Home

GGU-RETAIN - Index of

Contents

1. e LN utilisation factor of layer N Utilisation factors lt 1 0 mean that sufficient safety is given 7 30 Analysis of sumH When analysing the stability of soldier pile walls the active earth pressure beneath the excavation base may be neglected see EAB R 15 However it must be demonstrated that this neglected active pressure can be taken up with a sufficient margin of safety generally 1 5 by the passive earth pressure GGU RETAIN performs the necessary investigation It is possible that to comply with the EAB R 15 an increase in embedment depth is necessary which GGU RETAIN will carry out automatically If it is not possible to demonstrate wall stability you are given advice on how to proceed according to the EAB 7 31 Analysis of mobilised passive earth pressure 7 31 1 General note The equilibrium of vertical forces must be verified in accordance with the EAB R 9 GGU RETAIN provides the necessary geostatic constants to EABto EAB 7 31 2 Analysis of mobilised passive earth pressure using global safety factors In accordance with the EAB R 9 and Wei enbach Geotechnical Engineering Handbook Volume 3 2001 two cases must be distinguished e Casel The vertical forces acting downwards are relatively small e Case2 The vertical forces acting downwards are greater than the vertical components of passive earth pressure determined using a negative angle of wall friction GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 62 of 1
2. Figure 11 Area load The slip surface angle for the active earth pressure resulting from the self weight of the soil is adopted for analysis compliant to DIN 4085 cos p a IE ee 5 cos a 8 dd P arctan sin y B cos a 6 When there are a number of soil layers GGU RETAIN moves from layer to layer applying the appropriate angles of friction The type of resulting earth pressure distribution can be defined in 4 different ways GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 40 of 149 October 2015 For at rest earth pressure the area loads are calculated by increasing by the factor kO kah in com pliance with DIN 4085 2011 Section 6 4 3 Alternatively it is possible to determine the demands placed on a wall from area loads using the theory of elastic half space The two load concentration factors 3 and 4 can be taken into consid eration see also Figure 12 e For overconsolidated cohesive soils the concentration factor 3 applies where Cop G T Bo Bi cosB sinB2 cos sinB e For non cohesive soils or for cohesive but not over consolidated soils the concentration factor 4 applies where Cop 0 4 sin B sin B Area load Figure 12 At rest earth pressure from area loads With regard to the kind of earth pressure area loads can be defined independent of the global preferences see menu item Editor 1 Type of earth pressure Section 8 2 6 It is possible to enter a horizontal
3. editor e Ctrl mouse wheel up enlarge system graphics change of scale e Ctrl mouse wheel down shrink system graphics change of scale e Shift mouse wheel up move system graphics up change in system coordinates e Shift mouse wheel down move system graphics down change in system coordinates e Shift Ctrl mouse wheel up move system graphics right change in system coordinates e Shift Ctrl mouse wheel down move system graphics left change in system coordinates Change screen coordinates e Mouse wheel up move screen image up e Mouse wheel down move screen image down e Alt Ctrl mouse wheel up enlarge screen image zoom in e Alt Ctrl mouse wheel down shrink screen image zoom out e Alt Shift mouse wheel up move screen image right e Alt Shift mouse wheel down move screen image left GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 142 of 149 October 2015 9 3 Function keys Some of the function keys are assigned program functions The allocations are noted after the corresponding menu items The individual function key allocations are e Esc refreshes the screen contents and sets the screen back to the given format This is useful if for example you have used the zoom function to display parts of the screen and would like to quickly return to a complete overview e F1 opens the manual file e F2 refreshes the screen
4. Output to group box Start output by clicking on Printer or File The file name can then be selected from or entered into the box If you select the Window button the results are sent to a separate window Further text editing options are available in this window as well as loading sav ing and printing GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 71 of 149 October 2015 8 1 6 Export menu item The general stability can be simply verified by exporting the data from GGU RETAIN to GGU STABILITY GGU slope stability application After clicking this menu item an appropriate file boe can be generated with the required GGU STABILITY version status Printer preferences menu item You can edit printer preferences e g swap between portrait and landscape or change the printer in accordance with WINDOWS conventions Print and export menu item You can select your output format in a dialog box You have the following options e Printer allows graphic output of the current screen contents graphical representation to the WINDOWS default printer or to any other printer selected using the menu item File Printer preferences But you may also select a different printer in the following dialog box by pressing the Printer prefs change printer button Pt E ieee m Page sizes Output device HP Lasewet P3010 Series PCL 6 Output device mm x 289 y 202 Image mm 420 0 y 297 0 Printer Prin
5. 34 Piling Handbook consideration of line loads 43 Piling Handbook effect on earth pressure 39 Plausibility check show during analysis 111 Plausibility checks view results Plot margins define Potential definition see ee ee ee ee Pre curvature activate visualisation in result graphics ees see see ee Ge ee 120 Pre curvature define for buckling analysis 113 Pre curvature visualisation in different SYSTEMS MEE RE EEEN E a Predeformations consider in analysis Predeformations defin ees ee ee ee ee Presentation height load ese se ee ee Prestressing consider in analysis Prestressing define for anchors struts Print graphics 0 sees se ee see Gee Ge ee ie Print output table 0 ee eee se ee ke Ge ek Print section ees see ee ee ee ee ee Print several files se see ee ee ee ke reee Printer preferences iese see see Ge ek ee Program display name in legend Program save load preferences Program show improvement ees sees GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 147 of 149 October 2015 Program show information se sesse see 139 Project data add via Mini CAD ese sesse see 130 Project identification display esse sees sesse ee 133 Project identification enter see see se see se 67 Pull out resistance verification present results in a Message BOX se ee ee 126 Pull out resistance
6. By activating the With permeabilities and With depths check boxes the corresponding data of the individual soil layers will be shown in the soil properties legend The designationsentered for the individual ground layers are displayed in the system graphics adjacent to the layer depths if the Soil designations in main graphics check box is activated If System coloured is activated as presentation format in the combi box the soils will be dis played coloured both in the soil properties legend and in the system graphics You can also define either hatching or colour fill and hatching for the different soil types in the combi box The vari ous preferences can also be accessed via the Colour hatching icon in the menu items toolbar see Section 8 7 6 If you select System without all the soils are merely numbered The re quired settings can be made in the Soil colours hatching group box e Soil colours You will see a dialog box in which you can define your preferences After clicking the button with the desired number you can assign each soil layer a new number or reorganise using the Soil colours Reorganise command button You can save your colour prefer ences to a file with Soil colours Save and use them for different systems by means of the Soil colours Load command button In the lower group box you can also transfer the colour preferences to the Windows colour management dialog box or vice versa as user defined col
7. GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 26 of 149 October 2015 6 2 2 System with corrosion However an additional 4 mm of corrosion on the water side must be investigated In Editor 2 Sections there is a Simulate corrosion button opening the following dialog box Corrosion for which section x Inputs Section jau 23 U section 7 Corrosion Excavation side mm 40 Corrosion Ground side mm oo Info New section data are calculated using the specified corrosion values The new section data can then be allocated to the selected section or another existing section However the new section can also be added to the existing section list To do this select the New section entry displayed in the combi box following the next analysis stage Cancel After selecting the section and entering the corrosion new section data are calculated and a new section name proposed Corrosion k x r Corrosion Excavation side 4 0 mm Ground side 0 0 mm Centroid displacement 1 1815 mm gt Before After Size Before After Designation AU 23 au 23 4 0 h mm 447 0 443 0 tf mm 13 0 30 tw mm 95 HIE wel cr Am 2270 0 1606 2 W pl ee Am 2600 0 1821 3 A erf m 173 0 123 7 em 4Zm 50700 0 35898 4 Use as New section 7 Add at end Cancel GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 27 of 149 October 2015 EAU 2012 8 1 8 4 stipulates that analysis may be based on DS A Analysis
8. e0 d H I I linear Parabel e0 d 2 Parabel Figure 22 Doubly anchored embedded or wall with free earth support The settings are defined in GGU RETAIN in the analysis menu under System Analyse m Special preferences m Buckling analysis DIN EN 1993 1 1 IV 2nd order theory Pre curvature 1 150 a Double value in parabolic regions a M Pre curvature to ground side The size and direction of the pre curvature can be specified Whether a pre curvature towards the ground side or the atmosphere side provides the more unfavourable design values is system dependent the following message will therefore be displayed once analysis begins GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 50 of 149 October 2015 he You are using pre curvature to DIN EN 1993 1 1 You have selected pre curvature to the ground side When finished analyse again with pre curvature to the air side and check whether more unfavourable design values are acquired You must therefore deactivate the Pre curvature to ground side check box following success ful analysis and check in a new analysis whether pre curvature to the atmosphere side delivers less favourable values In an analysis using 2 order theory the necessary iteration process in terms of displacement is carried out using the design normal force Na The analysis is based on a frame system
9. iese ee ee eee Layout edit for output table esse sesse see Legends move with mouse 0 Length surcharge consider in analysis Length surcharge define eee Licence protection iese see se ek se ee ee Limit states bedding of wall toe ee Line loads define ee ee ee se ee ee ee eee Line loads perpendicular to wall axis Load case activate display in legend Load case adopt from NORM EN 1997 1 ees ee ee ee ee 88 90 Load case adopt in accordance with DIN 1054 20 1O EC 7 ees se se ee ese se se ee ee 90 Load concentration factor consider Al Load concentration factor define 005 82 Load transition point calculate with Water pressure iese ese ee se ee ee ee ee ee 113 Load transition point using redistribution 115 Loads graphical output preferences 120 M Manual open as PDF file ese see se ee ee 140 Maximum values display for state variables 124 Maximum values display for system 139 Metafile export aros sedes Fee ede ieee 73 Mini CAD file export ees se se ee ee 74 Mini CAD USE ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 130 Mob passive ep equilibrium to EAB 62 Moment of inertia enter for sheet pile wall seCHONS ees see se ee ee 103 Moment of inertia enter for soldier piles 103 Moment of inertia enter for user defined SEGONS iit aie Ahh 105 Mouse click functions es
10. see sesse see 68 Analysis terminate esse ee se ee ee Ag 111 Anchor length optimise ese see se ee ee 24 125 Anchor steel design Anchor wall esse Anchors adopt predeformations as lowering Of SUDDOTES esse ee se ee ee 55 Anchors defin iese ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 95 Anchors define prestresSIng esse sesse ee ee 97 Anchors display design values in a message BOX iese ee se ee ee RA Ge ee 124 Angle of wall friction enter ses see se ee 78 Area loads consider in analysis sesse see 40 Area loads defin e ees ee ees ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 92 Area loads include into earth pressure redistribution Area loads to DIN 4085 At rest earth pressure coefficient to DIN 4085 seg ses ee EE AR EO d hii test 32 At rest earth pressure keep constant 82 At rest earth pressure select for analysis 79 Aulbach Ziegler activate method esse see 90 Axial rigidity check after change of section 47 Axial rigidity specify for anchors struts 46 B Base heave safety activate analysis 86 88 Base heave safety analysis principles 58 Base heave safety present results in a message BOX ee se RA Ge ee 126 Bearing capacity failure analysis after Weifenbach iese sesse se ee see Ge Ge Re ee 58 Bedded systems automatically determined section length esse ee ee ee 54 Bedded systems determine embedment depth 20 0 see se ee ee RA Bedd
11. 8 Description of menu items 8 1 File menu 8 1 1 New menu item You can enter a new system using this menu item You will see the following dialog box New data set Xx Project identification Standard Partial safety factors EC 7 Info EC 7 Partial safety factors DIN 1054 2005 Global safety factor concept DIN 1054 old General I Show excavation on right Subgrade modulus unit MN fn 7 J Use absolute heights Differentiate active passive soil properties with reference to phi gamma gamma Wall inclination Wl inclination 0 0 m Design Using section list C Using user defined section data Eal V Steel design to EC 3 J Buckling analysis limit criterion N Ed Ncr lt 0 1 fE m Type of wall Soldier pile wall Bored pile wall Diaphragm wall Contiguous wall CMG wall Comb sheet pile wall Cancel GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 66 of 149 October 2015 You can enter a dataset description Project identification of the problem going to process which will then be used in the General legend see Section 8 7 8 This can be particularly useful when you are working with the menu items Construction phases Select files and Editor 2 Predeformation preferences Using these program functions previously saved datasets are appended to the current dataset The existing project identifications are also shown in the appro priate dialog box
12. GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 128 of 149 October 2015 8 7 8 7 1 8 7 2 8 7 3 8 7 4 Graphics preferences menu Refresh and zoom menu item The program works on the principle of What you see is what you get This means that the screen presentation represents overall what you will see on your printer In the last consequence this would mean that the screen presentation would have to be refreshed after every alteration you make For reasons of efficiency and as this can take several seconds for complex screen contents the screen is not refreshed after every alteration If e g after using the zoom function see below only part of the image is visible you can achie ve a complete view using this menu item Use current zoom of 1 000 A zoom factor between 0 4 and 8 0 can be entered in the input box By then clicking on Use to exit the box the current factor is accepted By clicking on the 0 4 0 6 etc buttons the se lected factor is used directly and the dialog box closed It is much simpler however to get a complete overview using Esc Pressing Esc allows a com plete screen presentation using the zoom factor specified in this menu item The F2 key allows screen refreshing without altering the coordinates and zoom factor Zoom info menu item By clicking two diametrically opposed points you can enlarge a section of the screen in order to view details better An information box provides information on
13. Top of wall appears in the dialog box for specifying the absolute position In this case all heights are measured in m AD or m site zero i e the y axis is positive upwards You can then enter a value for example of 86 42 m AD in the Top of wall field All further input must then be with refer ence to this value If the height of a previously defined system is subsequently set to absolute heights a query fol lows after leaving the dialog box above asking for confirmation of whether soil strata and defined elements such as anchors for example should be adapted to the new wall top Adaptation would mean that the depth of a soil layer entered as a positive value would be converted from for exam ple 7 5 m to an absolute height of 7 5 m AD If then you only convert your system to m AD do not select any elements in the query box and press the OK button GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 75 of 149 October 2015 Moreover a distributed load can be defined If you are working with the partial safety factors decide whether the distributed load is Permanent Changeable or the Component above 10 0 kN m changeable see the following dialog box Component above 10 0 kN m changeable means for example that for an input of 13 5 kN m 10 kN m are adopted as per manent and 3 5 kN m as changeable in the analysis see EAB R 7 In the group box below this in the dialog box you make the required entries for the retaining wall
14. m kN m m m withqsk m m m 1 0 50 20 0 9 00 2 100E 7 0 00 5 00 E 6 50 si 0 10 N It is necessary to enter the following information e Depth m position of anchor head e Inclination of anchor e Length m of anchor starting point of deep seated stability e EA kN m axial stiffness of anchor steel e H DM m height of deadman if present This value is only necessary for analysis of deep seated stability e LGR m length of grouted section This value is of no importance for the analysis itself but for the graphical visualisation The length labelling of the anchor includes half the length of the grouted section By activating the Verification with qs k check box instead of H DM und L GR the follow ing data have to be entered e FL m free length top e TL m total injection length e D m diameter Then the skin friction values qs k defined in the menu item Editor 1 Soils are used for calcula tion see Section 8 2 5 GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 95 of 149 October 2015 8 3 8 Struts menu item Struts are defined in this dialog box strats j x __Forw Back Cancel Load l 1 strut s to edit Sort Save F V load as live N Depth Inclin Length EA El load Hinge Hinge No of im 7 m kN m kN n m kN mm left right rods 1 i20 oo 500 2100E 7 2100E 7 000 Yes M Yes i0 N It is necessary to enter the following inform
15. 1 point loads to edit Moment is positive clockwise Horizontal force is positive to the right Vertical force is positive downwards No Depth m M g kN m m M g kN m m H alkN m H alkN m ValkN m Wq kN m 1 0 10 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 The direction of the forces is defined by means of the sign In the example above a horizontal force of 15 kN m has been entered at the top of the wall acting towards the left When adopting the partial safety factor concept the forces are subdivided into permanent and changeable forces 8 3 6 Displacement boundary conditions menu item You can introduce displacement boundary conditions anywhere along the wall Displacement boundaries xj Forw Back Cancel 1 displacement BCs to edit we positive to the right wy positive downwards phi positive clockwise No Depth m Size m or radians 1 2 00 0 00000 Rotation phi 7 In the example above a Rotation phi of the wall of 0 0 has been entered 2 0 m below the top of the wall The Displ wx and Displ wy switches stand for the horizontal and vertical displace ments the direction is defined by means of the sign GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 94 of 149 October 2015 8 3 7 Anchors menu item Anchors are defined in the dialog box of this menu item mde j x Forw Back Cancel Load 1 anchorls to edit Sort Save Ed Ed f Depth Inclin Length EA HDM LGA Verification FL Jie D m
16. an exces sively large moment can be the result GGU RETAIN will alert you to such situations Which of the two approaches is the right one is up to the user to decide Retaining walls subject to buckling hazards can be analysed using 2nd order theory A system pre curvature which can be adopted at 1 150 must be defined for buckling analysis to DIN EN 1993 5 or DIN EN 1993 1 1 The direction of pre curvature must also be defined to the ground side or the atmosphere side Whether a pre curvature towards the ground side or the at mosphere side provides the more unfavourable design values is system dependent it is therefore absolutely vital that both directions are investigated in a buckling analysis see Theoretical prin ciples 2nd order theory Section 7 18 GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 113 of 149 October 2015 8 4 5 4 Type of redistribution group box In the Type of redistribution group box of the start dialog box of the System Analyse menu item the following options are available e Do not redistribute The analysis is performed using classical earth pressure redistribution e EAB 1988 and EAB 2012 For soldier pile walls and sheet pile walls in situ concrete walls the EAB 1988 and EAB 2012 provide redistribution figures depending on the location of anchors GGU RETAIN will automatically choose the appropriate figure If no suitable figure is found an error message will appear e Rectangular Earth pressure
17. menu and select Passive earth pressure Passive earth pressure l xj Passive ep to DIN 4085 2011 recommended C DIN 4085 1987 Mohr Coulomb root C Streck C Caquot Kerisel User defined not recommended a C DIN 4085 1987 Caquot Kerisel 2 Three dimensional effect of passive earth pressure WeiBenbach recommended DIN 4085 2011 DIN 4085 1977 m Partial factors Passive ep partial factor 1 40 Passive ep partial factor moment 1 40 2 Passive ep calibration factor 0 80 2 Cancel Accept the proposed setting of DIN 4085 2011 6 1 8 Step 7 Define anchors Go to the Editor 2 menu and select Anchors Now click 0 anchor s to edit and set the number to 1 Forw Back Cancel Load 1 anchorls to edit Sort Save Ed E Depth Inclin Length EA HDM LGA Verification FL IE D m m kN m m m withqsk m m m 1 0 00 10 0 10 00 2 100E 7 0 00 5 00 E 7 50 25 0 10 N Enter the values shown in the above dialog box Click Done and you have completed data entry GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 18 of 149 October 2015 6 1 9 Step 8 Analyse and design the system Go to the System menu and select Analyse Analyse soldier pile wall x Embedment depth via Type of redistribution Toe is free or fixed Do not redistribute Degree of fixity 0 00 C EAB 1988 0 0 free 1 0 fixed EAB 2012 V Vertical suppo
18. 1993 1 1 Para 6 3 1 2 4 where N Ed Ner lt 0 04 Ci is according to experts a nonsensically strict criterion and in future wilbe erased from standards In future the tried and tested rule in Para 5 2 1 Eq 5 1 N Ed Ncr lt 0 1 This can already be set X 9 2 Keyboard and mouse If you click the right mouse button anywhere on the screen a context menu containing the princi pal menu items opens GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 141 of 149 October 2015 By double clicking the left mouse button on legends or Mini CAD objects the editor for the se lected element immediately opens allowing it to be edited If you double click in the system graphics with the left mouse button you will see a message box with the results at the selected depth This gives you a quick overview of the results for any de sired depth You can scroll the screen with the keyboard using the cursor keys and the Page up and Page down keys By clicking and pulling with the mouse with Ctrl pressed you activate the zoom function i e the selected section will fill the screen Use the mouse wheel to zoom in or out of the screen view or to pan In addition scale and coordinates of the system graphics drawing area within the plotting mar gins can be altered directly using the mouse wheel The following mouse wheel functions are available Change system graphics new values can be checked in Page size margins Manual resize
19. From the calculated potentials h water pressure p and also the gradient i can now be determined Applying the above formula for p p si Yw x h 3 y For the gradient i we have i Ah AL where Ah potential difference between two points AL distance between the two points Using flow conduits the load decreasing effect of the upwardly directed hydraulic gradient on passive earth pressure can now be taken precisely into consideration GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 38 of 149 October 2015 7 8 Berms GGU RETAIN can handle up to 20 berms on both the active and the passive sides of the wall The berms can include surcharges The effect on earth pressure is taken into consideration accord ing to the Piling Handbook Krupp Hoesch Stahl Surcharge Additional load from berm and surcharge Figure 10 Berms on the active side The following relationships apply for the parameters x and y X kano Kang Kano a y kano Kang Kano X Aeanu Y dh surcharge y unit weight of soil in the berm area If the angle B is greater than it is assumed that B for analysis Berms on the passive side are dealt with in exactly the same manner GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 39 of 149 October 2015 7 9 Arealoads Up to 20 area loads can be positioned on the active side at any height Area load Possible types of earth eaho pressure distribution 3 eahu Tye 1 5 3
20. GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 29 of 149 October 2015 7 Theoretical principles 7 1 General notes to types of retaining wall The following types of retaining wall can be analysed e soldier pile walls e sheet pile walls e bored pile walls e diaphragm walls e contiguous pile walls e FMI wall e combined sheet pile walls Sheet pile walls bored pile walls and diaphragm walls differ only in respect to the design of their sections i e design of the reinforced concrete to EC 2 bored pile wall circular cross section diaphragm wall rectangular cross section Soldier pile walls and contiguous pile walls differ only with respect to the design of the steel section soldier pile wall and the circular cross section contiguous pile wall The CMG cut mix grout wall which is often also referred to as a MIP mixed in place wall represents a special case CMG wall HEB 240 Figure 4 CMG cut mix grout wall GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 30 of 149 October 2015 7 2 Soil properties A maximum of 50 soil layers can be taken into consideration The following parameters must be given for each e depth in metres below top of the wall or absolute depth e unit weight kN m of moist soil y e unit weight kN m of buoyant soil y e friction angle e cohesion active and passive kN m e active angle of wall friction as the ratio 5 o e passive angle of wall friction 6 e permeability to the l
21. Mini CAD toolbar when you wish to add information to the system for example label ling of slope inclinations or the location of any foundations e Objects created with the Header CAD are based on the page format in mm This makes you independent of the coordinate system and keeps you in the same position on the page You should select the Header toolbar if you wish to place general information on the drawing company logo report numbers plan numbers stamp etc Once you have saved the header information to disk see Mini CAD user manual you can load it into com pletely different systems with different system coordinates The saved header information will appear in exactly the same position on the page which greatly simplifies the creation of general page information Toolbar preferences menu item After starting the program a horizontal toolbar for menu items appears below the program menu bar If you would rather work with a popup window with several columns you can specify your preferences using this menu item The smart icons can also be switched off At the bottom of the program window you find a status bar with further information You can also activate or switch off the status bar here The preferences will be saved in the GGU RETAIN alg file see menu item Graphics preferences Save graphics preferences and will be active at the next time the program is started By clicking on the tools smart icons for the
22. This section of the box varies depending on the type of wall and the chosen safety factor concept For instance to analyse a bored pile wall you may see the following box Excavation og Excavation Base of excavation m 400 Groundwater right m 400 Groundwater left m 400 Distributed load kn J 10 00 Type of distributed load Component above 10 0 kN n variable 7 IV Do not redistribute live loads Bored pile wall Bored pile diameter m 1 00 Bored pile centres m 2 60 Number of unreinforced piles 2 Passive side Distributed load kN rr 0 00 Cancel You can define the diameter the centres of the reinforced bored piles and the number of unrein forced piles secant pile wall The above adaptations lead to the following bored pile wall Bored pile wall s 0 50 m Figure 25 Dimensions of the bored pile wall GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 76 of 149 October 2015 8 2 3 Berms active side menu item You can define a maximum of 20 berms on the active side CI x Form Back Cancel 1 berm s to edit left right delta h Surcharge Live m m m kN r load 1 1 000 3 250 1 30 10 00 m No Enter the x ordinates of the toe and head of the berm With delta h you define the height of the berm whereby negative values are also permitted Finally a Surcharge on the horizontal sur face behind the head of the berm can
