Home

Embedded Systems

1. 15 00 Replacement Power Supply 70 We carry all IC s 81 Series Char Gen ROMs 10 00 Drivetek 2 6M FDD Robie or K4X 75 for Kaypro repair b81 Series Monitor ROMs CPU amp RAM amp MISC SWITCHERS TEST EQUIPMENT OSCILLOSCOPES 41256 12 6 50 41256 15 5 00 AT 200W Pulls tested 35 00 4164 10 2 50 4164 12 2 10 5VI75 12VI8 12VI3 5V 5 85 00 TEK 7403N 7A18N 7B50A 60 MHz 650 4164 15 2 00 416420 1 25 5VI9 5A 12V 3 8A 12VI 8A 39 00 Leader LB0520 30 meg Dual Trace 300 MK48202B 20 csse 10 00 5VI3A 12VI2A 12VI 4A 19 50 LEK 475 Dual TAGE 200 MHZ suis M99 d Dallas DIZ20Y 1000 5VI6A 12V 2A t2VIA 29 00 Scope Probe x1 x10 100MHz 25 amp ipnRAMORR40 A 4oVI GA 4OVIRA SIP DRAM 256 12 7 00 5VI6A 24VIt A A 12VI 6A 12V 6A 29 00 ANALYZERS 26 esses 380 H3 ii 275 BUS od er M ONUS 39 00 Ud Bina A0 s cR EE 4000 27258 525 27512 7 00 V IDA s gi Eig TS Biomation 805 Waveform Rerdr 195 MC68000 8 CPU 005 8 00 Biomation 8100 2 Channel Z80CPU 75 780A CPU 1 50 Waveform Recorder 295 HP1600A Logic Analyzer 295 2 CIC z MEE CE 1 gt HP1600A 1607A Logic Anlyzr 495 2089 3 650 SPECIAL x G
2. Uses the RTD AD1000 board to capture a set of samples include capture h include lt stdio h gt Uncomment the following or define it on the compiler command line see makefile with DTEST_BOARD to generate test code for a newly installed AD1000 board define TEST_BOARD Print a value as 1s and 0s so you can see the bit patterns from the A D converter void print_binary unsigned int binary int i for i 15 i gt 0 i putchar binary amp 1 lt i 1 0 Print the AD1000 value as a voltage so you can compare it with a voltmeter reading void print value unsigned int reading if reading amp 0x0800 putchar reading amp 0x07ff strip off plus sign bit else putchar Flip bits and mask them so a negative number near 0 becomes a small negative value l reading reading amp 0x07ff now scale and print the value printf 1 3f 5 0 float reading float 0x07ff Capture a block of samples void capture unsigned buf int bufsize unsigned threshold int rate unsigned int sample i int i j First wait until the threshold is exceeded while 1 GET VALUE sample High bit added to threshold to make it a positive A D value if sample gt threshold 0x800 break out of while 1 loop Then capture a block of samples for i 0 i lt bufsize i GET VALUE buf i
3. w2 3 nHiddenNodes dw delw2 j nHiddenNodes dw Calculate new weights for h 0 h lt nHiddenNodes h t t float sum 0 0 for p 0 p lt nPatterns p sum delta2 p j out1 p h dw eta sumtalpha delw2 j h w2 3 h dw delw2 j h dw adapt weights input hidden for h 0 h lt nHiddenNodes h float dw delta weight float sum 0 0 for p 0 p lt nPatterns p sum deltal p h find bias weight for hidden units dw eta sum alpha delw1 h nInputNodes w1 h nInputNodes dw delwl1 h nInputNodes dw Calculate new weights for i 0 i lt nInputNodes i float sum 0 0 for p 0 p lt nPatterns ptt sum deltal p h out0O p i dw eta sum alpha delwl h i w1 h i dw delwi h i dw monitor keyboard requests if kbhit int c getch if c toupper c E MonitorErrortt else if c ESC break End gracefully Sum Squared Error if MonitorError qtnReportErrors 0 for p 0 error 0 0 p lt nPatterns p for j 0 j lt nOutputNodes j float temp target p j out2 p j error temp temp Average error over all patterns error nPatterns Print it number and err val fprintf stderr Iteration 5d 5d Error f r q nIterations error to console
4. Figure 1 Plywood Disk Layouts l LL 4 r BOTTOM DISK NOTE 1 Drill amp countersink from the bottom side of the disk See text for exact drilling sequence NOTE 2 Clearance arc for 10 32 wing nut NOTE 3 Dashed lines show placement of cleats and panels on the top side of the disk NOTE 4 Material is 1 4 plywood MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 31 with the grain tend to disappear so mark them with a pencil too Don t be afraid to put too many labels on the wood you re building a robot not a piece of furniture Cut out the disks and sand to final dimension Transfer the diameter lines to the op posite side of each disk using the try square Each disk will have some warp in it generally at right angles to the outer ply grain Place the bottom disk crown up the middle disk crown down and top disk crown up label the sides facing up Top With middle and bottom disks oriented this way their warps will cancel out bringing the whole structure into proper alignment the X dividers will take care of the warp in the top disk Complete the layout lines for cleats panels and hole locations for each disk on their top and bottom surfaces Drill Figure 2 Side Panels and Stiffeners pZ SIDE PANEL STIFFENER Left amp Right 346 dia mounting holes and the 1 14 dia wire access hole in the bottom disk Drill the screwdriver access holes in the top disk Use a brad p
5. d key k keyLen keyLen llink NIL rlink NIL p bf 0 END ELSE IF CompArr p key k p keyLen 1 THEN BEGIN l GenAvlTrIns k d keyLen dataLen p llink h IF h THEN left branch has grown BEGIN IF p bf 1 THEN BEGIN p bf 0 h FALSE END h P P p dataLen dataLen P P p 80 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 ELSE IF p bf 0 THEN p bf ELSE IF p bf 1 THEN BEGIN pl p llink IF pl bf 1 THEN single LL rot BEGIN p llink pl rlink pl rlink p p bf 0 p pl END ELSE double LR rotation BEGIN p2 pl rlink pl rlink p2 llink p2 llink pl p llink p2 rlink p2 rlink p IF p2 bf 1 THEN p bf 1 ELSE p bf 0 IF p2 bf 1 THEN pl bf 1 ELSE pl bf 0 p p2 END p bf 0 h END END END ELSE IF CompArr p key k p keyLen lt 0 THEN BEGIN GenAvlTrIns k d keyLen dataLen p rlink h IF h THEN right branch has grown BEGIN IF p bf 1 THEN BEGIN p bf 0 h FALSE END ELSE IF p bf 0 THEN p bf 1 ELSE IF p bf 1 THEN BEGIN pl p rlink _ IF pl bf 1 THEN single RR rot BEGIN p rlink pl llink pl llink p p bf 0 p pl END ELSE double RL rotation BEGIN p2 p1 1llink pl llink p2 rlink p2 rlink pl p rlink p2 1link p2 1link p IF p2 bf 1 THEN p bf 1 ELSE p bf 0 IF p2 bf
6. flathead phillips machine screws l 4 10 32x3 4 flathead machine screws 8 6 32x38 aluminum standoffs 4 10 32x1 4 Tee nuts 24 116 32x1A4 Tee nuts 1 oz 5 minute epoxy hemlock moulding Step 1 Fabricating The Pieces With the machinist compass lay out three 11 diameter disks on the better of the two squares of plywood See Figure 1 Try to get plywood squares with as little warp as possible Noting the grain directions on the disk layout diagram lay out perpendicular diameters and label bottom middle and top disks as shown Lay out all straight lines by lightly and precisely scoring the plywood sur faces with a hobby knife Sometimes lines TOP DISK NOTE 1 These holes should line up with Trapez fitting screws on the middle disk The holes allow screwdriver access NOTE 2 Dashed lines show placement of X divider panels on the underside of the top disk T a c Le 77 7 r FRONT MIDDLE DISK NOTE 1 45 dashed lines show placement of X divider panels on the top side of the disk NOTE 2 Doshed lines show placement of cleats amp panels on the bottom side of the disk See Bottom Disk layout for dimensions NOTE 3 Drill amp countersink from the top side of the disk See placement dimensions from the Bottom Disk layout NOTE 4 Hatched areas show placement of Trapez fittings See text for mounting details
