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PetraSim User Manual June 2007

1. Vectors FLOH C Show Isosurfaces alar Properties I Show vectors Show Slice Planes Slice Planes Figure 13 6 Example of contours on slice planes Select File gt Export Data to write a file that can be read into Tecplot The format of the data will be a value and then the X Y and Z coordinates The data can be written either at the center or corners of each cell 69 Plotting Results Time History Plots of Results To make a time history plot select Results gt Cell History Plots or 12 This will open anew window Figure 13 7 za Cell History Five Spot 3d_five_spot out Five Spot FOFT Joe File View Primary Data P Variable 9 005 P v Cell Name Id Production 1 673 Production 2 693 Injection 935 Line Style Solid Line 4 0805 00 20808 40508 6 0508 ade O Circles Time Figure 13 7 Example of contours on slice planes You can select the Variable to plot and the Cell Name of the cell The Cell Name is the name given in the Grid Editor to that cell Time history plotting for a cell is also activ ated in the Grid Editor By default only the cells for which time history data have been requested or which have been given a name are listed However you can select View gt All Cells to expand the list to all cells When all cells are selected data will only be available at the times in the standard output file
2. 46 Chapter 10 Boundary Conditions Fixed Boundary Conditions Boundary conditions where the pressure temperature and other variables do not change with time called essential or Dirichlet boundary conditions are typically set using Fixed State option in a cell This is done by selecting the cell in the Grid Editor see the chapter The Solution Grid for details A cell with fixed conditions will act as a source sink for fluid and heat flow Tricks can be used to selectively fix the pressure or temperature independently For example to fix the pressure the material of the cell can be changed so that the thermal conductivity is zero Then only fluid will flow to the cell and the cell will act as a fixed pressure Similarly the permeability could be set to zero for the cell to act as a fixed temperature condition Sources and Sinks Sources and sinks are used to define flow into or out of the cell These are typically used to define production from or injection into a cell This is used for situations such as a well in a reservoir or rainfall on the surface The rates can be defined as constant or using a table to give time rate pairs By default PetraSim assumes a step change when a time history of input is specified This can be changed in the Solution Parameters options To define Sources Sinks open the Grid Editor and right click on a cell to display the context menu Select Sources Sinks Figure 10 1 The user no
3. pg 46 Map of Features pg 78 Mass balance pg 17 Material data dialog pg 38 Material data dialog Fracture pg 77 Materials pg 38 Meshmaker grid pg 32 MINC pg 76 Miscellaneous material data dialog pg 41 Monitoring progress of TOUGH analysis pg 65 Multi Phase flow pg 12 N New model pg 26 O Open saved model pg 26 Output controls pg 57 Output controls dialog pg 62 P PetraSim Tour pg 6 Phase pg 15 Plots pg 66 3D plots pg 66 Cell history plots pg 70 Export 3D plot data pg 69 Source Sink plots pg 70 Time history plots pg 70 Porous media pg 12 Capillary pressure pg 14 Darcy s law pg 12 Multi Phase flow pg 12 Relative permeability pg 13 Purchase pg 11 R Registration pg 11 Registration Problems pg 87 Regular grid pg 31 Relative permeability pg 13 Relative permeability dialog pg 39 Results pg 66 3D plots pg 66 Cell history plots pg 70 Source Sink plots pg 70 Time history plots pg 70 Running a TOUGH simulation pg 64 S Save dialog pg 65 SAVE file pg 46 Scalar properties dialog pg 66 Setting TOUGH analysis priority pg 64 Solution controls pg 57 Solution controls dialog pg 57 Solution grid pg 27 Source Sink plots pg 70 Sources and sinks pg 47 Space discretization pg 17 T Tecplot pg 69 Time discretization pg 17 pg 18 Time History Plots pg 70 Time dependent boundary conditions pg
4. Contours vectors and slice planes are shown against an outline of your model You can also make high resolution screen shots for public ations or presentation graphics Scalar Legend The scalar legend shows what colors were used to display scalar quantities You can also double click the legend to define the range and number of colors Time List Click a time step to view the results data at that time during the simu lation Scalar Property Select a scalar property such as temperature or pressure to display from this list All slice planes and contours will be updated show the new property Vector Property Select a vector property such as water flow rate to display from this list All vectors will be updated to show the new property Isosurface Controls Change the number of isosurfaces and and other scalar dis play properties Getting Started 7 Vector Controls Use sliders to scale the vectors in the 3D view 8 Slice Planes Click this to add 2D slice planes to the 3D view Time History Results You can make time history plots of individual cell data and export the data in a format for import into spreadsheets Cell Time History N BAX Eile View Primary Data P Pa Variable 1 28607 2 PiPa ha 1 24607 Cell Name Id 2207 Cell 576 A Cell 577 1207 Cell 578 Cell 579 5 1 18607 11 580 Cell 581 Cell 582 Cell 583 Cell 584 Cell 585 Cell 586 1 1
5. NOITE 8 Enable Automatic Time Step Adjustment Max Time Step DELTMX sec Infinite v Iter to Double Time Step MOP 16 3 Reduction Factor REDLT 4 00000 Figure 11 1 The Times tab controls e Start Time The start of the analysis In most cases this will be 0 0 End Time The end time of the analysis Usually specified but can be set to infin ite and then solution will run for the Max Num Time Steps Time Step User control of the time steps If Automatic Time Step Adjustment is enabled recommended this is the initial time step used in the analysis The user 57 Solution and Output Controls can also specify a table of time steps for the solution If a list of time steps is giv en the last time step will be used until the End Time is reached If the user has se lected to define the time steps in a table and enabled Automatic Time Step Adjust ment the specified table of time steps is used first with automatic adjustment after if the number of solution time steps exceeds the number of time steps in the list Max Num Time Steps The maximum number of time steps for the solution If this number is exceeded the analysis ends e Max CPU Time A control to limit the maximum CPU time used in the analysis If this number is exceeded the analysis ends e Max Iterations per Step The maximum number of iterations for a time step If ex ceeded and Automatic Time Step Adjustment is enable
6. the density and g is the gravity vector Multi Phase Flow As described by Scheidegger Scheidegger 1957 when two or more immiscible flu ids or phases exist simultaneously in a porous medium one phase will generally wet the solid There are in general three saturation regimes e Saturation regime The porous medium is completely saturated with one phase e Pendular regime The porous medium has the lowest possible saturation with one phase This phase occurs in the form of pendular bodies throughout the porous me dium These pendular bodies do not touch each other so that there is no possibility of flow for that phase see Figure 2 1 a e Fenicular regime The porous medium exhibits an intermediate saturation with both phases If the pendular bodies of the pendular regime expand through addition of the corresponding fluid they eventually become so large that they touch each other and merge The results is a continuous network of both phases across the porous medium It is thus possible that simultaneous flow of both phases occurs along tor tuous paths see Figure 2 1 b 12 Flow in Porous Media Figure 2 1 Illustration of pendular a and funicular b saturation regime in the case of an idealized porous medium consisting of packed spheres Versluys 1931 For multi phase flow Darcy s law is modified to introduce the concept of relative per meability k u Vp p g Hg Where 4 indicates the phase
7. Figure 11 2 The Times tab controls Weighting Tab Select the Weighting tab Figure 11 3 These are advanced TOUGH2 options For most users the default values are appropriate See the TOUGH2 manual for more de tailed descriptions 59 Solution and Output Controls Solution Parameters Upstream Weighting Factor WUP 1 00000 Newton Raphson Weighting Factor WNR 1 00000 Mobility at Interface MOP 11 Permeability at Interface Upstream Weighted Upstream Weighted Average of Adjacent Elements Harmonic Weighted Harmoni Density at Interface MOP 18 Upstream Weighted O Average of Adjacent Elements Diffusive Flux at Interface MOP 24 Coupled Harmonic Weighting O Separate Harmonic Weighting Times Solver Convergence Options Weighted Figure 11 3 The Times tab controls Convergence Tab Select the Convergence tab Figure 11 4 Advanced convergence options cases the user will not change these parameters In most 60 Solution and Output Controls Solution Parameters Relative Error Criterion RE1 1E 05 Absolute Error Criterion RE2 1 00000 Figure 11 4 The Times tab controls Options Tab Select the Options tab Figure 11 5 Advance options In most cases these will not be changed by the user 61 Solution and Output Controls Solution Parameters C
8. Figure 13 14 Data for connections to cell 169 Using these values and the sign convention for flows the flows into cell 169 are rep resented in Figure 13 15 AAS 64 28 TAILS Figure 13 15 Flows into cell 169 If we sum these flows the total is 135 0 kg sec consistent with previously discussed source sink data This also illustrates why the flux data for a source sink cell is not very useful Since this cell is a production cell there is flow in from the left and in from the right The av erage X flux is then 7 97 9 81 2 250 0 00368 kg s m2 which matches Fig ure 13 13 Thanks to Hildenbrand Alexandra for providing this model 75 Chapter 14 Flow in Fractured Media The MINC Approach TOUGH uses the Multiple INteracting Continua MINC method to approximate modeling fluid and heat flow in fracture porous media As described in Pruess 1992 The method is applicable to flow processes in which an important aspect is the ex change of fluid heat or chemical species between fractures and unfractured rock MINC can only be applied to media in which the fractures are sufficiently well connec ted so that a continuum treatment of flow in the fracture network can be made If the fractures are not sufficiently connected a discrete representation of the fracture should be used with a different porous material for flow in the fracture A detailed explanation of MINC is provided in Pruess 1983 As described
9. 12126E 00 0 00000E 00 11 9002 0 10102E 06 0 19999E 02 0 87874E 00 0 12126E 00 0 00000E 00 12 9003 0 10102E 06 0 19999E 02 0 87874E 00 0 12126E 00 0 00000E 00 13 9004 0 10102E 06 0 19999E 02 0 87874E 00 0 12126E 00 0 00000E 00 14 9005 0 10102E 06 0 19999E 02 0 87874E 00 0 12126E 00 0 00000E 00 15 9006 0 10102E 06 0 19999E 02 0 87874E 00 0 12126E 00 0 00000E 00 16 9007 0 10102E 06 0 19999E 02 0 87874E 00 0 12126E 00 0 00000E 00 25 9008 0 10102E 06 0 19987E 02 0 87838E 00 0 12162E 00 0 00000E 00 26 9009 0 11854E 06 0 10000E 01 0 45037E 00 0 54963E 00 0 00000E 00 86 Troubleshooting STEP 4 Now we need to find the cell in the model Cells are numbered in X Y Z or der starting at the bottom layer This example model has 36 cells in the X directly and 39 in the Y so each layer has 36 39 1404 cells If we divide 11126 by 1404 we get 7 9 which means this cell is in layer 8 We now go to layer 8 in the Grid Editor and see the cell with the Source Sink in the upper left corner Zoom in and right click on the cell Under Properties the cell ID is 11126 so this is the problem cell Under Sources Sinks we see that the user is injecting Water Steam into this cell at a rate of 3 9 kg s but with 0 0 enthalpy BINGO zero enthalpy corresponds to water at abso lute zero so the cell is being cooled by very cold injection We need to change the en thalpy to a realistic value This means getting out the steam tables You can e
10. 20 Global Properties it een 20 Details Tor Bach EOS es II 20 De Betras m BASICS ec nee engere 21 Work Flow in a Typical Analysis u ucsssseessssessnseessnsnnnsnnnnsnnnnnsnnnnnsnnnnnnnansnsnannn 21 PetraSim A ee 21 A oats Shasta eas ae Geese uae dan he ee tigen oh 22 AA ario E ae era ae Sac TEA 22 Tree View ea anne E RE AS PAGERS 23 Enabled Disabled and Fixed State Cells ooccccccncninonccccncnnonononaniricocnnonononanicnicicnnonons 23 A TONER LE RISSE A STR A E a EEEa a ER 24 PetraSim User Manual Contour Daaen ess decke te Men se ne Nes ae Sent da e 24 6 Working with Files uc Ii li iio 26 PetraSim Model File sen id 26 TOUGH Input File 22 2 2 a ER 26 Creating and Saving a New PetraSim Model 22200022000sssnnenssnnnennnnsnnnennnnn anne 26 Open a Saved Petras ini Model ses een 26 7 The Solution Grid iii kennen 27 Problem Boundary 22222 iR 27 Internal Baundary ask Br iii 27 Top and Bott ni Surfaces cai aa 29 Creating Solution GAS usina ei a AEE DB sch 30 Reslar Grid ae ea 31 Meshmaker Grid eno tds 32 BIN E een et 32 Extra Cells ui A ias 34 S Materials ona a Re 38 Material Data AAN ee a ea Ar ee nase 38 Relative Permeabilidad 39 Capillary Pressure ainia ln as see ll 40 Miscellaneous Maleral Data 22 ar Sa see 41 Assigning Different Materials by Cell 22200022000snsnsesssnessnnnnnnnnnnsnnannnnn anne 42 A eg 44 Default Initial Conditions curia Banken de 44 Region In
11. 35346E 51 604800 5 2337E 50 691200 4 58592E 50 777600 4 55279E 50 864000 6 77021E 50 950400 1 92931E 51 1036800 2 28261E 51 1123200 1 72943E 51 1209600 1 29663E 51 1296000 8 85926E 48 1382400 4 0093E 50 1468800 3 328E 50 1555200 1 00634E 51 1641600 5 15039E 50 1728000 15 04 6 36209E 48 Figure 10 5 Desired boundary conditions Similarly we calculate the required fluid flow rates using AP M Prater PVC At where en is the density of water g is the porosity is the pore compressibility water and AP is the change in pressure The calculated values are shown in Figure 10 6 54 Boundary Conditions Time Pressure Flow sec Pa kg s 0 86400 172800 116677 8879 5 18382E 41 259200 1162295576 5 71022E 42 345600 111297 9241 2 17172E 42 432000 109414 9367 4 14706E 42 518400 113001 5793 3 28309E 42 604800 115841 0046 4 42353E 42 691200 112015 2526 3 55956E 42 777600 108936 7177 1 52059E 42 864000 107621 6154 8 29411E 41 950400 106904 2869 5 52941E 41 1036800 106426 0679 4 14706E 41 1123200 1209600 1296000 1382400 1468800 1555200 1641600 1728000 108906 829 0 108906 829 Figure 10 6 Desired boundary conditions These are input to TOUGH2 Note that this is a bit tricky since injection and produc tion must both be set on the same cell This means that two separate conditions must be set The injection for flow in and the production for flow out Set these terms
12. 49 Top and bottom surfaces pg 29 Tough Global Data MINC pg 76 TOUGH simulation run dialog pg 64 Transient boundary conditions pg 49 Tree view pg 23 Troubleshooting pg 85 Licensing Registration Problems pg 87 U Units pg 24 User Interface pg 21 V Vector properties dialog pg 66 W Wells pg 48 Work flow pg 21 92
13. 5 1286 1303 Scheidegger 1957 Adrian Scheidegger The Physics of Flow Through Porous Media 1957 University of Toronto Press and Oxford University Press London Great Britain Edwards 1972 A L Edwards TRUMP A Computer Program for Transient and Steady State Temperature Distributions in Multidimensional Systems 1972 National Technical In formation Service Springfield VA USA Narisham and Witherspoon 1976 T N Narisham and P A Witherspoon An Integrated Finite Difference Method for Analyzing Fluid Flow in Porous Media 1976 Water Resour Res 12 57 64 Warren and Root 1963 J E Warren and P J Root The Behavior of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs September 1963 Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal Transactions AIME 228 245 255 90 Index Symbols 2D view pg 22 3D Plots pg 66 3D view pg 22 A Additional material data dialog pg 39 Assign cell materials dialog pg 42 Assigning different materials by cell pg 42 Boundary pg 27 Boundary conditions Fixed pg 47 Sources and sinks pg 47 Transient pg 49 Wells pg 48 C Capillary pressure pg 14 Capillary pressure dialog pg 40 Cell editing pg 32 Cell history plots pg 70 Cells pg 23 Component pg 15 Computer hardware requirements pg 11 Contour Data pg 24 Convergence problems pg 85 Create grid dialog pg 30 D Darcy s law pg 12 Dialog Add internal boundary pg 27 Additional materia