23. a particular point then water pressure u in metres p Y Yw unit weight of water 10 0 kN m h py y h potential m p water pressure kN m y elevation head m GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 37 of 149 October 2015 An example GW bottom Gravel Figure 9 Definition of potential In this example two permeable soil layers are separated by a low permeability layer clay In the excavation groundwater is kept at the base level The groundwater in the gravel layer below the clay is under pressure and rises to 3 5 m below the top of the wall represented in the diagram by the water levels in the two standpipes on the right The lowest point in the right hand standpipe is at a higher water pressure than that in the left hand standpipe but both have the same potential of 3 5 m below the top of the wall Because potential is a function of the elevation head and the water pressure m the left hand standpipe makes up for its lower water pressure by its greater elevation head If you want to calculate such a system using flow conduits it is sufficient to enter a potential of 3 5 m below the top of the wall for any point within the layer of gravel The potential above the layer of clay is defined by groundwater levels to the left and right of the wall GGU RETAIN automatically applies these conditions which it uses together with the permeabilities to calculate the potentials along the flow conduit
24. activating the zoom function and on available options Legend font selection menu item With this menu item you can switch to a different true type font All available true type fonts are displayed in the dialog box Pen colour and width menu item In order to enhance the clarity of the graphics you can edit the pen settings for various graphic elements e g moment shear force loads etc You can edit the pen widths for the elements shown in the dialog box by clicking on the button with the element designation you can also edit the pen or fill colours On monochrome printers e g laser printers colours are shown in a corresponding grey scale Graphic elements employing very light colours may be difficult to see In such cases it makes sense to edit the colour preferences GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 129 of 149 October 2015 8 7 5 8 7 6 Mini CAD toolbar and Header toolbar menu items Using these two menu items you can add free text to the graphics and add lines circles polygons and images e g files in formats BMP JPG PSP TIF etc The same pop up menu opens for both menu items the icons and functions used are described in more detail in the Mini CAD manual provided The differences between the Mini CAD and Header CAD are as follows e Objects created with Mini CAD are based on the coordinate system generally in me tres in which the drawing is produced and are shown accordingly You should use the
25. ae 68 8 1 5 1 Selecting the output format ese ee ee Re ee Re GE Re GR Re GR Re GR Re GRA Gee ee 68 8 1 5 2 Button Output as graphicS iese se ee ee Re ER RR RA GRA RA GRA ee ee ee ee ee 69 8 1 5 2 Button Output as ASCI ES nantes ER N Ge Gee GEL kke ee 71 S226 Export menu te Ee ES EE ee GR DR So ee ER ee 72 8 1 7 Printer preferences menu Ite ese see ea RA Re Re ee ee Re Re Re ee ee Re ee Re ee ae 72 8 1 8 Print and export menu item ies ees ee ae ee ee ee ee Re Re Ge Re Re ee Re ee Re ee Re ee ae 72 81 9 Batch print menu tem EE EE GE Ee DE GE GE De Ee ig 74 GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 3 of 149 October 2015 8 Lal Exit nente So st eb ee wheat eo De Ae eet a he ees 74 Rl 23 Amen EMS se oes se oR ec tarde each oe ae Secs steeds ce E Ge ds 74 Ri di ss RE RE EE OE OE EE Aetna 75 8 2 1 Analysis options menu ite ee see ee RA GRA GRA Re ee ee ee ee ee Re ee Re ee Re ee ae 75 82 2 Excavation menu item ii ask hc ha avi EE Re OE ee Aa Ai 75 8 2 3 Berms active side menu item ee se sea RA RA GR Re ee ee ee Re Re ee Re ee Re ee ae 77 82 4 Berms passive side menu 1teM see sea ea RA Re Re ee ee ee Re Ge Re ee Re ee Re ee ae 77 8 2 5 Soils MenuateM Es eva eka heen ew eae ee ees 78 8 2 6 Type of earth pressure menu item 20 0 ee see ee ee ee ee Re RR ee Re Re ee Re ee Re ee 79 8 2 7 Active earth pressure menu item se se sk AR RA RA ee ee ee Re ee Re Ge Re ee ae 8
26. analyse System display System division into rods sesse ese see se ee 109 System edit graphics output preferences 120 System show information 0 109 139 System structural esse esse ese se ee ek ons 46 T Theory of elastic half space eee 4 Toolbar edit for menu items 00 0 eee 130 Transition point calculate with water Pressure enore Eae ee ee 113 Transition point using redistribution 115 Translation activate ees see ee ee ee ee ee ee 140 Tru stype fOnt asse Jenene etek 129 U Unit weight activate separate input of active passive value sesse ese ese ee ee ee ee se ee 67 GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 148 of 149 October 2015 Unit weight etiter cin eased eee 78 User defined ep coefficients activate use 80 81 User defined ep coefficients enter sesse Utilisation factor buoyancy ees sesse Utilisation factor deep seated stability Utilisation factor hydraulic heave 0 V Verifications activate to DIN 1054 old 86 Verifications activate to DIN 1054 2010 EC TEER EE Gaia elas 87 Version number display in a message box 139 Version number display in legend 133 Vertical capacity enter soil properties TOP ANALYSIS ED Ee ER n eg 78 Vertical forces activate analysis 86 88 Vertical forces display analysis results in a message BOX iese se ee ee 126 Vertical forces equilibrium t
27. be entered If more than one berm is present in the system click x berm s to edit and enter the number of berms Berms may not overlap The program checks that this condition is adhered to and warns of any errors 8 2 4 Berms passive side menu item Berms on the passive side are defined in exactly the same manner as for the active side GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 77 of 149 October 2015 8 2 5 Soils menu item You can define the soil properties in the following dialog box x Edit no of soils Info ask Info qc cuk ese Bare oon je ot perse avon OR ea Rea wk er ee lm ler CC neer eva 0 0 i Sand 12 00 13 0 10 0 32 5 0 0 0 667 0 667 1 00E 4 1 00E 4 100 0 10 00 0 00 Cancel Sort Load Save Layer depths except when using the modulus of subgrade reaction are always with reference to the top of the wall or are absolute heights m AD if this was selected in the initial dialog box of the File New menu item If when analysing a soldier pile wall after Wei enbach you wish to make full use of passive earth pressure enter a value of 1 0 for d p phi passive angle of wall friction angle of friction GGU RETAIN automatically performs the reductions required by Wei enbach If you have activated the Differentiate active passive soil properties check box in the dialog box in File New or Editor 1 Analysis options you can enter differing friction angles and unit weights for
28. but ton The new sections created here can be saved in a kom ggu file 8 3 15 4 Bored pile wall Diaphragm wall Contiguous wall menu items If you specified Bored pile wall or Contiguous wall and Using section list a dialog box opens for entering the Bored pile diameter If you select Diaphragm wall and Using section list you must enter the Diaphragm wall thickness in a dialog box 8 3 15 5 Girder menu item If you selected the CMG wall and Using section list check boxes in the File New or Edi tor 1 Analysis options menu items you will see the following dialog box with the currently loaded list of soldier piles see Section 8 3 15 2 GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 104 of 149 October 2015 8 3 15 6 Section data menu item If you activated the Using user defined section data check box in the File New or Editor 1 Analysis options menu items you can define several sections for the wall here This allows partial corrosion of a sheet pile wall to be modelled for example see Worked example 2 Section 6 2 3 Single sections f x Forw Back Cancel Load Save Sort 2 Single sections to edit No Depth m Designation Steel quality 1 3000 AU 23 4 0 5 240 GP 7 2 18000 AU 23 5 240 GP 7 If Steel design to EC 3 is not activated the following dialog box opens Section data x Forw Back Cancel Load Go to no 1 2 section s to edit Save Depth Na
29. can arrange them to suit your needs using this menu item First activate the Manual graph positioning radio button Graph positioning preferences x Automatic graph positioning Manual graph positioning m Manual graph positions Graph name x m Width m Water pressure foo 200 Earth pressure 500 200 Moment 10 00 2 00 Shear force 15 00 2 00 Normal force 20 00 2 00 Displacement 25 00 20 Subgrade react mod 30 00 20 Lateral pressures 500 200 Cancel The graphs will then be shown central at the position x with the specified Width The fastest way to modify the position of a graph is to press the F11 function key and then to pull the graph to the new position holding the left mouse button pressed GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 119 of 149 October 2015 8 4 8 Graphics output preferences menu item Among other things the screen graphics consist of several graphs presenting depth oriented re sults This menu item opens a dialog box which allows you to visualise the selected state variables on the screen by activating the corresponding check boxes Graphics output preferences x m Water presentation None Diff water pressure Show system C Pw pressure Potential Show results C Gradient V Ep pw Cancel r Presentation internal forces etc Without ep IV Moment J Shear force IV Normal force M Displacement Pre
30. curvature SR modulus Deep seated stability V Lateral pressures m Display earth pressure a V gak I gk M qk Display state variables od T gd MF rak FT gk T qk M wk m Display displacement E gd M grak T gk M qk T wk Same height for all Presentation height loads m 0 300 Load hatching Hatched Hatch spacing mm 2 0 Excess passive active earth pressure 1 0 State variable for strut Moment bs On the whole the dialog box is self explanatory When ep pw is selected the sum of earth pressure and water pressure pw is displayed in the diagram for earth pressure If a system has been analysed using 2 order theory with buckling analysis to DIN EN 1993 1 1 activated either the Displacement or the Pre curvature can be selected for display in the result graphics in the dialog box shown above Any adopted pre curvature will always be given in the output table When analysing using partial safety factors you will also see the group boxes Display earth pressure Display state variables and Display displacement in which you can acti vate display of the permanent g and or live loads q In addition the design values d can be displayed You can also specify hatching and the presentation height of loads If the Same height for all check box is not selected load visualisation is based on load size the height of the presentat
31. ee 43 Figure 16 Two bounded surcharges eie ee SR Re Re Ge Re GR ee Re RR Ge ek Ge ee ee ee ee Ge ee 44 Figure 17 Double bounded SUrchar ge ccccccccccccecsceeseesessetssseecnseescesecseeseceseecnseesceseeseeaeeieeeeenteenenas 44 Figure 18 Bounded surcharge passive side iese ee Ge Re GR Re RR Ge Re Ge ee Re Re 45 Figure 19 Possible structural System cccccccccccscsecesessescusescuseseesecseeeecuseescesecseeseceeecnssesenseeseeeenaes 46 Figure 20 Embedded non anchored wall se ee Re RR RR RR RA Re ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 49 Figure 21 Singly anchored embedded or wall with free earth SUDDOF iese ese se ee se ee ee ee 49 Figure 22 Doubly anchored embedded or wall with free earth support sss 50 Figure 23 Compound deep slip planes ii ee ee ee Re RR RR RR GRA Re ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 64 Figure 24 Compound deep slip plane which is not investigated eie ee ee ee ee eg 64 Figure 25 Dimensions of the bored pile wall ee RR Re RR RR RR Re Ge ee ee ee ee ee ee 76 Figure 26 Distribution of subgrade reaction moduli ee RR RR Re ee ee ee ee ee ee 98 Fig re 27 RE N AE LR wae 108 Figure 28 Passive earth pressure ep in front or superimposed iese ese ee ee ee ee Re Ge Re ee 113 Figure 29 Birectangular earth pressure redistribution iese ee ee ee ee ee ee ee Re ee Re ee Re ee 114 Figure 30 Earth pressure redistribution in a trapezoidal iese ee ee ee ee Re RR Re ee ee 115 Figure 31 Earth pressure redistrib
32. ee ae 17 6 1 7 Step 6 Define passive earth pressure i iese se RA GRA RA Re ee ee Re Ge Re ee Re 18 61 8 Step 7 Define anchors ii ee es EER concn EER Ge Ge GR GE GER ESE Ge EE Ee eg Ge Ee GEE de ee ve eed 18 6 1 9 Step 8 Analyse and design the SYStEM ees ee ee ee ee ee ee Re ee Re ee Re ee Re 19 6 1 10 Step 9 Evaluate and visualise the results iis ss see see see se ee ee ee ee ee Re ee ee ee ee 24 6 2 Worked example 2 Sheet pile wall with corrosion ee ee ee ee ee Re ee Re EE 25 621 mitialsvster E A EE ERG kB E De EE Ee Matin ee ales 25 6 2 2 System with COrrosiOn ee ee ee teeseen e GRA GRA ai ee Ee ee ee E SE ee ee ee ee 27 6 2 3 System with partial corrosion ee ee ee ee RR RR RA GRA GRA ee ee ee Re ee ee ee ee ee 28 7 Theoretical principles sesse see sees see Bee Bee Se Ee Ee Ee EE Ee SEE DRA BRA Bee Be Ee Ee Ee Ee ee SE Ge See 30 7 1 General notes to types of retaining wall se se RR RR GRA GRA Re ee Ee ee ee ee ee 30 MIE EE OE RE HERE EE OE 31 1 3 Activeearth pressure se oo ied este E dt Gee Bahl ea Seg ee hs sh 31 74 At rest earth pressure sn EER ween ta ian ae Rite nb Aa ween 32 7 5 Increased active earth Pressure cceeccecsceescessceesceseceseceseceeceeeaecsaecseecseeeaeesseeseeeneeensees 32 7 6 Passive earth pressure cecccsceeseesseesceesceescesceeeceesceecesecesecseceaecsaecaeecaeeeseeeseeeeeeeeeenseeas 32 Vcd Water PLCSSULE Ss EE hss aves EE EE Re EO ES SE ee Ge AR age n GOS E
33. is redistributed in the shape of a rectangle e Birectangular Earth pressure is redistributed in birectangular shape The relationship between the top and bottom earth pressure ordinates eaho eahu as well as depth of the subdivision x can be specified eaho Figure 29 Birectangular earth pressure redistribution e Triangular Earth pressure is redistributed in the shape of a triangle The associated Preferences but ton enables you to determine the position of the maximum top central bottom GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 114 of 149 October 2015 e Trapezoidal Earth pressure is redistributed in the shape of a trapezoidal The associated Preferences button enables you to determine the eahu eaho ratio eaho eahu Figure 30 Earth pressure redistribution in a trapezoidal e Quadrilateral The earth pressure is redistributed in a quadrilateral After clicking the Preferences but ton you can select the ordinates at which the maximum should occur either by entering the depth or alternatively the anchor positions Activate the appropriate check boxes at the left of the dialog box The ordinate at the load transition point is defined by the ratio eaho eahu eaho eahu Figure 31 Earth pressure redistribution in a quadrilateral GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 115 of 149 October 2015 e User defined If none of the offered redistribution figures meet your requirements you have the option of creating y
34. kN Eay k 65 83 kN Eah k 152 52 kN Ch k 0 00 kN By k 3 60 kN deltalp 23 3 delta C 11 7 Sum V g q k 86 94 compression kN Analysis of vertical capacity empirical data after Piling Recommendations Method 1 EAU Figure A 4 3 left Section HEB 300 Reduction of gb k und gs k due to embedment depth tg lt 3 00 m tg 0 50 2 50 0 560 RBv d Bhk 1 2 Ch k tan delta p aammalEp F By d 8 34 142 0 00 tan 23 3 1 40 2 57 kN R Cv d 142 Chk tan delta C gammafEp R Cvds 142 0 00 tan 23 3 Z 1 40 0 00 kN Ratio min max 0 00 End resistance ac m 10 00 MN n averaged von 6 60 to 8 10 m gt ab k 2 99 MN n Rb d etafb qb k gaammalab k 0 480 0 0900 2 99 1000 1 40 92 16 kN End resistance reduction after Piling Recommendations using etalb 0 480 Skin friction From to ask kN re Designation 5 00 6 90 32 67 Sand mitteldicht Skin surface area to 6 90 m 1 102 m m gt R s1 d R s1 d etals R s1 k gaammalas k 0 600 68 40 1 40 29 31 kN Skin friction reduction after Piling Recommendations using etals 0 600 A d R By d R Cv d Abd As1 d 124 05 kN Actions Vid G d Eav d Pv d 10 90 88 87 22 47 122 23 kN gt p Vid Aid 122 23 124 05 0 99 Analyse again After clicking the Analyse again button it is possible to make changes to the above dialog box in order to analyse th
35. lines where necessary several columns are used The fastest way to modify the position of the legend is to press the F11 func tion key and then to pull the legend to the new position with the left mouse button pressed In the General legend you can if wished display information on the program name and version on the adopted standard and design situation load case as well as on the current file name path time info Additionally the display of further information as e g Show sum V analysis can be activated depending on the selected retaining wall Any project identification entered in the File New or Editor 1 Analysis options dialog box will be shown automatically in the general legend GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 133 of 149 October 2015 8 7 9 Design legend menu item Following analysis and design a legend containing the principal system design results is displayed on the screen Using this menu item you can alter the type of presentation if the Show legend check box is activated Design values legend x Position Design legend with reference to lower left page edge in mm MV Show legend IV Design values also without verification x mm 2000 y mm 60 00 Font size mm 25 Max no of lines e Pile wall weight None Cancel You can define and edit the position of the legend using the values x value and y value You control the size of the legend using Font size and
36. load p h when defining area loads Editor 2 menu Sec tion 8 3 2 CT j x Forw Back Cancel Sort 1 area load s to edit Generate line loads No ply plh xfleft x right Depth TEN Zee kN m m m m 1 0 00 10 00 1 000 2500 0 000 Triangle max at top 7 m Type Live Figure 13 Horizontal loads p h in area loads GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 41 of 149 October 2015 In this case a horizontal load of 10 kN m was defined with a width of 1 50 m This corresponds to a horizontal load H of 15 kN m According to the Piling Handbook Spundwand Handbuch this results in the active earth pressure shown in Figure 14 for homogeneous ground 1 50 Ph g 10 0 py g 0 0 lt lt lt 77 H 15 kN m we ae fy 7 T 0 0 T Figure 14 Active earth pressure from horizontal loading in homogeneous ground g 32 5 The area covered by the active earth pressure resulting from horizontal loads corresponds to a horizontal load of 15 kN m In homogeneous ground the resulting earth pressure is independent of unit weight and cohesion The earth pressure distribution with depth is acquired from the friction angle and from 9 which results from it The earth pressure area is independent of the angle of friction and always corre sponds to the adopted horizontal force H In stratified ground the beginning and end of the earth pressure s zone of influence is acquired by averaging g and 8 If at rest ea
37. m 25 000 V Search completely Current anchor length 10 00 Optimisation can be stopped during analysis by pressing the right mouse button Cancel By activating the button Search completely the optimum is searched for between the minimum and the maximum anchor length recommended setting Otherwise an optimum is searched for based on the current neighbouring anchor lengths Because interaction occurs between anchors if more than one anchor is involved it is possible for other anchors to fall below the required safety factor during the optimisation These anchors must then be subsequently optimised GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 125 of 149 October 2015 8 5 7 Sum V FOS summary menu item Here you obtain all data relating to analysis of sum V displayed in a message box see Sec tion 7 31 8 5 8 Sum H FOS summary menu item When working on a soldier pile wall this is where you obtain all data relating to analysis of sum H displayed in a message box see Section 7 30 8 5 9 Hydraulic heave FOS summary menu item When working with sheet pile walls in situ concrete walls you obtain all data relating to analy sis of hydraulic heave safety displayed in a message box also see Section 7 28 8 5 10 Buoyancy FOS summary menu item When working on sheet pile walls in situ concrete walls you obtain all data relating to analysis of the buoyancy safety displayed in a message box see Section 7 29 8 5 11 H
38. menu item System Display system to return to the system visualisation you can go to this menu item to return to the result presentation without renewed analysis Of course this only works if the system has already been analysed GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 123 of 149 October 2015 8 5 Evaluation menu 8 5 1 General note All the following information regarding the analysis results can be sent to the printer or to a file by going to the menu items File Print and export or File Print output table However it is always more desirable to be able to check over the analysis results without wasting a lot of paper The following menu items were included in the program for just this reason 8 5 2 Earth pressure redistribution menu item Here you are provided with information relating to earth pressure redistribution This can be par ticularly interesting if you have calculated according to the EAB in which case it is probably a good idea to have a copy of the EAB at hand 8 5 3 Main output summary menu item A message box appears containing the main system analysis parameters This function can also be initialized pressing the F6 function key You are also informed that double clicking the left mouse button after you have closed the mes sage box on any part of the graphics will cause the corresponding state variables to be shown on screen 8 5 4 Maximum reaction summary menu item You will see the maximum values for a
39. menu item Using this menu item you can specify preferences and then carry out the design for an analysed system by means of the Waling design button The bending and shear verifications of the wal ing are then displayed on the screen If you activate the Verify automatically after each analysis check box you will be automati cally presented with a query for waling design when analysis is complete Waling design x J Verify automatically after each analysis Select waling Find optimum waling C Design with 300 Anchor centres a m 2 00 Yield point kN cnr 24 00 gamma steel 1 10 Moment loading with Uniform load M q 4 10 z waling is parallel to anchor perpendicular to wall IV With shear design Edit waling Waling design Cea You can choose to design with a specified waling or to search for the optimum waling from a list of existing waling When using partial factors you must enter the Yield point and gamma steel and the allowable stresses for the global factors Moreover you must also enter the Anchor centres and select the type of Moment loading on which the design is based Finally you can specify whether the waling runs parallel to the anchor or perpendicular to the wall GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 107 of 149 October 2015 parallel to anchor perpendicular to wall i a clam pe em se as se he aes L m Figure 27 Walings The Edit waling button op
40. of inertia I in cm m Also note that the section values given in the table assume that a shear resistant connection exists between the supplied dou ble sections The variable S is the first moment of area of the section and s is the web thickness The alp variable is the opening angle of the section The value of S sin alp s is required for verification of shear stress GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 103 of 149 October 2015 If Combined sheet pile wall is selected the sections dialog box is expanded slightly Sections 7 xi Forw Back Cancel Load Save Sort Delete Delete doubles Simulate corrosion Gotono 1 679 Sections to edit Info Select section Generate tubular section Generate HZM sections S h D b tho twtr we WeF wp A l DpT Available steel qualities b sys 2 o Designation mm mm mm mm mm er em em em em4 235 275 355 420 460 240 270 320 390 430 m zeman en a80 res ras oo sano fosaoc rower ss aroraa F Yer pzez erno ena a0 ras rao oe res foz rower seas aoran F Yer Rzesoaniznz2e700 ex a0 res ras 200 foreso foao fasade a070 e Yer pzez ann ena a0 ras rao oe res osse rower sas aoran F Yer zeman ena seo res ras oe Toreso foszt fosa 2036 aora F Yer zemana ena a0 res rao oe foreso foz rower ae aoran F Yer rzaaoanaazta7m ena a0 ras rao oe mest fosst saad oe arena Ver zeman eas aso res rao oe feso fosst fazaa a706 areoon0 F Yer Rzeaoa
41. see Tips and tricks Section 9 4 Ait Construction phase back Construction phase forwards If you have activated a summarised result of various construction phases you can move from phase to phase using the arrow buttons Undo By clicking this icon the last performed change e g movement of graphical elements made using the F11 function key or the menu item Graphics preferences Move objects can be undone Cu Restore By clicking this symbol the last change undo carried out using Undo can be restored Soil properties legend menu item A legend containing the soil properties is displayed with the graphics If the Show legend check box is activated you can edit the representation in the dialog box for this menu item Soil properties legend x MV Show legend Presentation format Colour system ind x mm 12000 y mm 6000 Font size mm 25 With permeabilities J With depths IV Soil designations in main graphics Soil colours hatching Soil colours Soil hatching Legend hatching factor 0 50 Cancel GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 131 of 149 October 2015 You can define and edit the position of the legend using the values x and y The size of the legend is controlled by the values for Font size The fastest way to modify the position of the legend is to press the F11 function key and then to pull the legend to the new position while holding the left mouse button
42. shown above This defines the range of lengths from which the optimum length should be selected With the data entered in the above dialog box for example the lengths 5 00 5 50 6 00 8 00 will be investigated The central group box deals with iteration see explanations in Section 7 20 2 In the bottom group box you can define additional iteration criteria such as maximum displacement of the wall top GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 54 of 149 October 2015 7 21 7 22 Action and displacement boundary conditions GGU RETAIN automatically sets the boundary conditions shown in Figure 19 Possible struc tural system see Section 7 16 It is also possible to enter additional boundary conditions for any point on the wall All six state variables can be defined as boundary conditions e displacement along x axis e displacement along y axis e rotation e horizontal force e vertical force e moment Predeformations When a number of excavation phases are under study deformations from a previous phase can be implemented as lowering of supports at the new anchor points for the next phase According to the EAB R 11 however such studies are not usually necessary In a continuous beam analysis it is a simple matter to introduce the corresponding support dis placements In a rod framework application that does not consider anchors and struts as mere supports see Figure 19 in Section 7 16 the same lowering of the support must
43. still fails using the newly calculated section data see file Manual example 2 2 vrb 6 2 3 System with partial corrosion The section is not corroded along its whole length only in the low water zone A second analysis using user defined section data is performed New data set x Project identification Section 4 4 Construction level Standard Partial safety factors EC 7 Info EC 7 Partial safety factors DIN 1054 2005 Global safety factor concept DIN 1054 old General I Show excavation on right Subgrade modulus unit MN fn 7 I Use absolute heights Differentiate active passive soil properties with reference to phi gamma gamma Wall inclination wal inclination 0 0 J m Design C Using section list Using user defined section data E JV Steel design to EC 3 7 Buckling analysis limit criterion N Ed Ncr lt 0 1 EI m Type of wall Soldier pile wall Bored pile wall Diaphragm wall Contiguous wall CMG wall Comb sheet pile wall Cm GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 28 of 149 October 2015 Once the Using user defined section data check box is activated the following system can be investigated Editor 2 Section data Single sections 76 000 4 mm of corrosion are assumed down to 3 m Below this the section remains undamaged Using these specifications analysis is successful file Manual example 2 3 vrb
44. the active and the passive sides It is only necessary to enter permeabilities if hydro static pressures must be considered and any hydraulic gradients using flow conduits see Sec tion 7 7 In addition you can enter the soil parameter qs k skin friction However this is only relevant if you want to analyse the pull out resistance of anchors Otherwise it is not taken into consideration and does not appear in the soil properties legend If the check box Verification with qs k in the Editor 2 Anchors dialog box is activated see Section 8 3 7 the soil parameter qs k is also shown in the soil properties legend To analyse the vertical capacity to EAU EAB and EAP enter the cone resistance qc and the shear strength of the undrained soil cu k In stratified soils the number of layers must be entered under Edit no of soils Clicking the Sort button sorts the soil layers according to depth however this is performed automatically when you click OK to leave the dialog box This eliminates the possibility of input errors You can also use this function to eliminate a soil from the table Simply assign the soil to be eliminated a greater layer depth and then click the Sort but ton The corresponding soil is now the last soil in the table and can be deleted by reducing the number of soils GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 78 of 149 October 2015 8 2 6 Type of earth pressure menu item In this dialog box you define the
