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1. int shed tail go back to the tail and drop it off point seg_point return sp int cross over point is this point an existing segment direction path return heading void redraw_tail redraw everything from here back L class snake segment head int length maxlength public snake point p int size char ptrn void crawl direction void slither hi By Bruce Eckel Revolution2 P O Box 760 Kennett Square PA 19348 Wher you run SNAKES tell it how many snakes you want how long you want each snake to be and how quickly you want to see action tions are local to classes The enumera tion tag is global everyone can refer to direction But the enumeration names are local to the class so they don t pol lute the global namespace you must refer to them as segment UP etc Preventing namespace pollution is a very important feature of object oriented languages Big projects often become un manageable simply because they create more names than they can keep up with You can also use enumerations local to a class to create local const values You can define a const inside a class but you can t initialize it when you define it unlike its definition everywhere else when you must initialize it Do it in stead in the constructor initializer list thus you can end up with different values for the const depending on which constructor you call
2. OUT FIN X XN Multiply and Accumulate T IN 1 4 x NL Multiply and Accumulate IN 2 4 W 2 9 Multiply and Accumulate INF3 4 W 3 Multiply and Accumulate IN 4 E W t 4 B Eor j 0 j lt nx jtt Use normal approach for the last few OUT ING X WH4 Multiply and Accumulates P S BRA code within the loop to perform several multiply add calculations see Figure 4 This approach will improve perform ance to varying degrees no matter which processor you use In fact the fastest code assuming we re using a non caching processor would require no looping Of course this is unrealistic for all but the smallest neural network because of the memory required for the instructions How much should you open the loop You can determine this by taking advantage of how the transputer works with constants The fastest executing in structions are a byte long and use the first nybble to indicate the instruction and the second nybble for a constant Thus constants between 0 and 15 are easily handled in one byte instructions If it needs larger numbers the trans puter builds them a nybble at a time also using a byte long instruction The instruction associated with the last nybble necessary to form a constant will also operate on the constant e g load store etc For example if you need a number between 256 and 4095 you need three nybbles with an addi
3. Fast Neural Networks Transputers amp Code Optimization Make Them Almost Cheap You can run neural networks on 286s and 386s but as the networks grow the time required for training and running gets significant Fortunately neural nets lend themselves to parallel processing and fortunately there are transputer boards out there that don t cost megabucks Ithough not the ultimate solution N a coprocessor board CPB plugged into a PC or Macintosh can significantly increase the speed of a neural network for a relatively low cost The CPBs Ill discuss and program in this article are characterized by one or more high speed digital signal proces sors and a large amount of memory A few companies market CPBs the SAIC Delta II the HNC Anza Plus etc specifically for neural nets These CPBs come with software for implementing several different neural networks One of these systems costs 10 000 plus Other CPBs Mercury cards transput ers etc are marketed for general numerical and digital signal processing They re a little less jazzy but cheaper Transputers in particular are useful for optimizing neural networks because they re designed for parallel processing The transputer has the advantage of low start up cost 53 000 for a single trans puter with 1M memory board and com piler However its performance isn t as good as some of the more expensive sys tems You can overcome this deficit however by
4. Get All the Software in Issue 51 on Disk Hercules Console Driver Fully emulated text output in graphics mode on your Hercules Graphics Card Great for pro grammers debugging amp working with graphics programs Write directly to the screen or run DEBUG without leaving HGC graphics mode Just 524 Winter City Software 8723 162 St Edmonton AB Canada T5R 2M2 403 484 3187 Shipping amp Handling Included Reader Service Number 203 PSFX TSR prints any Epson FX 85 or IBM Graphics Printer compatible output as POSTSCRIPT with graphics and IBM screen characters 85 00 Also available for Novell s NetWare PSPlot Convert HP GL to PostScript or EPS any line width or color PostScrirT oriented editor with test downloader and error display ASCII file print any font or size AutoCAD to POSTSCRIPT Batch download of PC and MAC fonts 175 00 EPScreen Capture PC screens as tiny EPS files frames optional Includes IBM screen font 99 00 Legend Communications Inc 54 Rosedale Avenue West Brampton ON Canada L6X 1K1 416 450 1010 30 day guarantee 800 668 7077 Reader Service Number 198 PostScript UPPER DECK FORTH 49 Based on Forth 83 Standard Fully segmented architecture Fast compile no link required Uses standard DOS files Integrated multi file full screen editor Assembler decompiler source level debugger Turnkey application support For IBM PC XT AT and compatibles with 256K
5. When a pipe processor receives the array it adds the change in weights that it s calculated to the array then sends it downstream to the next pipe processor When the administrator processor gets the array back it will have the sum of all the changes for each weight based on all the exemplar vectors The array is then multiplied by the learning rate con stant and added to the previous changed weight vector which has been multi plied by the desired momentum con stant to produce a new weight vector The administrator creates a new set of weights by adding the present weight vector to the new weight vector Then the whole process begins again with the administrator node sending the new weights down the pipeline Programming Transputers To implement the pipelined neural network simulation on the transputers requires only three programs no matter how many processors are involved The first program ADMIN is the adminis trator processor program This program interfaces to the host PC and to the pipeline It s responsible for 1 Retrieving the topology of the neural network 2 Transmitting the information down the pipeline so that each pipe pro cessor can configure itself 3 Retrieving all the exemplar vec tors from the host 4 Transmitting evenly divided sub sets of the exemplar vectors to each pipe processor 5 Transmitting the weights into the pipeline 6 Getting error measurements from each
6. Help Load Format Edit apy Output Patch Xoption Format All a 2 AE APAN ESRC net i call sif Text Unlimited file mov axi Binary size Fully automatic mov dsl uodale mov alf Sabroatine xor sif Main Origin ROU cx mov bx cee boa Batch mode and gt gt gt gt gt gt Conversion Section J Xref address interactive les di8 Word Address Hs bx movzx cxf Help repz st Locates l Data Code si boundaries ROU ax 4c89h int llh No Source Code No Problem New DiseDoc Professional is your dual mode key to any DOS source code It works in batch and interactive modes simultaneously allowing you to generate the core information of even the most complex programs fast and modify them even faster Most programs will come apart in just two minutes Imagine what you can do with a tool this powerful DiseDoc sifts through programs eight times for guaranteed accuracy When code gets mixed up with data our toolbox comes to the rescue with smart search and easy edit utilities DiseDoc can handle any instruction set up to and including 486 and offers a variety of other great features that you can sample on our Free Demo Disk Warning DiseDoc Professional may change the way you work forever Programmers who used to shy away from fixing outmoded programs with no source code are going to discover a valuable new talent the ability to modify and revise codes that would cost way Dos Keep Quit lt 16 gt no patches 0602 08
7. That was my wish Solid Expectations As of January 1 Miniscribe Corporation is under court pro tection from its creditors The company threw in the brick after a year of shipping half baked clay blocks from warehouse to warehouse pretending they were hard drives I m sure the bankruptcy surprised folks from the building trades after all the demand for good new bricks has never been higher However these small red clay thingies aren t commonly used to hold data That may change shortly We ve received late word very late word actually that Taiwanese computer manufacturers are scrambling to retool their 256K production lines Ap parently there s a rumor running rampant around the island that bricks are the latest in solid storage technology Short Note The biggest Taiwanese exporter is IBM Wait until they hear about bricks More Bricks I was talking to Allyn Franklin my favorite hard drive per son who knows he may also repair bricks about his On Your Own article when he offered me a few tips on dealing with a recalcitrant hard drive KS Develop Powerful Image based Applications Quickly and Easily Introducing VICTOR video capture and image processing library Create image based applications that display live video on the VGA and offer powerful image processing features With Victor your applications can show live video on any portion of the VGA screen and combine live video with text and graphi
8. V Direct Access to 8031 Ports 1 and 3 N 8K on board EPROM space N Socket for BK of on board Static RAM 6264 N MAX232 socket to provide RS232 compatible port N Memory decoded to allow use of 8052 BASIC uP V Assembled and Tested pot a kit V Compact size 3 5 x 4 5 Control R Il Enhanced 8031 Module SRAM amp MAX232 optional 64 95 Control R Il Bare PC Board w docs 25 00 Control R 8031 Module Port 1 amp 3 access and MAX232 option only 39 95 Control R Bare PC Board w docs 14 00 8K Static RAM IC 10 00 MAX232 for serial VO 6 95 PseudoSam 51 8031 family cross assembler 50 00 for MSDOS computers 5 25 Inch disk w docs Shipping 3 00 US 5 00 Canada illinois Residents Add 6 25 Sales Tax Cottage Resources Corporation Suite 3 672C 1405 Stevenson Drive Springfield Illinois 62703 217 529 7679 Reader Service Number 158 XSPAWN replaces the standard C spawn functions with functions that can transparently swap most of the parent process to expanded memory or disk before executing the child process The XSPAWN functions are as easy to use as the standard C spawn functions Includes all source code and libraries for Microsoft C and Turbo C Price 579 95 plus 54 shiping and handling CA residents add sales tax Whitney Software Inc P O Box 4999 Walnut Creek CA 94596 415 933 9019 Reader Service Number 164 Learn a Modern Language Our tutorials use a unique method to teach you to
9. fill with x s return tmp void segment checkheap if pattern x check for memset pattern fputs can only create segments on the heap stderr exit 1 segment segment point p char ptrn capriciously choose old heading sp p previous NULL heading LEFT checkheap pattern ptrn draw segment segment segment prv direction dir previous prv sp prv gt sp heading dir checkheap pattern previous gt pattern if patterntt S 1 pattern a pattern test create new segment in appropriate direction amp wrap switch dir case UP if sp y lt 0 sp y height break case DOWN if sp y gt height sp y 0 break case LEFT if sp x lt 0 sp x width break case RIGHT if ttsp x gt width sp x 0 break Recursive function to go back to the beginning of the sequence of segments to find the tail and remove it int segment shed_tail if previous NULL delete this NULL means we re at the tail return 1 indicates to the next call up that the tail was found recursive call until tail is found if previous gt shed_tail 1 means the call removed the tail previous NULL return 0 means the call didn t remove the tail Recursive check to see if p crosses an existing segment int segment cross over point p if previous NULL return p sp if p
10. CCALC handy extended precision calculator real and complex models many built in functions 2 1 1 eee ee ee ee 30 GNU Awk amp Diff for PC both programs in one package 6 6 ee CU 30 6 Pack of Editors baker s half dozen public domain editors for use study amp hacking includes microEmacs 3 10 amp Stevie a vi clone 30 Crunch Pack 14 file compression amp expansion programs et AA AA 30 PC MAIL UUCP mailer by Wietse Z Venema send receive and manage UUCP mail ee a 525 FLEX fast lexical analyzer generator new improved LEX official BSD Version 2 1 with docs 000 0a 25 List Pac C functions for lists stacks and queues a 25 Using C Library the code from the book by Bruce Eckel and then some Zortech 2 0compatible 25 A68 08000 cross ASseMBIED lt Z eie iow ie ce WO a AN RR Be Soca ae R a a est NO ee ae N 20 KIT acro Processor general purpose text translator 0 00 a 20 ata Moby Pronunciator 150 000 words amp phrases encoded with full IPA pronunciation amp emphasis points 900 distinguished by part of speech 160 Moby Part of Speech 200 000 words and phrases described by prioritized part s of speech 120 Moby T 150 000 words fully hyphenated syllabified AA AA 105 Mo ords 500 000 words amp phrases 9 000 stars 15 000 names ee AA 65 Smithsonian Astronomical Observatory P
11. Mr op amp Zings his output as high as he can go Surely my inputs will be balanced now Sadly Mr op amp has pegged his output his input higher than ever and his input still with only 0 500 volts on it Mr op amp does the only thing he can do He keeps on holding his output high for surely somewhere somehow someway his input will rise and he waits He will be waiting a long time Yes op amps are a bit more compli cated than that but you won t stray far from what s really happening if you keep the secret in mind Maybe if anyone else cared mine would not have been the only letter pointing out the mistake After all this is a magazine about micros who cares if you lie about anything else What you presented in Issue 49 was little more than a comparator and a poor one at that too much hysteresis If you still don t believe me build it Perhaps in your haughtiness you not I were thrown by the inverting input not being on top In closing may I sug gest you either stand corrected or sit in shame Dave Stojan 10310 Lybert Rd Houston TX 77041 Editor s cursory response At first I was kind of plus minus about your letter but I like the way you amplified the subject Oh Go Take A Flying You very nearly blasted me off your list of subscribers back when you re marked that your Stinson had taken 30 years to become as obsolete as my Big Board II had become in three
12. Novell 3Com MS NET and others You get m Fixed and variable length records m Two billion records per database m Up to 100 indexes per index file m Fail safe mode with journaling m Units for sorting browsing reindexing and network control B Tree Filer includes full source code documentation technical support and you pay NO royalties e B Tree Filer a well rounded feature rich approach to B Tree databases Computer Language 1 90 B Tree Filer 5 0 only 125 single user SU With network support 175 4 Call toll free to order 1 800 333 4160 8AM 5PM PST Monday through Friday USA amp Canada For more information call 408 438 8608 Fax 408 438 8610 TurboPower Software PO Box 66747 Scotts Valley CA 95067 0747 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 51 8 Transmitting its error value downstream 9 Receiving and retransmitting any error values produced by upstream pro cessors 10 Receiving and retransmitting any instructions regarding a backward pass through the network 11 If necessary using the output er rors from all the exemplar vectors to cal culate the changes in the weights 12 Receiving the weight change array from upstream adding the locally calculated changes and transmitting the array downstream 13 And looping back to 5 The third program TAIL runs on the last transputer in the pipeline in parallel with a copy of the PIPE program Unlike the ot
13. Parallel and codec serial 1O 15 ms 1024 point FFT Assembler monitor and libraries Base board and ALL software 640K 85ns memory SYMMETRIC RESEARCH 15 Central Way Suite 9 Kirkland WA 98033 206 828 6560 Reader Service Number 182 Searching for that IMSAI Need to sell your 286 to buy 386 Privato Listings is a national publication for computer and computer related items for sale by private owners Savings galore on all types of recent and vintage items Home of the 5 two line ons year ad Call or write for a free subscription Gateway Technologies Inc 180 Church Road King of Prussia PA 19406 215 354 0330 Reader Service Number 216 WISDOM OF THE AGES First electronic book of quotes sayings amp ideas brings over 1 000 of the world s greatest minds to PC screens amp printers Select a subject Use the vivid parade of timeless knowledge to act write amp speak better earn more Subjects are organized into sections to give you the most benefit in the least time Uses Filters to customize output Dynamic mode to stimulate creativity It s never too early to get a head start Introductory Offer 79 00 for all 5 disks 30 day money back guarantee Requires 256K DOS 2 0 or later amp 2 floppies or hard disk Add 2 00 S H CA residents add 7 Outside U S add 10 MCR Agency Inc 6116 Merced Ave 81MC Oakland CA 94611 1 800 767 6797 FAX 415 444 6561 Simulate your 8748 progr
14. Windows OS 2 and OS 2 Presentation Manager programs You will also need to have the Windows Developer s Kit and or the OS 2 Softset The OS 2 ver sion of the compiler is a separate up grade not included with the Developers _ Package Achieving this compatibility re quired among other things adding sup port for the pascal near and far keywords and updating the code gener ator to generate the special procedure prologs and epilogs required by Win dows There are a few incompatibilities though In MS C normally SS DS al though this must be changeable with an option to compile OS 2 and Windows DLL libraries among other things This is not the case in large data memory models of Zortech C which put SS in a different segment to allow more room for global and static data This becomes a problem only when a near pointer is declared in a program where data is normally far The near pointer is always assumed to point to DS in MS C it can be used to point to an automatic or parameter variable since SS DS It cannot in Zortech C accord ing to the C Compiler Reference chapter called Converting Microsoft C Pro grams to Zortech C C Another problem is that Zortech does not support the HUGE data type you can t have any single data object larger than 64K I have always avoided HUGE arrays anyway because of their inherent inefficiency so that isn t a problem for me You ma
15. codbuf es keybul codbifffe 00 scodbuf KFF return TRUE High byte 00 for chars 7 xen INSTALL C 675 error 65 codbil undefined Edit source file then press lt CTRL E for next error lt ESC gt for nenu Finally you can choose the best editor for your needs without compromising performance or paying too much And organiza tions that want the same editor for everyone can pick VEDIT for most users and VEDIT PLUS for their power users The new family of VEDIT text editors are upwards compatible easy to use and offer exceptional performance flexibility and stunning speed 3 to 30 times faster than the competition on large files where speed really counts Call for your free evaluation copy today See why VEDIT has been the 1 choice of programmers writers and engineers VEDIT BRIEF 2 10 Norton 1 3 QEdit 2 07 since 1980 Pull Down menus Yes No No Yes Pop Up ASCII table Yes No No No VEDIT Jr Unmatched performance for only 529 Keystroke macros 100 1 No 100 All VEDIT editors include a pull down menu system with hot Regular Expressions Yes Yes No No keys context sensitive on line help pop up status and ASCII Cut and Paste buffers 36 1 1 100 table a configurable keyboard layout and flexible unlimited Text book markers 10 10 No No keystroke ros Edit files of any size and any line length NOO A OY Key SDN V He NG NG EySiTOKS MaCTOS E TREE ana any g Undo line by lin
16. ee bit er er xr i a en ie fr fr xx ea er Subtract B12 from 1 a IA xr o br dr J r 67 Na a Panon a nand yr br er E ee GAN babag ANA NG ris GT E E R AK AK xT Using Rationals First divide 1 by a br br yr CXA P E R OE i ose Rdiv a x y Low SINTA l l E Writeln Using REALS we get ais vis In BS G HEN a Writeln Writeln ar 5 9 X 0r 5 9 7 3 Rdiv b x y 5 pag Na an elk it ee ee Writeln er 5 9 y r 22539 Rdiv ely ne oe Bg ay Macs E Joe eee RULES Cr 18 cr Zr ae r ys 38 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 cant properties of the rational numbers is that given any two rationals a and b there must be a rational z such that a lt z lt b I can never represent a complete range of the rationals In modeling natural sys tems I do not need to The set of all numbers which exist in nature is discrete In making such a bold claim I feel compelled to defend it Using the most accurate measuring instruments available and the best tech niques of extrapolation you can measure a quantity to only finite tolerance You will then be able to get two measures for which no intermediate measure can be found Consider Zeno s paradox Zeno asserts that if a turtle and a rabbit were to run a race and the turtle were given a head start the rabbit could never pass the turtle His reasoning is that when the rabbit achieved the turtle s starting posi tion
17. inword lt NO else if inword NO inword YES nwords printf kd Sd d n nlines nwords nchars NO with C Clearly format C source code exactly the way you want it C Clearly s context sensitive analysis will format any C program in your own personal or corporate style L AS to use C Clearly s style templates are a snap to modify since they resemble C source code you edit into your preferred format Templates are included for several common styles as well as standard K amp R LISTINGS can also be created with function names and comments highlighted for improved readability Listing options include line numbers headers and or footers and flow lines IDE AL for making obtuse code clear Allows all of your source code to be presented in a consistent format of your choosing Also great for code walkthroughs and final documentation listings WORKS with all IBM PC XT AT PS 2 and compatibles with 512K RAM Automatically processes all include files and pre processor statements ANSI C com patible Not copy protected C Clearly 129 Shipping amp Handling USA 5 Canada Mexico 10 Other Countries 15 CA Residents add sales tax Visa MasterCard COD accepted For orders or information call 1 800 662 8266 V COMMUNICATIONS INC 4320 Stevens Creek Bivd Ste 275 Dept MC6 San Jose CA 95129 408 296 4224 Reader Service Number 62 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990
18. serves RAM data as the batteries run down by ceasing regular operation The clock interrupts are turned off and the time of power loss is stored With any luck the user will retrieve the Bear before the maintenance supply dies You ll find there are many types of batteries zinc air lithium mercury silver oxide ni cad and alkaline In fact there are so many options that batteries would make an article in themselves I finally chose alkaline AA cells be cause they re cheap easy to find and pack a fair number of Amp hours Battery supplies have been the most difficult part of the system I ve planned to use the Bear for long term remote or unattended field measurements which 68000 SK DOS A 68000 68020 DOS containing everything you expect in a DOS on line help multiple directories floppy and hard disk sup port RAM disk and or disk cache I O redirection and more Supplied with editor assembler Basic powerful utilities Supported by Users Group and BBS Software available from other vendors includes C compiler Basic editors disassemblers cross assem blers text formatter communications programs etc Priced at 165 with configura tion kit less if already configured for your system HARDWARE 68xxx systems start at 200 Call or write Star K Software Systems Corp P O Box 209 Mt Kisco NY 10549 914 241 0287 Fax 914 241 8607 Reader Service Number 40 18 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 Ma
19. then turn it off and see if anything is excessively hot If it hurts to touch it it s probably too hot BUILDING BLOCKS FOR THE ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMER QUANTASM POWER LIB Price 599 95 ps 5 S S5 00 With Source Code Outside U S 15 00 CA Residence 299 95 Add 7 Sales Tax Cr e PROFESSIONAL EDITION CROSS REF Editing FunctionPrototypes QuickHelp too Instantly recall your C symbol definitions by hitting a hot key inside your editor Along with standard CCRIDER features like Source View Edit and Definition Paste the new Professional Edition has a Symbol Browse mode and even lets you walk through all usages of a symbol It s on line cross referencing as you edit 72 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 Build a database of useful information for your C code with CCSYM a powerful source code analyzer which can generate fully commented function prototype include files for your program s static and global function definitions Imaginel No more manual maintenance of function declarations and you know they are consistent CCSYM can also create a help database for your program which is compatible with Microsoft s help system QuickHeb All symbols in your application are accessible from QuickHelp s menus together with documentation extracted automatically from your original source code Reader Service Number 169 j Standard 89 FREE DEMO DISK Professional 279 MC a
20. 27 12 85 SOLD OUT ISSUE 28 2 86 Rescuing Lost Text From Memory Introduction To Modula 2 Inside The PC 104 pages ISSUE 29 4 86 Speeding Up Your XT Prototyping In C C Interpreters Reviewed Benchmarking The PCs 104 pages ISSUE 30 6 86 PROLOG On The PC Expert Systems Logic Programming Building Your Own Logic Analyzer PC DOS For Non Clones 104 pages ISSUE 31 8 86 RAM Resident PC Speedup Practical Programming tn Modula 2 Game Theory In PROLOG C 104 pages ISSUE 32 10 86 Public Domain 32000 Hardware And Software Writing A Printer Driver for MS DOS Recover A Directory By Reading amp Writing Disk Sectors 96 pages ISSUE 33 12 86 ISSUE 34 2 87 ISSUE 35 4 87 ISSUE 36 6 87 ISSUE 37 9 87 SOLD OUT ISSUE 38 11 87 Parallel Processing Laser Printers Typesetters Build A Graphics Scanner For 6 Part2 Writing A Resident Program Extractor In C 96 pages ISSUE 39 1 88 PC Graphics Drwing Mandelbrot Julia Sets Desktop Graphics Designing A PC Work station Board Around the TMS 34010 96 pages ISSUE 40 3 88 The Great C Issue 11 C Compilers Writing A Simple Parser In C C An Object Oriented C Source Level Debugger For Turbo C 96 pages ISSUE 41 5 88 Artificial intelligence 3 D Graphics Neural Networks Logic Of Programming Languages Applying Information Theory 96 pages ISSUE 42 7 88 Maintaining PCs Keeping Your Hard Dri
21. 32767 32K buffer define PATLEN 20 char Buf LEN char Pat PATLEN unsigned i j for i 0 i lt LEN PATLEN i for j 0 if Buf itj Pat j break no match j lt PATLEN j By Gary Entsminger P O Box 2091 Davis California 95617 Finding Text Faster An Optimizing TSR Development Tool 5 TAPCIS if j PATLEN break match at i Note that most of the code and time is used to manage the array indices Power Search gains speed by eliminating this overhead by effectively hand coding each lexical element of a pattern This hand coding builds a production or set of bytes that correspond to machine instructions to scan the buffer for the pattern Each time a user submits a pattern for a search the search compiler builds this object code at runtime very very fast To get an idea of what Power Search is up to consider the following example from the Power Search manual In this example a user submits a character that she wants matched either upper or lower case First a typical method to Figure 1 Effects of the Search Method on Speed 1MB of Files 25 T v O O d u o E x O he Kai Eo N brute opt brute B M compiler Search method MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 85 compare characters hand optimized in assembly The method uses the following as sumptions 1 DS SI points to the next char
22. 43 Initializing Large Amounts Of Data For large amounts of initialized data a program that reads the data structure definition and then creates the appro priate db dw dd directives etc would make creating the ASM file easier You might write an include file that has the initialized data appear after each of the members in the record structure defini tion Then feed this include file to your program as a data file and have it create the ASM file See Figure 10 for an example Your program could parse each line to determine the equivalent assembly lan guage data type and number of elements and then initialize it with the data in the comments As the famous cop out goes Such a program is left as an exercise for the student Editor s note Yes yes I enjoy writing in Turbo Pascal but I too am running up DatasegiType record 391 DATA IN DTA against limitations in the language especially DefaultInputFile string 791 DA y Ta DefaultoutputFile a string 79 DATA OUT DTA with the 64K limit on the data segment InitFileoffset 1 Turn your BM compatible computer into a powerful laboratory instrument with our MultiPurpose Lab Interface MPLI hardware and software MPLI allows you to use a wide variety of sensors to make measurements and to analyze and graph the results Data can be collected at a rate of thousands of samples per second or slowly over periods as long as severa
23. Dave amp andy K j PAO a TUN Er Try the 1st truly low cost LAN E Dn e Connect 2 or 3 PCs XTs ATs A P i e Uses serial ports and 5 wire cable 2 Pa e Runs at 115 K baud 1 e Runs in background totally transparent a ee Ea e Share any device any file f L ka e Needs only 14K of ram O aa Skeptical We make believers NT Over 15 000 sold worldwide g 2 4 Fl wi 2 v i d md N pul Ng F on aaa Information Modes P O Drawer F Denton TX 76202 d 817 387 3339 or 1 800 628 7992 Why waste money on simple file transfer systems b po C F k ee SS mens ie 3 A Love FA J or Don er Kim Reader Service Number 149 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 7 Designing A Mic oController The MC68HC11 In Action Ward walks us through a microcontroller design project based on the 6811 If you re thinking about designing a monitor to watch the real world or control a process this project the DataBear should make great reading Now that I ve spilled the name of his board you suspect I m going to make one of my unbearable puns Right he best way to describe a particular microprocessor is to show how it s used In this article I m using the Motorola MC68HC11 in a battery powered data logger the DataBear from Langan Products Inc of San Francisco The 6811 is one of the more flexible and powerful eigh
24. However you can create the equiv alent of a local const and initialize it at the same time using an untagged enum like this class x MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 21 enum red 7 blue 4 no tag I Now you can use the identifiers red and blue just like const values Well al most at the time I wrote this different compilers exhibited different behaviors when I tried to use red as a dimension in an array definition I m not sure how it s supposed to work Note that you can never use even a const as an array di mension in ANSI C Class Overloading Of new Another feature of C 2 0 lets you overload the operators new and delete which control dynamic memory alloca tion on a class by class basis Normally you do this when you want to create dy namic objects more efficiently I ve done it here because segment objects must never be created on the stack only on the heap To signal the programmer seg ment operator new shown in Figure 2 puts a signature in the dynami cally allocated memory The function segment checkheap looks for this sig nature If it doesn t find the signature it sends a message to the programmer It isn t foolproof but will usually detect misuse All segments must be created on the stack because they re only destroyed by segment shed tail when it calls de lete segment Constructors segment has two constructors The first for the init
25. I used in my project T battery powered RS 232 termi The Display My screen is a two line liquid crystal display LCD You can find many for mats of LCDs in most of the large mail order ads Although this project uses a 2 line by 16 character display feel free to use anything else you like Just be sure your display is compatible with the one shown How do you determine compati bility Look for an LCD that uses the Hi tachi HC44780 LCD controller chip This is a surface mount technology SMT chip soldered onto the back of the dis play It usually appears with one or more Hitachi HC44100 driver chips also SMT The HC44780 chip does more than handle character generation It contains an 80 byte buffer LCDs built with this 26 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 chip can therefore display only a maxi mum of 80 characters But for many applications a 2 line by 40 character or 4 line by 20 character display will do By shopping around you can find several different formats of these LCDs Examples include the Hita chi H2750 1 row of 16 characters Hita chi LM032L or Optrex DMC20215 2 by 20 or Hitachi LM044L 4 by 20 Mail order suppliers known to have carried LCDs recently include Alltronics TimeLine and Digi Key Also check your favorite surplus house these dis plays are becoming common surplus items Most LCDs include some form of backlighting The most common style uses a strip of electroluminescent
26. N Sold and Serviced by Baca 907 North 6th St Lake City MN 55041 612 345 4555 Reader Service Number 3 XT and AT Compatible FIGHT PIRACY amp PROTECT YOUR E PROGRAM s Since 1986 companies worldwide have been choosing Az Tech security products If you demand the strongest protection available why not choose one of these proven leaders gt EVERLOCK Copy Protection EVERKEY Hardware Key EVERTRAK Software Security Software Security For IBM and Compatibles 30 day money back guarantee Free info and demo disk available Az Tech Software Inc AZ 305 East Franklin Richmond MO 64085 800 227 0644 FAX 816 776 8398 816 776 2700 Reader Service Number 197 LOW BAND PC LOGIC ANALYZER e Designed for general applications below 1 MHz where high cost analysis is not needed e Works with 5V digital logic e 8 color coded data lines 4 external clock input e 6 range internal clock 1Hz 100KHz for periodic sampling e 8 bit logic probe mode e Card plugs into IBM PC XT AT 386 36 cable with micro clips st Zs bar rarr LN One 18 1900 Analyse Ien rnat 02 rae 7 Full featured software t ajl ni ITA na i N HITA Microsoft mouse compatible N HNS N DU Fast assembler data acquisition 2H ep aay Hoi system amp manual TRR PHOIKONICS 99 95 acano seen MG KIN ae eee Amite LA 70422 Company PO ist 504 748 7090 cop Reader Service Number 18
27. PC by Micro Solutions Apple I or NorthStar diskettes in your IBM The MatchPoint PC board for the PC XT AT works with your standard controller card to let you read and write to NorthStar hard sector and Apple Il diskettes on your PC INCLUDES UniForm PC program as well as utilities to format disks copy delete and view files from Apple DOS PRODOS and Apple CP M disks MatchPoint PC Board 179 95 VISA MasterCard E hal eee UniForm PC by Micro Solutions Have you ever needed to use your CP M diskettes on your PC Now you can access your CP M files and programs on your MS DOS computer just as you would a standard MS DOS diskette UniForm allows you to use standard DOS commands and programs right on your original diskette without modifying or copying your files UniForm PC allows you to read write format and copy diskettes from over 275 CP M and MS DOS computers on your PC XT AT OR 386 With UniForm PC and the CompatiCard you can use 5 high density 96TPI 312 720k 1 44M and even 8 drives UniForm PC by Micro Solutions i Also available for Kaypro amp other CP M computers CP M MS DOS UniDOS Z80 Coprocessor Board by Micro Solutions Don t throw out all of those old reliable CP M pro grams run them at LIGHTNING speed on your PC or AT with the UniDOS 8MHz Z80 coprocessor board And the UniDOS Z80 runs so smoothly and transparently that you won t even be able to tell whether you re running DOS
28. Resolves PS 2 s multiple jumps for improved clarity Provides highly descriptive labels such as video mode and much more Fully automatic ASM ProPak Mi ASSEMBLY TOOLS PACKAGE Save 50 with the ASM ProPak assembly tools package it includes Sourcer with the BIOS Pre Processor Unpacker for unpack ing packed EXE files ASMtool to automati cally generate flowcharts and tree diagrams from assembly source code and View It to quickly view files of any size and see up to 8 times more information on a single screen using EGA VGA equipment Sourcer Disassembler 99 95 BIOS Pre Processor 49 95 Unpacker Unpacks packed files 39 95 ASMtool Source code analyzer 89 95 View It Zoomable file viewer 69 95 ASM ProPak All Above save 550 299 75 Sourcer w BIOS save 510 139 95 Shipping amp Handling USA 5 Canada Mexico 10 Other Countries 15 CA Residents add sales tax Visa MasterCard COD accepted NOT COPY PROTECTED 30 DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE l within 30 days of purchase you find our product does not perform in accordance with our claims call our customer service department and we will gladly arrange arefund For orders or information call 1 800 662 8266 V COMMUNICATIONS INC 4320 Stevens Creek Blvd Suite 275 Dept MC San lose CA 95129 408 296 4224 Reader Service Number 62 82 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 VAR teost REAL tkeyl tkey2 keystr I1 J count INTEGER e c
29. Service Number 22 6 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 So Long Today I heard that Micro Cornucopia is to be no more This greatly saddens me even as I recognize the need for change in all things Your magazine filled a niche in the journalistic world that was very special and unique You represented all of us plain folks who did not hide behind the shirt and tie but who loved working with computers at every level You spoke to us as one enthusiast to another not using technojargon to hide a lack of real understanding so common in other journals You held gatherings where we laughed and joked with the literary mentors who taught us and guided us on our own paths to knowl edge even while we wiped the bar b que sauce off our lips You became family You will be missed My best wishes and thoughts go out to each and every one of you at Micro C who have touched my life Godspeed And Thank You Al J Szymanski Big Al 8991 Edcliff Ct SE Aumsville OR 97325 Editor s note Thanks Al The entire staff remembers only too vividly your smashing presence during SOG volleyball Godspeed to you also Bend Memories I have just sent in my subscription re newal Late I can t believe that just be cause I forgot to renew you stopped sending me the magazine Didn t you know that I still wanted it Seriously I think Micro C is the best computer mag available You can im agine my shock when I first saw it a couple ye
30. Sure you can get a fancy TSR like Gofer but you can t beat FGREP for speed and convenience 3 SD whatever anyone s sorted directory utility is better than what DOS provides I prefer HotDIR or one of the others that color codes file names by ex tension It s easy to spot all the OBJ files in a crowded directory 4 MOVE FILES 4 2 by Bryan Hig gins helps you move files between sub directories or disks After years of struggling with deficient file movers it s great to find one that s very close to per fect The only question is why it took so long to show up 5 CED by Christopher Dunford is to the DOS command line what a full screen editor is to Edlin It lets you cur sor up previous DOS command lines and edit them using all the editing keys e g home end word left right CED is freeware but there s a commercial version that s even better 6 HindSight by Christopher Dun ford Anyone who works in DOS needs to see what s just scrolled off the screen Though there are several video back scroll utilities HS works with Dunford s CED so I use it Also check out FANSI Console which includes a wealth of video related features along with back scroll 7 LHarc a freeware file archiver from Japan LHarc is the best file com pression I ve seen Some files will com press to a fifth their original size By Nelson Ford The Public software Library P O Box 35705 Houston TX 772
31. That is you can treat built in types as if they had constructors in the initializer list only We overload the operator to deter mine whether one point is equivalent to another This prevents a snake from backing over itself random_point is a static member function which returns a random point random_point creates a temporary ob ject by calling the point constructor Note we don t need an identifier since the object a point immediately returns A static member function addresses the class as a whole not a specific in stance of the class This could have been an independent non object contained function but I made it static so anyone using class point can now see and access it Also the identifier ran dom_point is local to class point and doesn t pollute the global name space For this and other reasons static mem ber functions are an important addition to C 2 0 Segments The segment class contains a pointer to the previous segment in the list So any segment can send a message to the segment behind it drop the tail seg ment add a segment The point object lets the segment lo cate itself on the screen It draws itself and prevents its own redundancy the entire snake slithering over itself al though other snakes may slither over it segment displays itself on the screen using a pattern and orients itself through a variable called heading of the enumerated type direction
32. actually pointing to the PSP on entry Sourcer s error at this point renders all labels generated relative to the DS incorrect Sourcer continues to have the incorrect Assume for the DS even after being loaded with a segment value refer enced in the program header GH Sourcer does not reference the seg ment value symbolically so any changes to the program which alter its location will not be reflected Since Sourcer generates no seg ment labels relative to the DS segment changes in the DS segment will not be reflected Sourcer can t handle jumps or calls via register and does not generate the code segment label or reference In short if you re not using DASM be prepared to spend a long time editing the file to add and fix the missing and incor rect labels and expect a lot of bugs data_3e seg_a data_4 loc_t py bi seg_b Trademark Owner DASM BSoftware Sourcer V Communications Reader Service Number 213 data te Japan s 1 Seller Made in America DASM s simplicity accuracy and power have made it the top selling disassembler in Japan for two straight years The reason DASM does what other dis assemblers can t D Handle problematic segment and instruc tion address register loads through interac tive mode D Track segment register usage D Generate appropriate ASSUME s and segment maps Handle multiple entry points D Track memory re
33. again unfortunately is a little too concise It s obviously intended for seasoned C programmers If you re not one expect to work a bit getting a TSR up and running If you re looking for a professional development tool that ll let you create compact fast TSRs CodeRunner might be your ticket It s 149 from Microsystems Software 600 Worcester Rd Suite B2 Framingham MA 01701 508 626 8511 Note Microsystems Software specializes in developing software for the disabled If you need information of this sort get in touch with them TAPCIS It took Bruce Eckel and others a long time to convince me to go ONLINE nationally I had my reasons In particu lar I hate rummaging around bulletin boards I m neither a shopper nor a swapper So seven years after my first consultants you can call for answers share their knowledge at all levels 206 779 9508 Turbo Pascal Turbo C Users Don t Miss The Boat Just knowing where to start can be a challenge And once you have experience where do you look for inspiration Since 1984 TUG has offered its members access to a worldwide network of thousands of Turbo Pascal and Turbo C users through TUG Lines its lively 48 page bimonthly journal Tutorials and help for beginners Tips and techniques for experienced programmers Bug reports with workarounds Product reviews Volunteer But TUG is much more than a newsletter Membership option
34. an 24 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 Continued from page 23 disp open disp_move 0 0 disp _eeop else ANSI terminal printf xlb 2J3 clear screen endif seed the random number generator time t tnow time amp tnow srand tnow Create a whole nest of snakes const num of snakes atoi argv 1 const size factor atoi argv 2 const pause rate atoi argv 3 snake snakes new snake num of snakes for int i 0 i num of snakes i snakes i new snake point randon point if O for randomly chose sizes rand RAND MAX size factor i 0 else endif ifdef _ZTC_ while kbhit else while 1 endif for fixed sizes avoid the bell size factor i 1 254 7 1 i 1 254 for i 0 i lt num of snakes i snakes i 5slither pause pause rate Figure 3 PAUSE C Portable function for delays include lt time h gt This is a pure ANSI C function so it s portable void pause int hundredths clock t start_time clock current time while clock start_time 100 CLOCKS PER SEC lt hundredths i wait in this loop for the delay time swer This logic works in any situation there are others in SNAKE where you generate a random number in a particu lar range If the above if statement is true snake slither will slither the snake in th
