2. Easy Installation of PIM DEASoft-V3
Contents
1. The priorities enable the user to vary the default settings for the importance given to the rise in output and reduction in input levels in moving to the efficient boundary of the unit being assessed if not already there In an input orientated model all inputs have by default equal importance set notionally at 100 and all outputs have zero importance In an output orientated model the reverse is the case and in a non orientated model by default both inputs and outputs have equal weights of 100 You can alter these weights to express varying preferences over the importance of improving different input output variables The wi Or w iS set to zero for an exogenously fixed input or output respectively in the VRS case The sum of the slacks s and s is maximised after the optimal value of has been determined and specified within the above model As you can see from the illustration below a sliding arrow is used to enable you to easily set the value of the weight w or w within the above model Super Ef WR Allocative Eff Summary General DMU Category 10 10 Prionties Period Malmauist Doctor J 100 Reset Nurse L 100 Reset omae C 0 Ra Note however that the DEA efficiency reported can no longer be seen as the radial distance from the efficient boundary once we move away from an orientated model in which all inputs or alternatively all outputs have the same importance The target input output levels to ren2. icon shown above Then you will need to specify the number of units DMUs and the number of inputs outputs categories and periods respectively It is possible to modify these parameters later using the Project Explorer However at the outset you should be as comprehensive as possible If you have data for more than one period the panel must be balanced i e the same DMUs must exist in each time period Once you have input all of your data you can if you wish check that all of your data is in correctly by clicking on the Data tab at the top left hand side of the drop down menu Shown below See the data illustrated where input output variables are from STAFFCST to CLOSEDAC while Location and size are categorical variables File View Data Run Models Help PECET kE ALLA Project Explorer A X VO Editor DMU Editor Period Editor Category Editor Data Editor Data i agli DMUs Period 2007 x ty VO Variables Categories DMU STAFFCST OTHERCST DEPAC LOANS NEWAC CLOSEDAC Location Size Periods b BANKO1 170 70 45 6 11 5 E Statistics BANK02 155 85 53 11 9 7 Ei PPS Chart BANKO3 183 92 48 23 4 2 reas BANKO4 143 62 28 7 3 18 Models Add new Model BANKO5 202 88 60 7 5 3 AQ Copy a Model BANKO6 117 49 35 12 4 17 b Preparing your data in an Excel file Importing your data from Excel is possibly the most practical method If you wish to use this option
3. lt All gt Categorical Selection lt All gt Curent Selection Period Period DMU Selection lt All gt Categorical Selection lt All gt Solved successfully in 728 0416 miliseconds Start solving CRS OutputOnented Curent Selection Period Period DMU Selection lt All gt Categorical Selection lt All gt Curent Selection Period Period DMU Selection lt All gt Categorical Selection lt All gt Solved successfully in 136 0078 miliseconds Start solving VRS OutputOnented Curent Selection Period Period DMU Selection lt All gt Categorical Selection lt All gt Curent Selection gt Period Period DMU Selection lt All gt Categorical Selection lt All gt Solved successfully in 2 0041 miliseconds All jobs finished If the software detects an error you will need to return to your original data and look for either missing or incorrect data which the software would not be able to pick up It should give you a hint at this stage as to what the error may be An alternative to using the play button for solving your models is to use the top level toolbar Pressing on the Run heading shown below will also take you directly to the Build Options allowing you to choose your model models to solve and get the software to run them File View Data P Models Help GaedQHk YS GB gt Finally a third method to solve a model is through using the model toolbar Single click on the
4. selection 2 by say highlighting Loc2 and 1 under location and size respectively Then clicking the selection the screen will show that only DMUs in location 2 and of size 1 are selected If your selection is valid Valid Syntax in green as shown in the above illustration will be shown It will also highlight if there is an error with the comment Invalid Syntax allowing you to automatically change the syntax with the buttons above the window Once you are sure you have added the categories you wish to use correctly to a selection list you will need to press _ Evaluate in order to pull out the results of the categories chosen A similar window to the one below corresponding to the categories selected will be shown General DMU Category IO 10 Priorities Period Malmquist Super Ef WR Allocative Eff Summary List of categorical selections c section criteria EEUE C on ano Category Names vaus Location LocT OR Location Loc AND Size 2 AND Int Y OR Int N Delete Selection Name Location Size Int Rename Selection d Loc 2 y BANKO4 Loc 2 N BANK10 Loc J N BANK14 Loc 2 BANKI6 Loc 2 y BANK18 Loc 2 N Click on zi to ensure your model changes are saved Input output selection This enables you to select the input and output variables to be active within a given DEA model Once the model has been created double click on the model and a pan
5. This allows you to select subsets of DMUs and create lists either by values on pre specified input output variables and or by range of names You may then wish to assess separately the units within each list Note that the selection list must be ticked if its DMUs are to be assessed within that list in a given run of the model The creation of lists of DMUs for separate assessment is explained later Category You can use categorical variables that you may have in your data to create subsets of units by categorical variable The creation of subsets of DMUs by category for separate assessment is explained later IO Inputs Outputs This enables you to specify the input and the output variables that are to be active in each one of the models that you create Period This allows you to specify which of the time periods in your data are to be active for each one of the models in your project WR Weight Restrictions This allows you to specify sets of restrictions on the DEA weights and to select which set or sets will be active for each one of the models within your project as explained later Costs This allows you to specify unit prices for inputs and or outputs so that you can compute cost or revenue efficiencies and allocative efficiencies IO Priorities This allows you to vary the weight placed on the improvement of an input or output variable when you wish to depart from the standard DEA model where all inputs in the inpu
6. Weight restrictions are an important aspect of DEA models enabling the user to incorporate value judgments in the assessment PIM DEASoft V3 enables the user to enter such restrictions on the DEA weights labelled absolute weights restrictions Entering or altering weights restrictions interactively To add or alter weight restrictions within your model you will first need to double click the model and then on the WR tab within that model You will then need to click the Enable Weight Restrictions button which will then enable changes on the page to be made please see the illustration below This also allows you to disable the weight restrictions without deleting them completely meaning you are able to enable the restrictions at a later stage if you wish Once the Enable Weight Restrictions box has been ticked you will then have two options The first will be to use the icon to add a new set of restrictions or the icon allowing you to delete a set of restrictions created previously If you decide to add a new set of restrictions you will then be able to rename that set using PIM DEASoft V3 0 User Guide the L Rename set 37 General DMU Category 10 10 Priorities Period Malmquist Super Eff wR Allocative Eff Summary List of weight restriction sets E Add New Set Once the weight restriction set has been added you will then need to single click the set name bringing up the following p
7. p A Experience the world s leading M Data Envelopment Analysis Software ne ee IRR Recess P e r fo rm a n C e I m p r O V e m e n t E Management Software PIM DEAsoft V3 0 User Guide ane oo RES PIM DEA is the latest up to date DEA software from academics with a decades of experience in teaching researching and applying DEA Ban aT a ee ee a a ee ee ne a s an sn T en ae m a a m mn z m o ee r el ee a Ali Emrouznejad P Emmanuel Thanassoulis g Copyright PIM Limited 2011 WWW DEAsoftware co uk Table of Contents 1 Welcome and TE O CU CHIO MN sere tie scceisccscctectzecceestaccselevesceteesacetestzuesexsseacstediacctesdesasetastvesceestaaceceninntesaaesiees 3 2 Easy Installation of PIM DEASOft V3 0 csssessseseeseessseeeesssesseseesesasesseaeesesessseeesesesasananaeseesssess 6 me ofl O B cave oy as eo ml Wa 6 6 acyneermeneee perenne re oa tei ear arer nr erent ae ree ern ye eee et a eee er ee 9 4 Starting PIM DEASoft V3 for the first time cc ceseseeeseeeeeceseseeeeeaeseseseasaeasasasasssasaseseeeseseens 15 w gt 8 AOE Entei ee eee ee ee eee 23 6 Managing your model Project Explorer s s ssssssssssrrsrssnssrsnrnnnsnssnnnnnnronnsnnnnnnnonnnnnnnnnnnnnonnnnnnnennnnnns 42 7 Producing a Graph of the Production Possibility Set oes 45 0 RONDINE Yom 0110 10 2 Eee cnn eee ee ee ee E ee 55 9 Viewing and Manipulating the Results occ ccceseseseseseseseeeeeeseessseasasa