45. the aim of avoiding errone ous and unwanted preferences see above Batch processing for the background processing of a number of files simultaneously is incompatible with this concept Therefore GGU RETAIN does not create a single dataset when dealing with a number of construction phases All phases must be dealt with in separate datasets The only disadvantage of this is the treatment of predeformations If you want predeformations from a previous construction phase to be automatically taken into consideration this previous phase must already have been analysed obviously and be available as a dataset on your hard disk This dataset must be given as the dataset from which the prede formations are to be determined for the new construction phase Since there is no re analysis of the old phase this dataset and the results obtained with it must be saved If you should mistakenly select a dataset that contains no results GGU RETAIN will inform you of this Otherwise there are no restrictions The name of the file with the predeformations is saved with the current dataset where it is available for future use 7 23 Prestressing Personal experience has shown that discussions on the necessity of considering prestressing are never ending Regardless of these discussions the program allows prestressing to be taken into consideration Select the menu item Editor 2 Prestressing Positive prestressing must be entered for anchors and struts Faulty i
46. the case of full or partial fixity of the retaining walls a length surcharge for the theoretically determined embedment depth is required In accordance with the EAB this surcharge can be adopted at 20 of the theoretically determined embedment depth for full fixity For partial fixity the value is acquired by linear interpolation between 0 and 20 Alternatively the length multi plier Ax can also be calculated in accordance with the EAU Empfehlungen des Arbeitsauss chusses Ufereinfassungen Recommendations of the Committee for Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways Ax gt Ch Cpnc Cn equivalent force after Blum horizontal component pnc passive earth pressure stress on the equivalent force side below the theoretical toe TF GGU RETAIN can use either method When calculating with the above equation GGU RETAIN always adopts the coefficient of passive earth pressure after Streck After determining Ax the program checks whether the additional length extends into soil with a lower coefficient of passive earth pressure in which case it uses the lower value The output table will provide you with a detailed presentation of the results GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 45 of 149 October 2015 7 16 Structural system The structural analysis required to determine the state variables displacement moment shear force and normal force is not carried out by means of a continuous beam analysis as is usual in retaining wall ap
47. the user In particular soil strata can also be coloured according to the German DIN 4022 conventions e Zoom function e Mini CAD system additional text lines rectangles circles graphics etc GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 10 of 149 October 2015 e GGU RETAIN includes virtually all the examples contained in the Krupp Hoesch Stahl Piling Handbook Spundwand Handbuch and in Weifenbach s Excavations ITI Baugruben III 1977 as datasets e By clicking the Copy print area icon on the toolbar you can copy any part of the graph ics to the clipboard save it as an EMF file Enhanced Metafile Format or print it directly on your printer Using the Mini CAD toolbar or Header toolbar modules you can insert EMF files into your graphics Thus the results of a slope stability analysis or of a grading analysis for example can easily be imported into the current graphics 3 Licence protection and installation In order to guarantee a high degree of quality a hardware based copy protection system is used for the GGU RETAIN program The GGU software protected by the CodeMeter copy protection system is only available in conjunction with the CodeMeter stick copy protection component hardware for connection to the PC CM stick Because of the way the system is configured the protected software can only be operated with the corresponding CM stick This creates a fixed link between the software licence and the CM stick copy prote
48. waling 108 Section activate selection from list 67 Section determine optimum length sesse 54 Section edit enlarge IISt ese see se Section user defined values esse esse ese Seismic loads consider ese ee ee ee ee ee ee ee Self weight wall calculation Shear forces increase Shear strength for analysis of Vertical capacity oo sesse see se ee ee ee Ge 78 Shear stress values for sheet pile wall seCHONS ees see se ee ee Shear stress values for soldier piles Shear stress values for waling Sheet pile wall section define delete Sheet pile wall section select for design 103 Sheet pile wall define partial corrosion 105 Skin friction qs k activate for anchor amalySis cceceeseecceseesseeseeeeeeeensenee 95 Skin friction qs k enter 78 Slip planes compound 64 Slope stability application see se see ee 72 Smart icons for menu item ees see 130 Soil colours numbers activate display 132 Soil designations activate presentation in system graphics iese sees se ee ee RA Ge ee 132 Soil designations define Soil layers adapt to absolute heights Soil layers define delete 1 0 0 0 sey Soil layers maximum number eee Soil properties define ee sees se ee ee ee Soil properties display in legend Soldier piles select for design ee
49. weight of layer i e Py water pressure at base of layer N e layer 1 i 1 is the uppermost layer The minimum value of all ny is the buoyancy safety of the system If the same permeability has been defined for the whole system safety against buoyancy is not determined In certain cases for example when permeability on the passive side is much greater than on the active side the calculation of safety factors for hydraulic uplift is meaningless If in such or similar cases the message Buoyancy safety could not be demonstrated appears you can either ignore it or set the Safety against buoyancy to 1 0 which suppresses the message 7 29 2 Utilisation factor buoyancy using partial safety factors Using the partial safety factor concept the following must be verified N i A i Y g dst lt D Gi s Kasib e A the characteristic hydrostatic buoyant force acting on the lower surface of the complete structure the soil layer in question or the excavation structure Yeast partial factor for destabilising permanent actions in the UPL limit state e Gxs lower characteristic value of stabilising permanent actions Ysb partial factor for stabilising permanent actions in the UPL limit state e layer 1 1 is the uppermost layer GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 61 of 149 October 2015 The so called utilisation factor u can also be calculated from this relationship A y Yeast N ni ae G sib gs Hy
50. without altering the current magnification e F5 opens the menu item System Analyse e F6 opens the menu item Evaluation Main output summary e F9 opens the menu item Page size margins Auto resize e F11 activates the menu item Graphics preferences Move objects GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 143 of 149 October 2015 9 4 Copy print area icon A dialog box opens when the Copy print area icon in the menu toolbar is clicked describ ing the options available for this function For example using this icon it is possible to either copy areas of the screen graphics and paste them into the report or send them directly to a printer In the dialog box first select where the copied area should be transferred to Clipboard File or Printer The cursor is displayed as a cross after leaving the dialog box and keeping the left mouse button pressed the required area may be enclosed If the marked area does not suit your requirements abort the subsequent boxes and restart the function by clicking the icon again If Clipboard was selected move to the MS Word document for example after marking the area and paste the copied graphics using Edit Paste If File was selected the following dialog box opens once the area has been defined Info ies File D Programe GGU Software GGU RETAIN Image0 emf generated Rename Delete The default location of the file is the folder from which the program is st
51. x J Verify automatically after each analysis Anchor steel selection Find optimum steel Design with St 1570 1770 2 Litzen 0 6 Anchor centres m 2 20 Edit anchor steels Anchor steel design Canoe You can choose to design with a specified anchor steel or to search for the optimum steel from a list of existing steels For an analysis using global safety factors you must then enter the factor for the anchor steels which for active earth pressure 0 0 and for loading solely by at rest pressure 1 0 Intermediate values can be linearly interpolated FOS equals 1 0 for prestressed anchors When using partial safety factors only the anchor centres still need to be defined as the other data is taken into consideration via the partial factor for permanent actions resulting from at rest earth pressure Using the Edit anchor steels button you arrive at a dialog box listing the existing anchor steels with their names and the allowable anchor forces for active and at rest earth pressures By mark ing the selection check box in front of the desired anchor steel and clicking the Selected steel as design steel button it can be transferred to the above dialog box New anchor steels can be added to the list after clicking x anchor steel s to edit The Anchor steel design button only appears if the system is already analysed GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 106 of 149 October 2015 8 3 18 Waling design
52. 0 8 2 8 Passive earth pressure menu iteM ee ee RA RA GRA RA Re ee ee Re Ge Re ee Re 81 8 2 9 At rest earth pressure menu item ee sea sa RA Re Re ee ee ee Re Re ee Re ee Re ee ae 82 8 2 10 User defined earth pressure coefficients menu TEM see se ee RA RA 83 8 2 11 Groundwater menu TEM se se se ee RA RA GRA GRA Re ee ee ee ee ee Re ee Re ee Re ee ae 84 8 2 12 Seismic acceleration menu item ee ee se ea RA Re Re ee ee ee Re Re ee Re Ge Re ee ae 85 8 2 13 Verifications Safety factors menu item ees see se ee ee ee ee Re Ge Re Re ee Re ee Re ee ae 86 8 2 14 Verifications Partial factors menu item esse ee ee ee Re Re Ge Re RR GR RR ee Re RA 87 8 2 15 Deep seated stability Heave of anchor soil menu item ee sesse se see se ee ee 89 8 2 16 Buoyancy Hydraulic heave menu item ees sees sees sees see se ee ee ee ee ee Re ee Re ee ae 90 8 2 17 Pull out resistance menu item esse se ee RA RA Re Re ee ee ee ee ee Re ee Re ee Re ee ae 91 8 3 oie Ge OE OO N EE 92 8 3 1 Lateral pressures menu item s iis EE EE RES SE GER GEGEE Ge see det EES EE Ee Ee Ge eg 92 8 3 2 Area and line loads menu item ee ee ee ee ee ee ee Re Re Ge Re GR Re GR AR Re ee Re ee ae 92 8 3 3 Bounded surcharges menu ite ee se RA RA GRA RA ee ee ee Re ee Re Ge Re ee Re 93 8 3 4 Double bounded surcharges menu item iis see ee ee ee ee Re Re Ge Re RR ee Re 93 8 3 5 Action boundary conditions menu iteM eie see ee ee ee
53. 010 or EC 7 for the various load cases can be adopted The load case designa tions were altered for the EC 7 partial safety factor concept e Load Case 1 is now DS P Persistent Design Situation e Load Case 2 is now DS T Transient Design Situation e Load Case 3 is now DS A Accidental Design Situation In addition there is a seismic design situation DS E In the DS E design situation all partial factors 1 0 In addition it is possible to select the partial safety factors compliant with Austrian standards using the To ONORM EN 1997 1 button GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 88 of 149 October 2015 8 2 15 Deep seated stability Heave of anchor soil menu item Use this menu item to define preferences for analysis of deep seated stability Deep seated stability heave of anchor soil preferences Verification of heave of anchor soil can be activated in the lower group box of the dialog box Ifa value unequal to 0 is entered for the height of the dead man when entering the anchors and this check box is activated verification is performed similar to the method described in Section 7 3 4 of the Piling Handbook 1977 GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 89 of 149 October 2015 8 2 16 Buoyancy Hydraulic heave menu item This menu item opens a dialog box in which you can activate traditional hydraulic heave analysis and analysis of the buoyancy of the excavation base In addition the hydraulic heave safety can be analysed us
54. 011 can be analysed using this menu item The data required are described in the DIN and can be entered into the dialog box shown below Pressing the buttons you will see further information Compaction earth pressure Two files containing analyses taken from Geotechnische Nachweise nach EC 7 und DIN 1054 Geotechnical analyses to EC7 and DIN 1054 3rd edition 2012 by Martin Ziegler can be found in the program s example folder The analyses refer to pages 70 and 72 of the literature reference GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 99 of 149 October 2015 8 3 13 Predeformation information menu item You will see information on predeformations 8 3 14 Predeformation preferences menu item If predeformations from previous construction phases must be taken into consideration as bound ary conditions see Section 7 22 the necessary settings are made here Predeformation preferences xi Manual entry of predeformations Consider manually entered predeformations Edit predeformations File entry of predeformations MV Consider predeformations imported from file Result file with predeformations Browse and select file name J Show predeformations Cancel Predeformations can be defined in two different ways e Manual entry of predeformations If you know the size of the predeformations select Consider manually entered prede formations and then click the Edit predeformations butto
55. 12 Heave FOS summary menu item esse esse esse ee ee ee ee ee Re Re GR Re Ge Re GRA GRA Ge ee 126 8 5 13 Verification of pull out resistance menu item eie see see ee ee ee ee Ee ee 126 8 6 Construction phases MENU ee ee ee ER RR RR RA RA GRA Re ee ee ee Re ee Re ee Re ee Re 127 8 6 1 General notes ORE RE OE ER N OE HORE 127 8 6 2 Info oo Wer AE EO OE EO N EE eters estas 127 86 3 Select files Menu item EERS weet epee Mind tes mentee eee 127 8 6 4 Display summary menu item ese see ee ee Re ER RR RA GRA GRA ee Ee ee ee ee ee ee 128 8 7 Graphics preferences MENU iii Ee EE ER ER SE EES Ee RS Ee Ee GREG GED EG Se Ee ER Ee DE de Ge ks 129 8 7 1 Refresh and zoom menu item iese ee ee ee Re ER GR RR GE Re RR RA GRA GRA Re ee 129 8 1 2 Zoom info Menu Wem sie EE REEL SE Ee ES EES SA SE de se ee a a ese Se 129 8 7 3 Legend font selection menu itEM ee ee ee ee Re Re ER RR RR RA GRA Re ee 129 8 7 4 Pen colour and width menu iteM iese ee ea GRA RA Re ee RA Re ee ee ee ee ee 129 8 7 5 Mini CAD toolbar and Header toolbar menu iteMS esse see see se ee ee ee 130 8 7 6 Toolbar preferences menu item ee ee ee ee ee ee ee Re Re RR RA RA RA Ge ee 130 8 7 7 Soil properties legend menu item ee se ee RR RA RA RA GRA Re Ee ee ee ee ee ee 131 8 7 8 General legend menu iteM cee ee ee ee ee Re Re Re e GR Re ee Re RA GRA Re ee 133 GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 5 of 149 October 2015 8 7 9 Desig
56. 15090 M Ys v m m 4 Hsi fison fieoo fao feo piso fano asso 543 a920 M Ys m m w 5 Hesio O fisoo 100 fso fes fiso fa o faso fess aano M Ys Ww VM mM 6 fHee200 2m0 2x0 fiso fso fiso soo feso 781 56 0 M Yes v FM M 7 fHep220 O eao z200 fso ss fiso 7as0 ex0 sto BO M Ys m m m 8 Hesz0 aao 2400 fzo poo fao foso ios30 ioeo 112580 M Yes w m m 3 HE2s0 2600 00 is poo fao maso 12880 meo 148180 M Yes Ww WM m 10 fHee20 o eoo 200 fiso pos fao 13760 pisaa piao 192700 M Yes w m m 11 Hesso O 3aoo faoo fso pio 270 fie7zs0 ise90 1490 251660 M Ys m m w 12 Hees o eao fooo fas pis fao 1250 asso ieo 308240 M Yes w m m 13 hess O o o fawo aoaa fas pfpzo fazo 21560 2408 0 171 0 asco M Ye VM Ww M 14 Heeso o oo foo 225 pzs 270 24000 2830 pimo ass30 M Yes Ww VM mM 15 Heeso o eo ammo feso pas 270 2se4so 32320 fisao 576800 M Ye w mo m 16 HEBasa o aoo f pao 270 fasso 39820 218 0 798880 M Yes VW m w 17 Heeso O awo eoo feo pas 270 42870 seiso 2390 fimo M Yes w VM m 18 fHeesso soo eoo feso fso 270 fasio fasso 2540 1366810 M Ye MV Mw M 19 Heee sooo eoo foo pss foro sro esso 200 fimo M Yes V m m 20 fHeBeso esoo aaaa fao feo 270 fessoo 73200 266 0 2106160 M Yes m m w The following options are available e You can navigate through the list using Forw and Back Go to no allows you to jump to the soldier pile specified e Cancel Done Exit the dialog box either savin
57. 2 8 9 8 Aktive earth pressure constrained slip surface menu item The active earth pressure is determined for a constrained slip surface 8 9 9 Steel design to DIN EN 1993 menu item Design values can be entered by hand irrespective of any analysis results They are then used to perform steel design to EN 1993 EC 3 8 9 10 Help menu item The GGU RETAIN manual is opened as a PDF document The help function can also be ac cessed using the F1 function key 8 9 11 What s new menu item You will see information on program improvements in comparison to older versions 8 9 12 Language preferences menu item This menu item allows you to switch the menus and graphics from German to English or Spanish and vice versa The program always starts with the language setting applicable when it was last ended GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 140 of 149 October 2015 9 Tips and tricks 9 1 buttons Reading of the manual can mostly be dispensed with because 2 buttons Ed dealing with almost all geotechnical and program specific problems are available in the dialog boxes You are presented with the necessary information by clicking the button For example the following check box can be found in the Editor 1 Analysis options dialog box I Buckling analysis limit criterion N Ed Ner lt 0 1 2 If you click on the question mark you will see the following message box Informationen x A The criterion to EN
58. 49 October 2015 7 33 Analysis of deep seated stability According to the EAB R 44 the deep seated stability of tied back excavations must be verified This primarily serves to determine the necessary anchor lengths Verification uses the method described by Ranke Ostermayer Bautechnik 1968 Construction Engineering Issue 10 The example given in this article is provided as a file with this program RANKE Ostermeyer d VRB When verifying deep seated stability each anchor is first investigated including the influence of the remaining anchors on the slip plane Compound slip planes which are determined by con necting the end points of the anchors involved are then analysed Compound Slip plane Figure 23 Compound deep slip planes All possible combinations are analysed For example when there are four anchors e Slip plane passes through anchor end points 1 2 and 1 3 and 1 4 and 1 2 3 and 1 2 4 and 1 3 4 and 1 2 3 4 and 2 3 and 2 4 and 2 3 4 and 3 4 The only condition is that the next anchor end point is always to the right of and above the preced ing one This compound slip plane is not investigated Figure 24 Compound deep slip plane which is not investigated GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 64 of 149 October 2015 These slip planes are not critical The most unfavourable slip plane associated with each anchor is displayed on the screen with the corresponding safety factor A safety factor of 1 5 is gener
59. 49 October 2015 In Case 1 Wei enbach Geotechnical Engineering Handbook Volume 3 2001 gives the follow ing relationship ny Pv Eav Cv G Epv Eav vertical component of active earth pressure Cv vertical component of the counterforce C for toe fixation G self weight of wall Pv permanent external loads including vertical components of anchors Epv vertical component of passive earth pressure In accordance with the EAB Cv is always determined as The EAB gives a safety factor of 1 5 In Case 2 Wei enbach Geotechnical Engineering Handbook Volume 3 2001 gives the follow ing relationship ny Og Pv Eav G Qg vertical ultimate bearing capacity of the wall or soldier piles Qg can be determined pursuant to DIN 4026 or DIN 4014 Further useful information relating to verification of X V can be found in Wei enbach Geotechni cal Engineering Handbook Volume 3 2001 If the wall toe is bedded Epv is determined from the positive subgrade reactions and the angle of wall friction 7 31 3 Analysis of mobilised passive earth pressure using partial safety factors Detailed notes on this analysis concept are included in EAU 2012 Section 8 2 5 5 and in the Recommendations on Piling 2012 7 32 Analysis of vertical capacity Detailed notes on this analysis concept are included in EAU 2012 Section 8 2 5 5 and in the Recommendations on Piling 2012 GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 63 of 1
60. 7 Water pressure 7 7 1 Approach for sheet pile walls and in situ concrete walls 7 7 1 1 Classical water pressure approach For sheet pile walls and in situ concrete walls water pressure can affect the active and passive sides of the wall The classical water pressure approach is illustrated in the following figure Groundwater Water level Resultant load Figure 5 Classical water pressure approach However the classical approach does not take the permeability of the soil into consideration The gradients on the active and passive sides are obtained by assuming a linear reduction in pressure around the retaining wall GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 33 of 149 October 2015 7 7 1 2 Water pressure approach using flow conduits Beside the classical water pressure approach GGU RETAIN also allows analysis of walls around which groundwater can percolate To facilitate this a flow conduit is calculated on the active and on the passive side The permeabilities within the flow conduit can be specified separately for each soil layer Groundwater Water level Figure 6 Water pressure approach using flow conduits If you select the water pressure approach using flow conduits the potentials at the height of both water levels will be automatically adopted as boundary conditions In the simplest case of a global permeability value the result is linear pressure dissipation along the flow conduit Be
61. Analysis and design of sheet pile walls soldier pile walls in situ concrete walls CMG walls and combined sheet pile walls GGU RETAIN VERSION 8 Last revision October 2015 Copyright Prof Dr Johann Bu Technical implementation and sales Civilserve GmbH Steinfeld Contents N yo EE EE E EE EE EE EE NE 8 2 Capabilities se Ee Ee e DE Ee Ge GV Ee GO Ee ge Re Ee Ee Se ee Ke We ee ede ee we ey 8 3 Licence protection and installation sesse esse oe sesse see Ge EE Se Ee EE EA EE Ge EE SAG Ee Ge EE ee Ee Ge ee ee 11 4 Lan Gu ase Selection iss ss ee NE VEN EN ee SE Ee ee Ge ee oe a do N ee o See ee dd oe es 11 5 Starting the DrOSrAM e esse esse see see sees Bee Bee Be Ee Ee Ee EE EE Ee SEE DRA BRA Bee Be ieS Ee Ee Ee ee Ge See 12 6 First steps using worked examples e sees sees sees se ese Ee EE SAG Ee EE SA EE Ge EE SAG EE Ge EE ee Ge Ge ee ee 13 6 1 Worked example 1 Soldier pile wall se se RA RA GRA RA ER RA RA Re ee ee Ee ee 13 Gels System descriptions see EE Ge EG ER GE ee ee Ee ote ee ee 13 6 1 2 Step 1 Select analysis Options cccccesccescceseceeeseceseceecseecseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeteenaees 14 6 1 3 Step 2 Define excavation and retaining wall sesse ee see ek ee ek Ge AR Ge ee Ge ee 15 6 1 4 Step 3 Define berm ER Wee ge de eee eee ate ee ER GE 16 6 1 5 Step4 Define soils se cece RE EE OO OE N ER 16 6 1 6 Step 5 Define type of earth DTESSUIE ees ea RA RA RA ee ee ee Re ee Re ee Re
62. Franke iese se ee ee se se ee 99 Company letterhead add via Mini CAD 130 Cone resistance for analysis of vertical Capacity rei se se ee Sk ee Ge Ge 78 Construction phases activate displacement as SUM eise ese se ee ee se 127 Construction phases animated visualisation 128 Construction phases consider predeformatiOnS ese see se ee ee RA Ge ee 55 Construction phases possible state variables presentation esse 65 127 Construction phases select files 127 Context menu OPEN ee se ee ee ee ee 141 Coordinates alter via editOT iese see esse ee ee ee 137 Coordinates alter with mouse ese sesse ee 137 Coordinates optimise reset sees see ee 137 Coordinates save load iese see se ee ee ee 137 Coordinates zoom Copy print area oo esse ese se se ee ee Corrosion consider for sections ees ee ee 9 Counterforce C after Blum cece see ee ee 62 Cutting borders switch on off cece 138 D Dataset desciption enteT i iese se se se ee 67 Dataset description display sesse see ee 133 GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 145 of 149 October 2015 Deep seated stability analysis preferences 89 Deep seated stability analysis principles 64 Deep seated stability safety utilisation factor for anchors iese esse see 125 Degree of fixation ss DD Delete sections 103 Delete soil 1ayers sk vidal Ge Re Ee ED ed 78 Desi
63. Max no of lines where necessary several columns are used The fastest way to modify the position of the legend is to press the F11 func tion key and then to pull the legend to the new position with the left mouse button pressed 8 7 10 Subgrade modulus legend menu item A legend is displayed on the screen containing the subgrade reaction moduli entered for the sec tions along the retaining wall defined for the subgrade reaction profile Using this menu item you can alter the type of presentation if the Show legend check box is activated You can define and edit the position of the legend using the values x and y The size of the legend is controlled by the values for Font size The fastest way to modify the position of the legend is to press the F11 function key and then to pull the legend to the new position while holding the left mouse button GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 134 of 149 October 2015 8 7 11 Retaining wall diagram menu item A legend containing a small sketch of the retaining wall employed is displayed on the screen Using this menu item you can alter the type of presentation or tum off the legend completely The following dialog box opens for a soldier pile wall for example Retaining wall diagram MV Show legend x mm 330 00 y mm 40 00 Font size mm 2 0 _ sen Background Infill x Height mm 25 00 Width 1 5 Hohe Cancel If you edit the font si
64. N User Manual Page 67 of 149 October 2015 8 1 2 8 1 3 8 1 4 8 1 5 Load menu item You can load a file with system data which was created and saved at a previous sitting and then edit the system Save menu item You can save data entered or edited during program use to a file in order to have them available at a later date or to archive them The data is saved without prompting with the name of the current file Loading again later creates exactly the same presentation as was present at the time of saving Save as menu item You can save data entered during program use to an existing file or to a new file i e using a new file name For reasons of clarity it makes sense to use vrb as file suffix as this is the suffix used in the file requester box for the menu item File Load If you choose not to enter an exten sion when saving vrb will be used automatically If the current system has been analysed at the time of saving the analysis resultsare saved in the file This is especially necessary if you want to use the results in this file for predeformations on other systems see Section 7 22 or if you want to subsequently generate summaries of certain construction phases see Section 7 35 If your current system represents an intermediate con struction stage it may be expedient to enter a further description of the file in Project identifica tion in the File New or Editor 1 Analysis options dialog box s
65. activate analysis 91 Pull out resistance activate display sesse esse 91 R Redistribution figures available sesse ee 57 Redistribution figures select ee see ee 114 Result graphics display ees sesse ee se se ee 123 Result graphics edit preferences esse see 120 Result graphics label see se ee ee 122 Result graphics DOSIHON ees sees se see se ee ee 119 Results display for selected depth 124 142 Retaining wall define rotation displacement 94 Retaining wall differences in design 30 Retaining wall display as sketch in legend 135 Retaining wall enter dimensions 0 045 76 Retaining wall select for analysis iese sesse see 67 Rod construction module ese ee ee ee ee Rods define for struts Rods define for system Rods effect on analysis esse ese si Rotation define for retaining wall sesse 94 S Safety concept Select ee se ee ee 67 Safety factors define iese see se ee 67 86 Scale alter with MOUSE ese ee se se ke ee ee 137 Scale define via editor e ees see see se ee se ke ee 137 Scale determine automatically eee 137 Scroll the screen ee se se ee ee ee Re ee 142 Secant pile wall define esse ee ee ee 76 Section modulus enter for soldier piles 103 Section modulus enter for user defined SECU OMS sesse ER Ee Ee Ge EER secs Ee ge eg 105 Section modulus enter for