7. for h 0 h lt nHiddenNodes h Continued on page 22 Try the 1st truly low cost LAN e Connect 2 or 3 PCs XTs ATs e Uses serial ports and 5 wire cable e Runs at 115 K baud e Runs in background totally transparent e Share any device any file e Needs only 14K of ram Skeptical We make believers Ove 5 000 sold worldwide ihote Why waste money on simple file transfer systems Information Modes P O Drawer F Denton TX 76202 817 387 3339 Reader Service Number 149 INGRAF 2 10 A multi device graphics library for Scientific Engineering and Business users Supports video printer and plotter graphics for personal computers Over 100 routines to create bar pie and smith charts linear log semi log and log log and polar plots axes and grids with tick marks and labels markers line types curves arcs circles ellipses and more Full source code no royalties or run time fees The window function allows you to use up to 32 windows You can set individual characteristics such as sizing scaling labeling etc for each window or identical characteristics for all windows INDUCTIVE REACTANCE TEMP amp RAINFALL OF HOUSTON AREA ih y WY KO y V RS vx LOS EO ZA Sex i ett HA Qo e T LI Uf a A ii A On SSH ll ASI AA Du RAINFALL inches li 7 S Co Co x li M
8. 1 THEN pl bf 1 ELSE p1 bf p p2 END p bf 0 h false END END END END GenAvlTrIns 0 PROCEDURE GenAvlTrDel k dataPtr VAR p treePtr VAR h BOOLEAN VAR q treePtr PROCEDURE del VAR r treePtr VAR h BOOLEAN BEGIN IF r rlink lt gt NIL THEN BEGIN del r rlink h IF h THEN BalRight r h END ELSE BEGIN key r key mor r llink TRUE TRAA END END del BEGIN IF p NIL THEN key not in tree ELSE IF CompArr p key k p keyLen 1 THEN BEGIN GenAvlTrDel k p llink h IF h THEN BalLeft p h END ELSE IF CompArr p key k p keyLen 1 THEN BEGIN GenAvlTrDel k p rlink h IF h THEN BalRight p h END ELSE delete p BEGIN q P IF q rlink NIL THEN BEGIN p q llink h TRUE END ELSE IF q llink NIL THEN BEGIN p q rlink h TRUE END ELSE BEGIN del q llink h IF h THEN BalLeft p h END FreeMem q data q dataLen resp of calling program FreeMem q key q keyLen FreeMem q SizeOf treeNode END END GenAvlTrDel PROCEDURE GenAvlTrDis root treePtr tab INTEGER VAR space k INTEGER BEGIN IF root lt gt NIL THEN BEGIN IF root rlink lt gt NIL THEN BEGIN GenAvlTrDis root rlink tab tabinc END FOR space 1 to tab DO write FOR k 1 to 6 DO write root data k writeln root bf IF root llink lt gt NIL THEN BEGIN GenAvlTrDis root llink
9. CAPACITIVE REACTANCE INGRAF is available for C FORTRAN 77 and QuickBASIC Pascal available soon support for numerous compilers We also have GRAFLIB 4 10 for video and printer graphics PLOTLIB 4 10 for pen plotter graphics and FORTLIB 4 05 a FORTRAN enhancement library Sutrasoft P O Box 1733 Sugar Land TX 77487 Order Line 1 800 888 8460 All other calls 713 491 2088 Reader Service Number 173 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 21 Continued from page 20 fscanf fpWeights f amp w2 j h delw2 j h 0 0 fclose fpWeights Read in all patterns to be learned if fpPattern fopen szPattern r NULL fprintf stderr s can t open s n progname szPattern exit 1 for p 0 p lt nPatterns ptt gt for i 0 i lt nInputNodes itt if scan f fpPattern SE amp outO p i 1 goto ALLPATTERNSREAD read target output for input patterns for j 0 j lt nOutputNodes j fscanf fpPattern f amp target p j read in identifier for each pattern fscanf fpPattern f amp PatternID p ALLPATTERNSREAD fclose fpPattern if p lt nPatterns fprintf stderr s d out of d patterns read n progname p nPatterns nPatterns p open error output file if fpError fopen szError w NULL fprintf stderr s can t open file s n progname szError exit 1 fprintf stderr nIteration
10. IF bl gt 0 THEN single RR rotation BEGIN p rlink pl llink pl llink p IF bl 0 THEN BEGIN p bf 1 pl bf 1 h FALSE END ELSE BEGIN p bf 2 0 pl bf 0 END p pl END ELSE BEGIN p2 pl llink b2 p2 bf pl llink p2 rlink p2 rlink pl p rlink p llink p2 1link p IF b2 1 THEN p bf 1 ELSE p bf 0 IF b2 1 THEN p bf 1 ELSE p bf 0 P p2 p2 bf 0 END END END BalLeft PROCEDURE BalRight VAR p treePtr VAR h BOOLEAN VAR pl p2 treePtr bl b2 SHORTINT BEGIN IF p bf 1 THEN p bf 0 ELSE IF p bf 0 THEN BEGIN p bf 1 h FALSE END ELSE BEGIN pl p llink bl pl bf IF bl lt 0 THEN single LL rotation BEGIN p llink pl rlink pi rlink p MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 79 IF bl 0 THEN BEGIN p bf 1 pl bf 1 h FALSE END ELSE BEGIN p bf p1 bf END p pl END ELSE BEGIN p2 pl rlink b2 p2 bf pl rlink p2 1llink p2 1llink pl p llink p rlink p2 rlink p IF b2 1 THEN p bf 1 ELSE p bf 0 IF b2 1 THEN p bf 1 ELSE p bf 0 p p2 p2 bf 0 END END END BalRight PROCEDURE GenAvlTrIns k d dataPtr keyLen dataLen WORD VAR p treePtr VAR h BOOLEAN VAR pl p2 treePtr BEGIN IF p NIL THEN insert BEGIN GetMem p SizeOf treeNode TRUE data
11. The version of ZipGraph presented here compiles with Borland Turbo C 2 0 Lattice C 6 01 Microsoft C 5 10 QuickC 2 01 and Zortech C C 2 01 In addition the resulting object modules can link to Microsoft Fortran 5 0 and Stony Brook Modula 2 2 01 Finally I wrote ZipGraph because I find commercial libraries limiting For example most do not include printer routines and some do not support cer tain graphics adapters On top of that they lack fundamental capabilities such as a function to generate non orthago nal ellipses No graphics library I know of completely supports ray tracing anima tion object rotation and 3D plotting Additionally commercial libraries are written using C and assembly language only without utilizing the object oriented features of C As you ll see in future columns C can do some fantastic things The ZG_LWLVL module presented here is the base for all the other mod ules in the ZipGraph system It uses June 14 16 1990 Gunnison Colorado Last year s Rocky Mountain SOG _ was a great success Maria and I in a fit of unbridled optimism have de cided to hold a sequel Yes Micro C readers there is a Rocky Mountain SOGI Thursday the 14 will begin with a choice of activities a horseback ride into the rockies or the tradi tional whitewater rafting Thursday _ night we ll have a barbecue at a national forest campground Friday and Saturday will again b