8. This allows you to This allows you to This changes the This changes the Here you can create change and adapt the change the axis texts graphs ticks hence the pre defined position and delete any stripes appearance and general scale and ticks lines width colour and style of the graph custom When you have clicked on a heading a short description about what you can change appears as advice at the bottom of the page for your guidance and help For example under the sequence Change Axes Properties followed by General you can bring up the screen illustrated below which enables a number of changes listed in the right panel Axis Collection Editor a I Standard Axis Primary I Standard Axis Secondary H Standard Axis Primary bed Standard Axis Secondary arance 4 Standard Axis Depth E4 Xceed Chart Standard _LineProperties Standard Axis Radar Fill Effect GS Xceed Chart Standard All Hfect Standard Axis Polar E General Axisld 0 Axis Style Line Interactivity Aceed Chart Standard Interactivity Visible True Width 1 5 Aad sho Retrieves the ads identificator an unique number associated with each axis For example the types of axes available are shown on the left panel Ensure that you are on the correct axis before making any changes Once you have selected an axis type the right panel enables you to specify further the style of the axis For example the Axis Style on the left column of the right panel
9. and efficiency catch up Boundary shift can be identified both under constant and variable returns to scale Compute Cross efficiency matrices using optimal weights of selected units to compute the efficiencies of other selected units With PIM DEASoft V3 you can produce a variety of results including Tables of efficiencies Tables of Pareto efficient input output levels for assessed units Tables of benchmark efficient units for each inefficient unit to emulate Tables of input output weights to estimate their marginal rates of cross substitution Summary statistics mean variance maximum minimum etc of efficiencies Production Possibility Set PPS chart for visual assessment when the number of inputs and outputs permits it All reported results can be e Exported directly into Excel Word PDF HTML format e All graphs can be saved as images PIM DEASoft V3 can handle large sets of data including e The use of Excel to import data e The use of data files formatted for input to PIM DEASoft V2 e The use of categorical variables to select subsets of units to be assessed by a given DEA model in batch mode Multiple DEA models can be set up involving different input and output variables from a global data set to be executed in batch mode E Easy Installation of PIM DEASoft V3 This chapter shows you how to install PIM DEASoft V3 PIM DEASoft V3 is easy to install on any computer Both 32 bit and 64 bit o
10. mean standard deviation variance minimum maximum and range These statistics are useful when trying to get a sense of your data PPS Chart This is a very useful tool allowing you to quickly view your data graphically the efficient boundary and the location of DMUs within the boundary The next Chapter explains the production and control of the PPS MODELS MENU If you double click Models shortcuts appear enabling you to create some of the basic models CRS and VRS with or without the specification to compute Malmquist Indices at the click of the appropriate model tab Add a New Model This tool allows you to add a new model name and proceed to specify it Copy a Model This tool allows you to copy an existing model and perhaps proceed to modify it m Producing a Graph of the Production Possibility Set This chapter shows you how to produce and style a graph of the Production Possibility Set PPS The PPS can only be drawn where at most 3 input output variables in total are involved The PPS is produced as follows Double click PPS in Project Explorer and a screen as the one illustrated below will appear Category Editor Model CRS inputOriented Output vs Input 2 Inputs 1 Output 2 Outputs 1 Input PPS Mode rou Oupa This offers you a number of options for the graph Firstly under Data Set you can specify whether you wish to draw one input against a single output labelled Ou
11. DMUs HO1 to H06 respectively Thus note how HO2 is efficient under the weights optimal for all other DMUs whereas H03 is very inefficient under the optimal weights for H02 However as noted elsewhere the optimal weights of a DMU especially so for an efficient one such as H02 may not be unique DMU Summary This section is a summary of all DMUs and their performance It pulls together all of the results from the targets slacks and weights as well as plotting them on a chart making the results easy to read and print This really is the summary page if you wish to quickly and easily view your results Fie wiew Data Run Models Export amp Print Help IAU Ae IeBk gO Project Explorer q K Cross efficiencies of CR5 inputOrie p DMU Summary of CRS inputOri x Ey Data l A Dhl w Selection lt All gt Categorical lt Alb e Precision 5 e mAV 110 Variables Ea Im B Categories DMU HH M vco Periods Efficiency 64 2467 5 EJ Statistics R z aff PPS Chart 2 ok Warnings Peers HOZ 0 79585 HO3 0 32332 s9 models Mame Doctor Murze Outpatient Inpatient E Add new Mod gt Conpaitlodel Type Input Input Output Output E eE Kdodel CRS i Actual 30 fe 1200 360 2 se iE Summary Target 19 27461 46 25907 1200 1042 321 24 oval Efficiency Slack 0 0 0 682 32124 Fitici 2 ey Weight 0 01468 0 00777 0 00054 D Efficiency Ia Kea gt DIM HE A llear Giida CA PIM DE 0
12. Files P This closes the project allowing you to save the changes exit Pulls up recent projects then allowing you to open them This closes the PIM allowing you to save the changes View File Pv Data Run Models Gl Gi SoltionPelres Project Data g onra Solution Explorer This gives you the choice of either showing or removing the Project Solution Explorer is explained further later under Managing your model Data Explorer This option works similarly to the Solution Explorer allowing you to choose whether you want your data displayed or not Data This allows you to change certain characteristics of your data Please see Managing your Model for further details a PIM Ver3 Beta 2s Files PIM PIMSoft Sa File Wiew Run Models Help Pn nc lt momen ape DMU Editor ow Data e 10 Variable Editor ee E vo Period Editor gt Cate a Category Editor Tr Dertinee Run This is a simple icon allowing you to immediately run your model Running your model is explained further in the Running your model section Models This toolbar allows you to either create a new model or copy an existing model It also allows you to further specify your model options File View Data Run UZES Help T A eb ae Hy Add New Model Project Explorer lt O Copy Model J pate 2 CRS inputOrented be DMUs i i F Xy VO Variables a VRS InputOrnented Categories
13. Project Explorer can be hidden or brought to view using the icon f It has two top level menus Data and Models with a number of sub menus each as illustrated below 1x y VO Variables s Categories p os Periods p i Statistics g a diss PPS Chart _ _ _ Add new Model lt amp Copy a Model q4 amp Model CRS ba g Falai a E a i Model VRS qed Complete Data DMU Editor Input Output Editor Category Editor Period Editor statistics Viewer PPS Chart of Data Types of Models Create anew model Copy a model CRS model VES model The icon E will only be on show when you hold your mouse over the Project Explorer icon on the far left of the screen The icon next to E removes the project explorer completely It can then only be retrieved through the toolbar by clicking on view and then solution explorer DATA MENU This menu allows you to view and edit you complete data set The sub menus are DMUs This allows you to rename your units and make a description of each if you wish You can also add or delete units I O Variables This tool allows you to rename your inputs and outputs describe them or calculate them For example if a model of assessing bank branches the user has specified separately the inputs staffcst and othercst and then wishes to run a model in which these two variables are added i
14. a dataset and a number of DEA models and results output options specified on that data set A project so created can be saved at the end of a session in order to be retrieved at a future point in time to carry out additional analyses on the data e g by adding new models deleting others and so on This avoids reading in the data afresh each time and specifying all models from scratch There is a summary description of each model specified within a project to keep track of the analyses carried out within the project so far The results obtained so far are also saved under each model within the project Information about your project including title author etc can be entered by using the Properties option within the File menu shown below File View Data Run M 4 New E Open inl Save Save As Properties Et Export Data as Excel Print Data T Close Recent Files EJ Exit The Project Properties box where you are able to make changes is illustrated below ad Project Properties n Name HospitalData pim Location C Program Files PIMAPIMSoft Sample Proje Date 25 11 2009 08 18 18 Hospital Performance PIM Limited This project is about assessing ss Saving a Project To save your project Choose or BA from the File menu The save as option will allow you to choose where you save your project and rename it if you wish Please note that each project should have at le