14. Figure 8 3 Capillary pressure functions Miscellaneous Material Data Select the Misc tab to define additional material properties Figure 8 4 These include Pore Compressibility This defines how the pore volume changes as a function of pressure This is used when storativity is to be included in the model such as when performing a well test analysis In most cases this is not used and remains 0 0 Pore Expansivity The defines how the pore volume changes with temperature In most cases this is not used and remains 0 0 Dry Heat Conductivity Used with the wet heat conductivity to change the thermal conductivity of the rock Tortuosity Factor The user is referred to Appendix D of the TOUGH2 User s Guide for a detailed discussion of this factor In most cases this is not used and re mains 0 0 Klinkenberg Parameter The user is referred to Appendix A of the TOUGH2 User s Guide for a detailed discussion of this factor In most cases this is not used 41 Materials and remains 0 0 Additional Material Data Relative Perm Capillary Press Misc Pore Compressibility COM 1 Pa 0 0 Pore Expansivity EXPAN 1 C 0 0 Dry Heat Conductivity CORY W m C Same as Wet User Defined Tortuosity Factor TORTX 0 0 Klinkenberg Parameter GK 1 Pa 0 0 Reset to Default Figure 8 4 Miscellaneous material data Assigning Different Materials by Cell To support the use of geo
15. Gd aloe cian iii 31 7 7 Calculating cell size when the factor is not 1 0 zuneenseessnersnnssnnennnennnnennnnnsnnennnennne en 31 7 8 Using the Meshmaker option to create a grid uue2unessseesnersnnesnnennnennnnennnnsnnennnennne en 32 7 9 Editing 3 cell inthe Grid Editor anna acer ag ER 33 FLO Editing cell properties yasni 34 7 11 Defining the basic cell properties ia Beeren 35 7 12 Defining the extra cell connections to the model c ooooonnccnoccnoccconononancnoncnoncnanaconanonnnonns 36 Bl Material properties ne 39 8 2 Relative permeability functions sessesssseesssesssssseessseessstessresseesseeeseeessseesseesseesseessees 40 8 3 Capillary pressure Mum CU OWS sa anne 41 8 4 Miscellaneous material data unicas 42 Session Cell Materials dialog 2 22 A aie x 43 9 1 Setting default initial conditions ana ae 44 9 2 Setting region initial conditions eii 45 9 3 Setting cell initial conditions ausser na uni ll 46 vii PetraSim User Manual 19 1 Baiting Cell properties m ae 48 10 2 Desired boundary conditions arrasa illo fat 52 10 3 Graph of desired boundary conditions oooooccccnncccnoncccnonanononcnononcnonnnnnonncnonnnc cnn ncnnnnnno 53 10 4 Desired boundary conditions a E A ta A A a 53 10 5 Desired boundary conditions derivan ias 54 10 6 Desired boundary conditions va u O ei 55 10 7 Comparison of desired and calculated boundary condition temperatures 56 10 8 Comparison of desired and
16. Planes Z Slice Planes gt Figure 13 1 The 3D results window Plot controls include Time s A window that displays all the available output times Select one of these times for plotting Scalar Select the output parameter for plotting The scalar parameter is the one 66 Plotting Results that will be used for isosurfaces and contours on slice planes The list of parameters is dynamically created from the TOUGH output file and will be different for each EOS e Vectors If vector data was written to the output this must be selected as one of the Output Controls options this will display a list of available vector data The list of parameters is dynamically created from the TOUGH output file and will be different for each EOS e Show Isosurfaces This checkbox turns on the display of isosurfaces for the selec ted scalar The number indicates how many isosurfaces will divide the plot range Selecting the Scalar Properties button displays a dialog Figure 13 2 on which you can specify a specific plot range choose to use a logarithmic scale and specify the number of colors used on contour plots e Show Vectors If vector information is available selecting the checkbox will turn on the display of vector data Figure 13 3 The Vector Scale controls the scaling factor applied to the vectors and the Vector Size Range controls the relative size of the longest to shortest vectors By default both the rel
17. _ is the relative permeability between 0 and 1 for 7E the phase and Ps P tP s is the fluid pressure in the phase which is the sum of the pressure in a reference phase usually the gas phase and the capillary pressure Des capillary pressure is negative Relative Permeability The TOUGH codes provide several options for relative permeability A typical option is the use of Corey s curves Corey 1954 as illustrated in Figure 2 2 At low liquid saturation the gas relative permeability is 1 0 and the liquid permeability is very low Conversely at high liquid saturation the gas relative permeability is very low and the liquid permeability is 1 0 This is consistent with the flow regimes as described above 13 Flow in Porous Media ho amp o gt 2 2 T o N Figure 2 2 Relative permeability using Corey s curves Capillary Pressure The TOUGH codes also provide several options for capillary pressure A typical op tion is the van Genuchten function van Genuchten 1980 as illustrated in Figure 2 3 At low liquid saturation the capillary pressure is large but rapidly becomes smaller as liquid saturation increases Figure 2 3 Capillary pressure using van Genuchten function 14 Chapter 3 TOUGH Concepts Components and Phases A clear understanding of the terms component and phase is necessary when using the TOUGH codes Consider a system consisting of water and air implem
18. e Z Thickness Allows the user to change the Z dimension of the cell This is calcu lated by PetraSim for shifted Z grids e Z Base Allows the user to change the Z coordinate of the base of the cell This is calculated by PetraSim for shifted Z grids Fie Edt View Help xy view EI Layer 1 S Property Source Sink Initial Conditions Print Options x 128 8103 Y 732 3282 Z 75 0000 EE Figure 7 9 Editing a cell in the Grid Editor 33 The Solution Grid Edit Cell Data en Properties Sources Sinks Initial Conditions Print Options Cell Name Cell ID 33 x Center 93 7500 Y Center 750 0000 2 Center 75 0000 Volume 4 6875E06 Vol Factor 1 00000 Perm Factor 1 00000 Material auto x ROCK1 Type Enabled Z Thickness 150 0000 Z Base 0 0 Figure 7 10 Editing cell properties The Sources Sinks and Initial Conditions tabs will be described in the Boundary Con dition and Initial Condition chapters The Print Options tab is used to output cell data every time step for the selected cell this is the FOFT file as used by TOUGH In addition connection data can be written this is the COFT file as used by TOUGH Extra Cells There are times when the capability to add non geometric extra cells is useful These extra cells can be used to define special boundary conditions or in other ways to trick the model into representing some spec
19. each cell This is not a true coupled well model it is a means of identifying the cells that intersect a well and creating the individual sources sinks for each cell It also provides a way to label and display wells Adding a well and defining the boundary conditions is a two step process Define the well coordinates by selecting Add Well on the Model menu Name the well and give the coordinates in order either starting at the top or bottom of the well The new well will be displayed in the tree view double click on the well to edit it right click to de lete the well Once a well is created you can define the minimum and maximum Z coordinates of the completion interval the range over which the well can flow to the porous media For models that will use the Well on Deliverability option it is best if these comple tion bounds correspond to gridlines in the model This is because the entire cell depth is used when calculating the Well on Deliverability flow If the well will use the k h 48 Boundary Conditions or Uniform options to distribute the flow then the completion interval does not need to correspond to the gridlines Select the appropriate production or injection option When flow rates are specified the number is for the entire well Flow into each cell the well intersects is apportioned either by k h permeability height or uniformly If k h is used the total k h is calcu lated for the entire well and then the f
20. the MINC tab ROCKS ROCKS 1 Record e MAT Properties gt Materials in Material Data dialog e NAD Automatically determined based on user input e DROK Properties gt Materials in Material Data dialog e POR Properties gt Materials in Material Data dialog e PER D Properties gt Materials in Material Data dialog e CWET Properties gt Materials in Material Data dialog e SPHT Properties gt Materials in Material Data dialog ROCKS 1 1 Record e COM Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dia log On Misc tab Additional Material Data dialog e EXPAN Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dialog On Misc tab Additional Material Data dialog e CDRY Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dialog On Misc tab Additional Material Data dialog e TORTX Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data 78 Miscellaneous dialog On Misc tab Additional Material Data dialog e GK Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dia log On Misc tab Additional Material Data dialog e XKD3 Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dialog On Misc tab Additional Material Data dialog Only shown for EOS7R e XKD4 Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dialog On Misc tab Additional Material Data dialo
21. the mesh You can find the cell ID of any cell using the Grid Editor 35 The Solution Grid and then viewing the cell properties e Orientation This is must be 1 2 or 3 and corresponds to the PermX PermY or PermZ definitions in the material data e Dist This The distance of the connection in the extra cell See TOUGH concepts Spatial Discretization e Dist To The distance of the connection in the connecting cell e Area The cross sectional area of the connection e Gravitational Acceleration The cosine of the angle between the graitational accel eration victor and the line between the two elements If positive the extra element is above the connecting To element e Radiative Heat Transfer Radian emmittance factor for radiative heat transfer Usually left as 0 0 Edit Cell Data Properties Sources Sinks Initial Conditions Print Options Connected Cells To Cell Orienta Dist This Dist To Area Gravita Rad H 3 Insert Row 111425 set 5 00000 20 0000 gt 2 E Remove Row Move Up Move Down E Paste Figure 7 12 Defining the extra cell connections to the model 36 The Solution Grid To edit an extra cell double click on the extra cell in the Tree View 37 Chapter 8 Materials Material Data Materials are used to define the permeabilities and other properties in an analysis Each cell
22. to converge ST is the total solution time DT is the solution time increment Writing the TOUGH Input File Most users will not need to explicitly save a TOUGH input file since this is automatic ally written when the analysis is performed However if you are using TOUGH Fx HYDRATE or if you have a special TOUGH executable you can select File gt Wrute TOUGH File to write the standard TOUGH input file This file can then be edited if necessary and used to run your special TOUGH executable from the commmand line Save the output to filename out where filename is the name of the PetraSim file and you can then read the results for plotting in PetraSim 65 Chapter 13 Plotting Results PetraSim reads the TOUGH output files to make plots of results The user can make 3D or time history plots of the data When a plot is displayed selecting File Export Data will allow the user to export the current plot data in either Tecplot or spread sheet format 3D Plots of Results To make a 3D plot of results select Results gt 3D Results or This will open a new window with a display of the model and pressure isosurfaces at the first output time Figure 13 1 OSD Reculta CF ive Spot ad tive spot out Jog File Results View 16 A Time s 4 47E04 e 3 775E05 p 1 7087E06 96124005 Scalar P L Vectors FLOH Show Isosurfaces a S Scalar Properties C Show vectors Show Slice
23. use a new equation of state EOS Mass Frac Mass Frac Perm Saturation Saturation Air in Gas Air in Lig Modifier 1 000E 05 20 000 1 000 0 000 0999 1 605E 05 1000 1187 0 000 1 000E 05 20 000 0500 0500 0985 1 570E 05 1 000 1 177 998 300 State le Phase Liquid Sin Figure 3 4 States corresponding to the three initial condition options Phase Volumes in Place m Mass in Place kg Gas Liquid Vapor Liquid Water 0 000 0 100 0 000E 00 9 983E 01 9 983E 04 0 000E 00 9 983E 01 State Single Phase Liquid Figure 3 5 States corresponding to the three initial condition options 16 TOUGH Concepts In TOUGH2 all water properties are represented by the steam table equations as given by the International Formulation Committee International Formulation Committee 1987 Air is approximated as an ideal gas and addititivity is assumed for air and va por partial pressures in the gas phase The viscosity of air vapor mixtures is computed from a formulation give by Hirshfelder et al Hirschfelder et al 1954 The solubility of air in liquid water is represented by Henry s law Because of the detailed physics that are included in the TOUGH codes setting of multi phase initial conditions requires detailed understanding of the problem For help in setting mixture conditions the user may refer to a thermodynamics text such as Cengel and Boles 1989 Mass
24. 0 1000 0 200 0 gg Extra Cells 0 1500 0 21x10x13 2730 Figure 1 1 Main Window 1 Navigation Tree Use this to quickly identify and manage items in your model Getting Started 7 3D Model View Use this to visualize the structure of your model in 3D When you use the Grid Editor the current layer will be highlighted in this view Toolbar The toolbar provides quick access to the steps required to define run and post process an analysis View Click to reset the 3D Model View to top front or side views 3D Labels Add 3D labels to help keep track of model features Labels are added automatically when you add wells and when you create a model Axis Legend To ensure that you never become disoriented the axis legend ro tates with your model and always displays the x y and z axes Cell Count Use the cell count display to see how many cells are in your model 2D Grid Editor Use the 2D editor to specify properties for individual cells in your model Examples of these properties include initial conditions enabling and disabling cells and additional output data 1 2 3 id Editor File Edit View XZ View a Layer 1 4 S Proper Temperature X a Max 249 4129 Min 10 0000 Figure 1 2 2D Grid Editor Getting Started 1 View Selector Use this to switch between the three 2D view
25. 0 we average the two flows and divide by the area between the cells 250m2 since the cell face width is 50m and the cell height is 5m The resulting value is 0 029 kg s m2 which matches Figure 13 10 In the plot the negative sign indicates that the X flux is in the negative X direction This is consistent with the positive connection sign convention used by TOUGH2 For a connection between cell 1 and cell 2 a negative FLOF indicates a flow from cell 1 to cell 2 A positive FLOF indicates flow from cell 2 to cell 1 We now look at the more complex case of flow into cell 169 which is a production cell The user can select Results gt Cell History Plots and select FLOF X to see the plot shown in Figure 13 13 This is a graph of fluid flux in the X direction at cell 169 The value is 0 00368 kg s m2 which value can be displayed by selecting File gt Export Data E Cell History Production production out Production FOFT Quel File View Primary Data FLOF x 4 1 0507 2 0807 3 007 4 0807 5 0607 Variable _ FLOF x Cell Name Id production 169 1 08 03 306 03 Line Style Solid Line O Circles Time Figure 13 13 FLOF X plot for cell 169 If we look in the output file we will find the following data for the connections Fig ure 13 14 74 Plotting Results Connection FLOF 168 gt 169 169 gt 170 158 gt 169 160 gt 180 48 gt 169 169 gt 290