66. ally required when adopting global safety factors If this safety factor cannot be achieved or is ex ceeded heavily the program can optimise individual anchor lengths Using partial safety factors the possible anchor force is acquired in complete analogy to global safety factors but is divided by the passive earth pressure partial safety factor The deep seated stability is deemed as verified if Aex K S A ick lV zp gt where Apossk is determined from the force polygon with permanent loads only and Ag Kg j Yq Axes l Yep gt where Apossk is determined from the force polygon with permanent and changeable loads Where e As characteristic anchor force from permanent loads e A x characteristic anchor force from changeable loads Here too optimisation with regard to a utilisation factor of 1 0 is possible 7 34 Heave of anchor soil Verification of heave of anchor soil is performed similar to the method described in Section 7 3 4 of the Piling Handbook 1977 7 35 Construction phases If you are investigating a number of advancing and retreating phases GGU RETAIN allows you to display the results in summarised form For any selected phase it is possible to display the fol lowing conditions e envelope of moments e envelope of shear forces e envelope of normal forces e sum of deformations You can skip through the individual phases using the mouse GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 65 of 149 October 2015
67. alues for the state variables The rod divisions can only exert an influence on the result of the subgrade reaction or on an analysis using 2 order theory However confirmation prompts are programmed in to prevent impermissible values being entered Using FEM produces equation systems in which the number of unknown quantities is a function of the number of rods The solution to the equation system is acquired in GGU RETAIN using Cholesky s method which is also employed in other GGU programs and is highly stable numeri cally Nor have there been any numerical difficulties reported from other GGU applications GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 46 of 149 October 2015 7 17 Design When you start an analysis the program requires the stiffnesses of the retaining wall and any anchors and struts present This data can be specified before going ahead with the analysis The GGU RETAIN program also provides an additional option for determining the optimum section for the computed action effects using a list of sections loaded with the program This list can also be edited and expanded To do this the program also requires you to enter the maximum allow able stress If the newly determined section does not coincide with the section on which the analy sis was based GGU RETAIN alters the calculated displacements as a function of the moments of inertia of the two sections However a new analysis would normally be performed as the stiffness conditions have c
68. and the complete menu bar is activated GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 14 of 149 October 2015 6 1 3 Step 2 Define excavation and retaining wall From the Editor 1 menu select Excavation The following dialog box will appear Enter the figures shown below Excavation v GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 15 of 149 October 2015 6 1 4 Step 3 Define berm Go to the Editor 1 menu and select Berms active side Active berms Lee Click 0 berm s to edit and enter 1 as the new number of berms Enter the following values and click Done Active berms Ory Back ooo 320 f 130 f 1000 C 6 1 5 Step 4 Define soils Go to the Editor 1 menu and select Soils Soil properties Enter the values shown in the above dialog box GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 16 of 149 October 2015 6 1 6 Step 5 Define type of earth pressure Go to the Editor 1 menu and select Type of earth pressure Type of earth pressure Relationship MLO facto elactive factor elatrest Factor A The necessary command buttons are already selected so you need not change anything The same applies to the remaining menu items in Editor 1 However you should click on these items and take a look at them in order to familiarise yourself with them GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 17 of 149 October 2015 6 1 7 Step 6 Define passive earth pressure Go to the Editor 1
69. arted and if several files are created the file is given the file name Image0 emf with sequential numbering If the Rename button in the dialog box is clicked a file selector box opens and the copied area can be saved under a different name in a user defined folder Saving can be aborted by pressing the De lete button If the Printer button was pressed in the first dialog box a dialog box for defining the printer settings opens after marking the area Following this a dialog box for defining the image output settings opens After confirming the settings the defined area is output to the selected printer GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 144 of 149 October 2015 10 Index 2 2 order theory for retaining wall analysis under buckling loads eee 48 2 order theory influence of rod sections 46 2 order theory select for analysis 0 113 A Absolute heights USE se se ee ee Ge 67 Action boundary condition equivalent for PIOSULESS 2c ss WEE ees RS ee N eN EE Re ee de eek of 56 Action boundary conditions define 94 Active earth pressure analysis principles 31 Active earth pressure edit preferences 80 Active earth pressure select for analysis 79 Additional length consider in analysis ie Additional length define ees ee ee Analysis of vertical capacity enter soil properties see see ee RR GR ee 78 Analysis save results in file
70. arth pressure calculation The method of choice is DIN 4085 2011 Only if you want to check examples from older literature or examine certain analysis results does it make sense to select a different method User defined earth pressure coefficients can be entered using the menu item Editor 1 User defined earth pressure coeffi cients see Section 8 2 10 If you have selected partial safety factors enter the partial factor for passive earth pressure in the dialog box and the calibration factor in accordance with the information in DIN 1054 2010 EC 7 The partial factor for passive earth pressure used to calculate the design moment can be reduced according to EAU 2012 under certain boundary conditions GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 81 of 149 October 2015 8 2 9 At rest earth pressure menu item Using the at rest earth pressure function the area loads are calculated by increasing by the factor k0 kah in compliance with DIN 4085 2011 Section 6 4 3 Alternatively it is possible to determine the demands placed on the wall by area loads according to the theory of elastic half space The required concentration factor is specified in the following dialog box if the upper check box is activated At rest earth pressure According to the EAB R 23 Paragraph 2 for retaining walls with at least two rows of anchors or struts at rest earth pressure can be kept constant from the lowest support This is effected by se lecting the check bo
71. ata shown on screen If you choose to have it shown the system graphics show the system s bending line with predeformations GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 101 of 149 October 2015 8 3 15 Soldier pile Sections Bored pile wall Diaphragm wall Contiguous pile wall Girder Section data menu items 8 3 15 1 General note This menu item contains various designations and dialog boxes depending on the type of wall selected in File New or Editor 1 Analysis options and on whether the section values are from the section list or user defined 8 3 15 2 Soldier piles menu item If you selected the Soldier pile wall and Using section list check boxes in the File New or Editor 1 Analysis options menu items you will see the following dialog box with the currently loaded list of soldier piles For this view the Steel design to EC 3 check box in the Editor 1 Analysis options menu item must be activated Soldier piles x Forw Back Cancel Load Save Sort Delete Delete doubles Simulate corrosion Go to no 1 84 Soldier piles to edit Notation info Select section Create old record d Available steel qualities rare h b tf tw r Wel W _pl A j AE ede men mmm me Im mm lem em fem emdl I section 235 355 S460 1 Hera o foo fioo foo feo fizo es fimo 20 00 M Ys EF VM Ww 2 Heei o fao 1200 mo fes fizo fiso ieo 340 f s40 M Ys ww MV m 3 Hesio O fao fwo fzo fzo fizo faso s0 40
72. ate for braced or tied back retaining walls Earth pressure calculated according to classical theory must be redistributed GGU RETAIN includes a large number of pre programmed redistribution figures In addition by defining a poly gon the user can create any redistribution figure The figures available are given below e rectangle e 2 rectangles e triangle maximum at top e triangle maximum at centre e triangle maximum at base e trapezoid e rectangle with maximum at anchor locations or at any point e user defined redistribution figure by means of a polygon e all EAB redistribution figures e EAU 2012 For normal retaining walls earth pressure redistribution according to the EAB is probably the simplest way of finding the correct redistribution figure If you select this option you only need to wait for the analysis to be completed GGU RETAIN selects the most appropriate from the 18 available EAB figures R 69 for soldier pile walls and R 71 for sheet pile or in situ concrete walls If GGU RETAIN is unable to find a suitable EAB figure because of abnormal anchor or strut positions analysis is terminated and a warning message is issued You must then give some thought to selecting or defining your own redistribution figure GGU RETAIN gives you the option of including or excluding area loads in the redistribution Water pressure is never redistributed Note In certain cases according to the EAB R 13 and R 17 earth pre
73. ater define labelling preferences Groundwater enter additional potentials Grouted section enter length for graphics Grouted section enter width for graphics H Hatching define for loads 0 0 0 ee se ee ee 120 Hatching define for soils cee sees se ee ee 132 Hatching switch on off 131 132 Header CAD USE ese ee ee ee ee 130 Header output table sesse see se ee Re RA Ge 69 Heave of anchor soil verification present results in a message BOX sesse 126 GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 146 of 149 October 2015 Heave of anchor soil activate analysis 89 Hinges define for struts 96 Hydraulic gradient calculation 0 34 38 Hydraulic gradient determine for analysis 84 Hydraulic heave safety after Aulbach Ziegler 60 Hydraulic heave safety analysis using global safety factors iese se ee see se ee ee 58 Hydraulic heave safety analysis using partial safety factors 0 eect se ee 59 Hydraulic heave safety display results ina message Dox wise econ 126 I Increased active earth pressure coefficient 32 Increased active earth pressure select fOr analy SiS is seessiadests wait Raswewnied 79 Installation EE iiss cle ieee 11 Iteration subgrade reaction ese se see ee 53 K Knowledge Base aCCESS ee se ee 139 L Labelling system result graphics Language preferences Lateral pressures define
74. ation e Depth m position of the strut head e Inclination of the strut e Length m of the strut e EA kN m axial stiffness of the strut e EI kN m m bending stiffness of the strut e V Load kN m m vertical load on the strut e Hinge right Here you specify whether the strut is hinged or rigidly fixed to the wall e Hinge left Here you specify the support conditions of the strut on the opposite side If neither hinge option is selected the following happens The strut is then modelled with only half length On the left hand edge of the half strut complete fixation is assumed The support can be vertically displaced e No of rods If you have defined a vertical load on the strut you will also get its distribution of mo ments Of course this only works if the strut is divided into a number of rods finite ele ments see Section 7 16 The maximum number of rods that can be specified is 20 GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 96 of 149 October 2015 8 3 9 Prestressing menu item Personal experience has shown that discussions on the necessity of considering prestressing are never ending Regardless of these discussions the program allows prestressing to be taken into consideration xi Forw Back Cancel Depth Prestressing m kNm 1 0 50 oo Anchor no Positive prestressing must be entered for anchors and struts Faulty input is pointed out before analysis begins From a structural perspec
75. be introduced at the anchor toe as at the anchor head otherwise a large proportion of the resultant load would be transferred to the anchor Thus apart from being able to define displacement boundary conditions GGU RETAIN also offers a menu item dealing with predeformations If you wish to enter prede formations by hand or need to this must be done as displacements under predeformations and not as displacement boundary conditions Of course once this is done GGU RETAIN takes care of the rest You also have the option of automatically adopting predeformations from a previous analysis Designing a retaining wall involves a multitude of different adjustments making it all too easy to lose one s bearings GGU RETAIN is thus designed to ask numerous questions which apart from controlling correct entry of data also check plausibility special preferences and compatibil ity with the EAB When a data entry error is recognised an warning box appears and analysis is put on hold Responses to inconsistencies in respect to plausibility or special preferences always offer two options e accept warning and start analysis e accept warning and do not start analysis When GGU RETAIN draws your attention to special preferences the dialog box is always de signed so that simply pressing Return will not terminate the analysis GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 55 of 149 October 2015 GGU RETAIN is designed for a high degree of user interaction with
76. ber 2015 List of Figures Figure 1 Illustration of worked example 1 ee GR Ge Re GR ee GR Ge RR Ge Re Ge ee GR ee ee 13 Figure 2 Retaining wall dia rAM ee ee ee Re ee ee Re GR Re GR Re Ge Re Gee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 24 Figure 3 Illustration of worked example 2 iese se ee GR Ge Re GR ee Re RA Ge Re Ge ee ee Re ee 25 Figure 4 CMG cut mix grout wall ee ee ee ee ee ee ee Re GR Re Ge Re GR Re Gee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 30 Figure 5 Classical water pressure approach ese se ese se ee Ge ee Ge ee GR ee RR Ge ek Ge ee GR ee ee Ge 33 Figure 6 Water pressure approach using flow conduits ee se RR RR Re Ge ee ee ee ee ee 34 Figure 7 Possible conceptual error using flow conduits ee ee RR GR Re ee ee Re ee ee ee 35 Figure 8 Water pressure for soldier pile walls ee RR Re RR RR RA ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 37 Figure 9 Definition of potential i iese se Re Re Ge Re GR Re Re Re Ge ek Ge Re SR ee ee SR ee Re ee 38 Figure 10 Berms on the active side Seteone aei en Ge ee AA e e Ge Gee GRA ed 39 Figure l 1 Area loads iss ER ge seca Seg ee vee DE ge cee AE De GE eg Ee Ee 40 Figure 12 At rest earth pressure from area loads oense 41 Figure 13 Horizontal loads p h in area loads eie ee ee ee ee Re RR RR RR Re ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 41 Figure 14 Active earth pressure from horizontal loading in homogeneous ground g 32 5 42 Figure 15 Bounded surcharge active side ee Re RR RR ER RR RR RR Re ee ee ee ee ee ee ee
77. bruch Zur erforderlichen Einbin detiefe bei Baugruben in nichtbindigem Baugrund dissertation RWTH Aachen 2013 URN urn nbn de hbz 82 opus 46909 The hydraulic heave safety can thus be directly determined The relationship for the three dimensional case is shown below abstract from Aulbach amp Ziegler 2013 B EE EE N E lose 0951 el DI 1 F 03 3 156 1 564 U Be 0 32 A 1 244 0 32 A e TH 5 v2 i Y ref E Ni vi 0 902 1 078 Nee Equation 6 in Aulbach amp Ziegler 2013 applies for the plane case B T ul 0 541 0 395 1 6 1 5 7770 32 A 1 244 0 32 A e Hj The result of the analysis is the necessary embedment depth Aulbach Benjamin Ziegler Martin Simplified design of excavation support and shafts for safety against hydraulic heave Einfache Bemessung von Baugruben und Schichten im Hinblick auf die Sicherheit gegen hydraulischen Grundbruch In Geomechnics and Tunnelling 6 2013 No 4 p 362 374 ISSN 1865 7362 GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 60 of 149 October 2015 7 29 Buoyancy 7 291 Buoyancy safety using global safety factors The buoyancy safety for each soil layer within the excavation is determined via a comparison of the soil weights to the water pressures at the respective layer bases The self weights of site plant and structures frictional forces etc are not included N i l G 1y N e n buoyancy safety of layer N e G self
78. city gt Analysis method Method 1 Method 2 m Empirical data J Use own empirical data not recommended 2 m Partial factors End resistance gammalab k 1 400 r Extension Extension below TF m 0 00 m Minimum embedment in load bearing strata Minimum value m 0 00 Skin friction gammalas k 1 400 Reductions End resistance reduction 1 000 Skin friction reduction 1 000 a Angle of equivalent force C k deltalC phi k 0 667 2 r Cohesive soils EAU defines no values for gb k and gs k for cohesive soils qc 0 cuk gt 0 I Adopt values taken from Piling Recommendations gt Analysis without end resistance Allow analysis without end resistance 2 Piling Recommendations input data Ratio min max 0 00 I Allow interpolation for ge lt 7 5 MN n Skin friction Allow interpolation for cu k lt 60 kN n Skin friction Cancel Help A minimum embedment in load bearing ground is not demanded in the EAU and EAB The speci fied value of 2 50 m is guided by the Recommendations on Piling E4 Pf hle You can therefore set the value for the minimum embedment depth to 0 0 m GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 22 of 149 Sum V analysis x Analysis of mobilised passive earth pressure Condition Gk Py k Eav k 0 5 Chk tan delta C gt Bv k 0 5 Chik tan deltafp G k 8 07 kN Py k 16 64
79. ction hardware the licence as such is thus represented by the CM stick The correct Runtime Kit for the CodeMeter stick must be installed on your PC Upon start up and during running the GGU RETAIN program checks that a CM stick is connected If it has been removed the program can no longer be executed For installation of GGU software and the CodeMeter software please refer to the information in the Installation notes for GGU Software International which are supplied with the program 4 Language selection GGU RETAIN is a multilingual program The program always starts with the language setting applicable when it was last ended The language preferences can be changed at any time in the menu using the menu item Lan guage preferences in German Spracheinstellung in Spanish Configuraci n de idioma GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 11 of 149 October 2015 5 Starting the program After starting the program you will see two menus at the top of the window e File e By going to the File menu a previously analysed system can be loaded by means of the Load menu item or a new one created using New After clicking the New menu item a dialog box opens for specifying general preferences for your new system see Section 8 1 1 You then see nine menus in the menu bar e File e Editor 1 e Editor 2 e System e Evaluation e Construction phases e Graphics preferences e Page size margins e After clicki
80. d click on the Edit button You can then edit as required in a further dialog box GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 69 of 149 October 2015 Headers xi Height Font size Height Headers mm 20 0 IV With frame Font size mm 25 m Texts Leftjustified Centered Right justified 1 Annex 41 2 Annex 4 1 Page 1 of 3 3 4 5 6 iv m Info placeholder for page number placeholder for number of pages e g Page of a total of pages Offset Offset for page number fo Offset for number of pages fo Automatic pagination can also be employed here if you work with the placeholders as described After exiting the dialog boxes using OK you will see a further dialog box in which you can select the parameters to be used in the output table After confirmation the dialog box the output table 4 on the screen page by page To navigate between the pages use the arrow tools in the toolbar If you need to jump to a certain page or back to the graphical visualisa tion click on the tool You will then see the following box Select page x Current page 1 New page Ts V To nomal view Cancel GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 70 of 149 October 2015 8 1 5 3 Button Output as ASCII You can have your analysis data sent to the printer without further work on the layout or save it to a file for further processing using a different program e g a word processi
81. d optimum section Design with HEB 300 or choose Cancel If you would prefer to have the program search for the optimum section select the upper radio button and the following dialog box opens Find optimum section xi Section selection Optimum section is a H beam Double U beam IV Reduce yield stress for Class 4 IV Search criterion Find smallest section area gt Steel selection Steel quality E 235 7 m Actions Design situation Max M Max O Max N Moment M Ed kN m 1933 oo 56 Shear force V Ed kN io oza e3 Normal force N_Ed kN eie 25 aaz Buckling length L m 68 p es o 68 Partial factors gam MO 1 00 gam M1 1 10 V Design cross sections Class 1 or 2 plastically IV Perform buckling analysis Cancel GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 117 of 149 October 2015 The search result is displayed in another dialog box If you want to adopt the optimum section proposed by the program click OK Ie hl 71 sections investigated Best results for the first 10 Sections sorted by A HEA 260 p 0 894 A 86 8 cn HEB 220 p 0 985 4 91 0 cr HEA 280 p 0 740 A 97 3 cr HEB 240 p 0 781 A 106 0 cr HEA 300 p 0 595 A 113 0 cr HEM 180 p 0 932 A 113 0 cr HEB 260 p 0 641 A 118 0 cr gt Optimum section HEA 260 Utilisation factor p 0 894 Area 86 8 c
82. dation pressure that develops in front of the wall and which is determined from the product of the modulus of subgrade reaction and the deforma tion along the wall This elastic pressure may not be greater than the passive earth pressure acting in front of the pile Following analysis this condition will generally not be met so that iterative reduction of the modulus of subgrade reaction along with the resulting soil pressure will be nec essary in order to meet it The following dialog box will appear with which you can control the iteration process Adjust subgrade reaction x The passive earth pressure is exceeded by the soil pressure at a depth of 5 10 m um 868 5 Subgrade reaction iteration Damping gt 0 0 and lt 0 99 0 500 Info Permissible excess 0 0100 Max number of iteration steps 400 Give a warning if the modulus of subgrade drops in general below max ks Max ks kN nr 100 0 Adjust subgrade reaction Yes No The default values have proven themselves in practice and will generally not need to be altered Damping prevents strong fluctuations around the actual solution during the iteration process A value of 0 0 produces no damping while a value of 0 99 produces very strong damping and long computation times Using Permissible excess you specify the percentage by which the elastic stress may exceed the passive earth pressure before the iteration is ended The numb
83. ddition it is possible to select the partial safety factors compliant with Austrian standards using the To NORM EN 1997 1 button GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 90 of 149 October 2015 8 2 17 Pull out resistance menu item If anchors with activated Verification with qs k check box are employed see menu item Edi tor 2 Anchors in Section 8 3 7 the pull out resistance analysis can be activated via this menu item Pull out resistance rd Preferences for the following graphical visualisation can be specified in the lower group box of the dialog box GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 91 of 149 October 2015 8 3 Editor 2 menu 8 3 1 Lateral pressures menu item If in addition to the diverse possibilities for determining earth pressure on the wall you also need to take additional surcharges into consideration this is where to enter them Lateral pressures E xj Forw Back Cancel 3 lateral pressures to edit V Do not redistribute live loads No top m bottom m e k ltop kN m ek bottom kN Zn Type The number of lateral pressures can be modified using the x lateral pressure s to edit button Then enter the ordinates in metres from the top of the wall or as absolute heights and the values for the lateral pressures The lateral pressures can be represented by permanent or variable loads water pressures or pas sive earth pressures The characteristic values are entered and are automatica
84. dopt flow below wall base Flow below wall base m 5 000 Differential water pressure MV setto 0 0 if directed to earth side Consider hydraulic gradients i on Active side J Passive side Condition gammalsoil i aammalw gt 0 0 IV Adhere to Cancel If the base of the sheet pile does not correspond to the base of the actual percolation e g com bined sheet pile wall with infill sheets not driven to the depth of the king pile a depth may be defined for the base of the percolation below the toe after activating the check box Adopt flow below wall base The retaining walls of an excavation standing in flowing groundwater will experience increased earth pressure on the active side and decreased earth pressure on the passive side According to the EAB R 63 the effect on the active side can generally be ignored whilst the effect on the passive side must always be taken into consideration You can make the appropriate selection in the bot tom section of the dialog box GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 84 of 149 October 2015 8 2 12 Seismic acceleration menu item Seismic loads can be taken into consideration as described in EC 8 or EAU 1990 Section 2 14 by increasing the active earth pressure coefficients and reducing the passive earth pressure coeffi cients Seismic loads are given in multiples of gravitational acceleration g GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 85 of 149 Octob
85. dulus Specific weight Specific weight menu items sesse 105 8 3 17 Anchor steel design menu ite ees es ee RA GRA GRA RARR GRA Re Ee ee ee ee ee ee 106 8 3 18 Waling design menu iteM e ee se ee ee ee ee Ge ee Re Re GE Re GR Re ee Re RA Re Re ee 107 GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 4 of 149 October 2015 84 ES VSLSMANCM Ue SE RE GE ED ek GE ee N GE EE Ge EE tng 109 8 Ad Info menu item iernare ER oe ale innate RE ek SN cc 109 8 4 2 Special preferences menu item RR RA GR AR RR AR AR ee Ee ee ee ee ee ee 109 8 4 3 Depth subdivisions menu item iese ee ee ee ee ee ee Re Re GE Re RR GR Re RA GRA Re ee 109 8 4 4 Length surcharge menu itEM ee se e RR GRA RARR GRA GRA Gee Ge ee ee ee 110 84 5 Analyse menu item is eie EG Ee Ee Ee VEREER SS cat SEE EA EN GE Se KG GE EGO Ge VEE GR Ge De GE Ee Vee 111 84 5 1 startdialog DO esse EE ee a EE tees SERE Eg Ee Bestel eee B Bendis 111 84 5 2 Embedment depth via group BOX iese see see see ee ee ee ee ee Ge Re ee Re 112 8 4 5 3 Special preferences group BOX ie se ee RA RA Re ee ee ee Re Ge Re Ge Re 113 8 4 5 4 Type of redistribution group BOX iese ee ee ee Re RR RR GR Re RA RA Re ee 114 8 4 6 Design defaults menu HEM ee ee ee RR GRA RR GRA GRA GR GRA GRA GRA Re ee ee 117 8 4 7 Graph positioning preferences menu item se se RR RARR RR RA RA Re 119 8 4 8 Graphics output preferences menu item iese se ee ae ee ee ee ee ee 120 8 4 9 Labelling preferences
86. e margins Page size and margins menu item by means of the plot margins see Sec tion 8 8 6 Image coordinates x x left Im 10 0000 y bottom m 20 0000 Scale x direction 1 100 0000 Scale y direction 1 100 0000 Save Load Cancel Old values The image coordinates entered here can be saved in a file with the extension bxy and be re loaded later for the same file or for different files If you want to recover the previous values during input or use the menu item again after editing the coordinates you can do this by pressing the Old values button 8 8 4 Zoom menu item You can linearly enlarge or reduce the image coordinates GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 137 of 149 October 2015 8 8 5 Font size selection menu item You can edit font sizes for labelling the various drawing elements The font sizes of text within legends are edited in the respective legend editor Just double click in a legend to do this 8 8 6 Page size and margins menu item The default page set up is A3 when the program is started You can edit the page format in the following dialog box Page size and margins x Edit page size and margins m Page in general Height 297 00 width 420 00 m Page margin in mm Left 25 00 Right 8 00 Top 8 00 Bottom 8 00 m Plot margin in mm Left 25 00 Right 8 00 Top 50 00 Bottom 25 00 V with borders V wi
87. e Specific weight define for sections Standard display in legend Status bar main program activate Steel design activate to EC 3 sesse se esse see Stiffnesses consider in analysis esse sees see Streck passive ep analysis Streck select for analysis sesse sesse Stress determination types for design Struts consider rigid wall connection 46 Struts defitie EE EE EG EE EG EER Ee 96 Struts define prestressing eee see se ee 97 Struts display design values in Message DOX ee se GE EE de Ris 124 Subgrade reaction modulus profile define 98 Subgrade reaction modulus profile display ind gend is EERSTE ER SR ES Ee de SPENE 134 Subgrade reaction modulus profile for elastic analysiS ees ee se ee ee ee 56 Subgrade reaction modulus select unit 67 Subgrade reaction reduce ee ee se se ee Sum H activate analysis Sum H analysis principles Sum H display analysis results in 4 message DOK is EE ER ESE de Ee eg de sd 126 Sum V activate analySiS esse sees se ee ee 86 88 Sum V display analysis results in a message DOK si LE de As ke ER Se KA ER Ge Iy 126 Supporting forces iNCTEASE ee ee ee ee 57 System coordinates ZOOM sesse ee se se ee 137 System data enter for Aulbach Ziegler 90 System properties display in legend 133 System activate coloured hatched display System