35. and a MiniReader barcode reader for 350 and save 50 California residents please add 6 75 sales tax Foreign orders P O s C O D s please call Reader Service Number 202 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 59 CodeView I spent at least an hour last night watching the call stack and local variables bip up and down as it stepped through recursive calls to Factorial Maybe it will even be useful as well as fun New Debugging Modes As mentioned above ZDB can now debug not only C programs but also As sembly and C programs and those with no source at all The only thing it can t do is debug a packed EXE file The EXEPACK utility included with MASM compresses these files Nobody else can directly debug them either Sadly it also can t debug a smelly cat Debugging Without Source When ZDB is asked to debug a file for which it can find no source or no debug information it starts up in raw assembly mode That means it works like a stroked and bored DEBUG in a screen oriented fashion with a memory display window disassembly window register window conditional and unconditional breakpoints tracepoints etc Debugging Assembly With Source To test the ability of ZDB to debug as sembly language I used the FACT ASM and FACT2 ASM programs which I had given as examples when I talked about MASM 5 1 and CodeView in Issue 45 These programs were written using Pas cal calling conventions argume
36. anything sent to say LPT2 and sends it out say LPT1 wrapped inside PostScript I called them up I havent tried all the graphics or font options available on an Epson FX 85 or IBM graphics printer but what I have tried has worked Painlessly You can run it as a TSR or as a filter Either way it s a godsend for outputting the ordinary stuff on a super printer super fast LI ROBOTIC SYSTEMS LIMBO Parts Kit Series Issue 50 Mobility Base 219 Issue 51 Superstructure 289 amp Controllers Please allow 3 4 weeks for delivery Prices subject to change without notice International orders must be paid in advance in US funds drawn on a US bank Visa Mastercard personal check and COD accepted Shipping amp Handling 10 Wisconsin residents please add sales tax Call or write for more information 1414 769 9070 3620 East Layton Ave Suite 25 Cudahy WI 53110 1462 Reader Service Number 166 Turbo Pascal Programmers are scraps of paper keeping you awake nights Tired of digging through old notes Can t re member whether a func tion returns a real or an integer Want to get procedure calls right the first time Then you need MyFLIN It s a TSR Hit the hot key to display procedure information right beside the code you re editing It s easy to find information Type part or all ofa procedure or function name and press the hot key MyFlin will pop up with the nearest match es To save
37. bypass the circuit Don t use ceramic capacitors for C1 and C2 If you do the picture will probably have the jitters and will drift The diode shown in the sche matic is a 1N914 but almost any fast switching diode will work Once you ve built and connected the circuit adjustment is easy First adjust the 500 ohm pot about halfway between both ends Then adjust the 20K pot to get all the characters on the left side of the screen If you set the value of the 20K pot too large it will not receive sync pulses and the picture will be scrambled After adjusting the horizontal posi tion set the brightness using the 500 ohm pot If you can t get the brightness ad justed to your satisfaction or if the pic ture tends to tear at the top increase the 150 ohm resistor at U3 pin 6 to 220 ohms and the 470 ohm resistor to 680 ohms Adjusting The Monitor You ll need to adjust most monitors before you can use them They usually Program FASTER with CC RIDER THE C PROGRAMMER S COMPANION have internal oscillators that run at the horizontal and vertical frequencies of 15 KHz and 60 Hz and they must be ad justed is to build the circuit but leave U1 out of its socket Jumper U1 pin 1 to U1 pin 5 This will pass the horizontal sync pulse through to the monitor Then connect the adapter to the video board on the PC and to the monitor and set the 500 ohm pot about halfway The vertical adjustment on most monitors i
38. can even have TAPCIS register for you ONLINE Now that s friendly For more information Support Group Inc Lake Technology Park P O Box 130 McHenry MD 21541 CompuServe 74020 10 Go TAPCIS 800 USA GROUP And you can reach me on Compu Serve 71141 3006 Postscript As the sun sets Tonto and the Masked Man ride off on their beautiful horses to cook a beans and bread supper in the old west With a Hi ho Silver away I m reminded of another great saying Thanks for all the memories It s been good getting to know you Micro C ers Let s meet again someday at a soggy get together a conference or on some other pages And that friends ends Tidbits t FREE ISSUE Micro C readers are invited to receive a FREE sample issue of Midnight Engineering The Journal Of Personal Product Development provides a unique mix of practical hardware and software engineering mixed with the business aspects of small scale product development Your guide to developing and marketing your own products Midnight Engineering Suite 7041 111 E Drake Rd Ft Collins CO 80525 303 491 9092 anytime MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 87 In this his first shareware Micro C column Nelson covers his favorite utilities Great stuff Barcellos is going to be a tough act to follow For the last two and a half years Tony has done an admirable job of coming up with the real gems Over the past eight years I
39. cost upgrades To order Zortech C for the first time just call the order hotline We accept payment by Mastercard Visa COD Alternatively mail the coupon below with your check or credit car details ZORTECH INC 1165 Massachusetts Avenue Arlington MA 02174 USA Voice 617 646 6703 Fax 617 643 7969 ZORTECH LTD 106 108 Powis Street London SE18 6LU ENGLAND Voice 44 1 316 7777 Fax 44 1 316 4138 Yes Please rush me the following C V2 0 items Name U DEVELOPER S EDITION 450 Save 200 D OS 2 COMPILER UPGRADE 149 95 Address O C COMPILER 199 95 U C VIDEO COURSE 499 95 a a SEG KA DEBUGGER 149 05 QC C Language Stroustrup 32 25 AN Cg Stote___Zip_ O C TOOLS 149 95 O C Answer Book Hansen 526 95 Bp Date Tal L LIBRARY SOURCE CODE 149 95 D C for C Programmers Phol 29 95 All MicroSoft trademarks are acknowledged Reader Service Number 70 Q COMPILER amp LIBRARY SOURCE 299 95 O C Primer Lippman 30 25 For US orders please add 5 05 shipping Overseas orders at international mail rates Vegas A debugging tool tough enough to handle the DOS Nasties Nasty over write No sweat Soft ICE memory range break points help you track down memory over write problems whether you are doing the over writing or another program is over writing you Hung program No problem When the system hangs you now have hope With Soft ICE you can break out of hung programs no matter
40. end of memory Basically this gives you the ability to make sure that address latches and CPU clock are working before you add more things such as memory decoding and memory Nathan Engle 6465 Piping Rock Lane Indianapolis IN 46254 High Memory Update Since the original incarnation of my high memory card Filling In The Holes On Your XT Micro C Issue 52 I ve rearranged and added things to my computer Specifically I added an expanded memory board Expanded memory is one of the greatest things since sliced bread but it does require 64K of open memory space For me the simplest place to map it was in block D D000 0000 to D000 FFFF With the commercial memory cards referenced in the article this would mean sepa rate cards if you wanted to fill in the remaining A and E blocks 90 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 The SRAM card however may be modified as follows l e Interchange address line A18 and A17 at the I O bus interface e Move the chip select lines from pins 12 and 13 of the 138 to pins 14 and 15 See Figure 1 This mod will give 128K split between the A and E blocks You might also want to rethink just which blocks if any you want to battery back up The change to E DISK to make it a 64K RAMgdisk is relatively trivial Also in the eternal search for extra memory a special note to Hercules and clone card owners When operating in text mode it is simply not possible to make the video acces
41. exit the loop To save time you can open the loop by enlarging the 48 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 Figure 2 C code fragment showing straightforward implementation of Matrix Vector Multiply IN n values for input nodes Wim n values of weights OUT m values for next layer nodes for i 0 ic m itt OUT i 0 for j 0 j lt n j Initialize sum OUT i OUT i IN j W i j Multiply and Accumulate E maban Figure 3 C code fragment showing implementation of Matrix Vector Multiply using pointers only IN pointer to the n values for the input nodes W pointer to the m x n values of weights OUT pointer to the m values for next layer nodes for i 0 i lt m i QUT O Initialize sum IN address of first input node for j 0 j lt n j E KOUT KING AHH OUT Move to next node eg Shi Multiply and Accumulate Figure 4 C Code Fragment showing how the Multiply Accumlate loop can be opened up in this example by 4 The assembly language code _ increments I and W on the fly instead of adding 4 at the end of the loop IN pointer to the n values for the input nodes N pointer to the m x n values of weights OUT pointer to the m values for next layer nodes nr n n 4 Determine remainder for i 0 i Cm i OUT 0 Initialize Sum IN address of first input node for j 0 j lt ng4 j
42. ganging transputers In this article I ll discuss the trans puter in general then show you how to program individual and parallel trans puters In particular I ll use every trick in the book to optimize the matrix vector multiply operation the key neural net work process Finally Ill discuss a group of programs which create a neural 46 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 network a neural net that can run on as many transputers as you want The Transputer Inmos Ltd makes several variations on their transputer The T800 model the one I discuss here has both an internal 32 bit integer processor and an internal 32 bit floating point unit see Figure 1 The 20 MHz version of the T800 can compute at rates up to 1 5 million single precision 32 bit floating point opera tions per second faster than either the 68020 68881 or the 80386 80387 This transputer has 4K of internal _ RAM an external 32 bit address space and 32 bit wide data It contains special communication hardware serial DMA channels called links that allows many 8r ANSI IEEE 754 1985 Floating Point Unit Bidirectional Serial DMA Link Bidirectional Serial DMA Link transputers to work in parallel This transputer also has a couple of timers as well as hardware supported multitasking The transputer was de finitely designed to run numerically in tensive applications Inmos SGS Thomson and several other vendors have developed pro
43. guest speaker will be introduced Friday night the infamous Jolt SIG with real Jolt this year will convene for a night of fun and merriment A special hard ware project especially for software people is scheduled as well as a contest for Programmers vying for the title of The One Day Wizard of SOGEast We ll even be awarding prizes If you are interested in the project or the contest let us know We are looking for speakers on a large range of topics If you d like to share some knowledge pass along some secrets or amuse us for an hour please call soon Current suggested retail prices are as follows Advance SOGEast 90 Registration before June 1 25 Advance SOGEast 90 Registration June 1 July 15 35 SOGEast At The Door Anything after July 15 50 Picnic 10 Official SOGEast 90 Tee shirts 10 Friday Evening Dinner 15 Tables for Exhibitions 25 All prices are Per Person There is more For the latest information contact John Ribar The CDS Group P O Box 7549 York PA 17404 717 792 5108 Evenings Compuserve 73577 1652 bix jribar We re proud to announce that SOGEast 91 is already in planning This will be an annual event This year we plan to hold the SOG at one of two local colleges If you have sugges tions for next year pass them on MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 73 Continuing AROUND THE BEND Micro C Garage Sale Special close 0 Re fp J While Qua
44. had some way to assign initialized variables to their own segment Perhaps you wouldn t have to switch to C Using a little assembly language you can do this in Turbo Pascal Using only 4 bytes of that valuable Turbo Pascal varia ble space you get access to as much as 64K of initialized data This trick turns code space into initialized data space See Figures 6 and 7 for a way to do this Note that to get 64K of initialized data space using this technique you would have to make the external procedure con taining the data the sole member of a separately compiled unit And do it so that virtually none of the code space would be taken up by executable code When unitizing you should also in clude the pointer variable in the unit and use the run time initialization capability placing an assignment statement be tween a BEGIN and END in the im plementation part to set up the pointer variable You only use the unit to have all the initialized data available Using the unit approach is also a good way to hide the fake procedure _DataSeg 1 See Figures 8 and 9 for a sample using the unitized approach Putting the initialized data into the ASM file also means you can use the power of TASM or MASM operators and macros to generate complex patterns of initialized data that Turbo Pascal can t match Just try initializing a typed con stant with the equivalent of 1000 dup TEXT in Turbo 42 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990
45. in BAT files especially AUTOEXEC As an example say that you have a BAT file that gets a user s name and password with the command LOGIN before continuing For example s sake LOGIN returns 0 if the login was successful or 1 otherwise You want to put LOGIN in a BAT loop that looks at errorlevel The danger is that the user can simply type ctI C and break out of the batch file This is where KBD comes in For example you might use this BAT file echo off break off kbd d Loop kbd e login if errorlevel 1 goto loop kbd e break on Notice that although break off minimizes the number of times DOS checks for ctI C it doesn t eliminate it That is what makes KBD essential KBD also traps the DOS ctl C interrupt 23h while it is executing the command making sure nobody can ctl C out of that program Of course you have the problem that while the first two lines of the BAT file are executing the keyboard is still enabled A good way to solve this is to make a device driver that turns off the keyboard This way the keyboard is dis abled before the user has any chance to screw things up I ll leave that one as an exercise for the reader How KBD turns the keyboard on and off by outputting a command to the key board controller port 64h OADh turns off the keyboard and OAEh turns it on This physically disables anything from the keyboard Even ctl alt Del falls on deaf ears s Interrupt
46. is Don there Tm sorry he s tied up with a customer But I m his brother Then he s especially tied up Busy is one thing but being tied up with a customer is pretty kinky Later after things unraveled a bit I asked him what was happening in the industry You know Intel s profits are way up It s all those 386s they re shipping People are buying 286 and 386 systems like they re going out of style Meanwhile Radio Shack is now suffering from its reputa tion for incompatibility They set up their systems so that you have to buy their drives their memory cards their everything And Apple has finally dropped its low performance pro ducts The variations on the Apple II for instance were cash cows for Apple Now they re gone Plus the older MACs are selling just as slowly as they run Even some of the big clone houses have set up their house brands to require custom memory boards Really helps their bottom lines for a while So it appears that the demise of the computer industry is really more of the decline of its figureheads PostScript There s nothing more worthless than a PostScript printer when you want to output regular stuff So you comnect a silly dot matrix printer to your PostScript machine Nothing wrong with that except dot matrix is slow noisy and its output isn t very clean looking When I heard that Legend had come up with a simple TSR package that automatically grabs
47. its way Every clock tick Talk about chutzpah Oh yes SideKick is unloadable Don t try it though if you ve HILOADed it A guaranteed lockup Larry Shannon 5615 Truscott Terrace Lakeview NY 14085 Comment Comments I agonized on whether to submit this as a technical tip as it is merely an un documented feature of a popular com piler I decided to go ahead on the basis that it is a potentially useful feature that may increase programming productivity but I may be overstating its usefulness I ve always found it somewhat awk 92 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 ward to enter C style comments with their slash star star slash pairs So I was quite surprised to find out that Microsoft QuickC 2 00 accepts C style comments This feature as far as I can tell is completely undocumented in the QuickC manual I haven t been able to verify this feature in MS C 5 1 Have any MS C owners out there seen this feature I stumbled upon the feature while looking through the on line help system It s only used in one place the sample program LOCK C to comment out two lines of code There are no other refer ences to C comments in the help sys tem Note C comments consist of a single slash slash pair with the comment text to the right similar to as sembly comments I ve tested this fea ture with flawless results Things like this make you wonder if the programmers at Microsoft don t have a fe
48. lt bx OFFSET C1B11H E 7 mov mov LABEL BYTE mov ah 76 ds D2SEG 7 Bgo ds CIWOH ds D3SEG CIN2H LABEL FAR mov mov ASSUME jmp ENDS SEGMENT LABEL BYTE db Print string message LABEL BYTE db P org 20H ENDS END C1F15H MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 5 Rack amp Desk PC AT Chassis Integrand s new Chassis System is not another IBM mechanical and electrical clone An entirely fresh packaging design approach has been taken using modular construction At present over 40 optional stock modules allow you to customize our standard chassis to nearly any requirement Integrand offers high quality advanced design hardware along with applications and technical support all at prices competi tive with imports Why settle for less unnu Wan tumi Rack amp Desk Models Accepts PC XT AT Motherboards and Passive Backplanes Doesn t Look Like IBM Rugged Modular Construction Excellent Air Flow amp Cooling Optional Card Cage Fan Designed to meet FCC 204 Watt Supply UL Recognized 145W amp 85W also available Reasonably Priced Call or write for descriptive brochure and prices 8620 Roosevelt Ave e Visalia CA 93291 209 651 1203 TELEX 5106012830 INTEGRAND UD FAX 209 651 1353 We accept Bank Americard VISA and MasterCard IBM PC XT AT trademarks of International Business Machines Drives and computer boards not included Reader
49. much less paying for the 10 000 BYTE ads and financing all those hot tub parties and hotel suite bashes so essential in modern marketing warfare The price of Turbo Pascal has risen with each new release it seems like the up date fee for the new edition is about the same as the retail price of the previous I stopped at 3 0 The retail price of the Zortech Developer s Package 2 0 is 450 The C compiler by itself is 199 Prices from discount houses will probably run considerably less On the other hand the functionality of JRT Pascal or Turbo Pascal isn t even close to the functionality of Zortech C Although considered breakthroughs in their time they are now mere toys Also the retail price of Microsoft C 5 1 is about the same And it s just a C compiler no C it does include OS 2 support however which is a 150 up grade from Zortech Still it isn t even fair to compare Zor tech C with MS C Or any C for that matter Because it isn t C It s C And it has a debugger that is light years ahead of the last version I ve seen of CodeView Even if the price was a bit higher which it isn t it would be worth it in all the development time saved After all how many days does it take you to make 450 Don t you think it s about time you worked a few nights so you could afford to have some fun Zortech Inc 1165 Massachusetts Ave Arlington MA 02174 Voice 617 646 6703 Fax 617 64
50. new procedure Information just place your cursor on the same line as the procedure pop up MyFLIN and tell it to add the procedure to the database Requires PC XT AT Computer MS PC DOS 2 3 xx That s it Throw away the paper get MyFLIN and get going OpalFire Software Inc x 329 North State Steet Price 30 00 rrp OREM UTAH 84057 Visa Mastercard American Express Phone 1 800 336 6644 Reader Service Number 161 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 79 YOU WANT THE SOURCE WELL NOW YOU CAN HAVE IT The MASTERFUL DISASSEMBLER MD86 will create MASM compatible source code from program files EXE or COM And the files are labeled and commented so they become USEABLE MD86 is an interactive disassenbler with an easy to use word processor like interface this is crucial for the REAL programs you want to disassemble With its built in help screens you won t have to constantly refer to the manual either although there are valuable discus sions on the ins and outs of disassembling which you won t want to miss SS Tee Code bastore MD86 is a professionally supported product and yet costs no more than shareware And of course it s not copy protected VERSION 2 HOW AVAILABLE MD86 V2 is ONLY 67 50 1 50 s amp h tax C C Software 1907 Alvarado Ave Wainut Creek CA 94596 415 939 8153 Reader Service Number 31 We got you covered or mbedded king pad pos arne cation with
51. number makes it possible for people to order subscriptions or disks from work from a friend s house or anywhere But I was worried that orders might become half hour tech calls What I didn t worry about was misdialed calls I should have None of the 800 services tell you they assume no responsi bility for wrong numbers Initially that wasn t a problem We received maybe two or three erroneous calls a week Lately however we ve gotten as many as 15 wrong numbers per day AROUND THE BEND besides our usual half dozen calls for subscriptions A travel club called Excellence in Exercise is advertising tours to east coasters Their number is 800 888 TOUR Great That s 800 888 8687 But if people dial zero instead of the O in TOUR they get 800 888 8087 That s Micro C Calling the company hasn t helped after all they re doing nothing illegal So don t be surprised if you dial our 800 num ber after April 1 and you hear it s been disconnected You can still use our regular order number 503 382 5060 But maybe we re missing a much better solution We could just put out the word there s a new toll free Lotus 3 0 support number something ending with 8687 Who s Selling Computers I ve been watching The Wall Street Journal again IBM Apple and Radio Shack are all reporting that computer demand is drying up Meanwhile MicroSphere is scrambling to keep up with orders I called my brother Hello
52. of miscreants who put up with cover for tolerate even oc casionally get a laugh out of what s left of me They ve pro duced magazines harassed writers filled pages with advertis ing and still found time to party A truly great group If You re Bummed I m sure many of you won t appreciate this change I under stand It s part of the sadness I feel If you feel strongly about it write to me call me or leave a message on the BBS Ill be here For a while David Thompson Ex Editor amp Publisher UNITS amp MODULES Michael concludes his column with a look at connections tying together network nodes for instance with a minimum amount of cable An interesting problem ability to find the shortest distance between two points The trip to work to the store you know how routine it is But how good are we at finding the shortest distance between many points If you ve ever set up a computer network you were probably concerned with keeping cable cost down The nodes in the network are the many points that we need to connect For a small network the solution can be simple and straightforward As the number of nodes increases or offsite lo cations are introduced the problem of efficient connectivity grows quickly We need an algorithm to find the shortest or lowest cost method of connecting all the nodes in the network Feats we use our reasoning Abstraction You can solve the netw
53. or sees the disk s index hole pass twice without finding the matching fields sector not found If it finds the sector the FDC sends the 512 bytes of data to the host in MS DOS systems to the Disk Transfer Address DTA As the FDC scans sector ID fields it generates a CRC value for the IDs and compares this with the CRC recorded on the disk If the two don t match the con troller returns a CRC error A second type of CRC error comes when the CRC calculated during the data read doesn t match the data CRC recorded on disk This is the error we re after It means that one or more bytes of data have changed or that the CRC has been corrupted Why d they change Beats me a stray magnetic field a glob of peanut butter cosmic rays It would be nice to isolate the data CRC error from the ID field CRC error But after a wade through the XT BIOS listing I can t see that it differentiates be tween the two So we can either make the rash assumption that any CRC error will come from the data or we can dive into the FDC to get a closer look at the error Leave your trunks at home leave your rash too It doesn t make sense to try to fix the sector ID since it gets writ ten only during formatting reformatting a track would wipe out the information we want to recover We probably couldn t read the sector anyway since the corrupted ID fields wouldn t match those requested by the CPU Assuming that a C
54. original time and date of the file so no clues via time stamp 3 In every case the string sUMs Dos was embedded in the infected files Using the Norton Utility disk search or grep are two ways to find victims There may be easier ways to rid the beast but I found DOS s FORMAT effec tive saving the agony of real low level formatting I can t always remember G C800 5 or something like that Any way there ye have it May the fleas of a thousand camels invade the armpits of the worms that invent these demons Disinfectedly yours Dave Stojan 10310 Lybert Rd Houston TX 77041 Determining Required Stack Size I used to find it difficult to determine the required stack size for my C pro grams Then it occurred to me that the Micro XenoCopy PC 79 954sm PC DOS program lets your PC Read Write Format over 350 formats XENOFONT 49 95 S H high quality text screen printouts ideal for use in software documentation Bold face and reverse video supported 2210 SIXTH STREET BERKELEY CA 94710 415 644 9366 Reader Service Number 39 IN CIRCUIT EMULATORS 8051 FamiLy 68HC11 CALL OR WRITE FOR FREE DEMO DISK AND BROCHURE 408 866 1820 NOHAU 02872 CORPORATION campbell CA 95008 51 East Campbell Avenue Reader Service Number 186 3 1 2 or 5 1 4 Disks Available 6 ppd U S or 8 ppd Foreign MICRO CORNUCOPIA 1 800 888 8087 orders only or 503 382 8048
55. powerful real time break points When a break point is reached your debugger will be activated automatically MagicCV with Soft ICE Using Soft ICE with CodeView gives you the features necessary for professional level systems debugging MagicCV and Soft ICE can work in concert with Code View to provide the most powerful debugging platform you will find anywhere These may be the only two products I ve seen in the last two or three years that exceeded my wildest expectations for power compatibility and ease of use Paul Mace Paul Mace Software 386 199 199 Soft ICE MagicCV MagicCV for Windows Buy Soft ICE amp MagicCV W Save 86 Buy MagicCV and MagicCVW Save 100 Save 186 Buy All 3 30 day money back guarantee Visa MasterCard and AmEx accepted 2 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 New Soft ICE 2 0 features D Back Trace Ranges D Symbolic amp Source level debugging OEMS 4 0 support with special EMS debugging commands D Windowed user interface Mega TECHNOLOGIES CALL TODAY 603 888 2386 or FAX 603 888 2465 P O BOX 7607 E NASHUA NH 03060 7607 Reader Service Number 110 RUN CODEVIEW IN 8K MagicCV gt CodeView is a great integrated oig but it uses over 200K of conventional memory MagicCV uses advanced features of the 80386 to load CodeView and symbols in extended memory This allows MagicCV to run CodeView in less than 8K of conven tional memory
56. processor in the pipe 7 Determining whether the total system error is below a user specified value 8 If necessary instructing the pipe processors to calculate the weight changes 9 Sending an empty weight change array downstream 10 Collecting the filled weight change array from the pipe processors 11 Using the host i e user sup plied momentum and learning rate con stants along with the weight change array to calculate a new weight vector 12 Looping back to step 5 13 When training is complete saving the weights 14 And if necessary running test vectors on the trained neural network and collecting statistics The program PIPE is run on all the pipe processors It s responsible for 1 Receiving and retransmitting the topology of the neural network 2 Setting aside enough space for the weights and its own exemplar vectors 3 Reading and storing its own ex emplar vectors 4 Receiving and retransmitting any exemplar vectors destined for processors downstream 5 Receiving and retransmitting the weights 6 Using the weights to calculate the output for the neural network for each oi its exemplar input vectors 7 Comparing the neural network calculated outputs with the exemplar output vectors and calculating an error value Save Man Years of Effort with Turbo 5 5 Don t Start from Scratch with Object Oriented Pascal Object Professional is a huge library of ov
57. program in a modern language Pascal C C Modula 2 beginning Ada and advanced Ada tutorials are available for MS DOS Each tutorial is 39 95 3 00 P amp H in US M C or Visa accepted Coronado Enterprises 12501 Coronado Ave NE Albuquerque NM 87122 505 293 5464 Reader Service Number 206 Technology for the Arts Vision 16 Video Digitzer displays 32 768 colors w software 1495 Willow VGA TV w NTSC Output 495 Publishers VGA Frame Grabber 595 Panasonic CCTV B amp W Camera 225 MIDI music Interface 119 MIDI Programmers Toolkit 39 Cakewalk 3 0 Sequencer 150 joel Sampson Engineering P O Box 550363 214 328 2730 Dallas TX 75355 BBS 328 6909 Reader Service Number 176 HEXED Get HEXED The HEXadecimal EDitor Display and edit ALL characters in ANY file e Full featured menu driven binary file editing Simplicity and power of a text editor Split screen simultaneous Hex value ASCil symbol editing Easy access to file data formats headers etc e For all PCs amp compatibles 256K DOS 2 0 49 95 USA Canada 59 95 elsewhere Ideal for engineering program development hacking Fechnica Call for FREE Demo Disk Inc 141 Peyton Rd Sterling Va 22170 703 444 TREX Reader Service Number 218 DSP32C COPROCESSOR BOARD 25 MFLOP Floating Point DSP High speed NUMERICS and GRAPHICS 32 BIT on board data bus 16 bit PC AT interface ALL ON BOARD MEMORY DUAL PORTED
58. programs immediately compatible with hundreds of packages from Aldus PageMaker to ZSoft s PC Paintbrush with these linkable graphic libraries An exceptional product Programmer s Journal Aug 89 195 Version 3 5 of the PCX Programmer s Toolkit gives you over 60 powerful functions to manipulate bitmapped graphics Use Virtual screens Super VGA modes LIM 4 0 support a 300 page manual 9 utilities including screen capture and display and the fastest routines on the market l Need Special Effects but caught ina GRASP 99 Why create a demo when you can create the real thing Don t be trapped in a slideshow editor or demo program when you can use PCX Effects for the PCX Toolkit and your favorite programming language A Music Language and spectacular effects for exploding your graphics Blazing Graphics Text 149 With PCX Text you can display text with graphics as fast as it always should have been Display characters strings fixed and proportional text background transparency and more Includes a font editor 85 fonts and text utilities for blazing graphics bitmapped text NO ROYALTIES 30 DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE SOURCE CODE AVAILABLE 5 Se ab J KE For orders and information call M CR OP ROG6G RAM MING 11315 Meadow Lake e Houston Texas 77077 e 713 870 0737 All packages support 12 compilers for C Pascal Basic Fortran FAX 713 870 0288 Assembly and Clipper All modes of the Hercules CGA E
59. research blah blah blah It did happen though a rare and magical fractal chaotic event It happened be cause we wanted it to happen and more important because you wanted it to hap pen Farewell and look for me in the com puter mags Bruce Eckel is the author of Using C Osborne McGraw Hill 1989 and a mem ber of the ANSI C committee He s the owner of Revolution2 a firm specializing in C training and consulting Reference Sethi Ravi Programming Languages Concepts 5 Constructs Addison Wesley 1989 t t t MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 25 Motorola s 68HC705 Makes It Simple Karl builds the world s simplest terminal around one of Motorola s newest controller chips nal has it all it s cheap easy to build uses readily available parts and boasts the newest microcontroller technology With this project you can get started in 68HC705 design while you build a versatile piece of computer gear The terminal s features make it ideal for remote and low power use The LCD readout and CMOS microcontroller MCU keep the current drain to below 40 mA Use of a special purpose level shifter IC allows RS 232 operation from a single 5 Volt supply The 68HC705 s on chip serial port and timer system help the terminal run at 9600 baud while controlling the dis play and monitoring the keyboard The design is flexible enough to allow parts substitution if you can t find exactly what
60. set the programs to use 186 opcodes with the 286c directive This caused MASM to use the ENTER in struction instead of the function prolog I showed above ZDB displayed this as sembled eliminating the problem These aren t big problems though with the possible exception of the non recognition of 186 opcodes If all I must do is name the start address of my pro gram main and use mx to debug as sembly language with ZDB I can live with it Happily Debugging C This is the real exclusive of ZDB Al though other companies may have source level C debuggers in develop ment or maybe even secretly on the market Zortech has the first source level C debugger for MS DOS that I ve seen You may think that any multi lan guage debugger should be able to debug C just as well as C Pascal or any other language That s kind of true For example I can compile a C program with Zortech and load it into CodeView It will step through the program with no problem But just try looking at a function name Say you have a class called Car with member function Crash int mph long damage You would expect the label for Crash to be Crash Not so In stead the label is Crash 3CarNipl The 3 tells how many letters are in the class name N mears it is a near func tion and ipl are the argument types integer and pointer to long Obviously this could get tedious Also while many debuggers h
61. showing equivalent operations in C and Pascal side by side The manual set for 2 0 has a separate manual for the compiler and utilities the libraries the debugger and the C Tools I ve done quite a bit of thumbing through them in the last two days and have found most of the information I needed There is even a thorough ex planation of symbol construction in C and many other implementation details that almost nobody would need But when they did There are sections both on AT amp T C compatibility and MS C compatibility It also has a section titled Incompatibili ties with ANSI C which deals not with incompatibilities between Zortech and ANSI but with incompatibilities be tween any C and ANSI C This is very useful reading for a new convert from C Price Unfortunately the 29 95 JRTs and 49 95 Turbos are a thing of the past Well not really I ve been seeing JRT ads again recently but not able to believe MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 61 thought that I had entered a strange time warp like one of those episodes from Twilight Zone Seriously I thought the magazine had misplaced some of the copy from their April issue The problem is that the amount of development and the amount of adver tising dollars that has gone into this kind of software has skyrocketed since the days of JRT and Turbo 1 0 Even Borland realized long ago that 49 95 per copy wasn t even keeping the lights on
62. signals from a PC or clone is easy first character on the line would appear at the left side and everything else on the line would shift to the right by the same amount Unfortunately this approach uses a lot of parts to delay the video sig nal A second approach would be to antic ipate the horizontal sync pulse and generate a new one that would occur a few microseconds early This would have the same effect as delaying the video in 7 Figure a aE List for TTL to Composite Video Adapter aa Description o 7415123 a o 741504 OL uf cap 001 uf cap 20k 10 turn pot 6 8k 1 4 w 1N914 diode resistor prop connector NG HWP PE HBP EE BP ee Comments Use mylar c or SU mica Use mylar or silvered mica Position adjust 00 ohm 10 turn pot Brightness adjust ohm 1 4 w resistor gt ohm 1 4 w resistor a ohm 1 4 w resistor cc ohm 1 4 w ieee a 01 to 1 uf bypass capacitors Phono Jak Composite output 7 Mise Perfboard ac sockets wire H By Stuart R Bell 741 Okie Ridge Yukon OK 73099 formation This circuit works that way sort of I say sort of because I haven t yet dis covered the psychic logic that anticipates a pulse Instead this circuit takes into ac count that all the horizontal sync pulses are identical Instead of anticipating a sync pulse and substituting an earlier one this cir cuit delays the horizontal sync pulse until it s time to
63. start the next line Each horizontal sync is delayed by almost but not quite a full line The horizontal sweep frequency generated by the PC is about 55 microseconds If the horizontal sync pulse for any given line is delayed by say 53 micro seconds and then used to generate the sync pulse for the next line the second line will apparently shift right ye 2 mi croseconds About The Circuit The circuit see the schematic in Fig ure 1 is straightforward It uses only three common TTL ICs The DB9P con nector at the left connects to the circuit board with a short cable and mates with the DB9S connector on your video board The composite video connector at the right is a standard phono jack which connects to the composite monitor with a short piece of coaxial cable The 500 ohm potentiometer adjusts the brightness The 20K potentiometer adjusts the horizontal position of the pic ture by varying the amount of horizontal sync delay The circuit generates stand ard video levels of 0 V for sync 0 5 V for black and about 2 V for white level Building The Circuit I constructed the prototype on a small piece of perfboard The potentiometers are mounted for easy access with a screwdriver I stole 5 V from my power supply which is open frame You could use an external supply as long as it MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 71 shared a ground with the circuit board and the computer Be sure to use 01 to 1 uF capacitors to
64. t give a second thought to that volcano when you re trying to get to sleep The chances of it suddenly exploding into a violent torrent of boiling lava and poi sonous gases and burying the entire town under glowing cinders are really small Less than 1 in 10 probably M N Macleod 3043 S Laredo Circle Aurora CO 80013 Editor s note SOG stands for Anything You Like no that s not it I suppose you know that Bend almost closed when you left Fortunately the other resident stayed As for the dead volcano the humane society picked it up last weekend The smell was getting awful Correction As if the discussion isn t confusing enough already we managed to slip an error into James Martin s letter on the radar equation controversy see Letters Issue 52 At the bottom of the right hand column on page 78 we refer to the total power at the detector as proportional to the inverse cube of R Wrong The cor rect term as stated in James s original letter is the inverse fourth power of R How can this 25 power loss have happened Perhaps we re seeing proof of the First Law of Preservation of Post al Power The PPP theory states that in all Postal interactions power is conserved In other words the Postal Service s pro posed 25 increase in rates will be balanced by a corresponding decrease in all mail contents Good news for all bill payers but be sure to tell your em ployer to stop sending your che
65. that ZDB would now give me an Editor Not Available error Much to my sur prise it instead went into an endless loop of scrolling the screen up each time I pressed a key with no apparent possi bility of escape I finally ctrl alt del ed out of it It would be especially useful in ZDB s dual monitor mode then I could turn all the lights down and have an office that looked just like Gordon Letwin s office on the cover of Inside OS 2 Of course ZDB does support 43 and 50 line by 80 column modes but only on EGA and VGA cards If they would just give me one day with their video library source Anyway none of the above problems hamper normal operation Overall ZDB is much improved over the original Just as I did when I first experimented with BAR CODEIN C Barcodes are now in widespread use Don t let your application be left out Do you or your customers need afaster and more accurate method of data entry Does your application need to print barcodes The SymBCG collection of C routines supports UPC A 8 E EAN 8 amp 13 Code 39 2 of 5 Industrial amp Interleaved and Codabar symbologies Routines are included for printing on HP LaserJet and Epson dot matrix printers Full source code for all symbologies are included No royalties Keyboard wedge barcode readers are alse now available ymbologic 953 Le BI 342 Pasadena CA 91106 onyPI9 UU 818 449 7114 BONUS Order SymBCG
66. the LCD and load a 15 msec power up delay into WAITS I then write a sequence of three commands each resetting the LCD to an 8 bit interface Yes I know we want a 4 bit interface but you gotta do this just like the book says or it isn t going to work Note the different delays used following each command Next I set up the display for a 4 bit interface The remaining commands fix the type of display format cursor con trol font and cursor address If you want to try other display characteristics check the Hitachi manual or Ed s article in Circuit Cellar INK for details The LCD accepts two types of data Commands such as those discussed above must be written to the display with the RS line low Data such as dis played text must be sent while RS is high To make these operations easier I included LCDCMD and LCDCHAR These routines use a common section of code found at LCDCHARI1 Each sets up the RS line as needed loads an ap propriate delay value into the AR and drops into the code at LCDCHARI From here the byte gets divided into two 4 bit nybbles Calls to LCDOUT then transfer the nybbles MSB first to the display LCDSTRING simply sends each char acter of a null terminated string to the display The only tricky bit involves the load indexed indirect addressing mode of the 68HC705 the chip doesn t have such a mode To provide this essential addressing mode I resorted to self modifying code actu
67. this project I used point to point soldering with 30 AWG wire wirewrapping would work also By the time you read this I will have a general purpose experimenter s printed wiring board PWB for the 68HC705 The board will contain all the basic circuitry needed to build a work ing MCU project and could easily be the only PWB you might need to develop an application For example this two chip terminal project would consist of a working ex STOMP OUT EPROM MADNESS The PROM KING emulates EPROMS saving both time and money during your development cycle Programmable in seconds via your PC printer port or any computer RS232 port it can emulate most 27xxx devices e 8K 8M bit devices 8 256 bit downloads e High speed download Easily expandable Universal RS232 4 EPROMS per unit PC printer port Up to 8 units e Menu driven software Also programs like Battery backup a real EPROM 599 for 150nS units with 256K bits Ask for pricing of other options _ Made in USA by TRAXELIABS INC BOX 239 gt RONKONKOMA NY 11779 516 737 5147 Reader Service Number 178 32 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 perimenter s PWB connected to a key board and LCD After you get your terminal wired up you need to assemble the source code I use a PC XT clone running Motorola s AS5 Freeware cross assembler Bor land s Sidekick handles my editing and I burn the finished code into the MCU using M
68. to a small rally com puter stashed in the backseat and do some real digital navigation That s About It This project was great fun Every thing I develop with the 705 makes me want to try another design or two If you customize this project as I am sure you will I d like to hear what you have done _ Active Electronics P O Box 9100 Westborough MA 01581 800 888 9939 outside New England 800 ACTIVE6 New England TimeLine Inc 1490 W Artesia Blvd Gardena CA 90247 800 872 8878 outside California 800 223 9977 California United Products 1123 Valley Street Seattle WA 98109 4425 206 682 5025 e00 Iwo great tools SAYWHAT The lightning fast screen generator Whether you re a novice programmer longing for simplicity or a seasoned pro searching for higher productivity you owe it to yourself to check out Saywhat You see with Saywhat you can build beautiful elaborate color coded screens in minutes That s right Truly fantastic screens for menus data entry data display and help panels that can be displayed with as little as one line of code in any language Here s what you get ORDER NOW TOPAZ The breakthrough DBMS toolkit for Pascal If you d like to combine the raw power and speed of Turbo Pascal or Micro oth soft s QuickPascal with the simplicity 7 PA NA and elegance of ABASE Topaz is just what you re looking for That s because T