26. 1E 01 DX1 0 000000E 00 0000000000 SUBROUTINE QU 00000000000000000000 KCYC ITER AT 4 TEMPERATURE 0 999996E 00 OUT OF RANGE IN SAT PEPPE CANNOT FIND PARAMETERS AT ELEMENT 11126 IND 4 XX M 0 118536E 06 0 549627E 00 0 999996E 00 CONVERGENCE FAILURE ON TIME STEP 147 WITH DT 0 976562E 01 SECONDS FOLLOWING TWO STEPS THAT CONVERGED ON ITER STOP EXECUTION AFTER NEXT TIME STEP REDUCE TIME STEP AT 147 1 44444444444 NEW DELT 0 244141E 01 0000000000 SUBROUTINE QU 00000000000000000000 KCYC ITER 147 1 11126 147 1 ST 0 176849E 05 DT 0 244141E 01 DX1 0 000000E 00 85 Troubleshooting TOUGH2 Analysis OUTPUT DATA AFTER 147 1 2 TIME STEPS THE TIME IS 0 20469E 00 DAYS LALALLLLLLALLLALALLLLLLLLLLALALLLALALLLLLLLLLLALALLLLLLLLLLLLALLELLLLLERAER TOTAL TIME KCYC ITER ITERC KON 0 17685E 05 147 1 689 2 DX1M DX2M DX3M DX4M DX5M DX6M 0 00000E 00 0 00000E 00 0 00000E 00 LALALLLLLLLLLLALALLLLLLLLLLLLALLLALALLLLLLLLLLLLLALLLLLLLLLLLLLALLLELLLLLERLER ELEM INDEX P T SG SW SO PA DEG C 1 1 0 42499E 06 0 20003E 02 0 00000E 00 0 10000E 01 0 00000E 00 2 2 0 42344E 06 0 20003E 02 0 00000E 00 0 10000E 01 0 00000E 00 3 3 0 42299E 06 0 20003E 02 0 00000E 00 0 10000E 01 0 00000E 00 STEP 2 Go to the bottom of the out file and do an upward search for 11126 with the intent of finding out the current state of that cell However the first hit is at the
27. 3 You will then be able to define initial conditions for a cell If you do not want cell initial conditions to be used unselect Specify Initial Conditions by Cell 45 Initial Conditions r Edit Cell Data Properties Sources Sinks Initial Conditions Print Options EOS1 Water Non Isothermal Use Region or Global Initial Conditions Single Phase P T Pressure 1 45622E07 Temperature 194 3180 Figure 9 3 Setting cell initial conditions Loading Previous Results as Initial Conditions To read initial conditions from a previous analysis select File gt Load Initial Condi tions and read a previous SAVE file The model used to write the SAVE file must have the same geometry as the model for which you are reading data To avoid over writing of files by TOUGH each analysis should be run in a separate directory Recommended Examples The TOUGH2 example problem 8 Contamination of an Aquifer from VOC Vapors in the Vadose Zone provides an excellent tutorial in the setting of two phase capillary equilibrium initial conditions and the definition of an atmospheric boundary A steady state analysis is used to define the initial conditions for the transient analysis The T2VOC Problem 2 example also demonstrates the use of a steady state analysis to define initial conditions followed by several consecutive transient analyses represent ing a spill spreading of the spill and clean up
28. 30 Day Trial After installation you will be automatically registered for a 5 day trial period To ob tain a full 30 day trial version you will need to obtain a new Site Key On the Help 10 Getting Started menu click Register Copy and send the Site Code to lt alison rockware com gt or lt support thunderheadeng com gt You will receive a Site Key which you will copy and paste into the Site Key box using the paste icon a q 2 Register Current License Time Limited Days used 33 Days licensed 360 Site Code D211 0D7D 7EFS AD75 13 Site Key Figure 1 10 Registration dialog Purchase of PetraSim All PetraSim sales are handled by RockWare at http www rockware com Our rep resentative is Alison at lt alison rockware com gt Search for PetraSim to go to the PetraSim sales page Pricing for popular options are listed at the bottom of the page Alison will provide a detailed quote at your request Registration To register the software after purchase on the Help menu click Register Copy and send the Site Code to lt alison rockware com gt You will receive a Site Key which you will copy and paste into the Site Key box using the paste icon Additional TOUGH Documentation In preparing this manual we have liberally used descriptions from the user manuals for the TOUGH family of codes Links to download the TOUGH manuals are given at ht tp www petrasim com More information ab
29. 31 u ee 13 2 2 Relative permeability using Corey s CUIVES nn 14 2 3 Capillary pressure using van Genuchten function uueessessnersnnesnnernnnennensnnennnennne en 14 3 1 Single phase liquid initial conditions for EOS3 2uu222essnersnnesnnernnnennnensnnennennne en 15 3 2 Single phase gas initial conditions for EOS3 uursunesnnersnnessersnnennnernnnennnnnsnnennennne en 16 3 3 Two phase initial conditions for EOS Susi 16 3 4 States corresponding to the three initial condition Options n 222usssuesnersnnesnnennnnen en 16 3 5 States corresponding to the three initial condition Options u 2uuusnanessnersnnesnnennnnen en 16 3 6 Space discretization and geometry data in the integral finite difference method from TOUGH2 UsersG lde an aan en AS enan 18 4 1 States corresponding to the three initial condition options uuu22uuesnnersnersnneennennnne en 20 De lg The Sa editor VIEW NT 23 5 2 The 3D view showing which cell layer is being edited in the Grid Editor 23 7 1 Defining the boundary of the model nase ae aad 27 7 2 Defining an internal boundary ana a ee 28 7 3 The internal boundary shown in the model u 222022402204rs0nennneennnennnnsnneennennne en 29 7 4 Defining the top and bottom surfaces of the model 22022200220ersnersnnennnennnnen en 30 7 5 Model with top surface defined unse A huis an A E iedels 30 1 67 The Create
30. 807 Cell 587 Cell 589 1 0807 Mark Style 10867 Diamond v Figure 1 4 Time History Results 1 Time History Results You can plot output data for any cell 2 Output Variable Select the output variable for plotting 3 Cell Selection Plots can be made for any cell Named cells display the name and the cell number 4 Line Style Select the style for the graph Example Problems PetraSim includes model files sim for each of the example problems in the C Program Files PetraSim samples directory The examples can also be downloaded from the web at http www petrasim com under the Support link Getting Started PetraSim Tour Five Spot This section is a very quick walkthrough for one of the sample problems included with TOUGH2 The problem specification is not discussed You can just load the data run the simulator and look at the results When you are ready start PetraSim and fol low the steps below Load the eos1_five_spot sample model 1 On the File menu click Open 2 Select c Program Files PetraSim samples tough2 eos1_five_spot five_spot sim then click Open E PetraSim C Program Files PetraSim samples tough2 eos1_five_spot five_spot sim File Model Properties Analysis Results View Help Rab RB 0 9 B BE BUD Model Regions Materials A Wells Extra Cells 500 0 500 0 305 0 10x10x1 100 TOUGH UNLIMITED Fi
31. A sample is copied below DT is the time step and you can see that it has gotten very small 0 0488 sec We also see that it can not find the parameters for element 11126 and the problem is that the TEMPERATURE is out of range in SAT The TEM PERATURE value is 0 999 so it looks like something is cooling down to freezing and TOUGH can not handle that the new TOUGH FX version can handle freezing Jump to step 2 0000000000 SUBROUTINE QU 00000000000000000000 KCYC ITER 144 1 TEMPERATURE 0 999981E 00 OUT OF RANGE IN SAT ARA RA RA A HA CANNOT FIND PARAMETERS AT ELEMENT 11126 IND 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 XX M 0 118536E 06 0 549628E 00 0 999981E 00 REDUCE TIME STEP AT 144 1 NEW DELT 0 488281E 01 0000000000 SUBROUTINE QU 00000000000000000000 KCYC ITER 44 1 11126 144 1 ST 0 176848E 05 DT 0 488281E 01 DX1 0 000000E 00 0000000000 SUBROUTINE QU 00000000000000000000 KCYC ITER 45 1 TEMPERATURE 0 999996E 00 OUT OF RANGE IN SAT CANNOT FIND PARAMETERS AT ELEMENT 11126 IND 4 XX M 0 118536E 06 0 549627E 00 0 999996E 00 REDUCE TIME STEP AT 145 1 NEW DELT 0 244141E 01 0000000000 SUBROUTINE QU 00000000000000000000 KCYC ITER 45 1 11126 145 1 ST 0 176848E 05 DT 0 244141E 01 DX1 0 000000E 00 0000000000 SUBROUTINE QU 00000000000000000000 KCYC ITER 46 1 11126 146 1 ST 0 176849E 05 DT 0 48828
32. End Time 1 15185E9s Run Time 4 05 DT 1 31072E7 s TS 66 Max TS 200 Cancel Figure 1 7 Time step graph during simulaton View 3D simulation results To view 3D simulation resuls On the Results menu click 3D Results Since this example problem is a 2D problem it might be useful to add a scaling factor to the Z axis To scale an axis in the 3D Results 1 On the View menu click Scale 2 Ini the Z Factor box type 0 01 3 Click OK The image below shows contour data for temperature and vectors for heat flow at the end of the simulation When you are finished looking at the 3D results close the 3D Results dialog and return to the PetraSim main window Getting Started f 3D Results Jeg Eile Results View a A Time s Id IAE UO hea 3 80006E03 4 45542E03 5 11078E08 1945 5 76614E08 299 6 421508 7 07686E08 7 73222E08 8 91187E08 500 0 500 0 U 1 02226E09 l 1 152E09 M p 254 T degC x V Show Isosurfaces Scalar Scalar Properties 208 Y Show Slice Planes Slice Planes V Show Yectors 163 FLOH w lv Vector Scale 0 1 10 0 Vector Size Range 1 1 8 Z Const x Figure 1 8 Temperature contours and flow vectors View cell time history data To open the cell time history view On the Results menu click Cell History Plots If you ask for additional time history data for some of your cells they will appear in bold in the cell l
33. FT File View Jo Primary Data FLOF 0 A ao 1 0807 2 0607 20807 4 0607 S 0E07 6 0807 7 0807 Variable 10 FLOF X Cell Name lc 506 03 165 A 166 167 168 production 169 170 15802 171 172 1 73 20 02 174 175 176 v 256 02 Line Style Solid Line 306 02 Time O Circles Figure 13 12 Plot of FLOF X for cell 170 The flow data plotted in the Cell History plot is the flux averaged at that cell If we go to the output file we can obtain the actual values of flow for each connection A part of the file is shown below EL1 169 170 Lgi 172 EL2 170 174 172 173 INDEX 385 0 386 0 387 0 388 0 FLOH W 107373E 07 513309E 06 340934E 06 268545E 06 FLOH FLOF J KG 109403E 06 0 109404E 06 0 109404E 06 0 109405E 06 0 FLOF KG S 981440E 01 469187E 01 311627E 01 245460E 01 FLO GAS KG S 0 000E 00 0 0 000E 00 0 0 000E 00 0 0 000E 00 0 FLO AQ KG S 981440E 01 469187E 01 311627E 01 245460E 01 FLO WTR2 KG S 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 73 Plotting Results 173 174 389 0 233448E 06 0 109405E 06 0 213379E 01 0 000E 00 0 213379E 01 0 000E 00 For the connection between cells 169 and 170 the flow is 9 81 kg sec For the connec tion between cell 170 and 171 the flow is 4 69 kg sec To calculate the average X flux at cell 17
34. For cells for which time history output was specified the results are available at each time step Source Sink and Cell History Plots This section explains the flow plots created by PetraSim and how to obtain time histor ies of cells that have sources sinks The model used as an example represents production from a highly permeable layer at about 500m depth average P 5 MPa constant T 25 C single phase conditions The model uses EOS1 and extends for 500x500x20m with a grid of 10x10x4 cells An initial hydrostatic solution was run In the production run two of the boundaries are set to a fixed state and cell 169 uses a Well on Deliverability condition with a Pro ductivity Index of 6 0E 9 and a Pressure of 5 0E6 Pa 70 Plotting Results Grid Editor QuE File Edit View Help xy View MD Layer 2 B Property None x jh RAG gt Figure 13 9 Plot of production flow Probably the most important piece of information for a source sink is the flow rate in to out of the cell This can be plotted by selecting Results gt Source Sink Plots Fig ure 13 10 To make this plot the Y Scale Range was adjusted to Min Y 135 2 Max Y 0 0 use View gt Range V This plot indicates that the production rate is 135 0 kg sec The user can export the plot 71 Plotting Results 2 Source Sink History C Production GOFT BAX File View Primary Data Rate Variable R
35. MINE in Por aia Eia 76 15 Miscellaneous vivio ae ae 78 Map Between TOUGH2 Names and PetraSim Interface 220022ner sun enneennnennnen nen 78 PECE seen Sl 78 MESAM en er ee Rem 78 ROCKS ner iii sd 78 MULTE Re eee 79 START Record ica nin oa 79 CHEMP T2 VOCONIY ri On do 79 PARAM siii 80 INDOM ea Eee 82 INEON ea O ene 82 UU e es EE E 82 BORT unsinnig 82 GOFFE a ee ee ee e 83 NOVER soto 83 A oe ENNERA BARRIERE 83 SBEEC ak es ahnen aan ase avs 83 AB sags Nee 83 TIMES ee ea raue 83 PA e Oo 83 CONNE seria ia 83 CONE Ri ec cases eva ected sae ae eee 84 16 Troubleshooting u a ln 85 Lonvergence Problems ea naeh 85 Licensing Registration Problems u a sl ale 87 Contactine Technical Support nenes eones seen 88 Referenc s A ba 89 A O 91 vi List of Figures MA Window 222er 1 M2 Grid Ed or are cents betes aucasunbot tes 2 1 379 DiResuls View ae aan ga Bas ENDE a a 4 LA Time History Results u seesanesers suis ehesten 5 1 5 Opening the fiye spot model un nr Eee 6 1 6 Select fluxes and velocities output enge ke a en 7 1 7 Time step graph during simulaton u near En 8 1 8 Temperature contours and flow vectors cocoocccnonocononocinonononnnnnonnnnnonononononononncncnnnccnannccnns 9 1 9 Temperature contours and flow vectors iii coi 10 AERC CIS A a a a a a Ome 11 2 1 Illustration of pendular a and funicular b saturation regime in the case of an ideal ized porous medium consisting of packed spheres Versluys 19
36. OS Your preference will be remembered by PetraSim so that next time you create a new model it will start with the EOS you previously selected as your preference There can be only one EOS in an analysis Global Properties Each EOS has different options that define the assumptions used in the analysis For EOS3 this includes whether to include heat transfer isothermal or non isothermal and whether to include molecular diffusion These options are selected by selecting Properties gt Global Preferences or on the toolbar On the EOS tab all available options will be displayed Details for Each EOS The user is referred to the TOUGH2 User s Guide Pruess Oldenburg and Moridis 1999 for detailed descriptions of the options available for each EOS 20 Chapter 5 PetraSim Basics Work Flow in a Typical Analysis Many problems will be run in two stages 1 an analysis that establishes a steady state initial condition and 2 an analysis that loads the steady state results as an initial con dition and then proceeds with a transient disturbance such as a spill or production from a reservoir PetraSim makes it easy to load the results of a previous analysis as the starting condition of a new analysis The PetraSim interface helps guide the user through the steps of an analysis These in clude e Selecting an EOS e Defining the problem boundaries and creating a mesh e Selecting the global options to be used in the analysi
37. Sim Basics 200 600 200 200 600 0 lt contour gt 0 2 1000 0 1000 1000 Repeat lt depth gt and lt contour gt data 25 Chapter 6 Working with Files Several files are used when performing an analysis using PetraSim These include the PetraSim model file the TOUGH input file and TOUGH output files It is important to understand the differences between these files to take full advantage of PetraSim s features PetraSim Model File The PetraSim model file sim is a binary file that completely represents a PetraSim model The PetraSim model contains all information needed to write a TOUGH input file The PetraSim model file sim should be used to save the model and share with other PetraSim users TOUGH Input File Execution of TOUGH is integrated into PetraSim Before PetraSim executes TOUGH an TOUGH input file dat is automatically written This file is then read by the TOUGH executable The TOUGH input file contains all information needed for an TOUGH analysis The FDS input file is an ASCII file Most PetraSim users will never need to explicitly create or edit the TOUGH input file In special cases such as when a user has developed a special version of TOUGH the user may need to edit the TOUGH input file before an analysis In this case PetraSim provides the option to export this file File Export TOUGH File for manual edit ing PetraSim users should not use the TOUGH file to sha