88. e GE ee eee ge ee 139 8 9 2 GGU on the web menu item see see se Ge GR Ge Ge Re GR ee GR Ge AR Ge ee GR ee 139 8 9 3 GGU support menu item sees sa RA Re ee ee ee Re Re EE ee Re GRA GR ee Re ee 139 8 9 4 Maxima menu tef Ese DE ES OE ESE GE es ee Oe ese 139 8 9 5 Active wall friction angle menu item ee se ee ee RR GR ER RR RA RA RA Re ee 140 8 9 6 Compare earth pressure coefficients menu item iese sa ee Re ee Re ee 140 8 9 7 Vertical capacity menu item esse see ee ee Re Re GR Re GR Re E GRA Gee Ge ee ee ee 140 8 9 8 Aktive earth pressure constrained slip surface menu iteM ee ees se ee ee 140 8 9 9 Steel design to DIN EN 1993 menu item esse sees sea see ae ee ee ee ee ee Re ee 140 8 9 10 Help menu tem EE oe EED ee E Ee ee eaten We 140 8 9 11 What s new menu item ees see RA RA GRA Re ee ee Re Re eiis 140 8 9 12 Language preferences menu item ie se AR RA RA GRA GRA ee Ee ee ee ee ee ee 140 D gt Taps And tricks sesse dese ee ER Ve Ee eN be ee de AE Ee Oe ee GE Gebed de ee EG de Ge De GE EG De eg de 141 9 1 2 buttons EE EE Red GE Medea ane eae ea ee eee edad 141 9 2 Keyboard and mouse se Sk Ee aul hlecc thes a dekh Ree ER Ge ee 141 9 3 Function Keys Ee he cid Bie e RAR Ra Ae Ral 143 94 Copy print area ICON EE EE SEGE ESE GEES tee ESE sedan cena Gn ged Fee Ge Ee EER Ee GEE ee Ee Ee Gegee ee ed 144 NO Ind esse ee A E I Ge I N de oe Be ee ee 145 GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 6 of 149 Octo
89. e Winch an cede EE ee ee ee aes 33 7 7 1 Approach for sheet pile walls and in situ concrete walls se ea Re ee 33 7 7 1 1 Classical water pressure approach esse se se Re RA RA GRA GRA ee ee Ee ee 33 7 7 1 2 Water pressure approach using flow condUitS ee see ee ae ee ee Ee Ee 34 7 1 1 3 Recommendation for water pressure approach iese ee ee ee ee Ee Ee 35 7 7 1 4 Possible conceptual error using flow conduits ee ee ee ee ee ee EE EE 35 7 1 2 Approach for soldier pile walls see ee se GR RR GRA RA GRA Re ee ee Re ee Re Ge Re ee ae 37 11 3 What is 4 potential Ee Oe EE DE EE BE Ge Ge GE eases Aa 37 AL in EE EE EE os BE eae ee ee ee 39 T9 EER EE EE RE ER OE EN N 40 URE KERR N OM EE EE EE EE 43 7 11 Bounded surcharges active side ee ee Re Re ER RR RA GRA GRA Re Ee ee ee ee ee ee 43 7 12 Double bounded surcharges active side ee RR RA GRA GRA GRA Re Ee ee ee ee ee ee 44 7 13 Bounded surcharges passive side se RR GR ER RR RA GRA GRA Re ER ee ee ee ee ee ee 45 7 14 Double bounded surcharges passive side ee RR RA RA GRA RA ER ee ee ee Re ee ee 45 GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 2 of 149 October 2015 1 15 Length Surcharge ses esses eer LE od ist hte aa be Eg ED eet Atenas ee 45 7216 Structural system 28200 ees cane ono dood ie en Seed Rd 46 TeV WIGSTON a e ches ton sak tas a sexta E atone untae Antares sie te soso pact ER 47 TAS OGE EE SS ee ed RD DE EED EE DR EG Satie adie 48 7 19 Bedding conditions of wa
90. e is more closely described in Section 8 4 6 System Design defaults If No is now cli cked or following completion of design the results are presented in message boxes and then visu alised graphically on the screen The system data can be saved in a file together with the results menu item File Save as Section 8 1 4 8 4 5 2 Embedment depth via group box In the Embedment depth via group box of the start dialog box of the System Analyse menu item you can define the method of calculation for the embedment depth The default is Toe is free or fixed the section length is determined automatically The degree of fixity is entered below this If you prefer to use a different method to determine the embedment depth use the Select method button Select the method from the four options available If you select one of the two options using fixed section lengths Fixed section length appears in the start dialog box instead of the degree of fixity you must enter the value you require Where a bedded toe is used the subgrade reaction can be reduced using the partial factor gamma Ep by activating the check box The reduction can be made using characteristic values to DIN 1054 GL 47 and 48 If the Reduce subgrade with gamma Ep check box is not acti vated the subgrade reaction can be taken into consideration in accordance with the EAB R 102 Modulus of subgrade reaction method published by Prof Anton Wei enbach in Bautec
91. e vertical capacity and have the analysis performed again Leaving the box with OK the earth pressure distribution the moment shear force profile and normal force profiles as well as the bending line will be displayed on the screen The analysis and design of the retaining wall are complete GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 23 of 149 October 2015 6 1 10 Step 9 Evaluate and visualise the results Four legends appear on the screen containing the soil properties the main elements on which the analysis is based and the main design results The fourth legend contains a diagram of the retain ing wall see below HEB 300 Figure 2 Retaining wall diagram The graphics can be printed on the selected printer File Print and export menu item You can also print off a detailed protocol File Print output table menu item The zoom function see Graphics preferences Zoom info menu item allows you to magnify selected areas of the graphic Double clicking in the graphics at a particular point will cause a box to appear containing the corresponding state variables Other forms of evaluation are possible from the Evaluation menu which will display the se lected type of earth pressure redistribution the design parameters the maximum values and the anchor forces The menu item Evaluation Deep seated stability summary is of particular interest Deep seated stability factors of safety x Forw Back Starting point of slip
92. eave of anchor soil menu item If a value unequal to 0 is entered for the height of the dead man when entering the anchors in the dialog box associated with the Editor 2 Anchors menu item see Section 8 3 7 the program performs verification of anchor soil heave similar to the method described in Section 7 3 4 of the Piling Manual This menu item displays the results in a message box Verification must be activated of course see menu item Editor 1 Deep seated stability heave of anchor soil Section 8 2 15 8 5 12 Heave FOS summary menu item When analysing the system using global safety factors the base heave safety factor is determined automatically also see Section 7 26 If this cannot be verified you will see a corresponding warn ing even before analysis is complete Otherwise you can query the safety factor using this menu item 8 5 13 Verification of pull out resistance menu item If analysis was performed using anchors with activated Verification with qs k check box and verification is activated in the Editor 1 Pull out resistance menu item see Section 8 2 17 this menu item displays the analysis results in a message box GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 126 of 149 October 2015 8 6 8 6 1 8 6 2 8 6 3 Construction phases menu General notes When the system you are working on consists of a number of construction phases each phase must initially be calculated separately and the results saved in corresp
93. ed systems given section length Bedding of wall toe define Bedding of wall toe limit states eee Bending line calculation with Young s moduluS esse see ee se ee 105 Bending line display with predeformations 101 Berms define labelling preferences 122 Berms define on active side sesse see ees Berms define on passive side sesse sees Bounded surcharges consider Bounded surcharges define Buckling analysis to DIN EN 1993 1 1 activate Ss si Hearts le gee de Eks tives st eoeety dd 113 Buckling analysis to DIN EN 1993 1 1 sheet pile wall analysis principles Buckling length investigations for struts Buoyancy safety analysis using global safety faCtOts ese sete ges Ras 61 Buoyancy safety analysis using partial Safety factors N ere ee dee gee oe ee Ge 61 Buoyancy safety display results in amessage DO se Ee hs 126 Caquot Kerisel passive ep analysis 4 32 Caquot Kerisel select for analysis ies sesse 81 T AE OR a aa Ei 46 Glipbo rd ER EE hans Ee 73 CodeMeter stick see see se ee RR Ge ek 11 Cohesion coefficient determination methods 31 Cohesion entero ee see se ek Ge ee RR Ge ek Colour hatching define for loads Colour hatching define for soils 0 00 0 Colour hatching switch on off 131 132 Colour pens define for graphical elements 129 Compaction earth pressure adopt to DIN 4085 2011
94. ee Flow force for hydraulic heave safety 58 Flow force influence on earth pressure 84 Font selections ssc sascssssestesstistosssonesnessensesenss 129 Font size define for graphical elements 138 Font size design legend sesse cess see ee Font size dimension lines Font size general legend Font size retaining wall legend Font size soil properties legend ee Font size subgrade modulus legend Font size system result graphics Footer output table eee se ee ee Ge ek Force boundary condition eguivalent for PIGStres8 ies Mei es eae a a En ee 56 Friction angle activate separate input of active passive Values sesse sesse se ee Ge ek Ge ee 67 Friction angle enter Function keys General page informations add via Mini CAD i ees ves SEE Ee EE DRR GR Ek ger 130 General stability verification via dl AE AE RE EE 58 72 GGUCAD file export ee ee ee RA Ge se 73 GGUMiniCAD file export TA GGU STABILITY file export we 72 Global safety factors verifications define 86 Graph grids define ee ee se ee Graph positions alter via editor Graph positions alter with mouse Graphics add via Mini CAD eee se ee Groundwater consider storeys confined aquifers eee se ee se Ge ek Ge Groundwater define ese ee ee ee ee ee ee ee Groundwater define COlOUF esse see ee Groundw
95. ee Section 8 1 1 Print output table menu item 8 1 5 1 Selecting the output format You can have a table printed containing the current analysis results The results can be sent to the printer or to a file e g for further editing in a word processor The output contains all informa tion on the current state of analysis including the system data You have the option of designing and printing the output table as an annex to your report within the GGU RETAIN program To do this select Output as graphics from the following options Select output x Select output Output as ASCII Cancel If you prefer to easily print or process the data in a different application you can send them di rectly to the printer or save them to a file using the Output as ASCII button GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 68 of 149 October 2015 8 1 5 2 Button Output as graphics If you selected the Output as graphics button in the previous dialog box a further dialog box opens in which you can define further preferences for result visualisation Graphical table preferences 210 0 In the various group boxes of the dialog box you can define preferences for the table output and layout By activating the Incorporate graphics button a sketch of the system is integrated in the output table If you need to add a header or footer e g for page numbering activate the ap propriate check boxes With headers and or With footers an
96. ee ee Re Re ee Re ee ae 94 8 3 6 Displacement boundary conditions menu item ese se ee ee ee ee Re Ge Re 94 8 3 7 Anchors m nt 1tem see else ten GE EES Ee dre nonin hain vaste nes 95 838 Struts meriu item see EE EE EN EG dataset tans Sotto hus dates Mate salons iia ak 96 8 3 9 Prestressing menu Ite eee ea ii aa ee ee a ee ee Re ee Re ee Re ee ae 97 8 3 10 Groundwater potentials menu item sesse se ae ae ee ee ee ee Re ee Re ee Re ee ae 97 8 3 11 Subgrade reaction moduli menu item esse see ee ee ee Re Ge ee Re Re Ge Re ee ae 98 8 3 12 Compaction earth pressure menu item see ee ee ee Re Ge ee Re ee Re ee Re ee Re 99 8 3 13 Predeformation information menu iteM eie see se se ee RA GRA GRA Re ER ee ee ee 100 8 3 14 Predeformation preferences menu item esse see ae ae ee ee ee ee ee ee Ee 100 8 3 15 Soldier pile Sections Bored pile wall Diaphragm wall Contiguous pile wall Girder Section data menu itemMS ees sesse esse ee ee 102 RERIG N DiE AE RE EE 102 8 3 15 2 Soldier piles menu ite ees ee ee ee ee GR Re RR RR RA GRA Re Re ee ee ee ee 102 8 3153 Sections men tem r kennen RE eg ek EERS RE RE a genee gee nein 103 8 3 15 4 Bored pile wall Diaphragm wall Contiguous wall menu items 104 83 15 5 Girder menu item REEDE ENS andes aves adie ee aa GE Ee ee deans 104 8 3 15 6 Section data menu item ees ee Re ae ee ee ee ee ee ee Re Ge Re Ge Re ee Re 105 8 3 16 Young s mo
97. eft and right of the retaining wall m s e skin friction qs k kN m e cone resistance from CPT qc e shear strength of the undrained soil cu k If you activate the Differentiate active passive soil properties check box in the dialog box in File New or Editor 1 Analysis options you can enter differing friction angles and unit weights for the active and the passive sides Permeability is taken into consideration in a calculation of subsurface hydraulic conditions via flow conduits parallel to the wall see Section 7 7 1 2 If you want to analyse the pull out resistance of anchors activate the Verification with qs k check box in the Editor 2 Anchors dialog box see Section 8 3 7 To analyse the vertical capacity to EAU EAB and EAP enter the cone resistance qc and the shear strength of the undrained soil cu k 7 3 Active earth pressure Active earth pressure is analysed to DIN 4085 DIN 4085 provides two relationships for the coefficients of earth pressure kan friction and Ken cohesion Alternatively there is the option of determining the cohesion coefficient from ken ae a method often found in older literature GGU RETAIN also provides the option of applying user defined earth pressure coefficients which can be entered in tabulated form for each type of soil GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 31 of 149 October 2015 7 4 At rest earth pressure The at rest earth pressure coefficient is calculated compliant wit
98. ens a dialog box with a list of walings showing their names section moduli and the values of S s first moment of area and web thickness required for shear design Here you can select a waling and use it as the design waling using the button Selected waling as design waling New waling can be entered by clicking x waling s to edit and specifying a new number GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 108 of 149 October 2015 8 4 System menu 8 4 1 Info menu item You will see information on the current system in a message box 8 4 2 Special preferences menu item The program performs a multitude of plausibility checks s After starting the analysis the prefer ences specified by the user are displayed in a message box for problematical preferences separate information or warning are displayed It is therefore recommended to leave the Show warnings in future check box activated If you do not want to see the automatic display when the analysis starts deactivate the check box You can subsequently view your special preferences using this menu item 8 4 3 Depth subdivisions menu item GGU RETAIN uses the finite element method which requires the system to be divided into a number of finite elements rods see Section 7 16 You can specify the size of these depth incre ments for the region above and below the excavation base Depth subdivisions x The program employs FEM methods to calculate earth pressures deflections and stresse
99. er 2015 8 2 13 Verifications Safety factors menu item If you are analysing with global safety factors to DIN 1054 old you can specify the verifications to be performed by the program by activating the corresponding check boxes in the dialog box shown below FOS preferences x V Perform Sum V analysis IV Hydraulic heave 1 50 MV Buoyancy of base layer s 110 M Base heave safety 150 Deep seated stability 1 50 Passive earth pressure FOS 1 50 Cancel Then enter the safety factors for the individual verifications The program s default values in the box are those required by the EAB For soldier pile walls the safety factors for Hydraulic heave and Buoyancy of base layer s are removed Then the verification of Sum H can be activated instead If you do not want the program to perform one of the verifications the corre sponding check box must be deactivated GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 86 of 149 October 2015 8 2 14 Verifications Partial factors menu item If you are analysing with the partial safety factor concept you will see a dialog box for defining the partial factors Verifications Partial factors preferences m Partial factors Design situation DIN 1054 BS P Permanent actions 1 35 Permanent actions water pressure 1 35 Permanent actions at rest pressure 1 20 Variable actions 1 50 Passive ep BBE Js bel Passive ep moment Moment resulting from ga
100. er of iteration steps can also be specified If after the set number of steps soil pressure is still greater than passive earth pressure iteration is ended without result During iteration the modulus of subgrade reaction is reduced If the analysis requires a reduction over the entire wall length to a value below max ks iteration is aborted This usually happens when the wall is not long enough to take the load GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 53 of 149 October 2015 7 20 3 Automatically determined section length and bedded toe Using this option you can determine the optimum height of the wall First you must define the range of section lengths within which GGU RETAIN is to find the ideal value Iterative determination of section length x m Section length iteration Minimum section length m 5 00 Maximum section length m 8 00 Delta section length m 0 50 Iteration conditions Damping gt 0 0 and lt 0 99 0 500 Permissible excess 0 0100 Go to next section length if the modulus of subgrade drops in general below max ks Max kelkN nr 100 0 Max no iteration steps section length 400 No additional criterion Max wall top displacement mm 50 00 Max wall top rotation 1 00 r Additional iteration criterion Cancel Enter the maximum and minimum section lengths as well as a delta section length in the top group box of the dialog box
101. es to aid file characterisation In the next group box the radio buttons are used to specify which safety concept to use for analysis and design Additionally excavation visualisation to the right can be activated as well as selecting kN m or MN m as the units for the modulus of subgrade reaction via a drop down menu If you select the Use absolute heights check box you can enter all depths or heights in m AD heights are positive upwards If this check box is not selected the top of the wall is assumed at 0 0 height depth and all further entries depth of soil layers for example are positive down wards If however you want to work with absolute heights enter the appropriate depths corre spondingly altered Thanks to WYSIWYG there is no danger of using incorrect data since all input is immediately visible on the screen If your system uses differing soil properties on the active and the passive sides activate the Dif ferentiate active passive soil properties check box in the above dialog box You will then be presented with different input columns for entering the active and passive friction angle and unit weight soil properties in the Editor 1 Soils menu item Section 8 2 5 Below this a wall inclination between 6 and 6 can be defined Please read the information displayed after pressing the button The Design group box offers you the choice between a list of supplied sections soldier pile sections sheet
102. ferent existing soldier pile The data can also be allocated to a new soldier pile which is added to the existing list also see Worked example 2 Section 6 2 2 Use as New section Add at end e Create old record Using this button you can save a record containing the old section tables based on the global safety factors tbw spw If Steel design to EC 3 is not activated the old dialog box opens A check box in front of the number of each soldier pile can be activated This is used to select the respective soldier pile If you then press the Selected section as design section button this section is used as the design section The section parameters h height b width A area I moment of inertia can be edited The program uses I and h to determine the section modulus W during the subse quent design phase The variable S is the first moment of area of the section and s is the web thickness The value of S s is required for verification of shear stress 8 3 15 3 Sections menu item Upon selecting Sheet pile wall and Using section list you see a dialog box which appears almost exactly the same as that for soldier piles Here too the Steel design to EC 3 check box must be activated The sheet pile wall sections can be stored in a spw ggu file If you do not design to EC 3 it is important to note that for sheet pile wall sections the area A must be entered in cm m and the moment
103. g or rejecting your modifications using these buttons e x Soldier piles to edit Notation info Using this button you may expand or reduce the list of soldier piles New soldier piles are added to the end of the list A description of the abbreviations used to enter the section data is available via the Notation info button GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 102 of 149 October 2015 e Load Save Sort Delete Delete doubles A different soldier pile list can be opened by pressing the Load button It is then possible to append the new list to an already open soldier pile list After appending soldier piles it may be expedient to delete any double sections in the list by pressing the Delete doubles button The soldier piles can then be sorted either by moment of inertia or by name by pressing the Sort button The modified soldier pile list may then be saved to the program folder as tbw_ggu file for subsequent analyses by pressing the Save button Any num ber of sections in a sequence in the list can be deleted using the Delete button e Select section A dialog box opens in which you select the required soldier pile for design Select soldier pile x Section in HEB 300 wel 1678 0 cr 3 Cancel e Simulate corrosion You can define the corrosion for any soldier pile which is then used to calculate the new section data The new section data can be allocated to the selected soldier pile or to a dif
104. g the key combination Ctrl Back or the appropriate tool in the toolbar see Section 8 7 6 Preferences menu item You can activate or deactivate the undo functions menu Copyright menu item You will see a copyright message and information on the program version number The System button shows information on your computer configuration and the folders used by GGU RETAIN GGU on the web menu item Using this menu item you can access the GGU Software website www ggu software com Keep in touch with new program versions and the regular download offers If you would like to be automatically notified about program innovations please register for the Newsletter in our Knowledge Base Go to the following website http kbase civilserve com GGU support menu item This menu item takes to the GGU Software Support area at www ggu software com Maxima menu item Here you can check the defaults for maximum values GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 139 of 149 October 2015 8 9 5 Active wall friction angle menu item A message box appears with information relating to active angle of wall friction according to the EAB 8 9 6 Compare earth pressure coefficients menu item Here you can calculate the earth pressure coefficients for given values of phi delta and beta 8 9 7 Vertical capacity menu item You can compare qb k and qs k for given qc and cu k values to EAU 2012 and Recommendations on Piling 201
105. gn section edit values sees se ee ee 111 Design section select iese ee ee se ee ee 103 Design sitiuation activate display in legend 133 Design display results in legend esse see 134 Design edit preferences Design input for infill walling Dimension lines define ees ee ee ee ee Dimension lines move with mouse 135 DIN 4085 consider in analysis 00 31 32 DIN 4085 select for analysis iese esse see 80 81 DIN EN 1993 5 DIN EN 1993 1 1 esse sesse 48 Displacement boundary conditions define 94 Displacement method iese see se ee ee 46 Displacement define for retaining wall 94 Distributed load define labelling Preferences ee Huei haces 122 Double bounded surcharges consider 44 45 Double bounded surcharges define 93 Drawing area define 0 eee se ee ee ee 138 DXF file exporty cai ees dode ee Ee ee ed 73 DXF fle importen eshe 8 E Earth pressure coefficients be calculated 140 Earth pressure coefficients calculate Earth pressure coefficients user defined Earth pressure redistribution display in a message BOX ee ee se ee ieu a 124 Earth pressure redistribution to EAB 57 114 Earth pressure redistribution to EAU 2012 116 Earth pressure redistribution user defined 116 Earth pressure preferences for active 80 Earth pressure preferences fo
106. h DIN 4085 2011 7 5 Increased active earth pressure The coefficient of increased active earth pressure Ken is obtained from the coefficient of active earth pressure and at rest earth pressure Ken 1 0 f Kan f k 0 0 lt f lt 1 0 7 6 Passive earth pressure The coefficient of passive earth pressure can be analysed using a number of methods e DIN 4085 2011 e DIN 4085 1987 e Streck e Caquot Kerisel e DIN 4085 1987 Caquot Kerisel e Mohr Coulomb root This approach is obsolete and should no longer be used Besides calculated values you can also define your own The passive earth pressure acting on soldier piles is calculated after Wei enbach EAB R 14 When the soldier piles are so close together that the effects of passive earth pressure overlap the calculated values should be reduced The passive earth pressure with and without overlapping must be determined for this purpose Passive earth pressure acting on soldier piles without an overlap effect takes the shape of a parabolic curve and depends amongst other things on pile width GGU RETAIN calculates both values with and without overlap effect for all subdivi sions The lower of the two values obtained is then used in the subsequent analysis Thus in a graphic visualisation of passive earth pressure acting on a soldier pile part of the curve may be parabolic while another part is linear GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 32 of 149 October 2015 7
107. hanged because the axial rigidity of the anchors and struts and any subgrade reaction moduli do not alter In most cases nevertheless renewed analysis is actually unneces sary because the axial rigidity of the anchors struts is generally so great that appreciable support displacements do not occur In the appropriate program situations you will still be warned Stress determination can be by one of three different means e working o N A N w M W e working o N A M W e working o M W where greatest normal force absolute cross sectional area greatest displacement absolute greatest moment absolute W section modulus N A W M Shear design is also performed In situ concrete walls can be designed to EC 2 Shear design is also possible here GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 47 of 149 October 2015 7 18 2 order theory The differential equation for a normal flexural member is EI hat q x jl The normal force N is taken into consideration for a buckling member HH n Elw lt x Nw x q x Analysis is performed on the deformed system In e DIN EN 1993 5 Design of Steel Structures Part 5 Piling analysis using 2 order theory is recommended for analysis of sheet pile walls under buckling loads and e DIN EN 1993 1 1 Design of Steel Structures Part 1 1 General Rules and Rules for Buildings referred to Analysis using 2 order theory produces more accurate results than the usua
108. harge 1 but with a negative sign A double bounded surcharge which acts as a consequence of p at x 1 00 to x 2 00 is thus defined as the result of earth pressure analysis The analysis result is correct in terms of the adop ted approach However the graphics are not really satisfactory and may be irritating for an exam iner Double bounded surcharges were therefore introduced Figure 17 Double bounded surcharge The same result is achieved as for the definition provided by Figure 16 but with improved graph ics The area loads described in Section 7 9 are based on different assumptions for the resulting earth pressure so the definition of a double bounded surcharge does not provide the same result as an equivalent area load Generally speaking the earth pressure from double bounded surcharges is less than that from area loads GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 44 of 149 October 2015 7 13 7 14 7 15 Bounded surcharges passive side Up to 20 bounded surcharges may be adopted at any height on the passive side The passive earth pressure is computed as follows Figure 18 Bounded surcharge passive side Double bounded surcharges passive side Double bounded surcharges on the passive side can be modelled using two bounded surcharges also see Section 7 12 Double bounded surcharges on the passive side were only implemented due to the better graphical representation Length surcharge In
109. hnik Construction Engineering 80 2003 Issue 2 r Embedment depth via Toe is bedded Section length will be determined JV Vertical support at wall toe Ed I Reduce subgrade with gammalE p Analysis of Bh d lt Eph d to the wall toe E J Subgrade to R 102 Attest ep level ooo P efactive efatrest gt 0 0 p MV Subgrade on continuous wall 2 Select method In the subgrade zone the difference between the active earth pressure and the at rest earth pressure is adopted as a load acting on the wall If the e active e at rest gt 0 0 check box is activated this difference cannot become smaller than 0 0 If the Subgrade on continuous wall check box is deactivated the subgrade will be adopted for the girder width GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 112 of 149 October 2015 8 4 5 3 Special preferences group box In the Special preferences group box of the start dialog box of the System Analyse menu item you can specify whether any area loads should be included in an earth pressure redistribu tion You may Redistribute ep to toe and not as is usual to the load transition point For an analysis employing the global safety factors the load transition point can be calculated with or without any prevalent water pressure Transition point with wp check box In addi tion when analysing with the old safety factors you can specify whether the program should place the passive earth pressure in fro