69. transputer With indices 184 800 MAC sec With pointers 276 900 MAC sec A significant improvement but mediocre considering the advertised performance of 1 5 Mflops Since a single multiply accumu late operation executes two floating point operations the transputer should be getting around 750 000 MAC sec Whats going on Because I perform the matrix vector multiply with floating point numbers it s crucial to keep the floating point pro cessor running continuously The trans puter s architecture is designed such that the integer processor can calculate the addresses for the next set of operands while the floating point processor ex ecutes a multiply or an add To do this you interleave the integer processor instructions with the floating point processor instructions Since my C compiler generates an assembly lan guage source file I can see how effi ciently it uses the two processors Using inline assembly language I can replace the original C instructions with assembly language instructions In prac tice this turns out to be only six or seven assembly language statements for a mul tiply accumulate instruction You can also speed things up by using two of the transputer s features how it creates constants and its high speed internal RAM Loops Since so few operations occur per it eration during the matrix vector mul tiply loop a lot of time goes into incrementing the index and testing when to
70. ve tested and reviewed thousands of public domain and shareware programs for the Public software Library I ve written a dozen shareware pro grams and am one of the founding mem bers of the Association of Shareware Professionals P rior Shareware columnist Anthony Terms First let me clarify a few terms When I say pd shareware I in clude freeware too Public Domain is software which the author has donated to the public domain The absence of a copyright notice is not sufficient to make a program pd Freeware used to be the same as shareware Andrew Fluegelman trade marked the name freeware so other pro grammers invented the name shareware After Fluegelman s death the term freeware fell into generic use meaning software that is free but copyrighted as opposed to free and publicly owned Since most of you spend your time on DOS machines I ll start out with a dis cussion of The Ten Greatest DOS Tools In The History Of Man I would hate to think of having to work my 14 hours a day on a computer without the following 88 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 My Favorite Tools Helpful Shareware 1 LIST by Vernon Buerg You prob ably already know about this file view ing utility but you may not know that Buerg keeps making it better If you haven t seen version 7 it s time to dial up your favorite BBS 2 FGREP by Christopher J Dun ford is the world s fastest text search
71. w Phoenix Bios holds up to 8MB on board 386 16 25Mhz w AMI Bios holds up to 8MB on board 386 33Mhz POWER SUPPLIES 150 Watt XT Power Supply 200 Watt AT Power Supply 230 Watt AT Power Supply EXPANSION CARDS demonstrates the speed i improvements are incredible 7 Controller Card Type _ Data Xfer Rate _ Standard IBM AT 3 1 Interleave MEM 167 KB Sec __ _ DTK WAQ 2 1 interleave MFM 261 KB Sec _ AT 386 1 1 Interleave MFM 522 KB Sec Western Digital 1 1 RLL w Cache 799 Kb Sec Note Test results using 10Mhz AT Mitsubishi MR535 Hard Drive and Pre Disk K Optimizer VGA Color ONLY 379 Wes you buy a complete MicroSphere Computer System Up grade includes 16 bit VGA video card and 14 Analog VGA Monitor with a 28 mm dot pitch Game Joystick Parallel Port LPT1 2 or 3 Serial Port 2 ports 1 installed COM1 or 2 2nd Serial Port Kit Serial Port 4 ports installed Multi Drive Controller up to 2 drives Supports 360K 720K 1 2MB amp 1 44MB 3 amp 4th Floppy Controller AT 386 AT Multi IO 2 Serial 1 Parallel CONTROLLER CARDS AT 386 1 1 MFM Controller 105 WD 1006 SR2 1 1 RLL w Cache 139 CABINETS XT Slide Case Lock LED AT Slide Case Lock LED 3 half ht 1 full ht drives Baby Tower w 200 watt PS 2 half ht 2 3 1 2 Drives Baby Motherboard ONLY Mini Tower w 200 Watt PS 3 half ht 2 3 1 2 Drives holds Full or Baby size MB 5 Bay Std Tower 220
72. want a Turkish kitten DEVELOP YOUR OWN BOOTABLE OPERATING SYSTEM WITH BOOTER TOOLKIT Real time scheduler SIMM 1Mx9 80 ns SIMM 256Kx9 100 ns 1Mbit 1Mx1 80ns 41256 256Kx1 60 ns 41256 256Kx1 80 ns 41256 256Kx1 100 ns 41256 256Kx1 120 ns 4464 64Kx4 120 ns 41264 64Kx4 100 ns EPROM 27C1000 128kx8s 200 ns 27512 64Kx8 200 ns 27256 32Kx8 150 ns 27128 16Kx8 250 ns STATIC RAM 62256P 10 32Kx8 100 ns 6264p 12 8Kx8 120 ns 6116AP 12 2Kx8 120 ns OPEN 6 DAYS 7 30 am 10 pm SHIP VIA FED EX ON SAT SAT DELIVERY MasterCard VISA or UPS CASH COD INCLUDED ON MICROPROCESSORS UNLIMITED ING FED EX ORDERS 24 000 S Peoria Ave 91 8 267 4961 RECEIVED BY BEGGS OK 74421 Th 2 6 25 4 b No minimum order Please note prices subject to change Fr PA S16 50 1 Ib Shipping insurance extra up to 1 for packing materials IIT 2C87 20 5325 00 IT 2087 12 295 00 liT 2C87 10 260 00 80287 8 80387 16 80387 25 110 00 210 00 80387 20 80387 33 8087 2 Reader Service Number 37 DOS compatible file system Window system Memory manager Bootstrap loader 100 page user manual ONLY 99 WITH SOURCE CODE For immediate shipment send your check or money order for 99 to GENERAL SOFTWARE General Software P O Box 2571 Redmond WA 98073 Telephone orders shipped UPS BLUE COD only To order by credit card call Programmer s Connection or Austin Codeworks authorized General Software dealers Seco
73. wanted the DataBear to log any variable any signal as long as it was be tween 0 and 1 Volt Obviously I needed to add some signal conditioning For example there s a standard rela tive humidity sensor package for the Bear The sensor is a half bridge humid ity to strain transducer You apply power and it spits out a humidity pro portional voltage 16 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 S Figure 5 Interrupt Vector Assignments Vector Address Interrupt Source cc Local Mask Register Mark FFCO C1 rome a FFD4 D5 Reserved ga FFD6 D7 SCI Serial System I Bit See Table A Below SPI Serial Transfer Complete SPIE Pulse Accumulator Input Edge PAII Pulse Accumulator Overflow PAOVI Timer Overflow TOI Timer Output Compare 5 OC5I Timer Output Compare 4 OC4I Timer Output Compare 3 OC3I Timer Output Compare 2 OC2I Timer Output Compare 1 OC1I Timer Input Capture 3 OC3I Timer Input Capture 2 OC2I Timer Input Capture 1 OCI1I Real Time Interrupt RTII IRQ External Pin or Parallel I O See Table B XIRQ Pin Pseudo Non Maskable Interrupt None SWI pk None FFF8 F9 Ilegal Opcode Trap None FFFA FB COP Failure Reset None NOCOP FFFC FD COP Clock Monitor Fail Reset None CME FFFE FF _ RESET None None Table B IRQ Vector Interrupts Table A SCI Serial System Interrupts Interrupt Cause Interrupt Cause Local Mask External Pin Receive Data Regi
74. 15 12 83 Screen Dump Listing Fixing Serial Ports Playing Adventure 48 pages ISSUE 16 2 84 Xerox 820 Column Restarts BBI Double Density BBII 57 8 Interface Fix Recovering Text From Memory 52 pages ISSUE 17 4 84 Voice Synthesizer 68000 Based System Review 56 pages ISSUE 18 6 84 Kaypro EPROM Programmer 1 O Byte A Primer Serial To Parallel Interface Business COBOL 60 pages ISSUE 19 8 84 Adding Winchester To BBIl 6 MHz On The BBI Bulletin Boards Track Buffering On Slicer 4 MHz For The 820 1 64 pages ISSUE 20 10 84 HSC 68000 Co Processor DynaDisk For The BBI Serial Printer On BBI Sans S10 Cheap amp Dirty Talker For Kaypro 72 pages ISSUE 21 12 84 Analog To Digital Interface Installing Turbo Pascal Low Intensity BBI Video 80 pages ISSUE 22 2 85 Xerox 820 1 To A Kaypro 8 Sound Generator For the STD Bus Reviews Of 256K RAM Expansion 88 pages ISSUE 23 4 85 Automatic Disk Relogging Interrupt Drive Serial Printer Smart Video Controller Review MicroSphere RAM Disk 86 pages ISSUE 24 6 85 C ing Into Turbo Pascal 8 Drives On The Kaypro 68000 Versus 80x86 Soldering The First Steps 88 pages ISSUE 25 8 85 Why I Wrote A Debugger The 32 Bit Super Chips Program The 32032 Modula Il RS 232C The Interface 104 pages ISSUE 26 10 85 Inside ZCPR3 Two Megabytes On DSI 32 SOG IV The Future Of Computing Graphics In Turbo Pascal 104 pages ISSUE
75. 3 7969 Batch File Prophylactics Before closing this thing up and toss ing the smelly cat out for the night you thought I was just kidding about smelly cats I want to pass along a little cute C utility I wrote I compiled it with 62 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 Zortech but it will work with MS or Turbo with just a few changes in places I have pointed out in the source See Fig ure 1 KBD KBD is a program that can enable and disable the keyboard on a PC com patible This can be useful when writing a BAT file which you don t want the stupid user to screw up or running a program which you don t want the You get the idea The syntax of KBD is kbd e d command e enables the keyboard d disables the keyboard and command is an op tional parameter which is a DOS com mand to execute while the keyboard is enabled disabled If command is given the keyboard is turned back off on when the command finishes For ex ample kbd d turns the keyboard off If you type this at the DOS prompt the only way you can get the machine going again is the reset button or the Big Red Switch Usually you would do it at the beginning of a sensitive batch file Another example kbd d chkdsk or kbd d brot I thought Larry might appreciate that second one These commands turn the keyboard off while executing chkdsk or brot then turn the keyboard back on As I said KBD is mostly useful
76. 35 5705 713 665 7017 CIS 71355 470 FAX 713 524 6398 7a I must sneak a related cleanup utility in here LHdel by Duane Hen dricks examines the contents of an LHarc archive file and deletes matching files in the current directory 8 Newkey by Frank Bell If you don t have a keyboard macro program you need Newkey 9 DESQview Oops okay this mul titasking program isn t shareware Worse yet I lied in 8 I don t use New key anymore since DV can automat ically load a different set of macros each time you open a window Since I only use DV for task swapping you might think that Software Carousel could do just as well But DV has too many nice extras to give up 10 SitBack by SitBack Technologies This TSR auto backup utility isn t shareware either but I am the world s worst at backing up my work and there s no shareware solution SitBack will backup preselected files in the back ground at specified times This TSR uses a modest 16K The closest shareware equivalent is AutoSave by Biologic Corp It records your keystrokes to disk plus it saves your work for you as often as you wish How To Write Shareware And Make A Million Dollars Step One Write a shareware pro gram Step Two Win a lottery A half dozen shareware authors have been able to combine the two Tom Smith and his partners turned a shareware communications program Procomm into 515 million a year Jim Button PC File and
77. 48 or 8038 a Miniscribe full height or even better a Mitsubishi The Mitsubishi I m thinking of can run either 40 meg MFM or 60 meg RLL If I were con cerned about speed and space I d run the Mitsu RLL On the other hand there s nothing safer than an RLL certified platter plodding along with MFM data Micro Cornucopia Back Issues Final Issue Stock Up on Back Issues Now ISSUE 1 8 81 Power Supply 1 2 PFM PRN 16 pages ISSUE 2 10 81 Parallel Print Driver Drive Motor Control 16 pages ISSUE 3 12 81 Configuring Modem 7 Reverse Video Cursor FORTHwords Begins 16 pages ISSUE 4 2 82 Keyboard Translation Modems Lync and S10s Undoing CP M ERASE 20 pages ISSUE 5 4 82 Two Text Editors Double Density Review 20 pages ISSUE 6 6 82 BB EPROM Programmer Customize Your Chars Double Density Update 24 pages ISSUE 7 8 82 6 Reviews Of C Adding 6K Of RAM On Your Own Begins 24 pages ISSUE 8 10 82 SOLD OUT ISSUE 9 12 82 BBII EPROM Program Relocating Your CP M Serial Print Driver Big Board Fixes 32 pages ISSUE 10 2 83 ISSUE 11 4 83 SOLD OUT ISSUE 12 6 83 Bringing Up BBI Double Sided Drives for BB Packet Radio 5 MHz for Kaypro 46 pages ISSUE 13 8 83 CP M Disk Directory More 256K for BBI Cheap Fast Modem BBI Printer Interface 44 pages ISSUE 14 10 83 BBII Installation The Perfect Terminal BBI Video Size Video Jitter Fix 48 pages ISSUE
78. 61 gt gt xref lt 66047 gt lt lt 0662 0004 gt gt ref lt CHOD C C A conversion table 0602 0007 0602 0009 6662 000b Load register w 9 Built in BIOS Preprocessor All Data formats including DB DW 0602 0012 gt gt xref lt 66080 gt lt lt DD amp DUP conversion table 6662 0016 0662 681b get byte count 70602 801f Store AL at ES DI 6662 0021 l Turn ON Interrupts 0602 6622 50662 6025 DOS 4c terminate AN EXE Unpacker included too much to start over it s a programming man ager s dream Save your employer huge new programming fees and enhance your marketabil ity Dise Doc is so easy to learn you ll be a high dollar hero in no time Knowledge really is power DiseDoc Professional is an amazing new teach ing tool Learn how programs work take them apart and see the writing techniques that top pros use Use it to assist in debugging Hunt down vir uses and write killers DiseDoc can save you years of frustration and it only costs 149 95 including the EXE Unpacker until January 1 To order your DiseDoc Professional kit or our free demo disk simply call 1 800 446 4656 WITHIN CT amp OUTSIDE THE U S CALL 203 953 0236 MasterCard amp VISA Shipped Immediately Via UPS RJSwantek Inc 178 Brookside Road Newington CT 06111 Continued from page 36 Begin RATE Subtract D 1 from 2 PSR LL Em XL 1 p ye ee T a2 X2 2 a oe ee we Co o
79. 7 Hey stack pointer 7 get free stack space replace with smaller value return segment return offset return to DX CX return Lo CX write message and exit _stksiz just before exiting Assuming stack checking is enabled see your com piler documentation _stksiz will con tain the smallest amount of free stack space for the portion of the program that was actually executed The routine presented here is for the small memory model and was written for MASM 5 0 To change memory mod els you need only change the MODEL directive Jack Whitney Whitney Software Inc P O Box 4999 Walnut Creek CA 94596 415 933 9019 Jans noA ISSUE 53 Acquired Intelligence Sintar Software Alphax Systems Inc Micro Cornucopia Software Blacksmiths Inc Annabooks Microprocessors Unlimited Software Science Inc Austin Codeworks Microsphere Inc 94 Inside Front Star K Software Systems Az Tech Software Inc Midnight Engineering 8 Symbologic Symmetric Research Berry Computer Bluebird Systems Turbo Users Group Technica Rex CC Software Traxel Labs Carlson Turbo Power Catenary Systems i Upper Deck Systems Computer Book Co Compuview Products Inc 7 V Communications Coronado Enterprises Paradigm Systems Vernier Software Cottage Resources Peripheral Technology Photronics Wenham Software Co Emerald Microware Programmer sJournal Inside Back Western Hydrologic Systems Erac Co Western Wares Quantasm Corp Whitney S
80. 9 FLOPPY DISK FILE e Stackable For Convenient Storage e Adjustable Metal Follower Keeps Disks Upright and Neat e Sturdy Fiberboard Construction e Easy Pullout Drawer With Metal Brasstone Handle and Card Holder s 10 Dividers Included e Available for 5 25 and 3 5 Floppy Disks Disk Storage Mode Size Capacity 33 1 3 50 100 55 1 5 25 150 Price Size HxWxL In 15 70 5 25x4 25x15 17 20 7x6 5x15 Plus shipping 3 20 Per Unit In Florida Add 6 Sales Tax No shipping charges with orders of 12 or more boxes WE ACCEPT VISA AND MASTERCARD LOALCO Inc P O Box 7117 Delray Beach Florida 33484 Telephone 800 869 9241 e 407 243 6222 Reader Service Number 215 Why you want BATCOM BATCOM is a batch file compiler that compiles your 5 bai files to exe files to make them faster more professional and more capable BAT COM extends DOS with new commands so you can read keyboard input perform arithmetic use subroutines and much more In addition BAT COM protects your source code and you can distribute your compiled programs without royal ties For IBM PC Only 59 95 Order today ZN Wenham Software Company T e 5 Burley St Ni Wenham Ma 01984 508 774 7036 Reader Service Number 124 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 93 NEW COMPUTER BOOKS Select from thousands of new titles in C C ADA Pascal Modula Assembler Basic Lisp Fortran f
81. Beings UO est Rize Fe ve aka 2 75 evalQ C function to evaluate ASCII infix expression string 17 built in functions Cee ee ee eee 75 XT BIOS Kit roll your own BIOS with this complete set of basic input output functions for XTs 00 000 75 Professional C Windows lean amp mean window and keyboard handler CU 70 Heap Expander virtual memory manager using expanded memory extended memory and disk space 65 Quincy interactive Cinterpreter 2 6 0 CG 60 Symtab Ptree general purpose symbol table parse tree construction and management package specify SymtaborPtree 60 Coder s Prolog Version 3 0 inference engine for use with C Reet Pro E Teds Ge dee ed ok BU AN ee Ba a Mah 60 Async Termio Unix V compatible serial interface for MS DOS stty ioctl SIGINT etc 2 ee ee 55 Backup amp Restore Utility by Blake McBride Con le volumes file compression amp encryption 0 0 550 Floppy TAR TAR backup and restore on MS DOS devices direct access to non standard devices 000cc 50 SuperGrep exceptionally fast revolutionary text searching algorithm also searches sub directories 50 OBJASM convert obj files to asm files output is MASM compatible AA UU 50 Multi User BBS chat mail menus sysop displays does not include Hayes modem driver ee ee 50 LaplaceB Lanes polynomials real an sample K RE RE UA GP aes
82. Bob Wallace PC Write make over 52 million a year Marshall Magee Automenu and Dave Berdan File Express are grossing over 61 million a year These big bucks have put stars and dollar signs in the eyes of thousands of programmers That s why thousands of people make little from shareware while a handful prosper If you have ideas about making real money from shareware consider these 1 Writing the program is the easy part Sending out disks to vendors uploading to BBSs responding to users fixing bugs adding requested features and improving the documentation are not only more work they aren t as much fun They take up time and cost you money Two classic examples of proper marketing are Datastorm s Procomm and Magee s Automenu Procomm was not the first shareware communications program nor was it significantly better than Qmodem But Datastorm s people knew how to market the program Marshall Magee took a program in one of the most crowded arenas of PC software DOS menu programs and turned it into a winner In shareware circles Magee is known as Mr Image He knows how to market and he learned it on his own 2 You don t have to choose between shareware and nonshareware market ing There is nothing sacred about shareware it s just another way of marketing As the prices of retail pro grams have approached shareware prices programmers have had to be aware of both arenas If you market thr
83. DefaultoutputFile db 12 DATA our DTA CG aapi InitFileOffset dd 1623447 pighe rey l baa db 1000 dup U TEXT t _PataSegi endp ean ends end Figure 7 INITDATA PAS SL DATASEGI oba f L patasagi external 15 T 2 G enon a DefaultinputFile string 79 DATA TIR DTA T DefaultOutputFile string 79 DATA OUT DTA Initrileoffset longint i 1623447 BigArray array 1 5000 of char 1000 dup TEXT end T ae Datasegl G DataSeglType n word bagin o Datasegi r patasagii point to initiali with DataSeg1 do a es begin 7 S weitein Default rnpatfile _ writeln DefaultOutputFile writeln InitPileOffset for nas 1 to 30 do write BigArray n e writeln Figures 8 DATAL PAS unit Datat REKKRRAKRAKKR interface KANAKKAAKAAKAY DAEA_IN DIA arzay 1 5000 0 char T Confusing Code include lt stdio h gt text count int c nlines nwords nchars inword inwordsN0 nlinesanwords nchars 0 while c egetchar 1 E0F nchars if zef Mn tenlinessif c c n inwordeNO else if inword NO inwordeYES nwords printf Sd Xd d n nl ines nwords nchars C It Your Way include lt stdio h gt text count int c nlines nwords nchars inword inword lt NO nlines nwords nchars 0 while c lt getchar ls EOF es if c ja tt c n
84. Deluxe V5 5 EMERALD MICROWARE P O Box 1726 Beaverton OR 97075 VISA and Mastercard accepted Please include 6 00 shipping and handling 58 50 for COD UPS Blue or RED Label additional according to weight Prices subject to change without notice Please include your phone number with all n lebas MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 29 I use the SCI s interrupt to grab each character as it comes in then stash the data in a circular queue Eventually the mainline code gets around to pulling the character from the queue and processing it Data from the keyboard arrives much more slowly In my somewhat ad vanced years I can no longer type much above 4800 baud The MCU simply glances from time to time at the key board port If the line tied to the key board s strobe signal shows that data is available the MCU grabs it Data from the terminal to the host computer also uses the SCI but the pro gram has no need to send anything in a steady stream It currently sends a single character to the computer each time a key is pressed so this function hardly requires interrupts On To The Software I ve divided the assembly language code into several major functions The LCD routines initialize and update the display The output compare OCMP server handles the 200 usec tic inter rupts The SCI server takes care of in coming data from the computer The mainline code does everything else such as processing keyboard
85. Document Number MC68HC11PM AD d MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 19 When you re up to your knees in a new issue this one the last thing you want to deal with is a bunch of snakes Fortunately these snakes won t object to GRAS that s Generally Regarded As Safe Now whose system would benefit from a case of slithers nderstand now I set out to do U what I was supposed to build a voice control system using the Motorola VCP 200 Radio Shack 276 1308 This chip will recognize five phrases independent of the speaker go stop turn left turn right and reverse Its data sheet from Radio Shack includes a schematic for the chip s circuit All I needed to do was connect the chip to the microphone and analog amplifier filter from Micro C 50 But I didn t do it yet I became dis tracted trying to imagine how I d use my apparatus I should have listened to Larry who never gets bogged down in these kinds of details So I digressed what was I to do with the signals from the chip How could I use commands like left turn and reverse I speculated draw something on a screen an entity which moved under voice control leading perhaps to a vocal PAC MAN But what entity Then as though in a vision on a hot hazy day in the high desert it came to me snakes A snake an object is a bunch of linked segments also objects To move the snake forward I d create a new segment call it t
86. GA VGA and Super VGA adapters are supported up through 800x600x256 22 modes in all Assembly Language source code is optionally available Trademarks are p pling data or sending them instructions This is important because low power analog systems can take several hundred microseconds to wake up Third I found that the input im pedance of the 6811 s A D Converter is so high that open unused inputs will show significant voltage Tie unused in puts to ground through a 100K resistor Fourth with any low power system you ll need to pay attention to input im pedance Pullups should have a pretty high resistance 100K works well To Boldly Go So what s the Bear doing It s logging blast furnace temperature data for specialty melts monitoring freezer temperatures and recording weather data It has been stuffed inside a fresh fish during air shipment Bear Eaten by Fish It s been taken to the opera you get drowsy in the balcony when it s 80 degrees up there and hung on grape vines in Napa Valley It s even measured actual earthquake weather in San Fran cisco Add 5 package for UPS Ground Texas Residents add 8 Sales Tax The Bear Of The Future Where does it go from here For start ers like any creative designer I want to take advantage of more features of the 6811 I d like to use the frequency count ing and pulse counting features of the PAI system so the Bear could log digital data
87. Have a copy protected diskette with a particularly stubborn protection scheme Would you like to be able to read your Macintosh disks in your 372 in ternal drive in your PC or AT Repair a disk that s damaged even between sectors How about speed ing up your hard disk backups if you are using PC Tools Deluxe The Copy Il Deluxe Option Board can help you do all of this and more A must for ing sophisticated user Copy Il Deluxe Option Board Central Point Software INCORPORATED 139 95 PC Tools Deluxe V5 5 by Central Point Software This is one of the great bargains in MS DOS utility software But with so many features built in we think that many people are overlooking the REAL value in PC Tools DISASTER RECOVERY Sure the shell is great for copying viewing editing and deleting files and the desk top environment is nice for its appointment calendar note pad phone dialer calcu lators and ASCII table The fast hard drive backups can t be beaten by any other program and the file unfragmenter speeds up hard drive accesses But where else can you get all of that along with UN DELETE REBUILD and UNFORMAT Have you ever entered ERASE and realised when all was said and done that you were in the wrong directory How about those dreaded messages from CHKDSK like File allocation error The very first time you recover your missing files will make you a believer Don t wait until it happens PC Tools
88. I never owned a Stinson but I used to park my 7AC in a hangar next to one so your remark hit me with a zonk of 10 on the Richter scale However many months went by before I needed to renew Micro C and time is a notorious healer I m still here I won t attempt to refute your re mark But Ill soften the zonk Obsoles cence where is thy sting by recalling the following 1 Mr Alan Turing proved a theorem which says that what one computer can do any computer can do Of course any theorem is based on assumptions and unfortunately no theorem can make my BBII do color graphics Still for compos ing this letter my BBII is just as good as the latest 32 bit screamer A Turing theorem for aircraft on the other hand would have little practical value There simply aren t many tasks at which a B2 bomber and a Stinson are equally effec tive 2 Unless your Stinson spent the 30 years in a museum I ll wager the fabric and most of the engine aren t original Someone has shelled out hard cash just to keep that Stinson from becoming worse than obsolete My BBII has con sumed negligible cash 3 If 3 BB years equal 30 Stinson years then 10 BB years is a century That spells antique where I come from So if I hang on a bit longer I can contest the high ground now held by the Imsai Of course you d have to dezonk your Stinson analogies To atone for past excesses you might even start a semi regular old folk
89. ILE language includes testing branching looping user prompts Simple search 1 40 min 1 36min Cannot Cannot keyboard input string and numeric variables and control over Save and continue 1 05 min 3 23 min Cannot Cannot the size position and color of windows Source level macro 60 000 replacements 3 18 min 1 44 hour Cannot Cannot debugging with breakpoints and tracing Macros developed pawan bp 40x200 2sec 30sec Cannot 2sec with VEDIT PLUS also run under VEDIT middle oft Meg file 1 11 min 15 13 min Cannot Cannot 30 day money back guarantee Call for pricing of XENIX OS 2 PRICE 69 195 75 54 95 and FlexOS versions Very attractive quantity pricing is avail able for schools hardware and software vendors VEDIT and CompuView are registered trademarks of CompuView Products Inc BRIEF is a trademark of UnderWare Inc Norton Editor is a trademark of Peter Norton Computing Inc QEdit is a trademark of SemWare Introducing The 1st Family of Low Cost Powerful Text Editors 29 69 VEDIT PLUS 185 VEDIT Jr VEDIT FREE Evaluation Copy _ Call 1 800 45 VEDIT Compare Features and Speed N nang CompuView 1955 Pauline Blvd Ann Arbor MI 48103 Reader Service Number 7 31 3 996 1 299 Fax 313 996 1308 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 11 Supports IBM PC XT AT PS 2 and clones with CGA MGA EGA VGA Wyse 700 Amdek 1280 and other displays Also supports C
90. IX to MS DOS without any re training The core of the CLI kernel is based on recursive definitions and references to Alias Logicals Symbols and Lexical Functions from the command line batch programs and existing application programs without any modifications Powerful command programs can be quickly written for a wide range of purposes such as flexible control of code 4 data management code development 4 code support tools automated file device maintanence utilities creation of generic command procedures installations amp system re configurations For the first time designers developers and managers can coordinate software development and production efforts without the major limitations and restrictions in the MS DOS environment e VMS is a trademark of D E C s UNIX is a trademark of Ager s MS DOS is a trademark of MicroSoft 1005 Sussex Blvd Broomall PA 19008 Reader Service Number 187 215 543 2658 SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER The new PT68K4 computer board has all the features of the K2 series plus extra benefits It is available in 2 speeds 12MHZ and a super fast 16MHZ with increased memory capacity to a maximum of 12 MB 4 RS232 Ports 7 XT Expansion Slots Floppy Disk Controller x 1 Memory Expansion Slot Real Time Clock 2 Parallel Ports Optional Operating Systems BASIC KIT 12MHZ 4 layer board Processor Humbug Monitor 4K SRAM 2 Serial Ports 220 K4 COMPLETE KIT 16MHZ with 512K
91. It would be nice to have the Bear log the time of events not just at regular intervals And of course there are thou sands of sensors that can tie right into our 0 to 1 Volt standard input Eventually I expect to enter the world of surface mount volume production I will have to do a new circuit board and find a whole new list of suppliers and packages to make the Bears If Knew Then What I Know Now No design article would be truly complete without a True Confessions section Hindsight being what it is I cer tainly would not have done the whole package in assembly As I write this other programmers are adding software features It would be much easier now if I d developed in C from the beginning I made it much harder on myself in the battery department by not seeking 1 800 227 0918 VISA MC AMEX COD CHECK PO expert advice at the beginning We ve learned some things about batteries that cost time and money My money I am thankful that I used a processor which I knew well There are many sub tleties in the use of microcontrollers They are powerful critters but you can wind up with powerful headaches if you _ignore their little gotchas Take the time to learn their ways and you can do a lot References Motorola 68HC11A8 HCMOS Single Chip Microcontroller Manual Motorola Document Number MC68HC11A8 D Motorola 68HC11A8 HCMOS Single Chip Microcontroller Programmer s Refer ence Manual Motorola
92. L Query System SQL retrievals on B trees plus windows 0 AA UA AA 325 GraphiC 5 0 high resolution DISSPLA style scientific plots in color amp hardcopy o e 6 1 ee e 325 PC Curses Aspen Software System V compatible extensive documentation AA 290 C Data Manager object oriented data management persistent objects from runtime definitions network and entity models 250 MEWEL extensible window and event library by Magma Software message passing amp object oriented SAA compatible dialog editor 250 TurboTEX Release 2 0 HP PS dot drivers CM fonts LaTeX MetaFont 0A AU 250 db File amp db Retrieve by Raima B tree and network database with SQL query and report writer multi user 5475 245 Greenleaf Communications Library interrupt mode modem control XON XOFF specify compiler 225 CDirect multi user hashed file manager variable length fields binary or ASCII data alternate keys 210 SilverComm complete asynchronous communications library ACC 210 Wendin DOS Plus self bootable multitasking multiuser MS DOS replacement includes XTC editor 180 QuickGeometry Peay Marge collection of mathematics graphics display amp DXF subroutines for CAD CAM CAE CNC 170 CBTree B tree IS river multiple variable length keys 0 AA 0 AA UU 5165 TurboGeometry library of routines for computational geometry V
93. M 0 12K bytes mask ROM programmed at factory External Memory 64K byte address space with mux d bus Serial Communications Interface SCI to 131K baud Serial Peripheral Interface SPI clock speed to 1 2 crystal freq Parallel I 0 up to 38 bits some dedicated Input or Output 16 bit Timers Four Stage Prescalar 3 Event Capture Counters ICF 5 Counter Controlled Outputs OCF Pulse Accumulator Input PAT 8 Channels of 8 bit Ratiometric A D Conversion 2 Hardware External Interrupts XIRQ non maskable and IRQ maskable Programmable Real Time Interrupt and Watchdog Timer WAIT STOP Low Power Modes 6801 based instruction set plus 16x16 Integer and Fractional Divide Bit Manipulation Instructions Direct Extended and Indexed 2 16 bit Index Registers Addressing aw By H Ward Silver RBR Design P O Box 1608 Vashon WA 98070 206 463 2833 9173 Fax 206 463 9122 sample is an average of eight rapid samples thus minimizing high frequency noise You ll probably use Continuous Mode for most field shipping or remote applications When you re sampling at a very slow rate the processor can shut down between samples saving power Programmable Fixed Mode A second mode uses the real time clock to take bursts of data at preset times This is called Fixed Mode and it lets you control the time resolution of the data Real Time Mode The third logging mode samples on request by a host computer A command s
94. M COMPUTERS We carry all IC s for Kaypro repair NiCds 12V Pack AACells 7ah 6 50 Sub C Cells 1 5ah 1 50 12V Pack Sub C Double D Cell 2 5V 4ah unused 8 00 COONS kang KNA 1 75 7 2V RC Pack 1 2ah GEL CELLS Kanai DI PI s 2 00 ROBOTICS 5V DC Gear Motor wfTach 1 x2 Z80 Controller with 8 bit A D 12V Gear Motor 30 RPM 7 50 Cable DBOM DBOF 1 length 2 00 High Voltage Power Supply Input 15 30V DC i Output 100V 400V 16KV 6 50 MINIMUM ORDER 25 00 IC s 81 189 Video Pal 81 194 RAM Pal 81 Series Char Gen ROMs 81 Series Monitor ROMs SWITCHERS AT 200W Pulls tested SV 75 12V 6 12V 3 5V 5 5V 9 5A 12V 3 8A 12V 8A 5V 3A 12V 2A 12V 4A SVIGA 12V 2A 12V 1A SVIGA 24V 1 114A 12V 6A 12V 6A 29 00 HP DC DC 12Vin 5V 8A 12V 5A 5V 3A 45 00 VERSATEC 8222F 22 Electrostatic Printer Plotter 200 dots per inch Up to D size AT 80286 6 CPU BOARD with reset and monojcolor switch Connector for KB Battery amp SPKR Phoenix Bios tested with Award 3 03 6MHz can be upgraded to 8 or 10MHz Use with backplane add memory board I O board etc TERMS VISA OR MasterCard Add 3 Certified Checks Money Order NO COD Personal Checks must clear BEFORE we ship Include shipping charges California residents add 7 1 4 Sales Tax Reader Service Number 93 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 45
95. M PC much faster on other computers The program even does X vs Y plotting KY Picttine Aoda CA vs 6 gt so you can display Lissajous figures on the monitor Order Code MPP IBM 49 95 voitsvpiv Bee Trlevering Ma Triggering The IBM MPLI Package price of 310 includes 12 bit Interface Board with manual and sample programs Vi nier MPL Interface Box cable and test leads Call write or fax for more information 9 N ba oe ngarag MPLI Program with extensive manual 292 89th Street aa lt Portland Oregon 97225 A similar package is available for the Apple I computer 503 brea C 503 297 1760 Reader Service Number 208 44 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 Baby 386 20 24 Motherboard One 32 bit slot Five 16 bit slot Two 8 bit slot Maximum 8 meg on board 1 meg SIMMS 0K on board 80287 or 80387 or Weitec Co Processor slot Shadow RAM 20 630 24 650 1 meg SIMMS 80ns 115 16 BIT VGA Card RESOLUTION COLOR with 512K RAM Runs all standard VGA modes 256K RAM on board Drivers for AutoCad Lotus Framework GEM VP WP WS 8 MS Windows 1 year warranty For 512K 530 extra 185 P O Box 1108 14179 Halper Road Poway California 92064 619 679 8360 MOTHERBOARDS 386DX SX 286 DX5000 386 25MHz 32K Cache 16 Meg Simms AMI Bios Full DX4000 386 20 24MHz Shadow 8 Meg Simms AMI Baby P9400 386SX 16MHz 8 Meg Simms Phoenix Bios Baby P9200 386 SX 16MHz 2 Meg Dip AMI Bios Baby SUPABOARD 286 12MHz 4 Meg D
96. MBO Project Part Two PCX Compatibility A 68000 Based Multitasking Mail PO Box 223 Bend Oregon 97709 United States Issues 1 34 issues 35 current 1 503 382 5060 Kerne The Very Early Days of Computing 96 pages ISSUE 49 9 89 VO VO Build A Computer The Easy Way PostScriptals Prog Logic Controllers Driving Stepper Motors Writing TSR Programs Low Cost I O For The PC Interfacing 16 Bit Devices 96 pages ISSUE 50 11 89 3 D Graphics 3D Surface Generation PC Video Frame Grabber LIMBO Part Three PostScript Part Two UNIX For The PC Capturing amp Graphing A Voice In Real Time Part 1 96 pages ISSUE 51 1 90 Embedded Systems Embedding An XT Motherboard Writing A Neural Network in C LIMBO Part 4 Getting Started in Hardware Capture amp Graph a Voice 3D Surface Generation Pt 2 Marketing Your Own Software 96 pages ISSUE 52 3 90 C 2 0 Training A Neural Network Debugging C Pointers Using MEM The AT Keyboard Interface Filling in The Holes On Your XT Logic Families EPROM Programming Controlling Runaway C With CC Rider 96 pages s0 53 00 each ppd 53 95 each ppd 55 00 each ppd 57 00 each ppd MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 77 PRO a GI NU NIN inmin tnai IN bord CLI is an intelligent front amp back end processor that enhances the MS DOS system kernel CLI provides many features of advanced OS s like VMS and UN
97. Monochrome Graphics Adapter is designed to allow programming from the PC XT AT host bus You can completely replace our 34010 software with yours to directly hamess the incredible image processing power of the TMS 34010 for your application We make a complete set of development tools available including an assembler C compiler program loader 34010 debugger and PC interface tracer debugger Our stand ard product includes support for extended CGA MDA and Hercules emulation as well as a host addressable graphics bit map We also support and recommend the DGIS graphics interface standard from Graphic Software Systems for applications development as an alternative to native 34010 software development Ready to run drivers are available for most major applications software packages as well Custom Designs Available PC Tech will license most products for non exclusive manufacture We will also cus tomize any of our designs to better meet your needs on our in house CAD systems All of our standard products are available in private label versions About PC Tech PC Tech has been designing manufacturing and marketing high performance PC re lated products for over three years Our standard product line includes processor memory and video products All products are designed manufactured and sup ported in our Lake City Minnesota facilities Designed Sold and Serviced By BG saa se le High resolution fractal produced on the PC Tech C
98. No 53 May 1990 3 95 Fre CRO LE GAN N LC ANL AOW RENAL MICRO CORNUCOPIA Micro Controllers In this our hysteric final issue we cover one of our favorite topics micro controllers and their cousins the data loggers Designing A Micro page 8 Controller Designing a controller is simple when you start out with the right micro Building A Two chip page 26 Terminal The perfect accessory for your micro controller E Waylaid By Snakes page 20 resi eee A low down look at objects in the grass Save The Floppies _ page 54 Routine complete with code for recovering bad sectors on floppies And More Shareware Favorite Tools Initializing Variables in Turbo Pascal Faster Neural Networks Il g N Em r D A zz r r GREAT VALUES FROM MICROSPHERE SUPER 25Mhz 386 SYSTEM with 4MB RAM and Rotary Voice Coil Hard Drive For extra speed and reliability we ve included a 66MB Mitsubishi f AT 386S SYSTEMS Pl Includes 1MB RAM 1 2MB amp 1 44MBFD 1 40MB Hard Drive 28ms Fast Hard Drive N Controller Mono Graphics Video Card 12 Amber Monitor 101 Key Keyboard ng Serial 2 Parallel 1 Game 1 Ports Clock Calendar Full 1 Year Warranty i FREE assembly and testing i 6 10Mhz 286 AT 1 8 12Mhz 286 AT 8 16Mhz 286 AT 16Mhz 386 SX Video upgrades for our systems includes video card and monitor ATI Graphics Solution CGA Color 1 EGA Color VGA Color Analo
99. OLOR 34010 612 345 4555 612 345 5514 FAX Reader Service Number 3 PC XT AT DGIS Hercules and Award BIOS are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies ww 907 N 6th St Lake City MN 55041
100. P low power mode Since baud rates get generated by dividing the processor s clock you ll want to choose the processor frequency carefully I selected 8 0 MHz so the Bear can talk at all the standard baud rates The 6811 s SCI output is logic level not the 12V standard for RS 232 I chose not to use the familiar 1488 89 RS 232 interface because of their hefty power needs and their use of 212V Instead I used the Maxim MAX232 It has two line receivers and two line drivers and it has a charge pump for generating RS 232 line output voltages By controlling the amount of power to the charge pump I control power con sumption Real Time Clock And Serial Peripheral Interface SPI System During the initial development of the Figure 3 MC68HC11 Family Members MC68HC11A8 Family Built Around this Device MC68HC11A1 lo 512 256 0D Same Die as A8 but ROM Disabled MC68HC11A0 o lo 256 0C Same Die as A8 but ROM and EEPROM Disabled XC68HC11B8 256 Early Experimental Version XC68HC11B1 lee 512 256 0D B8 with ROM Disabled XC68HC11B0 of es 256 0C B8 with ROM and EEPROM Disabled MC68HC11E9 12K 512 512 0F Four Input Captures and Bigger RAM and 12K ROM MC68HC11E1 fo 512 512 0D E9 with ROM Disabled MC68HC11E0 o b e 0C E9 with ROM and EEPROM Disabled MC68HC811A2 o f fons jam No ROM Part for Expanded Systems MC68HC11D3 a lo fase N A Economy Version No A D and Smaller Memories Notes 1 Th
101. PRINTERS Citizen 120D 120 25 CPS 80 COL 165 00 Citizen 180D 180 35 CPS 80 COL 180 00 Citizen HSP500 300 66 CPS 80 350 00 Citizen HSP550 300 66 CPS 120 475 00 Citizen GSX140 200 CPS 24 PIN 345 00 GOLDSTAR MONITORS MBM 1210A 12 TTL AMBER 90 00 MBM 1401A 14 Flar Screen TTL 135 00 MCH 1420 14 EGA 640x350 345 00 MCH 1430 14 VGA 640x480 375 00 VIDEO CARDS ATI VIP Card VGA CGA EGA MGA ANALOG AND TTL 800x560 175 00 ATI VGA Wonder 256 1024x768 225 00 ATI VGA Wonder 256 16 bit 375 00 Paradise Basic EGA 640x350 99 00 Paradise Basic VGA 640x480 175 00 Paradise VGA Plus 800x600 199 00 Paridise VGA Plus 16 Bit 275 00 WD WX1 Auto Config PC XT 65 00 WD WX2 Auto Config PC XT 55 00 LONGSHINE LCS 6210D PC XT S 45 00 WD WAH AT 16 Bit 2 Hard Drive S 75 00 WD 1003SM1 AT 2 1 Int 99 00 1003SM2 Hard Floppy 2 1 125 00 1006SM1 AT 1 1 8K Cashe 125 00 1006MS2 Hard Floppy 1 1 135 00 1003SR1 RIL 2 1 Int 125 00 1003SR2 RRL Hard Floppy 135 00 1006SR1 RLL 1 1 8K Cashe 135 00 1003SR2 RLL Hard Floppy 145 00 SEAGATE DRIVES AND CONTROLLER IN STOCK Please call for current price kkkkkkkkkk 2400 BAUD MODEM x Xkkkkkkkkkkk by Computer Peripherals 2400 Baud Internal and Software 85 00 2400 Baud External and Software 140 00 CASCADE ELECTRONICS INC ROUTE 1 BOX 8 RANDOLPH MN 55065 507 645 7997 Please ADD shipping on all Orders COD Add 3 00 Credit Card ADD 5 MN Add 6 Sales Tax Subject to change Reader Servic
102. Package Another interesting part of KBD is the use of the int_intercept function from the Zortech interrupt package The inter rupt package handles all the details of saving the original interrupt vector put ting the new one in place setting up a stack for the service routine chaining to the old service routine if requested and restoring the old vector when finished Note that breaktrap my replace ment for the ctl C interrupt returns a 1 This means don t chain to original in terrupt If it returned a 0 it would mean chain to the original interrupt now then return Since our entire reason for trapping the interrupt was to keep the original from being called we don t want to return O DOS Exit Values In the example above we used error level to check the exit value of the LOGIN program But the program being executed by the BAT file is KBD not LOGIN How can I do that With the clever trick of using one of the spawn functions spawnvp in this case which returns the program s exit code Then I return that value from main in KBD PROMPT DELIVERY S SAME DAY SHIPPING USUALLY QUANTITY ONE PRICES SHOWN tor FEB 25 1990 OUTSIDE OKLAHOMA NO SALES TAX DYNAMIC RAM 1MB MEM DeskPro 386 20 295 00 SIMM AST Prem386 33Mhz 225 00 the return value of main is sent to DOS as the exit value of the program spawnvp searches the DOS path for the command and can use the arguments in argv without
103. RC error means a data error and barring physical damage to the disk simply rewriting the questionable data to the same sector should and has on numerous occa sions restore the file Levels Of Disk Access Most programs use DOS interrupt 21h to read a floppy DOS deals with files so application programmers like it No fuss no muss But we d like to get into some real trouble here We can get at the whole disk by dropping one level closer to the hardware and making use of the BIOS Nestled in ROM the BIOS doesn t know or care about directories files or any of the other high level nonsense that DOS requires With the BIOS you can access any sector on any disk whether it s allocated to a file or not including the directory and FATs And like DOS INT 21h you can choose to ignore error conditions Figure 1 FLOPFIX C FLOPFIX C Reads all sectors of a floppy Any sectors with bad CRCs are rewritten include lt stdio h gt include lt dos h gt int crc failures int sectors recovered int non crc failures void reset FDC union REGS in out reset the floppy disk controller in h ah 0 int86 0x13 Gin Sout reset FDC service 0 reset INT 13h unsigned char read sector unsigned char track unsigned char side unsigned char sector union REGS in out in h ah 0x2 get DTA intdos Sin amp out do the INT ES BX holds address on return
