WQ-COSM Version 2.0 User Manual
Contents
1. Average Saturated Hydraulic Maximum Initial Capillary Suction Conductivity Moisture Deficit in mm in hr mm hr ee Misa Sand 1 93 49 0 4 74 9 27 120 236 0 346 0 404 Loamy sand 2 4 61 0 1 18 2 35 30 0 59 7 0 312 0 382 Sandy loam 4 33 110 0 43 0 86 10 9 21 8 0 246 0 358 Loam 3 5 88 9 0 13 0 52 3 3 13 2 0 193 0 346 Siltloam 6 69 57 9 0 26 0 27 6 6 6 7 0 171 0 368 Sandy clay loam 8 66 220 0 06 0 12 1 57 3 1 0 143 0 25 Clay loam 8 27 104 0 04 0 08 1 0 2 0 0 146 0 267 Silty clay loam 10 6 269 0 04 0 08 1 0 2 0 0 105 0 263 Sandy clay 9 45 240 0 02 0 05 0 5 1 3 0 091 0 191 Silty clay 11 4 290 0 02 0 04 0 5 1 0 0 092 0 229 Clay 12 6 320 0 01 0 02 0 25 0 5 0 079 0 203 NOTE Saturated hydraulic conductivity or permeability values differed between two sources used Values from Rawls were about 50 of the values from Maidment Both values are represented as a range 12 References Clapp R B and Hornberger G M 1978 Empirical Equations for Some Soil Properties Water Resources Research Vol 14 No 4 August Maidment D R Editor in Chief 1993 Handbook of Hydrology McGraw Hill Inc pp 5 1 5 39 Mein R G and Larson C L 1973 Modeling Infiltration During a Steady Rain Water Resources Research Vol 9 No 2 April Guo James C Y and Urbonas Ben 2002 Runoff Capture and Delivery Curves for Storm Water Q2. Extreme Runoff Outlier Cutoff Percentage 9950 Drain Time Time to empty the full WQCV 240 hr Figure 4 Data entry user interface for General Parameter e Unit system If this box is left unchecked the default unit system of Standard US units will be used The only parameter that differs is inches e Location Enter the location of the project study area region or any other descriptor This does noes affect data processing and is used only for user information Report Type Chose one of the three types of reports you want the program to produce namely 1 Type 1 report that has WQCV and Rainfall Runoff Statistics and also provides a table of all WQCVs calculated by both Volume Capture Ratio and Event Capture Ratio methods and displays the maximized capture volumes for each method User may copy and paste the tables generated for subsequent analysis or generation of figure using Excel or other software 2 Type 2 report that has a complete list of individual storms identified by the program along with the summary of rainfall and runoff depths durations and storm separations It contains same information as the csv file generated when you request WQ COSM Storm Output File described earlier but in html format 3 Type 3 report that contains in html format a table of all storms processed by the WQ COSM program that includes total precipitation runoff storm duration time the storm starts and dry perio
3. Horton is specified in the Storm Runoff Method field under the General Parameters Tab the parameter entry fields for this runoff estimating method will be available under the Horton Tab For this runoff method you will need to fill out the following fields Initial Infiltration Rate The initial infiltration rate in inches per hour mm hr no default recommended Suggested values for various soil types may be found in Appendix A Final Infiltration Rate The final infiltration rate in inches per hour mm hr no default recommended Suggested values for various soil types may be found in Appendix A Infiltration Decay Rate The infiltration decay rate in 1 0 hr units no default recommended Suggested values for various soil types may be found in Appendix A Imperviousness The imperviousness of the basin in percent no default recommended Pervious Depress Storage The maximum pervious depression storage for the basin in inches mm recommended default 0 4 in 1 mm Suggested values for various soil types may be found in Appendix A Impervious Depression Storage The maximum impervious depression storage for the basin in inches mm recommended default 0 1 in 0 25 mm Suggested values for various soil types may be found in Appendix A Drying Time The time required for the basin to recover its infiltration and depression storage capacity that may vary from 1 to 14 days recommended default 3 to 5 days Suggested values
