding box has to be specified Almost every graphic editor can give this information sometimes in the form of pixel size in whose case a b 0 0 830 The size of the graphic can be controlled with options scale width height and totalheight The latter is recommended when a rotation of more than 90 degrees or of a negative quantity is made to the figure The other options mentioned are self explanatory scale takes a number width and height take a LITEX dimension If only one of width and height is given the other is accommodated to keep the ration Giving both will probably deform the image unless keepaspectratio is explicitly requested 831 Rotation of graphics is achieved with the options angle and origin The latter sets the point of the image around which the rotation is made and the available values are the following lt ct rt lc o rc lb cb rb PostScript graphics in PDF documents 832 The incompatibility between PostScript and PDF formats would seem at least to the ignorant one of the biggest fiascos of modern com puting being as it is that both languages were developed by Acrobat At any rate what this essential incompatibility implies in BTEXnique terms is a serious
8. switches are c makes MakelIndex ignore spaces within Nindex commands If this switch is used index set will be alphabetized identi cally with index set 1 makes Makelndex alphabetize multiple word expressions with no regard for middle spaces prime numbers will be alphabet ized as primenumbers r disables the formation of page ranges Instead of 24 20 MakeIndexz will produce 24 25 26 847 Tracking indexed terms is made easier with the package showidx that makes index ed terms visible just as the showkeys packages 23 Appendices 847 48 makes cross referencing keys visible 19 When showidx is loaded usepackage showidx each page will feature a list of the terms that are indexed in it The pittetd class has a patch for this file whose only purpose is to avoid a series of overfull box messages so it should be loaded with usewithpatch 848 Hyper indices with hyperref The hyperref package used by pittetd to create links and bookmarks offers the possibility of making an interactive index where the page numbers are links to the corre sponding pages However this is not very robust it virtually disables the use of the modifiers that follow the character within Nindex commands so that the features described in 9842 544 are disabled That is why pittetd disables interactivity for the index although this can be overridden see section 6 2 of pittetd s documentation A The Nacro co
9. write a lot about N you can make use of both xspace 57 and ensuremath 88 and achieve a really robust com mand NN by way of newcommand N ensuremath mathbb N xspace ax shortstack Hidden possibilities 810 11 Hidden possibilities IATEX has a couple things that one reason or another tend to pass unnoticed until one discovers them serendipitously 810 The optional argument to NN is one of them In virtually ev ery context where this line breaking command is used regular text array or tabular environments etc you can add a IZTEX dimen sion within square brackets as in 3mm which will be vertically added to the line skip For example Chess Checkers Chess Checkers Canasta Bridge Canasta Bridge Chess Checkers Chess Checkers 2mm Canasta Bridge Canasta Bridge The dimension can also be negative 811 Stacking words or any kind of EITEX box on top of each other is sometimes needed for things like It would seem that the only way to do this is by means of parbox fbox parbox 3mm scriptsize textsf A clubsuit but this of course implies guessing the right width for the box in this case there is no problem but when you deal with words or formulas you are bound to do it by trial and error Another possibility is to try with a one column tabular environment which automatically finds the width of the columns but that involves a lot of typing a
10. Comments on using IATEX for theses Federico Garcia August 5 2003 Contents Introduction 3 General Edition 4 Punctuation and spacing uu bee a a ee ew es 4 SL Dash sS e e cocca e a be s acei Hango ii ee dt 4 2 Inter word spacing 4223 x vox 9 E X Xe 5 NN Tr 5 4 ACTOnyMS uc pe alt eee ae oO dde ar 5 CDM I S P 6 Definition of commands 6252 24 99 2 ae PRS S 6 86 Abbreviation commands 6 B XHDHOB i 4 x pu OS Ge e ae ak ee be wea 7 88 Math mode in abbreviation commands 7 SU Exarpl sw g olo be aoe ROUX E Ewe T Hidden possibilities oo a llle 8 810 The optional argument to NN 8 11 Stacking words roo 9 4c mh Rx eed 8 S12 Dimensions 0 3 ek eek eee RR x UE OS 9 813 Centering and flushing 9 514 Text in math mode 22 2 44 44 eR 64 10 On cross referencing lll 10 815 Referring to footnotes les 10 For Pitt s ETD Working Group 16 Referring to items Lose wok x X O4 3 ee E 33 817 Page number referencing 818 Name referencing 19 Making keys visible Large documents 20 Main file and subsidiary files 21 include ing BS 21x ode Peds bows 222 Excluding files e ee deu eS 9 ae amp X oi opti 23 Warnings about Ninclude 24 input ting files 2423 bb Gee 9 xS 25 Working on individual files 26 The su