104. Rmult x a y Bij exe ap ee ee e o Reub d Y z B 2 X1 2 TARAH RS KT Reduce A O bi ni 7 Rmult x b y Reduce B Hanga HUDAS Rsub e y z Y 1 A 1 BHI sA Koy Bak SA Oe Ee Y 2 A 2 B 2 Rmult x c y ori Reduce y o CO TUS oe Rsub f y z End S f z Che a Aa Divide 2 by e Procedure Rdiv X1 X2 Rational Var Y Rational x 3 e Var poe Rdiv e x y e y i i Rdiv f x y Xo SERES a 7 l f OTT Invert X Subtract b 2 from 1 Rmult X1 X x b End DN Rmult e x y End Rsub b y 2 ng b 2 2 i Rmult f x y Rsub c y z aa a noe ers 2 Figure 2 GAUSS PAS l i r a co wo Writeln Using rationals we get E _ Wedtein a 1J a 2 X c 1 2 Program GAUSS ae oo Writeln e 1 ef2 01 12 Uses RATIONALS sapt AA AT Var a E 7 i Using reals Divide 1 by a A B C D E F X Y Z Rational PO AKA AA bee xr r ar Ar Br Cr Dr Er Fr Xr Yr Zr Real S i E Sighs ba ar xr Begin _ ng Daga big ufo br c br Xr XI 131 l G Dees ee AA er is ex xr A 2 1 Subtract D 1 from 2 Ar 131 ia Oe O BA AL KAL B 1 23 Ca ARAY UE B 2 1 Bees es rae E Decne ae Br 23 Paas bari bn bai ce drer dro Ctl Bee igting Aa ae er i er yr C 2 S T bia fr t fr 2x sh Cr 31 pra ma Sa ge Divide 2 by e DEL T ere oa oan E xr er E DLST h E L l 1a des ar xr T CN
105. Robert Ward 2601 Iowa St Donna Ward 913 841 1631 10 000 1 150 Lawrence KS 575 66047 290 The C Users Robert Ward 2601 Iowa St Donna Ward 913 841 1631 27 000 1 150 Journal Lawrence KS 575 66047 290 Circuit Cellar Daniel Rodrigues 12 Depot St Rose Mansella 203 875 2199 20 000 995 Peterborough NH 600 03458 350 Programmer s Liz Oakley PO Box 31060 Jay Moore 503 747 0800 30 000 1 895 Journal Eugene OR 1 195 97403 645 Computer Regina Ridley 500 Howard St Regina Ridley 415 397 1881 70 000 3 270 Language San Fransicso CA 1 940 94105 1 145 The C Gazette is a code intensive C and C quarterly for MS DOS users It specializes in in depth articles aimed at the experienced C pro grammer Code supports the major compilers and is accompanied by clear cogent prose The C Gazette is committed to the exploration of serious programming topics Bruce Eckel of Micro Cornucopia has been the Gazette s C editor for the last year Midnight Engineering the journal of personal product develop ment is the magazine for hardware and software developers who want answers about developing and marketing their own products Cover age includes just in time development product pricing marketing and tips techniques for working on your own Published bi monthly a one year ME subscription costs 19 95 for the introductory period PC Techniques is designed for a market of proven buyers of pro gramming languages tools application software ha
106. STKHOQ sw PUBLIC stksiz _stksiz dw E STKHQO wu CODE PUBLIC LABEL chkstk _ _chkstk PROC pop cx codesize pop dx gt mov bx Sp sub bx ax je overflow cmp bx STKHQQ jb overflow mov sp bx sub bx STKHQQ cmp bx L stksiz jae return mov _stksiz bx return IF codesize push dae push cx PROC ret ENDP dummy FAR dummy ELSE jmp ENDIF overflow stack probe routine called at every function entry point to verify that there is enough remaining stack space to allo cate local variables required by the func tion could be modified to also maintain a global variable that would contain the smallest amount of free stack space up to that point The routine presented here see Fig ure 2 was written for Microsoft C and is functionally equivalent to the Microsoft stack probe routine called _chkstk ex cept that a global variable called _stksiz is maintained My routine is only a little larger and slower than its counterpart To use my routine you must first de lete the chkstk module from the Micro soft run time library you are using This is because _ _chkstk is not a procedure label When testing a program I print _amsg exit PROC offset DGROUP _end 256 7 peak bottom ae write Ka and exit stack bottom slop larger than possible return offset return segment 7 subtract local requirement stack overflow stack overflow
107. St Ives Way Mississauga ONT Canada L5N 4M1 416 858 4466 Reader Service Number 219 56 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 Continued CE page 55 unsigned har track side sector status ghar fries oa FDC 0 for track 0 track lt 40 track for side 0 side lt 2 side tries 1 for sector 1 sectorc10 sector do 40 tracks 2 sides 9 sectors l first attempt status read sector track side sector if status 0 do Ce reset FDC error on first read try 2 more times always reset after an error status read sector track side sector triestt while tries lt 4 amp amp status 0 if status 0 reset FDC if status 0x10 crc failurestt if write sector track side sector sectors recovered t printf CRC error tr td side d sector d bonafide error reset after failed read is it a CRC error write OK OK n track side sector else reset FDC couldn t rewrite sector xeset after failed write printf CRC error tr td side td sector d BAD n else non crc failures t track side sector not a CRC error printf NonCRC error txh tr d side td sector td n status track side sector y x fix disk main nf ere failures non crc failures puts nFloppy r
108. THE BEND Where Am I Headed Nowhere I want to have some time that isn t already spoken for I ve spent my whole life in student mode You know if I m awake and not working then I should be I can t think of anything more enticing right now than spending two weeks or two months on a sailboat anchored off a deserted island By the end of two months I d be totally stir crazy I hope Finally I ve been feeling at odds with everything lately I ve been tense uncomfortable absent minded jumpy irritable all reminding me that Micro C and I are very close But this issue s edit struggling line by line through every article has been nearly impossible Each evening I take home the articles which need my touch Each morning they return untouched My heart s not in it Sorry My Secret Wish People who ve called after hearing rumors of the end have asked how I m feeling sad is the best I ve come up with and what I m doing next nothing No one has asked if some thing has been left out if there s been something I ve hoped would happen but hasn t Yes there is something For most of these nine years I ve secretly wished that just once for a day or an hour every sub scriber every newsstand reader every library browser who regularly thumbs through Micro C every one of you who has followed and shared this journey could get together All of us in one place at one time Twenty five thousand incredible people
109. USERS 215 Berkeley Place Brooklyn NewYork 11217 Voice 718 638 2240 BBS 718 638 2239 1 800 542 0938 H pil Reader Service Number 201 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 69 Build A TTL To Composite Video Adapter Have some old composite B amp W monitors you d like to use Here s a simple project that ll give many of them new life hen you built your clone did UUE wish that you could find a use for your old composite video monitor I had a TTL monitor for my clone system but that left me with nothing to do with my old composite monitor I wanted to add the monitor to a second 80188 based clone that I had designed but it just wouldn t operate at the IBM frequencies It wouldn t that is until I built the circuit described here Background Most CP M systems use a monitor that operates at a horizontal sweep frequency of 15 750 Hz and a vertical sweep frequency of 60 Hz This con veniently is the same as standard Ameri can television For a standard monitor the sync blanking and video all transmit on a single coaxial cable The IBM PC and clones generate a horizontal frequency of 18 KHz and a vertical frequency of 50 Hz on a 9 pin D type connector These frequencies allow more lines and better resolution but they re a problem for standard moni tors A circuit to convert the TTL level sig nals from a PC or clone is easy Unfor tunately most composite monitors can not display th
110. Unfortunately advertising s not likely to be worthwhile 6 Shareware is not a way to make money from inferior software Some folks try marketing their program as shareware because it s not slick enough to sell on the commercial market They shouldn t bother In theory shareware has to be better than retail only software because people get to try shareware before paying for it I could go on for pages and pages In fact I already have in the Programmers Guide an on disk guide for shareware programmers It contains tips on how to polish a program and documentation how to protect your software legally how to find necessary supplies and serv ices at the best prices how almost anyone can get a MC VISA merchant account and more The Programmers Guide is on CompuServe GO IBMPRO as GUIDE1 ARC and GUIDE2 ARC You can also get it by sending 55 to my address and asking for the Programmers Guide disk The Tax Man Cometh By the time you read this issue you should be starting to think about your tax return My longtime favorite tax pro gram commercial or shareware is AM Tax PC Tax is another veteran of the shareware world It usually supports more forms than AM Tax but it s line oriented an approach which is more ap propriate to a teletype terminal than a full screen computer AM Tax uses a full screen fill in the form approach in which you scroll through replicas of the tax forms fill in the blanks and watch AM T
111. View information produced by most linkers it now automatically does the translation rather than requiring you to run an extra program ZTCMAP It also now saves this information at the end of the EXE file rather than in a sepa rate file Another nice change when debug ging C programs in assembly mode where source file lines are displayed in terspersed with the assembly language instructions generated by the compiler you can single step by assembly lan guage statements In the old version you could only step from one source state ment to the next skipping over many as sembly instructions in the process Also you no longer need to worry about confusion between multiple static variables with the same name These are displayed in the data window as Varia ble file where variable is the name of the static variable and file is the source file which contains it Another very convenient feature if you can stand learning a new editor is a command which puts you in the editor ZED editing the file currently in the source window with the cursor on the currently selected line That makes fixing bugs much easier Unfortunately there is no facility for connecting this to any edi tor other than ZED There were cosmetic changes as well For example previously the menus were Lotus style on two lines at the top now they are pull down menus making it much easier to see the available options But as with most large
112. Watt PS 3 half ht 1 full ht drives 6 Bay Mega Tower 230 Watt PS MONITORS 12 Amber Monochrome TTL CGA Color RGB EGA CGA Autoswitch CGA EGA VGA Multisync 31 dot VGA Analog Amazing 28 dot KEYBOARDS Maxiswitch AT Only 101 Key Keytronic Enhanced 101 Key Focus 101 Key Tactile Switchable Control Caps Lock Dust Cover 1 Find by Micro C Staff Keyboards are XT AT switchable SOFTWARE MS DOS 3 3 w GW Basic DR DOS 3 3 w GEM SpinRite Il Disk Optimizer by Gibson Research 386Max Memory Manager for 386 Systems XT Components amp Systems Micro sphere 59 CHIPS ETC Memory 64K 256K 1MB Math Coprocessors HARDWARE MANUFACTURER COMP UTERS SINCE 1983 Orders Only Please 1 800 234 8086 Tech Calls 503 388 1194 Hours Mon Fri 9 00 5 30 855 N W WALL BEND OREGON 97701 Reader Service Number 2 ZORTECH INERT AT amp T C RELEASE 2 0 SPECIFICATION NEW MS WINDOWS COMPATIBILITY NEVI EASY PORTABILITY FROM MICROSOFT C NEVI C DEBUGGER amp EXPANDED C TOOLS NEVI 05 2 UPGRADE AVAILABLE NOW We listened carefully to DEBUGGER and now the what you wanted in a next wait is over generation MS DOS C compiler The answer is You wanted expanded and Zortech C V2 0 improved documentation Developers Aa pe TAA we bot Edition SAW NG 9200 laag You wanted Ge tina Og S S E delivered Hie ce tani aii SAAD GNAN ATAT V2 0 Se Gemme EIZ SRY Y
113. World Margins attempts to 1 produce a history of scientific at tempts to credit and discredit paranor mal events 2 define parapsychology 3 review the design operation and results of an ensemble of engineering ex periments These experiments address the interaction of consciousness with both inanimate devices and systems embodying random processes 4 create a theoretical framework to explain the PEAR results The story Margins relates is to say the least ver y in ter est ing Man Machine Connections The PEAR Program s experiments fall into two broad categories 1 man machine interactions 2 precognitive remote perception PEAR s interest in man machine in teractions stems from concern about the sensitivity of technology One possible 96 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 outcome is binary 1 or 0 The operator tries to increase the output of either 1s or Os in the controlled runs the output of 1s and Os is roughly equal In the macroscopic experiment the controlled runs produce a cascade of balls that s bell shaped In this scenario the operator now tries to shift the cas cading of balls either left or right The results as you might expect vary among operators Some had an extraor dinary ability to affect the output partic ularly as the number of experimental runs increased Typically an operator s effect wasn t significant in the first few hundred or so runs But a
114. acter to scan 2 ES DI points to the next pattern character 3 The direction flag is cleared 4 AL can be scratched We can t use EPE CMPSB because we want the comparison to be case insensi tive So the code looks like this lodsb 7 AL xor al es di ES DI pattern char inc di buffer char jadvance pattern char do they match je match yes exactly cmp al 20h case problem jne failure 7no they just don t match match BU ana te next production Now the search compiler s op timized code lodsb cmp al X 7 AL next buffer ch upcase match je continue yYes next production cmp al x jlowcase match jne failure ino continue paa AA next production Both methods have to load the next character from the buffer into AL with a LODSB a fast one byte instruction But the general method has to read the pat tern character to compare with the buff er character and to increment the pointer to the pattern DI These two steps are unnecessary in the search com piler s production because the character is known when the search begins _ In effect the Power Search method leaves one compile until runtime This last compile is blazingly fast fast enough to increase search speed signifi cantly on long searches You can add any of the seven func tions to your C code very easily Blaise gets you started with several examples and precompiled libraries for Microsoft and Tur
115. activation function would be calculated for each unit There are of course other ap proaches to dividing a neural network simulation among transputers For ex ample reference 7 describes how each transputer can process a subset of the nodes Other researchers have used transputers with non back propagation neural networks In Sum The back propagation simulation of neural networks maps very nicely into a parallel processing environment While other parallel processing platforms are available transputers provide a cheap way to optimize neural network simula tions Plus we can use these transputers for other applications as well References 1 Pelczarski M System Review Microsoft Softcard BYTE vol 6 no 11 November 1981 pp 152 162 2 Inmos Limited The Transputer Refer ence Manual Prentice Hall London 1988 3 Atkin Phil Performance Maxi misation Technical Note 17 Inmos SGS Thomson Bristol UK March 1987 4 Some Issues in Scientific Language Application Porting and Farming Using Transputers The Transputer Develop ment and iq Systems Databook Inmos Ltd 1989 5 Pomerleau D A Gusciora G L Touretzky D S Kung H T Neural Network Simulation at Warp Speed How We Got 17 Million Connections per Second Proceedings of IEEE Inter national Conference on Neural Net works San Diego USA July 1988 pp II 143 150 6 Chang M W H and Fallside F Imple
116. age UI ascension declination amp magnitude of 258 997 stars x 60 U S Cities names amp longitude latitude of 32 000 U S cities and 6 000 state boundary points s 2 6 1 ee a 35 The World Digitized 100 000 longitude latitude of world country boundaries 2 0 UA 30 KST Fonts 12200 characters in 139 mixed fonts specify TEX or bitmap format FA AU Interactive Computer Ephemeni high precision moon sun planet amp star positions USNO no source amp Downey 4 8 C source 30 The Austin Code Works Voice 512 258 0785 11100 Leafwood Lane info acw com BBS 512 258 8831 Austin Teras 78750 3409 USA FAX 512 258 1342 Free surface shipping for cash in advance For delivery in Texas add 7 MasterCard VISA Reader Service Number 4 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 31 directly for this chip as I don t think it is in the mail order houses yet Almac Electronics 206 643 9992 in Bellevue Washington will handle the parts mail order in singles price for the S version of this part with the EPROM window is about 18 Be sure to get a copy of Motorola s HC705 C8 Technical Data book literature number MC68HC705C8 D Besides all the technical info on using the HC705 this book includes a full schematic for building a programming board piece o cake It also includes instructions on using the programming board You can use just about any wiring technique you want for
117. alae ee oy i z GCD Ki Bnd Punctisa LCM A B longint longint ee z Serene ASE X Y N M vlongint Done boolean Begin M abs A N abs B Y M _ IEN lt Y then Y N X Y Done false While not done do TE X mod M 0 and mod N o then aes l done true else x x Y LCM X a Procedure Reduce Var X ation oe var ee e a CA A longint Begin 36 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 al End Var IE xa o then Begin A X 1 0 RIS NO end 4 else begin 7 A GCD IRI 591 X1 2 X 1 div A X 2 1 5 X 2 div a end Procedure Invert Var X Rational Var 3 longint Begin If X 1 0 then Writeln DIVIDE BY ZERO ERROR else if ila 2 0 then begin A 5 X 2 bite Abs X 1 X 1 0 A end else begin A X 1 X 1 5 X 2 X 2 A end End Procedure Radd X1 X2 rational var Y rational an Z A longint pag Z LCM X1 2 x2121 ug ss Z A Z div X1 2 Y 1 X1 1 a A Z div X2 2 YH 38 1 X2 1 a Reduce Y End Procedure Rsub X1 X2 rational Var Y rational Var Z A 3 longint Begin z emi x2 2 ie roe Wo z div misi ba xpi XII A xa 1 gain A Redeem Procedure molt x1 X2 Rational var Y Rational Rational __ E Continued on page 38 DistDoc v3 xx REALMODE EXE
118. ally a RAM based subroutine which is just as bad The initialization code for the termi nal program builds up a two instruction subroutine called LDAIND by writing two opcodes into low RAM Address LDAIND holds a D6 load accumula tor indexed with a 16 bit offset while address LDAIND 3 holds a 81 return from subroutine The two bytes at LDAIND 1 and LDAIND 2 get changed by another routine before cal ling LDAIND At run time a section of code stores the 16 bit address of a null terminated string into the two bytes at LDAIND 1 It clears the XR X index register then calls LCDSTRING Since the LDAIND subroutine is all set up LCDSTRING can simply call the routine to get the charac ter in the string pointed to by the XR It then increments the XR gets the next character etc until it gets the null mark ing the string s end And Now The Hardware I built the prototype terminal on a Radio Shack experimenter s card 276 158A You can find nearly all the parts in a Radio Shack or Active Electronics catalog write these companies for a cat alog if you don t have one already The only part you might have trouble with is the 68HC705 MCU You will need to contact a Motorola distributor NEW NEW Upgrade TUET Cheaper NEW C CODE FOR THE PC source code of course MS DOS File Compatibility Package create read amp write MS DOS file systems on non MS DOS computers 750 CQ
119. amming but it also allows the user to discover things about the system the programmer never even dreamed of which may work themselves back into a future version of the program Whether designers like it or not all programs go through cycles of design use redesign reuse redesign etc This we maintain is one of the reasons ex isting design techniques don t work so well they provide good structure and documentation at least theoretically but not good design flexibility In main Figure 2 you can see that the user specifies the number of snakes the size of the snakes and the speed of the simulation by entering parameters on the command line After the ANSI C random number generator is seeded using the current time the arguments are picked off the command line and an array of pointers to snakes is created on the heap Astute readers will notice I never free this space sloppy but fairly safe since the program releases the space when it exits The ifdef statements determine whether the sizes of the snakes are chosen randomly or are a fixed size both options use size_factor I create a delay function called pause defined just before main using the ANSI C time functions declared in time h see Figure 3 Get Distracted I had a lot of fun playing with this program got mesmerized actually If nothing else it s a terrific way to waste CPU cycles The source code and SNAKE EXE are available thr
120. ams in software before burning the EPROM See all internal registers and i o pins Script files can simulate complex external events Includes source 15 DOS Source Fully commented 1 1 2 1 Hercules Tools Graphics stuff w source Math Libra ascii Floating pt w source Information Modes P O Drawer F l 0 p Denton TX 76202 817 387 3339 1 800 628 7992 Reader Service Number 149 EGA FRACTAL MASTER Whether fractal novice or fractal hacker this easy to use yet powerful package lets you explore The Mandlebrot set Julia sets Dragonland Self squared dragons Biomorphs Newton s metho Peano curves Fractal landscapes Interrupt save and resume plots at any time Easily change colors set boundaries animate colors create mirror images Supports fast integer computations even WITHOUT an 80386 and 80x87 math co processors Includes a slideshow program Specify 5 1 4 or 3 1 2 disk Only 525 postage included Paul W Carlson 602 North Avenue 23 Burlington Vermont 05401 Reader Service Number 185 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 91 _of its inner workings Yes it does use undocumented INT 21h calls function 34h at least the INDOS flag but many TSR writers do that While surprising at first I now use it myself Second it seems that on every clock tick SideKick scans the interrupt vector table If it sees someone else grabbing an interrupt it wants it rearranges things
121. ars ago I couldn t believe such a great mag was published in Bend of Letters N QU U MAX di pins NAN NIN Ws N MAY KAS U KAREN all places I mean I used to live in Bend when I was 14 in the year 19 mumble mumble I don t suppose Bend has changed any since then As I recall Bend was very small I say Bend was very small Did you say How small was it It was so small that if you wanted a business phone number you looked it up on the yellow page It was so small that every time I turned on my radio the electric trolly slowed down It was so small we didn t have a regular village idiot we all took turns Bend had a newspaper though Really Yeah a traveling salesman left it at the feed store I may be exaggerating slightly but the most interesting thing I did all year there was ride my bike up the dead vol cano outside town I had just seen The Last Days of Pompeii and being 14 I had hopes it might erupt again and liven things up a bit No such luck Sounds like I missed something by not attending the Rocky Mt SOG But I had been to Gunnison before and having recently seen Deliverance I Letters continued on page 68 Ba No Pan lt 7 S Eea a Q i E i a i 4 1 w a By R ee Sees et A E r m i we we ical 7 x kaan Sat 2 i il E 7 Pag L er NG f pi sbay ba bani Kina NG LT 5 x ed to og i ee KAN t S a 3 pes PLA ty oy 2 Network Yy
122. ave facilities for dealing with struct data no others can properly handle instances of classes As an example if you expanded an instance of Car you might see the value of Model but not of Engine if En gine is really a member of the base class DriveTrain ZDB has special C debugging sup port to handle these problems Most im portant in this support is name unmangling which simplifies function name display and a new window the Class window The Class window allows convenient probing through an interrelated set of class definitions Consider that each class definition may be a derived class based on several other class definitions which may themselves be based on several other classes The class win dow helps to sift through these connec tions and if desired put up the source of a member function in the debugger s source window Of course the Class window just shows definitions of classes and member functions You still must use the Data S No Rights Reserved O fauk lt stdio h include lt ctype h gt include lt process hs include KA08 ho include Sint ho extern int okbigbut 0 these reduce resident program size exter unsigned stack A024 a bon void a qt fx enable input from the Keyboard oe puts kbd w a D o u donate a 7 ods bon _ U vodd Kbof void o CC a ae UR disable input from the keyboard D oes ao unsigned et Ha o while bio
123. ax do calcu lations and carry totals forward for you AM Tax works so intuitively you ll probably never read the manual Any time you need a subschedule all you have to do is press F6 If no IRS sub schedule exists it creates a worksheet After you use the worksheet or sub schedule you can return to the original schedule bringing along the balance In contrast the last time I tried Turbo Tax a popular retail only tax program I had to work through a confusing form menu to create a subschedule Arbitrary worksheets were not an option I got so bogged down in Turbo Tax that I never could complete the tryout The shareware version of AM Tax supports form 1040 and schedules A B C D E F R and SE All printouts can be filed directly to the IRS If you need more schedules corporate or state forms etc they have more advanced versions Finding These Programs All pd shareware programs men tioned in this column are available from public BBSs CompuServe user groups and disk distributors such as PsL In par ticular PsL coordinates quite a bit with IBMNET on CompuServe IBMNET is divided into many differ ent Forums and each Forum has many different Data Libraries The quickest way to find a program on IBMNET is through the File Finder GO IBMFF Once there you can search by program name or Key Word For example to find AM Tax you could search for the name or the Key Word TAX CompuServe limits fi
124. ay 1990 23 unique integers If I use two of these to G L a rational number I Kal rep resent 23 integer values with G D divisions between each integer I cannot have zero for a denominator and nega tive values in the denominator cancel out negatives in the numerator I can then represent 25 23 numbers with some repetitions Using the same number of bits in floating point notation I can represent 25 different values with about the same number of repetitions so floating point notation can represent a much larger set of numbers There is a tradeoff No matter how many bits I use floating point can never represent some simple rational numbers accurately Take the rational number 18 for example there are no integers a and b for which 14 a 2 The entire range of numbers represented by floating point notation is riddled with numbers which can t be represented exactly namely any simplified rational number m n where n cannot be represented as a sum of non zero powers of two Mr Entsminger states that recursive iterations of non linear equations like Nextx RX 1 X must surely en counter at least one irrational number Since the rationals are closed under mul tiplication and addition this statement as written is false Even if we consider roundoff error this error is due to a finite number of decimal places and any termi nating decimal fraction is a rational But I think Mr Entsminger is attemp
125. bly language you can force the com piler to handle most of the initialization during the link leaving only the initiali zation of a single pointer variable for the run time code Figures 4 and 5 show one way you can do this The fake procedure Procs is never called and never should be unless you feel like reaching for the red button It s simply used to export a pointer from an external assembly language program Since you cannot declare any data PUB LIC in an external procedure and still have Turbo Pascal see it you have to cheat Fortunately cheating will make your EXE file smaller especially when you MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 41 have lots of procedures in your table The trade off is that you have to maintain a PROCS ASM file in addition to the Pascal source code Typed Constants Without Limit Anyone We all know how valuable that 64K of data segment for variables in Turbo Pas cal is right Every typed constant initial ized variable gets its bite or two Some times 64K seems downright tiny Of course you can allocate all your variables on the heap But then you have to initialize them with assignments to constants embedded in your code or load in a separate data file Both approaches add considerably to the size of your EXE file You don t have this problem in any implementation of C that supports multi ple data segments So wouldn t it be nice if Turbo Pascal could manage it If only you
126. bo C The manual includes a function reference and an illuminating discussion about how the search com piler works Although I m impressed can you tell yet with the speedy string search 86 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 speed I ve discussed I m selling this program short Power Search can also handle regular expressions including negated character classes subexpres sions and repetitions A regular expres sion for you noncompiler writing types describes a language I won t go any farther into that here For more informa tion check one of the classics such as Principles of Compiler Design by Aho and Ullman In short you can easily incorporate functions to handle regular expressions into your C applications If I m leaving you with too positive an impression about Power Search Ill throw in one complaint one Ill direct at many other companies as well as Blaise The manual s index isn t bad but it s incomplete An index should be use ful most of the time If not users won t use it Nuff said The CodeRunner function library in cludes e tools for installing and safely unin stalling TSRs e support for up to 256 TSR entry points so you can allow users to go directly to specific parts of an appli cation an event scheduler for timing popups e and an ultra compact BCD math li brary TSRs developed with CodeRunner can be very small lt 2K because CodeRunner lets you discard initializa
127. cks through the mail We hope this will serve to clear up the confusion and save James sullied reputation Micro C Staff 68 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 More UNIX Bob Morein s UNIX Packages For The PC in Issue 50 was exactly the type of information I ve been looking for I turned up several other articles as well as two useful books See my list at the end of this letter One of the things I m discovering is that UNIX is quite particular about the hardware For example at least three flavors of UNIX and XENIX do not support RLL hard disk controllers nor do they support many video display boards I haven t decided which UNIX I ll purchase That decision will have to wait until I find out more about which flavors support which hardware Mean while I hope you will have enough re sponses to Bob s article to encourage more articles in Micro Cornucopia Fiedler D Future Imperfect BYTE May 1989 p 113 Fiedler D Calm Approach to UNIX BYTE Aug 1989 p 113 Combau G The UNIX Shell BYTE Sept 1989 p 315 Unger J One Man s Experience BYTE May 1989 Morein B UNIX Packages for the PC Micro C Nov Dec 1989 p 40 Fiedler D UNIX on Personal Com puters Why and How BYTE Sept 1989 Christian K The UNIX Operating System 24 edition John Wiley and Sons 1988 Fiedler D amp Hunter H UNIX Sys tem Administration Hyden B
128. complex pro grams there are still Cs amp Bs Com plaints and Bitches First ZDB assembly mode still dis plays locals and parameters e g word ptr BP 6 On one hand it is nice to see just how the variable is being accessed I can remember complaining about CodeView doing just the opposite be cause it concealed what was really hap pening On the other hand it confuses the issue All the information is there in the CV debug information to display this properly Why not at least make it an op tion For example it could be displayed in raw form when in the display mode where instruction bytes are listed to the left of the disassembly and in symbolic mode otherwise Also related to assembly mode dis play is the habit of ZDB to believe that the last few assembly statements of the last function in a source file are actually in No File There is a kind of No Pro gram s Land between each source file Another problem which only occurs if you use SEC Someone Else s Com piler or SEA Someone Else s Assem bler is that ZDB has no idea what to do with 186 opcodes This is unfortunate since MASM among other programs generates some 186 opcodes automat ically if you tell it to do so These op codes are displayed as in the source window Yet another bug after accidentally going into ZED the editor a few times when I didn t want to I erased it from the ZORTECH BIN directory I figured
129. connected it to the expansion connector on the EVB By downloading it to the EVB via the monitor and carefully setting break points I was able to debug the code without emulators I used the Ar chimedes cross assembler running on my DOS system The initial prototype consisted of the custom wirewrap board and the EVB sandwiched together and squashed into a plastic box Though the combination was about four times the size of the final Bear clients and customers were en thusiastic My message is it can be done on a nonexistent budget with simple tools Vectors Once you start developing code for a standalone 6811 you have to deal with certain facts First define the event vec tors The event vectors are addresses of code routines which the processor ex ecutes in response to certain events such as interrupts or resets The 6811 supports all the usual vec tors such as the external hardware inter rupts and reset It adds vectors for all the timer functions SCI and SPI ports real time and watchdog timers illegal in struction and software interrupts SWI For the 6811 the vector table lives at FFDO through SFFFF The 6811 reset vector lives at SFFFE FF You d better have something in mind for every single vector even if it s only an RTI Return from Interrupt Proto types often suffer from spurious inter rupts which can be a bear no pun intended to isolate Relocatable Registers And RAM The 6811 m
130. cs Use sophisticated im age processing tools create lineart TIFF PCX files NG Pn more Victor handles all the low level functions so you can concentrate on your application Rapidly test and prototype Victor comes with ZIP Image Processing soft ware to get you up and running quickly test and prototype functions before you write any code Image based applications can be developed in QuickC and Video frame grabber support Turbo C environments Victor supports EGA and VGA up to 800 x 600 and video digitizers by IDEC CCI Micromint DAK HRT Electrim Willow VG and others Victor supports Microsoft C QuickC and Turbo C includes demonstration and prototyp ing software full documentation and source code for device control routines all for only 5195 Victor with video frame grabber 5349 Call 314 962 7833 to order VISA MC COD Your applications will have powerful image processing and handling capabilities Catenary Systems 470 Belleview St Louis MO 63119 314 962 7833 Reader Service Number 217 NOW NEW PLATFORMS me OREGON C US LE m A true compiler not a translator laaiuiade l a Threecompilersinone C ANSICorK amp R C Namang m Source level debugger m Conforms to AT amp T V2 0 C EP TI TANAN TIKANG PASCAL 2 GINANG Usa gaga m Full ISO Level 1 standard aw LL ALH m Comprehensive error checking BOE m Access to command l
131. ction Prime N longint boolean Var Pr Done boolean Divisor longint Count byte Begin Prime Pr False Done False Divisor 5 3 Count 0 If N lt 10 then begin if Done true If N in 1 2 3 5 7 then Pr true end if Continued on page 36 T se a By Lance Dannon Bresee University of California Observatory Lick Observatory Electronics Lab University of California at Santa Cruz 1156 High Street Santa Cruz CA 95064 point notation is irrational Because of the large number of these irrational numbers computer science has by adopting floating point notation for all non integral numbers wandered up something of a blind alley Using floating point notation if I in crease the number of bits I use in my rep resentation I increase the range of rational numbers I can represent But I still cannot accurately represent any of these irrational rationals In fact I will encounter more of these irrationals in my broader set If however I represent rational numbers as ordered pairs of in tegers increasing the number of bits I use increases both the range and accuracy The unit RATIONAL PAS see Figure 1 defines a rational number as an array of integers and defines several operations on rationals I have not included error checking for overflow problems because I rarely use numbers large or small enough to cause problems that frequent simplification cannot r
132. cusses the prob lem of roundoff error in recursive itera tions of non linear equations Mr Ents minger points out a problem facing computer mathematics which at least for some applications has a simple solu tion This article makes several refer ences to Mr Entsminger s column so you may wish to reread it Mr Entsminger defines a rational number as a real number which is either reducible to an integer expressible as a terminating decimal fraction or express ible as a decimal fraction with a repeating sequence of digits This is a common and workable definition but not an exact one Take an ordered pair x y of integers and define an equivalence relation such that for any two ordered pairs x y and a b with x lt a and y lt b x y a b if and only if there exists an integer z where az x and bz y Think of multiplying both the numerator and denominator of a frac tion by the same number Then define two binary operations and by x y a b x y a b xa yb xb ay yb This set of all ordered pairs of in tegers in conjunction with the relation and these two operations is the number theoretic definition of the rational num bers Think of x as the numerator and y as the denominator of a fraction This means I can represent a rational number as an array of integers Compare this to floating point Longint in Turbo Pascal is 32 bits long and can represent 34 MICROCORNUCOPIA 53 M
133. data and keep ing the display looking pretty I based my LCD library on informa tion from Ed Nisley s article The True Secrets of Working with LCDs from the April May 1989 issue of Circuit Cel lar INK Ed s explanation of the LCD s inner workings really helped Because he did all his software in C Ed didn t concern himself with the re quired delays between LCD commands the C code ran slow enough all by itself Adding Delays Writing in assembly language how ever means adding delays These waits can be significant The initialization ritual for example calls for delays as long as 5 msec the shortest delay be tween sending two visible characters to the display still takes 120 psec Note All LCD commands have a required minimum delay before a subsequent command will be correctly processed However there is no maximum delay I solved this delay problem with the OCMP server and a global variable called WAITS The MCU s 16 bit timer continually counts down from FFFF through 0000 and starts over again at FFFF 30 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 The output compare register OCR can hold an arbitrary 16 bit value When the value of the free running timer matches the value stored in the OCR the MCU generates a timer interrupt To generate a fixed length time slice or tic simply figure out how many timing counts correspond to the delay you need add that value to the current value of the timer and s
134. ducts that incorporate transputers into PCs Each transputer comes on a_ small daughter board called a TRAM So far TRAMs exist for the PC Mac II VME and Eurocard buses Depending on memory configuration up to ten TRAMs will fit onto a PC motherboard Interprocess Communications You don t have to decide if two processes will reside in the same proces Contro Logic and Timers 4 K Bytes Internal Ram Bidirectional Serial DMA Link Bidirectional Serial L DMA Link External Interface sor when you write the code for the processes the code is the same Processes communicate through one way channels In theory the only way for a process to access data that origi nates from another process is through a channel but you can get around this if you want to For a channel between processes on adjacent transputers we implement the channel using a point to point hardware link Each link can either transmit or re ceive a serial stream of data at 20 Mbits sec There are four pairs of links half of each pair for transmitting the other for receiving on the T800 We can therefore attach a processor to a maxi mum of four other processors While individual links are capable of only 1 7 Mbytes sec throughput 2 4 Mbytes sec when you use both links simultaneously the aggregate com munications bandwidth of an array of transputers is phenomenal For example if you connect all the links of 16 trans pu
135. e I ve found the SPI is probably the most trouble free subsystem in the entire DataBear More SPI parts seem to be available each month Other serial dev ices such as A D or D A Converters often work fine even though they are not marketed as SPI compatible A D Converter Subsystem The 6811 A D Converter is a ra tiometric converter The output of the converter is a digital ratio of the input signal to the voltage references With the DOS world Reader Service Number 127 EDITOR The Fast Easy To Use Full Featured Text Editor Now Also Available as a TSR Utility 6 6 QEdit is a PC Magazine September 12 1989 6 6 QEdit is without question the smallest fastest most versatile text editor in the P L Olympia Ph D DBMS July 1989 Winner 1989 Data Based Advisor Reader s Choice Award UNCONDITIONAL MONEY BACK GUARANTEE 6811 these references are Vy and V Any voltage between Vy and V will re sult in an eight bit output according to the formula Input Vy Vd Vri It s easy to tie Vx to ground and V to Ve but digital noise can be a problem You can reduce the noise by adding an RC filter to the Vee power at Vr Better still use a zener diode or adjustable volt age reference to regulate Vy Also be careful about how you route a ground to Vz If digital currents flow in ground traces used for Vy you ll have a noise problem again I used a National LM235 2 5 as a re
136. e EEPROM on B Series parts requires an external 19 volt supply for programming and is not byte erasable 2 This 2K EEPROM is relocatable to the top of any 4K memory page Relocation is done with four bits in the CONFIG register 3 CONFIG register values in this table reflect the value programmed prior to shipment from Motorola 4 Available in 1988 DataBear I used the National MM58167 clock chip This venerable device worked well enough but it didn t offer absolute year clocking And it required four I O lines plus control lines On a 2 5x3 0 inch board that s expensive Then I found the RCA 68HC68T1 clock family now second sourced by Motorola The 68T1 family offers a 6811 compatible SPI port absolute year weekday time to hundredths of a sec ond and 32 bytes of static RAM in some family members I selected a 32 KHz tuning fork watch crystal as the time base although you can use crystals up to 8 MHz with higher power consumption A caveat for clock circuit designers tuning fork watch crystals have a poor temperature coefficient compared to the standard HC 6 U quartz plate crystals A typical watch crystal can be adjusted _ to 32 768 0 Hz 0 1 Hz However even at that the clock can gain or lose several seconds per week It s funny tell people that you have 3 ppm accuracy and they love it but several seconds per week is awful How do watches keep time so well It helps to keep the crystal at a constant 90 d
137. e Number 15 HARD DRIVE CONTROLLERS DOR XT amp AT MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 39 Initializing Variables In Turbo Pascal Handling Initialization During The Link Rather Than At Run Time This is hacking at its best Dave ob viously understands the limitations of Turbo and he s sent along some fixes Fun stuff void proci void Pascal 5 0 and 5 5 have a great deal to offer in terms of flexibility puts procedure code readability and development speed However because of the way the compiler and its internal linker work and because of Borland s support for only one memory model it has some real limitations Te most recent versions of Turbo Procedure Tables To Go One of Turbo Pascal s annoying limi tations is the compiler s inability to ini tialize arrays of procedures procedure tables at compile time Procedure tables are easy in C The ex ternal linker automatically initializes the address values in an initialized array of procedures at link time after they have been resolved See Figure 1 for a simple example I m not a C programmer by trade so the example may not be ele gant If you were to translate this directly into Pascal see Figure 2 and then try to compile it Turbo complains about the line that initializes the array of proce dures So what do you do if you want to cre ate a procedure table in Turbo Pascal Normally you have to waste some run time code to assign each o