4. and others Table A2 Horton s Initial Infiltration by Soil Type SoilTyoe i mmm 152 2 0 1 7 1 0 0 3 3 3 2 0 Horton s Final Infiltration Rate also varies with the types of soil Table A3 contains final infiltration rates suggested by Akan 1993 and others Dry sandy soils with dense vegetation 1 E BEE FA E Moist loam soils with little or no vegetation 1 0 Moist clay soils with little or no vegetation 03 33 84 Table A3 Horton s Final Infiltration Rate by Soil Type Soil Type 12 24 30 60 47 93 119 236 The final infiltration rate is the saturated hydraulic conductivity rate of the soil Sandy loam 0 43 0 86 11 22 Horton s Infiltration Decay Rate can vary considerably Values typically in use by modelers range from 2 to 6 hr 0 00056 to 0 00167 sec Because there is little sensitivity in final results after the value of 3 hr is used it is recommended a value of 3 hr be used with WQ COSM for NRDC Soil Groups B C and D and a value of 2 hr for Soil Group A Impervious Surface Depression Storage can also vary considerably depending on the type of the surface and its condition Water stored in depressions on impervious areas is lost through evaporation Typical values in use by modelers range from 0 04 to 0 12 inches 1 to 3 mm A value of 0 08 inches 2 mm is recommended for use with WQ COSM See Table A4 for recommendations Pervious Depression Sto
5. caused by urbanization These BMPs differ from flow through BMPs that do not have a WQCV and do not mitigate the effects of increased stormwater runoff peaks and volumes that result from urbanization Flow through BMPs are primarily used to remove gross pollutants consisting of floating trash and coarse sediment but for the most part do not remove fine sediment and associated pollutants bacteria and dissolved constituents in significant amounts A WQCV is a part of the following types of BMPs e Total storage for an Extended Detention Basin i e dry basin EDB e Surcharge storage above the permanent pool of a Retention Pond i e wet pond RP e Surcharge storage above the permanent pool of Wetland Basin WB e Above or upstream of a Media Filters MF e Above of upstream of a Rain Gardens RG sometimes called bio retention cell WQ COSM is implemented as two programs a user interface and the math engine The user interface collects information from the user generates properly formatted input files for the math engine and displays the results after the math engine has successfully processed the information in the input file The math engine performs the following basic tasks 1 Processes the continuous rainfall data and identifies individual storms after excluding small non runoff producing and user defined large outlier storms Reports statistical results for the entire and filtered rainfall data 2 Processes the accepted
6. delimited by SectionName and parameters defined one per line using param value syntax see Creating and Editing Input Files without the Use of the Interface section of this manual You can create new files by pressing the Create Input File button below and to the left of the file input field The program will automatically assign the extensions when you are creating new files qvin for the Input File and html for the Output so do not enter them The Output file has to have the html extension in order to view the output Future versions of WQ COSM may offer other options Also this file will be overwritten each time the model runs unless the user specifies a new file name for the subsequent run NWS Climate The continuous rainfall data file should be in the National Climatic Data Center NCDC format and have the comma separated values csv These data files can be obtained from NCDC operated by NOAA In 2012 the NCDC changed the way the data are presented in these files however WQ COSM will recognize both the old format and the new format When you download data from NCDC request the associated station and location information You can enter the downloaded NSW Climate file for the project by clicking on the Get Climate File button below and to the right of the NSW Climate entry field WQ COSM will assign a data processing time step for performing continuous simulations of runoff equal the one used in the
7. downloaded NCDC rainfall file Output Entering the WQ COSM Storm Output File is optional and is needed only when the Make a Storm File box is checked This file will contain the csv file containing summary information for every Individual storm identified by the program This file can be viewed and used with spreadsheet programs such as Excel or imported into other software of your choosing Run and Save Buttons To run the current WQ COSM project press the Run button To save the input you just created of modified press the Save button Assuming all input parameters are within the expected range the WQ COSM math engine will be called Any messages from the WQ COSM math engine will be displayed on the left hand side of the screen If the math engine completes successfully a window will be launched where you can view the results file You will be prompted to save your input before closing the run General Parameters Tab The user interface under this Tab is depicted in Figure 4 and asks for the following information Files General Parameters Exclusions Rational Horton Green Ampt I Click to select unit system Unchecked English Checked Metric Simulation Time Step in minutes Determined by the rainfall file format 60 Location Report Type ho y Excluded Dates Storm Runoff Method Horton y Minimum Storm Separation Time ls 4 hr Minimum Depth to Exclude Non Runoff Storm Events 0 08