15. allows you to choose from three different options Line Bar or Tube As can be see in the screenshot above apart from Axis Style you can change the Border and the Fill Effect When you single click on either of these it will pull up the following icon mi If you press on this for the fill effect the following table will appear This allows you to choose the colour you want to be shown There is a large number of colours to choose from so you are able to tailor the graph to fit your individual style PIM DEASoft V3 0 User Guide 51 s E e 28 xis Collection Editor j i i E Standard Axis Primary E Standard Axis Secondany H Standard Axis Primary M4 Standard Axis Secondary g Standard Axis Depth Standard Axis Radar E Standard Axis Polar E4 Xceed Chart_Standard Line Xceed _Chart Standard Fille All Affect Specifies the fill eff mea Lae H If you then press the same icon for border the following table will be bought up This allows you to change the colour width and type of line you wish to use once again tailoring the graph to your individual needs fF Axis Collection Editor Standard Axis Primary E Standard Axis Secondary bel Standard Axis Primary eid Standard Axis Secondary lt 7 Standard Axis Depth ES Xceed Chart Standard LinePr F Standard Axis Radar illEffe DE Xceed Chart Standard All Efe I ranc agda Poe Line Prope
16. for a PIM DEAsoft V3 Project 2 Creating one or more DEA models within a PIM DEAsoft V3 project 3 Running one or more DEA models and viewing the results 4 Saving a project and your data and or exporting your results These steps are explained below You can also if you wish follow the link for a video which shows you how to open PIM DEASoft V3 for the first time read your data in create a model and run PIM 4 1 Creating a Data Set for a PIM DEAsoft V3 Project There are three ways to create or import data to PIM DEAsoft V3 and create a new project a By inputting the data manually at run time b By importing the data from a suitably created Excel or tab delimited text file c Importing from PIM DEASoft V2 where you have already created dataset for PIM DEAsoft V2 and you wish to use it with PIM DEAsoft V3 a Inputting the Data at run time One of the simplest methods for creating your data set for a DEAsoft V3 project is to type it in at run time When you engage the software click File then New and then in the pop up menu below select Create New Project ad New Project _ How to create Create New Project Import From Excel Import From PIM V2 Number of predefined periods units input output vanables amp categories Number of units Number of Input Outputs Number of categories Number of periods If you wish to create a new project you should select the create new project
17. model heading on the toolbar then through your chosen model to the Run command which will automatically start to run that single model through the Build Progress without you having to tick it in the Build Options This is the quickest way to run a single model See the illustration below o PIM DEASoft V3 0 User Guide Add New Model Copy Model CRS inputOnented VRS InputOrented CRS OutputOriented VRS OutputOrented Edit Delete Run Rename Summary Efficiency Efficiency Trend Efficiency Plot Lambdas Peers Targets Slacks Weights Cross Efficiencies DMU Summary PPS Chart 57 PIM DEASoft V3 0 User Guide D E Viewing and Manipulating the Results Your model results can be viewed by either one of two routes One route is by clicking on the icon by the appropriate model name in the project explorer This will then show the drop down menu for that individual model illustrated below A second route is by using the top level toolbar and clicking the model name through to the options shown in the right hand picture Both routes will give you the same choices which are explained further below Project Explorer i x Eyl Data Xy VO Variables 9 Categories a Periods _ B Statistics ft PPS Chart i Warnings on B Models in A Add new Model sa 0 oe a iti vse Efficiency Trend Efficiency Plot AL Lambdas m i Weights cas a Cross Efficienc
18. the results under precision 100 a0 64 25 40 20 Feriodi Period Efficiency Plot The efficiency plot is a bar chart of the efficiencies of the DMUs See the illustration below Efficiency for period Period1 100 a0 64 56 60 40 20 I im D L PIM DEASoft V3 0 User Guide 61 Lambdas In this section you are able to see the lambda values for each of the individual DMUs switching by period selection category and number of decimal places precision The lamdas relate to the envelopment version of the DEA model see the model under IO Preferences above in chapter 5 Peers This section of results shows the efficient referents benchmarks for each of the individual DMUs This allows the user to see which DMUs can be used as role models for an inefficient DMU For example DMU HO1 in the illustration below has H02 and HO3 as efficient referents peers The performance of HO1 is inferior relative to those of HO2 and HO3 Frequencies mo eS y ayo w o a w a a Targets This window looks at the individual DMUs and their targets which would allow them to gain full efficiency PIM DEASoft V3 0 User Guide 62 Slacks These are the values of the variables corresponding to the s and s variables in the model under IO Preferences above in chapter 5 The variables show the scope for improving input and output values after t
19. 2 CRS OutputOriented Ed Periods 2 VRS OutputOriented A 4 The drop down menu here has two parts The first part has two options Add New Model Copy Model Add New Model allows you to create a new model in terms of input output variables related data input or output orientation returns to scale to be assumed and so on This is explained in more detail in the next two chapters Copy Model allows you to copy an existing model You would normally use this option to modify an existing model rather than specify a new one from scratch The second part of the Models Toolbar displays any existing models in the current project If you select an existing model then a sub menu appears which is itself subdivided into two parts The first part has the following four options illustrated below Edit This allows you to change the specification of the model e g orientation returns to scale etc Delete This simply allows you to delete the model checking you do indeed wish to carry this through before actually deleting the model Run This allows you to run the selected model Rename This simply allows you to rename the model concerned PIM DEASoft V3 0 User Guide 12 Haraka Help Add New Model Copy Model J Editor DMU Editor Pe a VRS InputOnented Delete 2 CRS OutputOrnented Run 2 VRS OutputOrented Rename Ej Summary Efficiency Efficiency Trend Efficiency Plot La
20. All three methods will then produce a pop up screen asking you to type a name for the new model as illustrated below New model name Once you have entered your chosen name it will automatically show up on the project explorer At the same time to the right there will appear the Model Toolbar giving you control to specify the model as is next illustrated Individual Model Toolbar The model toolbar has the sub menus depicted below YO Editor V DMU Editor Period Editor Category Editor Data Editor Statistics Viewer PPS Chart General DMU Category 10 lio Priorities Period Malmquist Super Eff WR Allocative Eff Summary The sub menus have the following functions General This allows you to choose the orientation and the returns to scale of your model Malmquist You activate this if you wish to compute the Malmquist indices of productivity change between the active periods of your data if any By default if Malmquist is engaged the software will produce the Fare et al 1994 decomposition of the Malmquist index into Efficiency Catch Up and Boundary Shift You can opt for the Ray and Desli 1997 decomposition of productivity change if you have specified variable returns to scale Super Efficiency This allows you to compute the super efficiency of each DMU and if desired progressively drop units from the set when their super efficiencies exceed a user specified threshold DMU
21. Category Editor Output vs Input 2 Inputs 1 Output 2 Outputs 1 Input PPS Mode oupa oupa 2 roa Auto Update m Period E Period FFS of Period PPS of Period Inpatient Nurse Outpatient Nurse Under Appearance within the PPS Chart menu you can adapt the appearance of the chart according to your own preferences You can choose the colours you wish to use and specify whether DMU labels should be on display or not and if so whether all DMUs should appear or just those on the efficient boundary e g see the chart below where only efficient units are shown VO Editor V DMU Editor Period Editor Category Editor PPS Chart x a Period Lines ES Period 2 Color Period 2 Lines Change Axes Properties Change Series Properties Show Labels Efficients Auto Update m Period PPS of Period1 PPS of Period Inpatient Nurse Outpatient Nurse There are also two other buttons Change Axes Properties and Change Series Properties which allow you to adapt the graph further When you first click on the Change Axes Properties icon the following table will show up Here you can create Here you can adapt the Here you can change delete const lines grid for example This allows you H the general paging and This tool allows you to adapting their appear showing grid lines or adapt the text and its positioning of the create and change your not layout graph labels