138. e Yes No No No Perform blockoperations by character line file or column Undo Normal max Undo levels 500 1000 30 300 Pi Z up to 1000 keystrokes keystroke by keystroke line by line or Variable tab positions Yes Yes No No deletion by deletion Automatic indent block indent and paren Configurable keyboard Yes Yes No Difficult theses matching speed program development Word wrap Integrated mouse support Yes No Yes No paragraph formatting justification centering adjustable mar Sra nae renee bat na Said i gins and printing for word processing Run DOS programs draie IS length y gt 8096 512 65 535 512 VEDIT A best value at only 69 Maximum lines file 8 388 607 65 535 65535 20 000 Simultaneously edit up to 36 files and split the screen into win COMPILER SUPPORT None None dows Search replace with regular expressions Includes the Menu driven Yes No best compiler support available menu driven easy selection Select Compiler options Menu Difficult z of compiler options supports Include files and MAKE utilities Support Include files Yes No F VEDIT PLUS Ultimate programmer s tool for only 185 we laal diae R Simple search 0 2 sec 1 sec 1 sec 0 3 sec VEDIT PLUS adds the most powerful macro programming Save and continue 1 sec 2 sec 2 sec 1 sec language of any editor It eliminates repetitive editing tasks and 1000 replacements 3 sec 19 sec 17sec 25sec permits creating your own editing functions The macro BENCHMARKS 3 MEG F
139. e about bad sectors it would read with reckless abandon Often the bad sector had just a single bad byte An easy repair job would restore the file s readability I thought it would be useful to have this ability in an MS DOS system Forget for the moment that MS DOS already lets you repair disks with its RECOVER program At the beginning of this pro ject I hadn t made the acquaintance of RECOVER A Little Background Each sector on a disk consists of sync bytes ID address marks ID fields cyl inder head sector bytes per sector a CRC value for the ID fields a gap more sync bytes data address marks data whew at last a CRC for the data and yet another gap That s at least 105 bytes of overhead for each 512 bytes of data Add another 146 or so bytes of header info for each track and you ll get an idea of what the Floppy Disk Controller FDC has to wade through At the lowest level the FDC acting under orders from the CPU selects a drive fires up the drive motor seeks to the track performs the requested func tion and reports the results to the CPU During a read the FDC looks at the 54 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 ssuming that a CRC error means a data error and barring physical damage to the disk simply rewriting the questionable data to the same sector should and has on numerous occasions restore the file track until it either finds ID fields match ing those requested
140. e entire picture they lose the first few characters The problem is quite simple the monitors internally generate a horizontal sync pulse that ef fectively blanks the screen for a few mi croseconds after the external horizontal sync pulse ends The PC begins sending the first char acters almost immediately after the sync pulse The monitor ignores these charac ters and the result is a partial display 70 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 So how do you fix this problem First let s delve a bit deeper into how the video signal works A composite video signal consists of three basic components video vertical sync and horizontal sync The video signal is made up of the dots that the screen displays The dark areas of the screen are at the blanking level The dots you see are at the white level The vertical sync occurs once per frame and synchronizes the vertical sweeping of the screen The horizontal sweep occurs once per line and synchro nizes the horizontal sweeping of the screen We re interested in the horizontal sync On each horizontal line the PC gener ates a horizontal sync pulse that s a few microseconds wide As mentioned the video information begins immediately after that The composite monitor cannot display anything for a few microseconds If we could delay the video until the monitor had recovered from the sync pulse everything would be all right The circuit to convert the TTL level
141. e same direction by using the old direction Thus you can make the snakes do more twists and turns by re ducing chance If it s false generate a random number between 0 and 4 and cast it into a direction to indicate one of the directions in segment Note that C 2 0 forces you to cast an integer into an enum explicitly it won t just allow you to sneak it by bet ter type checking Next we create a new segment but we don t assign it to the head yet First we test to insure that the new segment won t cross over an existing segment If it does we delete the segment and the function returns without doing any thing The next call to slither will try again with a new direction When running the simulation you ll see that sometimes a snake will coil in upon itself and be unable to move If you run the simulation long enough all snakes will eventually end up this way A Flexible main In The Tao of Objects a book I am coauthoring with Gary Entsminger and we maintain that one of the fundamental tenets of object oriented programming is dynamic programming style In other words we want to determine the condi tions i e the number and type of ob jects of a program at runtime rather than at compile time By delaying system deci sions we allow new discoveries and ad justments to be made after we ve finished the system Not only does this allow us to modify a program without reprogr
142. ed him high acclaim for his On Graphics series If you are seeking that elu sive graphic edge you can t be without Power Graphics Programming Order yours directly from Programmer s Journal To order call 800 234 0386 The Power Graphics Programming code disk is also available for 14 95 Order your book and code disk today Look for these other practical Programming books from Que Available in better bookstores and computer stores everywhere Or call 800 428 5331 ext PJ01 Contact Advertiser Directly VERY HIGH PERFORMANCE Processors Memory and Display Adapters The X24 High performance processor 12 or 16 MHz 80286 with TES Small size XT height and length passive bus design 1 to 4 Mbyte 0 wait state dynamic memory Fully AT compatible Award BIOS Runs DOS versions 2 2 and later Xenix and OS 2 The X24 combines the best of motherboard and backplane designs in a 100 AT compatible system Incor porating a 16 MHz 80286 the X24 processor is designed to operate with the PC Tech Advanced System Mother board which contains the peripheral interfaces hard disk floppy disk two serial ports and a parallel port The X24 processor can also be used with other totally passive bus backplanes Most critical components including the microprocessor and up to 4 megabytes of fast memory are contained on a single PC size plug in card This allows the processor and main system memory to be serviced or upgraded w
143. egrees by strapping it to your wrist A warm hand means a timely person The DataBear communicates with the clock via the 6811 SPI port The SPI sys tem is a high bit rate synchronous Master Slave serial data port using two data lines and a clock The interface supports full duplex multiple masters handles limited data collision detection and even offers inter rupts and status flags In most simple single processor sys tems the processor gets to be bus Master All other SPI devices become Slaves You might scratch your head try ing to work out clock polarity CPOL and phase CPHA but careful scrutiny of the data sheets usually solves the problem With only four possibilities you can always psyche it out with a scope or debug monitor Once you ve configured the SPI all you need is software which knows how to talk with each slave Each slave will probably speak a slightly different pro tocol Our 68HC68T1 clock speaks data in nybbles and of course in a reverse QEdit ADVANCED QEdit has always been the text editor that combined price perfor mance and value QEdit TSR makes D Exit to DOS or DOS shell from naa Harga sig that value even better by giving a et di i da 99 S you instant access to the power of O Me Compier John C Dvorak QEdit no matter what program you re working in QEdit is packed with features D Completely configurable includ ing keyboard and colors D Simp
144. emedy There are also no functions for testing for a zero or negative in the denomina tor Since multiplication is the only operation performed on denominators these are not needed The only exception is in the INVERT procedure The program GAUSS PAS see Figure 2 uses both reals and rationals to do a Gauss elimination on a system of two equations in two unknowns Run this program yourself with different coeffi cients and notice the difference in results Try coefficients like 3 6 and 21 as well as primes Mr Entsminger points out that no system is capable of representing rational numbers to an unlimited significance No matter which representation I use I can only represent a finite discrete set of numbers Since one of the most signifi Continued on page 39 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 35 Continued from page 35 else If N mod 10 in 0 2 4 5 6 8 then done true While not Done do If Divisor gt N then begin ba ma Pr r true Done true a end ee else if N mod Divisor 0 then RL Done true else begin Count Count 1 mod 4 If count 1 then divisor Bes else divisor divisor 2 end Prime Pr End Prime Function GCD A B longint longint Var Kam x M N lengint Done boolean Begin Mat abs A N 15 abs B T M Tf N lt x then Done false s While not done Co TEN mod X 0 and M mod X 0 then ba done true Na
145. epair program puts Put disk in drive 5 and hit a key n getch fix disk O printf nere failures detected printf sectors recovered sda sectors recovered 0 An wait for key press sdin crc failures sectors recovered printf non cre failures detected d n non crc failures that Any idiot could use this pro gram True I leave it to the intrepid reader to add features and move FLOP FIX beyond the idiot phase Fini So much for my contribution to the final issue of Micro C It has been a very great pleasure to meet you all in these pages over the last four years Perhaps we ll bump into each other again in another magazine or pawing through some bin hidden in the bowels of an out of the way surplus parts house Til then semper ubi sub ubi By Laine Stump Redhouse Press Merkez PK 142 34432 Sirkeci Istanbul Turkey Batch File Prophylactics And C 2 0 Laine tries out Zortech s new C compiler and debugger at 2 a m Here s his red eye special on this new package you who think you re underpaid An article I read last week in the Turkish daily news paper Sabah Morning reported that according to a new pricing schedule issued by the Turkish government the wages of an unskilled worker are now lower than the wages of a donkey A donkey working as a beast of burden is now J ust a note here at the beginning for tho
146. er 200 object types and 2000 methods that will multiply your produc tivity Window object types let you use over lapping and resizeable windows The windows include m scrolling data entry screens m pick lists m menus m file selection m printed forms m help capability and more Build your programs using proven data object types like stacks linked lists virtual arrays and more System oriented routines provide Mm customize colors COE nn ISA swappable TSRs in only 6K of RAM EMS management and much more Satisfaction guaranteed or your money back within 30 days Add 5 per order for shipping in U S and Canada Inquire about other shipping charges OPro requires Turbo 5 5 BTF requires Turbo 4 0 5 0 5 5 or QuickPascal add headers hot spotak Customise indow Calctin Object Professional includes clear comprehensive documentation on line help full source code technical support and hot demo programs Pay NO royalties You ll get up to speed fast with OOP The range of objects is ntastic Object Professional could literally save you man years of effort Jeff Duntemann Object Professional 1 0 only 5150 Write powerful network compatible databases faster and easier using B Tree Filer 5 0 You ll have the fastest safest most flexible databases no rigid struc ture no TSR hassles no running out UUR3e pur Reader Service Number 194 of files And they re compatible with
147. ersion 3 0 160 AT BIOS Kit roll your own BIOS with this complete set of basic input output functions for ATs 160 WKS Library Version 2 01 C program interface to Lotus 1 2 3 dBase Supercalc 4 Quatro amp Clipper 155 C Generator generates C code to read amp write file records defined with C structure syntax ee ee ee ee 150 OS 88 industnal strength Usex like operating system many tools cross development from MS DOS 0 150 es Mathematical Library over 100 high quality double precision scientific functions ee ee 150 ME Version 2 1 programmer s editor with C like macro language by Magma Software Version 1 31 still 575 140 Vmem C virtual memory manager least recently used pager dynamic expansion of swap file 1 6 ee 140 Turbo G Graphics Library all popular adapters hidden line removal 2 0 CA AA U 135 Rogue Wave Vector amp Matrix Classes inc C overloadings for standard operators matrix inversion amp FFT Zortech or GNU C 125 Power Search by Blaise Computing regular expression compiler generates machine code on the fly 120 Install 2 3 automatic installation program user selected partial installation CRC checking 2 1 ee ee ee 120 TE Editor Developers Kit full screen editor undo command multiple windows ae aa ee 115 Hold Everything spawn new programs swap parent to EMS or disk
148. erything segment new seg new segment head dir check that the new segment doesn t cross over the existing snake if head gt cross_over new_seg gt seg_point delete new_seg return new direction causes cross over successfully found new direction head new_seg head gt draw if ttlength gt maxlength length head shed tail static void pause int rate for int i 0 i lt rate i main int argc char argv if argc lt 4 L fputs usage snake num of snakes size factor pause_rate n CTRL BREAK to quit n stderr exit 1 printf xlb 71 turn off ANSI line wrap ifdef 2TC__ Continued on page 24 towards the tail It s as if you re tra versing a linked list with each link an object with its own member functions This is inspired by the much more sophisticated agent example in Ravi Sethi s Programming Languages Concepts amp Constructs Addison Wesley 1989 If the rest of the book is anything like this example it s a gem The function segment shed_tail must do three things If the current seg ment is the tail in which case the pre vious pointer will be NULL then it deletes the tail thus the reason for forc ing segments to be made on the heap However if the tail was just deleted then the segment just ahead of the tail is the new tail Thus when the tail is deleted the re cursive function retu
149. est as a follow up to enquiries generated by your ads and for selling additional products to recent purchasers MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 65 Now That You re Going To Advertise 1 Order media kits The kits contain the latest ad rates rates can change from one month to the next ad deadlines ad sizes how they should be produced 2 Watch the deadlines If you ask for space you ll probably have to pay for it even if you don t get your materials to them on time Stay on top of your ad It may be obvious to you and me that ads need to change as products change But you d be surprised how many small companies run outdated ads for six months simply because they keep missing deadlines 3 Make sure your ad fits A lot of people send in incorrectly sized ads 4 Make sure it looks good You want solid black type clean lines white paper no smudges no grey no dirt 5 Keep a second copy of your ad a high quality printable copy Remem ber Murphy works for the U S Post Of fice and his brother runs Federal Express 6 Check everything for accuracy particularly the phone number I know more than one old lady who s been inun dated with orders for hard drive utilities 7 If your product runs under 100 and your ad s doing the selling you may not want a reader service number I know several companies who have been crippled by the costs of replying to reader service numbers They assumed most
150. f erence diode for the DataBear The LM136 236 336 series of references are adjustable conditioned zener diodes The nominal tolerance is 5 and I use a pot to divide the reference s output down to 1 280 Volts Refer to the Volt age Reference section of Figure 4 for a schematic of the DataBear reference cir cuit The A D Converter in the 6811 has different modes of conversion controlled Output 0 255 x 255 Continued on page 16 INTRODUCING QEDIT TSR Instant Access to the World s Best Editor SPECIAL PACKAGE PRICE OF ONLY OO INCLUDES 99 SS ADVANCED To order direct call 404 641 9002 extension 12 Add 53 00 for shipping 510 00 for overseas shipping UPS 2nd DAY AIR available within the U S for ONLY 5 00 COD s accepted please add 53 00 _ Georgia residents add 4 sales fax SEMWARE 4343 Shallowford Rd e Suite C 3 Marietta GA 30062 5003 QEdit is a trademark and SemWare is a registered trademark of Applied Systems Technologies Inc 1989 Applied Systems Technologies Inc MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 13 Figure 4 DataBear Functional Block Diagram c 1990 luF 6V CEG Operating 10M Power ICL7673 switched Power I CEO MHz ma i S PE Sbar YCC I Power Supply ERTA Switch XKTAL Maint ns p zr 184 XIRQ auntenance Power a wae it X lt Serial IRQ RESET 3 x 1 5V VN2222L Gene
151. f the proce dures to the array members see Figure 3 For an array of four procedures this doesn t add much to the run time But how about 500 procedures Then it adds up The EXE file for the small interpreter you just knocked together using proce dure tables would be fatter than it should be Plus I think it s kludgy to do all those 40 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 begia MEME writeln Procedure 3 end e S SP L const var om ot word begin ik Eor R 15 0 to 3 do Proc n gt Figure 3 PROCTABLL PAS var a Proc array 0 ay of procedure na yord sr 7 procedure Proc a 5 begin writeln Procedure end procedure P Proci begin ae writeln Procedure 1 oe end a proceduro Proc Proc array 0 3 of procedure Proc0 Procl Proc2 Proc3 By Dave Gwillim 159 Woodbury Road Hicksville NY 11801 3030 516 942 8697 ne of Turbo Pascals annoying limitations is the compiler s inability to initialize arrays of procedures procedure tables at compile time assignments especially when the linker knows what the addresses are before it creates the EXE file Is there a way to make the compiler handle this at compile time Using only Turbo Pascal no The compiler handles the initialization of typed constants before linking At that time it isn t sure where the procedures will be located However by using a dash of as sem
152. ferences e Direct Via register 1 e Implied in OS function requests Handle transfer vectors O Handle EXE COM and BIN files up to 200K Compare For Yourself equ equ segment para public assume cs seg_a ds Rang N dw srar D We ng mov dx data le O mov ah 9 f al byte ptr ds datate 15h mov bx 11H acy jmp bx db 0B4h 4Ch 0CDh 21h47 proc far ei D2B50H D2SEG mov mov jmp endp ends segment para public assume cs seg_b ds db Print string message db P ends cl ds data do e s5 ds cs data 4 2 T f A short loct C1F15H CISEG D3SEG D3B0H end start D3B15H D3SEG Semel ener get t mung 301 752 1348 CIB11H mider 1 ee In at This Se Try DASM Risk Free DASM is available through the Pro grammer s Shop for only 225 And it s guar anteed to outperform any disassembler on the market Order your copy now and throw your worst disassembly problem at it We think you ll be impressed If not just return DASM for a full refund Why settle for anything less PRET s Software To Order Call For more information call 301 752 1348 Edhile DASM generated the correct assembly code Sourcer made at least six major errors SEGMENT at OFFFOR org 50H LABEL BYTE ENDS SEGMENT ASSUME cs C1SEG ds D2SEG es D2SEG LABEL WORD dw SEG D3SEG ASSUME ds D3SEG dx OFFSET D3B0H ah 9 SN O at 03B15H lt
153. fix disk checks the status re turned by read sector If the status indicates a CRC error write sector at tempts to rewrite the sector Global vari ables for the number of bad sectors and recovered sectors get updated and we move onto the next sector You ll notice that each sector access in write sector and read sectorl starts with a call to determine the DTA This could have been done only once during program initialization since the DTA doesn t change during execution unless the program changes it expli citly But the call to DOS function 2Fh provides a convenient way to load ES BX with the DTA But Why Bother Sure sure Once again I ve rein vented the wheel But in some situations it s a better wheel a bit more round RE COVER has not been as successful as FLOPFIX in restoring damaged sectors to readability at least in my humble opinion On one occasion a RE COVERed file was not TYPEable Be sides diving into the guts of the machine keeps me out of trouble It s al MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 55 ways instructional to try to understand the inner workings of a system If I had more gumption I d disas semble RECOVER to see what makes it tick I could rip off the good stuff and add it to FLOPFIX But wisps of cloud over the nearby Cascades promise a fine day of early spring back country skiing Some other time for the disassembly Improvements As usual I ve kept things very simple A
154. found TRUE set flag ELSE edge edge fete ie L else increment to next edge 3 T a END while IE NOT found THEN comp comp fptr if not found next compon END LR while Ne TT NOT found THEN com Krn e if still not found no component ee ee et organized instantly Create Find View amp Edit notes addresses documents data No setup No keywords to define Configurable Full screen editor Turbo fast amp little WizARD The Intelligent Information Processor Only 549 ACQUIRED INTELLIGENCE PO BOX 2091 DAVIS CA 95617 916 753 0360 Reader Service Number 72 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 83 YOU WANT REVOLUTION NO Blue Flamell Solid State Disk m Forthe PC XT AT 386 DOS computers no mechanical wear R Revolutionary way to solve your disk access bottleneck Rebel against hard drive delays a Like a hard disk but it s 10 to 20 times faster Expandable 1 to 8 MB per card up to 32 MB per drive a EMS for Le LIM EMS 3 2 8 4 0 emulation software available Battery Backup option makes the Blue Flame Il non volatile 130 Concurrent DOS compatible too 2 year warranty parts and labor 1 MByte s495 9 SerniDisk Systems Inc 2 MByte 695 11080 S W Allen 400 4 MByte Scall Beaverton Oregon 97005 8 MByte Scall 503 626 3104 FAX 503 643 0625 Reader Service Number 162 PC TIMER TOOLS PCHRT is the defi
155. fred E Newman Karl Lunt Accounting Sandy Thompson so many times in my a bin in my Hab in the shower But nothing I ve come up with really feels like I feel Tm closing down Micro C and I don t know what I ll be doing next Wait till mom reads this Dad Our little David s quitting his job Quick clean up the spare room You may be wondering why it s closing rather than moving on to other ownership Good question Three groups have come forward interested in taking on L N Micro C After long discussions none felt they could put together both the finances and the talent to make it fly Q When a magazine folds a strangely appropriate word other magazines often pick up the subscribers Advertising amp Distribution Reader Services Nancy Ellen Locke amp Laura Shaw Graphic Design amp Production Carol Steffy MICRO CORNUCOPIA ISSN 0747 587X was published bi monthly for 18 per year by Micro Cornucopia Inc 155 NW Hawthorne Bend OR 97701 Second class postage paid at Bend OR and additional mailing offices POSTMASTER Send address changes to MICRO CORNUCOPIA PO Box 223 Bend OR 97709 ED Recycled Paper SUBSCRIPTION RATES As far as I know the only subscribers no one wanted 1 yas K shes PIO Were the ones taking Profiles aimed at Kaypro owners 2 yr 12 issues 534 00 2 3 yr 18 issues 48 00 _ and CP M Review So we ve had offers from several ma 1 y
156. from this ex cellent example why multiple inheri tance is useful Type safe linkage means that the type information of classes variable and functions is carried not just in the H files but in the object file as well This way you avoid the following scenario 1 compile srca cpp which uses lib hpp for type information 2 modify lib hpp and lib cpp to change a function prototype 3 recompile lib cpp 4 link srca obj with lib obj The problem is that if all type check ing is done at compile time as happens in C and C 1 0 it is possible to link two modules which have different ideas of what type certain pieces of data and functions are This could lead to dis astrous unexplainable results In C 2 0 type checking is done not only at compile time but also at link time This is implemented in Zortech C and AT amp T cfront 2 0 by adding type information to the name of each variable the compiler That way if the 58 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 type information is different you will re ceive an unresolved reference error from the linker C Compiler In terms of its use as a C compiler Zortech 2 0 has quite a few changes as well Of course all these changes apply by definition to the C compiler too MS C MS Windows Compatibility Possibly the most important change is all the work done to make Zortech com patible with MS C and Turbo C You can now use Zortech C to develop MS
157. g 16 bit Se ee ee ee w Amazing monitor CGA EGA VGA Multisync FLOPPY DRIVES HARD DRIVES XT 20MB Miniscribe Kalok 8425 65ms 8425 w controller XT 30MB Miniscribe Kalok 8438 65ms 8438 w controller H AT 44MB Mitsubishi MR535 Rotary Voice Coil 28ms PI AT 71MB MFM Voice Coil 28ms VIDEO CARDS 1 Mono Graphics w Parallel port ATI Graphics Solution Herc w CGA Emulation 9 CGA EGANGA 8 Bit 9 CGA EGANGA 16 Bit pa Prices are aik to aba without notice sapang CHARGES will be added 1 year warranty 30 day money Jack denek to Bees Tce aS MRS535 voice coil hard drive with an access time of 28ms and a super fast 1 1 interleave HD controller card 25Mhz 80386 CPU AMI Bios Full Size MB 4MB of RAM expands to 8MB on MB 1 2MB and 1 44MB Floppy Drives 12 Amber Monitor w Mono Graphics Card 101 Key Enhanced Keyboard Focus or Maxiswitch 2 Serial 1 Parallel 1 Game Clock Calendar 200 Watt Power Supply Socket for 80287 80387 or Weitek Full 1 Year Warranty 2350 Mega Tower The Most Cost Effective Way to Speed Up _ your AT or 386 System 2250 250 Less 100 Less w Std AT Case w 1MB 20Mhz 386 Ugat your hard drive controller Discover the NEXT generation of hard drive controller cards As the chart below Mini Tower Tower Cases w Power Supply Y Standard Tower MOTHERBOARDS XT Turbo 4 77 10Mhz AT 6 10Mhz AT 8 12Mhz AT 8 16Mhz 386SX 16Mhz w C amp T chip set 386 8 20Mhz
158. gement I get all the control codes all upper case letters special characters and numbers no lower case and no PC function key sequences Still it ll serve my purpose There are always other options For example you could use a surplus unen coded switch matrix This type of key board consists of a grid of keyswitches with the wires tied to each row and column brought out to a connector Pressing a key shorts a specific row to a specific column your software just scans each row or column until it detects a closed circuit You can then use the row and column where the short occurred to determine which key was pressed Though this sounds like extra soft ware it is the scanned matrix keyboard offers some benefits Since the matrix consumes no power it makes a perfect choice for low power applications The surplus market seems glutted with a variety of unencoded keyboards If you shop around you will surely find just the right size shape and style And the price will be right I picked up a brand new unencoded keyboard from United Products for just a few dollars You could also opt for a PC style key board The Keytronics 101 style key boards are usually available I recently saw an ad from TimeLine that offered a new XT keyboard for 15 Unlike the other two keyboard sys tems the PC units provide data for a 268 1 sangga T wixa ba ib Bpo e pat ASZT AGIA MAMA ONN pressed key via a serial l
159. gured out my mistake I also rewrote the program C Debugger ZDB Several issues ago I did a mini re view of the original Zortech C Debugger It was a promising product but lacked many features I needed to make it my only debugger The biggest problem was that I couldn t use it to debug assembly language programs In the ensuing months rather than keep CodeView on my disk and switch constantly from one debugger to the other I simply began to write more pro grams in C and C and fewer in as sembly When I did write an assembly language program that I needed to debug I used good old SYMDEB the de bugger included with MASM until ver sion 5 0 Finally with the release of ZDB I have a single debugger for everything As well as testing ZDB with several of my C programs I also tested it with two programs written in 8086 assembly lan guage and assembled with MASM 5 1 It even worked on a program for which I had no source Debugging In General The original version of ZDB called ZTCDB could only handle C programs While many of the improvements to the new version involve support for C and assembly language debugging there have also been changes to many other parts of the program ZDB as a C Debugger is very reminis cent of ZTCDB but with some nice addi tions For starters although ZDB still needs its debugging symbol line num ber variable type information in a different format than the standard Code
160. handles video interrupts amp environment returns error level 105 B Strin Sami string handling cut copy paste search user input etc non fragmenting memory management 105 Minix rating System Version 1 3 U sx like operating system includes manual 1 1 1 ee 105 PC IP EMU IT TCP IP for PCs Ethernet Appletalk amp NETBIOS drivers RVD gateways 0 100 B Tree Library amp ISAM Driver file system utilities by Softfocus 6 6 6 we ee 100 The Profiler program execution profile teo a RR GA AN KG BN LAAL rig ae Sy hangs ANG E ANG TE Baa Ge Wat aoe 5100 QC88 C compiler ASM output small model no longs floats or bit fields 80 function library ee 90 Booter Toolkit hoppy disk bootstrap routines DOS file system light weight multitasking windows fast memory management 85 Otter 1 0 beautiful theorem prover by Bill McCune includes manual amp two books by Wos complete starter kit 80 JATE Async Terminal Emulator choss file transfer and menu subsystem Ac 80 PowerSTOR upto a gigabyte of heap space on extended memory expanded memory and or hard disk x 580 MultiDOS Plus DOS based multitasking intertask messaging semaphores ee CU 80 HY PHEN EX a hyphenator for American English with over 4 800 rules 0 ee ee 75 Make macros all languages built in rules oa mans AN sae ORES do fa Be Gaga Tee GG
161. hard disk or floppy DOS 2 0 or later Add 3 for shipping and handling oufside USA 15 CA residents add sales tax Upper Deck Systems P O Box 263342 Escondido CA 92026 619 741 1075 Reader Service Number 211 PrestoPrint A utility that sends print files to disk fast Lets you work and print simultaneously Uses legs than 6k Uses any LPT COM port Provides printer selection Supports Xorvoff Auto releases disk space when file is printed You select amount of disk space to be used Doesn t Interfere with computer usage Only 5495 1 800 274 3007 Send check or money order to Gribbs amp Associates 331 Glencrest Dr Solana Beach CA 92075 Reader Service Number 214 sPORTt serial PORT tester sPORTt is a serial port tester for people who don t want to be data communications experts but use or write software for serial devices such as plotters mice digitizers modems serial printers or computer to computer links displays all data going in and out displays ASCII decimal hex binary lets you choose handshaking lines sends receives disk files S automatically runs port diagnostics Order today only 8 WHS 3037 Grass Valley Hwy 8201 Auburn CA 95603 916 885 2480 Reader Service Number 192 16 Megabytes EMS and or Extended Memory eWorks on 8 or 16 bit bus e16 bit transfer on AT bus Single board design e ncludes RAM disk and extensive diagnostics Quantity OEM discounts Designed
162. hat corporations look for image and support hackers look for performance and price But when you re all done the real question is Will advertising your product in Computer Language or Programmer s Journal or PC Tech niques be profitable If you make money in all three then advertise in all three If your product doesn t make money anywhere maybe you need a new product As for what to expect check out On Your Own in Issue 51 Don and Kim Jindra s ex perience advertising their 525 network should give you a good idea what happens My advice for prospective advertisers is 1 Figure out how much space you need to describe your product If you re selling some thing that s easy to describe you don t need much space If it s a totally new idea or a sub stantial improvement on an old idea and re quires a lot of explanation plan to buy a lot of space 2 Figure out how much image you need to buy This is very different from 1 Let me give You re On Your Own you an example if you re selling a 51 500 CAD package be prepared to buy full page four color ads and find the best ad agency to produce them Your ads must create a very solid image for your product If you re selling a 525 net work a simple micro ad may draw more orders than any other size 3 Make sure your ad gets seen This sounds a bit like 2 If you only need a tiny ad a cheap product that s easy to describe you may find that a micro sized ad g
163. hat this first PIPE program processes Finally we must write a short con figuration file used by the network 52 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 loader program to indicate which pro gram is to run on which transputer The network loader is responsible for reset ting all the transputers and loading each one with its specific program From the file the network loader can tell which transputers and which links a program must be transmitted through before it ar rives at the transputer on which it s to ultimately run Unfortunately programming trans puters isn t always as simple as I ve made it sound Fortunately vendors are improving their operating environ ments For example some vendors support message handling protocols With some of the protocols a communications process runs continuously in parallel with the application program Any time data must be sent to another transputer the application program uses a vendor supplied function or a memory channel to pass the data to the communications process This process adds a header to the data and sends the message out the appropriate link Another transputer receiving the message uses the header to determine whether the message is intended for another transputer or for itself If neces sary the process forwards the message off to another processor Otherwise the process strips the header off the message and sends the data through a memory channel to the appr
164. he head then tell it the lead segment to send a message back to the tail saying add a new seg ment or drop a segment So I built snakes instead of connect ing hardware In the process I generated 20 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 some interesting C code and utilized several C 2 0 features SNAKES my code creation is of course a riot When you run SNAKES tell it how many snakes you want how long you want each snake to be and how quickly you want to see action By increasing the delay factor you can slow things down as much as you like Each has its own ASCII character I compiled SNAKES using Zortech C version 2 06 and their disp package to increase display speed In the Micro C listing I ve ifdefed disp out so SNAKES will work albeit slower with other im plementations of C These include UNIX as long as you have an ANSI ter minal or are willing to rewrite the brief segment draw and segment erase routines You can also easily change these routines to support graphics Classes Figure 1 SNAKE HPP the header file contains the class definitions for point which holds x y information segment and snake I made point a struct a class with all members public because I wanted the convenience of having coordinate information packaged together without having to bother with private data The constructor simply initializes the data elements x and y using the initial izer list
165. heading de termines a snake s direction and tries to keep it going that way Aside my original design didn t include heading I added it after I got the system working and saw snakes doubling back on themselves creating an ugly mess For tunately it was a simple matter to add head ing to the existing system In general try to get the system up quickly You can t know some things while you re working on the de sign only after you see the design working Local Enumerations amp Anti pollution Notice that enum direction is inside the class definition In C 2 0 enumera Figure 1 SNAKE HPP include lt stddef h gt size t definition struct point coordinate representation int x y point int xi 0 int yi 0 x xi y yi int operator point rval test equivalence return x rval x amp amp y rval y static point random_point generate random point class segment segment previous point sp position on screen char pattern to display on the screen enum direction heading tendency of motion of the snake void erase void checkheap make sure this is on the heap public this enumeration is local to the class enum direction UP DOWN RIGHT LEFT void draw re define operator new for this class ONLY void operator new size L sz segment point p char ptrn segment segment prv direction dir segment erase
166. her processors that used the hard ware DMA channels links to transfer data from one processor to the next the PIPE and TAIL programs on the last processor communicate with each other over a memory channel From a programmers perspective memory channels operate identically to hardware channels This means that the last PIPE program is identical to the PIPE programs on the other processors The TAIL program primarily trans mits information coming out of the pipe line back to the administrator processor and collects garbage When the neural network topology information reaches the last pipe processor there s nowhere to send the data Since all the PIPE programs are iden tical the last PIPE program will try to send the data on anyway TAIL receives the topology data and discards it The weights transmitted down the pipeline are likewise garbage collected The error values and the weight change array however are sent back to the adminis trator Each of the processors has a harness program The harness programs specify whether specific channels are hardware or memory channels and which pro grams ADMIN PIPE or TAIL are to be run together The TAIL program can run on the same processor as the ADMIN program instead of with the last PIPE program Or if space allows a copy of the PIPE program can run on the admin istrator processor To maintain load balance it might be necessary to reduce the number of exemplar vectors t
167. hing good or bad about this until I ve tried it Two days just isn t enough time to sort through all these goodies As with just about every compiler on the MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 57 market they ve included an editor ZED Since I ve become hopelessly hooked on Brief though I haven t done much except accidentally call it up once or twice from within the debugger Be cause of this I can t say anything to rec ommend or condemn it And of course there is the plethora of utility programs A Linker MAKE TOUCH OBJ2ASM ARCHIVE UP DATE Even a MAKE file dependency generator Everybody has to have a try at making a better wheel C Compiler The Zortech C 2 0 release adds all the new features of the C 2 0 defacto standard defined as what is contained in AT amp T s cfront 2 0 except for a few additions to the stream I O library which are currently proprietary to AT amp T The two most important addi tions to the language in version 2 0 are multiple inheritance and type safe link age Multiple inheritance means that a derived class can inherit characteristics of more than a single base class You might find this useful if for example you wanted to make a derived class Car that uses the facilities of both classes Body and DriveTrain Why you would want a class called Car is beyond me Maybe you really need the class called JunkHeap which uses Smoke and Rust base classes You can see
168. how bad the system has been trashed And with Soft ICE s back trace ranges you can re play the instructions that led up to the crash Program too large Not with Soft ICE Soft ICE runs entirely in extended memory This means you can debug even the largest DOS programs And since your program runs at the same address whether Soft ICE is loaded or not you can find those subtle bugs that change when the starting address of your code changes System debugging Soft ICE is a natural Soft ICE is ideal for full source level debugging of TSRs interrupt service routines self booting programs DOS loadable device drivers real time kernels non DOS O Ss and ROMs Soft ICE can even debug within DOS amp BIOS New Version 2 0 How Soft ICE Works Soft ICE uses the power of the 80386 to sur round your program ina virtual machine This gives you complete control of the DOS environment while Soft ICE runs safely in protected mode Soft ICE uses the 80386 to provide real time break points on memory locations memory ranges execution I O ports hardware amp software interrupts With Soft ICE you get all the speed and power of a hardware assisted debugger at a software price Don t want to switch debuggers You don t have to Soft ICE can run stand alone or it can add its powerful break points to the debugger you already use Use your favorite debugger until you require Soft ICE Simply pop up the Soft ICE window to set
169. ial segment of the snake establishes the starting point and the pattern to be used The second makes a segment which is linked to an existing segment in a specified direc tion Note that both constructors call checkheap0 to insure the object was created on the heap The first constructor Figure 2 is straightforward but the second must wrap the coordinate of the new seg ment around the display screen if it goes off the edge Also the draw method isn t called in the second constructor since a new snake may need a new seg ment which crosses over an old segment of itself The calling function must check the new segment before actually draw ing it Recursive Member Functions The next three functions are pure fun They recurse back down the snake 22 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 Figure 2 SNAKE CPP include snake hpp include lt stdlib h gt include lt stdio h gt assuming ANSI terminal or ANSI SYS on a PC include lt time h gt include lt string h gt memset ifdef __ZTC__ use disp package w Zortech include lt disp h gt include lt conio h gt fendi const height 23 screen height const width 78 screen width point point random point return point rand RAND MAX width rand RAND MAX height void segment operator new size_t sz void tmp new unsigned char sz allocate with global new memset tmp x sizeof segment
170. imple A snake consists of a pointer to a seg ment called head and numbers indicat ing the current length and maximum length A single constructor Figure 2 creates a new segment for the head and initializes length and maxlength After that the snake will crawl in any direc tion you say for the voice command system snake crawl simply assigns head to a new segment made from the previous head thus chaining the snake together If the snake is too long it sheds its tail Chance Slithering snake slither is a more interesting function It throws dice using the ANSI C library function rand which generates random numbers to decide whether to change directions Note that RAND_MAX is a constant defined in stdlib h which is the maximum value rand will return Thus the statement if rand RAND_MAX chance chance 2 creates a random number between 0 and chance and tests to see if it s equivalent to chance 2 Thus in a perfect distribu tion you have a one in chance prob ability the statement will be true Notice that normally you would think like this rand RAND MAX re turns a number between 0 and 1 so just multiply that by chance to get a number between 0 and chance But this would be wrong Since the compiler will do in teger division rand RAND_MAX will almost always return 0 Thus you must force RAND_MAX to be divided by chance first to insure in teger division doesn t mess up the
171. in a multitask ing windowing environment You can use Tele to run several pro grams at once thereby eliminating boring and unproductive delays For instance in a software develop ment environment you can set a compiler running and simultaneously edit another source file Tele uses a preemptive task scheduler Its file system is fully compatible with MS DOS It runs on any pro cessor compatible with the Intel 8086 family Most programs intended for MS DOS will multi task under Tele Microsoft could find no way to make MS DOS multi tasking and still sup port all its existing applications Tele simply does the best possible Tele services the documented inter face to MS DOS fits in less than 100K of memory and provides the important features of OS 2 includ ing installable file systems Tele improves display performance by a factor of 2 whether you use multiple windows or not On pro cessors slower than 20 MHz the improvement is even greater A MULTITASKING MS DOS COMPATIBLE MS DOS and OS 2 are trademarks of Microsolt Corporation Reader Service Number 147 Source code in C and assembly is included for the interface to MS DOS If you have to have MS DOS idiosyncracies you can easily put them in yourself Treat yourself to an operating system where the marketing and financial folks had no say at all in the design The result is an efficient structured program that either pro vides or specificall