11. Inclusion of graphics 28 29 bb a bcd Bounding box 829 scale s Scaling factor angle a Angle of rotation between 360 and 360 degrees origin p Origin of rotation 31 width w Desired width for the image 30 height h Desired height for the image 30 totalheight h To use if the image is rotated more than 90 or clock wise 30 keepaspectratio To keep the original width height ration 30 viewport a bcd Similar to bb used to see only the portion of the im age between a rectangle of vertices a b and c d It should be used in conjunction with clip to pre vent the rest of the image from being printed trim a bcd Reduces the bounding box 829 by the specified quantities clip Used with viewport to clip the image draft The image is not printed but a box of the corre sponding size replaces it processing time is shorter Table 1 Options for includegraphics 29 The bounding box of a graphic is information on its size that IATEX needs to allocate the necessary space in the page It should be given in the scheme bb a bcd graphic c d a b Encapsulated PostScript graphics eps have the bounding box in formation embedded within the files so when importing them there is no need to tell IXTEX the four numbers a b c d of course using EPS in PDF files is another problem addressed below in 32ff But for
12. Pitt ETD Webpage 36 The process similar to that of bibliographies generation with BIBTEX is as follows 19 printindex index Indexing with MakeIndex 36 38 e A first IXTEX run compiles the relevant information namely the index commands and writes it into an external auxiliary file with extension idx e The program Makelndex formats and sorts out that information producing another file of extension ind this time e A second ETEX run reads the latter file and typesets the index into the document 837 Preparation of the input file The input file has to be prepared to generate an index First the next two lines have to be present in the preamble of the document usepackage makeidx makeindex Second the index itself has to be requested by typing printindex where it is desired After these preparations IATEX is ready to inter pret index commands on which below A normal run something like latex doc tex in the command line produces an additional doc idx file running MakeIndex something like makeindex doc and then IATEX again will create the index 838 Indexing terms is done through the command index term One such command is needed for each indexed term and should be issued right after the term itself avoiding spaces that could result in page breaks and wrong pagination For example The most evident manifestation of the light index light as emph particles index particl
13. act that PS Tricks does not understand drivers 827 so it has no way to accommodate to dvipdfm s conventions nor to PDF TEX s for that matter At any rate other IXTEX tools that employ PostScript handling such as the graphicx package itself are well understood by both dvipdfm and PDF TEX In any case the alternative is to convert the internally created PostScript file to other formats that can be included 835 Converting PostScript files is done through external programs Acrobat Distiller or Acrobat PDF Writer a printer emulator that prints into PDF files can create a PDF file of the image Then if the driver to the graphicx package is pdftex 27 and the document is to be processed with PDF FTRX the new PDF file can be imported with Nincludegraphics 28ff Or else the file can be fitted in the screen captured the screen is copied to the clipboard and pasted on a new graphic file of any format in any graphics program Again which formats can be im ported depends on the local system and the driver used see 27 The new file is then handled appropriately with the includegraphics command 828ff Indexing with MakelIndex The enormous task of compiling an index is facilitated to a certain extent by the program Makelndex and the IXTEX package makeidx written by Phong Chen and Nelson Beebe and included in standard IXTEX distributions A guide to the program 3 is available from the
14. al de Colombia 2003 2 Leslie Lamport ZTEX A document preparation system Addison Wesley Reading Massachusetts second edition 1994 MakeIndex An index processor for D TEX February 17 1987 File nakeindex tex dvi output available at the Pitt ETD Webpage 4 Oren Patashnik BrBTEX ng February 8 1988 File btxdoc tex documentation to BIBTEX version 0 99b dvi output available at the Pitt ETD Webpage Index The index is by paragraph 8 instead of page Numbers in italics refer to the paragraph where the corresponding entry is described Symbols index alphabetization 841 45 comment character 40 gloss S EE E REESE 2 index subterms 39 45 z dox Buen 84 E 45 48 index special characters 45 Ic index page range op 843 NN RUE aue ete HO ETE ae 810 11 index page range cl 43 7 leuia Heke ER eR RS 83 27 Index ER 82 A abbreviation commands 86 9 NaCO sea ae e p en 84 Acrobat 832 35 acronyms 84 amsmath package 814 array environment 810 C centering v d ig ee ng 3 813 centering environment 813 centering 813 citations tracking of 819 Gite cee ake awe eagle el 819 color package 827 counters 817 gloss AGEO Gy gd nuce Bh aes 818 cross references 15 19 22 24 to page numbers 817 to section names 818 tracking of
15. bfiles package Inclusion of graphics 27 The graphicx package 2 2 524644 4 6 28 Including graphics 1x0 exo 6o ee bee a wd 29 The bounding box 2 22 6 corn 830 The size of the graphic 31 Rotation of graphics uo 4e wo ox OUR x PostScript graphics in PDF documents 832 The incompatibility between PostScript and PDF 33 External PostScript files 1o bw sn xo RR 834 Internally generated PostScript 35 Converting PostScript files Indexing with MakeIndex 836 The process Geko cd OS Bad ee wo wor SO 37 Preparation of the input file 38 Indexing erm 246 2 eG de ee Gow bee eS 800 Sub terms 24 4 44 604 bee db OE Ge AS REG 840 Multiple references ls 841 Alphabetization 00 842 Italic and bold page numbers 43 Page ranges 1 ee ee 844 Cross references 0 000 pe eae 845 Special characters a 846 Running MakeIlndez ls Introduction 847 Tracking indexed terms 29 848 Hyper indices with hyperref 24 A The Nacro command 24 B Illustration of lips 25 Glossary 25 References 27 Index 27 Introduction This document introduces some IATEX tools that may or not be known to all ITEX users in the Pitt community and that might prove useful to prepare their electronic theses or dissertations ETD Thus it is