8. ND WITH ALL FAULTS ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED IN NO EVENT SHALL UWRI OR ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT INDIRECT INCIDENTAL SPECIAL EXEMPLARY OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES LOSS OF USE DATA INFORMATION OR PROFITS OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY WHETHER IN CONTRACT STRICT LIABILITY OR TORT INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THE URBAN WATERSHEDS RESEARCH INSTITUTE INC SUPPLIED OR SUPPORTED SOFTWARE SPREADSHEET DATABASE AND OTHER PRODUCT This software may be downloaded and used free of charge Copies may be made and shared but reverse engineering of the source code or its commercial distribution in total or in parts or any derivative resulting from it is not permitted without explicit written permission by the Urban Watersheds Research Institute Inc BLANK PAGE Table of Contents Introducir 1 Inslall ng WV A NN LAO 2 usme O E A E A 3 General Parameters Tabusnninn daria idad 5 JExelusions a era e 6 Rational Tabea ass ae a a a EL ie ee a 6 Horton A a ke 7 Gree Ampt Labs Nein 7 Creating and Editing Input Files without the Use of the Interface 8 APPENDIX A Ranges in Rainfall Losses for Rational Horton s and Gre
9. USER S MANUAL Water Quality Capture Optimization and Statistics Model WO COSM v2 0 October 2012 Edition Copyright of this manual and the software it describes October 1 2012 by Urban Watersheds Research Institute Inc Denver CO USA All rights reserved DISCLAIMER AND TERMS OF USE ATTENTION TO PERSONS AND ORGANIZATIONS USING ANY URBAN WATERSHEDS RESEARCH INSTITUTE INC SUPPLIED OR SUPPORTED SOFTWARE SPREADSHEET DATABASE OR OTHER PRODUCT It is likely that some non conformities defects and errors with the products or their intended use will be discovered as they are used We welcome user feedback in helping to identify these potential problems so that improvements can be made to future releases of Urban Watersheds Research Institute Inc supplied or supported software spreadsheet database or other product Any of the aforementioned may be shared with others without restriction provided this disclaimer accompanies the product s and each user agrees to the terms that follow BY THE INSTALLATION AND OR USE OF ANY URBAN WATERSHEDS RESEARCH INSTITUTE INC SUPPLIED OR SUPPORTED SOFTWARE SPREADSHEET DATABASE OR OTHER PRODUCT THE USER AGREES TO THE FOLLOWING THE URBAN WATERSHEDS RESEARCH INSTITUTE INC SUPPLIED OR SUPPORTED SOFTWARE SPREADSHEET DATABASE AND OTHER PRODUCT ARE PROVIDED BY URBAN WATERSHEDS RESEARCH INSTITUTE INC UWRT AND ITS CONTRACTORS ADVISORS AND REVIEWERS CONTRIBUTORS AS IS A
10. V Basin Vessel For more information on the underlying methodology of the math model the user is referred to the following sources Guo and Urbonas 2002 Urbonas Guo and Tucker 1990 and Description of the WQ COSM Computer Model to Generate a Capture Volume for Stormwater BMPS 2011 Installing WQ COSM WQ COSM is distributed as freeware as a Microsoft Installer package msi To install WQ COSM simply double click on the WQ COSM msi installer During the installation process you will be prompted to select an installation type The Typical install option needs to be selected If you receive a warning message from your virus protection software that this is an unknown model we suggest that you select the option to proceed with the installation WQ COSM can be uninstalled using the Add Remove Programs dialog in Windows or by re running the installer and selecting the Uninstall option Using WQ COSM To use WQ COSM on your computer go to Start gt All Programs gt UWRI Programs and click on WQ COSM This will launch the user interface see Figure 2 and open up a new WQ COSM project File Model Tools Help Water Quality Capture Optimization Statistical Model Save log Clear Log Run Save i Model Ready for Input Files General Parameters Exclusions Rational Horton Green Ampt Input File Create Input File Get Input File NWS Climate Get Climate File O