110. ing the Aulbach Ziegler method Aulbach Benjamin Ziegler Martin Simplified de sign of excavation support and shafts for safety against hydraulic heave Einfache Bemessung von Baugruben und Schichten im Hinblick auf die Sicherheit gegen hydraulischen Grundbruch In Geomechanics and Tunnelling 6 2013 No 4 p 362 374 ISSN 1865 7362 Partial safety factors x V Perform Hydraulic heave analysis Hydraulic failure after Aulbach Ziegler V Perform Base buoyancy analysis Weight Favourable permanent actions 0 95 DS P 0 35 DS T 0 95 DS 4 0 35 DS E 1 00 m Buoyancy pwp Unfavourable permanent actions 1 05 DS P 1 05 DS T 1 05 D5 A 1 00 DS E 1 00 Hydraulic heave Flow force 1 35 Info Favourable subsoil DS P 1 35 D5 T 1 30 D5 A 1 20 DS E 1 00 Unfavourable subsoil DS P 1 80 DS T 1 60 DS A 1 35 DS E 1 00 Default values To DIN 1054 2010 To NORM EN 1997 1 If you have activated Hydraulic failure after Aulbach Ziegler you can enter the required system data via the Preferences button If you press the Info button you will see further information on the subsoil situation favour able unfavourable In the Default values group box the partial factors for the various load cases and subsoil conditions given in the DIN 1054 2010 and in the EC 7 can be selected by means of the dialog box reached by clicking the To DIN 1054 2010 button In a
111. intermediate conditions of partial fixation between 0 and 100 are possible If you want to compute partial fixations GGU RETAIN will first calculate embedment depths for the two limit states The necessary embedment depth is then obtained through linear interpolation between the two extremes In the same way for a given section length the degree of fixation is determined from the two extreme embedment depths The necessary longitudinal extension length addition of between 0 for free earth support and 20 for complete fixation is also determined by linear interpolation in compliance with the EAB Thus there are two different ways in which section length and the degree of fixation can be de termined e determination of section length for a given degree of fixation of wall toe e determination of degree of fixation of wall toe for a given section length 7 20 Bedded systems 7 20 1 General information on types When a retaining wall is bedded there is always a degree of toe fixation whereby the degree of fixation cannot be meaningfully given Thus for a bedded wall toe we have the following two variations e bedded wall toe with given section length e bedded wall toe with automatically determined section length GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 52 of 149 October 2015 7 20 2 Section length fixed and bedded toe In this variation you enter a fixed height for the wall The elastic analysis produces a value for the foun
112. ion indicating the maximum load GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 120 of 149 October 2015 Leave the dialog box by pressing Show system If the system has already been analysed you can leave the box by pressing Show results and then view the result graphics on the screen When you are working with a particular construction phase the following dialog box appears Show constr phases ET State variable presentation MV Displacement V Moment MV Shear force V Normal force Cancel GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 121 of 149 October 2015 8 4 9 Labelling preferences menu item This menu item allows you to specify labelling preferences for the system visualisation and the result graphics Labelling preferences ad 4 he sd DER N wa oi 2 Minimum spacing of state variable labelling ml m x oa In the dialog box you activate the required check boxes and select the preferences for alignment or font sizes In addition groundwater labelling and the width of the graphical visualisation of any grouted section can be edited 8 4 10 Graph grid preferences menu item You can define graph grids for moments shear forces and normal forces GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 122 of 149 October 2015 8 4 11 8 4 12 8 4 13 Dimension lines menu item You can define a vertical and or horizontal dimension line for the graphics in order to emphasise and clarify the system dimensi
113. ith which automatic design including automatic searches for the op timum section can be carried out e Reinforced concrete design to EC 2 for circular and rectangular cross sections e Modelling corrosion for all sections GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 9 of 149 October 2015 e Design of horizontal lagging for soldier pile walls e Automatic computation of section weights for analysis of sum V e Variable bending resistance of the retaining wall e Automatic computations of earth pressure redistributions according to the EAB Recom mendations e Other earth pressure distribution options no redistribution rectangle 2 rectangles triangle maximum can be optionally placed at top middle or bottom trapezoidal quadrilateral with maximum at anchor locations or any other location user defined polygon EAU 2012 e Soil pressure can be redistributed either to the wall toe or to the transition point e Passive earth pressure can be superimposed or located in front of the wall e Calculation of the transition point with or without porewater pressure e Structural analysis can be performed in 4 different ways section length determined automatically after entering degree of fixation for the wall toe determination of degree of fixation for fixed section length section length automatically determined with elastic bedding of wall toe bedding of wall toe with fixed section length e Following computation of the system earth pres
114. l and simplified equivalent member method Analysis of sheet pile walls under buckling loads is per formed in GGU RETAIN compliant with DIN EN 1993 1 1 Analysis using 2 order theory requires a predeformation or pre curvature of the underlying sys tem Pre curvature values are given in Table 5 1 of DIN EN 1993 1 1 Table 5 1 Pre curvature design values ega L for structural ele ments Buckling line Elastic analysis Plastic analysis cowl cogl from Table 6 1 Pre curvatures are given as a function of the buckling line In simplification sheet pile walls can be analysed with a pre curvature of eo L 1 150 GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 48 of 149 October 2015 In embedded non anchored walls the deformed system is defined by an inclination of the wall Figure 20 Embedded non anchored wall In embedded singly anchored walls or walls with a free earth support the deformed system is defined by a linear pre curvature from the support point to the top of the wall and a parabolic pre curvature between the support points and the foot of the wall e0 d linear Parabel e0 d 2 Figure 21 Singly anchored embedded or wall with free earth support GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 49 of 149 October 2015 The length L is given per field The procedure for two rows of anchors is shown in Figure 22
115. lipboard or save them to an EMF file Alternatively you can send the marked area directly to your printer see Tips and tricks Section 9 4 Using the Mini CAD program module you can also import EMF files generated us ing other GGU applications into your graphics GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 73 of 149 October 2015 e MiniCAD allows export of the graphics to a file in order to enable importing to different GGU appli cations with the Mini CAD module e GGUMiniCAD allows export of the graphics to a file in order to enable processing in the GGUMiniCAD program e Cancel Printing is cancelled 8 1 9 Batch print menu item If you would like to print several annexes at once select this menu item You will see the follow ing dialog box xl Printer Cancel Add Delete all Delete File list C Example 2 vrb C Example 3 vrb Create a list of files for printing using Add and selecting the desired files The number of files is displayed in the dialog box header Using Delete you can mark and delete selected individual files from the list After selecting the Delete all button you can compile a new list Selection of the desired printer and printer preferences is achieved by pressing the Printer button You then start printing by using the Print button In the dialog box which then appears you can select further preferences for printer output such as e g the number of copies These preferences
116. ll state variables displayed in a message box 8 5 5 Anchor and strut summary menu item Here the design values for all the system s anchors and struts are shown in a message box GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 124 of 149 October 2015 8 5 6 Deep seated stability summary menu item After the state variables have been calculated by the program and depending on the safety factor concept selected the deep seated stability safety factor or the utilisation factor of any anchors is automatically determined Deep seated stability factors of safety i xj Forw Back Starting point of slip plane in wall area 6 90 m Ah g d Ahla k gamma G and Ahfg q k Ah g k gamma G Ahla k gammal poss hfg d poss Ah g k gamma Ep and poss Ah g q d poss hfg q k gammalEp mu utilisation factor lt 1 0 No Depth Length Ahfg g d poss Ah g q d muefg q Ahfgld possAhf g d muefg m m kN m kN m H kN m kNm 1 0 00 10 00 57 9 121 5 0 477 57 9 121 5 0 477 Optimise In addition to the information with regard to the anchors the critical safety factor or the utilisation factor for deep seated stability for each anchor is given In the example shown here the anchor has a safety factor which is considerably higher than the required value of 1 5 Select the Opti mise button to optimise the length of the anchor x Anchor length increment m fo 050 Min anchor length m 5 000 Max anchor length
117. ll toe ee ee RR RR RA GR RR RA GRA GRA GRA Re ee ee ee ee ee ee 52 720 Bedd d systems innser EE OE EE EO EE EE OE EE OE EE NE 52 7 20 1 General information on types ee ee Re RR RA RA GRA GRA Re Ee ee ee ee ee Re ee Re ee ae 52 7 20 2 Section length fixed and bedded toe ee RA RA Re ee ee Re Re Ge Re ee Re 53 7 20 3 Automatically determined section length and bedded toe ees se se ee ee ee 54 7 21 Action and displacement boundary conditions ee se ee ee RA RA RA Re RA ee Ee EE 55 7 22 PiedeformatiOnsg ii ese Ed ee EE hha genes EE ae Sanaa Ad 55 723 EE EE EE OE ins ee EE HERE EE N 56 7 24 Modulus of subgrade reaction ee ee ee ee Re ER ER RR GR Re GRA GRA Re Ee ee ee ee ee ee 56 7 25 Earth pressure redistribution ees ee ee ee ee ee Re GR Re GE Re GR Re GR Re GRA GRA GR ee Ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 57 ELE Di AR ER OE EE EE EE 58 121 General stabilitV Eise os EE gee feds NS seayes ee Re ee E eend ee RS Ge EE eed Es oo 58 1 28 Hydrauli heaves 6 4 ie oek ge GO EE BE RE ge EER Ee RR se RR EM ee 58 7 28 1 Hydraulic heave safety using global safety faCtOTS esse ese esse ese ee ee Re Ge Re ee ee 58 7 28 2 Utilisation factor hydraulic heave using partial safety factors esse see sea 59 7 28 3 Analysis of hydraulic heave after Aulbach Ziegler ee see ee Ge ee ek Ge ee GR ee 60 T29 BUOYANCY ER Ee EE Ge SR De ee E ee DE SEG ee Ge soes ge ce sie Ge osse 61 7 29 1 Buoyancy safety using global safety factOrS iese se
118. llustration of worked example 1 The example is a soldier pile wall with an anchor at the top of the wall The groundwater level coincides with the excavation base On the active side there is a berm subjected to a load of 10 kN m2 The soldier pile centres are 2 2 m HR 300 H piles are to be used and analysed with a free earth support GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 13 of 149 October 2015 6 1 2 Step 1 Select analysis options After starting the program the logo is displayed Select the menu item File New The following dialog box will appear New data set Xx Project identification worked example 1 Standard Partial safety factors EC 7 Info EC 7 Partial safety factors DIN 1054 2005 Global safety factor concept DIN 1054 old General I Show excavation on right Subgrade modulus unit MN Z 7 Use absolute heights Differentiate active passive soil properties with reference to phi gamma gamma Wall inclination Wl inclination 0 0 m Design Using section list C Using user defined section data Eed JV Steel design to EC 3 J Buckling analysis limit criterion N Ed Ncr lt 0 1 al m Type of wall Sheet pile wall Bored pile wall Diaphragm wall Contiguous wall CMG wall Comb sheet pile wall Cancel Select the buttons shown in the above dialog box and click Soldier pile wall A new system is displayed on the screen
119. lly multiplied or di vided by the appropriate partial safety factors 8 3 2 Area and line loads menu item Using this menu item you define area loads and line loads CE j x Forw Back Cancel Sort 3 area load s to edit Generate line loads pl plih slleft x right Depth i Bey kN m kN m m m Type Live 1 10 00 0 00 8 500 20 000 2 000 Triangle max at top 7 E 2 145 00 0 00 3 000 4 000 2 000 Triangle max at top 7 E 3 100 00 0 00 7 500 8 500 2 000 Triangle max at top 7 E The x area load s to edit button allows you to determine the number of area loads to be con sidered Subsequently you can enter the sizes p v vertical and p h horizontal the ordinates and the Depth of the area loads You must also enter the Type wall pressure shape of the resultant horizontal forces on the wall see Theoretical principles Section 7 9 Using the Generate line loads button line loads acting vertically on the wall may be considered adopted as area loads see Section 7 10 GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 92 of 149 October 2015 8 3 3 Bounded surcharges menu item Bounded surcharges are defined in the following dialog box You are first queried whether the surcharges are entered to be on the active or the passive side The following dialog box opens for active side input x Forw Back Cancel Sort 1 bounded surcharge s to edit IV Do not redist
120. lysis applications the influence of inclined anchors or struts and their interactions are thus di rectly considered in the analysis approach Analysis can even be performed using 2 order theory making the generally onerous buckling length investigation of struts and retaining wall unnecessary In addition it is possible to consider loads on the struts e g for auxiliary bridges additionally acting as struts during analysis e Buckling analysis to DIN EN 1993 1 1 using 2 order theory e Elastic subgrade reaction at the wall toe with user defined values Option for automatic se lection of an elastic modulus of subgrade reaction profile consistent with the specified pas sive earth pressure distribution e Specification of up to 5 displacement boundary conditions rotation displacement in x or y directions at any location e Specification of up to 5 action boundary conditions moment shear force and normal force at any location e 20 anchor and strut sets in defining the anchors and struts axial stiffness and bending stiff ness can be specified so that for example passive anchors can be incorporated e Consideration of prestressing of anchors and struts possible e Definition of up to 20 additional potentials by the calculation of flow conduits to the left and right of the wall for complex groundwater conditions e Expandable database of default sections for soldier piles sheet piles combined sheet piles and tubular sections w
121. m You can reload a graphics preferences file into the program which was saved using the Graph ics preferences Save graphics preferences menu item Only the corresponding data will be refreshed GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 136 of 149 October 2015 8 8 Page size margins menu 8 8 1 Auto resize menu item This menu item provides a to scale visualisation in both x and y coordinates of the system and result graphics If you have previously altered the image coordinates graphically or via editor you can quickly achieve a complete view using this menu item This function can also be accessed using the F9 function key 8 8 2 Manual resize mouse menu item You can use the coordinates of a section of the visualisation as the new image coordinates by marking the desired area with the mouse pressing the left mouse button and holding the Ctrl and Shift keys The scales of the x and y axes are adjusted accordingly If the previous propor tions scale x direction scale y direction need to be retained the Proportional section check box must be activated Alternatively you can simply Redefine origin of the visualisation The previous scale prefer ences are not affected by this 8 8 3 Manual resize editor menu item You can alter the image coordinatesvia editor by direct numerical input in a dialog box This al lows precise scale input The coordinates refer to the drawing area This can be defined in the Page siz
122. me A Ww E m er cnm em4 m kN Zen 3 00 Larssen 20 101 0 600 0 6600 0 2 100E 4 6 00 Larssen 25 262 0 3040 0 6384 0 2 100E 4 HE The Depth from the top of the wall or the absolute heights of the section have been entered the section Name the area A the section modulus W the moment of inertia I and Young s modulus E 8 3 16 Young s modulus Specific weight Specific weight menu items This menu item opens two different dialog boxes depending on whether you are working with a section list or with user defined section data e E modulus Specific weight When working with the section list you must enter Young s modulus and specific weight of the wall From the former the bending line is calculated from the latter the self weight of the wall e Specific weight Using user defined section data Y oung s modulus is entered in the corresponding dialog box so that here it is only necessary to specify the specific weight of the wall GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 105 of 149 October 2015 8 3 17 Anchor steel design menu item Using this menu item you can specify preferences for designing the anchor steel and carry out the design for an analysed system by means of the Anchor steel design button If you activate the Verify automatically after each analysis check box you will be automatically presented with a query for anchor steel design when analysis is complete Anchor steel design
123. menu item ee ee ee ER RR RR GR RR RA GRA GRA Re ee 122 8 4 10 Graph grid preferences menu item ee ee ee Re RR GR GE Re RR RA RA GRA Re ee 122 8 4 11 Dimension lines menu item ese ee ee Re RR RR RA GRA GRA ee Ee ee ee ee ee ee 123 8 4 12 Display system menu ICM ee sees ea Re ee ee ee Re Re GE Re GR Re ee Re RA GR ee Re ee 123 84 13 Display results menu Item sis ER EE ER EE Ge Ee Re ene oe ee 123 8 5 Evaluatiortihenu PRESE N Ge tick est ccd ee ee ee ge ee R 124 85 1 General Hote RE a het ta LE rh a eae aaa ls 124 8 5 2 Earth pressure redistribution menu itEM eie see sea sea RA RA GRA Re Re ee ee 124 8 5 3 Main output summary menu ICM ce see see ee ee ee Re ER RR RR RA GRA Re ee 124 8 5 4 Maximum reaction summary menu item se se ee Ge AR AR Re GR ee Re ee 124 8 5 5 Anchor and strut summary menu item ese ese se se RR RA GRA GRA Re Re ee ee 124 8 5 6 Deep seated stability summary menu item iese ese ee se Re RR RA RA RA Re ee 125 8 5 7 Sum V FOS summary menu item sees ese se se Re RR RA GRA GRA ee Ee ee ee ee ee ee 126 8 5 8 Sum H FOS summary menu item esse esse ese ee se ee Re ee Re GRA GRA GRA GR ee ee ee ee ee 126 8 5 9 Hydraulic heave FOS summary menu iteM iese se se se ee AR AR AR AR AR Ge ee 126 8 5 10 Buoyancy FOS summary menu item sesse sae sea ee Ga GRA GRA ee Ee ee ee ee ee ee 126 8 5 11 Heave of anchor soil menu item esse ese ee ee ee ee Re GR Re RR ee Re RA Re Re ee 126 8 5
124. menu items you can directly reach most of the pro gram functions The meaning of the smart icons appears as a text box if you hover with the mouse pointer over the tools Some of the tool functions cannot be activated from the normal menu items KI Next page Previous page Using this icon you can navigate between the individual pages in the tabular representation Select page If you are in the tabular representation you can use this icon to jump to a specific page or to return to the normal representation that is to the graphics Zoom out If you have previously zoomed in this tool returns to a full screen display Zoom Zoom With the zoom functions you can zoom in or out of parts of the image by clicking the left mouse button GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 130 of 149 October 2015 8 7 7 Colour hatching Four colour settings are possible you can click through them in sequence A colour filled repre sentation is the default setting the next click shows the hatching then coloured and hatched The fourth click shows a representation with neither colour nor hatching The next click starts again Copy print area Use this tool to copy only parts of the graphics in order to paste them e g to a report You will see information on this function and can then mark an area which is copied to the clipboard or can be saved in a file Alternatively you can send the marked area directly to your printer
125. mmalE p red with full length Passive ep calibration factor DO Pull out resistance piles 1 10 IV Always design struts for DS P J Increase anchor force ep Factor 1 15 gt I Always design anchors for DS P r Sum V analysis MV Perform Sum V analysis I Simplified analysis for SPW Cy Ch tanffactor phi Factor 0 333 E V Perform Vertical capacity analysis EAU EAP and EAB Use own empirical data not recommended E r Sum H analysis V Perform analysis IV Bh via computed support Ed IV BhsBh 05 Use Ch l J Eph d compute with calibration factor IV Perform analysis gemmalbearing capacity 1 40 Default values To DIN 1054 2010 To NORM EN 1997 1 Cancel m Analysis of heave safety The partial factor for the permanent action as a result of water pressure can be reduced according to EAU 2012 under certain boundary conditions The same applies to the passive earth pressure partial factor used for calculating the design moment GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 87 of 149 October 2015 In the dialog box you can decide whether to verify Sum V or Sum H The angle of the equivalent force C can be entered The Sum H check box is only visible if you have selected Soldier pile wall or Contiguous wall as the retaining wall By pressing the To DIN 1054 2010 button in the Default values group box the partial factors given in DIN 1054 2
126. n Forw Back Cancel predeformation positive to right Anchor no Depth Predeformation m m 1 0 00 0 0010 In the dialog box that appears you can enter predeformation for every currently defined an chor GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 100 of 149 October 2015 e File entry of predeformations Alternatively predeformation data can be automatically imported from an existing GGU RETAIN file Select Consider predeformations imported from file and Browse and select file name A dialog box will open for selecting the appropriate file which must have been saved with the results of the analysis otherwise you will receive an error mes sage The program imports the appropriate data from this file The file name is then shown on the button and below this the project identification of the imported file You can view the loaded values by clicking Edit predeformations If you need to alter the height of the anchors during further processing these values will be automatically ad justed This means that whenever you begin an analysis the selected file will be loaded and the values recomputed You may also want to recompute the current system in the course of a later session although the file with the predeformation data has altered in the mean time In this case the new predeformation data will be loaded automatically In the bottom section of the dialog box you can choose whether or not to have the loaded prede formation d
127. n legend menu item iese ee ee ee ee Re Re GE Re RR GRA GRA GRA Re ee ee Re ee 134 8 7 10 Subgrade modulus legend menu iteM ese se se RR RA RA GRA GR ER ee ee ee 134 8 7 11 Retaining wall diagram menu item ese se RR RA GRA RA Re Ee ee ee ee ee ee 135 8 7 12 Move objects menu item issie se ee ee ee ee Re GR Re GR Re GR Re GRA GRA Gee ee ee ee ee 135 8 7 13 Save graphics preferences menu item sa sa sa RA GRA GRA Re ee ee ee ee ee 136 8 7 14 Load graphics preferences menu item ee se se RR RR GRA GR RA RA GRA Re ee 136 8 8 Page size margins MENU ee ee ee ee ee ee ee Re GR Re GR Re GR Re GRA GRA GR ee ee ee ee ee ee 137 88 1 Auto tesize mente ss EE an Eg DE ge ae eA ae ee 137 8 8 2 Manual resize mouse menu iteM ees ee ee ee ee ee Re ER RR RA RA GRA Re ee 137 8 8 3 Manual resize editor menu item ses ee ee RA RA GRA GRA ee Ee ee ee ee ee ee 137 8 8 4 Zoom menu DUS EE AE RE RR ka 137 8 8 5 Font size selection menu iteM i iese ee ee ae ee ee Re Re ER GR Re GR Re RA Re Re ee 138 8 8 6 Page size and margins menu itEM ee se ee ea RA RA Re ee ee ee ee ee ee Ee 138 8 8 7 v Undo menu Mema cess ee RE eae eae ie eee eae ete lle Dee 139 8 8 8 Restore menu item ie ESE EE Re SEL BE Noel E tees EE RE Red ee GES Re Ee Ke ee GN Ge Ee ee 139 88 9 Preferences mente rs se ER RR Ee SR EO SE gee ER Gee De Se Siaa 139 MS EE EE OE EE ON ET TO OE AE E 139 8 921 Copyright minus EE ED EE e
128. naazze7on ena a0 ras ian oe mesa fosst aard oe areca F Yer 10 zemana ena ves free fao ono fresat roses aard 3706 areoe00 ver 11 zeman ena a0 fies fao ano meent roses rand 3706 areoa00 A Yer 12 zamansa ena eo fes fao eno frieanc roses raszad soe faraoeoa Y Yer NEER EE fes 250 faao recanc frot jane sae eama Y Yer 14 Hzeaomaroarazte7o0 EEN N fra 250 ano racanc fror anad esas eama M Yer 15 zamaz ena aeo fes 250 faao fazat frot fanse ese ezma M Yer ra N EEN EIE ES IE EG DEON TN M Yer 17 zemai ena ves rae 250 ono frecanc eo eed ese fezo0000 Ver 18 zema ena a0 ras ano ano recanc ivan red eae ezoom00 Y Yer 19 zemam ena aa rea fao oo lasse osse a02 voor Jessea IF ver GN EA rea 250 EOEENES GE ENE id Yer f f wo w of mp N N dIE IRIS EA 3 ed 0 k o o wone ww N N o D 1 1E f f DI w co N N N SP Sp Sp Nj n at oO N ww oO oO a py oO oO N w oO oO N N mr n ml N oo al a f co am ms s s n ee eee mu uu ee eee dT AA A TT AA 4 m s s s as ms mu mu mu mu n mu mu mu uu mu mu mu CE s U as n n mu n n n mu nu mu mu mu Nu n EE GE EE EG EG EG OE EG DE EE a e a ea EA TAT TAT TAT TAT AA 4 TAT AT ATA 4 GEE GE DE EE EG EG DE OE EG DE DE a ea EE Ee We TT TAT TATAT 0070900009000 4 2 ks ka ks ka ky ks eR i n n n n n n n n n mu mu n N ww oO eo You can have new sections generated by the program using the Generate tubular section
129. ng application Print tt m Printer preferences oo Et ted swe Page format Header footer Portrait Font size pts s C Landscape m Print pages From page no 1 Offset for page number to page no ER fo m Output to Cancel Printer File In the dialog box you can define output preferences Printer preferences group box Using the Edit button the current printer preferences can be changed or a different printer selected Using the Save button all preferences from this dialog box can be saved to a file in order to have them available for a later session If you select GGU RETAIN drk as file name and save the file in the program folder default the file will be automatically loaded the next time you start the program Using the Page format button you can define amongst other things the size of the left margin and the number of lines per page The Header footer button allows you to enter a header and footer text for each page If the symbol appears within the text the current page number will be entered during printing e g Page The text size is given in Pts You can also change between Portrait and Landscape formats Print pages group box If you do not wish pagination to begin with Z you can add an offset number to the check box This offset will be added to the current page number The output range is defined us ing From page no to page no
130. ng one of these menus the so called menu items roll down allowing you access to all program functions The program works on the principle of What you see is what you get This means that the screen presentation represents overall what you will see on your printer In the last consequence this would mean that the screen presentation would have to be refreshed after every alteration you make For reasons of efficiency and as this can take several seconds for complex screen contents the GGU RETAIN screen is not refreshed after every alteration If you would like to refresh the screen contents press either F2 or Esc The Esc key additio nally sets the screen presentation back to your current zoom which has the default value 1 0 cor responding to an A3 format sheet GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 12 of 149 October 2015 6 First steps using worked examples 6 1 Worked example 1 Soldier pile wall 6 1 1 System description Knowing from experience that having to work one s way through a software manual can be very tiresome the following sections provides a short description of GGU RETAIN s main functions which will quickly enable you to carry out a retaining wall analysis Details when needed will be found in the appropriate chapter of this manual The following example of a retaining wall is to be analysed p 10 0 kN m e aS Anchor inclined 10 Medium dense sand 5 0 Groundwater level Figure 1 I