12. calloc view right sizeof int MUX 0 select the channel to read while kbhit Continued on page 48 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 47 25 MHz 8 bit ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER Based on the TRW THC1068 1 hybrid flash converter its high signal to noise ratio yields ex cellent accuracy at the Nyquist limit 4 KB of cache SRAM or to host as converted at DMA speed W 1 0 or DMA data transfer W 10 MHz full power bandwidth M 3 92 mV resolution W 16 jumper selectable base addresses B External clock and trigger inputs TTL compatible Wi Software source code included 5495 ALSO AVAILABLE AS A KIT FOR 99 INCLUDING W Printed Circuit board m Software m Manual amp assembly instructions Requires PC compatible length 8 bit expansion slot DOS 2 11 or greater EGA VGA or Hercules dis play needed for graphic representa tion of data Silicon Alley 2 P 0 BOX 59593 RENTON WA 98058 206 255 7410 1989 Silicon Alley Inc tude is a trade mark of Silicon Alley Inc Other brand or product names are trademarks or regis tered trademarks of their respective hold ers Prices and specifications subject to change Read bf CARE PN ORNA VA es MUS Ry E SOR The ANSI C library function memcepy copies the series into the new memory Use this process whenever you want to make a local copy of an array Notice you must pass the size of the array into the fu
13. release local copy of the array void display viewsettings struct viewporttype view The following macro was used during debugging to display all the viewport settings Notice the use of the new ANSI C preprocessor directives the stringize directive 4 which takes the argument and makes it into a string and the paste directive ii which takes two names and creates a variable name from them Notice also that in farg d the preprocessor concatenates the two strings together define P arg gprintf arg d view arg P left P right P top P bottom P clip getch Figure 5 VOICE C Display a voice pattern using Borland BGI graphics functions include lt conio h gt kbhit include lt stdlib h gt calloc include capture nh include display h includes graphics h main int graphdriver DETECT will request autodetection Struct viewporttype view int i graphmode color unsigned int points Initialize graphics The string in the third argument tells the function where to look for the graphics drivers you may need to change it for your own environment initgraph amp graphdriver amp graphmode c turboc color getmaxcolor works with all machines getviewsettings amp view display viewsettings view for debugging create an array according to size in pixels of the monitor points unsigned int
14. usually less without the BIOS more about this later These boards have eight expansion slots for adding anything and power supplies are only 35 Figure 1 Motherboard I O Map I O DECODED I O USED 0000h O01Fh 16 0020n 003Fh 2 0040n 005Fh 0060n 007Fh 0080h 009fh 00A0h OOBFh By Gene Toner IDEC Inc P O Box 69 z Fountainville PA 18923 What really makes this board attrac tive however is the C THRU ROM by DATALITE This software package does things that 20 000 in circuit emulators just dream about It lets you write your programs in Mi crosoft C 5 X or Turbo C 2 X cross load the executable and the C symbol table to the target system and DEBUG ON THE TARGET SYSTEM IN C using a debug ging environment very similar to Micro soft s CodeView Finally it lets you burn the whole works into EPROM all for less than 500 XT Motherboards The usual XT motherboard will hold up to 640K of parity checked RAM and 40K of ROM This ROM space is usually mapped as 8K of BIOS residing at para graph FE00 and 32K of ROM BASIC at F600 Both of these ROM spaces are available for embedded programs In most embedded applications 640K is overkill since RAM is usually only used for variables and stack Other appli cations such as data loggers and pattern recognizers make good use of every thing they can get Also RAM is a Text Continued on page 12 FUNCTION DMA controller Interrupt controller Timer coun
15. 10 86 Public Domain 32000 Hardware And Software Writing A Printer Driver for MS DOS Recover A Directory By Reading amp Writing Disk Sectors 96 pages ISSUE 33 12 86 ISSUE 34 2 87 ISSUE 35 4 87 ISSUE 36 6 87 ISSUE 37 9 87 SOLD OUT ISSUE 38 11 87 Parallel Processing Laser Printers Typesetters And Page Definition Languages Build A Graphics Scanner For 6 Part 2 Writing A Resident Program Extractor In C 96 pages ISSUE 39 1 88 PC Graphics Drawing The Mandelbrot And Julia Sets Desktop Graphics Designing A PC Work station Board Around the TMS 34010 96 pages ISSUE 40 3 88 The Great C Issue 11 C Compilers Writing A Simple Parser In C C An Object Oriented C Source Level Debugger For Turbo C 96 pages ISSUE 41 5 88 Artificial Intelligence 3 D Graphics Neural Networks Logic Of Programming Languages Applying Information Theory 96 pages ISSUE 42 7 88 Maintaining PCs Keeping Your Hard Drives Running Troubleshooting PCs XT Theory of Operation Simulating A Bus Ray Tracing 96 pages ISSUE 43 9 88 Building Databases Build a C Database Selecting a dBase III Compatible Compiler Working with Paradox Designing Custom PC Cards Accessing dBase Ill Plus Records from Turbo Pascal 96 pages ISSUE 44 11 88 Object Oriented Program ming A Taste of Smalltalk Actor Thinking Objectively Building MicroCad Peripheral Technolog
16. 5 Bay Std Tower 250 Watt PS 3 half ht 1 full ht drives 6 Bay Mega Tower 200 Watt PS MONITORS 12 Amber Monochrome TTL CGA Color RGB EGA CGA Autoswitch 31 dot CGA EGA VGA Multisync 31 dot VGA Analog Mitsubishi 28 dot 2395 250 Less 150 Less Chicony Enhanced 101 Key Keytronic Enhanced 101 Key Focus 101 Key Tactile Switchable Control Caps Lock Dust Cover 1 Find by Micro C Staff All Keyboards XT AT switchable SOFTWARE MS DOS 3 21 w GW Basic MS DOS 3 3 w GW Basic DR DOS 3 3 w GEM SpinRite Disk Optimizer 386Max Memory Manager for 386 Systems Mini Tower 225 Standard Tower 269 MOTHERBOARDS XT Turbo 4 77 10Mhz AT 6 10Mhz AT 6 12Mhz AT 8 16Mhz 386 8 20Mhz w Phoenix Bios holds up to 8MB on board 386 16 25Mhz w AMI Bios holds up to 8MB on board 386 33Mhz XT AT 386 Memory Math Co Processors POWER SUPPLIES 150 Watt XT Power Supply 200 Watt AT Power Supply EXPANSION CARDS Game Joystick Parallel Port LPT1 2 or 3 Serial Port 2 ports 1 installed COM1 or 2 2nd Serial Port Kit Serial Port 4 ports installed Multi Drive Controller up to 2 drives Supports 360K 720K 1 2MB amp 1 44MB XT XT Multi lO Ser Par Clock Game 2 Floppy Drives XT Floppy Controller XT 640K RAM Card w OK XT 2MB EMS Memory Board OK AT 386 AT Multi IO Ser Par Game 2nd Serial Port Kit AT 2MB EMS Memory Board 0K HARDWARE MANUFACTURER gMicroSphere