172. in h ah in h al in h ch in h cl sector in h dh side in h dl 1 int86 0x13 sin Sout return out h ah read sector 2 read diskette 1 sectors to read track drive B do the read return read status unsigned char write sector unsigned char track unsigned char side unsigned char sector L union REGS in out in h ah 0x2f get DTA intdos sin sout do the INT ES BX holds address on return 3 write diskette 1 sectors to write track sector side in h dl 1 drive B int86 0x13 sin sout do the write return out h ah return write status bu write sector in h ah i al el h in h ch h h dh void fix disk continued on page 56 Larry Fogg 187 NW Jefferson PI Bend OR 97701 The key here is that even though an error condition exists the data has been read It s alive and well at the DTA and all you have to do is rewrite it to disk Code Notes You won t find anything very start ling in FLOPFIX C see Figure 1 fix disk makes three attempts to read each sector It takes a while for the drive motor to spin up so a well behaved pro gram should do these retries to ensure that any errors are real Reads from a half fast drive don t have much chance of success A call to reset FDC follows any read failure again a required pro gramming practice Once we re sure an error has oc curred
173. ine A corre sponding clock line tells the host com puter exactly when each bit of the data packet is valid Check out Bill Curlew s article Building An IBM PC Keyboard Translator in the February March 1990 issue of Circuit Cellar INK for details on PC keyboards This synchronous transmission sys tem means the keyboard can send and in some cases receive data over just three wires At first glance none of IBM s three available formats will work without additional logic They just aren t compatible with the 68HC705 s syn chronous serial line Motorola calls this port the serial peripheral interface or SPI The problem lies with the number of bits transmitted per keypress Mode 1 the oldest and simplest format uses eight data bits and one start bit for each transmission The other two modes use eae aac ec eee eee ee esve 5 ir i eeees E E EE KA seecoaceren Ad caaueamaa eeneaaeaane additional bits and support bidirectional transfers The SPI however can only accept a transfer of exactly eight data bits it does not need nor expect a start bit To hook a PC keyboard to the SPI you could add a serial to parallel converter to the 68HC705 Or you could put extra cir cuitry inside the keyboard to turn the nine bits into two eight bit packets Neither way was acceptable I wanted this project to take only two chips so the PC keyboard was out As I look that last paragraph over I realize there
174. ine arguments XENIX 386 Aid m Extensions include full string type separate compilations external variables 4 more XENIX 386 OREGON MODULA 2 Piw m Conforms to emerging ISO standard ti Sa m Excellent support of coroutine and interrupts m deal for embedded systems 680X0 CROSS COMPILERS ALSO AVAILABLE CALL 1 800 874 8501 503 245 2202 FAX 503 245 8449 ZB OREGON HSS SOFTWARE 6915 SW Macadam Suite 200 Portland OR 97219 USA The following are trademarks Oregon Software Oregon C Oregon Modula 2 Pascal 2 Oregon Software Inc Xenix Sun 3 386i VAX VMS Motorola UNIX AT amp T ULTRIX NCR Tower HP 9000 N N N W N N Reader Service Number 193 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 75 SOURCE CODE The AT BiosKit gives you a complete Bios with source code you can modify for your own applications The BiosKit includes a Bios on diskette ready for program ming an Eprom and includes the utilities you need to Rom the source code The Bios also has a Rom Monitor Debug and Setup At last you have control over the core of your system Over 380 pages with diskette 199 The XT BiosKit is only 99 or get both for 279 The Intel Wildcard Supplement for the XT BiosKit is 49 FREE We ll include a free copy of the pocket sized XT AT Handbook by Choisser and Foster with each BiosKit if you men tion this ad when you order Of course this 9 95 value is also available by itself Or b
175. ines or how far they d moved away from us What s important about CL s subscription guarantee isn t that the magazine might replace Micro C but that you can without risk try it You can see if it too doesn t become a valuable resource I must also mention a couple of other magazines Programmers Journal 503 747 0800 is a smaller less formal version of CL It wouldn t surprise me to see PJ really grow both editorially and in circulation over the next few years Midnight Engineering 303 225 0856 could become another Micro C Bill Gates is aiming ME at the folks who are working graveyard On Their Own Several Micro C regulars had ar ticles in his first issue Meanwhile if you want CL to look more like Micro C you ll just have to write articles for them Contact Michelle Williams at 415 397 1881 for writers guidelines We ve already given the articles we ve been working on to J D at Computer Language and referred several embedded authors to Tyler Sperry a very old friend at Embedded Sys tems Bruce Eckel s already writing for J D Karl Lunt Bob Nan sel John Ribar and Michael Hunt have already connected with Tyler Who knows you might even see the Fogg in one or both The Office Will Be Open Starting April 2 we ll have a skeleton crew Nancy man ning womanning the office from 9 a m to 1 p m Pacific Time Nancy ll keep the office open at least through April probably through May Sandy and I will
176. ing It gener ates assembly language output for the assembler This means that I can read the code the compiler generates I can then use the inline assembly language support of the C compiler to optimize the parts that need it Occam also sup ports human readable assembly lan guage Optimizing Matrix vector Multiply You can improve neural network effi ciency by optimizing the matrix vector multiplies Most programmers use indices for their matrix vector operations to get around the 80x86 s 64K segments see Figure 2 The transputer can access data anywhere within its 32 bit address space and can have very large arrays This sets the stage for dispensing with indices and MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 47 accessing the data via pointer arithmetic To use pointer arithmetic you must organize the data for the weight matrix in memory in a very specific manner In practical terms this means you ar range all the weights for each next layer node consecutively Then instead of cal culating an offset into the weight matrix using indices for each weight you incre ment a pointer to access each weight sequentially see Figure 3 Using this approach with very small arrays on an 8 MHz IBM PC AT with 80287 I achieved 9800 multiply accumu lates sec MAC sec On a 20 MHz Compaq 80386 with 80387 I got 65 000 MAC sec This is about an 8 improve ment over an indexed system Next I experimented with the 20 MHz T800
177. ing order 1 Is your circulation audited by ABC or BPI If so great have them send or fax you the latest publisher s statement and skip the following questions 2 How many paid subscribers in the most recent issue Not next issue or the end of next year 3 How many copies of the most re cent issue were sent to the newsstands 4 What percentage of the newsstand Reader Service Number 210 66 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 copies normally sell 40 to 50 is nor mal 60 is high 70 is almost unheard of 5 What was their total print run for the most recent issue Listen for pregnant pauses hemming and hawing fudging explaining etc If the totals of 2 and 3 add up to 5 then they re probably fudging Either way take printed circulation figures with a giant grain of salt Also don t be afraid to call a ma gazine s advertisers They ll tell you a lot Some magazines are comfortable to work with others aren t Some will make deals others won t Sometimes companies find the best response in brand new magazines other times they do best in the old timers In some publi cations the response is immediate in others it takes three ads Sometimes ad placement is very important other times it isn t You ll be amazed how much informa tion you can glean in half a dozen calls The Carrot Of course there s no feeling like opening your post office box and seeing it full Really full Tends to ma
178. ip Dallas CIk AMI Baby 1 0 KB CONTROLLERS Etc XT Enhanced Hard Disk Drive Controller with Cables DC 11M AT Hard Floppy Contr 1 1 438Kb Sec To 2048 Cy AT I O PLUS 1 Par Lpt 1 3 2 Ser Com 1 4 Game Cables Ser 2 opt VGA 16 16 bit VGA Board 800x600 with Driver Software 2400 Baud External Modem with Software and Manual KB5161 AT XT 101 Keyboard Cherry Keyswitches Click COLORMOUSE Black Red Blue Beige Green Yellow Software amp Manual VOICE MASTER KEY Add voice commands to software XT AT MONITORS VGA 1489 1024x768 28 Dot 14 Swivel Hor 31 35KHz Vert 50 60 70 87 Hz CASES MINI TOWER 230 W Reset Turbo Keylock Speaker TOWER 230W Reset Turbo 2 Dgt Keylock Speaker KAYPRO Equipment Bargains 9 Green Monitor 83 84 K16 Host Interface Board Replacement Power Supply Drivetek 2 6M FDD Robie or KAX Test Equipment OSCILLOSCOPES TEK 7403N 7A18N 7B50A 60 MHz 650 Leader LB0520 30 meg Dual Trace 300 TEK 475 Dual Trace 200 MHz Scope Probe x1 x10 100 MHz ANALYZERS TEK 491 10MHz 40GHz HP851B 8551B 10HMz 40GHz Biomation 805 Waveform Rerdr Biomation 8100 2 Channel Waveform Recorder HP1600A Logic Analyzer 16ch HP1600A 1607A Logic Analyzer 32ch 495 Gould K40 32ch Logic Analyzer MISCELLANEOUS Optronics 550 MHz Freq Cntr Heatgun 120Vac 7A TERMINALS Televideo 925 HOURS Mon Fri 9 6 Sat 10 4 For more information please call 619 679 8360 We Repair CPM Kaypros CP
179. is as always another way Hooking the keyboard s clock line to an input port line and the keyboard s data line to the MCU s TCAP timer capture line would do the trick nicely Following a keypress the data line s start bit going high to low would cause an interrupt and transfer control to the TCAP server routine This routine By Karl Lunt 2133 186 PL SE Bothell WA 98012 206 483 0447 When this project you can get started in 68HC705 design while you build a versatile piece of computer gear samples the clock line on the input port looking for a low to high transition Every time such a change occurs the routine reads the level on the TCAP line to get the value for that bit time The server could then construct the keycode wait for the stop bit to appear and exit Okay so you can add a PC keyboard to this project and still use only two chips The Maxim MAX232 Chip I ve built a couple of projects with this chip and love using it Being able to run RS 232 from a single 5 Volt source reduces circuit complexity chip count and board size The Maxim chip works by generating 8 and 8 Volts on chip from the sys tem s 5 Volt supply using a charge pump technique You hook up four 22 mfd capacitors for the charge pump the chip gives you two output and two input buffers that are RS 232 compatible You might run into some problems however The chip does not supply a lot of current to the RS 232 buffe
180. ithout disturbing other peripherals such as serial ports and disk drives PC Tech X24 and ASMB The PC Tech Advanced System Motherboard e Built in IDE interface for AT interface type hard drives e Fully AT compatible floppy disk support for 3 5 5 25 drives capacities of 360k 1 2m and 1 44m e Two serial ports and one parallel port e 8 total expansion slots PC XT AT compatible 4 slots have 32 bit bus The PC Tech Advanced System Motherboard is designed to complement PC Tech s X24 and X32 high performance processor cards It contains the mass storage interfaces necessary for a complete sys tem plus the basic I O required in most systems Extra care has been given to FCC compliance by design e 34010 Monochrome Graphics Adapter II e Up to 384k bytes display memory e Up to 2 Megabytes program memory Software is RAM based allowing complete operating software replacement and timing re programming from the host bus 6 34010 program loader included Assembler debugger and C compiler available e Full hardware and software CGA MDA and Hercules emula tion d Single bit shared memory bit map with optional resolution up PC Tech Mono Il to 2048 x 1536 736 x 1008 standard e Very high resolution COLOR version available 6 Custom 34010 software development available The TMS34010 is a true general purpose graphics processor PC Tech makes the total processing power of the 34010 available to both programmers and end users Our 34010
181. jack The serial port uses only three lines receive data TEN ave ad ground ali a aaa The modular jack has proven to be a wise choice because of its durability I p chose a handset size jack to prevent ac ee cidental connection to a 50 Volt phone line with its 100 VAC ringing signals These voltages would damage the Bear SERIAL SERIAL PERIPHERAL COMMUNICATION BUS EXPANSION INTERFACE INTERFACE ADDRESS ADDRESS DATA PERIODIC INTERRUPT PULSE ACCUMULATOR Processor amp Memory See Figure 4 on pages 14 15 for the functional schematic If you re familiar with the Motorola 6801 family you ll see that I ve implemented a standard multi plexed memory bus The data lines and the eight least significant address lines are multiplexed at the processor and demultiplexed by a 74373 octal latch The 6811 Address Strobe AS signal Naay sree controls the 373 48 PIN VERSIONS The 6264 8Kx8 static RAM and 27C64 8Kx8 EPROM are the only bussed dev l ices The RAM is mapped at 0000 and A Block Diagram the EPROM at E000 Because of the simplicity of the external memory map you can use A15 as the master chip select gated with the processor s E clock 7 Na a ere for timing The 6811 s on chip resources Een eae a ge eee reduce or eliminate the need for separate peripheral chips such as UARTs parallel I O timer counters etc O INDEX REGISTER Y As memory prices fall I ll change to 32Kx8 RAM This way the Bear wil
182. k drives 4 per CompatiCard including standard 360K 96 TPI high density 1 2M 8 SSSD or DSDD and 720k 1 44M 3 2 drives The Compati Card I comes with its own MS DOS driver utility pro grams and will let you boot on an XT must be used as a secondary controller on an AT or 386 Use it with UniForm PC for maximum versatility CompatiCard Board CompatiCard 1 with UniFORM PC 8 drive adaptor board External drive cable set CompatiCard II by Micro Solutions Two drive version of the CompatiCard for the XT or AT Same drive support as the CompatiCard except no 8 or single density CompatiCard II xxx Special xxx CompatiCard Il with internal 1 2M or 1 44M drive S 199 95 CompatiCard IV by Micro Solutions Meet the newest four drive controller in the Compati Card family This CompatiCard may be used as a primary or secondary controller in almost any PC AT or 386 System Boot or use 360k 720k 1 2M 1 44M or 2 88M at any location in your system The Com patiCard IV has a BIOS ROM on board so no external driver software is required CompartiCard IV 139 95 Megamate by Micro Solutions You don t have to be a computer expert to install this attractive 372 external drive on your PC or AT Just plug the MegaMate controller board into any empty slot attach the drive cable run the installation soft ware and you re ready to run 720k or 1 44M diskettes Megamate 329 95 Apple MS DOS MatchPoint
183. ke all the hassles all the preparation worthwhile Reminds me of a little known saying that s been handed down from hacker to hacker over the centuries May your bugs be gentle may your CRT be warm upon your face and may your mailbox be ever filled with checks Good checks Writers Market Speaking of checks in the mailbox there s more than one way to squeeze cash out of a computer If writing soft ware isn t your bag then how about arti cles The most effective writers 1 Have a specialty processor de sign graphics algorithms database diag nostics entrepreneurial experience 2 Have a conversational style An open easy style rather than a stiff aca demic jargonizing agonizing presenta tion 3 Write for the magazines they keep in their bathrooms 4 Don t take themselves too seri ously I m talking about both their deal ings with editors and the way they write I wish you well my friends MARKETING ALTERNATIVES Magazine Publisher Address Contact Phone Circ _ Ad Rates The C Gazette Andrew Binstock 1341 Ocean Ave Andrew Binstock 213 473 7414 6 000 Full page 450 Santa Monica CA 1 2 page 230 90401 1 4 page 130 Midnight Bill Gates 111 E Drake Bill Gates 303 491 9092 15 000 500 Engineering Ft Collins CO projected 250 80525 175 PC Techniques Keith Weiskamp 202 E Greenway Jeff Duntemann 602 493 3070 20 000 1 270 Phoenix AZ projected 775 80532 420 Tech Specialist
184. l a STAK POINTER handle more data and more channels Adding more EPROM space for en hanced firmware is easy also Because of the size of the printed circuit board adding more complex memory mapping would require a CMOS PAL eer A neat feature of the 6811 is that the A internal RAM 256 bytes and the inter nal I O control registers 64 bytes can be moved by firmware to any 4K boundary These can be overlaid with external memory without bus conflicts Both the internal RAM and control regis ters can overlay each other sacrificing the lowest 64 bytes of internal RAM A less than neat feature of the 6801 family multiplexed bus timing often overlooked by designers is that data is STROBE AND HANDSHAKE PARALLEL 1 0 Q nN o o O INDEX REGISTER X DI PROGRAM COUNTER Z V C CONDITION CODE REGISTER CARRY BORROW FROM MSB NEGATIVE I INTERRUPT MASK HALF CARRY FROM BIT 3 X INTERRUPT MASK STOP DISABLE B Programming Model 10 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 Block Edit File Goto Help gm Print Search Undo Window Config ee NDOU OST 30 ie SS while TRUE mae ASCII Table DOS Shell Run DOS Progran Color Toggle VGAVEGA Toggle Execute Macro il match or error 7 Jgetsey keybul i ny length key sequence 7 if i lt 6 1 rst keypress if Cekeybuf EIZH Add Macro Display Macros Check if displayabl Load fron Disk if Urkeybuf gt 7 amp aa printf tze ekeybaf
185. l months Sensors available include assembled ready to use units and parts kits The MPLI hardware software combination consists of A 12 bit A D Interface Board A 12 bit 8 input analog to digital converter with built in sample and hold Conversion time of the A to D is 9 psec There are three bipolar and three unipolar software selectable voltage ranges The board also includes one 12 bit analog output and access to 16 digital I O lines Includes manual and sample programs disk Order Code AIB PC 240 MuitiPurpose Lab Interface Box Includes three 8 pin DIN sockets which allow quick connection to 3 of the analog inputs voltage out and power leads A prototyping area for building your own circuits is included on the circuit board inside the box A variety of sensors and probes are available which plug into the MPLI box pH thermocouple temperature AD590 force microphone etc Order Code BOX 45 MultiPurpose Lab Interface Software The MultiPurpose Lab Interface Program allows three input channels to be calibrated to display any type of input signal for example channel A can read temperature channel Bcan read pH and channel C can read pressure Data from each of the channels can be collected graphed and saved on disk The output voltage can be controlled by the program The Oscilloscope mode lets the computer act as a triple trace storage oscilloscope with a sampling rate of atleast 40 000 samples sec on an 4 77 MHz IB
186. le names to six characters plus a three character exten sion so longer names may be abbre viated in ways you could never imagine When this happens the actual program name will often be recorded as one of the Key Words so search for the pro gram name in the Key Word field References Chip Merchant 9285 Chesapeake Dr Ste L9285 San Diego CA 92123 800 426 6375 619 268 4774 SitBack Technologies 9290 Bond Ste 210 Overland Park KS 66214 913 894 0808 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 89 8088 Hardware Development Aiding The Ailing 8088 I discovered a way to diagnose a recalcitrant 8088 recently while working on controller cards It turned out that the steps outlined by Ed Ninsley for the 8031 in a back issue of Circuit Cellar INK can be modified for use with 8088s My situation was pretty down and dirty building an 8088 board and trying to get it working I couldn t even get the 8088 to execute a single instruction Ed s steps boil down to the following e Disconnect the data bus from all memory devices and ground all the data lines This forces the instruction ADD AL BX onto the bus e Ground both of the interrupt pins NMI and INT and also the HOLD request pin used by DMA and things like that This way the CPU will free run in crementing addresses through segment FFFF Remember that most of these accesses will wrap around to 00000 only the first 16 bytes come from the high
187. le to install requires less than 50K disk space O Simultaneous file editing limited only by available memory space D Open up to eight windows D Pop Down menu system and customizable Help screen including keyboard recording hard disk QEdit ADVANCED D Column blocks D Recover deleted text D Wordwrap and paragraph reformat capability D Import files and export blocks D Great for use with laptops QEdit saves battery drain by editing files entirely in memory System Requirements sm QEdit requires an IBM PS 2 PC AT PC XT PC PC Jr or compatible Minimum system requirements are 64 KB of memory PC DOS 2 0 or MS DOS 2 0 or greater 50 KB of disk space QEdit runs GREAT on floppy based a systems and leptops D Easy to use macro capability QEdit TSR also requires EMS XMS or a 545 aiar won 7900 order but that s about par for the course The Master sends data serially out the Master Out Slave In MOSI pin while simultaneously generating a shift clock on the SCK pin Slaves send data to the Master on the Master In Slave Out MISO pin Tie the 6811 s SS line high when it s the Master Device use the pin as a device select Slave Select when it s the Slave Make sure that the SPI clock rate is not too fast for any of the Slave devices especially CMOS parts Each Slave will probably have its own device select line so you can program a custom clock rate polarity and phase for each devic
188. li ties all detailed in the manual The ones I have listed are the most important however Most of the rest are just due to the fact that MS C 5 1 is not fully ANSI compatible So programmers are forced into writing non ANSI compatible code which Zortech C doesn t like The big advantage of switching from MS C to Zortech is that now you can write your Windows and PM programs in C instead of mere C Compiler Performance There s no reason for me to write about this You can find all the numbers in the advertisements I will say that the speed of everything is more than accept able I never was much for numbers and the object modules Zortech creates are maybe 2 smaller than previous ver sions Whatever the numbers they are de finitely within Developer class This is especially true for running the compiler since it generates OBJs directly rather than requiring the extra step of translat ing C to C as most other C pack ages Of course the optimizer takes some time It can be lived with though Just use it once after all debugging is done With Zortech 1 07 I once mistakenly reset my machine thinking the op timizer had crashed The program was one I had semiautomatically converted from Pascal and it was filled with array subscripts and a 500 line case statement Being used to non optimizing compilers after 20 seconds of no disk activity I m impatient I assumed the machine had crashed Later I fi
189. low power modes WAIT and STOP In WAIT the E clock oscillator con tinues for the duration of the WAIT Plus you can choose which subsystems stay active During STOP the E clock oscillator stops shutting down all internal sys tems such as the SCI and SPI Current consumption in WAIT can be as low as 6 mA depending on the pro cessor modes and number of peripherals still running In STOP mode the current consumption drops to well under 1 mA It takes an interrupt or a RESET to wake the processor from either low power mode In WAIT mode the interrupt can be an incoming serial data character or a timer timeout The SCI subsystem also has a special wake up feature which al lows an active serial RD line to wake up the processor When the processor s in STOP mode the interrupt must come in from outside The DataBear s processor spends ap proximately 99 5 of its time in STOP mode so I ve included three sources of external interrupts the clock chip XIRQ the power source switch IRQ and a FET connected to the RD serial line also IRQ Clock interrupts normally occur once a second and take priority over other in terrupts I use the clock interrupt as the Bear s time base driving the data sam pling In Continuous Mode the clock in terrupt is always every second so sample rates are multiples of one sec ond In Fixed Mode the clock interrupt occurs at intervals as short as 1428 of a second during the pr
190. mate rial ELM mounted behind the panel When you apply the proper AC voltage to the two pins on the ELM it emits a soft blue or green light This makes your terminal easy to use at night or in low light I added a special three terminal volt age converter designed for use with ELM This module changes 5 Volts DC to 200 Volts AC at about 500 Hz giving my display a soft blue backlight You might have to scrounge pretty hard to come up with such a converter mine came off a discarded laser tag ar cade game Half the size of an ice cube the converter s case carries the part number NEL D32 45 but no manufac turer s name I have also seen a similar part offered in the Digi Key catalog The terminal works fine without the converter of course but backlighting adds a nice touch The Keyboard I chose a surplus Cherry keyboard very old it uses TTL chips This unit provides a 15 pin connector for hooking up to a computer When you press a key ding A Two chip Terminal the ASCII code associated with that character appears on seven pins of the connector while a strobe pin goes from ground to 5 Volts signaling there s valid data This means I only need ten wires to hook up my keyboard seven data bits one strobe line power and ground I can use a single eight bit input port to handle all my keyboard data Of course the TTL chips make this keyboard a real power hog oh well it only cost 4 With this arran
191. mentation of Neural Networks for Speech Recognition on a Transputer Array Technical Report CUED F IN FENG TR8 Cambridge University De partment of Engineering Cambridge UK March 1988 7 Beynon T A Parallel Implemen tation of the Back Propagation Algo rithm on a Network of Transputers Research Initiative in Pattern Recogni tion Royal Signals and Radar Estab lishment Malvern UK Poster Paper 1988 IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks 8 Di Zitti E Caviglia D D Bisio G M and Parodi G Neural Networks on a Transputer Array Proceedings of the 1989 International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Pro cessing pp 2513 2516 9 Abbruzzese F A Transputer Im plementation of a McCulloch amp Pitts Network Parallel Processing and Ap plications E Chiricozzi and A D Amico eds North Holland 1988 pp 135 140 10 Board J A Jr and Lu J S J Performance of Parallel Neural Net work Simulations Proceedings of the Second Conference of the North Ameri can Transputer Users Group J A Board Jr ed Durham North Carolina USA North American Transputer Users Group 1989 pp 185 200 11 Lee D G Jr Preliminary Re sults of Applying Neural Networks to Ship Image Recognition Proceedings of the 1989 International Joint Confer ence on Neural Networks June 18 22 1989 Washington DC IEEE San Diego 11 576 12 Rumelhart D E Hint
192. modification but it cannot call a BAT file If I wanted the ability to execute BAT files I could use system instead but then I wouldn t get exit values system uses com mand com which eats the exit value _okbigbuf and _stack The declarations of the variables _ok bigbuf and _stack at the top of KBD C are included to reduce the resident size of the program This leaves more memory for the program called with spawnvp In Zortech C when _okbigbuf is 1 the default the maximum 64K of data space for small data models is allocated on program startup If _okbigbuf is 0 data space is only allocated from DOS as needed _stack controls the size of the program s stack By setting these two variables I was able to trim the resident size of the program from 72K to 10K A big improvement for two lines XT SCHEMATIC Micro Cornucopia Phone Orders 503 382 5060 M F 9 AM 5 PM PST Mall Orders P O Box 223 Bend Oregon 97709 IBM PC XT Schematic 515 00 As always you can do anything you like with KBD Even swear at it if you want I simply don t care Pseudoepidermatologistical Meanderings Sorry but it s nearly 2 a m and you can t expect everything I say at 2 a m to be coherent The column is finished now But it s cold out and the smelly cat looks so pitiful If she just wasn t about to ex plode with babies I guess she can stay inside tonight But just this once Any body
193. most of their money and time selling going door to door to find new advertisers and mailing zillions of promotional pieces to find new subscribers Though we haven t done any circulation promotion for 219 years we re very close to our peak circulation That doesn t happen very often in this in dustry The reason we ve done so well is you You ve stayed with us You ve encouraged others to subscribe In addition you ve been willing to read the world s longest editorials year after year after year without complaint Okay you caught me But three of you haven t complained I d like to thank my mother and father without whom I wouldn t have parents And I d like to thank my father in law who was one of Micro C s biggest supporters and a wonderful friend I d like to thank Jennifer and Erin They re like family to me It s one thing to have a job it s another to conceive and raise a magazine Over the past nine years they ve played sec ond fiddle and second piano to 53 editorials 53 deadlines and 53 hassles with the printer Now I m going to have some time and they re going to have a Dad They may insist I start another magazine real soon now Plus there s Sandy If everyone had a Sandy there d be a lot more successful businesses I m not sure which of us has worked harder to make Micro C go and I m not sure which of us is more burned out Finally there s the staff What can I say about this collection
194. nd VISA e Routines gt No Need to Re Invent the Wheel Every Time You Write a New Application m Permits Faster Application Development gt Overlapping Windowing System in Less Than 3K w fast and Compact gt deal For Programming TSH S Cand Pascal Interfaces Available em MASM 5 X Compatible QUANTAS GORPGRATICN ASMFLOW 99 95 An Assembly Language Cupertino CA 95014 408 244 6826 Code Analysis Tool ALSO AVAILABLE Reader Service Number 139 Announcing SOGEast 90 The Eastest SOG of them all returns for an all new show on August 17 and 18 1990 in York Pennsylvania This SOG starts with a picnic on the evening of August 16 around 4 or 5 o clock The picnic includes delicious fare fixed on site for your dining pleasure There will also be frisbees softball volleyball and more Come in early and spend time meeting fellow SOGees The 17 and 18 Friday and Saturday will be chock full of seminars ranging from Hardware Control Using C to DOS Internals ONLine Secrets for Modem Lovers and More Friday afternoon will sport a live panel discussing calmly I m sure favorite programming editors including QEdit MultiEdit Brief and others if you want to stand up for your favorite let us know so we can save you a chair Friday evening is the First Annual SOGEast Dinner Party This is a sit down stand up have a ball Ball Don t change your clothes from the SOG sessions just come for the good time A special
195. nd day air shipping provided free to destination only within the United States Foreign orders add 20 00 for airmail delivery Washington Residents add 8 1 sales tax Copyright c 1990 General Software All rights reserved Booter Toolkit and General Software are trademarks of General Sotware Reader Service Number 212 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 63 Pee foes Pa voie en 64 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 YOUR OWN By David Thompson Laura Shaw amp Nancy Ellen Locke Micro C Staff Well here it is probably for the first time in the history of computers an article in a com puter magazine on advertising in other com puter magazines So many advertisers have asked for suggestions of where to advertise that we ve put together this information Who s Offering The Best Deal The standard way of judging what kind of deal you re getting on advertising is to divide the one time B amp W full page price by the circula tion in thousands That s the cost thousand That way you can compare rates from smaller magazines with rates for the big guys Once you figure the cost thousand readers you can factor in the less precise variables What percentage of the audience would be interested in your product How much training would they require How much will you have to ex plain in the ad You can say ICE to designers you have to explain what it means to managers Would they pay what you re asking Be aware t
196. nd useful design construction techniques Programmer s Journal publishes articles written by the industry s top professional talent working programmers who are willing to share their valuable technical expertise for the benefit of fellow colleagues Every other month professional developers worldwide go to PJ to find language articles with useful source code on Ada ASM BASIC C C COBAL FORTRAN FORTH Modula 2 and Pascal plus the latest information on OS 2 the 80386 486 the EGA and VGA new product releases industry news and consulting tips Computer Language is the productivity magazine for professional software developers Its mission is to enhance the programmer s ability to generate working applications on schedule Each issue of Computer Langague includes columns devoted to application design and analy sis productivity tools user interface design object oriented program ming and how to articles written by the finest professional programmers in the field MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 67 Letter S continued from page 6 figured it might not be the place for an urban keyboard potato like me I may have been wrong but about the rafting would I actually have to go outdoors for that or could you digitize the ex perience and send it to me on a floppy By the way does SOG stand for Sages Oracles amp Gurus or Silly Old Geezers Anyway thanks for putting out the best computer mag around And don
197. nicest features of the 6811 is its array of timers and counters The general architecture is based on the MC6840 counter timer with improved and enhanced control and interrupt capabilities The 6811 can act as a frequency counter a waveform gener ator or period timer If you re clever you can even make it do combinations of these if you pay careful attention to sub tleties like interrupt latency and counter rollover The Pulse Accumulator Input PAI operates through pin 7 of Port A Transi tions on pin 7 clock an 8 bit counter Counter rollover can generate an inter rupt which you can also count thus ex tending the counter to 16 bits or beyond I ve used the PAI function up to 50 KHz It s rated to count at one half the E clock frequency The Input Capture Functions ICF let you time events transitions via a 16 bit counter running at the E clock frequency Output Compare Functions OCF do the opposite they cause a level transi tion at an external pin whenever their control register matches the value of the 16 bit free running counter All the features are linked to the in terrupt system with reassignable priori ties I can hear the wheels turning out there especially among the servo motor guys While the DataBear doesn t make much use of the timer functions they are a 6811 crown jewel Low Power Modes Most CMOS processors will shift to a low power mode or modes under pro gram control The 6811 has two
198. nitive answer to execution pro filing and embedded timer requirements in a PC MSDOS environment 46 functions manage three distinct classes of high resolution timer functionality 21 functions implement multiple microsecond timers Timers may be stopped started sus pended resumed named queried and complete reports of all timer activity may be generated with a single function call 16 functions manage microsecond timers that may be inserted in virtually any PC interrupt vec tor Interrupt timers may have results listed by in terrupt function requested so BIOS DOS and EMS interrupts may be profiled effortlessly 9 functions implement precision microsecond delays perfect for interfacing data acquisition and process control hardware where precise timing is required PCHAT includes libraries for TC TP and MSC example programs manual full source and is 49 95 ppd USA elsewhere add 4 00 VISA MC accepted A 30 day No Questions Asked money back guarantee insures your satisfaction Call or write for our seven page brochure RYLE DESIGN POB 22 Mt Pleasant MI 48804 517 773 0587 Reader Service Number 171 84 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 TIDBITS Searching for the ultimate search routine Gary looks closely at Power Search and at searches in general how to search a string for a pattern or substring fast see Tidbits Micro C 52 Blaise Computing comes along and blows my doors off Thei
199. no doubt be hanging around the office too We ll still take orders for back issues XT and Kaypro sche matics as well as issue disks Speaking of back issues we ve hired a professional indexer to thrash through issues 1 through 52 It ll be on disk on paper too we hope We ll send you the index for only 6 Or you get the index disk free with an order for 10 or more back issues It s best to order soon we re getting low on quite a few issues If you re into bargains I m talking historical treasures here check out the Micro C garage sale ad on this page We have lots of new 8 SSSD disks 10 to a box make great bases for little league We have 8 single sided drives take a rope tie a drive on one end tie a boat on the other We have shudder Big Boards for sale a terminal constant voltage transformers for those of you with dirty power and something very very special We ve got about 70 Z80 plug in cards I was hoping to announce them at the end of the LIMBO series but we ended before the series did You could use them to develop ROMs for the 64180 or run any other CP M software on your PC XT clone One problem they don t seem to work on any system running faster than 4 77 MHz However they re only 10 each including software plus 7 50 each shipping and handling It s best to order by phone 503 382 5060 so you can be sure we ve got what you want Or that you want what we ve got AROUND
200. ntities Last No rainchecks No Cliches All Sales Final Visual 50 Terminal VT 52 compatible like new S60 Boxes of new 8 disks 10 disks per box SSSD 5 bx Commodore 128 w1571 floppy drive used 4 hrs 5100 8 1 2 reals of 1 2 mag tape unopened 10 ea 8 SS SD DD Floppy Drives Mostly Shugart 801s 510 ea Cabinets new can hold 2 8 drives includes PS 8 510 ea Complete Cromemco S 100 sys w boot disks manuals 75 Kaypro Il 83 very used working 100 Kaypro 4 84 very used working 100 Big Board with cabinet two 8 drives amp PS 75 Big Board in keyboard case with PS 50 Baby Blue Z80 cards run in 4 77 MHz XTs w utilities 10 Constant voltage transformers Sola 250 V A 110V 535 ea 2764s Intel 200 ns new in tubes of 14 21 tube Call for other goodies For instance we have back issues of Life lines Lifelines and Computer Journal CP M anyone Plus we have numerous computer books All items sold as is No refunds All worked the last time we used them even the books Call for availability as well as shipping and handling charges Shipping will be significant on some items so if you plan to be in the Bend area definitely give us a shout Shipping and handling are 7 50 in the U S for the Baby Blue 280 cards and 3 00 per order on the ROMs To Order Call Today 503 382 5060 Oam to1 p m Pacific Time 74 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 puter magaz
201. nts are pushed left to right rather than right to left as in C They still loaded into ZDB and executed with no problem Almost Even things that the ZDB manual said wouldn t work went without a hitch For example I had declared a variable to be FAR PTR WORD yes MASM can do that The manual said this wouldn t be displayed properly in the Data window it would display the value of the pointer as an integer rather than the value at the address pointed to by the pointer Instead I was cheerfully greeted by a display of the pointer in segment offset form and after pressing the Ins key was shown the value at the location it pointed to The contents of local varia bles automatic stack displayed cor rectly too The only rough spot was that ZDB did not correctly recognize any function with no parameters or local variables For example when I called up FACT which has no locals in main ZDB started in assembly display mode rather 60 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 than source display mode I switched to source mode and hit the Single Step key only to see the program branch off to no where ZDB did not however branch off to nowhere It politely allowed me to reload the program The fact that ZDB expects all func tions to set up the BP register to point to their local stack frame local variable space causes this problem For some reason it gets confused about which source line goes where if this isn t d
202. ny advertising neural network software for Transputers and Apple Macintosh II computers Neurix One Kendall Square Suite 2200 Cambridge MA 02139 You re in charge Don t be limited by someone else s idea of the perfect menu Su perMenu s unique graphical interface adds a level of creativity individual ity and ease of use not found any where else Why shoehorn your software into a stuffy preconceived mold when SuperMenu gives you complete control over the structure format and appearance of your menu Most menu systems give you a modest choice of screen colors and then claim to be customizable Super Menu gives you color plus a palette of drawing tools multiple fonts fill patterns line styles pop up notes and more You can even edit the background pattern In fact Super Menu has many features you d only expect to see in an expensive drawing Cut Copy Paste Front Back Group Ungroup Align Scale a 99 an a enh ana aa aaya aninag 9 m HR s piano Shop M lt Susan s Clients Cl df sd allis TENTS m th SI p LARRY S NOVEL DATA BASE WORD PROCESSING DOS Commands Backups gt 9 35 PM NIDIOIMA Tools Because SuperMenu has a wide range of powerful tools menus can be as complex or as simple as you desire Like we said you re in charge SuperMenu s easy to use mouse driven interface makes running your favorite software a snap Other computer ta
203. ny number of obvious addi tions would make FLOPFIX better Adapt FLOPFIX to hard drives No real problem but hard drives are a little scary Use DOS to make the program file oriented rather than sector oriented This would let you recover a specific file Write the recovered sector to a differ ent disk or at least to a different sec tor This would allow for recovery of physically damaged sectors I see nothing wrong with keeping it simple and easy to use Dave s always so complimentary about my code I believe his words were something to the effect C and C DOCUMENTATION TOOLS Save TIME and MONEY Automate ACCURATE documentation e C CALL 59 Creates a graphic tree of the caller called structure generates a files vs functions table of contents and a cross reference of function usage e C CMT 59 Generates and inserts function Coment Blocks showing caller called functions and showing global define local identifiers used e CUST 39 Lists programs with optional line numbers and page titles Optional graphic Action Diagrams of the logic control structure Optional reformat into standardized formats C REF 49 Creates cross reference of global define local identifiers Creates Class Hierarchy Diagram of C Classes incl multiple inheritence SPECIAL OFFER 149 All 4 programs plus FREE integrated C DOC program v 30 DAY Money back guarantee SOFTWARE BLACKSMITHS INC 6064
204. of DRAM ASSEMBLED BOARD 16MHZ with 1MB DRAM PROFESSIONAL 0S9 with C COMPILER only valid if purchased with board SKADOS OPERATING SYSTEM COMPLETE INFORMATION AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST PERIPHERAL TECHNOLOGY 1710 CUMBERLAND POINT DR 8 MARIETTA GA 30067 404 984 0742 FAX 404 984 8248 COD MASTERCARD VISA CHECK SK DOS IS A TRADEMARK OF STAR K SOFTWARE SYSTEMS 0S9 IS A TRADEMARK OF MICROWARE AND MOTOROLA Reader Service Number 119 78 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 AROUND THE BEND NEC Can t Defuse Printer Problem It s 3 57 p m It s quiet in Carol s office her NEC 890 Silent Writer is unusually silent Dave my printer doesn t work The power which had been off for an hour had just come back on and all the computers were doing their deep knee bends Dave my printer doesn t work So give it a chance already Unfortunately it needed more than a chance Nothing dead no fan no lights no smoke no whimper no nothing I looked for a fuse None in sight None underneath on top by the plug anywhere I opened the back and pulled out the power supply No fuse I called NEC After being referred to three different sites I finally reached someone who would talk to me Where s the fuse on the 890 Silentwriter Before we talk about that what are the symptoms It s dead Tt could be something other than a fuse Right but for now I d really like to know
205. of the recipients would respond turned out few sometimes none ordered 8 Talk to the magazine s editor Ask him if he thinks you d do well advertis ing there Also ask him if there s some one you should send a copy to Don t absolutely don t mention that your deci sion to advertise depends on his decision to review the product You won t feel good about it and he won t either Once The Ad Has Run 1 Ask everyone who calls where they heard about your product 2 Make sure you can respond imme diately to orders We started Micro C out of our house and we lived on a dead end road We d meet the mailman as he stopped at our box and many times we had reply cards addressed and ready to hand back to him by the time he d gotten back to our house We had 10 minute turnaround and subscribers loved it 3 Be prepared to lose money and patience on some orders Occasionally you ll run into a real bother He ll want a custom product he ll want you to install it he ll call you day and night instead of reading the manual he ll erase his disks and after you finally return his money he ll write a nasty letter to your state s attorney general suggesting that the death penalty might be too lenient The guy was from New York City of course Note Circulation figures are at best optimistic When you re on the phone with a new magazine ask for a break down of their circulation Ask the ques tions in the follow