16. corollary nothing no packages no commands no nothing that contains ps in its name can be trusted to work prop erly for PDF files PS Tricks and psfig just to name two are big losses 17 PostScript graphics in PDF documents 32 33 Many tools have been written to overcome this difficulty Perl scripts GhostScript routines etc are available from CTAN Pack ages exist with suggesting names like pdftricks an adaptation of PSTricks for PDFIZTEX or ps4pdf My own lack of experience with any of them makes me unable to recommend anything more substan tial than go and check them out and then let me know In part this lack of experience is due to my opinion that the efforts to install and actually run these programs many of them assume a Unix system or otherwise limit their range of action are not really worthwhile There are very much simpler solutions that are quite enough for the average user s graphic needs 833 There is for example a good first way to try to include ez ternal PostScript files namely the dvipdfm program that I strongly recommend as the best way to create PDF files from BT X input Suppose a BIFX document imports PostScript graphics If the docu ment is processed through PDFETRX the graphics will not show up But running LTEX on it will create a DVI with the graphics that are internally embedded by means of dvips a virtually standard program nowadays Then applying dvipdfm on th
17. es i e as photons index photons occurs at the screen The light arrives there in discrete localized units of energy index energy this energy being invariably related to the light s frequency index frequency in accordance with Planck s index Planck Max formula E h nu As can be seen the index commands are quite intrusive the input file becomes difficult to read That is a good reason why the 20 Indexing with MakelIndex 838 41 index should be compiled when the text itself is in its final form or very close Many aspects of the use of Nindex are detailed in the following paragraphs Switches and parameters for MakeIndex s command line are presented starting with 46 847 presents a package that helps tracking indexed terms 839 Sub terms Nindex can create subdivisions for the terms in the index indicated by the character index light as particles index light frequency index light energy formula for The above commands issued say in pages 35 37 and 40 respective ly would create something like light as particles 35 energy formula for 40 frequency 37 There can only be three levels in the index sub sub terms 840 Multiple references i e indexing the same concept under several index entries can be done by successive Nindex commands Spaces between Nindex commands should be avoided and a good way to do this is using the 4 character For example The most evident manifes
18. her than sections to allow a quick reference from the table of contents Accord ingly the final index gives paragraph numbers not page numbers The paragraphs are grouped though under section like headings This is not an advanced guide to BIFX but neither is it an in troduction The reader is assumed to know of and be acquainted with the use of most if not all of IXTEX s commands and environ ments Information on all that can be found in the file sample2e tex distributed with TeX and of course in the ETRX user s manual 2 owned by the Pitt library but always checked out and not by me From the pittetd webpage at http www pitt edu graduate etd latextemplate html other guides can be downloaded There is a glossary toward the end of this document And before starting a final note the character stands for a blank space where emphasis is needed General Edition Punctuation and spacing No insistence on the next points of text edition in IATEX will ever be too much IATEX is capable of much finer tuning than word processors but this in turn requires more control from the user The correct use of quotation marks i e the use of the key seldom meaningful in other programs is obvious enough to require no extra warning but there are other subtleties that should be addressed 81 Dashes are one of them Hm dash the punctuation mark is produced by three dashes En dashes instead are used for ra
19. in addition it ties the two words together so that the line will not be broken by IATEX at the space be tween them This is imperative in abbreviations at the very least for it would be absurd to allow the expression M A to be broken as in M A this tends to happen in Word all the time Typing M A avoids it Personally I use ties in many more contexts such as names multiple word concepts titles etc although many well edited books can be found where this things are separated 84 Acronyms are all uppercase expressions such as ETD and also call for special treatment It is a feature of TEX s Computer Modern fonts as of most fonts that uppercase letters are sensibly larger than lowercase so that NASA does not look well In fact NASA typeset in a smaller font is much better In principle this seems easy to achieve just by changing the font size small NASA But this acro lips Definition of commands 84 6 is not a robust solution in a footnote whose text is smaller than small the result is contrary to the need and when the text moves from one part of the document to another for example in section titles that go to the Table of Contents the font size might change and ruin everything So there exists the acro command that finds the current font size and selects a smaller one for the expression you type acro NASA This command is not part of the IXTEX kernel and therefore it must