131. ng the Save button the selected files can be saved in order to be loaded into the application at a later session If you save the current system the file names will also be saved in the dataset Using the Display button the summarised files will be displayed on the screen GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 127 of 149 October 2015 After clicking one of the Click and choose file buttons the desired file can be selected The button is then labelled with the file name The project identification is shown after this in the example above Phase 1 Phase 2 If you need to remove a file from the list click on the but ton with the file name and select the Cancel button from the file selector box The file sequence should correspond to the construction phase sequence The radio button behind the file name serves to indicate up to which file the summary should be displayed There are two arrow icons 4 ily in the toolbar see Section 8 7 6 These allow to easily switch between the individual construction phases facilitating an animation like visualisation of the bending line in the individual construction phases Of course the arrow icons only work if files have been selected and you have left the dialog box using the Display button 8 6 4 Display summary menu item If the system graphics or the results of the current analysis are actually displayed on the screen this option will switch to a visualisation of the construction phases
132. nput is pointed out before analysis begins From a structural perspective the program inserts a force boundary condition equivalent in size and direction to the prestress into the system at the appropriate depth Following analysis the prestress is added to the anchor force strut force This ensures that deformations only result from forces greater than the prestressing force 7 24 Modulus of subgrade reaction According to the EAB R 11 elastic analysis with subgrade reaction moduli can be employed to determine internal forces For this purpose you can define linearly variable subgrade reaction modulus curves for the wall toe area which can vary from area to area making it possible to re produce any subgrade reaction modulus curve you choose Soil stresses result from analyses with subgrade reaction moduli as the product of displacement and subgrade reaction moduli which must not be greater than the passive earth pressure permitted at the point under consideration Meeting this requirement generally requires iteration which is performed by GGU RETAIN The subgrade reaction modulus curve is shown on the screen but only when one of the following two variations is selected see Section 7 20 e fixed section length and bedded toe e automatic determination of section length and bedded toe GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 56 of 149 October 2015 7 25 Earth pressure redistribution Classical earth pressure redistribution is not appropri
133. nt of the wall If the Passive ep in front check box is not acti vated the passive and active earth pressures are added superimposed The new standard does not allow addition of the active earth pressure action and the passive earth pressure resistance The Passive ep in front check box therefore does not appear if the partial safety factor concept is selected because the passive earth pressure is always in front Transition point VET Ed M L n k i ME MEE MEE C MEE MEE C l e CA HE Es p EO _ VY E WEE _ I FS EI _ VY Passive ep Passive ep in superimposed front of wall Figure 28 Passive earth pressure ep in front or superimposed With a bedded wall toe and a least two rows of anchors the toe area is subjected to the total active earth pressure Passive earth pressure which is greater plays no part in the system s statics but is used in comparing soil pressures with passive earth pressure so as to be able to reduce embedding if necessary Thus statically the wall toe acts like a heavily loaded cantilever arm with a corre spondingly large moment in the area of the lower anchor Particularly with soft bedding and very stiff sections compared with a calculation with superimposed passive earth pressure
134. ntly constructed The gradient is 1 1 30 The armour is stable if a horizontal load of 10 7 kN m and a vertical load of 5 0 kN m can be accepted at the top of the sheet pile wall A residential building was erected together with the armour at the rear of the sheet pile wall built on a pile foundation in order to avoid additional loading on the sheet pile wall 2 47 f H 10 7 Va 5 0 0 3 GW 1 42 4 00 Figure 3 Illustration of worked example 2 This example is included in the file Manual example 2 1 vrb in the program s Examples folder Once you have opened the file you can follow the input described in the previous example in the relevant menu items in Editor 1 and Editor 2 The sheet pile wall is analysed as elastically bedded menu item Editor 2 Subgrade reaction moduli Subgrade reaction moduli Depth Top Bottom Uks m IMN m IMN m H 0 00 1 00 5 000 5 000 0 1000 1 00 12 00 20 000 20 000 0 1000 GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 25 of 149 October 2015 To avoid unrealistically high differential water pressures the subsurface hydraulics are investi gated using flow conduits menu item Editor 1 Groundwater Water pressure approach hydraulic gradient Under homogeneous conditions the check box Toe potential to EAU 1990 R 115 must also be activated The new system can be verified using the specifications described above
135. o EAB 62 W Waling design sesse ee se Ge ee RA Ge Ge 107 Wall toe freely embedded ee se ee ee 52 Wall toe fully fixed see ee se ee RR Ge 52 Wall top max rotation displacement for iteratHOT iese sessies Eed Se eves ese SR ds ESE ES ee 54 Water pressure approach classical esse 33 Water pressure approach recommendation 35 Water pressure approach select for analysis 84 Water pressure approach using flow Conduits eee se ee se ee MA Water pressure enter additional wp ss OF Water pressure resulting difference 36 Water pressure user defined distribution 34 Web thickness enter for sheet pile wall sections cceeeeeeteereeee 103 Web thickness enter for soldier piles 103 Web thickness enter for waling i e sesse esse 108 Wei enbach analysis of sum Vee sesse ese ese 62 Wei enbach bearing capacity failure EI OER RR EE Re EG 58 What you see is what you get sesse esse sees 129 Y Young s modulus enter for sections in list 105 Young s modulus enter for user defined SECOS elses ee EE ee Re 105 Z Zoom factor define for full screen display 129 Zoom function activate 129 130 142 Zoom system coordinates esse ee ee 137 GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 149 of 149 October 2015
136. on 8 2 10 The Use equivalent ep coefficient check box should only be deactivated in exceptional circum stances see EAB R 4 The equivalent earth pressure coefficient can only be smaller than 0 2 in special circumstances see EAB R 4 It only makes sense to deactivate this check box when re examining existing analyses for instance all the examples used in the Piling Handbook Alterna tively the equivalent earth pressure coefficient can be defined by means of a friction angle phi 40 or phi 45 This procedure also takes the defined wall friction angle into consideration A number of applications on the market also provide the option of a general increase in active earth pressure apart from certain forms or earth pressure redistribution In order to be able to check calculations performed with such an application GGU RETAIN also offers this possibil ity GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 80 of 149 October 2015 8 2 8 Passive earth pressure menu item You can specify passive earth pressure preferences using this dialog box Passive earth pressure x m Passive ep to DIN 4085 2011 recommended C DIN 4085 1987 Mohr Coulomb root Streck C Caquot Kerisel User defined E C DIN 4085 1987 Caquot Kerisel tt Passive ep partial factor 1 40 Passive ep partial factor moment 1 40 gj Passive ep calibration factor 1 00 E Cancel In the upper group box you specify the type of passive e
137. onding files see Section 8 1 4 Subsequently from this menu you can combine the different file contents The following graphics can be created e envelope of moments e envelope of shear forces e envelope of normal forces e sum of displacements as a new bending line The resulting graphic is displayed in the current system The Construction phases menu will only work with the results from the files compiled using this menu Info menu item You will see information on the options provided by the Construction phases menu Select files menu item Using this dialog box you can compile a list of files to be summarised A total of 15 files can be loaded into the list The files must be saved together with the analysis result data otherwise an error message appears xi Forw Back Load Save Display No File Description Final constr phase D Example 1 vrb C Phase 1 D Example 2 vrb Phase 2 Click and choose file C Click and choose file Click and choose file Click and choose file Click and choose file Click and choose file o ND MR w N E a E ON The current system results are not displayed automatically They must first be saved as a result file and then be loaded into the file list The currently loaded system serves only to represent the exca vation which is displayed in the graphics in addition to the summarised results You can move through the list using Forw and Back Usi
138. ons If the dimension lines are displayed on the screen the follow ing dialog box can also be accessed directly by double clicking the dimension line Dimension lines x m Horizontal dimension line M Display Decim places j2 Font size mm 2 0 y position m 5 00 Vertical dimension line IV Display Decim places 2 Font size mm 2 0 x position m 5 00 Cancel The distance to the retaining wall is defined by means of the y position for the horizontal di mension line and x position for the vertical dimension line Negative values define a position above or to the left of the retaining wall All values are in metres in the scale selected see the menu item Page size margins Manual resize editor in Section 8 8 3 The fastest way to modify the position of a dimension line is to press the F11 function key and then to pull the dimension line to the new position with the left mouse button pressed Display system menu item Once a system has been analysed all the state variables are automatically shown on screen So as not to overburden the screen certain elements of the system for example surcharges are no longer shown If you want to view all the system data without state variables clicking this menu item will enable you to do so Display results menu item After a system has been analysed all state variables are automatically presented on the screen If you used the
139. our own by defining a polygon User defined ep redistribution x Forw Back Cancel 6 point s to edit Sort No Depth m eah Wall top 10000 Era EE Em EE sos soo ss eoo Load transition point 20000 non OM e N You can define a number of depths between the top of the wall and the transition point to each of which you can appoint appropriate earth pressure ordinates In subsequent compu tations earth pressure will be redistributed in exactly the area defined by the polygon you have created Using the example in the above dialog box the following diagram is obtained Figure 32 User defined earth pressure redistribution e EAU 2012 The earth pressure is redistributed in accordance with EAU 2012 After clicking on the Preferences button you can differentiate between an excavated or a backfilled wall GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 116 of 149 October 2015 8 4 6 Design defaults menu item Once the current system has been analysed you can progress directly to the retaining wall design see menu item System Analyse Section 8 4 5 1 In addition using this menu item you can also carry out subsequent design for a different section to that used for the analysis The program reacts differently depending on the type of retaining wall soldier pile wall sheet pile wall or in situ concrete wall For soldier pile walls for example you will see the following dia log box EET x Fin
140. our preferences for example You can read a further description by pressing the Info button e Hatching Opens a dialog box in which you can define different hatching for each soil e Legend hatching factor Input here allows tighter hatching in the soil legend Input lt 1 00 can be useful if the hatch ing spacing is so large that the differences in the hatching of individual soils can no longer be properly discerned in the relatively small boxes used in the legend GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 132 of 149 October 2015 8 7 8 General legend menu item A legend with general properties will be displayed on your output sheet if you have activated the Show legend check box Using this menu item you can alter the type of visualisation General legend x Position General info legend with reference to lower left page edge in mm MV Show legend x mm 5407 y mm 27483 Font size mm 25 Max no of lines EN Show program name and version Show standard a 71 Marked red if not verified Show hydraulic heave etc Show sum V analysis Detailed vertical capacity analysis Analysis of subgrade ime I Reg section length xI Reg embedment depth xI Design situation text Do not enter file name 7 without date and time 7 Cancel You can define and edit the position of the legend using the values x value and y value You control the size of the legend using Font size and Max no of
141. pile sections etc or user defined sections for subsequent design The user defined sections offer the advantage of also being able to define different degrees of stiffness moments of inertia etc for the retaining wall The section list is loaded automatically when the program starts Sections from a variety of well known manufacturers can be accessed here Click ing the button will display further information You can also use the File New menu item to change from Using section list to Using user defined section data for design Steel design should always follow EC 3 The buttons in the bottom section of the dialog box allow you to select the type of retaining wall you wish to analyse Having selected a type of wall and entered all the data necessary for its analy sis you can subsequently return to this menu item and select another type of wall GGU RETAIN maintains the data already entered which can be used to analyse the new type of wall If the safety concept has been altered using the File New dialog box the dialog box for specify ing either the safety factors or the partial factors always opens after leaving the dialog box by clicking OK These dialog boxes can also be accessed via the menu items Editor 1 Verifications Safety factors see Section 8 2 13 or Editor 1 Verifications Partial factors see Section 8 2 14 Verifications and safety factors can be modified at any time using the above menu items GGU RETAI
142. plane in wall area 6 90 m Ahla d A4h g k gamma G and Ah g q k Ahlg k gammalG Ah g k gamma Q poss Ah g d poss Ah g k gammalEp and poss Ah g q d poss Ahlaa k gammalEp mu utilisation factor lt 1 0 No Depth Length Ahfg g d poss hlarald muelara Ahlald poss Ahfg d muelg m m kN m kN m kN m kN m 1 0 00 10 00 57 9 113 2 0 486 aye El 0 486 Optimise In this example an utilisation factor of 0 48 was determined Clicking Optimise will adjust the anchor length accordingly The anchor length necessary for an utilisation factor of 0 99 will be displayed after a few seconds Changing anchor length radically alters the structural system since the total axial stiffness of the anchor is increased Thus following optimisation a corresponding warning box appears In practice the effect of the changes on cross section through optimisation is usually small and can be neglected However if you are unsure it is better to reanalyse If you wish to add explanatory text or graphic elements you can do so using the Mini CAD module You can save your work in a file by clicking File Save as GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 24 of 149 October 2015 6 2 Worked example 2 Sheet pile wall with corrosion 6 2 1 Initial system Several years ago a 10 25 m long sheet pile wall AU 23 S 240 GP was installed in a harbour At the top of the sheet pile wall a very steep 0 30 m thick armour was subseque
143. plications but by means of a rod construction module which treats the retaining wall and any anchors and struts as a single structural system For inclined anchors in particular the interactions between the anchor and the retaining wall can thus be correctly processed in a single computation In a system with one anchor and one strut for example the following sche matic would represent the governing structural system Structural system Toe is fixed Figure 19 Possible structural system In addition a vertical load can be defined for a strut and if necessary a rigid connection to the retaining wall be taken into consideration For anchors and struts the axial rigidity must be speci fied so that its influence on the action effects can be correctly recorded The rod construction mod ule can also compute using 2 order theory This means that buckling length investigations for struts for example can be dispensed with The theoretical principles of the rod construction module can be traced back to an article by Dud deck Ahrens Betonkalender 1976 Concrete Calendar Volume 2 Basically this is a finite ele ment method based on the displacement method The division of the retaining wall and the struts into rod sections finite elements can be controlled by input However the precision of the analy sis does not depend on the size of the divisions If the subdivisions are smaller you will simply get more intermediate v
144. r Governing design situation Max M ga Section HEA 260 accept Cancel Following this the analysis results are displayed in a message box If you selected the proposed optimum soldier pile you should adapt the soldier pile width to suit the section in your system by pressing the Accept button Subsequent reanalysis is recommended The infill walling for sol dier pile walls can then be designed Infill design l xi General Design timber infill C Design concrete infill Reduction eah IR 47 1 000 m Timber infill sigmafr d kN cr 1 85 r Concrete infill 3444 4 E fed kN nf Thickness of infill m 0 200 Cancel The program then searches for the maximum active earth pressure ordinate max eah determines the maximum moment for the infill from max eah soldier pile centres 8 GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 118 of 149 October 2015 and calculates the required thickness of the infill elements using the allowable stress Alternatively to timber infill concrete infill can also be designed When design is complete you are informed of the verification results in an information box and are presented with the principal data on which the design was based After confirming with OK the state variables and the system are presented on the screen 8 4 7 Graph positioning preferences menu item If you are not happy with the automatic graph arrangement you
145. r passive 81 Earth pressure select for analysis 000 79 Earth quake as design situation to EC 7 88 EAU 2012 earth pressure redistribution 116 EAU 2012 reduce partial factor for permanent action 2 0 se ee ee ee RA EC 3 activate for steel design ees see sesse EC 7 load cases description sesse see ses see Editor window output table esse sesse see ee Elastic analysis employ ceeeeee Elevation head for potential definition Embedment depth define for analysis Embedment depth determination 0 EMF too GR N Equivalent earth pressure coefficient activate USC ese sees see se ee Equivalent force C enter angle Equivalent force C horizontal component 45 Equivalent force C vertikal component 63 Euler cases example files iese se ee ee ee 51 Excavation change alignment eee 67 Excavation define base esse ese ee se ee ee ee ee 75 F File display name in legend eee 133 File 10ad Save si ss WE EE EE Ee See de eie god 68 Finite element module for structural system 46 Finite element module for water pressure determinatiOn soanen nea Ge ee 34 First moment of area enter for sheet pile wall seCHONS iese ee se se ee 103 First moment of area enter for soldier piles 103 First moment of area enter for waling 108 Flow conduits possible error using Flow force characteristic ees sesse
146. re presented with the necessary information by clicking the button see also Section 9 1 Graphics output supports the true type fonts supplied with WINDOWS so that excellent layout is guaranteed Colour output and graphics e g files in formats BMP JPG PSP TIF etc are sup ported DXF files can also be imported by means of the integrated Mini CAD module see the Mini CAD manual The application has been tested on numerous literature examples and in practice It is now used by a large number of civil engineering firms construction companies and university institutes and has successfully completed well over 1000 static tests Nevertheless liability for completeness and correctness of the program and the manual and for any damage resulting from incompleteness or incorrectness cannot be accepted 2 Capabilities GGU RETAIN has the following characteristics and maximum capabilities e Upto 50 soil layers e Upto 20 berms on the active earth pressure side e Upto 20 berms on the passive earth pressure side e Analysis with active and increased active earth pressure and with at rest earth pressure e Coefficients of active earth pressure pursuant to DIN 4085 and user defined values e Coefficients of passive earth pressure pursuant to DIN 4085 Streck Caquot Kerisel and user defined values GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 8 of 149 October 2015 e Classical water pressure approach for impermeable retaining walls and alternatively b
147. rentials p2 as shown in Figure 7 Although GGU RETAIN conducts plausibil ity checks there are nevertheless situations in which an analysis without additional definition of a potential below the clay layer is useful Whether or not the computed difference in water pressure is what you had in mind can be easily checked by selecting the Differential water pressure command button in the dialog box that appears when you click Graphics output preferences in the System menu Then GGU RETAIN graphically displays the difference in water pressure between the left and right sides of the retaining wall GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 36 of 149 October 2015 7 7 2 Approach for soldier pile walls In general adopting water pressures for soldier pile walls does not make sense because they are usually permeable to water But even when using timber infill water pressure can build up behind the wall in certain circumstances see Figure 8 Directly behind the wall Water pressure 0 Water pressure at a given distance behind the wall Figure 8 Water pressure for soldier pile walls The program therefore allows for adopting water pressures with soldier pile walls 7 7 3 What is a potential In subsurface hydraulics the potential h is composed of e the elevation headdefinition y of the point under consideration in metres and e the water pressure u at the point under consideration in metres If p is the water pressure in kN m at
148. ribute live loads No p xfleft Depth KNA r m 2 1 15 00 4 000 0 000 E Using x bounded surcharge s to edit you can determine the number of bounded surcharges You can then enter the size of the surcharges the ordinates and the depth in metres from the top of the wall or as absolute heights Input of bounded surcharges on the passive side is analogous but without the Live check box 8 3 4 Double bounded surcharges menu item Double bounded surcharges are defined using this menu item You are first queried whether the surcharges are entered to be on the active or the passive side The following dialog box opens for active side input Double bounded surcharges x Forw Back Cancel Sort Generate triangular load Generate line loads 0 double bounded surchargels to edit MV Do not redistribute live loads No plv xfleft x right Depth KNAP m m m Live The number of surcharges can be edited using the x double bounded surcharge s to edit button Then enter the size of the surcharges the ordinates and the depth in metres from the top of the wall or as absolute heights Input of bounded surcharges on the passive side is analogous but without the Live check box GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 93 of 149 October 2015 8 3 5 Action boundary conditions menu item You can introduce additional action boundary conditions anywhere along the wall Point loads x Forw Back Cancel
149. rt at wall toe 2 Rectangular Select method Birectangular Preferences Triangular Preferences gt Special preferences i j Trapezoidal m Buckling analysis DIN EN 1993 1 1 c ii J 2nd order theory a daad ee Pre curvature 1 150 v 2 SE lie C EAU 2012 Double value in parabolic regions a Pre curvature to around side Section HEB 300 Cancel Select a Degree of fixity 0 0 free earth support Earth pressure redistribution is in accor dance with the EAB 2012 activate the appropriate command button The required section can be selected using the marked button which is set to Section HEB 100 when the program starts For the example select HEB 300 from the list The analysis can then be started by pressing OK When analysing a soldier pile wall you will see a message stating that a passive earth pressure calibration factor of 0 8 should be adapted for analysis This can be corrected by the program Following the analysis you can decide whether or not to carry out design If you answer the question with Yes you will see the following dialog box x Find optimum section Design with HEB 300 or choose Cancel For the example select the Design with HEB 300 or choose check box and confirm by pressing OK The dialog box with the settings for design to EC 3 then opens GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 19 of 149 October 2015 Design EC 3 X Select
150. rth pressure or increased active earth pressure are adopted the horizontal forces from the resulting earth pressure cannot be greater than the acting horizontal force H for equilibrium reasons The same earth pressure distribution is therefore adopted in GGU RETAIN for at rest earth pressure and increased active earth pressure as for active earth pressure GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 42 of 149 October 2015 7 10 Line loads Line loads perpendicular to the retaining wall axis for example from loads exerting a vertical force on the wall are treated as shown in Fig 4 20 on page 64 of the Piling Handbook Spund wand Handbuch 1977 Data is entered in the form of a number of discrete area loads 7 11 Bounded surcharges active side Up to 20 bounded surcharges can be positioned at any height on the active side Figure 15 Bounded surcharge active side The earth pressure coefficient k is acquired from kan for active earth pressure and from ko for at rest earth pressure If this option is activated the resulting earth pressure is then redistributed GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 43 of 149 October 2015 7 12 Double bounded surcharges active side If two bounded surcharges are defined as follows Figure 16 Two bounded surcharges e Bounded surcharge 1 begins at x 1 00 m and has the value p e Bounded surcharge 2 begins at x 2 00 m and has the same value as surc
151. s at certain intervals but always at layer boundaries anchor points etc Depth increments can be specified by the user Small depth increments give improved accuracy at the cost of longer analysis times Large depth increments result in less precision but reduced analysis duration Depth increments to exc base m 0 100 Depth increments below exc base m 0 100 Cancel GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 109 of 149 October 2015 8 4 4 Length surcharge menu item Here you can specify the way in which length surcharge is calculated for full or partial wall fixity see Section 7 15 Length surcharge for fixity GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 110 of 149 October 2015 8 4 5 Analyse menu item 8 4 5 1 Start dialog box Once you have entered all data required to fully describe the system it can be analysed After go ing to the System Analyse menu item a start dialog box divided into three group boxes opens see Sections 8 4 5 2 to 8 4 5 4 for descriptions You can also initiate the analysis using the F5 function key and see the same start dialog box The available options and check boxes vary de pending on the analysis principles adopted At the bottom right of the dialog box a button can be seen labelled with the currently selected design section If you select this button you can view and edit the current values for the design section Analyse soldier pile wall ET Embedment depth via Toe i
152. s bedded Fixed section length m 10 00 V Vertical support at wall toe J Reduce subgrade with gamma Ep Subgrade to A 102 Attest ep level m 0 00 F elactivel elatrest gt 0 0 V Subgrade on continuous wall Select method I Analysis of Bh d lt Eph d to the wall toe Type of redistribution Do not redistribute C EAB 1988 2 EAB 2012 al C Rectangular El Birectangular E Triangular a Trapezoidal 2 C Quadrilateral 2 C User defined EAU 2012 references references references Special preferences Buckling analysis DIN EN 1993 1 1 D 2nd order theory Pre curvature 1 150 v F Double value in parabolic regions Pre curvature to ground side a 2 Cancel Section HEB 300 When all the options are selected as you require you can start the analysis by clicking OK Initially GGU RETAIN carries out a comprehensive plausibility check of the data you have entered and informs you of any inconsistencies The system is then analysed Information relating to the current stage of the analysis is displayed in the title bar The analysis process can be termi nated at any time perhaps because you want to alter one of the parameters by clicking the right mouse button GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 111 of 149 October 2015 Once the analysis is complete the design can follow by clicking Yes in the prompt The design phas