206. oftware Gateway Technologies Inc Winter City Software General Software RJSwantek Inc Genus Microprogramming Regan Consulting amp Programming Xenosoft Revolution 2 Information Modes Robotic Systems Young Software Engineering Integrand Ryle Design Zortech JB Software Legend Communications Loalco Contact Advertiser Directly When you write for information please tell these folks you read about their products in Micro Cornucopia What s s this I hear ni no more e Micro c in No more around the Bend or SOG What will become of the human race _ All watched over by machines of loving gra e With no PC mags of culte and taste MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 95 By Gary Entsminger P O Box 2091 Davis CA 95617 lea e Can you control your own reality even a little bit Here s a way to find out hanks in part to the strange o of view cast by quantum physics in this century philoso phers psychologists other ologists and just plain folk have readdressed the clas sic question What role does consciousness play in the creation of reality In particular the Princeton Engineer ing Anomalies Research Program PEAR has been challenging the com mon sense view of reality through care Man Machine Interactions The Edges of Reality subtle influence is human consciousness I found two of the PEAR experiments especially intriguing Both utilize ran dom event generato
207. ogrammed sam pling bursts Serial interrupts will wake the Bear from dead STOP by pulling the IRQ line low 12 Volts on the RD line turns on the VN2222 FET which is wire ORed with the open drain status output of the ICL7663 power source switch The ICL7663 power source switch also pulls the IRQ line low whenever the supply goes higher than the main tenance level The DataBear is able to de termine which interrupt awakened it by the context in which the interrupt oc curred and by some status checks in the interrupt handler Power For battery powered systems like this a CMOS microprocessor offers two major advantages low power consump tion and the ability to operate from a range of voltages The 6811 consumes approximately 20 mA operating on 3 to 7 Volts Using batteries sounds like a piece of cake until you consider the more subtle MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 17 issues First batteries develop internal resistance as they discharge so the volt age drops Although open circuit volt age may be fine it may drop below minimums as the processor turns on I gave the Bear a 4 5 Volt main tenance supply to allow an orderly ces sation of sampling as the output of the regular battery drops An Intersil ICL7663 selects whichever battery has the higher output The second and third complicating factors are switchover hysteresis and the level at which regular operation will cease completely The DataBear pre
208. on G E and Williams R J Learning Internal Representations by Error Propagation in Parallel Distributed Processing Volume 1 Foundations Rumelhart and McClel land ed Cambridge Massachusetts USA MIT Press 1986 Ch 8 pp 318 362 13 Leung H C and Zue V W Applications of Error Back Propagation to Phonetic Classification Proceedings of the Neural Information Processing Systems Natural and Synthetic Confer ence November 28 December 1 1988 D S Touretzky ed Morgan Kaufman 1989 Vendors Companies advertising Transputer TRAMs and or language compilers for use with the Transputer Inmos 5GS Thomson 1000 Aztec West Almondsbury Bristol B512 45Q UK Levco 6181 Cornerstone Ct East Ste 101 San Diego CA 92121 Multis Corporation 99 Willie Street Lowell MA 01854 MicroWay Inc P O Box 79 Kingston MA 02364 Computer Systems Architects 950 North University Avenue Provo UT 84604 Logical Systems P O Box 1702 Corvallis OR 97339 3L Limited Peel House Ladywell Livingston EH54 6AG Scotland Sancii Denton Drive Northwich Cheshire CW9 7LU UK Transtech Devices Ltd Unit 17 Wye Industrial Estate London Road High Wycombe Buckinghamshire HP11 1LH UK Companies advertising neural net work software using coprocessor cards and IBM PC compatible computers SAIC 10260 Campus Point Dr San Diego CA 92121 HNC 5501 Oberlin Drive San Diego CA 92121 Compa
209. on your 80386 PC NEW VERSION FOR C 6 0 Attention Windows Developers Version available for CVW THE MICRO TECHNICAL JOURNAL MICRO CORNUCOPIA FEATURES MAY 1990 ISSUE NO 53 CLO LUIM INKS 20 26 34 40 46 54 70 H Ward Silver Designing A Microcontroller Ward puts together a very simple data logger and microcontroller based on the 68HC11 Bruce Eckel Waylaid By Snakes A fun look at C if you don t object to serpents Karl Lunt Building A Two chip Terminal Here s a simple low power terminal with a two line by twenty column display Lance Dannon Bresee A Roundoff Roundup Tired of round off errors This should help your calculations Dave Gwillim Initializing Variables In Turbo Pascal An elegant fix for a popular compiler D Gilbert Lee Fast Neural Networks Larry Fogg Save The Floppies Stuart R Bell Build A Composite Video Adaptor Serial IRG Generator S 168K eluf L Reset t Generator 7 57 86 World 64 Culture Corner 65 On Your Own 81 Units and Modules 88 Shareware 90 Techtips FUTURE TENSE 85 Tidbits 96 Last Page OOVER Cover Illustration by Greg Cross MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 3 SE MAE ROLE CENCE OU ANAL AROUND F MICRO CORNUCOPIA n2ISi2iSaigl Editor and Publisher David J Thompson Associate Editors Gary Entsminger Larry Fogg Cary Gatton Contributing Writers Bruce Eckel Michael S Hunt Al
210. oncurrent DOS DESQview Microsoft Windows PC MOS 386 and most networks Also available for MS DOS CRT terminals TI Professional and others Free evaluation disk is fully functional and can edit small files only guaranteed for 10 nanoseconds fol lowing the trailing E clock edge Either you carefully watch the number of gate delays between the processor E clock and data receiving device or you generate an intermediate clock edge 6809 users have the quadrature Q clock edge available to help grab data You can also operate the 6811 in the Single Chip Mode if you install the pro gram in the internal masked ROM great for high volume developers For the best of both worlds Motorola makes a companion chip the 68HC24 which restores lots of parallel I O to an external memory design This device connects to the 6811 s address data bus and restores the 16 bits of parallel I O lost to the bus It s as if the parallel ports were built into the 6811 So you can have it all Fora price SCI Software The 6811 has an on chip SCI for serial communications The SCI can generate interrupts or set status flags and it senses Framing and Overrun errors 12 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 Though the SCI won t automatically generate and check parity it will send and receive parity bits supplied by soft ware Plus you can use incoming data to wake up the processor after you ve left it in WAIT or STO
211. one Unfortunately MASM does not set up the BP register if a function has no locals or parameters I tried doing the same thing again this time leaving the display in assembly language mode and it stepped through the program just fine It also worked per fectly in source mode with FACT2 which has a local variable in main When ZDB loads a program it looks for the symbol main or main If it finds that symbol and if the normal PUSH BP MOV BP SP instructions are at that address it starts debugging in source mode with the in struction pointer IP sitting on the in struction just after the above stack frame setup code If it doesn t find one of these conditions or if you specify the a switch it starts in assembly language mode with IP sitting at the very first in struction to be executed Starting at main is useful for C and C programs That way you skip over all the library startup code which is sup posedly already debugged anyway I usually don t call the starting point in an assembly language program main though That is I didn t used to Now if I want the debugger to start in source mode I must name my main routine main Not only that but I must assemble with the mx switch to turn on case sensitivity since ZDB thinks that MAIN and main are different and rightly so Another problem with FACT and FACT2 was that as mentioned above ZDB doesn t recognize 186 opcodes I had originally
212. ooks 1986 Larry Hoffman 10152 Oso Ave Chatsworth CA 91311 Editor s note Wonderful list but you missed the original tome on the subject The Hardware Requirements Of Eunuchs Xinu MLVX BC Op amp Expos Dear Mr smug Editor Regarding your comments to my letter in Issue 52 I do not appreciate your conde scending and insulting response to what was intended as a constructive correc tion Turnabout being fair play let the games begin Obviously my letter isn t the only thing you ve ignored OpAmps 101 must have occurred coincident with your nap time For your sake as well as others who have yet to tame the beast I shall endeavor to put into words the secret of life op amps and everything The op amp is a device with two count them inputs one inverting and one non inverting It also has one output isn t that wonderful Now whatever happens on the non in verting input causes the output to move in the same direction Amazingly whatever happens on the inverting input causes the output to move in the opposite direction I guess that s why they call it the inverting input The real secret I know you ve been waiting for this is the op amp will swing its output hoping against all hope waxing brave in this cold cruel universe that somehow somewhere someway there is a feedback path that will bring its inputs into balance by virtue of its efforts This is usually done by
213. opaz was j N specially created to let you enjoy the best of both worlds BA a The result You create com we Sy plete truly dazzling applicat ionsin a very shorttime And ES C2 Topaz is a comprehensive toolkit of dBASE like commands and functions designed to help you produce N outstanding polished programs fast Check out these powerful features 6 Over 220 routines all with easy to Design screens windows and moving bar menus Easy to use powerful editor lets you create screens in a jiffy Pop up your screens and menus with one line of code in dBASE all the dBASE compilers your favorite BASIC Pascal or any other language 6 Screen Library Manager Generates runtime code 6 No runtime license or royalty fees 6 Comes with a 100 page manual plus dozens of sample programs and free utilities 49 S O F T W A RE YOU RISK NOTHING Thousands of satisfied customers have already ordered from us Why not visit your dealer or call toll free right now and put Saywhatand Topaz to the test yourself They re fully guaranteed You don t risk a penny Special limited time offer Save 526 Buy Saywhat and Topaz together for just S99 plus 55 shipping and handling 10 Canada 25 Inter national Calif residents add 796 Visit your nearest dealer or call toll free 800 468 9273 In California 800 231 7849 International 415 571 5019 Software Science Inc 100 Valley Drive Bri
214. opriate application process While this scheme slows down applications it can make communica tions simpler More important these communica tions processes give you a means for de bugging remote transputers Although the application program may have stopped on a remote processor because needed data hasn t communicated to it the communications process can still send and receive messages One of those messages can be an instruction to read a particular memory location or register and send the data back over a link Discussion The topology of the neural network the number of test vectors and trans puter memory resources will determine how you manage the transmission of weights In most situations the adminis trator transputer transmits the weights storing them in the pipeline processors During the error correction phase of the training cycle each processor gener ates changes for the weights These changes are then sent back to the admin istrator where momentum and learning rate adjustments get made This ap proach requires few if any parallel processes If however the network is very large and there are memory limitations at the nodes you might have to break the weights into packets say all the inbound weights for a hidden unit and send them sequentially down the pipeline The PIPE program would then calcu late all the partial sums for each exem plar vector With all the weights for one layer received the
215. or CP M UniDOS emu lates most common computers and terminals such as Kaypro Xerox 820 Morrow Osborne VT100 and many others Supports all standard CP M system calls and now works with MS DOS version 4 In cludes UniForm PC UniDOS Z80 Coprocessor Card UniDOS by Micro Solutions If you have a fast machine or have a V20 chip in stalled you may not need to use a card slot to run your CP M programs Run 8080 code directly on the V20 or use emulation mode for Z80 programs UniDOS by Micro Solutions 64 95 UniDOS w UniForm amp V20 8 chip 135 00 MatchMaker by Micro Solutions Now you can copy your Macintosh diskettes right on 169 95 your PC XT AT with the MatchMaker Just plug your external 372 Macintosh drive into the MatchMaker board and experience EASY access to your Mac disk ettes Includes programs to read write initialize and delete files on your single or double sided Mac disks MatchMaker Board 139 95 MatchMaker w External Mac Drive 325 00 503 641 8088 Call or write for our complete catalog of software parts accessories and complete repair services for the Kaypro Xerox 820 and IBM PC AT Reader Service Number 10 Copy II PC by Central Point Software Don t let a damaged copy protected diskette stop you cold Copy II PC lets you back up your master disks so you can keep going even when your key disk can t Copy Il PC Copy II PC Deluxe Option Board by Central Point Software
216. or PC s MAC Unix and VAX CAD Desktop Publishing Dbase Word Processing Business amp more Not a book club no membership fee or required purchases Service for businesses amp professionals Quality at low prices up to 40 OFF LIST SMALL MINIMUM ORDER send for FREE information to Computer Book Co PO 7076 Sunnyvale CA 94086 0746 Reader Service Number 167 Coming Up In Issue 54 The meaning of life the universe and everything This series will take a quantitative look at this engrossing subject rather than mucking about in silly philosophical mud puddles You won t find this issue at your local newsstand nor will it be available by subscription Issue 54 coming soon to a place very close to you Watch for it Thanks Dave Stojan SHAREWARE AUTHORS Give your programs the chance they deserve With Megapost your program is uploaded to Compuserve Genie Delphi BIX and EXEC PC The low fee is probably less than you would pay just to open accounts with all these services Included are one half price update and notification of the downloading procedure and 3 month download count for each service 15 discount for ASP members Write for a free brochure Andrew M Saucci Jr 641 Koelbel Ct Baldwin NY 11510 3915 Reader Service Number 200 Micro Ads 94 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 BS Figure 2 STKSIZ ASM MODEL SMALL a end WORD EXTEN DATA es ee cr PUBLIC
217. ork problem by using a mathematical structure known as a graph A graph consists of a set of points or vertices and the lines connecting the vertices called edges The nodes of the network can be viewed as the points or vertices of the graph The edges represent the connections between the nodes You assign a cost to the edge or connection between two nodes repre senting the distance between the two nodes The graph is a collection of edges each with a cost between vertices The set of edges is called a spanning tree The Sum of the costs of the edges in the tree is the cost of the spanning tree Our goal is to find a minimum cost spanning tree Two algorithms address this problem The first is known as Prim s algorithm Prim s begins with one vertex and builds the spanning tree one edge at a time It begins with a set of one vertex For each iteration it finds the shortest edge to a new vertex and adds the vertex to the initial set until all vertices have been included Prim s uses an adjacency matrix to store the edges and their costs The other algorithm is Kruskal s I ve chosen to implement it because it uses a linked list of the vertices and edge sets The linked list is dynamic not restricted by some upper array limit like the adja cency matrix If there are many fewer edges than the square of the number of vertices then Kruskal s algorithm is best But if the number of edges is about the same as
218. otorola s M68HC05PGMR pro grammer board and PROG7 support software You can download both PROG7 and AS5 from the Motorola Freeware BBS 512 891 3733 8 data no parity 1 stop Motorola uses the BBS to distribute free cross assemblers available for both the PC and Mac working source code for MCU designs technical updates and marketing announcements Dial up and take a look Even if you don t yet have a key board you can still hook up the display and apply power use a DC source from 7 to 25 Volts Your LCD should show the power up announcement Work ing If you don t get the proper display use an oscilloscope or logic probe to check pin 35 of the MCU My software toggles this line each tic you should see a 50 duty cycle square wave that changes state every 200 secs If you see this signal you likely have an error in your LCD connection If you don t see this signal check your board s power supply and oscilla tor circuitry you may not be getting 5 Volts to the chip or your crystal may not be oscillating After you get the display working wire up your keyboard using the sche matic as a guide The software expects you to supply seven data bits on port B bits 0 6 and a positive going strobe port B bit 7 you can use any keyboard that will supply these signals Note that the circuitry does not supply 12 Volts keep that in mind when you hit the sur plus stores With your keyboard in
219. ou LR Coe Signe pag 1 2 wanted to ib th Cih GIE pa Ga be able to with the ulanary Zeuas na GGN upgrade power eaii Welles Sea ai S offered by fo an OS 2 version compiler multiple inheritance and ultiple inheritance a supporting Presentation type safe linkage so here it aminan crane nang gt 4 For many EMS programming support built into the compiler is important so it s in there foo You were happy using the 18 classes provided in C TOOLS but we revised and expanded it anyway You never asked for a free TSR library to be included but we knew you d love to use our neat little package so we included it tree ba TRES fortune waa You liked our FLASH You wanted compatibility available GRAPHICS with MS WINDOWS we for 5150 Here is our list of highl package added it recommended C books for its You want Pia PIA 32 25 speed but You repeatedly asked for to look at ae aS eE E wanted a easier portabi ity from the C for C Programmers 29 95 C Microsoft C we got the standard C PrimerAippman 30 25 Class message and have written libra interface the library functions you SOURCE Ask about our new C Video Tutorial so we ve need CODE so written it we are You wanted the world s first MS DOS C source level SIE CALL 1 800 O FS 1 i BA ca Ma a 7 f d How To Order Already own Zortech C Call the order hotline for details of our low
220. ough both retail and shareware channels don t cripple the shareware version It s better to sell re tail only than to pawn off a crippled shareware program 3 Write an outstanding program that businesses can use Businesses are still the top shareware supporters Games and DOS utilities may bring ina few bucks but that s about all Yet Another Text Editor or Yet Another Flat File Database Manager is not likely to generate much cash either 4 Don t reinvent the wheel If you want to rewrite the same old utilities over fine If you want to make money know what s already there and be pre pared to either out program it out market it or forget it 5 Hang in there Many people write a program get all excited while they send the program out and upload it to BBSs and then get discouraged and quit when a month or two goes by without hearing anything The shareware mill grinds exceedingly slowly Eventually your program will be come ingrained in The System of pd shareware distribution If you have a good product and you continue to im prove it and promote it you can profit from it for years I still get weekly regis trations from a 1984 version of Diskcat at a P O Box that I have not publicized in over three years None of the top moneymaking shareware authors of today made much money their first six months It takes that long for programs to start getting passed around If you need quick income advertise
221. ough the usual Micro C channels The source is also part of the Using C source code disk see the Revolution2 ad this issue Farewell I wrote my first article for Micro C four years ago I expected to be swamped with consulting offers I wasn t but I wrote for every issue since Eventually I combined the articles into a self published book Computer In terfacing with Pascal amp C Academic Press will publish a very revised and ex panded version called PC Interfacing with C6 C this fall Next came Using C and soon you ll see The Tao of Objects co written with our pal Gary Entsminger Writing for Micro C opened the doors to other magazines I m the C editor at The C Gazette and speaking at SOGs gave me the practice and nerve to speak at real conferences Most important I met Larry Gary and the gang at Micro C No question writing that first article was one of the best moves I ever made I started in the brown wrapper days Hmmm is this Micro C or Naked Volleyball Quarterly The ma gazine has vastly improved in look and style and it seems like we ve just hit our stride I m sad to see it go but perhaps we ve finished creating it Maybe it would have become an Institution rather than a platform for experimentation Micro C never did figure out what it was about There are all kinds of reasons that Micro C shouldn t have happened it wasn t commercial enough not enough market
222. pipeline typically another transputer The administrator processor is connected to the host PC and to the first and last processors in the pipeline It gets the topology and exemplar and test vectors from the PC typically in files and then uses this information to configure the pipe processors When the pipe processors have their i N Pipe Processor exemplar vectors and a copy of the neural network nodes the administrator processor sends a copy of all the weights down the pipeline As a pipe processor receives the weights it immediately sends them to the next processor downstream Then in parallel it uses the weights to make a pass through the neural network for each of its exemplar vectors The pipe processor compares the cal culated output values with the exemplar output values then calculates an error value which it sends back to the admin istrator processor The administrator node receives the error values from all the pipe processors and determines if the total error for all the exemplar vec tors meets the desired criteria If the error is low enough the admin istrator processor transfers the weights back to the PC and runs through any test vectors that have been supplied If the error is too high the adminis trator sends a message to each pipe pro cessor instructing it to calculate a change of weights based on its exemplar vec tors The administrator processor then sends an empty array down the pipeline
223. port A as outputs by storing the value FF into location 04 known as DDRA data direction register A By using a 4 0 MHz crystal the MCU can hit 9600 baud on the serial port Al though the project currently does not support it you could easily change baud rates from the keyboard or a row of dip switches To alter baud rates simply write different timing values to two baud rate selector registers You must wait a prescribed amount of time after each change of the LCD I use the MCU s 16 bit timer system to generate 200 usec time slices The LCD routines simply wait until the correct number of slices called tics elapse before sending the next command Since the terminal could receive a stream of 9600 baud data the MCU must handle the incoming data immedi ately The MCU s serial communication interface SCI can generate an interrupt upon receiving a character from the se rial port 28 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 Figure 1 LCD and Keyboard Interface to 705 68HC7 5 11 18 9 8 7 6 39 47t w 2 a 5 6M 4 MHz 5V RESET 5V T 2 2uF 10K IRQ MAX232 PD1 WNZ PDS 8 5V RS 232 68HC725 O N KEYBOARD 15 14 13 12 10 11 8 6 On Oat UN 4 8 LI End diskette compatibility problems Call Emerald Microware CompatiCard by Micro Solutions This four drive universal floppy controller will let you run up to 16 dis
224. providing feedback to the inverting input Yes friends indeed that little booger won t rest until its inputs are at equilibrium The same Identical Twins You get the picture Knowing what we now know let s walk through the circuit as published with a test case Suppose we let Vi 1 010 volts and V2 1 000 volts By the equation stated Vout V1 V2 we should expect Vout to equal 0 010 volts The input will be at V2 2 0 500 volts The input has well it de pends where the output was to start with Vi and V2 in the original article should be swapped for the equation to apply Change the designations in either the schematic or the equation but not both Let s say the output was at 0 000 volts just a microsecond or two before we applied the input Since 0 000 volts is as good as ground the input is at Vi 2 0 505 volts The inputs aren t balanced so the output will simply rise until they are Ooh we ve got me now There see The input is at 0 500 volts and the input is uhm er even bigger than it was before Just a minute let me grab my calculator Nope the inputs still aren t balanced Hmmph says Mr op amp TI fix that I ll just raise my output even more and hope like crazy that somehow my input will rise to equilibrium with my input Things are even worse the input rises higher still Now my inputs are really getting out of balance TU show them
225. r Canada amp Mexico 26 00 lt gazines wanting to finish your subscriptions How did I 1 yr Other foreign surface 36 00 choose 1 yr Foreign airmail 50 00 Some were willing to pay for your names Some weren t Some were already popular with Micro C sub scribers Some weren t Some were very interested in picking up the articles already in the pipe for future is 5 sues One even wanted to continue Around The Bend MICRO CORNUCOPIA in its entirety Led to an uhm lengthy discussion P O Box 223 PE _ about sanity Bend Oregon 97709 R SH ie After considering all the options I selected Computer z Language To finish out your Micro C subscription you ll get your choice of Computer Language AI Expert or Embedded Systems Programming If you already sub scribe 25 of you already take Computer Language they ll extend your subscription Just fill out the form you ll receive in April i If you ve got a year of Micro C coming you ll get a year of Computer Language and you ll be getting it at a really good discount CL s normally 29 a year Micro C s just 518 Plus Computer Language s standard policy is if you decide you don t like their magazine they ll send you a refund for all remaining issues All you have to do is let them know Look I know that Computer Language isn t Micro C When I looked closely the past few months I was sur prised how far we d moved away from the other com Make order
226. r system called Power Search is a search compiler that finds text faster by building object code at runtime for each search A better idea The object code executed as a func tion gets the address of a buffer to scan the buffer length and the pattern then goes to work When I added the com piler to Wizard my search model from last issue its speed improved consider ably Depending on the length of a search the search compiler improved Wizard s performance by over 20 from its sec ond best effort using a good lookup table and by 120 using unoptimized brute force For those of you who missed last issue the brute force search does noth ing fancier than begin at the beginning of a string and move through character by character looking for a match Lookup table algorithms look for ways to elimi nate some of the target string from the search Refer to Figures 1 and 2 for a com parison of four search methods 1 brute force 2 optimized brute force 3 table lookup system Boyer Moore 4 Blaise s search compiler In Figure 1 we re searching through 1 J ust when I thought I d figured out meg In Figure 2 we re searching through 3 megs For more details about methods 1 2 and 3 see last issue In the next few paragraphs I ll try to show you why a search compiler is faster A typical search through a buffer for the occurrence of a string might take the following approach in C define LEN
227. rator AA PAZ In Out PAG fuF PAS S PA ese L Output Generator PAS AM PAZ E PAL Input L lt NC d pag 2 PD RxD pa 3 PD1 TxD 4 PD2 MISO PD3 MOSI SPI ED PD4 SCK Modular Jack PD5 SS RS232 Interface Chip Ea MODA MODB Wstby VSS VRH VRL Serial Power Control Real Time Clock LM236 2 9 Voltage Reference 14 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 EPROMN 8000 SFFFF RAMN 0006 S7FFF 2 MHz C E 15 Hcoa b alAia EPROMN RAMS bale Hees 6264LP La al AS 1D AG AG Ep we Al al Pe 26 iD G Ag ng 6D A5 AS PBS 37 7D Q5 AG AG 8D a6 AZ AZ PB4 428 4 E 07 AB A8 39 A9 6 A9 PB3 Kai CON 219 07 Al PB2 Paa AL2 08 Al 41 PB1 E ppo PT PC PC6 PCS PC4 PC3 PC2 PC1 PCO SUP Serial Power Control A D o PUP Analog Power Control PE7 CEP X Power Supply CSEL Clock Select PEG 48 Mon tutor SIG 46 CONN PES pea X4 L gt GND pE3 X 2 3 CH2 Analog Input 2 PE2 AC 3 SWP x PEI 4 Siig Pulsed Pur to Ext Circuitry PEO ES 33 CH1 Analog Input 1 55 GND Temperature Sensor LM34 C PU Langan Products 2660 California Street San Francisco California 94115 415 567 8089 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 15 by setting programmable flags referred to as SCAN Continuous Scan Control and MULT Multiple Single Channel Control A single channel can be sampled once or continuously a group of four chan nels can be sampled in sequence either once or contin
228. rdware and more Readers are interested in the practical applications of programming re lated software products Every issue will present hands on software re views programming tips and practical advice from leading software developers and authors Tech Specialist is written for advanced PC developers This power ful group of professionals works in both software and hardware development using the stand alone PC as a tool Tech Specialist gives PC developers a real world tool integrating information about hard ware manipulation software design and the internals of the PC Each issue provides an in depth analysis of specific development problems The C Users Journal provides an interactive forum for C program mers The Journal publishes practical information for C programmers including advanced and intermediate programming hints and tech niques tutorials and information about software tools Each issue fea tures major how to articles written by experienced C programmers C product reviews book reviews correspondence from members and in formation on new products Circuit Cellar INK The Computer Applications Journal is the premier source of practical technical information for designers and builders of computer hardware and software applications Circuit Cel lar INK enhances the electronics design skills of its readers by offering creative solutions and unique applications through complete projects practical tutorials a
229. rns a 1 to tell the next segment up that it should set its previous pointer to NULL to indicate it s the new tail Finally if nothing happens it returns a 0 to tell the next segment to do nothing but return 0 in turn Don t Tread On Me segment cross over takes its argu Unique Programmer s Books amp Tools for MS DOS amp OS 2 Professional function libraries and advanced books by Michael J Young Create high performance MS DOS programs TSRs OS 2 programs and Presentation Manager applications Items not available anywhere else C and assembly language Please call or write for free catalog Young Software Engineering 20 Sunnyside Avenue Suite A Department MCO1 Mill Valley CA 94941 415 383 5354 Reader Service Number 207 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 23 ment a point and checks to see if it s equivalent to the segment s point If so it returns 1 to indicate yes which means the point isn t a good choice If not it calls previous gt cross_over to check back until it finds a crossover point or the tail segment redraw_tail calls draw then recursively calls itself until it en counters its tail thus redrawing the en tire snake draw and erase are the only functions that output anything So if you want to adapt the program to a new system you only have to change these and a couple of minor places in main The snake Class The snake Figure 1 is quite s
230. rouped with other micro ads may be better read than a quar ter page hidden among the articles If you need at least a half page to tell your story and you re afraid of getting lost then go for a full page Full pages are very visible Four color full pages are most visible Also if you re buying a half page or more you might as well act like an experienced adver tiser Ask for a right hand page outside corner and ask them to place it with a particular column or article If it s a very large magazine ask them to place it in the front third They ll be glad to charge you extra to guarantee you a par ticular position but ad people can often finagle you a visible spot no extra charge if you simply mention you d like it Plus you may as well tell them you re acting as your own agency That way you ll get the standard 15 agency discount off the top 4 Does the ad have to make the sale Not always You can send out a lot of information in a 1 ounce letter Just make sure your ad is as good at weeding out weak prospects as it is at attracting strong ones 5 Something other than ad space There s direct mail Figure on spending anywhere from 5 75 to 1 50 per piece That counts label en velope return envelope literature postage de sign Also figure on a 2 to 5 response so you ll spend from 515 to 575 on each order Generally magazine ads are a faster cheaper easier way to reach a lot of people Mail works b
231. rs If you try to push 9600 baud over a long cable you could get errors A new version of this chip the MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 27 MAX233 puts the capacitors on the chip This will further reduce the parts count for your RS 232 interface But this chip suffers from the same low drive current as its MAX232 brother At least one engineer I know has cautioned me about using either chip to talk distances Having said this Ill add that I have yet to see any data errors directly due to the Maxim devices Plus both enjoy a wide following in the industry I cer tainly intend to keep using them The MCU Consider what it takes to make an RS 232 terminal You need a bi directional serial port good for 9600 baud and plenty of I O lines to hook up to your LCD and keyboard You also need a timer system for properly clocking the control signals into the LCD an interrupt system for catch ing the high speed data flow on the se rial line and enough RAM and EPROM to hold your program Motorola s 68HC705 provides all this at a current drain of less than 10 mA Check out Micro C Issue 49 for an in depth look at the 68HC705 For now I will only discuss those aspects of the MCU needed by the two chip terminal project You control the extensive array of I O and timing functions on the MCU by writing 8 bit values into specially as signed memory locations called regis ters For example you can use all eight bits of I O
232. rs REGs to create random patterns One uses microelec tronic circuitry the other uses a random cascade apparatus a macroscopic con traption 10 feet wide and 6 feet high which lets 34 balls funnel down through a quincunx array of 330 pegs In both experiments PEAR estab lishes a control by running the REGs un attended These unattended runs establish the likelihood of random out put Then an operator positions herself several feet from the REGs and tries to unable to replicate their results PEAR avoids the common pitfalls of paranormal research doesn t claim too much and seems well on track to dis covering important clues to the role con sciousness plays in creating reality Just for fun try an experiment Set up an REG using the randomize and ran dom functions in Turbo Pascal or C Make sure you call randomize before each call to random otherwise each run is really only one random event and seri ously flawed as a control for the experi ment Calling randomize reshuffles the deck by calling the system clock to reseed the random number generator fully controlled experiments affect the output by thinking about it For example Robert Jahn and Brenda Dunne have In the microelectronic experiment the _ collected ten years worth of PEAR re experiment simulates a coin toss the uses CRT var sults in a fascinating book Margins of Re ality the Role of Consciousness in the Physical
233. s anything beyond the first 4K Let s call this an overly slavish emulation of the IBM mono adapter When running one of the CGA simulation programs only the top 32K is accessed Notice the hole between 4K and 32K B000 1000 to B0O00 7FFF This memory gets used only when doing native Hercules graphics For ordinary text applications this 28K sits there idle Scandalous Quickly load something up there and use it While on the subject of the HILOADing soft ware mentioned in the article I must say it s one of the more useful utilities I ve ever written But you should use some common sense in its appli cation Some TSRs are designed to speed up various PC functions such as video BIOS accelerators Since they would be executing out of I O bus memory which is typically slower than mother board memory it doesn t make sense to load them up there even though it s possible And some TSRs cache programs come to mind are smart enough to look around where they are From their point of view there isn t much memory left so it wouldn t make much sense to install themselves If they refuse to load it may very well be something like that Finally in the never ending saga of living with SideKick I ve gleaned a few more tidbits Micro Ads Experience Embedded Power with the new Control R II 8031 Controller Module V 5 volt single supply operation even with RS232 V Data Address Contro Bus Headers for expansion
234. s a pot and will go down to 50 Hz without any trouble The horizontal adjustment may be a pot and may go up to 18 KHz If the pot doesn t make it or there isn t a pot there s usually a coil with a ferrite core somewhere near the horizon tal pot There may be another coil that adjusts the width Tinker with the hori zontal coil and the vertical pot until you get a stable picture on the screen Then install U1 remove the jumper and adjust the adapter Cautions First be careful working inside the The easiest way to adjust the monitor monitor The horizontal section of the monitor generates several thousand volts for the anode on the CRT The CRT acts as a large capacitor and it can hold a charge for days Editor s note You ll see a well insulated wire running from a transformer on the board to an insulated cap on the side of the CRT That s the wire carrying thousands of volts to the anode and I d be very careful around that entire part of the circuit Use an insulated tool when adjusting the core of the horizontal oscillator and keep your hands out of there even when the monitor s turned off Second keep in mind that some moni tors just cannot display the entire picture of a PC Most can but some will lose a character or two off one end or the other no matter what you do Finally a very few monitors will overheat if you run them at 18 KHz After adjusting the adapter let the moni tor run for a few minutes
235. s department The Slow Lane or 80s in the 90s or Ts There Life After Obsolescence or The Trailing Edge Something like that I guess I m not your only reader who wants to know where to load up on 8 disks before antique dealers drive the price up Maybe there are others who believe that good software won t appear until the hotshots have moved on R W Hartung 408 Orchard East Lansing MI 48823 Editor s Hand Typed Response It sounds like you re really up in the air over my analogy but I won t let that bring me down Would you accept a takeoff on flying in place of an apology See the difference at a glance textfile old hello THE COMPARISON TOOL e Side by side scrollable presentations e Compare individual text files or entire directories e Menu driven interface e Built in editor allows file change while viewing the comparison e Target files can be chosen from directory comparisons e Ideal for programmers Requires an IBM compatible with at least 384K A hard disk is recommended DELTA runs under DOS 2 0 or higher Order Now 579 VISA or MasterCard accepted Also from OPENetwork The Berkeley Utilities Enhance your DOS environment with this set of powerful UNIX tools TextLib A screen amp keyboard management library for C developers Write or call our BBS for information gt letwork POWER TOOLS FOR POWER
236. s include a multiuser BBS videos contests an extensive library of hand picked and tested software and an annual GeTUGether where experts gather to Turbo User Group Post Office Box 1510 e Poulsbo Washington 98370 Annual dues US funds U S 27 00 Canada 32 00 Overseas 39 00 bout with a Kaypro I joined Compu Serve It was more or less what I ex pected forums marts conferences weather reports etc Bruce had argued that EasyPlex alone CompuServe s electronic mail service was worth the price of admission My first few experiences ONLINE suggested otherwise I figured out how to send and receive mail but it was more trouble than it was worth and certainly not worth the price of admission Then I dis covered TAPCIS TAPCIS is an access program for CompuServe that does indeed take the pain and time out of sending and re ceiving mail ONLINE It s fast and vir tually automatic I run the program enter N for New and TAPCIS calls CompuServe logs on checks mail downloads any that s wait ing and logs off while I make coffee To upload a file or a message I tell TAPCIS where the message is on my hard disk and it logs on uploads logs off etc while I drink my coffee TAPCIS you re wonderful If you use CompuServe you can download it and play free for 21 days If you decide to keep using it you register your copy for 579 and get a manual and the latest ver sion You
237. s payable in US funds on a US bank CHANGE OF ADDRESS Please send your old label and new address to READER SERVICES For orders and subscription problems call 503 382 5060 9 am to 5 pm Pacific time M F FAX your VISA or MC order to us our FAX number is 503 389 6833 BBS 24 hrs 300 1200 2400 baud 8 Bits No Parity 1 Stop Bit 503 382 7643 Copyright 1990 by Micro Cornucopia Inc All rights reserved ISSN 0747 587X The Audit Bureau 4 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 Continued on page 74 Unti pT Crying to modify a program without its source code is tough enough without having to use an inferior disassembler That s why you should look at DASM before you invest in any disassembler product Most disassemblers complicate the process with errors giving you incorrectly placed labels incorrect and misplaced code and data data treated as code or code treated as data DASM makes the modification process easy by keeping track of segment register usage and mapping code in its execution sequence It determines which parts of the file are code which are data and what labels exist You simply edit the assembly language output make the necessary changes to the program and reassemble Todemonstrate DASM s superior perform ance we gave the same disassembling task to both DASM and Sourcer Version 2 18 Sourcer has incorrectly Assumed DS to the segment address of the code DS is
238. s the number of runs in creased the operators got better My Test Your Test During the past 15 years I ve en countered many paranormal claims most of them seriously flawed one way or another Most often experimenters claim more than their experiments show fail to completely isolate variables or are I R Tot1 Tot0 integer C char begin Totl 0 Tot0 0 for I 1 to 10000 do begin randomize R random 2 if R 1 then Tot1 Totl 1 else Tot0 Tot0 1 end writeln Totall Tot1 writeln Total0 Tot0 end Generate ten groups of ten thousand samples Call it the control Then repeat the experiment but this time concentrate throughout the process an event at a time on either a 1 or 0 outcome Who knows maybe the consciousness of Micro C affects reality References Jahn Robert G amp Brenda J Dunne Margins of Reality Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1987 17 95 paperback The complete Programmer s Journal On Graphics series assembled in one volume for the very first time Maximize your EGA VGA programming graphics with Que s Power Graphics Programming Que has teamed up with Programmer s Journal to bring you this nuts and bolts graphics pro gramming guide Now for the first time you can have the expertise of Michael Abrash consolidated in a single volume His insights and approach to efficient effective programming have earn