38. Y min 0 0 Y max 1000 0000 2 min 0 0 Zmax 600 0000 Material ROCK1 v Figure 7 1 Defining the boundary of the model Internal Boundary Internal boundaries can be used to divide a model into regions Material properties and initial conditions can then be defined by region Select Model gt Add Internal Bound ary or amp to open the Add Internal Boundary dialog Figure 7 2 27 The Solution Grid Add Internal Boundary Surface Input Method Strike Dip x Point on Plane 500 Y soo Zi 600 Strike Azimuth 39 Dip Angle 75 Options Extend Surface to Model Boundary Figure 7 2 Defining an internal boundary The internal boundary is a plane that extends to the boundary of the model Several op tions Strike Dip Three Points and Point Normal are provide to define this plane Figure 7 2 shows the input using the Strike Dip option The resulting internal bound ary is shown in Figure 7 3 For the Strike Dip option the data include e Point on Plane The coordinates of a point on the boundary plane e Strike Azimuth The degrees from North the positive Y axis in a clockwise dir ection e Dip Angle Degrees from horizontal of the plane If the viewer is facing the azi muth direction the dip is to the viewer s right For the 3 Points on a Plane option the data include e Points on Plane The coordinates of three points on the boundary plane F
39. and Energy Balance As described in the TOUGH2 manual the basic mass and energy balance equations solved by TOUGH2 can be written in the general form a utav F enaT g ar dt ok e eS The integration is over an arbitrary subdomain V of the flow system under study which is bounded by the closed surface r The quantity jf appearing in the accumu lation term left hand side represents mass or energy per volume with K_ labeling the mass components and an extra heat component if the analysis is nonisothermal F denotes mass or heat flux and g denotes sinks and sources m is a normal vector on surface element dT gt pointing inward to V The user should consult Appendix A of the TOUGH2 User s Guide Pruess Olden burg and Moridis 1999 for a further discussion of this topic Spatial Discretization As described in the TOUGH2 User s Manual the continuum equations are discretized in space using the integral finite difference method IFD Edwards 1972 and Nar isham and Witherspoon 1976 Introducing appropriate volume averages we have Mav v M Y where jf is a volume normalized extensive quantity and y is the average value of En M over jr Surface integrals are approximated as a discrete sum of averages over sur n face segments ce segments y F g ndl pa a m T 17 TOUGH Concepts Here p is the average value of the inward normal component of F over the sur nm face segment y
40. ate Y Cell Name Id production 169 Line Style Solid Line 1400 O Circles Time Figure 13 10 Plot of production from cell 169 The user can also obtain this information by looking at the TOUGH2 output file At the end of every printed time step the source sink data is given as shown below This data shows that the generation rate is 135 0 kg s which matches the PetraSim plot TOUGH2 Analysis KCYC 20 ITER 1 TIME 0 63070E 08 ELEM SRC INDEX GENERATION RATE ENTHALPY X1 X2 KG S OR W J KG 169 1 1 0 13500E 03 0 10940E 06 0 10E 01 0 00E 00 To understand the cell history flow plots it is necessary to know the cell names and connections Figure 13 11 shows the cells names and how they are physically connec ted for the cells adjacent to cell 169 The production cell is 169 and it is connected to adjacent cells in layer 2 and to cell 48 in layer 1 and cell 290 in layer 3 72 Plotting Results Figure 13 11 Connections for cell 169 We will first focus on the flow plot for cell 170 since that is the simplest The user can select Results gt Cell History Plots then select View gt All Cells and select FLOF X for cell 170 to see the to see the plot shown in Figure 13 12 Select File gt Export Data to view the numerical value of 0 029 kg s m2 Cell History Production production out Production FO
41. ative size and color of the vectors correspond to the magnitude of the vector Moving the Vector Size Range to the left will result in all vectors having the same length Selecting the Vector Properties button displays a dialog Figure 13 4 in which the user can set the range for vectors and choose whether the vector color should indicate the mag nitude e Show Slice Planes Turns on slice planes on which contours of the scalar paramet er are displayed Select the Slice Planes button to define the axes normal to the planes and the coordinates of the planes Figure 13 5 Typical plots are shown in Figure 13 6 Scalar Properties ey C Logarithmic Scale Num Colors 100 5 Figure 13 2 Scalar Properties dialog 67 Plotting Results Eile Results View 60 A Time s 1 3173E09 1 4091E09 Show Vectors Vector Scale oo _ 0 1 Wector Size Range Const Show Slice Planes Figure 13 3 The 3D results window Auto Range Min Hide clip values outside range C Logarithmic Scale Vector Color O Solid Color EEE Figure 13 4 Vector Properties dialog 68 Plotting Results Slice Planes E Axis Coord Scalar Vectors vix 500 0000 zix 200 0000 sos Figure 13 5 Slice Planes dialog 19 3D Results C Five Spot 3d_five_spot out File Results View 6 OA Time s 1 3173E09 1 4091E09
42. atures e A large value of pore compressibility This means that water compressibility can be neglected in the calculation of pressure changes due to flow into or out of the boundary condition cell and that changes in volume due to temperature changes will have negligible effect on pressure e Heat flow to the boundary condition cell will be specified to obtain the desired time dependent boundary temperature e Water flow to the boundary condition cell will be specified to obtain the desired time dependent boundary pressure Multi Phase Pressure and Temperature Boundary Conditions 51 Boundary Conditions For multi phase conditions the pore compressibility can be left as zero since the gas phase will serve the same purpose The flow to control pressure would probably use the gas phase and would need to account for the mixture compressibility Solution Controls The solution can not resolve transients to a level finer than the time step Therefore it is necessary to limit the maximum time step For example if the period of a transient is one day it will be necessary to divide the day into several time steps 5 to 10 to cap ture the transient response By default TOUGH2 averages the flow data at the beginning and end of the time step This is fine if the transient is smooth and several time steps are used during to resolve the transient If larger time steps are used it is important to activate the rigorous step rate opti
43. below the top and bottom or to shift the grid to conform to the top and bottom The first option is recommended since it preserves the convergence properties of the rectangular grid However the shifted grid is an option that is often used in reservoir models if the flow is primarily in the XY plane It uses the cells effi ciently and the error introduced is usually relatively small The user can also select an XYZ full 3D or RZ axisymmetric grid If the RZ grid option is selected then there will be only one layer of cells in the Y direction The model will be displayed as a plane however when the cell data is written for the solu tion the correct cell volumes and connection areas are calculated that represent an axisymmetric model The required input is the number of cells in each direction and a factor used to increase or decrease element size If the factor is 1 0 then all cells in that direction have the same size If not the relations in Figure 7 7 can be used to calculate the cell size that will result for a given initial size and factor I 1 1 1 1 lah thf ths E MIA te nl I 1 0 f i 0 Figure 7 7 Calculating cell size when the factor is not 1 0 31 The Solution Grid Meshmaker Grid The user defines the size of each cell when creating a Meshmaker grid The cells are defined in the direction of increasing coordinate X Y or Z and the user gives the dir ection number of cells and size of th
44. between volume elements jr and y The discretization approach RM n m used in the integral finite difference method and the definition of the geometric para meters are illustrated in Figure 3 6 Figure 3 6 Space discretization and geometry data in the integral finite difference method from TOUGH2 User s Guide The discretized flux is expressed in terms of averages over parameters for elements jr n and jr For the basic Darcy flux term we have m Kap Pan a F Bom u E E rm amp nm Me Im Don where the subscripts nm denote a suitable averaging at the interface between grid blocks n and m interpolation harmonic weighting upstream weighting D D D is the distance between the nodal points n and m and y is the com nm n m nm ponent of gravitational acceleration in the direction from m to n The user should consult Appendix B of the TOUGH2 User s Guide Pruess Olden burg and Moridis 1999 for a further discussion of this topic Temporal Discretization Substituting the volume averaged quantities and surface integral approximations into the mass and energy balance a set of first order ordinary differential equations in time is obtained dM 1 K K dt V ZA nm 4 Time is discretized as a first order finite difference and the flux and sink and source terms on the right hand side are evaluated at the new time to obtain the numerical sta bility needed for an efficient calculation of mul
45. calculated boundary condition pressures in TOUGH 56 I The Times tab controls e dd a sun 57 lL Pheslimes tab controls crios ronca 59 11 3 The Timestab Controls eiii aan daran 60 VLA The Times tab controls ana ee 61 11 5 Th Times tab controls een Real 62 LTB e a else E ON 63 12 1 Running the TOUGH analysis iii tik 64 SE The SD results VIO War 66 13 2 Scalar Properties MO Een 67 13 3 Phe SD results Window Genese 68 13 4 Vector Properties dialog sanken as un ln 68 13 3 Sliee Planes dialo S ri A E AA AAA Ad AA E a 69 13 6 Example of contours on slice planes oooonncccnnncccnoncccnoncnononcnononcnononcnonnnnnnnnncnnnnccnnnnno 69 13 7 Example of contours on slice planes an ee ea kein 70 13 8 Production cell in layer 2 of example problem ooooonnncccnnococconacononccononccononcconanacnnnnoss 71 13 9 Plot of production TOW anne een 71 13 10 Plot of production from cell 169 au aa LI 12 13 117 Connections tor Caldo is euere 13 1312 Plot of FEOFCO forcell 170 inician ies 73 13 13 PUOPCS plot tor call IN a nme ur Dee ES 74 13 14 Data for connections to cell 169 au nenn ae 75 13 15 Plows into cell 160 22 ek a GS ees leise 75 14 1 Activating MINC in PetraSim veria Secas T11 viii Disclaimer Thunderhead Engineering makes no warranty expressed or implied to users of Pet raSim and accepts no responsibility for its use Users of PetraSim assume sole re sponsibility under Federal law for determining the appropriat
46. condition is given in Figure 3 3 with pressure of 1 0E5 Pa temperature of 20 C and gas saturation of 0 5 Default Initial Conditions X E053 Water and Air Single Phase P X T Mi Pressure Pa Constant 1E05 Temperature C Constant 20 0000 Air Mass Fraction Constant 1E 05 Figure 3 1 Single phase liquid initial conditions for EOS3 15 TOUGH Concepts Default Initial Conditions E053 Water and Air Single Phase P X T v Pressure Pa Constant 1E05 Temperature C Constant 20 0000 Air Mass Fraction Constant 39900 Figure 3 2 Single phase gas initial conditions for EOS3 Default Initial Conditions EOS3 Water and Air Two ass Pa So 10 T Pressure Pa Constant 1805 Temperature C Constant 20 0000 Gas Saturation Constant 50000 Figure 3 3 Two phase initial conditions for EOS3 As an example a single element with a volume of 1 cubic meter and 0 1 porosity was run using the initial conditions given above The resulting solution and mass fractions for each component are given below in Figure 3 4 and Figure 3 5 The two phase solu tion is of particular interest since this case provides the saturation conditions for water vapor in the gas phase and dissolved air in the liquid phase The reader is encouraged to use single element problems when starting to
47. d then time step will be re duced e Automatic Time Step Adjustment If selected the time step size will be automatic ally adjusted recommended e Max Time Step Maximum time step that will be used when adjusting the time step e Iter to Double Time Step If convergence is reached in this number of iterations then time step size will be increased e Reduction Factor If convergence fails in Max Iterations per Step then time step will be reduced by this factor Solver Tab Select the Solver tab Figure 11 2 TOUGH provides conjugate gradient and direct solvers with several options The user can select the solution method and options for that method Either the Preconditioned Bi Conjugate Gradient default or Stabilized Bi Conjugate Gradient methods are recommended 58 Solution and Output Controls Weighting Convergence Options Conjugate Gradient Solvers Preconditioned Bi Conjugate Gradient DSLUCS O Bi Conjugate Gradient DSLUBC O Stabilized Bi Conjugate Gradient DLUSTB Conjugate Gradient Options Z Preconditioning ZPROCS O Preconditioning OPROCS Max CG Iterations Frac of Eqns RITMAX CG Convergence Criterion CLOSUR Direct Solvers Sparse Direct Solver MA28 Banded Direct Solver LUBAND Generalized Minimum Residual Conjugate Gradient DSLUGM Small Constant 21 None 00 ie m 10000 1E 06
48. d states would be physically meaningful e The user could get into terrible problems when phase compositions change in the boundary cell because then primary variables get switched The user could end up interpolating between one number that means temperature and another that means saturation Pruess 2003 The alternate approach is to inject or withdraw mass and or heat from cells thus ac commodating any phase changes easily and naturally That is use natural Neumann boundary conditions to obtain the desired essential boundary conditions in the cell However since this is an indirect way to accomplish the desired goal the user needs some guidance on how to accomplish this Setting the Time Dependent Boundary Conditions The boundary condition cells should be thought of as cells that are not part of the solu tion Therefore we can set material properties and other parameters in ways that are not tied to the actual problem to be solved The following sections describe some use 49 Boundary Conditions ful tricks Use a Very Large Volume The first concept is to make the volume of the cell with the boundary condition very large relative to the other cells in the grid There is no absolute definition of very large but the concept is that the volume should be so large that flow in and out of the boundary condition cell to connected cells will have negligible effect on temperature or pressure in the boundary condition c
49. desired change in temperature This method is directly applicable in PetraSim Setting a Pressure Boundary Condition Setting a pressure boundary condition can be accomplished in a similar manner as that used to set a temperature In this case a new material is created with zero thermal con ductivity and assigned to the cell As before it is also necessary that the connections between the temperature boundary condition cells and the other cells in the model have a non zero length in the boundary condition cell The pressures in the cell can now be controlled by flow into and out of the cell see the following example This method is directly applicable in PetraSim Caution If the specified pressure results in flow from the boundary condition cell to connected cells the heat transported by that flow will affect the temperature in the 50 Boundary Conditions connected cells Combined Pressure and Temperature Boundary Conditions for Single Phase Liquid Experienced TOUGH2 users often apply simultaneous temperature and pressure boundary conditions by creating two boundary condition cells as described above and then connecting both boundary condition cells to the same cell in the model TOUGH2 accommodates this since it is not required that connections represent physically mean ingful geometries As noted one danger with this approach is that the pressure bound ary condition can lead to unwanted heat transport if the fluid flows