153. se see se see se ee 141 Mouse wheel funCHONS ese ee se se ee 142 N Navigation output table esse esse ee ee ee 130 O Objects move With MOUSE ees se ee ee se 135 ONORM EN 1997 1 select partial Safety factors esse se ee ee RA Ge ee 88 90 Opening angle enter for sheet pile wall seCHONS ee ee se se ee 103 Output table edit output as ASCIL ee 71 Output table edit output as graphics 69 Output table navigation 0 eee eee se ek e 70 Output table select output format esse esse 68 Output table switch to system graphics 70 130 P Page format defin i esse ee se ee 138 Page margins defin eise ee se ee ee 138 Page margins switch on off eee se ee 138 Page section copy print 131 144 Pagination automatic 00 cee see see ee 70 71 Partial factors define sees ee ees 67 87 90 Partial safety factors select from NORM EN 1997 1 ee ee ee ee 88 90 Passive earth pressure analysis methods for coefficients rs EES EES ee ER ES ee 32 Passive earth pressure in front Superimposed esse ees se ee RA Ge 113 Passive earth pressure specify calculation 81 Pen preferences edit for graphical elements 129 Percolation below toe define for analysis 84 Permeabilities consider in analysis 31 Permeabilities display in legend Permeabilities enter esse ese ee Permeabilities using flow conduits
154. section HEB 300 7 Select steel s 235 7 Actions Max M qq Design situation Max O aa Max N gq Moment M Ed kN m 193 27 0 00 95 58 ShearforceV EdIKN 0 96 127 42 8229 Normal forceN Ed kNJ f 81 81 2247 12119 Buckling length m 69 f 69 69 Partial factors gam MO 1 00 gam M1 JV Perform buckling analysis JV Design cross sections Class 1 or 2 plastically Reduce shear Force after Weiienbach by 50 Info Cancel Enter the values in the dialog box and confirm with OK When the following message box o pens confirm Governing design situation Max M aa max p 0 440 E The design values for the soldier pile are then displayed in a message box The data can be copied to a report via the Windows clipboard for example by pressing the To clipboard button GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 20 of 149 October 2015 After leaving the result box the infill walling design dialog box opens Infill design The result is displayed in a message box after pressing OK The check boxes activated by default in menu item Editor 1 Verifications Partial factors are Perform Vertical capacity analysis EAU EAP and EAB and Perform Sum V analy sis The following dialog box therefore opens once the infill walling has been designed GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 21 of 149 October 2015 Analysis of vertical capa
155. sides the water pressures the hydraulic gradients will also be calculated and can be selected for consideration in the calculations of active and passive earth pressures An approach using flow conduits is however much more interesting for use with variable permeabilities In this case the water pressures are correctly determined in accordance with potential theory by employing a small finite element module within GGU RETAIN You can still define additional potentials at any location to the left or right of the retaining wall This allows correct simple consideration of several groundwater storeys or confined aquifers In addition employing user defined potential definitions allows you to create or model any kind of water pressure distribution GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 34 of 149 October 2015 7 7 1 3 Recommendation for water pressure approach The classical water pressure approach is valid when the toe of the retaining wall is embedded in a layer of low permeability Otherwise the difference in water pressure at the wall toe see Figure 5 Classical water pressure approach has no physical meaning but nevertheless provides conserva tive design values The classical water pressure approach and the approach using flow conduits under uniform condi tions of permeability both assume a linear pressure drop along the wall Given uniform perme ability this can lead to an underestimate of the hydraulic gradient since the two dimensional flo
156. sse esse se ee ee ee ee ee Re ee Re ee ae 61 7 29 2 Utilisation factor buoyancy using partial safety factors se sesse se ee ee ek ee 61 71 30 Analysis of suim HE se ee Ee oe ee EG GE Ge Pig ee Ge Ge EE GE R 62 7 31 Analysis of mobilised passive earth DresSUF iese sees sea ee ee ee ee ee Re Re ee ee ee 62 Ee OE EE ME NE N EE OE N 62 7 31 2 Analysis of mobilised passive earth pressure using global safety factors 62 7 31 3 Analysis of mobilised passive earth pressure using partial safety factors 63 7 32 Analysis of vertical Capacity esse see se ee ee ee ee Re Ge Re Ge Re GR Re GR Re GR Re GRA GR ee Ge ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 63 7 33 Analysis of deep seated stability ee ee ee ee Re GR ER RR RA GRA GRA Re Ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 64 7 34 Heavevof anchor soil ii ete eie dee be GEE ee nae N ee ee EE hina EE Ge ee ds 65 1 35 Gotistructionphases is ER EE Ee EER ge lee EERS Ge EES EE Ee ED Ge ee es Ge ee 65 8 Description of menu itemMS es sees esse esse ese ee Ee GE Ge EA BE EE SAG EE Ge AA Ee Ge EE SAG Ee Ge EE ee Ee Ge ee ee 66 AN IE SEE EO EE OE EE EA EE EE Ed 66 8 121 New menu ters EN Ee N E E eg Ee N Sos aes 66 81 2 Load menu tese es ee EE ge se ee load ons RR Ee ons ER adh ee ee ded see 68 8 1 3 Save menu liter ESE wae GES EG Ee el ee ee 68 8 14 Save as men ute tin HR EA RE eg E ee db ee Se end 68 8 1 5 Print output table menu item see sk ee RA GRA GRA Re ee ee ee Re Re ee Re ee Re ee
157. ssure redistribution can be analysed using a rectangular figure However increases in supporting forces and shear forces are then necessary If under earth pressure redistribution you select Rectan gle these increases are not implemented GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 57 of 149 October 2015 7 26 Base heave safety Safety against base heave see EAB R 10 Paragraph 1 is demonstrated using a bearing capacity failure analysis after Weifenbach Baugruben IIT 1977 which compares weight forces includ ing area loads berms etc with the bearing capacity load whereby a total of 50 vertical failure planes are investigated The first failure plane is 0 2 times the excavation depth behind the retain ing wall the last failure plane is 5 0 times the excavation depth behind the retaining wall For soldier pile walls the bottom edge of the failure plane is the excavation bottom while for sheet pile and in situ concrete walls it is the base of the section Analysis of the safety against base heave of heavy foundations in the vicinity of excavations see EAB R 10 Paragraph 2 is not performed 7 27 General stability The general stability see EAB R 10 Para 3 can be simply verified by exporting the data from GGU RETAIN to GGU STABILITY GGU slope stability application 7 28 Hydraulic heave 7 28 1 Hydraulic heave safety using global safety factors The hydraulic heave safety for each layer below the excavation base is determined
158. such that axial stiffnesses and anchor and strut inclinations are taken into consideration correctly Subsequent design is based on a comparison of stresses Oq fyk Ym id 1 1 fya The Example folder contains 4 GGU RETAIN files which deal with the classical Euler cases 1 to 4 If the vertical load V is increased slightly using the Editor 2 Action boundary condi tions menu item and the system analysed the following error message appears Error i Xt Rod construction Non positive definite equation system Retaining wall may buckle The normal force given in the data files thus corresponds to the buckling force determined after Euler GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 51 of 149 October 2015 7 19 Bedding conditions of wall toe Classical methods of computation recognise two limit states for bedding of the wall toe e Limit state 1 Wall toe freely embedded on resultant of passive earth pressure Embedment depth is determined through iterative displacement of a horizontal support Embedment depth is found when support force is zero e Limit state 2 Wall toe fully fixed Determination of the embedment depth is achieved through iterative displacement of a fixa tion point at the bottom of the system The embedded depth is found when the moment is zero at the point of fixation For full fixation in accordance with the EAB GGU RETAIN increases the theoretical embedment depth by 20 Between the two limit states
159. sure porewater pressure moment shear normal force and bending line are displayed on the screen The visualisation can be varied within wide limits For example the distribution of the modulus of subgrade reaction as well as the distributions of the potential and the gradient etc can also be displayed e For soldier pile walls it is necessary to demonstrate the equilibrium of horizontal forces be low the excavation level This is carried out by the application If necessary the section length is automatically increased e At anchor points existing predeformations can be defined as boundary conditions e Previously calculated datasets can be combined to investigate the additive deformation of individual advancing and retreating states A Mohr s envelope showing the distribution of moments shear and normal forces can also be depicted e Legends can be displayed on screen showing soil properties and general computation data Thus virtually all the raw data necessary for the computation and the results are shown on screen e GGU RETAIN s user interface is based on WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get which means that what you see on the screen is virtually identical with what is printed It also means that you can print out what you see on the screen at any point during the analysis e The use of true type fonts guarantees excellent layout e Colour presentation of virtually all system geometries Colours can be freely determined by
160. ter prefs change printer Landscape Output preferences Zoom factor 1 000 Fit to page Page overlap x mm 0 000 Page overlap y mm 0 000 Output of 4 pages 2 wide Print pages ou to a m No of copies EN Cancel In the upper group box the maximum dimensions which the printer can accept are given Below this the dimensions of the image to be printed are given If the image is larger than the output format of the printer the image will be printed to several pages in the above ex ample 4 In order to facilitate better re connection of the images the possibility of enter ing an overlap for each page in x and y direction is given Alternatively you also have the possibility of selecting a smaller zoom factor ensuring output to one page Fit to page button Following this you can enlarge to the original format on a copying machine to en sure true scaling Furthermore you may enter the number of copies to be printed GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 72 of 149 October 2015 If you have activated the table representation on the screen you will see a different dialog box for output by means of the File Print and export menu item button Printer Print several pages x m Page sizes Output device HP Laserlet P3010 Series PCL 6 Output device mm 202 y 289 Printer Printer prefs change printer Portrait Output JV Fitin automatically Zoom fac
161. th margins Cancel e Page in general defines the size of the output sheet The A3 format is set as default The program automatically draws thin cutting borders around the page which are required when using a plotter on paper rolls The borders can be switched off using the With bor ders check box e Page margin defines the position of a frame as a distance to the margins This frame en closes the subsequent diagram You can switch off the frame deactivating the With mar gins check box e The Plot margin define a set distance between the page margin and the actual drawing area in which the graphical evaluation of your input is presented GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 138 of 149 October 2015 8 8 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 9 8 9 1 8 9 2 8 9 3 8 9 4 Undo menu item If you have carried out any changes to dialog boxes or moved objects to a different position on the screen after selecting the Graphics preferences Move objects menu item or using the F11 function key this menu item will allow you to undo the movements This function can also be reached by using the key combination Alt Back or the appropriate tool in the toolbar see Section 8 7 6 Restore menu item When this menu item is selected the last change made in a dialog box or the last change in the position of objects which you undid using the menu item Page size margins Undo will be restored This function can also be reached by usin
162. tive the program inserts a force boundary condition equivalent in size and direction to the prestress into the system at the appropriate depth Following analysis the prestress is added to the anchor force strut force This ensures that deformations only result from forces greater than the prestressing force 8 3 10 Groundwater potentials menu item You can define additional potentials anywhere along the wall see Section 7 7 1 2 Groundwater potentials x Forw Back Cancel Sort 2 potentialfs to edit Switch to Enter water pressure No Depth m Value m left right 1 6 000 8 000 V right 2 6 000 8 000 I tight In the above example potentials of 8 0 m have been entered for 6 0 m below the top of the wall on either side Additional potentials are only taken into consideration if you selected the water pres sure approach using flow conduits see Section 7 7 1 2 Instead of potentials in m the data may also be entered as water pressures in kN m2 after click ing Switch to Enter water pressure GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 97 of 149 October 2015 8 3 11 Subgrade reaction moduli menu item If the analysis is to be performed for an elastically bedded wall toe it is necessary to enter a modulus of subgrade reaction In this dialog box you can enter the profile of the subgrade reaction moduli Subgrade reaction moduli x Forw Back Cancel Sort Subgrade modulus unit kN rr 2 subgr mod
163. tively Al though GGU RETAIN conforms completely to potential theory the calculated difference in wa ter pressure p1 kKN m does not correspond to the distribution of pressure that would be ex pected Based on what has already been described the application assumes a current of water in a flow conduit parallel to the wall from the water level on the right to the water level on the left of the wall At the top right hand end of the flow conduit the water level corresponds to the right hand water level while at the top left hand end of the flow conduit it corresponds to the left hand water level The reduction in water pressure between these two points is now determined accord ing to potential theory The resulting difference in water pressure between the left and right sides corresponds to the distribution p1 shown in Figure 7 and according to the applied method is per fectly correct However if the groundwater level below the layer of undisturbed clay is the same as that above it this approach will produce an erroneous value for the water pressure distribution In the above example the water pressure below the layer of clay will be determined almost en tirely by the water pressure in the excavation If the water pressure below the layer of clay is to correspond with that above it using flow conduits a potential of h a must be defined on the right side below the layer so as to achieve the desired distribution of wa ter pressure diffe
164. tor 1000 No of copies E First page hoo H Last page 7 H Cancel Here you can select the table pages to be printed In order to achieve output with a zoom factor of 1 button Fit in automatically is deactivated you must adjust the page format to suit the size format of the output device To do this use the dialog box in File Print output table button Output as graphics e DXF file allows output of the graphics to a DXF file DXF is a common file format for transferring graphics between a variety of applications e GGUCAD file allows output of the graphics to a file in order to enable further processing with the GGUCAD program Compared to output as a DXF file this has the advantage that no loss of colour quality occurs during export e Clipboard The graphics are copied to the WINDOWS clipboard From there they can be imported into other WINDOWS programs for further processing e g into a word processor In order to import into any other WINDOWS program you must generally use the Edit Paste function of the respective application e Metafile allows output of the graphics to a file in order to be further processed with third party soft ware Output is in the standardised EMF format Enhanced Metafile format Use of the Metafile format guarantees the best possible quality when transferring graphics If you select the Copy print area tool from the toolbar you can copy parts of the graphics to the c
165. type of earth pressure on which the analysis is to be based Type of earth pressure Relationship 1 U factor kan factor KO Factor A oi 2 Helatonsmp 1 U factor elective factor elatrest Factor The options for area loads can be specified separately GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 79 of 149 October 2015 8 2 7 Active earth pressure menu item You can specify active earth pressure preferences using this dialog box Active earth pressure N x m Active ep according to DIN 4085 User defined not recommended 2 Equivalent ep coefficient J Use equivalent ep coefficient Equivalent kah 0 200 J Equivalent ep coefficient above phi ao z MV Use only if cohesion lt gt 0 0 IV Apply to permanent loads only JV Suppress negative active earth pressures JV Additional ordinates at 0 5 m intervals Surcharge factor for active earth pressure Surcharge factor 1 0000 The active earth pressure and surcharge factor will be multiplied Cancel In the upper group box you specify the type of active earth pressure calculation The method of choice is DIN 4085 The other two methods are only of interest if you wish to analyse an exam ple from older literature sources or check certain results User defined earth pressure coefficients can be entered using the menu item Editor 1 User defined earth pressure coefficients see Secti
166. ulus i to edit Lock to layer boundaries Info ufks Values valid from excavation base No to depth ks top ks bottom ulks m MN rr MN rr 1 2 000 0 000 10 000 0 0000 2 8000 5 000 5 000 0 0000 The number of subgrade reaction moduli can be adapted to your system using the x subgr modulus i to edit button It must be noted however that in this case the depth data is with ref erence to the excavation base and are positive downwards regardless of the initial setting of the Use absolute heights check box You can also have the program take care of the depth input by activating the Lock to layer boundaries check box Now you only need to enter the values for the modulus of subgrade reaction The following modulus of subgrade reaction profile was modelled using the values shown in the dialog box ks O kNm ks 10000 kN rn ks 5000 kN m ks 5000 kN m Figure 26 Distribution of subgrade reaction moduli The tangential bedding is given in the u ks field as a multiple of the horizontal bedding How ever the factor is generally of little importance since the wall toe is considered to be vertically non displaceable meaning that deformations in a longitudinal direction and any associated tan gential subgrade reaction moduli are small GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 98 of 149 October 2015 8 3 12 Compaction earth pressure menu item The compaction earth pressure to DIN 4085 2
167. ution in a guadrilateral iese ee ee ee ee ee ee ee Re ee ee 115 Figure 32 User defined earth pressure redistribution ccccccccccceesseecseeseeesteeetesecesetusecuseeeceaeenes 116 GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 7 of 149 October 2015 1 Preface GGU RETAIN allows the analysis of sheet pile walls soldier pile walls and in situ concrete walls bored pile walls diaphragm walls and contiguous pile walls as well as CMG cut mix grout walls and combined sheet pile walls The application is essentially based on the Recommendations of the Working Group for Excava tions German EAB and the Recommendations of the Committee for Waterfront Structures EAU 2012 Virtually all the cases considered by the Working Groups are included as examples A special feature of the application is automatically finding the earth pressure redistribution values suggested by the EAB For analysis and design both the global safety factor concept to DIN 1054 old and the partial safety factor concept to EC 7 may be taken into consideration Details of special features can be found in Section 2 of this manual The application is designed to allow simple data input or modification The input is immediately shown on the screen giving you optimum control over what you are doing Reading of the manual can mostly be dispensed with because 2 buttons l dealing with almost all geotechnical and program specific problems are available in the dialog boxes You a
168. via a compari son of the soil weights to the flow forces at the respective layer bases 3 G Vy Sy e ny hydraulic heave safety of the layer N e G buoyant self weight of layer i e Sy flow force of layer N e layer i 1 is the uppermost layer The minimum value of all ny is the hydraulic heave safety of the system GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 58 of 149 October 2015 7 28 2 Utilisation factor hydraulic heave using partial safety factors Using the partial safety factor concept the following must be verified N i S e Yu DRO A e S characteristic flow force on the percolated soil mass e Yu partial factor for the flow force in favourable or unfavourable subsoil in the HYD limit state e G characteristic dead load of the buoyant percolated soil mass Yes partial factor for stabilising permanent actions in the HYD limit state e layer 1 1 is the uppermost layer The so called utilisation factor u can also be calculated from this relationship Se Yu N vv gt G k Yc stb Hy e LN utilisation factor of layer N Utilisation factors lt 1 0 mean that sufficient safety is given GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 59 of 149 October 2015 7 28 3 Analysis of hydraulic heave after Aulbach Ziegler In 2013 Aulbach performed extensive investigations and derived a relationship for homogeneous ground conditions Aulbach Benjamin Hydraulischer Grund
169. w to which the wall is subjected is not taken into consideration see also EAU Using flow conduits with additionally defined potentials at the toe of the wall this can be corrected For soils with non uniform permeability above the wall toe the water pressure approach using flow conduits should always be preferred If doubts remain you will have to carry out a two dimensional groundwater analysis according to the EAU The potentials determined at the wall can be incorporated into flow conduits If an impermeable layer occurs at the base of the wall there will be no hydraulic gradient along it Nevertheless when using the classical approach a linear reduction in water pressure is assumed in the literature which really amounts to unnecessarily doing the same thing twice 7 7 1 4 Possible conceptual error using flow conduits On the other hand the following conceptual error can easily be made using flow conduits when dealing with the following system 8 Betts oos pl p2 i ae ee roundwater right gt o 09 09 Poe o 0909 b o o pressure difference 9 oo ooo o 0 Boe le 0 o oe o abe 2080 oo S o eg 5 8 o 9 calculated water actual water pressure difference Figure 7 Possible conceptual error using flow conduits GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 35 of 149 October 2015 pl y p2 yw b The permeabilities of the clay and sand layers are 1 10 m s and 1 10 m s respec
170. will be applied to all files in the list 8 1 10 Exit menu item After a confirmation prompt you can quit the program 8 1 11 1 2 3 4 menu items The 1 2 3 4 menu items show the last four files worked on By selecting one of these menu items the listed file will be loaded If you have saved files in any other folder than the program folder you can save yourself the occasionally onerous rummaging through various sub folders GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 74 of 149 October 2015 8 2 Editor 1 menu 8 2 1 Analysis options menu item Using this menu item you can edit the default preferences of the current system The dialog box corresponds to the box in the menu item File New see descriptions in Section 8 1 1 8 2 2 Excavation menu item A dialog box opens for defining the excavation and the selected retaining wall Excavation og m Excavation Base of excavation m 400 Groundwater right m 400 Groundwater left m 400 Distributed load kN m J 10 00 Type of distributed load Component above 10 0 kN nf variable V Do not redistribute live loads Soldier pile wall Soldier pile width m 050 fed Soldier pile centres m 200 m Passive side Distributed load kN rr 0 00 Cancel In the upper group box enter the depth of the excavation base and the groundwater levels If you checked the Use absolute heights box when defining the system an additional entry
171. x at the bottom of the dialog box GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 82 of 149 October 2015 8 2 10 User defined earth pressure coefficients menu item If you want to work with user defined earth pressure coefficients instead of with those computed by the program you can enter them here Enter the coefficients for horizontal ground If necessary GGU RETAIN will convert them for sloping ground using equation values for Kano und Kang see Theoretical principles Berms Section 7 8 User defined earth pressure coefficients x Forw Back Cancel Compute values No kagh kach kpgh kpch phi a p 1 0 3333 1 1547 3 0000 3 4641 32 5 32 5 If the Compute values button is pressed the earth pressure coefficients can be calculated by the program in accordance with the required standard and slope angle The earth pressure coefficients entered here are only adopted if the User defined check box is activated in Editor 1 Active earth pressure and or in Editor 1 Passive earth pressure menu items see Sections 8 2 7 and 8 2 8 GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 83 of 149 October 2015 8 2 11 Groundwater menu item With regard to adopting horizontal water pressure you are referred to the explanations in Sec tion 7 7 Water pressure approach hydraulic gradient x Horizontal water pressure approach Classical With flow conduits No percolation around wall 7 Toe potential to EAU 1990 R 115 2 I A
172. y means of flow conduits parallel to the wall in accordance with potential theory analysed using finite element methods Inconsistencies in subsurface hydraulics apparent when us ing the classical approach are avoided when using flow conduits and varying permeabili ties are correctly considered as far as the approach allows User defined potentials can be applied at any point along the flow conduit This allows correct problem free consideration of systems with several groundwater storeys and or aquifuges or with artesian conditions e Optional consideration of hydraulic gradients on the active and passive earth pressure sides e Verification of safety against deep seated failure with optimisation of anchor lengths e Analysis of hydraulic heave classical or after Aulbach Ziegler e Verification of buoyancy safety e Verification of base heave safety e Verification of pull out resistance of driven steel tubular piles and injection piles e Verification of sum H e Analysis of mobilised passive earth pressure e Analysis of vertical capacity e Convenient interface to the stability analysis application GGU STABILITY for quick de termination of safety factor against general failure e Up to 50 additional earth pressure distributions e Up to 20 area loads at any depth e Structural analysis of the retaining wall by means of a two dimensional rod construction module based on finite element methods In contrast to many other retaining wall ana
173. zes you may have to alter the size of the legend to suit otherwise the dimensions in the legend may no longer be visible 8 7 12 Move objects menu item Select this menu item in order to position legends diagrams and other graphical elements at the desired position on the output sheet You can also move objects by pressing F11 and then posi tioning the legend box with the left mouse button pressed In that case an info box appears no more If Manual graph positioning has been selected in the System Graph positioning prefer ences menu item see Section 8 4 7 the result graphs can also be repositioned using this func tion GGU RETAIN User Manual Page 135 of 149 October 2015 8 7 13 Save graphics preferences menu item Some of the preferences you made with the menu items of the Graphics preferences menu can be saved to a file If you select GGU RETAIN alg as file name and save the file on the same level as the program the data will be automatically loaded the next time the program is started and need not be entered again If you do not go to File New upon starting the program but open a previously saved file instead the preferences used at the time of saving are shown If subsequent changes in the general preferences are to be used for existing files these preferences must be imported us ing the menu item Graphics preferences Load graphics preferences 8 7 14 Load graphics preferences menu ite

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents

Samsung AQ12EWBN2 دليل المستخدم (Windows 7)  Woodway EcoMill Non-Motorized Owner`s manual  M400 MEDIA PLAYER USER MANUAL  Insignia NS-F1112 User's Manual  Regolatore industriale - Industrial dimmer  Lirio by Philips Wall light 57052/30/LI  Manual do Usuário  DMS 700P PSG Book.indb  "取扱説明書"  SERVICE MANUAL  

Copyright © All rights reserved. Failed to retrieve file