11. continuous rainfall data to develop a continuous runoff record for each time increment in the filtered rainfall record Reports statistical results of the resultant runoff data set Optional output lists summary data for each individual storm 3 Routes the continuous runoff data through a series of increasing basin vessel sizes i e through a series of increasing WQCV basins to develop data on runoff volumes and number of storms captured by each vessel size Reports the percent and the total runoff volume the percent of all runoff captured i e volume based approach and the percent of individual storms captured in total i e event based approach by various WQCV basin vessel sizes 4 Finds the point of diminishing return in WQCV vessel size for the capture of total runoff volumes and for the capture of individual storms Reports both The size i e volume of the WQCV vessel or basin is dependent on the runoff that results over time from the tributary catchment step 2 above and the time it takes to empty a brim full WQCV vessel i e the rate of discharge from the vessel when there is no runoff entering it The routing of runoff step 3 above through a WQCV basin vessel is illustrated in Figure 1 R Uno Ef In 2 LO y Overflow or Bypass Flow WQCYV nax Vessel s Volume Utfloy y and y Outlet Note The discharge rate through the outlet is equal to WQCV ax Drain Time Figure 1 Routing Runoff through a WQC
12. d separating the start of the storm and the end of the previous storm Water quality capture information is not a part of this report e Storm Runoff Method Choose one of three runoff methods to convert rainfall depths to runoff depths for each of the time increments in the filtered rainfall record The three methods available are Rational Horton and Green Ampt Depending on the method you chose the required parameter input fields will appear on its respective Tab e Minimum Storm Separation Time Minimum time in hours between consecutive rainfall events i e end of one storm and beginning of the next one that marks the start of a new storm Typically between 3 24 hours default 6 hours e Minimum Depth to Exclude No Runoff Storm Events Minimum total storm depth inches or mm for inclusion in the runoff and WQCV analysis It is used to exclude non runoff producing storms State of practice for urban runoff suggests total minimum storm depths between 0 06 and 0 12 in default 0 08 inches is needed to produce runoff e Extreme Runoff Outlier Cutoff Percentage The upper percentile of all individual storms to use in WQCV analysis This excludes large outlier storms program default 99 5 Storms above this percentile value are not used in finding the Maximized WQCV i e the point of diminishing return capture volume e Drain Time Time to empty the full WQCV Emptying time for the brim full WQCV to be totally emptied out in
13. en Ampt Method cccsccccccceeeeeeeeenneeeeeeeeeeeeeennneeeeeeees 9 References aan ars 13 BLANK PAGE Introduction Water Quality Capture Optimization Statistical Model WQ COSM is a Windows based computer program that uses recorded rainfall data from the National Climatic Data Center NCDC and information about the catchment s hydrologic parameters to help the user determine the water quality capture volume WQCV and the maximized WQCV for any type of stormwater treatment facility i e structural Best Management Practice BMP that captures runoff in temporary storage basin vessel for mitigating of hydrologic changes caused by urbanization and also treats its water quality through sedimentation biological uptake of pollutants and or filtration infiltration This program replaces a DOS based program called PondRisk ref Guo James C Y 1986 PONDRISK Computer Model for Determination of Maximized Detention Volume Dept of Civil Engineering U of Colorado Denver Denver Colorado WQ COSM provides a modern user interface and adds additional functionality that was not available in PondRisk WQ COSM computes runoff using continuous runoff simulation using either Rational Method or Horton s infiltration method and calculates the WQCV based on the runoff simulation WQCYV is an integral part of any BMP that remove significant portions of pollutants from the majority of runoff events and helps mitigate the hydrologic changes
14. for various soil types may be found in Appendix A Green Ampt Tab If Green Ampt is specified in the Storm Runoff Method field under the General Parameters Tab the parameter entry fields for this runoff estimating method will be available under the Green Ampt Tab For this runoff method you will need to fill out the following fields Imperviousness The imperviousness of the basin in percent no default recommended Pervious Depress Storage The maximum pervious depression storage for the basin in inches mm recommended default 0 4 in 1 mm Suggested values for various soil types may be found in Appendix A Impervious Depression Storage The maximum impervious depression storage for the basin in inches mm recommended default 0 1 in 0 25 mm Suggested values for various soil types may be found in Appendix A Drying Time The time required for the basin to recover its infiltration and depression storage capacity that may vary from 1 to 14 days recommended default 3 to 5 days Suggested values for various soil types may be found in Appendix A Average Capillary Suction The initial infiltration rate in inches per hour mm hr depends on soil type no default recommended Suggested values for various soil types may be found in Appendix A e Saturated Conductivity The final infiltration rate in inches per hour mm hr depends on soil type no default recommended Suggested values may be found in Appendix A e Ma