50. e value then try to run again This might not fix everything For example maybe the rate you are using for injection will be lar ger than can be supported by flow to the adjacent cells and the pressure may become too large in the injection cell This will again be an indication of an unrealistic prob lem Licensing Registration Problems On a few machines a licensing error occurs when first running PetraSim If you re ceive a message such as NETWORK Network drivers appears to not be serving this directory or INIT_NOT_SUCCEEDED please perform the following steps 87 Troubleshooting 1 Go to the installation directory C Program Files PetraSim 2 In this directory double click execute the file SETUPEX exe 3 You should now be able to run PetraSim and complete the registration process Contacting Technical Support The PetraSim software is available for download at http www thunderheadeng com The same site provides PetraSim user manuals and example problems Please follow the examples to become familiar with the software Questions and suggestions should be sent to support thunderheadeng com or by phone to 1 785 770 8511 Mail should be sent to Thunderhead Engineering 1006 Poyntz Ave Manhattan KS 66502 5459 USA 88 References Corey 1954 A Corey The Interrelation Between Gas and Oil Relative Permeabilities November 1954 Producers Monthly 38 41 Pruess 2003 Karsten Pruess Per
51. ed from selections onProperties gt Output Con trols in the Print and Plot Options dialog MCYC Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Times tab MSEC Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Times tab MCYPR Properties gt Output Controls in the Print and Plot Options dialog MOP 1 through MOP 7 Automatically determined from selections on Proper ties gt Output Controls in the Print and Plot Options dialog MOP 9 Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Options tab MOP 10 Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Op tions tab MOP 11 Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Weighting tab MOP 12 Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Op tions tab MOP 13 Not implemented Used only by T2DM option MOP 14 Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Solver tab MOP 15 Properties gt Boundary Conditions in Boundary Conditions dialog MOP 16 Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Times tab MOP 17 Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Solver tab MOP 18 Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Weighting tab MOP 19 Properties gt Global Properties in Tough Global Data dialog on EOS 80 Miscellaneous tab as appro
52. ell A typical value could be a volume of 1 0E50 m3 In PetraSim this can be accomplished by setting the volume multiplication factor to a large number select a cell and then Edit Properties in the Grid Editor Setting a Temperature Condition For a simple temperature boundary condition we do not want flow into or out of the cell This can be accomplished by making a special material that has zero permeability and small porosity and applying it to this cell It is also necessary that the connections between the temperature boundary condition cells and the other cells in the model have a non zero length in the boundary condition cell The use of zero permeability and small porosity has two effects e Because of the small porosity calculating the necessary heat input output to change the cell temperature is easy since there is negligible fluid in the cell and the rock specific heat can be assumed for the entire cell e Because of zero permeability no fluid will flow from this cell into any connected cells the non zero length connections are also necessary Note Although zero permeability is the correct approach the user should be aware that for upstream weighting of absolute permeability MOP 11 0 or 1 it is still possible to force flow into a cell with zero permeability and non zero nodal distance Pruess 2003 We now set cell to the desired initial temperature and then specify the heat flow into or out of the cell to obtain the
53. eness of its use in any particular application for any conclusions drawn from the results of its use and for any actions taken or not taken as a result of analyses performed using these tools Users are warned that PetraSim is intended for use only by those competent in the field of multi phase multi component fluid flow in porous and fractured media PetraSim is intended only to supplement the informed judgment of the qualified user The software package is a computer model that may or may not have predictive capability when ap plied to a specific set of factual circumstances Lack of accurate predictions by the model could lead to erroneous conclusions All results should be evaluated by an in formed user Throughout this document the mention of computer hardware or commercial software does not constitute endorsement by Thunderhead Engineering nor does it indicate that the products are necessarily those best suited for the intended purpose 1X Acknowledgements We thank Karsten Pruess Tianfu Xu George Moridis Michael Kowalsky Curt Olden burg and Stefan Finsterle in the Earth Sciences Division of Lawrence Berkeley Na tional Laboratory for their gracious responses to our many questions We also thank Ron Falta at Clemson University and Alfredo Battistelli at Aquater S p A Italy for their help with T2VOC and TMVOC Without TOUGH2 T2VOC TOUGHREACT and TOUGH Fx HYDRATE PetraSim would not exist In preparing this manual
54. ented as EOS3 in TOUGH2 This system consists of two components water and air and will have two phases liquid and gas Note that TOUGH2 does not include a solid phase which would consist of ice TOUGH Fx HYDRATE does include ice as a solid phase Importantly the two components water and air can be present in both phases The li quid phase can consist of liquid water and dissolved air Similarly the gaseous phase can be comprised of gaseous air and water vapor For single phase conditions the thermodynamic state is defined by pressure temperat ure and air mass fraction If the single phase is liquid then the air mass fraction will be the air dissolved in the water which is a small value An example of a valid initial condition specification for single phase liquid is shown in Figure 3 1 with pressure of 1 0E5 Pa temperature of 20 C and a small air mass fraction of 1 0E 5 This small amount of air will be dissolved in the water If the single phase is gas the gas can consist of both water vapor and air The air mass fraction can be as large as 1 A valid initial condition specification for single phase gas is given in Figure 3 2 with pressure of 1 0E5 Pa temperature of 20 C and a air mass fraction of 0 999 This means that a small amount of the gas will consist of water va por For two phase conditions the thermodynamic state is defined by gas phase pressure gas saturation and temperature An example of a two phase initial
55. from the boundary condition cell to connected cells PetraSim supports this option through the use of ex tra cells In the following we describe a way to accomplish the same objective but using only physically meaningful geometry This method also handles the combined pressure and temperature conditions in a way that usually corresponds to the desired physical beha vior with respect to heat transport by flow out of the boundary condition cell Setting combined pressure and temperature boundary conditions will use the following concepts e A very large volume in the boundary condition cell Consequently real flow to connected cells in the model will have negligible change on either pressure or tem perature in the boundary condition cell e A somewhat larger permeability in the boundary condition cell maybe 1000 times the normal value This means that fluid can flow into or out of the cell but that the pressure drop in the boundary condition cell will be approximately zero Note Pruess does not recommend changing the permeability due to possible nu merical problems but instead suggests changing the nodal distance to be small 1 0E 10 Since PetraSim uses true geometry this approach can be approximated in PetraSim by using thin elements for the boundary cells e A small value for the porosity of the boundary condition cell As a result the rock heat capacity can be used to calculate the required heat flow to change tem per
56. g Only shown for EOS7R e FOC Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dia log On Misc tab Additional Material Data dialog Only shown for T2VOC ROCKS 1 2 Record e IRP Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dia log Automatically determined from selection on Relative Perm tab of Additional Material Data dialog e RPI Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dia log On Relative Perm tab of Additional Material Data dialog ROCKS 1 3 Record e ICP Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dia log Automatically determined from selection on Capillary Press tab of Additional Material Data dialog e CP Properties gt Materials Select Relative Perm button in Material Data dia log On Capillary Press tab of Additional Material Data dialog ROCKS 2 Record e Automatically written MULTI Automatically written based on EOS type and EOS options selected on Properties gt Global Properties in Tough Global Data dialog on EOS tab START Record Automatically written CHEMP T2VOC only Automatically written for T2VOC based on VOC data specified in Properties gt Global Properties in Tough Global Data dialog on EOS tab 79 Miscellaneous PARAM PARAM 1 Record NOITE Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Times tab KDATA Automatically determin
57. g on Misc tab REDLT Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Times tab SCALE Properties gt Global Properties in Tough Global Data dialog on Misc tab PARAM 2 1 2 2 etc Record 81 Miscellaneous Automatically written if table is used to give time steps in Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Times tab PARAM 3 Record REI Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Conver gence tab RE2 Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Conver gence tab U Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Solver tab WUP Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Weighting tab WNR Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Weighting tab DFAC Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Options tab PARAM 4 Record INDOM INCON SOLVR FOFT This record is not used Instead initial conditions for each element are written us ing the INCON record see below This record is not used Instead initial conditions for each element are written using the INCON record see below These records are created for each element based on initial condition data The appro priate data is EOS dependent See the Initial Conditions chapter for help with defining initial conditions This record is written based on options
58. gure 1 5 Opening the five spot model Enable flux output 1 On the Analysis menu click Output Controls 2 Click to select Fluxes and Velocities 3 Click OK Getting Started Output Controls Print and Plot Every Steps MCYPR 5 Additional Print amp Plot Times TIMES C Print After Each Iteration KDATA C Print Input Data MOP 7 Print Program Version Info NOYER Additional Output Data KDATA C Primary Variables Additional Printout MOP 1 6 C Every Iteration C Sinks Sources C Main C Equation of State C Flow and Accumulation C Linear Equations Figure 1 6 Select fluxes and velocities output Run the simulation To run the simulation On the Analysis menu click Run TOUGH2 The Running TOUGH2 dialog will open and show how the simulation is progressing The graph displays simulation time steps on the X axis and the log10 of the time step on the Y axis As a rule of thumb an increasing Y value is a good sign of simulation progress If your time steps start to become smaller it may indicate that the simulator is having a difficult time converging When the simulation finishes approx 10 seconds a message will be displayed and the Cancel button will turn into a Close button Click the Close button Getting Started Running TOUGH Quay Time Step Size H a S 2 40 20 00 40 00 6000 So 100 Time Step Sim Time 3 27578E8 s
59. gure 8 1 Material properties Relative Permeability Selecting the Relative Perm button displays the Additional Material Data dialog The first tab is used to define Relative Permeability Figure 8 2 The user selects the desired relative permeability function and then defines the parameters used by that function A graph will display the permeabilities magenta gt gas and blue gt liquid as a function of liquid saturation 39 Materials Additional Material Data Relative Perm Capillary Press Misc Relative Permeability Linear Functions RP Increases from O to 1 in the Range Shain 1 SA max RP as Increases from 0 to 1 in the Range Semin lt S lt S ymax Slain 7 RPCL 20000 Slax RPG 90000 Smin RP 10000 Omar RP 4 70000 Figure 8 2 Relative permeability functions Capillary Pressure Select the Capillary Pressure tab to define the capillary pressure function Figure 8 3 The user selects the desired capillary pressure function and then defines the parameters used by that function The value of ICP corresponds to the TOUGH function ID The Help section of www petrasim com provides a spreadsheet to plot the capillary pres sure functions 40 Materials Additional Material Data Relative Perm Capillary Press Misc Capillary Pressure Linear Function v ICP Cpl 0 0 CP2 0 0 CP3 0 0
60. hen be provided all the available initial condition options that are valid for the EOS and selected components Based on your knowledge of the problem define these appropriately Default Initial Conditions E EOS1 Water Non Isothermal Single Phase P T v Pressure Pa Constant v SEOS Temperature C Constant dah 150 0000 Figure 9 1 Setting default initial conditions 44 Initial Conditions Region Initial Conditions To define initial conditions by region of the model select a region then select Model gt Edit Selection On the Edit Region Data dialog select the Initial Conditions tab After selecting Specify by Region you will be able to define initial conditions for a region Figure 9 2 If you do not want region initial conditions to be used unselect Specify by Region Edit Region Data Properties Initial Conditions EOS1 Water Non Isothermal Single Phase P T een Function 1853000 0 0 0 X 0 0 Y 8765 0 2 ls Function Y 32 353 0 0 0 0 0 111742 Figure 9 2 Setting region initial conditions Cell Initial Conditions To define initial conditions by cell open the Grid Editor Then right click on a cell and select Initial Conditions in the context menu or select a cell and Edit gt Properties On the Initial Conditions tab of the Edit Cell Data dialog select Specify Initial Condi tions by Cell Figure 9
61. ial feature Support for extra cells is provided in PetraSim through dialogs Since these cells are not geometric the user must define the volume and connections of these cells to the regular grid cells To create an extra cell select Model gt Add Extra Cell Fig ure 7 11 illustrates the definition of the basic cell properties The user provides e Cell Name A decriptive name that can be used to access cell results for plotting 34 The Solution Grid e Cell ID This is calculated by PetraSim not editable e Volume The volume of the cell e Material The material for the cell e Type Enabled included as standard cell Disabled not included in analysis or Fixed State set as fixed boundary condition See PetraSim Basics for further de tails Edit Cell Data E Properties Sources Sinks Initial Conditions Print Options Connected Cells Cell Mame BC Cell ID a Volume 1 00000 Material auto ly ROCK1 Type Enabled v Figure 7 11 Defining the basic cell properties The Sources Sinks Initial Conditions and Print Options for an extra cell are the same as a standard cell The connections of the extra cell to the grid are specified by selecting the Connected Cells tab Figure 7 12 The user must manually specify the connection data required by TOUGH This includes e To Cell This is the cell to which the extra cell is connected This will be the cell ID of a cell in