20. is DVI will create the PDF and what is more relevant dvipdfm will automatically try to convert the graphics through its own GhostScript routine and embed them into the PDF file Normally it will succeed although there is always the possibility that it cannot convert the file if the latter contains some command or construction unknown to it For all this to be possible of course the system has to have dvips dvipdfm and GhostScript installed Also if the TX document is created with pittetd option dvipdfm should be declared see pittetd s manual for more on this and related options The PostScript files for this method have to be external This includes most uses of METAPOST but fails to include PSTricks that creates internal PostScript graphics 9 Comprehensive TEX Archive Network an on line archive with everything about TeX and IATEX Most its contents is public domain The site can be accessed from http www tug org the TEX Users Group s webpage In addition it should be noted that PDF TEX and PDF IATEX by extension has support for METRPOST 18 Indexing with MakelIndex 33 36 834 Internally generated PostScript output which is what PSTricks does is harder to manage It seems a good idea to generate the images in a separate BIFX document creating a DVI file then to convert it to ps with dvips and include it as a regular external file 833 But somehow it does not work It surely has to do with the f
21. ith no modification needed To put subfiles at work the subfile s should begin with the lines documentclass main_file subfiles begin document and takes the preamble from the main file loading the same pack ages and setting the same parameters as the main file They can thus be processed as a regular IXTEX files Then in order to invoke it into the main file which has loaded the package by means of usepackage subfiles the subfile com mand is used subfile fig1 tex and no change to fig1 tex is needed since the main document will ig nore the documentclass begin document and end document commands of the subsidiary file The subfile command resembles input more closely than include it does not start a new page it can be nested and there is no exclusion mechanism like Nincludeonly By me actually in 2002 14 includegraphics graphicspath Inclusion of graphics 27 28 Inclusion of graphics 827 The graphica package an extension and improvement on the previous graphics package and present in typical distributions of IATEX offers tools for among other things inclusion of imported graphics of a variety of formats The package has to be loaded with an option corresponding to the graphic driver to be used For regular DVI documents the most common driver is dvips Some implementa tions of BTFX come with their own driver Macintosh s Textures and OzTeX for example
22. ittetd for example the keys will not be 11 include Large documents 819 21 visible By this mechanism the user is spared from having to comment out the usepackage showkeys line Large documents 20 A good practice when writing large documents is to divide them up into several files It saves processing time and provides for quicker access and better organization The document is thus actually a whole project consisting of a main file and several subsidiary files that are loaded by the former Three ways of handling such projects in IXTEX are presented in the following paragraphs Each has its own scope and is applicable to its own kind of situations 821 include ing files is the first way done with the IXTEX command include In principle include filename calls the subsidiary file called filename The extension tex is as sumed and in fact should not be included in the filename There can be naturally many include commands in a document so that different chapters can be typeset as different files The main file if this mechanism is used systematically could then consists of little more than the preamble and a series of include commands something like documentclass dvipdfm pittetd l lt preamble begin document include prelims include intro include cap1 include cap2 include cap3 12 includeonly input Large documents 21 24 appendix include ap
23. mmand Here are the lines that provide the Nacro command 84 for standard classes makeatletter DeclareRobustCommand SMC ifx currsize normalsize small else ifx currsize small footnotesize else ifx Ocurrsize footnotesize scriptsize else ifx currsize large normalsize else ifx currsize Large large else ifx currsize LARGE Large else ifx currsize scriptsize tiny else ifx currsize tiny tiny else ifx currsize huge LARGE else ifx currsize Huge huge else smal1 SMC unknown warning fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi 2 8This piece of code comes from the Itugboat class 24 Glossary newcommand SMC unknown warning PackageWarning acro string SMC unrecognized text font size command using string small newcommand textSMC 1 SMC 1 newcommand acro 1 textSMC 1 makeatother B Illustration of lips The following is a comparison between the results of dots and M ips 85 It comes from the lips package s documentation Hello dots And Hello And Hello lips And Hello And Hello dots And Hello And Hello lips And Hello And Hello dots And Hello And Hello lipsuAnd Hello And Hello dots And Hello And Hello lips And Hello And one dots three one three one Mlips three one three one dots three one