22. Edito i i lt lt General Labels Appearance Markers Empty Data Points Legend Interactivity Data Points Fill Effect Line Propertie Tooltip w a l st cl 4 In this table we note Fill Effect You can adapt the fill effect of the graph by double clicking on the coloured box This will bring up another box allowing you to choose from a variety of colours to find the one which suits your needs best Line Properties This can be changed by single clicking on an individual box and then on the drop down arrow A box will be bought up allowing you to change the colour width and custom of the lines Under Scaling within the PPS you can control the scaling of the graph You can either tick the Auto Scale box which will mean the software will choose the scale it feels is the most appropriate or if you wanted to look at a specific section or in a specific scale you can change the minimum and the maximum value of each scale so as to examine in more detail a section of the PPS E g see the illustration below VO Editor DMU Editor Period Editor Category Editor Model CRS inputOriented PPS Chart Scaling Auto Scale Min 0 00 AMax 5720 YMin 0 00 YMax 5720 E Once your graph is finalised you can use Export and Print to change both the height and width of the chart and then there are two options shown below Save Image This is where you can save the individual graph as a picture on it
23. User Guide 64 m Actual Values a larget Values 12007 1000 800 600 400 200 1 0 m References 10 11 12 1D 14 15 16 Andersen P and Petersen N C 1993 A Procedure for Ranking Efficient Units in Data Envelopment Analysis Mgmt Sci 39 10 1261 1264 Banker R D and Morey R C 1986 Efficiency analysis for exogenously fixed inputs and outputs Oper Res USA 34 4 513 21 Banker R D and Thrall R M 1992 Estimation of returns to scale using data envelopment analysis European Journal Of Operational Research 62 1 74 84 Banker R D Charnes A and Cooper W W 1984 Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis Management Science 30 9 1078 1092 Charnes A Cooper W W and Rhodes E 1978 Measuring the efficiency of decision making units European Journal of Operations Research 2 6 429 44 Doyle J R and R H Green 1994 Efficiency and Cross Efficiency in DEA Derivations Meanings and Uses Journal of the Operational Research Society 45 5 567 578 Dyson R G and Thanassoulis E 1988 Reducing weight flexibility in data envelopment analysis Journal of the Operational Research Society 39 6 563 76 Emrouznejad 2010 Data Envelopment Analysis Homepage www DEAzone com Emrouznejad A Parker B and G Tavares 2008 Evaluation of research in
24. age General DMU Category 10 IO Priorities Period Malmquist Super Ef wR Mlocative Eff Summary List of weight restriction sets Restriction 1 _ Add New Restictin Delete Restriction The next step is to use to create a new weight restriction within the o set concerned Once again you have the option of deleting a restriction by using deiae it nn you However you will be prompted for a confirmation before the software PIM DEASoft V3 0 User Guide 38 Once you have added a new restriction a page like the following one will appear General DMU Category 10 1O Priorities Period Malmquist Super Eff WR Allocative Eff Summary V Enable Weight Restrictions The illustrated restriction means The DEA weight on a Doctor must be at least twice the value of the weight on Nurse Please note When making any amendments to a weight restrictions set ensure that you have single clicked on the chosen set ensuring you are making the changes to the correct set of restrictions Allocative efficiency In order to enter the price per unit of an input or output you will first have to click the box next to Enable Cost Efficiency allowing you to make changes to the page PIM DEASoft V3 0 User Guide S D General DMU Category 10 10 Priorities Period Malmquist Super EF WR Allocative Eff Summary J rable Cost cena Te Penod This will then allow you t
25. and data sheets click finish The data will then be imported and you can view your data by time period as illustrated below File View Data Run Models Help J dl S Froject Explorer AkY2 H e gt e RA DMU Doctor Nurse Outpatient Inpatient ff Categories Periods 30 fe 1200 360 EE Statistics H02 10 50 1000 1200 mEt PPS Chart HO3 35 0 1250 270 m Hod 33 44 1100 200 S E Models i lf Add new Model Liat cais ani lg Copy a Model HIE 24 4p S00 200 You can now start to specify one or more DEA models to analyse the data you have imported 4 2 2 Data from tab delimited text file This section applies primarily to those users who may already have data files created for input to DEAsoft V2 though you may wish to create your input file in the tab delimited text file format illustrated earlier instead of the Excel format You will need to click File then New and then in the pop up menu below select Import from PIM V2 ad New Project z Le How to create Create New Project Import From Excel Import From PIM V2 Import File Select File to Import You will need to Browse for your file and then click Finish in order to import the data Once you have imported your data you are ready to start analysing it by creating DEA models as will explained in the next chapter 4 3 Saving and Opening a Project A project in the context of PIM DEAsoft V3 as in previous versions consists of
26. ast one DEA model You can also quickly and easily save your project by clicking on the zi icon displayed on the software s toolbar Retrieving a saved project A project which has been previously saved can be reloaded either during the current or some future session To load a project previously saved select Open from the File menu The Open PIM project dialog box will display a file the default of which is prj This controls which files appear in the files selection box File View Data Run M 4 New ie Save Save As You will then need to find the project you created previously and wish to reload Then either double click the file or click on the Jicon to open the project E Creating a model This chapter shows you how to create DEA models within your PIM DEAsoft V3 project There are three ways you can create a new model Firstly you can go to the top level menu Models and then click Add New Model as illustrated below PZJ Help B Add New Model Copy Model l CRS inputOriented 3 VRS InputOriented 2 CRS OutputOrented P 23 VRS OutputOrnented Secondly you could click on the following icon ey on the icons menu below the top level menus Thirdly you could go to the Project Explorer and click models and then add new model as illustrated below H 0 Models lf Add new Model os Copy a Model
27. ave been removed removal of DMUs ceases At that point PIM DEASoft V3 reports the identities of all DMUs removed and those of the DMUs retained The final efficiencies computed are those relative to the retained DMUs and they are super efficiencies In order to engage the super efficiency model you will need to click on the Super Efficiency tab within your chosen model as illustrated below General DMU Category O 10 Priorities Period Malmguist Super Eff WR Allocative Ef Summary Super Efficiency Disabled Simple Super Efficiency Super Efficiency with Threshold You now have three options The first being Simple Super Efficiency which will ensure PIM DEASoft V3 reports the results using the Andersen P and Peterson N C 1993 model assessing each DMU in turn without permitting it to be referent DMU The second option is Super Efficiency with Threshold which will bring up the following options General DMU Category 0 10 Priorities Period Malmquist Super Eft WR Allocative E Summary Super Efficiency Disabled Simple Super Efficiency Super Efficiency with Threshold ficiency Threshold 120 DMU Threshold 3 5 Mode You will now need to specify the threshold super efficiency above which DMUs will be dropped in the next round and the maximum percentage of all DMUs that can be dropped e g 5 as illustrated above If you select Auto Repeat PIM DEASoft V3 will proceed through succe
28. b http www DEAsoftware co uk Email info DEAsoftware co uk 3 Once fully installed the PIM V3 pop up will show on your screen Follow the instructions ensuring you save it in the correct folder for your individual computer It will save by default into C Program Files PIMSoft unless you choose another location On completion you will be told that the software has been fully installed Press CLOSE at this point 4 Note If you have a firewall or anti virus program installed ensure that it treats the software as trusted and does not restrict the running of the program PIM exe PIM DEASoft V3 is now ready and you should have a PIM Shortcut on your Start menu 5 The software should now be fully installed on your computer A PIM Shortcut should appear on your Start menu To be able to run the software on the first occasion you will need to be connected to the internet so that your license key can be validated Run PIM DEAsoftV3 and when prompted enter the license code that was sent to you on purchase of the software Once validation has taken place you can use the software even when not connected to the internet but see below for time limited licenses 6 A single user license enables you to install and run the software on two different computers To install PIM DEasioftV3 on a second computer you will need to repeat steps 1 5 and be connected to the internet at the point where you need to have the license validated 7 If you hav