17. 529 7679 Reader Service Number 158 25 MFLOP Floating Point DSP High speed NUMERICS and GRAPHICS 32 BIT on board data bus 16 bit PC AT interface ALL ON BOARD MEMORY DUAL PORTED Parallel and codec serial lO 15 ms 1024 point FFT Assembler monitor and libraries Base board and ALL software 950 640K 85ns memory een 300 SYMMETRIC RESEARCH 15 Central Way Suite 9 Kirkland WA 98033 206 828 6560 Reader Service Number 182 YYYYYYYY _DSP32C COPROCESSOR BOARD 80 compression requires less than 10K includes editor for documents and source for Pascal C and Basic 203 368 0632 NTERGAID 955 Connecticut Ave Bridgeport CT 06607 16 Megabytes EMS and or Extended Memory Works on 8 or 16 bit bus 16 bit transfer on AT bus eSingle board design Includes RAM disk and extensive diagnostics Quantity OEM discounts DA Xn 907 North 6th St Lake City MN 55041 612 345 4555 Reader Service Number 3 Why you want BATCOM BATCOM is a batch file compiler that compiles your bat files to exe files to make them faster more professional and more capable BAT COM extends DOS with new commands so you can read keyboard input perform arithmetic use subroutines and much more In addition BAT COM protects your source code and you can distribute your compiled programs without royal ties For IBM PC Only 59 95 Order today ZN Wenham S
18. CloseGraph Shut down the graphics system end MyExitProc F procedure screen Initialize Initialize graphics and report errors var InGraphicsMode boolean Flags graphics init PathToDriver l string path to BGI amp CHR begin When using Crt amp graphics turn off Crt s memory mapped writes DirectVideo False OldExitProc ExitProc Save prev exit proc ExitProc MyExitProc Insert our exit proc PathToDriver repeat GraphDriver Detect detect graphic adapter InitGraph GraphDriver GraphMode PathToDriver ErrorCode GraphResult Preserve err return if ErrorCode lt gt grOK then Error begin Writeln Graphics error GraphErrorMsg ErrorCode if ErrorCode grFileNotFound then begin Writeln Enter full path to BGI driver Writeln or type lt Ctrl Break gt to quit Readln PathToDriver Writeln end else Halt 1 Some other error terminate end until ErrorCode grOK end Initialize object constructors amp destructors constructor screen init begin end destructor screen done begin end constructor neural net interpreter init begin end 88 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 destructor neural net interpreter done begin end object methods procedure neural net interpreter Get weights var This weight string 4 This pattern string 1 Count integer Char Ptr integer begin FOR Count 1 TO Num of characte
19. Editor Publisher David J Thompson 155 NW Hawthorne Bend Oregon 97701 2917 Editor David J Thompson 155 NW Hawthorne Bend Oregon 97701 2917 Managing Editor David J Thompson 155 NW Hawthorne Bend Oregon 97701 2917 7 JOwner Micro Cornucopia Inc PO Box 223 Bend Oregon 97709 0223 David J Thompson 1259 NW Iowa Bend Oregon 97701 1001 Sandra S Thompson 1259 NW Iowa Bend Oregon 97701 1001 8 Known Bondholders Mortgagees and Other Security Holders Owning or Holding 1 or More of Total Amount of Bonds Mortgages or Other Securities None 10 Extent and Nature of Circulation Average Number of Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months A Total Number of Copies Printed 29 104 B Paid Circulation 1 Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors and Counter Sales 12 059 2 Mail Subscription 9 555 C Total Paid Circula tion 21 614 D Free Distribution by Mail Carrier or Other Means Samples Complimentary and Other Free Copies 507 E Total Distribution 22 121 F Copies not Distributed 1 Office Use Left Over Unaccounted Spoiled after Printing 893 2 Re turns from News Agents 6 090 G Total Sum of E Fl and 2 Should Equal Net Press Shown in A 29 104 Actual Num ber of Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Filing Date A Total Number of Copies Printed 28 000 B Paid Circulation 1 Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors and Counter Sales 17 396 2 Mail Subscription 9 178 C Total Paid Circul
20. Last issue Bruce gave us the analog por tion of this often discussed problem This time he converts the analog signal to digital data and displays it hile in graduate school I took feces classes in digital signal processing digital filtering and digital control systems The classes al ways began with a professor or techni cal assistant saying sample at regular intervals While researching and writing this ar ticle I naively assumed that any A D board which contained a timer counter could use that timer to start the conver sion of the A D converter The timer makes sure the samples occur at precise intervals something your PC can t guarantee your program competes with the RAM refresh and clock interrupts However a timer isn t always useful My favorite board from Issue 49 the Real Time Devices AD1000 has a real time clock chip unfortunately it can t be used to start A D conversions The Ad vantech board sold by Rapid Systems and Halted Specialties seems to be trig gerable with a pacer clock This por tion is so poorly documented it s not clear to me exactly how to do it espe cially without a schematic George Dooley at RTD explained that the industry standard 12 bit A D chip they used was designed in the days of the 8080 CPU It uses two lines instead of one to start a conversion One of these lines is an address from the CPU They ve given long thought to run ning the converter with the timer
21. The modification automatically recognizes fields within records and applies a different compression tree to each type of field Compression can be processed directly on blocks or continuously and transparently within the file system All source code in C and assembly is included Tele SK is required for FS CD is also required for console device support Demo Diskette 5 refundable with purchase SK system kernel 50 multitasking CD console display 40 windows requires SK FS file system 40 MS DOS media requires SK OS core 130 SK CD and FS Telephone support is freely available The Tele Toolkit is available from Crosby Associates P O Box 248 Sutter Creek California 95685 CALL NOW TO ORDER 209 267 0362 FAX 209 267 0115 Visa Mastercard American Express amp Discover Card accepted MS DOS is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation Unix is a trademark of AT amp T Reader Service Number 147 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 5 VOICE MASTER KEY VOICE RECOGNITION SYSTEM FOR PC COMPATIBLES amp TANDY 1000 SERIES A FULL FEATURED VOICE 1 0 SYSTEM GIVE A NEW DIMENSION TO PERSONAL COMPUT ING The amazing Voice Master Key System adds voice recognition to just about any program or application Voice command up to 256 keyboard macros from within CAD desktop publishing word process ing spread sheet or game programs Fully TSR and occupies less than 64K Instant response ti