15. hours when there is no inflow This typically range between 12 and 96 hours and dependents on the type of BMP being analyzed and meteorological region default 24 hours e Excluded dates Clicking on the Excluded Dates button launches the Tab Exclusions Exclusions Tab Using this Tab opens parameter fields that allow you to specify a season to exclude from all the years of record or specific dates to exclude from the analysis of the continuous precipitation record For example you may want to exclude precipitation data from a winter snow season which has completely different precipitation runoff dynamic from rainfall Or you may want to exclude specific dates that may have questionable or bad data If no dates are specified WQ COSM will use all of the precipitation data in the NWS Climate file Rational Tab If Rational is specified in the Storm Runoff Method field under the General Parameters Tab the parameter entry fields for this runoff estimating method will be available under the Rational Tab For this runoff method the only parameter that you will need to fill in is the Rational C coefficient This is the simplest runoff estimating method and result is relatively linear runoff output that does not account for variations in storm depth antecedent precipitation and drying time between storms However a table of suggested Rational Runoff Coefficient C may be found in Appendix A Horton Tab If
16. iltration capacity ft sec i rainfall intensity ft sec F cumulative infiltration volume this event ft F cumulative infiltration volume required to cause surface saturation ft Sy average capillary suction at the wetting front ft water IMD initial moisture deficit ft ft Ks saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil ft sec Note denotes parameters to be entered by the user 11 Pervious Depress Storage Same as for Horton s described above Impervious Surface Depression Storage Same as for Horton s described above Drying Time Same as Horton s described above Saturated Conductivity Saturated hydraulic conductivity is similar to the Horton s Final Infiltration Rate described above Table A6 lists values for your consideration Average Capillary Suction The average capillary suction in inches mm of water It may be the most difficult parameter to quantify accurately It can be derived from soil moisture conductivity data Table A6 lists values for your consideration Maximum Soil Moisture Deficit This is the most sensitive parameter of all of the user inputs for the Green Ampt method It is non dimensional fraction difference between soil porosity and the actual moisture content Table A6 lists values offered for your consideration Table A6 Suggested values for Saturated Conductivity Average Capillary Suction and Maximum Soil Moisture Ref Maidment 1993 and Rawls et al 1983
17. l Runoff Coefficient C This coefficient varies with soil type and degree of effective imperviousness of the catchment between 0 0 and 1 0 Based on EPS s Nationwide Urban Runoff Program Data from over 60 different sites in United States and the follow up analysis performed by the Urban Drainage and Flood Control District UDFCD in the Denver Region Table A1 offers suggested values when selecting values of C for use with WQ COSM Table A1 Runoff Coefficient as a Function of Total Imperviousness Percentage Runoff Coefficient by NRCS Imperviousness Hydrologic Soil Groups cad B A 0 0 04 0 02 0 00 10 0 11 0 06 0 00 20 0 17 0 12 0 06 30 40 50 60 70 80 060 0 57 0 54 90 0 73 0 71 0 69 100 Horton s Method Parameters WQ COSM uses the integrated form of Horton s equation to find rainfall losses on pervious surfaces during continuous simulation namely fo N a FR f rt 1 e7 in which f infiltration rate in hr fo final infiltration rate in hr fi initial infiltration rate in hr e natural logarithm base a decay coefficient 1 hour t time hours Horton s Initial Infiltration Rate varies with the types of soil Typically used values range from 0 2 to 10 0 inches per hour 5 to 25 mm h Table A2 contains initial infiltration rates suggested for use with WQ COSM and are based on ones originally suggested by Akan 1993