29. c2 yearl Loc2 yearl Loc2 155 139 183 164 WRN oO Ww e v w amp oF n a Zzz lt lt lt zz2z2 lt lt lt 5 7 2 1 3 1 1 2 3 4 4 Note that in the text tab delimited file column headings need not be exactly aligned with the corresponding data Variable names are optional except for the headings unit and Period which need to be used in that format 4 2 Creating a project Within PIM DEAsoft V3 from Imported Data 4 2 1 Data imported from Excel Once you have created a suitable Excel file to read it into PIM DEAsoft V3 and create a project you will need to click File then New and then in the pop up menu below select Import from Excel PIM DEASoft V3 0 User Guide 19 How to create Create New Project Import From Excel Import From PIM V2 Import File Select File to Import Once you have found your data file a table of the following format will appear depending on the sheets your Excel file contains You need to indicate which is the main sheet containing the names of the DMUs and the sheets containing data values as illustrated below How to create am Create New Projet Import From Excel Import From PIM V2 Select import sheets Man Set Main sheet contains DMU names descriptions and categorical variables f ary Penodical data should be placed on seperate sheets Once you have identified the main
30. casasacaeasasasssesasesesesenenens 58 TO RETEN O eens occa a sng se sects cence teste conc ca vasa E E tse eecaeeepncset neleua yess eenee ete 65 1 e Welcome and Introduction This chapter gives you an overview of PIM DEASoft V3 and what it offers Welcome and congratulations on acquiring the third version of Performance Improvement Management PIM DEA software This advanced DEA software builds on the previous versions of our DEA software to enable you to make the best possible analysis of your data using the latest theoretical developments in Data Envelopment Analysis DEA DEA is a method of producing a relative aggregate performance measure where there exist sets of organizational units which have multiple inputs and outputs DEA is all about finding a frontier from the input output data which shows the best level of performance that is actually feasible If you are new to DEA you could familiarize yourself with the basic concepts of DEA by reading any textbook covering it e g Thanassoulis 2001 If you are familiar with DEA and want to read about more recent developments in the area you could consult Thanassoulis et al 2008 Extensive bibliography on DEA is available also at http www deazone com books DEA socioEcoPlanning pdf and information about DEA and its application can be found at Ali Emrouznejad s Data Envelopment Analysis Homepage http www DEAzone com PIM s DEAsoft V3 software gives you the capac
31. der a unit Pareto efficient normally are the focus of the analysis when default priorities are altered The efficiency reported is the weighted combination of the proportional changes in input output levels which has no ready interpretation in terms of targets Ensure you then click on the zi icon to save your project changes Summary Name CKS mputOriented Orientation Input Oriented Return to Scale CKS MPSS amp Ident RTS Disabled Super Efficiency Disabled Malmquist Index Disabled Input Variables Selected Periods Period FPeriod2 DMU Selections NO Categorical Selections NO Weight Restrictions 1 Restriction s Defined Restriction Restriction 1 gt 0 Error Model should contain at least one input variable Error Model should contain at least one output variable This page is one of the most helpful ones It is a clear summary about the choices you have made for your model It also highlights any errors it thinks you may have made before analysing your data For example in the screen shot above the software is making the user aware of the fact that s he has not chosen any inputs or outputs for the model essential for any analysis to take place Once your model has been created and saved it will appear in both the Model menu and the project explorer so that you can analyse your results Explorer E Managing your model Project This chapter shows you how to manage your DEA project The
32. ditors Oxford University Press Copyright PIM Limited PIM PO BOX 4079 Coventry CV4 OAT United Kingdom Email info DEAsoftware co uk VAT No 881187891
33. e other Once you have decided upon your selection and renamed you list a similar page to the screen shot below will be shown General DMU Categony 10 10 Friorities Period Malmauist Super EH WR Allocative Eff Summary List of dmu selections Selection Bl Selection1 DMU list HOZ Ko A g pis Rename Selection Seles A oN If you keep your chosen selection ticked the PIM DEASoft V3 software will automatically only assess the DMUs within the selection for your model that is hospitals H3 to H6 in the illustration above That is the selection list divides the global set of DMUs into two subsets one selected on the right panel and one not selected in the left panel In the left panel one can list all DMUs too or simply those not selected The assessment with a ticked list assesses only the DMUs in the selected right panel You can create a selection list also by searching for and selecting individual DMUs or ranges of DMUs in two additional ways Begin by creating a New Selection List name and highlighting it Then clear the right panel and in the left panel click the _Us search this set in one of two ways icon to list the global set of DMUs You can now a Search by Name This will bring up the following window allowing you to search for single or multiple DMUs simple wildcard search use as any string with unknown length and for a single character Reg
34. e purchased a time limited license you will always need to be connected to the internet when running the software For permanent licenses you only need to be connected to the internet on first installing the software on a given computer Registration Forn Please enter the Product Key which was provided to you at the time of purchase Please note that with previous versions of PIM we provided a dongle to validate licenses The dongles are not used with PIM DEAsoft V3 8 The final stage of the installation is to restart your computer after the installation is completed 9 Now you are ready to run PIM DEASoft V3 Double click on the icon which will have already been created on your desktop Alternatively run it from the Start menu hi Li n DER PIM exe PIM DEASoft V3 0 User Guide E PIM DEASoft V3 Toolbars This chapter gives a top level outline of the menus of PIM DEAsoft V3 3 1 Drop down Menus The drop down menus are as follows In outline their functions are as follows File This allows you to create a new project This allows you to open an existing project This allows you to save the current project zi Save This allows you to save the current project under different name folder Save s E Properties This allows you to see edit properties of the current project Export Data as Exce This exports your data into a new Excel file Print Data aon Option for printing data m Close Recent
35. efficiency and productivity A survey and analysis of the first 30 years of scholarly literature in DEA Journal of Socio Economics Planning Science 42 3 151 157 Emrouznejad A and K De Witte 2010 COOPER framework A unified process for non parametric projects European Journal of Operational Research Fare R Grosskopf S Norris M Zhang Z 1994 Productivity growth technical progress and efficiency changes in industrialised countries American Economic Review 84 66 83 Ray S C Desli E 1997 Productivity growth technical progress and efficiency changes in industrialised countries comment The American Economic Review 87 5 1033 1039 Thanassoulis E and Dyson R G 1992 Estimating preferred target input output levels using data envelopment analysis European Journal Of Operational Research 56 1 80 97 Thanassoulis E 2001 Introduction to the theory and application of Data Envelopment Analysis A foundation text with integrated software Kluwer Thanassoulis E Portela M C A S and Allen R 2004 Incorporating value judgements in DEA Cooper W W Seiford L W and Zhu J Editors Handbook on Date Envelopment Analysis ISBN 1 40207797 1 Kluwer Academic Publishers Thanassoulis E Portela Maria C S and Despi O 2008 DEA The Mathematical Programming Approach to Efficiency Analysis in The Measurement of Productive Efficiency and Productivity Growth Hal Fried Knox Lovell and Shelton Schmidt e
36. el such as that illustrated below will appear in the case of VRS Click on the IO tab The full set of input and output variables in your data are initially listed in the left hand side window see the screen shot below Highlight the variable s you wish to use as active input variable s and move them using the triple arrow to the right of the window labelled Inputs Repeat this for the variable s you wish to use as active output variables Under variable returns to scale VRS you may further identify some input and or output variables as non discretionary exogenously fixed You can achieve this by moving the variable s concerned to the furthest right hand window labelled Non Discretionary Inputs by using the triple arrow to the right of the Inputs window The effect of specifying a variable as Non Discretionary is to solve the model developed by Banker and Morey 1986 for non discretionary variables under variable returns to scale All foregoing selections can be reversed by highlighting the variable s concerned and using the triple arrow left to move them to your desired location Click on al to ensure your model changes are saved General DMU Category 10 lio Priorities Period Malmauist Super Ef WR Allocative Eff Summary Inputs Non Discretionary Inputs Doctor Nurse a ae Outpatient id gt gt gt Inpatient Outputs If your model is input orientated you will only have the choice of Non Discret