22. Try turning the shaft by hand with and without 6V applied to B of J103 With 6V applied there should be firm resistance to turning without 6V there should be almost none If there is no difference check with a volt meter that 6V is making it past J103 Check that 6V is also present on all the even terminals of J102 If everything checks out so far measure Ohms from drain to source of each MOSFET with B disconnected For those MOSFETs with 5V on their gate inputs the On resistance should be about 0 18 ohm for those with OV on their gates the reading should be several mega ohms Replace any MOSFETs that don t pass these tests If the board has been perverse enough to work perfectly right off then you ll have missed all the above troubleshoot ing Before you mount the boards on the superstructure I advise you to go through all the tests anyway Trouble shooting electronic gear is good for your soul and half of successful roboting is re pairing the creatures Next time we endow LIMBO with more sensors more intelligence and a DC DC convertor Parts Sources Nylon card guide Part 770 4457 Concord 30 Great Jones St New York NY 10012 212 777 6571 Trapez fitting Part 03911 The Woodworker s Store 21801 Industrial Blvd Rogers MN 55374 612 428 2199 4 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 41 Capturing amp Graphing A Voice In Real Time Part 2 The Digital Half Of The Problem
23. W Great for use with laptops QEdit edits files entirely in memory saving drain on laptop batteries E Compact Even with all these features QEdit requires less than 50k of disk space Full 30 day money back guarantee System Requirements QEdit requires an IBM PS 2 PC AT PC XT PC PC Jr or compatible Minimum system requirements are 64 KB of memory PC DOS 2 0 or MS DOS 2 0 or greater 50 KB of disk space QEdit runs GREAT on floppy based systems and laptops To order direct call 71 404 641 9002 E EE i lilii Cards Add 3 00 for shipping 510 00 for overseas shipping UPS 2nd DAY AIR available within the U S for ONLY 5 00 _COD s accepted please add 3 00 Georgia residents add 4 sales tax SEMWARE 4343 Shallowford Rd Suite C 3 Marietta GA 30062 5003 QEdit and SemWare are trademarks of Applied Systems Technologies Inc 1989 Applied Systems Technologies Inc MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 53 firmly attached where you clamped it If the smaller wire slips spins or falls off redo the hook and reclamp the wire Practice this hook and clamp routine several times using the 1 wires you had cut Each time make sure that the shorter wire clamps firmly onto the longer wire if the connection is loose or shaky redo it Now you get to try some real solder ing Clean and tin the tip of your iron Pick up the solder in your strength hand and hold the iron in your pr
24. Well at the Longhorn SOG here in Texas Dave became the fifth member of our family We have a small two bedroom house so Dave bunked with the kids There s nothing like rubbing elbows with the rich and famous Editor s note I was sure I d debunked the rich and famous part but I must thank Kim Don Courtland and Donald for put ting on the Longhorn SOG and for inviting me to be a part of their wonderful tight knit family Which brings us to today Business is better than ever The two of us barely keep up and it s time to think about moving to a larger house and hiring help Why 25 Our success surprises many people After all they constantly tell us we can t make money selling a program for 25 We hear that all the time In fact we get tired of hearing it We decided on 25 for a few good reasons At the time 25 seemed like a lot of money That was all we could have afforded if we were buying a net work We had no money for advertis ing so the name of the product had to grab attention Finally our goal was to sell to the majority who had two or three computers not to the relatively few who were putting together large networks Probably most important though people don t need a lot of con vincing to spend 25 Also we wanted our customers to feel like they got the buy of the year We didn t just want their money we wanted their word of mouth advertis ing Plus if Microsoft with all its over
25. either you moved the connection before it cooled or your iron s tip wasn t clean Reclean and tin the tip then try another connection This time let the wires rest a little longer before you touch them Caring For Your Soldering Iron Be sure to clean and tin the tip of your iron regularly Never use acid core solder 54 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 Figure 3 Other Ideas for the Output Device TO PIEZO BEEPER FOR SOUND OUTPUT TO Nu SWITCHED 4 CIRCUITS RLY1 5VDC RELAY RELAY FOR CONTROLLING OTHER CIRCUITS Tb SPKR1 1000 OR MORE MINIATURE SPEAKER FOR METRONOME TYPE CLICKS BAND ON DIODE CATHODE _ Pp ORIENTATION INFORMATION FOR DIODES A short list of other output devices that can be controlled by the 555 circuit The diode is intentionally connected backwards in the relay circuit do not leave it out if you use the relay on your iron Never use the iron s tip to pry a connection loose or press a connec tion closed use your needle nose pliers for that Always remember to unplug your iron when you finish your work your iron s heating element not to mention your house will last longer Always put the iron back onto its stang when you finish soldering Never ever use a file to clean the iron s tip Except for a damp cloth the only other cleaning tool you might possibly I say possibly need would be a wire brush and you would on
26. fortune then a small fortune now The project requirements for this device changed as it developed this is an ad vanced engineering management tech nique called the moving target The device would have to calculate in floating point I wrote a four function floating point arithmetic package in Z80 as sembly What a pain Next I used an 8048 single chip micro controller in a temperature controller I only needed integer math for this beast The cost of an 8048 the version they pro gram at the factory then was about 5 but unless you wanted at least 5000 pieces Intel wouldn t consider the pro gram mask The version with internal EPROM was about 50 so I designed a card to supply external EPROM and RAM with an address latch It looked like a single board computer when I finished The worst part was that I still couldn t afford an in circuit emulator for debugging the code There s a neat little circuit you can build around the 8048 to cause it to single step through a program You can monitor the state of the address bus with LEDs You can have the 8048 write inter mediate results to an output port with more LEDs Then you can single step your way through the bugs burn new EPROMs single step burn new EPROMs single step The Prescription For Embedded Pain These were just two early experiences I also wrote a cross assembler for the National Semiconductor 8073 micro processor