24. n of commands 86 9 Of course embedding the space into the definition something like newcommand pcs pitch class set does not work for this pcs whose generates this pitch class set whose 7 csspace is the small but brilliant package that handles this It is typically distributed with IXTEX and provides the xspace command so that you can type rather newcommand pcs pitch class set xspace newcommand stm Static Timing Analysis xspace newcommand cubii emph Clavier Ubung 1I1I xspace and the abbreviations will produce a space only if they are not followed by a punctuation mark That way you can issue both Npcs and pcs u and get the right spacing To cancel a space when xspace would produce it you can enclose the next character within brackets pcs _2 88 The other minor problem when defining abbreviation commands is math mode If you define newcommand sharp you will be able to use the command to produce only possible in math mode in regular text but if you use it in math mode like a_ BTEX will complain Conversely if you do not include the s in the definition the command could not be used in regular text IATEX offers a way around this the ensuremath command You should define newcommand ensuremath sharp where Nensuremath replaces and the command will be have properly in both text and math 89 Example if you
25. n the form declaration rather than declaration Font size commands for example are declarations Dimensions See BIFX Dimensions TeX dimensions LTEX understands many dimensional units a mong them in cm mm pt lin 72pt em the width of an M ex the height of an x When a dimension is asked for the natural answer is to give it in terms of these units But dimensions can also be given in terms of previously defined lengths such as textwidth parindent etc ETEX lengths Commands that hold a length Many lengths are defined by IXTEX itself Others can be created by the user with newlength command name and all can be managed with setlength command name BTRX dimension and Naddtolength same syntax Packages Additions to ILTEX that offer new commands or features To be used they have to be loaded which is done by usepackage options package 26 Index The part options is of course optional When using pittetd packages can and maybe should be loaded with the command usewithpatch instead this will make pittetd look for a patch that solves any incompatibility issues see pittetd s manual Preamble The part of the input file between documentclass and begin document All packages are loaded and some parame ters are set within the preamble References 1 Rodrigo De Castro El Universo ATRX 2nd edition Bogot Uni versidad Nacion
26. nd uncertainty about spurious vertical spaces Well the shortstack command will do nicely fbox scriptsize shortstack textsf A clubsuit Different lines are separated by whose optional argument functions here as well and EXTEgX finds the width of the box By default 8 centering raggedleft raggedright Hidden possibilities 811 13 the lines will be horizontally centered but left or right justification can be forced with an optional argument shortstack 1 or shortstack r The only drawback to shortstack is that respect to the sur rounding text the box it creates will always be aligned by its base as some stacked some in words To achieve stacked I had to use raisebox words 812 Dimensions are often the argument of important commands such as parbox or p in the format part of a tabular envi ronment While the most natural way to give IXTEX the dimension it asks for is absolute units cm in etc it is important to realize that BTFX lengths can be used instead For example Ntextwidth holds the width of a regular line of text and it can be very useful when designing a table say of 3 columns Rather than guessing their width in centimeters you can simply distribute the total width be tween the margins by specifying 2 textwidth 4 textwidth and 4 textwidth for example A list of such useful MTX lengths is textwidth The width of a regular line of text te
27. nges as in W Lutoslawsky 1913 1994 And the regular dash is used for compound words twentieth century capitalism A common mistake is to use en dash as word separator in ugly constructions such as word separator Punctuation and spacing 82 4 82 Inter word spacing is automatically handled by ETEX among other things it assigns more space after a period than after most other characters Sometimes however when a period is not a sentence marker no extra space is wanted It is generally well known that this is avoided by using the space command N This jis Dr Freud This is Dr Freud This is Dr N Freud This is Dr Freud What is much less well known is that ATX does not apply extra space after uppercase letters for example in Donald E Knuth This is because in general a sentence does not end with an uppercase letter so IATEX assumes the period is not a sentence marker So against what many people think the result of M uA is exactly the same as that of M A But what if a period after uppercase is in fact a final period How is the extra space forced The obscure command is intended just for that Here is an illustration see appendix C For the moment see appendix C For the moment see appendix C For the moment see appendix C For the moment 83 Ties the symbol are a related concept A tie produces a space of regular width exactly as NV but