37. hart Copy Model Help project 3 3 Project Toolbar The projects toolbar is illustrated below DMU Editor Period Editor Category Editor Data Editor Model CRS inputOriented General DMU Category Te lio Priorities Period Malmquist Super Er WR Allocative Ef Summary Model VRS InputOriented VO Editor DMU Editor Period Editor Category Editor Statistics Viewer PPS Chart Data Editor Model CRS inputOriented Model VRS InputOriented en O E ee E The function of each of the above tools is as follows I O Editor Allows you to rename add or remove Input and Output variables using the jd New buttons Period Editor Allows you to edit your Periods using the edit add and remove buttons Category Editor Allows you to edit your Categories using the edit add and remove buttons Models Editor Allows you to edit your Models using the edit add and remove buttons DMU Editor Allows you to edit your DMUs using the edit add and remove buttons Statistics Viewer This shows you to view the summary statistics for your data Data Editor Allows you to edit your Data using the edit add and remove buttons Models This tool allows you to adapt your models ready to be run PIM DEASoft V3 0 User Guide 15 m Starting PIM DEASoft V3 for the first time This section shows you how to start the software once it has been installed The steps involved are 1 Creating a data set
38. he changes in input and output levels corresponding to the optimal value of 8 in the model under IO priorities in chapter 5 above have been netted out Weights This is related to the weight restrictions of your model if there are any and shows them in relation to each of the individual DMUs It should be noted that the optimal weights for a DMU are not usually unique Cross Efficiencies The cross efficiency of a DMU j is computed as the ratio of the sum of its weighted outputs to the sum of its weighted inputs using the weights that are optimal for some other DMU k Doyle and Green 1994 introduced the concept of cross efficiency grounding it on the intuitive concept of peer appraisal DMU k appraising DMU j in the above example as opposed to self appraisal represented by the traditional DEA efficiency rating File View Data Run Models Export amp Print Help d ddu HF Y SSBEE gt Project Explorer A x F I O Editor a Category Editor Y DMU Editor Models Editor V Summary of CRS inputOriented Cross efficiencies of CRS input w X Categories AT gt Periods Period Periodi M Selection lt All gt Categorical lt All gt w Precision 2 Column E Statistics lt gt li PPS Chart warnings Models Add new Model Copy a Model gt In the illustration above HO1 weights yield efficiencies of 64 25 100 100 71 26 47 33 and 64 58 to
39. ies ve DMU Summary f t PPS Chart Model VRS InputOnented Mode CRS OQutputOrnented l e H e H Z Model VRS OutputOrnented Summary This is the same summary as the initial one you would have seen when you first built the model and checked the changes It just shows a clear overview of the choices you made before the model was built and run Efficiency The efficiency results are split into three the main efficiency the efficiency trend where panel data is involved and then the efficiency plot all showing the same results in different ways This section shows the efficiency of each of the DMUs within the model You are able to display the efficiencies by period and if you have specified subsets of DMUs either through selection lists or categorical variables you can also explore the results by selection or category of DMUs You can specify the number of decimal places for the results under precision Name Efficiency H01 64 25 64 Hoz 00 T 00 HH 71 26 i H0S 47 33 HOG 64 58 Efficiency Trend This is a graphical representation of the efficiency trends between the periods where they exist For example you can see the efficiencies in periods 1 and 2 in the illustration below As above if you have specified subsets of DMUs either through selection lists or categorical variables you can also display trends for specific DMUs by selection or category of DMUs You can specify the number of decimal places for
40. ion lists click on zi to ensure your model changes are saved Category selection This option is used when you have categorical variables in your data set Select the DEA model to be used for assessing subsets of units by category and click Category The pop up menu shown below will appear General ET aa le 10 Priorities Period Malmquist Super Ef WR Allocative Eff Summa Add New Selection Delete Selection Rename Selection To add a new selection of DMUs which meet certain criteria on the categorical variables click the icon This will bring up a page similar to that illustrated below where the three categorical variables are Location size and Int international Select Categories Using this screen you can choose a subset of DMUs by location size and Int For example if you were to highlight Loci Loc 2 Size 2 and both Y and N under Int and then click on the selection automatically created the following page will be shown PIM DEASoft V3 0 User Guide 33 General DMU Category 10 1O Priorities Period Malmquist Super Eff wR Allocative Eff Summary List of categorical selections selection criteria Selection 1 Location Loc1 OR Location Loc AND Size 2 AND Int YOR Int WY Dette Secon The screen above specifies the criteria the selected DMUs meet on the categorical variables One could equally define another selection
41. ionary variables for your input variables as illustrated above Similarly for output orientated models you will only have the choice of Non Discretionary variables for your output variables Period selection This option allows you to decide upon the periods you wish to include in a given model This is required when you have multi period data and you want to compute the Malmquist Index between specific time periods For example in the screen illustrated below there were a total of 3 periods 2007 2008 and 2009 In the model illustrated the user wants to compute the Malmquist index from 2007 to 2009 So the user has highlighted 2008 and using the left triple arrow moved it to the left window so that it is not active within this model The user can also alter the sequence of periods For example in the illustration below if the user highlights 2008 in the left window and moves it to the right panel it will initially sit after 2009 The user can now highlight 2008 in the right window and move it up one space between 2007 and 2009 using the up button on top of the right panel L O Editor Category Editar DMU Editor Models Editor _ Model CRS x Super Eff wR Allocative Eff Summary General DMU Category IO IO Priorities Period MM alraquist 2008 Up Down 2007 2009 Poe l Click on zi to ensure your model changes are saved Weight Restrictions
42. italData 2years PIMv3 xls x 1 DMU Doctor Nurse Outpatient Inpatient 2 H01 45 33 1430 270 3 H02 44 50 1030 350 4 H03 63 143 1550 200 5 H04 52 53 1680 2000 6 H05 39 128 1390 580 7 HO6 65 56 1870 210 8 M 4 gt gt Main Periodi Period2 J Note that the names of the sheets are free You need not name them Main Period 1 etc c Preparing your data In a suitable tab delimited text file This format of data is that used for PIM DEAsoft V2 The first column must be headed unit and contain the names of the units The unit names must be alphanumeric starting with a letter The remaining columns contain the input output values for each DMU and the categorical variables if any Categorical variables must start with the characters cat_ E g in the example above we would have cat_Location cat_size etc Finally the file must contain a column labelled period even if the data is single period In the period column an alphanumeric name appears for the period to which the data of the DMU relates An example of a tab delimited text file is as follows i Banking 3years PIMv2 txt Notepad it i File Edit Format View Help STAFFCST OTHERCST LOANS CLOSEDAC period cat_Location 170 70 4 6 yearl Loci 155 yearl Loci 183 yearl Loci 143 yearl Locl 202 yearl Locl cat_sSize Cat_Iint 1 2 2 3 117 yearl Locl 1 3 1 1 2 iL 8 7 143 yeari Loc2 yearl1 Loc3 yearl Lo
43. ity to assess efficiency and productivity set targets identify benchmarks and much more allowing you to truly manage the performance of organizational units You can also use the software away from organisational units to make choices between multi attribute alternatives e g see A Papagapiou J Mingers and E Thanassoulis 1997 Would you buy a used car with DEA Applying DEA to purchasing decisions OR Insight Vol 10 No 1 pp 13 19 PIM DEASoft V3 is easy to use and powerful It has an extensive range of the most up to date DEA models and it can handle large sets of data With PIM DEASoft V3 you can easily handle most tasks such as Assessment of units under constant or variable returns to scale Assessment of units under non increasing or non decreasing returns to scale Assessment of units with restrictions on the input output weights Estimate performance targets with varying priorities over the improvement of inputs and outputs Assess some units when some variables are exogenously fixed and returns to scale are variable Assess the super efficiency of units including automated identification of units above a user specified efficiency threshold their removal and re assessment of the remaining units Identify whether increasing constant or decreasing returns to scale hold locally for units efficient under variable returns to scale Compute Malmquist productivity indices and their decomposition into boundary shift