239. sbane CA 94005 MONEY BACK GUARANT EE jo you aren tcompletely delighted with Saywhat or Topaz for any reason return them within 30 days for a prompt friendly refund Dealers SAYWHAT and TOPAZ are available from Kenfil Distribution and in Europe from ComFood Software W Germany 49 2534 7093 Guaranteed bd CU use A4BASE like syntax Dataentry routines like SAY GET PICTURE RANGE color selec tion unlimited data validation Open up to 10 DBF files with up to 15 indexes with USE SELECT SKIP APPEND PACK INDEX ON SET INDEX TO and FIND No need to buy dBASE CREATE BROWSE and REPORT utilities included Easily implement Saywhat and Lotus style moving bar menus 6 BROWSE or EDIT any DBF file with just one line of code Pro grammable and windowed too e Pick from windowed data or file names with one line of code Comprehensive Time amp Date math in 7 international formats 6 Powerful code and report generators included 6 Comes with a complete 320 page manual plus sample programs to get you started 7 95 E N C E Reader Service Number 129 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 33 A Roundoff Roundup When Rational Numbers Aren t Really Rational Are rational numbers really rational Perhaps not Does it matter Most likely ary Entsminger in his Tidbits G column Faith in Numbers Chaos in Chaos Micro C 48 July August 1989 dis
240. se of paid 480 000 liras 5202 per month while a farm or factory worker is paid 225 000 95 Editor s note Wonder how much supervisor donkeys get This is especially comic in a country where the blank in the common phrase You son of a amp is replaced with Donkey The way things are going that may soon become a com pliment On the other hand it is frightening when you consider that food for an average family of four is twice what the worker receives And that s not counting rent electricity water transportation News like this really makes me appreciate the relative security of the U S or Western Europe Not that I think you aren t underpaid Just thought it would make you feel better if you knew it could be worse C 2 0 My newest toy these days it just arrived last Friday is Zortech s C 2 0 Developers Edi tion I ve been up until 3 a m the last couple nights experimenting and reading I ve used Zortech 1 07 for the last year and wanted to find out what they had and had not fixed So far most everything looks good The C Developer s Edition includes not just a C native code compiler but also a similar C compiler a Source level C de bugger and a library of C classes to use in your own programs Also included is a TSR library that allows you to make your own programs into popup TSRs with apparently not too much work I will refrain from saying anyt
241. sh Sat ec SREP ee Pe Oe S 50 CLIPS rule based expert system generator Version 4 3 advanced manuals available ee ee 50 Pascal P Code Compiler amp Interpreter full ISO standard Pascal a 50 PCHRT 40 functions to manage multiple microsecond timers generate precision delays insert timers on any interrupt 45 Kier DateLib all kinds of date manipulation translation validation formatting amp arithmetic 2 a a ee 45 Fortran to C Translator by Poe ONTAN TY like Fortran to ugly C plan to adapt to your own flavor of Fortran 40 DES Encryption amp Decryption 2500 bits second on 4 77 MHz PC for on the fly encryption at 2400 baud a aaa a 40 FlexList doubly linked lists of arbitrary data with multiple access memedi gigi tot A can due NG da te Maen Abe CAME Te OD R i GA ADAL T A 40 Virtual Memory Manager by Blake McBride LRU pager dynamic swap file image save restore ies Mace ee 40 Heap 1 0 a all or part of a disk file as heap storage ee S40 Bison amp BYACC YACC workalike parser generators documentation no restrictions on use of BYACC output 35 PC XINU BS XINU operating system forPC lt ar R ST Lu UA 35 RXC amp EGREP Regular Expression Compiler and Pattern Matching RXC makes finite state machine from regular expression 35 REGX Plus search and replace string manipulation routines based on regular expressions s e 6 ee ee e 30
242. sing Turbo C from Borland International or Micro soft C compiles under the Logical Sys tems C compiler with little or no modification Using Transputers In Parallel So far I ve used a single transputer to simulate neural networks If you want to process more data and or process data as quickly as possible then a parallel ap proach to transputing is the ticket The underlying architecture of the transputer with its multitasking and synchronized communications capabili ties almost eliminates the programming hassles associated with controlling several tasks concurrently Processor Farms To implement a problem on several transputers you need to distribute the workload as evenly as possible _ Some algorithms fit more naturally into a parallel implementation than others So you look for algorithms which when applied to parallel proces 50 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 sors increase linearly in performance with an increase in processors One such approach is a processor farm In a processor farm one proces sor serves as the farmer and the re maining processors serve as workers The worker processors execute identical code The farmer processor sends pack ets of data to each worker When a worker finishes with its work its packet the farmer retrieves the results and sends a new packet Farming con tinues until the work is done This approach is probably the most appropriate for using m
243. skey 2 bioskey G 7 PR ct NO ot lt 65535 cttt buta act OxAD mbile bicekey 1 itdet DEBUG 7 puts kbd OFF fe kboff return Qi IK breaktrap return Dao 3 Is sitna nt get YI 1 Breaked before we 15 enable keyboard command a and Automatic local variables win dows to examine the contents of in stances of a class The functionality of these windows has been upgraded to allow the same traversing operation to see the values of member variables of a class instance C Tools The C Tools include classes for queues singly and doubly linked lists stacks bit vectors virtual arrays hashed search tables windows and all kinds of other things Included is a book which explains each class gives examples of its use and gives the complete source listing for the class the source is on disk as well If nothing else the C Tools are good examples for those just starting with C I had wanted to play with these classes some and get a feel for how use ful they were But as with the TSR pack age there just wasn t enough time Rain check Documentation The old version of Zortech had a single manual for the compiler and li brary and another manual for the de bugger This was more or less adequate but I still found myself reaching for my old Turbo C 1 0 manual now and then especially in the old days when I was weaning myself from Pascal it has a great little section
244. sks such as daily backups can be easily automated and accessed program much less a menu generator with a simple mouse click Sup Gig e Graphical mouse driven e Multiple menus each e Date and time display Add 5 00 S amp H interface with up to 99 pages e NOT memory resident 49 95 Please specify 514 r Instant access to your soft Hypertext like links e Enter DOS commands or 31 2 when ordering ware and DOS options Works w all popular programs Easy to use drawing tools fonts fill patterns line styles and colors between pages e Pop up notes to your menus e Passwords prevent un authorized modifications compatible DOS 2 0 or greater 256K RAM GA EGA VGA Hercules orcompatible display invoke a DOS Shell Supports CGA EGA VGA and Hercules graphics 1293 NW Wall Street Suite 71 Bend Oregon 97701 503 389 5489 Reader Service Number 216 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 53 OSS EE Save The Floppies R For Slipped Disks This is probably the easiest to use disk recovery program I ve ever seen You just insert the flaky disk and fire up the program When it finishes every sector on the disk will be readable probably ata error reading drive B D Abort Retry Ignore Grrrrr Back in the old days when CP M had trouble reading a floppy I could break out the dependable and user hostile program DU Disk Utility for a little rescue work DU didn t car
245. sp return 1 recursive call to go to the end or a cross point return previous gt cross_over p Recursively redraw entire snake void segment redraw_tail draw if previous NULL return Continued on page 23 Continued from page 22 previous gt redraw_tail void segment draw ifdef _ZTC_ disp move sp y sp x disp putc pattern else printf xlb d dH sp y sp x move cursor putchar pattern endif void segment erase ifdef 2TC disp move sp y sp x disp putc else printf Nx1b 3d 5dH sp y sp x move cursor putchar endif snake snake point p int size char ptrn length 0 maxlength size head new segment p ptrn Just mindlessly goes where you tell it void snake crawl direction dir head new segment head dir if tlength gt maxlength length head gt shed_tail find it s own way tending to the current path void snake slither const int chance 10 1 in 10 chance to change directions direction old head gt path Choose a new direction by first throwing the dice to decide whether to actually change direction If so choose a new direction randomly if xand RAND_MAX chance chance 2 direction dir old change only if magic number is rolled else dir direction rand RAND _MAX 4 head gt redraw_tail occasionally redraw ev
246. st tried it It works If you run FDISK with the same parameters as you did during the original format it won t eat any data Normally you have to do a high level format after FDISK but in this case you want to avoid that With any luck after you ve run FDISK the system will again see your drive If FDISK doesn t help try reformatting just track 0 Mace s FORMAT H is the tool I use a lot for this You can reach Western Digital at 800 832 4778 Key in the type of drive and WD controller number and the system will tell you how to jumper the card and will give you head and cylinder counts for the drive There s an even longer list inside the newest Speedstor and Tandon has recently come out with DRIVES COM DRIVES COM queries your AT and your hard drive telling you which drive number to enter etc Both Mace and Norton have books out on data recovery but neither goes far enough They are really aiming at the average user Drives That Should Have Been Mortared My brother grabbed me the other day desperately looking for a letter we d run He wanted the issue and page number of the bit about 15 Seagate 238s that died He wanted the copy for a customer who wouldn t accept an RLL drive and didn t much care for MFM either Don had asked the guy if he was running 238s and 225s Turned out he was And they d failed If I were buying a hard drive right now I d get A Seagate full height like the 8096 80
247. stalled tem porarily short pins 2 and 3 of the RS 232 connector When you apply power and press a key the display should echo that key If so you have a working terminal Time To Tinker Since everything about this terminal can be found in the software you can re ally customize this project Consult the Hitachi manual for the low level LCD commands if you want to change the shape blink of the cursor The Maxim chip has a pair of unused RS 232 buffers you could hook these up to I O pins on the MCU and provide hardware hand shaking on the serial line Since a keyboard character goes through the MCU before it gets shipped out the serial port you can easily imbed function codes or signature keys into the software This design leaves an entire 8 bit port vacant how about hooking up relays lights a piezo beeper for a control G bell code or other control devices You could even hook up an external A D converter and have a stand alone en vironmental control station The station could then download data over the se rial port to a host computer while the keyboard lets you run programs on the host for evaluating data Anyone doing field work would probably find a use for this terminal How about hooking up some rechargea ble batteries or a solar panel if you use a switch matrix keyboard and taking the terminal outdoors If you run road rallies you could easily connect the terminal complete with backlighting
248. ster Full RIE Parallel I O Handshake Receiver Overrun RIE Idle Line Detect ILIE Transmit Data Register Empty TIE Transmit Complete TCIE So I built an op amp circuit which would power the sensor amplify its out put and remove the resulting offset so that the final signal lay between 0 and 1 Volts The Bear controls power to the in terface s electronics it s turned on before each sample is taken and removed after wards Each type of sensor required its own interface electronics There are many good books available on interfacing sen sors to A D Converters Analog Dev ices has a good series of texts available National and Motorola both have loads of good data sheets and application notes for little or no charge The Op Amp Cookbook by Walter Jung is also full of in terface ideas The 6811 makes it easy for the de signer by accepting different high and low voltage references extremely high input impedance built in sample and hold circuitry and an eight channel multiplexer All are accessible and con trollable via CPU registers Parallel UO Depending on the flavor of 6811 you have as many as 38 parallel I O lines However in the expanded multiplexed address bus mode with ports B and C working as the address data bus you cut I O to 22 lines The SCI port uses 1 or 2 lines and the SPI port uses 4 Because the DataBear uses both the SCI and the SPI we re left with 16 lines I reserved
249. t bit microcontrollers 8 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 See Figure 1 for a list of features and Fig ure 2 for the way it s organized Not only is the 6811 well supported by software and hardware development tools including C compilers and emula tors it s quite cheap Unlike some of the latest whiz bang processors a 52 pin version with 512 bytes of EEPROM costs only about 512 in onesies Plus you can easily interface inexpensive 8 bit support chips to the 6811 See Figure 3 for a list of variations on the 6811 What Is A DataBear I designed the DataBear as a small simple unit powered by just about any thing and capable of monitoring ordi nary analog data at very ordinary rates Of course I wanted to include as many features of more expensive log gers as I could while keeping down the chip count and printed circuit size The 6811 makes that possible The DataBear packs the 6811 8K or 32K of static RAM 8K or 32K of EPROM bus logic real time clock serial interface temperature sensor and two external channels of analog input onto a board 2 6x3 0 inches With the battery packs the whole unit is only 1x4x6 in ches It s portable and powerful thanks to the 6811 Slow And Steady Continuous Mode I set up the DataBear to collect data over a long period of time from once per second to once every 18 hours Each Figure 1 Basic 6811 Features Internal Memory 256 bytes static RAM 512 bytes EEPRO
250. ters you can move over 4 8 gigabytes of data per second You can connect transputers in various arrangements e g pipes rings meshes trees hypercubes etc This differs significantly from multiproces sors with shared communications buses that can handle only a few additional processors before bus contention bogs things down To create a channel between two processes within the same processor use a memory location to hold the flag for the microcode that implements the com munications instructions Communications are always synchro nized When one process wants to com municate with another it must wait until the other is ready If there are two processes whether local or across adja cent transputers and one is waiting to communicate it will be suspended ransputers in particular are useful for optimizing neural networks because they re designed for parallel processing When the second process is ready to communicate data transmission begins The first process can then continue It doesn t matter whether the first process was waiting to transmit or receive Multitasking A microcoded scheduler manages multitasking The transputer supports two levels of process priority high and low Processes are either active or inac tive The scheduler maintains two lists of the active processes one for high prior ity and one for low The scheduler runs all active high pri ority processes one at a
251. the A D Con verter channel inputs for analog leaving just 8 parallel I O lines Port A s I O is closely linked to the advanced timer functions built into the 6811 see the section on Timers Some of the Port A lines are dedicated inputs PAO 1 and 2 others are dedicated out puts PA3 4 5 6 and the remaining pin PA7 is bidirectional under program control In the single chip mode ports B and C become available for parallel I O Port B is all output Port C is bidirectional Port D which has only six lines is split between bidirectional I O SCI port RD and TD and the SPI Port SCLK MOSI MISO SS All or part of the I O lines can be used as parallel I O de pending only on your uses of the SCI and SPI systems I O pins can sink from 1 to 10 mA depending on how much current adja cent pins sink but they source only about 1 mA max If you want to control any significant amount of current you ll need to add a buffer chip or transistor I have used the 6811 to drive a sensitive relay but it s not a good idea I used a parallel 1 O line to control the current to the MAX232 serial chip The chip can pull around 30 mA when the charge pump starts up It s always extra work to prime a pump The Serial Power Control section in Figure 4 shows how a ten cent 2N3904 transistor han dles the MAX232 s current flow The ULN2001 series driver chips also do a good job of driving current gobblers Timers One of the
252. the number of vertices squared Prim s performs better Kruskal s begins with a graph con sisting of all the vertices and none of the edges Each vertex is in a connected com ponent by itself The algorithm builds a collection of connected components each component consisting of a set of vertices and the edges that form its spanning tree The list of edges is sorted by cost and then examined in order of increasing cost If the edge connects two vertices in two different components the edge is added to the spanning tree and the two components are combined If the edge connects two vertices in the same com ponent it is discarded When all the ver tices are in one component the spanning tree is of minimal cost HC705 Simulator The simulator is complete and by press time Kar Lunt and John Ribar will By Michael Hunt 2313 N 20 Boise ID 83702 208 336 7413 Shortest Distance e need an algorithm to find the shortest or lowest cost method of connecting all the nodes in the network be testing it John is finishing up the back end of the compiler Look for it in Embedded Systems Programming For you Amiga fans a friend of mine is porting the simulator to the Amiga using Bench mark Modula 2 Last Column Well after nine issues this is the last installment of the Units amp Modules column After talking with Karl Lunt at Rocky Mountain SOG I have been bitten by the hardware bug Recentl
253. the turtle would have moved some distance ahead The distance between the two though less would still be positive Continuing in this manner Zeno says that the turtle must always be some posi tive distance ahead This is true only if distance is in finitely divisible Try this experiment yourself with two objects moving at con stant velocity one faster than the other Give the slow one a head start and you will see that the fast one does pass the slow one The distance between them re duces to a point where no smaller dis tance exists Mr Entsminger s example of the equation Nextx RX 1 X yields values between 0 and 1 representing some por tion of the maximum population of wolves If the maximum number of wolves is some number z and the popu lation after any iteration is given by z Nextx we see that values of Nextx of minute enough significance are not use ful Suppose Nextx K z 1 1 z 1 for some rational K We then have a fraction of a wolf which is not likely to reproduce For many applications all discrete representations of the rational numbers are equally flawed Trigonometric equa tions for example rely on the irrational number pi The results obtained using ordered pairs will be at least as inaccu rate as those obtained using floating point notation But for many applica tions representing rational numbers as ordered pairs of integers will greatly in crease accuracy CITIZEN
254. time until they re all waiting for communications or a time delay Then the process at the top of the low priority list executes for one time slice approximately one milli second or until it becomes inactive as a result of waiting for communication or waiting for a programmed time delay Inactive processes don t require at tention i e time from the scheduler After a communication has completed or the programmed time delay has tran spired the scheduler will add the By D Gilbert Lee Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Laurel MD 20707 process back to the list of those waiting to execute In sum the use of the internal chan nels and the multitasking scheduler al lows a single transputer to support several concurrently running processes The use of the external channels extends the concurrency across multiple trans puters Programming Languages Several languages support the trans puter either individually or in parallel configurations Occam the first lan guage developed for the transputer it supports strong data typing multitask ing multiprocessing and intertask I O FORTRAN C Pascal and Ada Each of these compilers extends its language or provides libraries of routines to support the transputer The transputer programming environment is similar to any PC programming environ ment The C compiler I use developed by Logical Systems Inc supports com munications and multitask
255. ting to ex press something more complex than fun damental concepts of basic algebra We call a real number Z rational if it can be rationalized if we can find in tegers x and y such that x y z There is a similar process which seems natural for floating point notation We call a real number z rational as a floating point number if we can find integers a and b for which z a 2 Then in floating o matter how many bits use floating point notation can never represent some simple rational numbers accurately Figure 1 RATIONAL PAS Unit Rationals Interface Type Rational Array 1 2 of longint Function Prime N longint boolean Returns TRUE if integer N is Prime and False otherwise Function GCD A B longint longint Returns the greatest common divisor of A and B Function LCM A B longint longint Returns the least common multiple of A and B Procedure Reduce Var X Rational Reduces rational X to simple form Procedure Invert Var X Rational Inverts rational X Procedure Radd X1 X2 rational Var Y Rational Returns the reduced sum of X1 and X2 in Y Procedure Rsub X1 X2 Rational Var Y Rational Returns the difference of X1 X2 in YI Procedure Rmult X1 X2 Rational Var Y Rational Returns the product of X1 and X2 in Y Procedure Rdiv X1 X2 Rational Var Y Rational Returns the result of X1 X2 in Y Implementation Fun
256. tion code when it s no longer needed You put your startup display messages etc in a disposable data module and the code and data you want to remain resi dent in a permanent module Then using a 4 function sequence similar to the fol lowing you set the TSR in motion Figure 2 Effects of Search Method on Speed 3MB of Files Padi O c Q O o n 0 pan Cc noO L o OD 2 brute opt brute B M compiler Search method For more information Power Search 5149 Blaise Computing 2560 Ninth St Suite 316 Berkeley CA 94710 800 333 8087 Optimized TSRs You C ers searching for a concise package of TSR tools should check out CodeRunner from Microsystems Soft ware CodeRunner is a compact library of over 200 functions written in as sembly language that you can call from your Turbo C and Microsoft C pro grams Define stack enable TSR on ret stay resident isr_stk STK_SZ 2 Enable init data disposal idata_end init_data_end Enable init code disposal icode_beg init_code_start Install hotkeys install hk hk list service 2 STK_SZ 3 The CodeRunner package includes a template for creating TSRs tips on op timizing C programs and several useful examples which include source code The Microsystems Software BBS free when you register also has additional source code and tips from CodeRunner developers The CodeRunner manual here I go
257. tional nybble instruction for each ie a total of 3 bytes Of course each additional nybble requires an additional clock cycle Therefore a good amount to open the loop up by is 16 for constants between 0 15 This requires only one nybble and therefore one instruction to access each operand To make the code usable for a neural network of any size add regular loop code after the opened loop code to handle the situation when the number of nodes is not divisible by 16 RAM The second key feature of the trans puter is its internal RAM Most com pilers use this RAM for stacks and workspace pointers but we can tell the compiler to set aside space within inter nal RAM for a small routine or two In structions and data found in this area 4K can be retrieved in a single clock cycle Since the less expensive TRAMs use external memory requiring four clock cycles for access we can speed up the matrix vector multiply by using the in ternal RAM It s too bad we can t get the arrays in there also Now what are we up to Using the hand optimized assembly language to maximize the floating point operation and opening the loop by 16 to minimize So you want Tele to do it ALL OK piece a cake Berry Computers presents The Tele Operating System Computer software exists in layers Tele contains the layers between your application and the hardware Tele executes binary programs intended for MS DOS
258. tore the sum in the OCR After the proper number of counts the timer will reach the value you stored in the OCR and trigger an in terrupt Your interrupt service routine then calculates the sum for the next tic updates the OCR In my case I needed to count off the correct number of 200 usec tics So my interrupt routine does more than just set up the next interrupt count It also checks the value in WAITS if that value is not yet zero the routine decrements it Therefore any routine that must wait for example 400 usec simply loads a value of 2 to wait for two tics into WAITS then hangs around until WAITS becomes 0 You will notice my software only uses the A and X registers That s all you get The tiny programming model on this chip really makes you work to get the most out of your code More About LCDs I connected my LCD to the terminal board using a 4 bit interface Since the LCD interface also requires a register select line RS and an enable line E I could run the whole display with only six I O lines Refer to the schematic for details Pay particular attention to the data lines Note that the low four bits of the MCU s I O port connect to the high four data bits on the LCD Unfortunately the LCD comes out of reset in an 8 bit interface mode You must follow a carefully defined ritual in setting the LCD to read the 4 bit inter face The code in LCDINIT does the job First off I reset all the lines to
259. tring from the host triggers the sam pling The Bear then reports its data in either binary or ASCII The maximum rate is approximately 20 samples per second limited mainly by the speed of the serial link The DataBear s _ time controlled operation makes heavy use of the 6811 s SPI port to service clock interrupts and read the clock time and date Because of the SPI s high speed these transactions don t take long providing for low power consumption and a high sam pling rate Analog Conversion Numbers The DataBear has three analog in puts The 6811 has an eight channel A D Converter but I used two to moni tor the power and left three for expan sion Of the three left I used one channel to monitor internal temperature You get the other two for data The converter res olution is eight bits its accuracy limited by the voltage reference and by the per formance of your sensor Eight bits of resolution is acceptable resolution for the vast majority of field data logging requirements For example MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 9 with the built in LM34 temperature sen sor we measure 0 to 128 degrees lt T Fahrenheit with a resolution of 1 dee Peut aNg Non OF 6844 Host Interface Interaction with the DataBear hap pens over an RS 232 serial port at 9600 baud Any type of computer can talk to a DataBear To avoid the bulky and expen O vem sive DB 25 type connector I used a tele phone handset RJ 11 style
260. ultiple transput ers to simulate neural networks Each worker runs its own neural network 3 Pipe 4 Processor Pipelining While a processor farm makes sense once you know the neural network s weights it s not good for training An al gorithm called pipelining is a better ap proach for training Pomerleau et al describes the algo rithm for use with the Carnegie Mellon University Warp machine a very expen sive systolic array processor Chong and Fallside describe it for the trans puter This algorithm uses a group of pro cessors arranged in a pipeline see Fig ure 5 In a pipeline each processor receives intermediate results and or data from its upstream neighbor processes the data and then sends its re sults data to its downstream neighbor For best results try to communicate send receive data and compute process data in parallel Also each pro cessor s work load should be relatively equal So no processor waits for another For neural network simulations on an array of transputers you typically send a subset of the exemplar vectors to each pipe processor Then you pipe the weights and the weight corrections through the pipeline Each pipe proces sor has a complete copy of the neural network s nodes as well as the input and output values for each exemplar vector that it s responsible for The weights are stored and modified in the administrator processor at one end of the
261. uously CCF conversion complete flag indicates there s valid data Because the conversion is quick taking just 32 E clock cycles I didn t set up an interrupt for conversion comple tion Exiting and reentering the inter rupt driver would take almost as long as the conversion so why bother Any unused A D channels can double as high impedance digital inputs Port E Real Signals I ve installed an LM34 or LM35 temperature sensor on the printed cir cuit board The LM84 is a linear positive temperature coefficient sensor It out puts a voltage that s proportional to temperature from 50 to 300 degrees F With the LM34 the output is 10mV de gree F with 1 000 Volts at 100 degrees F Easy huh Supply anywhere from 4 to 30 Volts to the sensor and connect it to the 6811 A D Converter and you ve got tempera ture Although there are more and more linear sensors with the conditioning elec tronics built in most aren t as easy to use Many outputs range between 0 and 0 1 0 5 5 0 10 0 Volts 0 to 1 mA 4 to 20 mA strain gage mV V type outputs frequency pulse per event etc You ll have fun monitoring a collection of these outputs with a single system Mainframe loggers such as those from Fluke and Hewlett Packard have module connectors for signal condition ing assemblies These assemblies are quite expensive and designing a logger to handle all the standard modules can make the logger expensive as well I
262. ur prev edgeptr BEGIN gt e mainedge start at beginning o list count 5 5 0 3 RL then implement bubble sort WHILE e fptr lt gt NIL DO BEGIN X bubble sort is O n 2 so count count 1 o this implementation of Kruskal s Boe met fptr S S would have to have a O nlogn END PEREA S sort to be 0 nLogn FORT 1 TO count 1 DO BEGIN cur 75 6 prev e bptr FOR Jis count DOWNTO I DO BEGIN IF cur cost lt prev cost THEN BEGIN teost cur cost swap code cur cost prev cost prev cost tcost tkeyl cur keyl cur keyl prev keyl o prev keyl tkeyl tkey2 cur key2 T curs key prev key2 prev key2 tkey2 END os cur prev prev i prev pete ae END o END END G proc to build minimal spanning h tree if it exist mares 3 builatet na edgepte compi Y EEE EEE PROCEDURE find key a LR proc to find the component that VAR comp ESEL a key of an edge is in found BOOLEAN Z edge REEERE oe set found flag to false start a first component WHILE come lt gt nr AND mor found DO while not empty BEGIN _ component amp key not found edge comp edge x start at first edge WHILE edge lt gt NIL AND NOT found DO afk while not empty BEGIN edge amp key not found TE ledger Leyla key OR Sag Key 2 key THEN if key found
263. ust be initialized within 64 E clock cycles of a reset The most im portant is mapping the processor inter nal registers and internal RAM to the desired 4K 1000 page boundary Write the locations of the RAM and reg isters to the INIT register in the first set of instructions following reset You can use the init code to deter mine whether the IRQ interrupt is level or edge sensitive the oscillator delays after STOP and watchdog timer periods Take a special look at the INIT CON FIG and OPTION register descriptions in the Motorola literature EEPROM l Some versions of the 6811 include 512 bytes or more of EEPROM This can be particularly useful for storing serial numbers network or board addresses and IDs configuration or password data etc The EEPROM is located at a fixed memory address If you have EE PROM make sure you can instruct your linker to avoid its location Miscellaneous Notes I won t try to cover everything but I should mention a few tricks I discovered during this project First I used a current probe and an oscilloscope to find out which subsys tems were drawing significant power when they weren t being used Helped cut power use Second I found it s important to let external devices stabilize after the pro cessor comes out of STOP before sam Add lightning fast graphics to your programs quickly and easily through the popular PCX file format Why reinvent the wheel Make your
264. uy five or more for only 5 00 each 800 462 1042 In California 619 271 9526 Annabooks 12145 Alta Carmel Ct Suite 250 262 San Diego California 92128 Money back guarantee Reader Service Number 160 It s Glorious No color PCompatible is complete without a copy of this get one and see what I mean Jerry Pournelle BYTE Infinite Neither of us the chief engineer of the Galileo Jupiter probe and I may ever be heard from again Arthur C Clarke T could watch an animated image for hours Larry Fogg Micro C MIA 89 FractalMagic 5 0 ae America s Premier Fractal Program br IBM PC PS 2 3 5 or 5 25 AN CGA EGA amp VGA 35 00 Macintcsh Plus 512KE SE SE 30 and Mac II s 35 00 IBM Expansion Modules 1 4 15 00 each or all four for 545 00 Sintar Software Software for the Mind 1001 4th Avenue Suite 3200 Seattle WA 98154 206 625 1213 Visa MC AmEx 76 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 AROUND THE BEND If something seems weird don t turn the drive off You may have a damaged boot sector Just back up everything you hold near and dear Often however you don t know there s been a problem until you power up the next day And what often happens is the system doesn t realize it has a hard drive That s when I run FDISK Try all the versions of FDISK you ve got FDISK might see the drive I ju
265. ves Running Troubleshooting PCs XT Theory of Operation Simulating A Bus 96 pages ISSUE 43 9 88 Building Databases Build a C Database Selecting a dBase III Compatible Compiler Working with Paradox Designing Custom PC Cards To Order ae Phone Canada amp Mexico Allissues Foreign air mail All lssues Accessing dBase III Plus Records from Turbo Pascal 96 pages ISSUE 44 11 88 Object Oriented Program ming A Taste of Smalltalk Actor Thinking Objectively Building MicroCad Peripheral Technology PT68K 2 96 pages ISSUE 45 1 89 Computer Aided Design CAD In A Consulting Business Choosing PCB Layout Systems Building Circuits With Your Computer Secrets of Optimization Finding Bargains in the Surplus Market MASM 5 1 96 pages ISSUE 46 3 89 Software Tools The Art of Disassembly Handling Interrupts With Any C Hacking Sprint Creating Display Drivers Greatest C Compilers Turning A PC into An Embedded Control System 96 pages ISSUE 47 5 89 Robotics The LIMBO Project Starting A Robotics Company How To Write and Use A SystemProfiler Problem Solving and Creativity Turn Your XT Into A Controller Writing Code For Two Operating Systems 96 pages ISSUE 48 7 89 Tools For The Physically impaired The Adventure Begins Selecting A Talking Computer For A Blind Friend Writing Software For The Blind File Transfer Via Parallel Port The LI
266. w other things they haven t told us about Enjoy l Steven Byrnes 10510 Emnora Houston TX 77043 Editor s comment Larry discovered C comments in FRACTINT see the Shareware column in Issue 52 when con verting the code to compile under Turbo C FRACTINT was written in MS C 5 1 so there s your answer Steven Friday The 13 I spoke to you Micro C folk a few weeks ago about some odd happenings on a Haupage 386 mammy board that was it appeared to kick into low gear approximately 30 minutes after boot Well I ve tracked that dog down and had my suspicions confirmed by one of the Houston area gurus Lo and behold the poor thing had a virus The infamous Friday the 13 virus according to the guru It s difficult to chronicle the sequence of events as nothing made any sense until it was over I ignored the first law of trouble shooting well all right the third law it was 1 plugged in and 2 the power supply was fine I should have known better when I saw that interrupts 08h and 21h were hooked Unless you re running a legitimate program there s no excuse for them to be hooked Anyway to make a long story short here are some of the clues for sniffing out the beast 1 Interrupts 08h and 21h get hooked from the get go No need to run any thing first It gets into the boot code 2 It expands uninfected COM and EXE files as soon as they are run Note that it s sneaky about this as it restores the
267. where you put the silly fuse Tm not sure Have you tried to reboot it Reboot it REBOOT IT Of course what was I thinking Of course I ll need an operating system for a dedicated 68000 Let s see DOS 3 1 doesn t run very well on an 8088 Now without a floppy drive I m not sure where to put the 3 1 boot disk and I m certainly not open to suggestions And with a totally dead system how will I know when the silly thing s been booted sufficiently Don t say it I d just hurt my foot 800 Frustrations I can name two significant events in the financial life of Micro C First we got okayed as a VISA Mastercard mer chant then we got an 800 number We had a dickens of a time becoming a VISA merchant I was talking to the last bank in town when I finally got the okay Banks seem awfully gun shy about small mail order businesses like Micro C Once we d been okayed by one bank however everyone wanted to step in No way Working with VISA has been interesting Wives cancel husbands charges Card numbers that are okay one day are not okay the next People use other people s charge accounts But by and large VISA has been great Getting an 800 number was a lot easier but a lot more ex pensive We pay a monthly service charge plus a per minute fee during calls The fee is often higher than the normal direct dial rate and like standard long distance we pay more for east coast calls than for west coast But an 800
268. y 1990 makes the power supply issue very sig nificant My best suggestion is that you obtain as much technical information on the batteries you plan to use in your sys tem then make your selection Evaluation Module Developing a PROM able program for any microprocessor can be difficult no matter which processor and which development tools Unless you use com mercial hardware even the most basic system resources must be tested and de bugged before you can start writing soft ware Fortunately Motorola provides low cost development hardware for their mi croprocessors There are two systems available for the 6811 family the 6811EVM and the 6811EVB The EVB costs less than 100 and comes with the BUFFALO monitor in ROM It also comes with the 68HC24 so you can use all 38 parallel I O lines as well as the external PROM and RAM The memory space available is 64K with the monitor PROM in the upper 8K at E000 The EVB s manual includes code examples The EVM will run you between 400 and 500 but has more complete debug ging support They ve thrown in a moni tor with this board too i I used a 6811EVB to do the initial development for the DataBear That way I could concentrate on getting the soft ware running without worrying about the hardware I had to learn how to use the EVM but that s a lot easier than learning developing from scratch I built all the custom hardware on a small wirewrap board and
269. y I ve been gearing up for the change Let s see multimeter breadboard power supply HC705 programmers board soldering pencil solder and back issues of Micro C The simulator for the MC68HC705C8 microcontroller that Karl writes so much about will be the first of many articles about microcontrollers and embedded systems MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 81 Commenting Disassembler SOURCER 486 B SEE HOW PROGRAMS WORK B EASILY MODIFY PROGRAMS SOURCER creates detailed commented source code and listings from memory and executable files directly suitable for reassem bly Built in data analyzer and simulator re solves data across multiple segments and provides detailed comments on interrupts and subfunctions I O ports and much more In cludes a definition file facility to include your own remarks and descriptive labels force data types and more Complete support for 8088 through 80486 8087 to 80387 and V20 V30 instruction sets We welcome comparisons with any other prod uct because no product comes close to the ease of use and output clarity of SOURCER Sourcer is the best disassembler we ve ever seen PC Magazine 1 17 89 page 101 BIOS SOURCE for PS 2 AT XT PC and Clones B CHANGE AND ADD FEATURES B CLARIFY INTERFACES The BIOS Pre Processor with SOURCER provides the first means to obtain accurate legal source listings for any BIOS Identifies entry points with full explanations
270. y anticipates all features of modern mainframe and desktop operating systems Tele Operating System S100 Tele Tool Kit Multitasking MT 50 Windows WI 40 File System FS 40 Tele Operating System and Tool Kit 200 Demonstration Disk 5 MT formally called SK WI formally called CD Telephone support is freely available Tele is available from Crosby Associates P O Box 248 Sutter Creek California 95642 CALL NOW TO ORDER 209 267 0362 FAX 209 267 9246 Note new Fax Visa Mastercard American Express amp Discover Card accepted MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 49 the loop instruction overhead I got around 675 000 MAC sec When I put the code in internal RAM the speed im proved by 50 000 MAC sec to over 725 000 MAC sec Now we re talking Note You can download the code for the matrix vector multiply and the code for per forming the transposed vector matrix mul tiply needed during the error correction phase of the neural network simulation from the Micro C BBS The transposed code isn t quite as efficient as the first but still does over 700 000 MAC sec Whew I think we ve eked every bit of speed out of the transputer You can use this code with both online and epoch training Take your PC code and modify Administrator 1 Pipe Processor Processor it to insure that the data for the weight matrix is arranged correctly Otherwise code written for the PC u
271. y not like making linked lists of arrays or arrays of pointers to arrays however Although Zortech has done a lot of work to ensure compatibility between their library and the Microsoft library there s still a problem with open It takes different parameters and behaves differently than the Microsoft C ver sion according to Zortech I should point out though that just because Zortech s library is compatible with MS C s it doesn t mean you can link Zortech OBJs with the MS library or use third party libraries compiled for MS C This is almost always not the case Compatibility between Zortech and MS C is at the source function prototype level With some work it is possible to com pile a library that can be linked either with MS C or Zortech OBJs but not many companies do it that way Most have a separate version of their library which is simply the same source code re compiled with the other compiler Finally the interrupt function type available in MS and Turbo C is not avail able in Zortech Instead they supply an Interrupt Package with their library which handles the installation of inter rupt service routines Having used both methods I prefer Zortech s it doesn t force you to play around with saving the old vectors or worrying about whether to chain to the old interrupt It will even set up a local stack for the interrupt if you like Much handier There are a few other incompatibi
272. y o nets oe ievel vel debuggers and n with gomp ee e compilers 0 on In is R ie an a NY er th full suppor rt for circuit emulators ma pr Har s paradigm LO asa Borland and other comp ASIC amp Modula 2 ws math coprocess ensive user s emulation supot a extensible emulator a full Intel O mcompreh manua m compiler startup code amp exam aft MF output Lack of n the co laet ol your rc Debugger i hardware from 0 CATE ere se Interface 195 00 r facti 43 Orders 80015 T 0499 BIX join paradi am A Bi phastercard C C O m Syst stems 1787 digm chusetts 0 P Paradig 152 Milford pa S S Boriand International ra Turbo Debugger is a registered tf Reader Service Number 113 80 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 53 May 1990 mples ee technical support m with our Turbo AROUND THE BEND PSFX 85 Legend Communications 54 Rosedale Avenue West Brampton Ontario Canada L6X 1K1 800 668 7077 Thanks I can t finish without thanking a whole lot of you Thanks to all the folks who attended our local SOGs espe cially to Andy Bakkers from Holland who attended every one You made those SOGs very special for me Thanks to all who organized staffed and attended the re gional SOGs including a special thanks to Dave Randy Mike Karl Bob Kim Don and John those of you who did it and you who are crazy enough to do it again Also thanks to all who subscribe Many publications spend

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