28. of relationship between main and subsidiary files because each subsidiary file starts in a new page But the command input is a good alternative A line like input fig1t tex invokes the file figi tex and reads it exactly as if it were part of the main file It wil not start a new page not even a new line But then again removing the line is completely equivalent to hav ing deleted the figure itself cross referencing page numbering and 13 subfile subfile Large documents 24 26 layout change accordingly There is no exclusion mechanism similar to includeonly On the other hand input can be nested it can appear in files that are themselves include d or input 25 Working on individual files Another advantage of separating complex constructions from the main file is that you can work on them fine tune them to perfection without processing the whole project In other words you can create the figure as a stand alone document and only Ninput it into the main file when it s ready Be fore making this last step however you have to delete or comment out the preamble of the subsidiary file as well as its end document But then again if you want to come back and edit the figure you will have to re write or un comment those things 26 The subfiles package was created to facilitate this process By using it subsidiary files can be processed either on their own or as part of the main file w
29. offer drivers textures and oztex respectively For example to load the graphicx with dvips driver you type in the preamble usepackage dvips graphicx Relevant for ETD s that are PDF files are the drivers dvipdfm and oztex and pdftex When one of these two options has been specified for pittetd for example with documentclass dvipdfm pittetd the latter will pass it along to all the packages so it is enough to write usepackage graphicx This makes it possible to change the driver of pittetd without having to change that of the packages 828 Including graphics is pretty straightforward with the graphicx package through its includegraphics command Here is the syntax includegraphics options filename 3 A list of options is given in Table 1 an adaptation of 1 Table 7 3 The filename should in principle include the whole path of the file unless a generic declaration has been made with graphicspath For example in Windows the command graphicspath c thesis graphics c old papers allows writing only the name in the filename of includegraphics IATEX will search the given directories for the required file The following paragraphs discuss some of the options There are more packages that need to know what the driver is notably hyperref and color 5The files dvipdfm def and pdftex def should be available to IATEX prefer ably in the same directory as the graphicx package is 15
30. ommands can be used such as textbf or underline 843 Page ranges for an indexed term for example when it is the sub ject of an entire section so that the index entry should show something like 13 15 are specified by index term at the beginning of the range index term at the end The numbers can be further formatted in the opening index for example in index term textit which is still to be closed reg ularly by index term 22 Indexing with MakelIndex 844 47 844 Cross references with the expression see are produced by the command see as in index light quanta see photons which creates an index entry like light quanta see photons The similar seealso writes see also instead of see 845 Special characters and have a special meaning for MakeIn dex and therefore they cannot be used freely within index com mands If you need one of them to appear explicitly in an entry it has to be preceded by as in index nobody nowhere com nw or in index x0 x 846 Running MakeIndex MakelIndex is a binary program that in its simplest form takes the document s file name with extension idx although this can be omitted as a parameter Optional switches can be appended some of which are explained below In general then MakeIndez is executed on the command line by makeindex switches filename The most important
31. pA include appB include biblio end document 22 Excluding files The most elegant thing about this procedure is the exclusion mechanism includeonly This command that has to be issued within the preamble limits the list of files to be included thus saving processing time when isolated modifications are made to individual files For example by adding to the main file the line includeonly cap1 appA IXTEX will only process the files cap1 tex and appA tex keeping how ever the numbering of pages chapters figures tables etc and all cross references and citations as if the rest of the files were present Needless to say after an Nincludeonly command there is no necessity of deleting or commenting out the include commands 823 Warnings about include have to be made the command al ways starts a new page This makes sense for chapters but is of little help for figures parts of chapters etc Also include cannot be present in include d files nesting is not allowed 824 input ting files When a document has figures or other con structions of certain complexity whose TFX code takes lines and lines of unintelligible commands it is usually a good idea to separate them from the text putting them in subsidiary files This adds to the clarity of the text and to the accessibility of the figures or complex constructions The include mechanism however would not work well to handle this kind