27. included Comes with a complete 320 page manual plus sample programs to get you started 7 95 teed E N CE assigns the appropriate values in the ModeData table to the function pointers ZG PlotPixel and ZG ReadPixel Thus for each graphics mode the correct pixel plotting and reading routines are set automatically Once that is done ZG SetMode as signs values from the ModeData table to the width height and color count values of the ZG VideoInfo structure You should note ZG LWLVL C handles the Hercules card in a special manner Since the PC BIOS does not support the HGC in any way its graphics and text modes must be set via special functions The Zip Graph functions make exceptions to their normal set up by calling the special Hercules functions rather than the BIOS Plotting Pixels Different video modes require differ ent pixel plotting and reading routines which is why I use pointers to the func tions for these tasks You can use ZG PlotPixel and ZG_ReadPixel exactly as if they were regular functions However what they do depends on the graphics adapter Their value is based on the graphics mode you requested via ZG_SetMode In a way you can look upon this as a form of polymorphism This column has already run far longer than it should so I won t go into the specifics of how the individual pixel plotting and reading functions work If you re dying to know pick up a copy of Richard
28. philosophically and technically appeal ing The net uses patterns of bits instead of individual bits to process informa tion Since a network looks for patterns rather than at the status of individual bits no single bit is crucial The network can deal with minor variations in input and still produce the right output I m inclined to think that this more nearly mirrors our thought processes Humans are associators often guessers we take informal statistical samples and make decisions based on a best fit scenario One memory leads to another We often forget details but still recall the overall picture The bottom upper s view is also con sistent with most physicists we can t know their momentum and location but we can know quite a bit about the behavior individual particles precisely of a group of particles Bottom uppers haven t answered the big think question and probably won t but they re tilting the AI community in an intriguing direction For now of course who knows how we do it Think I mean According to Aristotle It often happens that a man cannot recall at the moment but can search for what he wants and find it For this reason some use places for the purposes of recollecting The reason for this is that men pass rapidly from one step to the next for instance from milk to white from white to air from air to damp after which one recollects autumn supposing that one is trying to
29. 00110 06 00111 07 01000 08 01001 09 01010 0A 01011 0B 01100 oc 01101 OD 01110 OE 01111 OF 10000 10 10001 11 10010 12 10011 13 10100 14 10101 15 10110 16 10111 17 11000 18 11001 19 11010 1A 11011 1B 11100 ic 11101 1D 11110 1E 11111 1F Overshoot Overshoot 6301 Trap Error reported Microprocessor RAM error Microprocessor ROM checksum error Interface Chip diagnostic error WRITE FAULT will not reset Index pulse not detected or lost Unable to maintain spin speed 0 5 Loss of FINE TK during idle mode More than one seek retry Time out on END DECL signal Time out on track crossing CYL PULSE Time out on FINE TK TKO signal not detected Comparator mismatch Comparator mismatch Unexpected Microprocessor interrupt Time out on TKO pat Time out on GBl pat Time out on GB2 pat Seek range error Voltage unsafe with WRTGATE inactive Voltage unsafe with WRTGATE inactive Chip unsafe WRITE FAULT Step pulses received with WRTGATE active Time out on END DECEL signal Time out on track crossing CLY PULSE Time out on FINE TK TKO signal not detected Comparator mismatch after rezero Servo adjust failure no closure next some drives pulse four times and some pulse five If your drive pulses four times ignore the leading zero in the above table If there are only four pulses the error cannot be higher than 01111 Beverly Howard Byte Aid 205 Canyon Rim Drive Austin TX
30. 1 Scott begins his super power super compatible graphics routines with this issue He also gives us the latest on hot new packages from Zortech and Lattice summer residents have scurried back to warmer climes and those of us remaining are bundling up I m sure you ll hear about Gunnison on your local news during the next four months consistently we have the coldest temperatures in the lower 48 states Weather men take a perverse pleasure from mentioning and in Gunnison Colorado the low tempera ture today was a brisk 40 below zero It doesn t feel that cold There s no humid ity The sky is sunny 350 days out of the year here so we have a constant supply of solar radiation Since sunlight warms objects it s quite possible to go ice fishing on Blue Mesa Reservoir in 10 below weather without wear ing a heavy coat Strange huh Planning for Rocky Mountain SOG II con tinues Maria and I plan to hold RM SOG II during the weekend of June 14 16 in 1990 We need to hammer out some exact details but the conference is a go Maria and I are very grateful for the over whelmingly positive comments we received from this year s attendees Particular thanks go to Linda and Karl Lunt for their kind words in the last issue of Micro C There s no way we could go through a summer without a SOG You ll find SOG information in the sidebar fall in the Rockies as I write this The As time goes on things chang
31. 2 high 560 Watt MODEL IPS560 350 Sinewave 560W complete with batteries 400 Watt MODEL SPR401 180 20 S630 24 S660 7 2VRC Pack 1 2ah 1 meg SIMMS 115 12V 15ah T2V 20a rra ciet ed ies 8 50 DGell 258D s rr 2 00 16 BIT VGA CARD Color Resolution 640x480 256 of 256 Supplies may have minor cosmetic ROBOTICS 800x600 16 of 256 damage but are electrically sound 5V DC Gear Motor w Tach 1 x2 7 50 1024x768 16 of 256 Squarewave output Run on inter Z80 Controller with 8 Bit A D 15 00 12V Gear Motor 30 RPM 7 50 Cable DB9M DBO9F 1 ft length 2 00 High Voltage Power Supply Input 15 30V DC i Output 100V 400V 16KV 650 B nal or external 24VDC battery when line goes down Typical transfer time 12MS Battery supplied For AT XT amp Kaypro with 512K RAM Runs all standard VGA modes 256K RAM on board Drivers for AutoCad Lotus Framework GEM VP WP WS amp MS Win dows 1 year warranty TERMINALS NEW 24V INTERNAL For 512K 30 extra S185 BATTERY 78 Televideo 925 KAYPRO EQUIPMENT BARGAINS we Repair CPM Ka ypros 9 Green Monitor 83 84 K16 60 CPM COMPUTERS IC S Host Interface Board 15 K4 84 425 K4X 425 81 189 Video Pal 15 00 Keyboard i es Ela o UR DEIMAS 50 81 194 RAM Pal