62. in Pruess 1992 The method is an extension of the double porosity concept originally developed by Barenblatt et al 1960 and Warren and Root 1963 It is based on the notion that fractures have large permeability and small poros ity when averaged over a reservoir subdomain while the intact rock the rock mat rix has the opposite characteristics Therefore any disturbance in reservoir condi tions will travel rapidly through the network of interconnected fractures while invad ing the matrix blocks only slowly MINC is implemented in TOUGH as a mesh processor of the mesh Additional cells and connections are created so that matrix blocks are discretized into a sequence of nested volume elements which are defined on the basis of distance from the fractures Continuum 1 represents the fractures continuum 2 represents matrix rock in close proximity to the fractures continuum 3 represents matrix rock at larger distance etc In response to an imposed disturbance in the fracture system fluid and or heat can mi grate in the matrix blocks outward towards the fractures or inward away from the frac tures For a complete description the user is referred to Pruess 1992 and Pruess 1992 copies of which are available in the help section of http www petrasim com Using MINC in PetraSim To activate the MINC option in PetraSim select Properties gt Global Properties or Go to the MINC tab Figure 14 1 Select Enable Mu
63. ing planes XZ XY and YZ 2 Layer Selector Use this to select a layer of cells to edit The currently selected layer is always highlighted in the Main Window 3 Cell Annotations Cells will display annotations when they are a source or sink S fixed thermodynamic conditions F selected for additional output P or have been named 4 Property Selector Use this to color the current layer of cells based on a particu lar property such as temperature or gas saturation 5 Disabled Cells Cells that have been disabled will not be used in the simulation and are shown as empty in the Grid Editor 6 View Click this to undo redo or reset the view 7 Cell Finder To find any cell in the model type either the name or the id number into this box then press enter The cell will be centered and selected in the Grid Editor 3D Results View You can use the 3D Results View to visualize properties of your model as they evolved over time Getting Started 3D Results loa je Eile Results View le A Time s 3100 0000 1 023E05 13 2767E06 7 86431E07 T degC 250 A 2 3593E08 Scalar T deg C X 5 Vectors y FLO w 6 Y Show Isosurfaces Scalar 6 a Scalar Properties _ Y Show Vectors 2 Vector Scale lj 0 1 10 0 Vector Size Range l Const Vector Properties 8 Y Show Slice Planes Figure 1 3 3D Results View 3D Results Display
64. is associated with a material Materials can be assigned to the entire model when the boundary is created by region select a region and edit the region properties or to individual cells in the Grid Editor select a cell or cells PetraSim uses inheritance to determine any particular cell property it first looks in the cell if the property is not found there it looks in the region finally it looks in the default model When a new model is started there is one default material Material data is edited by selecting Properties gt Materials or In this dialog the user can edit create and delete materials Figure 8 1 The basic material data includes many are self explanatory Name The material name that will be written to the TOUGH input file limited to five characters Description A longer description for user clarity Rock Density Density Porosity Porosity X Y and Z Permeability The absolute permeabilities are defined in each direc tion Wet Heat Conductivity Wet conductivity Specific Heat Specific heat 38 Materials Material Data Materials Matrix Fracture Name MAT ROCK1 Description Density DROK kg m 3 2600 0000 Porosity POR 10000 x Permeability PER 1 m 2 1E 13 Y Permeability PER 2 m2 1E 13 Z Permeability PER 3 m2 1E 13 Wet Heat Conductivity CWET W m C 2 00000 Specific Heat SPHT J kg C 1000 0000 Fi
65. ist In this example the injection and production cells were marked for additional output These cells will have a data point for each time step of the simula tion You can view the time history of the rest of your cells by selecting the Show All option in the View menu Getting Started Cell Time History HoE File View Primary Data T deg C Variable 300 0 T deg C di 280 0 Cell Name Id 260 0 injection 1 Production 100 Mark Style 100 0 0 0 2 0508 4 0808 6 0608 8 0508 1 0809 1 2809 Diamond v Time Figure 1 9 Temperature contours and flow vectors Installation PetraSim can be obtained at http www rockware com by searching for PetraSim or at http www petrasim com To install follow these instructions If running Windows NT 2000 XP or Vista you must install PetraSim with adminis trator privileges In addition both the user and system must have read write privileges to the installation directory typically C Program Files PetraSim This requirement is placed by our licensing software From the web e Download the PetraSim setup exe and save this file to disk e Double click on setup exe to install From CD e Insert the CD in your CD ROM drive and installation will begin automatically e If setup does not start automatically click START on the taskbar and then click RUN Type D setup exe where D is the drive letter for your CD ROM
66. ither get out the old thermodynamics text or you can download an Excel spreadsheet from the Tools section of Help at our website at http www thunderheadeng com petrasim html Below is the steam table data for a temperature of 250 C and pressure of 2MPa 482 F and 290 psia The enthalpy is 2901869 965 J kg and the quality is pure vapor So do ing the calculation with this enthalpy would represent steam injection Go to step 5 Input Data Here English Units Input Do not change Temperature C 250 00 Temperature F 482 00 Pressure Pa abs 2 00E 06 Pressure psia 290 08 Quality O L 100 V Quality O L 100 V 0 Spec volume m3 kg Spec volume ft3 lb Enthalpy J kg Enthalpy btu lb 0 Entropy J kg C Entropy btu lb f 0 Output Output Temperature C 250 00 Temperature F 482 000 Pressure Pa 2 00E 06 Pressure psia 290 08 Quality 0 L 100 V 100 00 Quality 0 L 100 V 100 00 Spec volume m3 kg 0 111450802 Spec volume ft3 lb 1 7852 Enthalpy J kg 2901869 965 Enthalpy btu lb 1247 79 Entropy J kg C 6544 287025 Entropy btu lb f 1 5633 Tsat iC 212 738 Tsat F 414 3 Psat Pa 3 98E 07 Psat psia 576 90 Deg superheat C 19 85 Deg superheat F 67 7 Deg subcool C 17 78 Deg subcool F 0 0 Viscosity Pa s 1 79E 05 Viscosity lb sec ft2 3 74E 07 Crit velocity Crit velocity 1480 67 Density kg m3 8 972568916 Density lb ft3 0 5602 SG 0 009 SG 0 009 Viscosity poise P 1 79E 04 STEP 5 Change the enthalpy to an appropriat
67. itial Conditions nase ra Re 45 Cell Initial CONG ONS An 45 Loading Previous Results as Initial Conditions 20 0 ee eee eeseeeeeceeeeeeeeecnneeeeeeeeeeeeneees 46 Recommended Examples versidad ina gaben hun 46 10 Boundary Conditions u en ti 47 Pixed Boundary Conditions und iin essen 47 SOULEESAN DIN nee reise fie 47 Using Wells in Petrasim cid cn kannten 48 Time Dependent Essential Dirichlet Boundary Conditions 20224ers04e rss 49 Background isco nion ee n Re ee 49 Setting the Time Dependent Boundary Conditions ccccoococconcccnoncnononccononcconanccinnnccnnnos 49 Example sierot a a aa aE E A E E rE T E a a Dai 52 11 Solution and Output Controls 0 0 0 0 ccc ceeseeceesceceesceceseeecssececseeecseeecseeeeaees 57 Soltition Controls a ed tion 57 Limes Lab er een ned io 57 Solver Tab in da 58 Weishtins Tab aan seid AA S 59 Convereence Tap er a 60 Options Tabea ee rer 61 Output E 62 12 Running Simulation da 64 RUINS a Simulation veraltete E E goal Ea E enge 64 Setting TOUGH Analysis Priority 2 2 2 a Gee SG Ree 64 Monitoring Progress of TOUGH Analysis cecceeeeccecsscceceeeeeceneeeceneeeeseeeeneeeenaeeees 65 Writing the TOUGH Input Hierin 65 13 Plottins Resulls aa es en Aico i iaai 66 PetraSim User Manual 3D Plots OL RES UES 4 A nein 66 Time History Plots OL Results asteriscos 70 Source Sink and Cell History Plots u se 70 14 Flow in Fractured Media 00 Sa rn 76 The MING Approach einer 76 Using
68. l Output Data Select fluxes and velocities to have the output data neces sary to include flux arrows in the 3D plots Selecting Primary Variables is usually only used for debugging purposes e Additional Prinout These options are usually only used for debugging purposes 63 Chapter 12 Running Simulation Running a Simulation Except for TOUGH Fx HYDRATES all the TOUGH executables are included as an integral part of the PetraSim software To execute the appropriate TOUGH module on the Analysis menu click Run TOUGH or click amp This will first save the PetraSim model file and then the TOUGH2 Simulation Run dialog will be displayed Figure 12 1 The Running TOUGH2 dialog displays simulation time steps on the X axis and the log10 of the time step on the Y axis As a rule of thumb an increasing Y value is a good sign of simulation progress If your time steps start to become smaller it may in dicate that the simulator is having a difficult time converging When the simulation finishes a message will be displayed and the Cancel button will turn into a Close button Click the Close button r Running TOUGH2 BAX Time Step Size E a S 2 4 00 2000 40 00 6000 8000 10 Time Step Sim Time 3 27578E8 s End Time 1 15185E9s Run Time 4 05 DT 1 31072E7 s TS 66 Max TS 200 Figure 12 1 Running the TOUGH analysis Setting TOUGH Analysis Priority A TOUGH analysis makes heavy demands of
69. l data pg 39 Assign cell materials data pg 42 Capillary pressure pg 40 Create grid pg 30 Default initial conditions pg 44 Define model boundary pg 27 Edit cell pg 32 Edit cell data pg 45 Edit extra cell pg 34 Edit region data pg 45 Initial conditions pg 44 Load initial conditions pg 46 Material data pg 38 Material data dialog Fracture pg 77 Miscellaneous material data pg 41 Output controls pg 62 Relative permeability data pg 39 Save pg 65 Scalar properties pg 66 Set top and bottom pg 29 Solution controls pg 57 Tough Global Data MINC pg 76 TOUGH simulation run pg 64 Vector properties pg 66 Disabled Cells pg 23 E Edit cell data dialog pg 45 Edit cell dialog pg 32 Edit extra cell dialog pg 34 Edit region data dialog pg 45 Enabled Cells pg 23 Energy balance pg 17 EOS pg 20 Equations of state pg 20 Example Problems pg 5 Export 3D plot data pg 69 Extra cells pg 34 F File New pg 26 Open pg 26 PetraSim sim pg 26 TOUGH Input dat pg 26 Fixed boundary conditions pg 47 Fixed State Cells pg 23 Flow in fractured media pg 76 Flow in porous media pg 12 G Grid pg 27 Grid Editor pg 22 Initial conditions pg 44 Installation pg 10 Internal Boundary pg 27 Internal boundary pg 27 L 91 Index Licensing Problems pg 87 Load initial conditions dialog pg 46 Loading previous results as initial conditions
70. low into each cell is determined by the permeab ility and height intersection length for that cell Using this approach more flow is in jected produced into cells with higher permeability The uniform distribution propor tions flow by the intersection length of each cell In either of these cases PetraSim cre ates individual sources sinks for each cell intersected by the well These sources sinks are independent of each other For the Well on Deliverability option the user can select the Well Model or User Defined gradient The Well Model option activates the TOUGH2 well on deliverabil ity model where the pressure gradient is calculated using a depth dependent flowing density in the wellbore see the TOUGH2 user manual In this case the specified pres sure corresponds to the pressure at the center of the top cell in the well If the User Defined gradient is selected the pressure is that at the top of the completion interval and the user specifies the gradient directly For both cases follow the TOUGH2 guidelines for calculating the Productivity Index Time Dependent Essential Dirichlet Boundary Conditions Background Although TOUGH provides an easy way to set constant essential Dirichlet bound ary conditions using the Inactive cell option there is no similar provision for time dependent boundary conditions There are two reasons for this decision e This places a significant burden on the user to ensure that all specifie
71. ltiple Interacting Continua MINC Then the input data corresponds to that given in the TOUGH2 User s Guide 76 Flow in Fractured Media Tough Global Data Analysis EOS MINC misc Flow Options DUAL Double Porosity Fracture Orientation TYPE 22 3 D Fracture Spacing PAR 1 2 3 10 0000 Y 10 0000 Zi 10 0000 Number of Interacting Continua J Volume Fractions YOL Volume Fraction Order WHERE Fracture First OUT Interior First IN Figure 14 1 Activating MINC in PetraSim Once the MINC option is activated the user will need to specify the fracture material data on the Fracture tab of the Material Data dialog This will be the data used for the fractures The Matrix data will be used for the rock matrix 77 Chapter 15 Miscellaneous Map Between TOUGH2 Names and PetraSim Interface For experienced TOUGH2 users this map provides a listing of where TOUGH2 con stants are defined in PetraSim Italics are used to indicate a menu item The map is or ganized following the TOUGH2 User s Guide format In addition one each dialog the TOUGH name for each input variable is provided TITLE e TITLE Properties gt Global Properties in Tough Global Data dialog on Analysis tab MESHM This is only used with the MINC option MINC data is given in Properties gt Global Properties in the Tough Global Data dialog on
72. o spin the 3D model left click on the model and move the mouse The model will spin as though you have selected a point on a sphere e To zoom hold the Alt key and drag the mouse vertically e To move the model hold the Shift key and drag to reposition the model in the win dow e To reset the model type r or select e To change to a standard view select amp for a top view for a front view and amp for a side view Grid Editor 2D View The Grid Editor is used to make cell specific changes to the model Select Model gt Edit Grid or amp to open the grid editor The Grid Editor will display a section through the model Figure 5 1 To change the properties of a cell either select the cell and then Edit gt Properties or right click on the cell In the toolbar you can select the viewing direction the grid layer and the property to be plotted Tools include selection k zoom in amp zoom out amp zoom box drag previous view amp next view gt and reset To help with orientation in the model the layer being viewed in the Grid Editor is highlighted in the 3D View Figure 5 2 22 PetraSim Basics Grid Editor Wo File Edit View Help i vz View N Layer 3 8 Property Material RAR Aap lt gt E Source Sink u Initial Conditions Print Options Material POMED 750 0000 Y 749 3075 Z 386 8421 3 8 9 File Model Pro
73. omposition of Produced Fluids MOP 9 Relative Mobilities Same Phase as Producing Element Heat Conductivity Interpolation MOP 10 C 51 CDRY SQRT S1 CWET CDRY O C S1 CDRY 51 CWET CDRY Boundary Condition Interpolation MOP 12 O Linear Interpolation 2 Step Function O Rigorous Step Derivative Increment Factor DFAC Default v Figure 11 5 The Times tab controls Output Controls The Output Controls dialog allows the user to specify output options To set these con trols select Analysis gt Output Controls or to open the Output Controls dialog Figure 11 6 62 Solution and Output Controls Output Controls Print and Plot Every Steps MCYPR 100 Additional Print amp Plot Times TIMES C Print After Each Iteration KDATA C Print Input Data MOP 7 Print Program Version Info NOVER Additional Output Data KDATA C Fluxes and Velocities C Primary Variables Additional Printout MOP 1 6 C Every Iteration C Sinks Sources C Main C Equation of State C Flow and Accumulation _ Linear Equations Figure 11 6 Output controls dialog Output Controls options include e Print and Plot Every Steps Output will be written at the specified time step in crement e Additional Print and Plot Times This opens a table in which you can give specific times at which output is desired e Additiona