44. mbdas m Peers Targets Slacks Weights BEK EF Cross Efficiencies DMU Summary PPS Chart The second part of the sub menu for the selected model under Models allows you to display the results from running the model concerned These tables and graphs of results are explained in more detail later Help This toolbar is there for your assistance throughout your use of the PIM DEASoft V3 software PIM DEASoft V3 0 User Guide 13 File View Data Run Models Contents Index Search How do J S Categories Getting Started with PIM at a Periods Tutorial EH Statistics E sedit PPS Chart aie tae i Warnings Latest News Models Forum Add new Model Feedback Q ony a Order and Pricing Model CRS inputOriented E a Summary t Register your product a Efficiency nipi Frequently Asked Questions foe Efficiency Plot J Lambdas Online Support a Peers Check Registration Targets About 2 Slacks 3 2 Icons Toolbar The icons toolbar offers short cuts to some of the more frequently used actions in DEA analyses The short cut icons available are illustrated below Some of the icons are self explanatory but all are explained in this user manual Export Dota as Oper Project Excel DMU Editor Period Editor Statistics Add Model Run y lt a ko F k r H P oa amp 2S oF l T Open and new Save lhe project Data Editor Yanable Editor Category Editor PPS C
45. nto an overall cost the user can proceed as follows Click I O variables and then Add New and give a name to the new variable e g sum staff and other Under source check calculated automatic and enter the mathematical expression needed e g staffcstt othercst as illustrated below You can also delete variables ad Update Index 7 es Sum staff and other Source 9 User Manual Calculated Automatic IO STAFFCST IO OTHERCST ad Expression Designer F Expression 10 5TAFFCST I0 OTHERCST IO STAFFCST lO OTHERCST IO DEPAC IO LOANS IO NEWAC IO CLOSEDAC A new variable is added in the dataset Sum staff and DMU STAFRCST OTHERCST DEPAC LOANS NEWAC CLOSEDAC other 170 70 45 amp 11 5 240 BANKO2 155 85 53 11 9 7 240 BANKO3 183 92 4g 3 4 2 775 BANKO4 143 62 28 7 3 18 205 BANKOS m2 88 60 17 5 3 290 BANKOG 117 49 35 12 4 17 166 BANKO7 143 44 27 8 3 1 187 BANKOS 155 E1 33 17 5 2 216 BANKOS 139 53 42 3 7 3 192 BANK10 183 63 52 12 15 4 246 Categories Your data could fall into a number of different categories e g location or size of a bank branch This allows you to rename your categorical variable and make a description of each if you wish You can also add or delete categorical variables Periods This tool is similar to the category editor above but in relation to time periods Statistics This is a very useful tool computing summary statistics of your data including
46. o choose for each period in your data set the prices to be entered Two types of efficiency can be computed through PIM DEAsoft V3 Cost Efficiency and Revenue Efficiency There is provision for computing Profit Efficiency in a future modification Cost Efficiency The software yields the cost efficiency in terms of the minimum cost of securing the outputs of each DMU given its input prices The DMU s input allocative efficiency is also given E g see Thanassoulis 2001 section 4 7 Revenue Efficiency The software yields the revenue efficiency in terms of the maximum revenue that could be secured for the inputs of each DMU given its output prices The DMU s output allocative efficiency is also given E g see Thanassoulis 2001 section 4 7 To ensure changes are saved click on zi IO Priorities This enables the user to depart from classical DEA models so as to vary the priority given to the improvement of an input or alternatively an output in seeking Pareto efficiency The software solves variants of the following basic DEA model Max 9 Z j Xij Si w 8 Xij0 i 1 m J LA Yrj d w 8 YrjO r 1 s J Aj20 j 1 n 6 free Where x is the ith input level at DMU j and y is the rth output level at DMU j The unit being assessed is jo The variables in the model are A and 0 The w and w are user specified weights or priorities and they are what can be manipulated under IO Priorities
47. ou obtain the scale efficiencies and the CRS and VRS efficiencies for the input or output orientation as specified If the model is non oriented and scale efficiency is selected the model reverts to input orientation under VRS MPSS and Returns to Scale are not available for non oriented models Once you have specified your model click zi to ensure your model changes are saved Malmquist Index General DMU Category 0 10 Priorities Period Malmquist Super Ef WR Allocative Ef Summary Malmquist Disabled FGNZ Index For CRS Ray amp Desli Malmquist Index VRS Circular Malmquist Index Portela amp Thanassoulis Malmquist indices measure productivity change over time at DMU level They are decomposed into Efficiency Catch Up and Boundary Shift Technical Change components To compute the Malmquist Indices you need a balanced panel of data of at least two time periods Under the Malmquist heading shown above you will need to select one of the two decompositions available The Malmquist index is computed under constant returns to scale If you then opt for the FGNZ Option the decomposition yields the shift of the CRS boundary Fare et al 1994 If you specify VRS technology under Genera above you may opt for the Ray amp Desli 1997 decomposition where the boundary shift relates to the VRS boundary Click on zi to ensure your model changes are saved Super Efficiency This option can be used o compute the su
48. per efficiency of a DMU using the model developed by Andersen and Petersen 1993 Thus the super efficiency of a DMU is computed by assessing it relative to all DMUs excluding itself This means that the DMU can have an efficiency score above 100 hence the term super efficiency DMUs with super efficiency much higher than 100 can locate the efficient boundary very far from the bulk of the data Some analysts may wish to bar such DMUs from being used in locating the efficiency boundary in order to give the rest of the DMUs a more realistic set of attainment targets PIM DEASoft V3 allows for two models of super efficiency e Simple super efficiency Simple super efficiency computes and simply reports the super efficiency of each DMU This can be under any specification of returns to scale and orientation However the user should be aware that super efficiency under VRS can lead to an infeasible model for some DMUs e Super efficiency with Threshold Super efficiency with Threshold allows the user to progressively remove units from the set when their super efficiency is above a user specified threshold This continues until a user specified percentage of DMUs have been removed E g the user may specify a threshold of 120 and a maximum percentage of DMUs to be removed of 5 Then PIM DEASoft V3 will repeatedly run the super efficiency of 120 or above When no more DMUs exist with super efficiency of 120 or more and or a total of 5 of all DMUs h
49. perating systems are supported Download the software To install PIM DEASotft V3 you need the files you downloaded from the FTP site or received by CD You also need a NET framework version 3 5 or higher The Microsoft NET Framework is a software framework that can be installed on computers running Microsoft Windows operating systems For further details please visit the Microsoft site and search for NET framework version 3 5 or higher Proceed now as follows Readme doc Readme txt Please read this first It explains how to install the PIM DEASoft V3 using your acquired files Setup exe and Setup msi You need these files to install the PIM DEASoft V3 Hardware that you will need e A PC with Pentium 3 or higher processor or 100 IBM Compatible computer with a minimum of 128 MB of RAM and a monitor supported by Windows e Windows 2000 XP or higher operating system e A hard disk drive with at least 100MB of disk space e A printer supported by Windows if you plan to print reports PIM DEASoft V3 0 User Guide 7 To install PIM DEASoft V3 1 Turn on your computer 2 Run Setup exe This will install PIM DEASoft V3 in your computer If your computer is not up to date you will be prompted to install DotnetFx35Setup exe Performance Improvement Management PIM DEA 3 0 Data Envelopment Analysis Software This program is protected by UK and International Copyright laws Perfomance Improvement Management Lid We
50. rties Editor T Line ceed Chart Standard Interactivit True 1 5 Line style Predefined Custom Eeee MMMM MMMM M Preview Once you have made all the changes you deem necessary click OK and then your graph will have adapted When using the Change Series Properties under PPS you can adapt and change all of the following General Labels Appearance Markers Empty Data Points Legend Interactivity and Data Points as indicated below This allows you to change This allows you to change Here you can adapt the mode of This final point allows you to see the length alignment and the size alignment and the legend to either none series the data as a whole and change any appearance Ba els appearance of the mee data points or series logic adaptations which ee F a3 ai EE coe aia pag A dh Beh t sere i T oe 4 eet cw E i JE m de i de ee ET This allows you to change This allows you to change Here you can just change the This allows you to look at the cursors and adapt the appearance and adapt the appearance and colour and appearance of the customer imagine map attributes and formatting ofthe graph line formats of the graph empty data points The foregoing controls are self explanatory and the pop up screens in each case indicate the changes to the graph that you can make For example clicking Change Series Properties followed by Data Points produces a screen such as that illustrated below Series Collection