32. t 1 n On cross referencing Cross referencing with the commands label key and ref key is straightforward The latter will print the counter of the element to which a corresponding label was assigned Among the elements are document divisions chapters sections etc floating objects tables and figures and equations 815 Referring to footnotes is less well known But the fact is that Mabel can also be assigned to a footnote by typing it after the footnote and then a coupling ref will print the footnote number For example since I added label fn right after the last footnote of this document I can now say that it is footnote number 8 footnote number ref fn 816 Referring to items of an enumerate environment is also possible For example after begin enumerate item labelfen 1 First item 10 pageref nameref On cross referencing 816 19 begin enumerate item label en 21 Item in the second level end enumerate item Second item end enumerate all is set to refer to the label ed items with ref 817 Page number referencing is also available through the pageref command It will typeset the number of the page in which the cor responding label occurred rather than the counter of the element Since pageref does not depend on counters of any kind other than the page number of course it can be used to refer to any kind of text In other words a label command can be p
33. tation of light as particles index light particles index photons occurs at the screen 841 Alphabetization is automatically made by MakelIndex In doing so it is sensible to both case and space In other words each of 21 Indexing with MakelIndex 841 43 index set index set index Set and index SET create different items in the index You can override the automatic alphabetization of any term using the character to tell MakeIndex where the term should go index position term For example index pi pi would place the symbol m in the position of pi instead of that of This is also useful for expressions like emph MakeIndex or Agler which would ordinarily show up before any letter alphabetized as starting with The modifier can also be used in the subterms part of index 39 Thus index quarks colors colors of will place the subterm under the letter c rather than the character 842 Italic and bold page numbers are sometimes given different mean ings in the index the present document for example italicizes the page number where the entry is described in most detail This is done with the character within the index command as in index indexation textit This command if issued in page 36 would generate indexation 36 Note that in these constructions the character substitutes the V of the regular commands Other such c
34. ut anywhere in the document even within running text and a pageref command will work well By contrast ref will produce the last referrable counter divisions equations floating objects enumerate items or footnotes that occurred before the label command 818 Name referencing is an option provided by the hyperref package through its subordinate nameref package and it makes sense when references are interactive links The nameref command to be used instead of ref typesets the name not the number of the chapter or section referred to This command only work with divisions Since the titles of chapters and sections should be all uppercase for Pitt ETD s it is a good idea to use acro 4 when referring to them with nameref Thus acro nameref intro would produce the better INTRODUCTION not INTRODUCTION 819 Making keys visible so that they do not have to be remem bered and can be easily identified is very useful when writing docu ments with many label key ref key or similar construc tions The showkeys package is designed for that purpose when load ed it will make keys defined with label appear in the margins while keys referred to by ref and related commands appear as superscript s In neither case the actual layout of the text is affected The keys of the cite commands are also visible When the final option is used either as an option to the package or one to the class to p
35. xtheight The height of the text on a regular page paperwidth The width of the page including margins paperheight The height of the page parindent The width of the paragraph indentation 813 Centering and flushing text to the left or to the right can be done by the three environments centering flushleft and flushright however all of the three add a vertical space below and after their contents which sometimes is not welcome for example inside a parbox or in a table For those situations there exist the dec larations centering raggedleft and raggedleft Compare the space before and after the present paragraph produced by centering Compare the space The stackrel command works similarly but it is for math mode and the lines are always horizontally centered On cross referencing 13 16 and that before and after the one below The next paragraph is typeset inside a center environment And therefore it is separated by the preceding and following text even if there is no blank lines in the input file 814 Text in math mode is usually produced by the text command of the amsmath package But this is actually a redundant feature and the package does not have to be loaded to make it easy to typeset text within mathematical formulas All that is needed is the IATEX command mbox 0 lt a_n lt frac 1 n quad mbox for every natural n ge 1 has the effect 1 0 a for every natural n g
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