32. 325 ST 277R 1 Meg RLL 28MS 320 ST 296N Meg SCSI 28MS 380 ST 4053 Meg MFM 28MS 310 ST 4096 Meg MFM 28MS 440 ST 4144R 120 Meg RLL 28MS 510 Listed above are refurbished SEAGATE hard drives Warranty on these units is 90 DAYS or the remainder of the factory warranty whichever is greater Most drives have six 6 months plus remaining warranty FOR ONE YEAR WARRANTY ADD 45 00 EACH THE ABOVE DRIVES SUBJECT TO STOCK ALL SALES FINAL ON REFURBISHED DRIVES Controllers and cables in stock Please call for current price 2400 BAUD MODEM w dkkkkk by Computer Peripherals 2400 Baud Internal and Software 85 00 2400 Baud Enternal and Software 140 00 CASCADE ELECTRONICS INC ROUTE 1 BOX 8 RANDOLPH MN 55065 507 645 7997 Please ADD shipping on all Orders COD Add 3 00 Credit Card ADD 5 MN Add 6 Sales Tax Subject to change Reader Service Number 15 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 25 3D Surface Generation An In Depth Look At Graphics Part 2 Okay now that we have the theory it s time to dissect the code This time Greg ex plains the gnits and the grits for a 3D plot must be stored in a matrix declared as float z alloc 2d array handles the dynamic allocation used in both surface and in the demo program The method permits the dy namic allocation of very large arrays of any type not limited to what will fit in a 64K segment Editor s note Greg s code was too big to inc
33. 51 disk Our issue disks contain all the code printed or not Price includes postage Sometimes an issue disk is as many as three disks but it s still only 6 David Thompson Editor and Publisher PROMPT DELIVERY SAME DAY SHIPPING USUALLY ICs QUANTITY ONE PRICES SHOWN for OCT 29 1989 OUTSIDE OKLAHOMA NO SALES TAX DYNAMIC RAM SIMM AST Prem386 33Mhz 300 00 SIMM 256Kx36 80ns 300 00 San 1Mx9 80ns 120 00 SIMMS 256Kx9 100 ns 35 00 1Mbit 1Mx1 100 ns 41256 256Kx1 60 ns 41256 256Kx1 80 ns 41256 256Kx1 100 ns 41256 256Kx1 120 ns 4464 64Kx4 120 ns 41264 3 64Kx4 100 ns EPROM 27C1000 128kxs 200 ns 27512 64Kx8 200 ns 27256 32Kx8 150 ns 27128 16Kx8 250 ns STATIC RAM 62256P 10 32Kx8 100 ns 6264P 12 8Kx8 120 ns 6116AP 12 2Kx8 120 ns 7 o 80287 8 80387 16 80387 25 125 00 215 00 80387 20 80387 33 8087 2 SAT DELIVERY PETA or UPS CASH COD INCLUDED ON CESSORS UNLIMITED INC MICROPR FED EX ORDERS 24 000 S ROG AVe 91 8 267 4961 RECEIVED BY BEGGS OK 74421 6 25 4 1b No minimum Order Please note prices subject to change 14 25 1 Ib Shipping insurance extra up to 1 for packing materials Reader Service Number 37 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 77 What happens when your sorts are off by one How do you balance trees Without a chain saw j bout a week after Issue 49 came Ax Ed Stimpson called me from Salt Lake City He had obtained a downloaded copy of the Ge
34. 658E 0008 52 4E 20 76 31 2E Determines 658E 000E 30 31 00 658E 0011 0040 dw 40h data areas 658E 0013 00 0A 52 65 73 65 x db ODn OAh Reset Printer 658E 0019 74 20 50 72 69 6E and type 658E 001F 74 65 72 3F 20 24 658E 0025 2 658E 0025 0E cs Detailed 6586 0026 1F bop ds 558E 0027 BA 0013 mov dx offset data 3 658 0013 00n comments 658E 002A B4 09 mov 9 658E 002C CD 21 i 21h DOS Services ah function 09h x display char string at ds dx 658E 002E 84 01 mov ah 1 Simulator 658 0030 CD 21 i 2th DOS Services ah function Olh follows get keybd char al with echo 658E 0032 3C 79 cmp al 79h Doy segment 658E 0034 75 1A j short loc 3 i Jump if not equal 658E 0036 8E 1E 0011 mov ds data 2 658E 0011 40h changes 658E 003A 8B 16 0008 mov dx ds Gprn port 1 0040 0008 378n 658E 003E 83 C2 02 add dx 2 658E 0041 B0 08 mov al 8 658E 0043 EE dx al port 37Ah printer 2 control 80386 and al 8 initialize printer 658E 0044 66 89 00020000 mov ecx 20000h 80486 658E 004A locloop 2 658E 004A 67 2 FD loopd locloop Loop if ecx gt 0 Support 658E 0040 BO 0C mov al 0Ch 2 658E 004F EE out dx al port 37Ah printer 2 control al OCh init amp strobe off 658E 0050 658E 0050 84 4C mov ah 4Ch M Easy to 658E 0052 CD 21 int 21h DOS Services ahsfunction 4Ch terminate with al return code read resetprn endp seg ends format e IllIlIII l I 22 2 0 stack se
35. CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 1 Pkg of 270 Ohm 1 4 watt resistors 271 1314 39 1 22 uF electrolytic capacitor 272 1026 69 1 Pkg of 3 spools solid 22 Gauge hook up wire 278 1306 3 49 1 Pkg of 9v battery snap connectors 270 325 1 19 1 9v battery Your first project uses the 555 timer IC to blink a red light emitting diode LED Building this circuit up on the bread board lets you finish the thing quickly rewire any errors with a minimum of fuss and try changing components It s a great way to start Begin by clearing off some table space opening the breadboard and 555 timer IC packages and taking a moment to look over the 555 Plug the eight metal pins of the IC into the breadboard so the legs straddle the wide gap down the center of the breadboard The Author s Lash up er Breadboard Version Note the Careful Lead On the top of the 555 you ll find either an engraved dot next to one pin or an engraved notch in the center of one edge This dot or notch provides orien tation information for most ICs pin 1 is immediately next to the dot and immedi ately counterclockwise of the notch look ing from the top of the chip See Figure 1 for additional information Notice that with the 555 plugged into the breadboard each pin occupies one hole out of a row of five holes All five holes in a row are connected anything plugged into an empty hole connects to anything else in that row To c