18. rage in inches or millimeters has to be filled up before runoff begins and is subject to both infiltration and evaporation For grassed urban surfaces this ranges from 0 2 to 0 5 inches 6 to 13 mm and a value 0 3 to 0 4 inches 8 to 10 mm is recommended for use with WQ COSM See Table A4 for recommendations 10 Table A4 Pervious and Impervious Surface Depression Retention Losses Pervious Sos Large paved areas 0 05 0 15 impervious Surfaces Drying Time used by modelers typically varies from 1 to 14 days depending on local climate during the rainfall seasons Table A5 lists drying times offered for your consideration Table A5 Drying times for use in continuous simulations with Horton s and Green Ampt Drying time in days Climate Region typically gt Arid regions A Arid regions A 1to2 1 to 7 Semi Arid regions Midwest East and SE USA 3 to 8 Very Humid and prolonged precipitation regions 7 to 14 10 Green Ampt Method Parameters The Green Ampt equation was suggested by Mein Larson 1973 and operates in two stages First it predicts the volume of water that will infiltrate before the surface becomes saturated After that infiltration capacity is predicted The following algorithm describes these two stages Stage 1 When F lt F then f i if i gt K then F S IMD f Stage 2 Otherwise f Fp in which Fp Ks 1 Su IMD F in which f infiltration rate ft sec Fp inf
19. uality Control Designs ASCE J of Water Resources Planning and Management Vol 128 Vo 3 May June Rawls W J et al 1983 ASCE J Hyd Engr 109 1316 Urbonas B Guo Jim C Y Tucker L S 1990 Maximization of Stormwater Quality Volume Urban Stormwater Quality Enhancement Proceedings of an Engineering Foundation Conference held in October 1989 Davos Switzerland published by ASCE Reston MD Description of the WQ COSM Computer Model to Generate a Capture Volume for Stormwater BMPS 2011 A special report posted on www urbanwatersheds org and www udfcd org 13
20. utput Create Output File Default HTML v WQ COSM Storm Output File Make a Storm File Create Storm File Ready Figure 2 WQ COSM primary user interface The left hand side of the interface displays the log of the steps performed by the software You can save this log for analysis in the future should you encounter problems and you can also clear the log shown on the interface Two buttons are provided for the user to implement each The right hand side of the interface is used for data entry You will note that there are six tabs near the top see Figure 3 Files General Parameters Exclusions Rational Horton Green Ampt Figure 3 Tabs on the user interface seen when the program is started Regardless of the tab selected whenever any entry field is selected by the user a brief description of the field is provide in the area at the very bottom left hand side of the interface Files Tab Under this tab you can enter the file names and their locations directory on your computer You will need to enter file names for Input File NWS Climate and Output Input File If you have a WQ COSM project that was saved in the past it can be opened by entering the file name and the directory stream or by searching for it using Get Input File button below and to the right of the input file field WQ COSM input files projects are stored have a qvin extension It is essentially a text file with sections
21. ximum Soil Moisture Deficit It is a non dimensional fraction difference between soil porosity and the actual moisture content no default recommended Suggested values by soil type may be found in Appendix A Creating and Editing Input Files without the Use of the Interface Users may also choose to create or edit WQ COSM input files using tools other than the Pond Risk User Interface The required syntax for input files is provided below First two lines of entry define the location of the output file and the NCDC rainfall file All the subsequent lines are used to define the input parameters by entering or changing the values to the right of the equal sign A sample input file qvin is shown below to the user to follow However to run the file the user will have to call the WQ COSM program using Windows Start button WQCOSMUI outputFile C Users Username Documents supdirectory1 subdirectory2 subdirectory3 filename ht ml rainfallFile C Users Username Documents supdirectory1 subdirectory2 subdirectory3 rainfall file csv WOCOSM COOPID cutoffPercent 99 5 drainTime 40 excludeDates location Denver Stapleton minStormDepth 0 08 reportType 1 simulationType CONTINOUS stormSepTime 360 timeStep 60 HortonBasin dryingTime 3 finallnfRate 0 1 impervDepStg 0 1 imperviousness 90 infDecayRate 3 initInfRate 2 pervDepStg 0 4 APPENDIX A Ranges in Rainfall Losses for Rational Horton s and Green Ampt Methods Rationa
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