74. on In PetraSim Solution Controls Options Example The following example is based on a desire to specify time dependent temperatures and pressures that represent the conditions for a stream in a groundwater calculation The desired values are given in Figure 10 2 and Figure 10 3 Days Time Temperature Pressure sec Cc Pa 0 o 1916 105409 8525 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Figure 10 2 Desired boundary conditions 52 Boundary Conditions 25 00 Temperature 20 00 4 Pressure 15 00 3 2 E 10 00 5 00 Time days Figure 10 3 Graph of desired boundary conditions For the example create a cell with dimensions of 1 m on each side but set the volume factor to be 1 0E50 We set the material properties as Figure 10 4 Figure 10 4 Desired boundary conditions We calculate the heat flux as follows where is the heat flux y is the cell volume is the rock density is the rock P heat capacity AT is the change in temperature and Ar is the change in time Note that since the porosity is very small we only use the rock properties and apply this to the entire cell volume The calculated values are shown in Figure 10 5 53 Boundary Conditions Time Temperature Heat Flux sec C Jis 0 1 56481E 51 86400 2 73843E 51 1955 8 85769E 49 259200 1 89335E 51 345600 2 86741E 51 432000 2 066E 51 518400 1
75. ontour files for download are provided with the example manual To define the surface select Model gt Set Top and Bottom In the Set Top and Bot tom dialog choose the option for defining the surfaces Figure 7 4 29 The Solution Grid Set Top and Bottom Top Surface ug x top ctr Bottom Surface Constant x 1500 0000 Figure 7 4 Defining the top and bottom surfaces of the model PetraSim TOUGH Que Eile Model Properties Analysis Results View Help Bad 058 058 B BL Dn Model Regions E Materials Wells 20x10x17 3400 TOUGH UNLIMITED Figure 7 5 Model with top surface defined Creating Solution Grids The solution grid is the discretization used to solve the analysis You have the option of creating a regular grid or a Meshmaker grid In a regular grid the cell sizes are uniform or increase geometrically In a Meshmaker grid the size of each cell is spe cified Select Model gt Create Grid or amp to open the Create Grid dialog Figure 7 6 30 The Solution Grid PetraSim TOUGH Jo File Model Properties Analysis Results View Help Ban angee B 5 B DL RADH Model Regions Materials A Wells 20x10x17 3400 TOUGH UNLIMITED Figure 7 6 The Create Grid dialog Regular Grid If top or bottom surfaces have been defined the user is provided two options either to disable cells above and
76. or the Point Normal option the data include e Point on Plane The coordinates of a point on the boundary plane e Normal to Plane The components of a vector normal to the plane They do not 28 The Solution Grid need to be normalized PetraSim TOUGH uy Eile Model Properties Analysis Results View Help 6538 age 0 5 3Bx ME ARH Model Regions Materials E Wells Extra Cells TOUGH UNLIMITED Figure 7 3 The internal boundary shown in the model You can now use the mouse or Tree View to select a region and define a material or initial condition to that region PetraSim uses a hierarchy when writing the TOUGH in put file properties for a cell If a property has been defined for a specific cell in the Grid Editor that is used Next the region in which the cell lies is used to define prop erties Finally the default model properties are used Top and Bottom Surfaces PetraSim has the capability to define the topography of the top and bottom of the mod el Any cell whose center is above the top or below the bottom surface will be disabled not included in the analysis Boundaries are useful if the user is modeling the surface of the earth or a deposit that varies with depth Three options can be used to define the top and bottom surfaces a constant Z depth a linear function or a contour file The format of the contour file is described in the chapter Petrasim Basics C
77. or to define the topology of the top and bottom of the model This data is read from a con tour file The format of the contour file is given below it follows that used by TETRAD The contour data can be viewed as a set of planes on which contours are defined The planes can be defined at several depths in the model forming a complete 3D definition of the data Linear interpolation is performed in the Z direction between the contour planes The data consists of the depth Z coordinate followed by a definition of contours at that depth In the following example the and following comments are included only for description These should not be included in an actual file Define top of reservoir lt top origin gt The first line is a description Include this line not used at this time lt depth gt Keword to indicate beginning of a contour set 0 The Z coordinate for this contour set lt contour gt Keyword to define a contour at the given depth 1 E Value of contour followed by number of points 1000 1000 X and Y coordinates of the point s lt contour gt Start of a new contour 200 3 Value 200 0 and number of points 3 100 1000 X and Y coordinates of the point s 300 800 X and Y coordinates of the point s 1000 200 X and Y coordinates of the point s lt contour gt 00 4 Complete the contours at this depth 200 1000 0 600 400 200 800 0 lt contour gt 4 400 1000 24 Petra
78. ose are used finally the default model initial conditions will be used The specific initial conditions are different for each EOS For any specific EOS there are at least single and two phase initial conditions as well as options for different com ponents The user is referred to Chapter 3 Tough Concepts for a discussion of com ponents and an example of setting single and two phase initial conditions Only for the simplest models will the initial conditions be uniform over the model In most realistic analyses a steady state simulation will be used to reach an equilibrium solution For example this will be used to reach gravity capillary equilibrium in a va dose zone analysis or heat and fluid flow equilibrium in a geothermal reservoir analys is The steady state results will then be used as initial conditions for the transient ana lysis When this approach is used two separate folders should be used to store the steady state analysis and the transient analysis Because of the complex physics represented in TOUGH setting of the initial condi tions can be challenging The user is directed to the many examples available at the PetraSim web site for guidance on how others specify initial conditions Default Initial Conditions Default initial conditions are always defined for the model To set these conditions se lect Properties gt Initial Conditions or to open the Default Initial Conditions dia log Figure 9 1 You will t
79. ose cells This must be defined for each direction and the sum of all cell sizes must match the boundary length in each direction Create Grid Data Division Method Regular x Use of Top and Bottom During Grid Creation Cells Above Top and Below Bottom Are Inactive Cells Shifted to Conform to Top and Bottom Grid Type Ox OR X cells 8 X Factor 1 00000 Y cells 6 Y Factor 1 00000 Z cells 4 Z Factor 1 00000 Figure 7 8 Using the Meshmaker option to create a grid Editing a Cell The user can edit the properties of a cell in the Grid Editor Open the Grid Editor and right click on a cell to display the context menu xref linkend Cell_01 xref style select label gt Select Properties Figure 7 10 The user provides Cell Name A decriptive name that can be used to access cell results for plotting Cell ID This is calculated by PetraSim not editable X Y and Z Center The center of the cell not editable Volume The volume of the cell Volume The volume of the cell calculated based on dimensions not editable Volume Factor A multiplier on the volume that is used to obtain the final volume sent to the TOUGH input file 32 The Solution Grid e Material The material for the cell e Type Enabled included as standard cell Disabled not included in analysis or Fixed State set as fixed boundary condition See PetraSim Basics for further de tails
80. out the TOUGH family of codes can be found at http www esd lbl gov TOUGH2 Printed copies of the user manuals may be obtained from Karsten Pruess at lt K_Pruess lbl gov gt Computer Hardware Requirements PetraSim will run well on any newer computer At a minimum the processor should be at least as fast as a 1 GHz Pentium III with at least 512 MB RAM A graphics card that supports OpenGL 1 1 or later with 64 MB of graphics memory is recommended 11 Chapter 2 Flow in Porous Media This section will provide only the briefest overview of the basic assumptions used in the TOUGH family of codes The reader is referred to the TOUGH2 User s Guide Pruess Oldenburg and Moridis 1999 the T2VOC User s Guide Falta Pruess Fin sterle and Battistelli 1995 the TMVOC User s Guide Pruess Oldenburg and Mor idis 1999 the TOUGHREACT User s Guide Xu Sonnenthal Spycher and Pruess 2004 and the TOUGH Fx HYDRATE User s Guide Moridis Kowalsky and Pruess 2005 for detailed information on the TOUGH codes A good fundamental reference on flow in porous media is The Physics of Flow Through Porous Media Scheidegger 1957 Darcy s Law for Single Phase Flow The TOUGH family of codes and thus PetraSim simulate flow in porous media A basic assumption is that the flow is described by Darcy s law k A u Vp pg u where u is the seepage velocity vector amp is total permeability 4 the viscosity D the pressure
81. perties Analysis Results Yiew Help Reb ORB 83 LR BE DDH E Regions E Materials 9 Extra Cells 21x10x13 2730 Figure 5 2 The 3D view showing which cell layer is being edited in the Grid Editor Tree View The Tree View on the left of the 3D window is used to display and select regions materials wells and extra cells Expand the list and then double click on an object to edit its properties Enabled Disabled and Fixed State Cells 23 PetraSim Basics In the Grid Editor the Properties of a cell can be set to Type Enabled Disabled or Fixed State with the following meanings e An Enabled cell is a standard cell in the analysis e A Disabled cell will not be included in the analysis No information about this cell will be written to the TOUGH input file It will not be included in the results e An Fixed State cell is used to set boundary conditions The cell is included in the analysis but the state of the cell Pressure Temperature etc will not change In the TOUGH2 User s Guide such cells are named Inactive It was necessary for us to use a different name to distinquish between Fixed and Disabled cells Units All input uses standard metric SI units such as meters seconds kilograms degrees C and the corresponding derived units such as Newton Joules and Pascal for pres sure Contour Data Externally generated contour data can be used to define 3D inital conditions
82. priate MOP 20 Not implemented Used only by EOS4 option MOP 21 Not used Instead the alternate SOLVR record is used to select the solv er Select the solver in Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dia log on Solver tab MOP 22 Not implemented Used only by T2DM option MOP 23 Not implemented Used only by T2DM option MOP 24 Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Weighting tab TEXP Properties gt Global Properties in Tough Global Data dialog on EOS tab Select Molecular Diffusion and specify on Edit Coefficients dialog For T2VOC on EOS tab BE Properties gt Global Properties in Tough Global Data dialog on EOS tab Se lect Molecular Diffusion and specify on Edit Coefficients dialog DIFFO Properties gt Global Properties in Tough Global Data dialog on EOS tab Only for T2VOC PARAM 2 Record TSTART Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Times tab TIMAX Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Times tab DELTEN Automatically determined based on options selected in Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Times tab You can edit the table of time steps DELTMX Properties gt Solution Controls in Solution Parameters dialog on Times tab ELST Not implemented instead select cell for printing in Grid Editor GF Properties gt Global Properties in Tough Global Data dialo
83. q 9 HUNDEZHEAD 403 Poyntz Avenue Suite B Manhattan KS 66502 6081 1 785 770 8511 www thunderheadeng com PetraSim User Manual June 2007 PetraSim User Manual Table of Contents Diselammer alt ix Acknowledgements cuina ala na x 2Getuns Started nacre a R E E AE EER 1 a o e e a a aS 1 PetrasSim ala AA name A e N 1 Main Window standen laienkbabubiun 1 LD STRATE LUGE SR tg sein she ea ge A hele eid SCE E 2 3D RESUS Vie WO aba 3 ILene FS UGE ORG SUES sn ee RER 5 Example Problems u asien na ink 5 BetraSim Tour EN e Spot ne ui en 6 Load the eosI_five_spot sample model 22200022000snsnnnensnnensnnnennnnsnnenennn nennen 6 Enable Tux Output a 6 Run the simulation iii lin encia aiii 7 View 1 simulation results ee 8 View Cell Gime MStory data susanne Es 9 A OND es csca esate en Re Net 10 30 Day Talles 10 Purchase Of Peta Sit nase er nn 11 Registration ar Lana 11 Additional TOUGH Documentation rado 11 Computer Hardware Requirements 5 ccissiesivesdeadasessaasveenededa soii unbe 11 2 Flow in Porous Media alter AS oN 12 Darcy s Law for Single Phase FloW siii se stammen 12 Mit Phase Plow a ee E a aAa 12 Relative Permeability aussen nie Kinn linie 13 Capillary Pressure sn sn Denn 14 Dy TOUGH Concepts a eb maes 15 Components and Phases cum ia 15 Mass and Energy Balance suscitada ass a na 17 Spatial Discretizalion A ee 17 TemporalDiserelization nn 18 4 O ee 20 Selecting an EOS a bein lan ni
84. re models since extra model information that is included in the PetraSim model file will be lost Creating and Saving a New PetraSim Model When PetraSim is started it begins with an empty model The user can immediately begin work on a new model If another model has already been opened select File gt New to clear the current model and start a new empty model PetraSim always has one and only one active model To save the new model select File gt Save and give the file name Because the files written by TOUGH have a fixed name it is recommended that the user create a new directory for each model If this is not done the TOUGH results from a first analysis will lost when a second model is run even if the PetraSim model has a different name Open a Saved PetraSim Model To open a saved model select File gt Open and select the file To speed model selec tion a list of recently opened files is available under File gt Recent PetraSim Files 26 Chapter 7 The Solution Grid Problem Boundary The first step in creating a model is to define the boundary Select Model gt Define Boundary or 1 to open the Define Model Boundary dialog Figure 7 1 In this dia log give the grid dimensions and select the material to be used as the default material for the model If the model is to be an RZ axisymmetric model then set Y min to 0 0 and Y max to 1 0 Define Model Boundary X min 0 0 X max 1500 0000
