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1. EE241 Introductory Electronics Laboratory gt G R LAB 0 Familiarization to Lab Equipment Purpose The purpose of this lab is to give a brief review of the basic electronic components and electrical equipment you have already used in PHY 110 During this lab we will discover resistors capacitors and operational amplifiers as an instance of an IC We will also learn how to use breadboard function generator oscilloscope or simply scope digital multimeters DMMs and power supplies Resistors A resistor is a two terminal passive electrical component By passive it means that it does not require external energy for its operation When current passes through it there is a voltage drop The ratio between voltage and current is known as electrical resistance or simply resistance The SI unit of resistance is ohms Q Figure 1 shows a cartoon of a real resistor The value of the resistance is represented by four color bands The value of each color according to its position band is summarized in Table 1 _ _ ee Figure 1 A resistor 1 Band 2 Band 3 Band 4 Band multiplier Tolerance Black et o Rd to Orange 3 et Yelow 4 S a E Bwe 6 xt 025 Gay to oo Wie xt Pp Gold XH p Silver TP 10 H Note Always read the resistance by positioning the resistor as shown in Figure 1 and reading from left to right For example the value of resistor in Figure 1 is 02x10 2 o
2. numeric values from the display readouts MEASURE Displays the automated measurements menu It can used to display the measurements and a MATH menu can be used to perform different arithmetic operations between the two channels PRINT Starts the print operation to a PictBridge compatible printer or performs the SAVE function to the USB flash drive SAVE An LED indicates when the PRINT button is configured to save data to the USB flash drive LUMS School of Science and Engineering EE241 Fall 09 5 AUTORANGE SAVE RECALL 6 O HEL Tektronix TDS jei a vre iad aia E POSITION VOLTS DIV SEC DIV S D 5 m1817 500 DC Power Supply A power supply provides a constant voltage to the circuit In the lab you are provided with triple output power supply with voltage and current display CAUTION First turn ON the power supply and then gradually increase the output voltage otherwise initial voltage overshoot can damage you circuit components i i ee at in ki in n ba ee ik LUMS School of Science and Engineering EE241 Fall 09 6 In Lab Practice Experiment 3 steps 1 17 pages 24 31 Mandatory Readings A First Lab in Circuit and electronics by Y Tsividis Good lab practices and other useful hints pages 1 10 Ground Connections pages 11 13 Experiments 1 amp 2 pages 14 23 Suggested Readings User manuals of the scope function generator power supply and the multimet
3. 5 Op view Output 6 15W tail 7 8 Figure3 741 operational amplifier The dot beside pin 1 is called the notch and represents the top side of an IC You will study the operation and applications of op amp later in this course They are merely discussed here to give you a review of pin configuration of an IC LUMS School of Science and Engineering EE241 Fall 09 2 Breadboard A breadboard is commonly used to make a prototype of an electronic circuit The breadboard has many strips of metal copper usually which run underneath the board The metal strips are laid out as shown in figure 5 These strips connect the holes on the top of the board This makes it easy to connect components together to build circuits To use the bread board the legs of components are placed in the holes the sockets The holes are made so that they will hold the component in place Each hole is connected to one of the metal strips running underneath the board as shown in Figure 5 esn see ee e e e e e z E E ee seen ea I aati 2 o 3 a a a ee re EENEN ENN n sun ENE EEEN EEEEE a ee enuenuun unnn uuanuEsEEELS ee ee nennen seeen EEuEEKOGO ee eseese unnneEEE EEEE otmuu se epee eee eee eee ele elle ele oe O ee ee ee ouuu eee eee re ert ehlhlhl hel ele ot eu use eee ee ee eee eee eee eee ee o g S m OoOo mm mm mM U e r erene LE O o en e seen seep ae n ese eee Figure 4 Bread
4. board Figure 5 Breadboard layout and IC placement Figure 5 also shows the correct and incorrect way of placing an IC on the breadboard A resistor should be connected by placing each leg of the resistor in a different shorted row as shown in Figure 5 The top and bottom rails of the breadboard are usually used for power supply connections LUMS School of Science and Engineering EE241 Fall 09 3 Function Generator A simple function generator is a device that can produce periodic voltage signals of different frequencies and amplitudes In this lab Escort EGC 3230 function generator will be used It will serve the purpose to test the response of the circuits to common input signals Signal from the function generator is being fed into the circuit using coaxial cables T Je WLP Pua T Os GEA RATOA HORA b 1 ii i anii Ra ie Eus E u api Mii UEY Af Paa T av Vyo yy For this lab the most commonly used functions of EGC 3230 function generator are Square wave The signal goes directly from high to low voltage Sine wave The signal curves like a sinusoid from high to low voltage Triangle wave The signal goes from high to low voltage at a fixed rate Amplitude control Varies the voltage difference between the high and low Frequency control Adjusts the rate at which output signal oscillates Multimeter A meter is a measuring instrument An ammeter measures current a voltmeter measures th
5. e potential difference voltage between two points and an ohmmeter measures resistance A multimeter combines these functions and possibly some additional ones as well into a single instrument LUMS School of Science and Engineering EE241 Fall 09 4 Oscilloscope An oscilloscope is used to visualize the time varying signals at different points in the circuit In this lab you are provided with Tektronix TDS 10002 You are encouraged to read its user manual to familiarize with its basic operations Some basic operations which you will be using commonly in this lab are AUTOSET Automatically sets the oscilloscope controls to produce a usable display of the input signals Each time you push the AUTOSET button the Autoset function obtains a stable waveform display for you It automatically adjusts the vertical scale horizontal scale and trigger settings AUTORANGE Displays the Autorange M enu and activates or deactivates the autoranging function Autorange is a continuous function that you can enable or disable The function adjusts setup values to track a signal when the signal exhibits large changes or when you physically move the probe to a different point CURSOR Displays the Cursor M enu Cursors remain visible unless the Type option is set to Off after you leave the Cursor M enu but are not adjustable This method allows you to take measurements by moving the cursors which always appear in pairs and reading their
6. er LUMS School of Science and Engineering EE241 Fall 09
7. hms For details study Appendix A from A First Lab in Circuit and electronics by Y Tsividis LUMS School of Science and Engineering EE241 Fall 09 1 Capacitors The ability of a body to hold charge is called its capacitance The capacitance C of a capacitor is the measure of charge Q stored on each plate for a given potential difference or voltage V that appears across the plates The SI unit for capacitance is Farad F Figure 2 shows some common capacitor models E E i Figure 2 Different capacitor models For details on this subject see Appendix A in A First Lab in Circuit and electronics by Y Tsividis Operational Amplifiers An amplifier is a device that uses a small amount of energy to control a larger amount The relationship of the input to the output usually expressed as a function of the input frequency is called the transfer function of the amplifier and the magnitude of the transfer function is termed the gain Amplifiers are typically utilized over a specific range of frequencies and are generally of maximal utility if the gain is constant in that range Operational amplifier often called op amp is one of the most common types of amplifiers Figure 3 shows the internal structure and pin configuration of the most commonly used IC for op amps SN741 Dot beside 741 Op Amp aan 8 pin DIP j Inverting input 2 Non inverting input 3 15V rail 4 T

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