51. s own ready to use in any other document or file Print This will automatically print the graph for you Ensure you printer is fully set up before pressing this button PIM DEASoft V3 0 User Guide wan poo E Hee eoo ig 54 s Running the model This chapter shows you how to run your DEA models There are a number of ways to run your models once all your relevant data and model choices have been specified The first is a simple icon on the toolbar above your model information which looks like a play button shown below gt You can click on this button pulling up the following Build Options screen o Build Options prem Models to build This screen allows you to choose one or more of the DEA models you have created to run As you can see above it is possible to click more than one model to run Once you have clicked the models you wish to solve press the L ei button A screen as the one illustrated below will appear informing you of progress towards solving the model s and whether it has completed the task successfully or not ad Build Options e ail Build Progress 10 e Eror in Model CRS inputOrented Model should contain at least one input variable Eror in Model CRS nputQrented Model should contain at least one output vanable Note Model CRS nputOnented cannot be solved because of an emor Start solving VAS InputOnented Curent Selection gt Period Period DMU Selection
52. s will automatically create a selection in the List of DMU selections area giving it a default name selection 1 You can Delete Selection also easily delete a selection list you have created by using the icon It is good practice to rename your chosen selection so that you can easily make a connection as to the particular subset of DMUs within the selection Use the icon for this The next stage is to actually add your chosen DMUs to the selection you have just created To do this you will need to single click your named selection making the following page Show on the screen General DMU Category IO 10 Priorities Period Malmquist Super Ef WR Allocative Eff Summary List of dmu selections Selection Teao List Not Selected DMU list The selection list is to be created on the right panel headed Selection To choose a DMU to move out of the selection list you will need to highlight the chosen DMU with a single click oc and use to move it from the right side to the left Alternatively if you have have changed your mind you can use to move the DMU back into the Selection column If you wish to highlight all of your DMUs in order to move them from one of the columns you can use the AI J to select from the Selection column or the L4 __ icon to select all DMUs within the DMU list You can then once again use the arrow icons to shift all the DMUs from one column to th
53. ssive assessments of super efficiency and automatically remove DMUs above the threshold until either no DMU shows super efficiency beyond the threshold and or the maximum percentage of all DMUs that the user is willing to permit to lie beyond the efficient boundary have been removed The other option as shown above is Manual Repeat which is where PIM DEASoft V3 will allow you to ok the removal of DMUs until the criteria for stopping removing super efficient DMUs have been met or sooner if the user wishes Where DMUs in excess of the percentage permitted to be beyond the boundary have super efficiency beyond the threshold specified PIM DEASoft V3 drops them in descending order of super efficiency until the maximum specified percentage permitted to be dropped is met L Click on a to ensure your model changes are saved DMU selection By default all units entered or read in from an input file are selected in the sense that they will all be assessed You may however for some of your DEA models wish to use only a subset of the full set of units initially entered You can do this by using the DMU window illustrated below lt Data Editor Statistics Viewer PPS Chart Model CRS inputOriented FX WR Allocative Eff Summary General DMU Category O IO Priorities Period Malmquist Super Eff List of dmu selections Add New Selection Delete Selection Rename Selection You first need to click the icon Thi
54. t orientation or all outputs in the output orientation are given equal priority to improve in attaining Pareto efficiency You can easily use the slide along button to set the priority for each input and output The details of this process are given later Summary This pulls together all of the decisions you have made in specifying your model as a cross check and highlights any errors within your model specification The detailed method of use of each one of the foregoing sub menus is as follows General Model specification This dialog box enables you to specify a DEA model to be solved including the orientation if any and the type of returns to scale to be assumed The following screen appears under this sub menu Category Editor Statistics Viewer Model CRS inputOriented FX General DMU Category O 10 Priorities Period Malmquist Super Ef WR Allocative Eff Summary Name CRS nputOnented Description Model Specification Retums To Scale Orientation Constant Retums To Scale CRS Variable Retums To Scale VRS a Input Oriented 5 Non Increasing Retums To Scale NIRS Output Oriented Non Decreasing Retums To Scale NDRS O Non Onented Seale Hficiency MPSS amp Omega Select the desired orientation and returns to scale options If you have specified VRS you can also tick most productive scale size MPSS and Identifying Returns to scale to obtain this information too If you select scale efficiency y
55. tput vs Input or a graph for 2 inputs against one output or the other way round You can only draw the latter two types of graphs involving 3 variables under CRS You need to specify whether the technology is CRS or VRS BCC and then specify the input and output variables you wish to plot The graph will appear as illustrated below An example of CRS boundary with single input single output PIM DEASoft V3 0 User Guide 46 VO Editor DMU Editor Period Editor Category Editor PPS Chart Output vs Input 2 Inputs 1 Output 2 Outputs 1 Input PPS Mode rot aoe Ou Period Period 2 ee a ew Auto Update PPS of Period Outpatient The distance of the active DMU from the efficient boundary is plotted An example of VRS boundary with single input single output is shown below VO Editor DMU Editor Period Editor Category Editor Output vs Input 2 Inputs 1 Output 2 Outputs 1 Input PPS Mode pu Out Auto Update m Period PPS of Period Outpatient 30 Doctor If you wish to track a specific DMU within the PPS you can specify the DMU concerned as active If your data involves more than one period and you wish to see the boundary shift you can specify the two periods of data concerned as in the screenshot below Note the unit as it changes location between the two periods concerned Period Editor PPS Chart VO Editor DMU Editor
56. ular Expression Define appropriate regular expression that matches the DMUs aD Search DMUs sue ee es eS oe Be J dame Single DMU Name Mutiple DMU Names Simple Wildcard Search Regular Expression Select one of the four methods and enter suitable search criteria for that method E g A to search under multiple DMU Names for all DMUs beginning with A The software will automatically remove the DMU s not matching the search criteria and only leave on the left panel the DMU s matching the search criteria Move these DMUs or a subset thereof to the right panel and the DMUs in the right panel will represent the selected DMUs for the selection list concerned This method of creating a selection list is especially useful when you are using a large dataset and it is hard to select visually the DMU s you wish to use or omit b Search by Value L gou choose to select your DMU s this way window like the following will appear ad Search DMUs Period Period 1 0 From Till This allows you to search for DMUs by specifying a range of values on a particular input or output variable within a given period List all DMUs in the left panel first and then specify the search criteria by value as indicated above Once the DMUs meeting the search criteria are left on the left panel move them or a subset thereof to the right panel to make them the selected DMUs for the list concerned Once you are happy with your select
57. you need to have first prepared a suitable Excel file containing your data so that PIM DEASoft V3 can read the file The file containing your data can be either an Excel or tab delimited text file In both cases the format needs to be as illustrated below An example of an Excel dataset with 2 periods is as follows containing 3 sheets Main Period1 and Period2 Data in the Main sheet contains the names of the DMUs as illustrated The column A needs to be headed DMU or Unit The names of the DMUs need to be alphanumeric starting with a letter Symbols such as etc are not permitted The descriptions of the DMUs are free format ix HospitalData 2years PIMv3 xls x A c D 1 DMU Description 2 H01 Warwick Hospital 3 H02 Coventry Hospital 4 H03 Birmigham Hospital 5 H04 Walsgrave Hospital 6 HOS Leamington Hospital 7 HOG Children Hospital MarH Main Periodi Period2 3 A The data in the sheets labelled period lists the DMUs and their corresponding input output data values along with their categorical variable values if any E g See the illustrations below Data in the sheet periodi E HospitalData 2years PIMva xls m x i 1 DMU Doctor Nurse Outpatient Inpatient 2 H01 30 72 1200 360 3 H02 10 50 1000 1200 4 H03 35 20 1250 270 5 H04 33 4A 1100 200 6 H05 52 91 1300 100 7 HO6 24 40 800 200 B M4r H Man Periodi lt Period 2 A Data in the sheet period2 ix Hosp
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