85. re then written to the TIMES record ELEME All element cell data is written based on the grid defined by the user CONNE All connection data is written based on the grid defined by the user 83 Miscellaneous GENER The GENER record defines a list of cells with source or sink boundary conditions See Boundary Conditions chapter 84 Chapter 16 Troubleshooting Convergence Problems It is inevitable that some of the analyses you run will stop execution before your spe cified end time Usually this is because of convergence problems during the solution To determine what is the cause of the problem you will need to open the TOUGH out put file and learn to read it Identifying why the model stops running is probably not going to be simple Models that run for a while and then stop are the hardest to debug TOUGH can get into frustrating convergence problems TOUGH2 is a pretty good code but the physics are complex so if the problem gets into an unrealistic condition it will stop Tracking down the cause of a convergence problem may not be trivial Following is the step by step process used to look at one user s convergence problems The user was learning about PetraSim and TOUGH2 so was developing the skills needed to run analyses STEP 1 Open the out file and looked for the messages printed before the data for the last time step This will be before the text THE TIME IS so you can search for that text
86. redo Battistelli T2VOC User s Guide March 1995 Earth Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA LBNL 36400 Pruess Oldenburg and Moridis 1999 Karsten Pruess and Alfredo Battistelli TMVOC A Nu merical Simulator for Three Phase Non Isothermal Flows of Multicomponent Hydrocar bon Mixtures in Saturated Unsaturated Herogeneous Media April 2002 Earth Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA LBNL 49375 Xu Sonnenthal Spycher and Pruess 2004 Tianfu Xu Eric Sonnenthal Nicolas Spycher and Karsten Pruess TOUGHREACT User s Guide A Simulation Program for Non iso thermal Multiphase Reactive Geochemical Transport in Variably Saturated Geologic Media September 2004 Earth Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laborat ory Berkeley CA USA LBNL 55460 Moridis Kowalsky and Pruess 2005 George Moridis Michael Kowalsky and Karsten Pruess 89 References TOUGH Fx HYDRATE v1 0 User s Manual A Code for the Simulation of System Beha vior in Hydrate Bearing Geologic Media February 2005 Earth Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA LBNL 3185 Versluys 1931 J Versluys 1931 Bull Amer Ass Petrol Geol 15 189 Barenblatt et al 1960 G E Barenblatt I P Zheltov and I N Kochina Basic Concepts in the Theory of Seepage of Homogeneous Liquids in Fractured Rocks 1960 J Appl Math USSR 24
87. s e Specifying the material properties e Defining the default initial conditions for the model either directly or by loading the results of a previous analysis e Using the grid editor to define cell specific data such as material sources sinks and initial conditions e Setting the solution and output options e Solving the problem e Post processing of results using contour and time history plots The user must recognize that this process is seldom linear It will likely be necessary it erate as new understanding of the model and physics is obtained New users are espe cially tempted to immediately proceed with a complex model Don t do this It is al ways recommended that the user perform a 1D and 2D analyses before a 3D analysis A suite of examples taken from the TOUGH user guides is available at ht tp www petrasim com PetraSim Interface PetraSim uses multiple views to display the model and results e 3D View Used to rapidly view the model including internal boundaries and wells e Tree View Used to display and select regions in the model materials wells and extra cells 21 PetraSim Basics e Grid Editor Used to define cell specific parameters including sources and sinks and initial conditions e 3D Plots Used to display isosurfaces and contour plots of results e Time History Plots Used to display detailed cell results as a function of time 3D View To navigate using the 3D model e T
88. selected in Properties gt Solution Controls in the Solution Parameters dialog on the Solver tab The FOFT record defines a list of cells for which output data will be written to a file every time step This record is written automatically by PetraSim based on the cells that have been selected for detailed printing 82 Miscellaneous To select a cell for output open the Grid Editor and right click on a cell Go to the Print Options tab Use the check box to turn on printing In the Properties tab you can give the cell a name that will be displayed in the plot After the analysis is completed and a time history plot made the data can be written to a file for import into a spread sheet GOFT Automatically written for all sources and sinks NOVER NOVERsion Record e Properties gt Output Controls in Output Controls dialog DIFFU DIFFUsion Record e All diffusion data is input from Properties gt Global Properties in the Tough Glob al Data dialog on the EOS tab Select Molecular Diffusion and then the Edit Coef ficients button and dialog Not valid for T2VOC SELEC SELECtion Record e Automatically written from data input on Properties gt Global Properties in the Tough Global Data dialog on the EOS tab RPCAP This record is not used Instead all data is written as part of ROCKS record TIMES TIMES Record e A table of output times can be specified in Analysis gt Output Controls in the Out put Controls dialog These times a
89. sonal communication 2003 email van Genuchten 1980 M van Genuchten A Closed Form Equation for Predicting the Hydraul ic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils 1980 Soil Sci Soc 44 892 898 Pruess Oldenburg and Moridis 1999 Karsten Pruess Curt Oldenburg and George Moridis TOUGH2 User s Guide Version 2 0 November 1999 Earth Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA LBNL 43134 Pruess 1992 Karsten Pruess Brief Guide to the MINC Method for Modeling Flow and Trans port in Fractured Media May 1992 Earth Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley Na tional Laboratory Berkeley CA USA LBL 32195 Pruess 1983 Karsten Pruess GMINC A Mesh Generator for Flow Simulations in Fractured Reservoirs May 1992 Earth Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laborat ory Berkeley CA USA LBL 15227 Cengel and Boles 1989 Yunus Cengel and Michael Boles Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach 1989 McGraw Hill Inc 0 07 101356 9 Hirschfelder et al 1954 J Hirschfelder C Curtis and R Bird Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids 1954 John Wiley and Sons New York NY USA International Formulation Committee 1987 International Formulation Committee A Formula tion of the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance 1987 IFC Secretari at Dusseldorf Germany Falta Pruess Finsterle and Battistelli 1995 Ronald Falta Karsten Pruess Stefan Finsterle and Alf
90. source sink output and is listed below So knowing that cell 11126 is a source sink with a gen eration rate the first guess is that the generation rate is larger than can be supported by the flow into the cell and as a result pressure and temperature are dropping in that cell Go to step 3 LALALLLLLLLLLLALALLLLLLLLLLALALLLLLALLLLLLLLLLALALLLLLLLLLLLLALLELLLLLERAER TOUGH2 Analysis KCYC 147 ITER 1 TIME 0 17685E 05 ELEMENT SOURCE INDEX TYPE GENERATION RATE ENTHALPY FF GAS FF AQ MOLE S OR W J MOLE 11126 1 1 COMI 0 22003E 03 0 00000E 00 CCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCACCCCCACCCCCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCACCCCCACCCCCACE STEP 3 Continue the search for 11126 to get the state of the cell until we find the P T etc data as given below the last line is for cell 11126 This confirms that the tem perature is dropping The saturation of gas is also lower in this cell So now let us go and look at the cell in more detail Go to step 4 ELEM INDEX P T SG SW SO PA DEG C 4 8995 0 10102E 06 0 19999E 02 0 87874E 00 0 12126E 00 0 00000E 00 5 8996 0 10102E 06 0 19999E 02 0 87874E 00 0 12126E 00 0 00000E 00 6 8997 0 10102E 06 0 19999E 02 0 87874E 00 0 12126E 00 0 00000E 00 7 8998 0 10102E 06 0 19999E 02 0 87874E 00 0 12126E 00 0 00000E 00 8 8999 0 10102E 06 0 19999E 02 0 87874E 00 0 12126E 00 0 00000E 00 9 9000 0 10102E 06 0 19999E 02 0 87874E 00 0 12126E 00 0 00000E 00 10 9001 0 10102E 06 0 19999E 02 0 87874E 00 0
91. statistical data PetraSim allows the user to import a table of material assignments for all cells This is useful if the user has an independent repres entation of the model that can be queried to obtain a spatial definition of materials Pet raSim provides two tools e The capability to write a file with cell IDs and X Y Z coordinates e The ability to paste a table of material types for all cells To write a file with cell IDs and X Y Z coordinates select File gt Write Grid Data This file defines the cell coordinates in their PetraSim order that allows you to query a separate material database Select Model gt Assign Cell Materials to open the Assign Cell Materials dialog Fig ure 8 5 You can either type or paste a list of materials to be assigned to each cell All materials must have already been defined The Material Name must match the name of 42 Materials an existing material To assign a material to a specific cell type or paste the name of the material to the row corresponding to the ID of the desired cell Blank entries will be ignored u Material Name Figure 8 5 Assign Cell Materials dialog 43 Chapter 9 Initial Conditions Initial conditions are used to define the initial state of each cell A hierarchy is used to determine the cell state if defined at the cell those values are used if defined at the re gion th
92. the computer processor if you are run ning a single core computer you may want to reduce the priority of the TOUGH ana lysis Start the Task Manager Cntrl Alt Delete or right click on the lower toolbar On the Processes tab click on CPU to sort by the process using the most CPU you 64 Running Simulation many need to click twice to bring highest CPU users to the top of the list You will see a process such as EOS7 exe Right click on the process select Set Priority and select Low Close the dialog Setting the priority low will keep your computer response snappy to other tasks and al low the CPU to support the TOUGH analysis when not needed for other tasks Monitoring Progress of TOUGH Analysis During the TOUGH analysis there are several ways to monitor progress One way is to go to the problem directory and using a text editor open the out file as it is written by TOUGH In this file will be text similar to the following KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 260 21 3 ST 0 209715E 09 DT 0 104858E 09 365 22 3 ST 0 419430E 09 DT 0 209715E 09 51 23 4 ST 0 838861E 09 DT 0 419430E 09 216 24 4 ST 0 125829E 10 DT 0 419430E 09 258 25 4 ST 0 167772E 10 DT 0 419430E 09 The first number is the ID of the cell with the smallest time step The first number in the parantheses is the time step counter and the second number is the number of itera tions required for that step
93. tiphase flow 18 TOUGH Concepts The user should consult Appendix B of the TOUGH2 User s Guide Pruess Olden burg and Moridis 1999 for a further discussion of this topic 19 Chapter 4 Equations of State As described in the TOUGH2 User s Guide the thermophysical properties of fluid mixtures needed for assembling the governing mass and energy balance equations are provided by equation of state EOS modules Each equation of state uses a different set of primary variables such as pressure temperature and mass fractions to define each possible phase condition When the phase changes the EOS switches and initial ized new primary variables PetraSim supports the following EOS options in TOUGH2 Figure 4 1 PetraSim also supports TOUGHREACT TMVOC and TOUGH Fx HYDRATE For the options available for these different versions go to File gt Preferences EOS Description Water water with tracer Water and CO2 Water and hydrogen Water brine and air Water brine two radionuclides and air Saturated unsaturated flow used for vadose zone 1 2 3 Water and air 5 7 Figure 4 1 States corresponding to the three initial condition options Selecting an EOS To select an EOS go to File gt Preferences On this dialog you can select the TOUGH version and a particular EOS supported by that version After making the se lection you must then select File gt New to create a new model with the new E
94. w has several options e Heat The rate of Heat In can be defined as a constant or though a table as a func tion of time Use a negative number to remove heat e Mass Out This defines the mass produced from the cell e Well on Deliverability This defines a boundary condition where the cell produces to a fixed pressure The user defines the Productivity Index and the pressure See page 54 of the TOUGH2 User s Guide for instructions on calculation of the Pro ductivity Index e Well from File This is a coupled wellbore flow model See page 66 of the TOUGH User s Guide for instructions on its use e Injection Injection parameters will vary depending on the EOS being used In general the user will specify a rate and an enthalpy for each component to be injec ted 47 Boundary Conditions Edit Cell Data EJ Properties Sources Sinks Initial Conditions Print Options Production C Mass Out C well on Deliv C well from File a Injection Water Steam Constant w Rate kg s 0 0 Enthalpy J kg 0 0 O air Figure 10 1 Editing cell properties Using Wells in PetraSim PetraSim provides a basic option to define wells as geometric objects lines in 3D space Injection or production options are assigned to the well and PetraSim handles the details of identifying the cells that are intersected by the well and applying the ap propriate boundary conditions to
95. we have liberally used descriptions from the user manuals for the TOUGH family of codes Links to download the TOUGH manuals are given at ht tp www petrasim com More information about the TOUGH family of codes can be found at http www esd lbl gov TOUGH Printed copies of the user manuals may be obtained from Karsten Pruess at lt K_Pruess lbl gov gt The original development of PetraSim was funded by a Small Business Innovative Re search grant from the U S Department of Energy Additional funding was provided by a private consortium for the TOUGHREACT version and by the U S Department of Energy NETL for the TOUGH Fx HYDRATE version We most sincerely thank our users for their feedback and support Chapter 1 Getting Started Welcome PetraSim is an interactive pre processor and post processor for the TOUGH family of codes It helps users rapidly develop models and view results for these general purpose simulators which model nonisothermal flows of multicomponent multiphase fluids in porous and fractured media The T2VOC and TMVOC simulators include three phase flows of water air and volatile organic chemicals The TOUGHREACT simulator adds chemical reactions The TOUGH Fx HYDRATE simulator includes the capabil ity to represent methane hydrates PetraSim at a Glance Main Window The main window guides the user through the process of specifying all model input On B 2E BRE 1000
96. zero when the other is acting that is during injection the production is zero and during pro duction the injection is zero The resulting plots show excellent agreement between temperatures and not quite as good agreement for pressures 55 Boundary Conditions 22 00 Temperature C 5 a 8 8 S 3 gt S 12 00 10 00 0 00E 00 5 00E 05 1 00E 06 1 50E 06 2 00E 06 Time sec Figure 10 7 Comparison of desired and calculated boundary condition temperatures 1 22E 05 1 20E 05 Pressure Pa SRR RR A 1 06E 05 1 04E 05 0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 Time days Figure 10 8 Comparison of desired and calculated boundary condition pressures in TOUGH2 Chapter 11 Solution and Output Controls Solution Controls The Solution Controls dialog allows the user to specify all aspects that will be used by TOUGH in solving the problem To set these controls select Analysis gt Solution Con trols or to open the Solution Controls dialog Times Tab Select the Times tab Figure 11 1 This dialog is used to input all data related to solu tion times and time step control Solution Parameters i Times Solver Weighting Convergence Options Start Time TSTART sec 0 0 End Time TIMAX sec User Defined W 3 1536E08 Time Step DELTEN sec Single Value 100 0000 Max Num Time Steps MCYC 200 Max CPU Time MSEC sec Infinite v Max Iterations Per Step

PetraSim User Manual June 2007

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