36. CompatiCard IV by Micro Solutions Meet the newest four drive controller in the Compati Card family This CompatiCard may be used as a primary or secondary controller in almost any PC AT or 386 System Boot or use 360k 720k 1 2M 1 44M or 2 88M at any location in your system The Com patiCard IV has a BIOS ROM on board so no external driver software is required CompartiCard IV 08 139 95 Megamate by Micro Solutions You don t have to be a computer expert to install this attractive 312 external drive on your PC or AT Just plug the MegaMate controller board into any empty Slot attach the drive cable run the installation soft ware and you re ready to run 720k or 1 44M diskettes Megamate 0 eese 329 95 Apple MS DOS MatchPoint PC by Micro Solutions Apple Il or NorthStar diskettes in your IBM The MatchPoint PC board for the PC XT AT works with your standard controller card to let you read and write to NorthStar hard sector and Apple II diskettes on your PC INCLUDES UniForm PC program as well as utilities to format disks copy delete and view files from Apple DOS PRODOS and Apple CP M disks MatchPoint PC Board 179 95 rai VISA Ce 2 your PC XT AT End diskette compatibility problems Call Emerald Microware ini APPLE UniForm PC by Mi Micro Solutions Have you ever needed to use your CP M diskettes on your PC Now you can access your CP M f
37. It generates slightly less response than BYTE Besides trying different magazines we ve also tried different slogans The one we ve settled on is Skeptical We make believers Does it work Every day we get several calls that begin Make me a believer And we get let ters signed Skeptical On The Road Early in the spring of 1989 I read with great interest about the B C SOG in Micro C I was convinced we should try to go on the road with The 25 Net work Besides we had planned a West Coast vacation Don agreed We had no idea what a SOG was but thought there was a chance we would meet the editor and perhaps con vince him to look at our product We hooked up with an answering service and a mail service and drove to Canada The B C SOG was wonderful We had so much fun that we followed up with the Rocky Mountain SOG Sales wise our trip to Colorado was more successful than B C I decided in Colorado we would go to SOG East but it took me about a month to convince Don I just couldn t let Dave be the only one to complete the Tour de SOG 89 Editor s note Tour de What I have to admit that Kim and Don really know how to network and it was great seeing their friendly faces in Port Alberni B C Gun nison Colorado York Pennsylvania and Dallas something Dallas used to have football team I think As I mentioned we d originally at tended SOG in hopes of meeting the editor of Micro C
38. M i 40 x200 2sec 30sec Cannot 2sec WINNE TE PTUS dec angel NEO middle of 1 Meg file 1 11 min 15 13 min Cannot Cannot 30 day money back guarantee Call for pricing of XENIX OS 2 and FlexOS versions Very attractive quantity pricing is avail able for schools hardware and software vendors VEDIT and CompuView are registered trademarks of CompuView Products Inc BRIEF is a trademark of UnderWare Inc Norton Editor is a trademark of Peter Norton Computing Inc QEdit is a trademark of SemWare Supports IBM PC XT AT PS 2 and clones with CGA MGA EGA VGA Wyse 700 Amdek 1280 and other displays Also supports Concurrent DOS DESQview Microsoft Windows PC MOS 386 and most networks Also available for MS DOS CRT terminals TI Professional and others Free evaluation disk is fully functional and can edit small files FREE Evaluation Copy Call 1 800 45 VEDIT PRICE 69 Compare Features and Speed 195 75 54 95 CompuView 1955 Pauline Bivd Ann Arbor MI 48103 Reader Service Number 7 31 3 996 1299 Fax 31 3 996 1308 Embedding An XT Motherboard Putting Together A Complete Development System Without Trading In Your House There are fancy chips and fancy boards But however you do it there s one big im pediment to developing an embedded sys tem it s putting together a complete set of tools and then learning how to use them And ICE you know
39. MonitorError 0 if q nReportErrors 0 fprintf fpError d f n q error to file End when error satisfactory if error lt ErrorLevel break end of iteration loop for p 0 error 0 0 p lt nPatterns p for j 0 j lt nOutputNodes j float temp target p j out2 p j error temp temp Average error over all patterns fclose fpRun error nPatterns Print final it number and error value fprintf stderr Iteration 5d 5d Error V f n q nIterations error CON fprintf fpError Mn d f n q error fp fclose fpError print final weights if fpWeightsOut fopen szWeightsOut w NULL fprintf stderr s can t write s n progname szWeightsOut exit 1 for h 0 h lt nHiddenNodes h for i 0 i lt nInputNodes i fprintf fpWeightsOut g c wl h i iSITEMS ITEMS 1 An for j 0 j lt nOutputNodes j for h 0 h lt nHiddenNodes h fprintf fpWeightsOut g c w2 j n j ITEMS ITEMS 1 n fclose fpWeightsOut Print final activation values if fpResults fopen szResults w NULL fprintf stderr s can t write s n progname szResults fpResults stderr Print final output vector for p 0 p lt nPatterns ptt fprintf fpResults d p for j 0 j lt nOutputNodes j fprintf fpResults f ou
40. SERIAL PORTS 1 PARALLEL PORT HARD DISK 40MS AND 1 GAME 9 45 x16 x8 27 19 8 LB 6 6 96 80 6 8 9 6 6 eee 6 0 0 9 8 0 0 0 0 68 8 3400 e LED INDICATORS CARRYING BAG w SHOULDER STRAP 200W UL POWER SUPPLY ONE YEAR LIMITED WARRANTY ONE YEAR WARRANTY GAS PLASMA 2199 eee 2299 LCD PORTABLE 1729 McTEK 286 12MHZ McTEK 386 165X McTEK 386 20MHZ Assembled amp Tested IBM AT Compatible MS DOS OS 2 Compatible m 80286 12 6 MHz B Phoenix BIOS m 640K of RAM Expandable to 4MB m O Wait State m 200W Power Supply m 1 2MB Floppy Drive E Ports 1 Serial 1 Parallel 1 Game E Dual Floppy Dual H D Controller Monochrome Graphic Card m 101 Key Enhanced Keyboard m TTL Monitor 12 m 20MB Hard Disk 40MS o To ifo Fair Er Call 1 199 J DISK DRIVES Fujitsu 360k Citizen CD 120 149 Fujitsu 1 2MB i Citizen CD 180 189 Teac n HPLASAR Serial2 1699 Teac 1 2MB Epson LX 800 219 Teac 3 1 4MB Epson LQ 500 379 20MB Hard Disk Kit 279 Toshiba 321 XL 519 30MB Hard Disk Kit 309 NEC P2000 369 KL320 40MS 215 Call for prices of other brands 8425 Miniscribe 249 8438 30MB Miniscribe 259 MODEMS 3650 40MB Miniscribe 349 3675 60MB Miniscribe 379 300 1200 7
41. Solid State Disk Emulator Featuring E PC DOS MSDOS and Concurrent DOS Compatible E Very Fast Access 6 4 Mbits sec B High Capacity Up to 8 MB Per Board E Expandable to 32 MB W Battery Backup Option E Hardware Parity Checking W No Mechanical Wear E No Special Interfacing E Prices Start Under 600 SemiDisk Systems Inc 11080 S W Allen 400 Beaverton OR 97005 503 626 3104 FAX 503 643 0625 Reader Service Number 162 36 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 before unclamping so you know which cleat goes where Repeat for the top disk and the top and bottom cross panels i e the top and bottom of the card cage Treat the side panels in a similar fash ion Orient the side panel so it bows away from the cleat Be sure to orient the numbered cleat properly before clamping and drilling as above The drilling depth this time should be about 1346 Repeat for the rest of the long cleats Once you ve drilled all the panel cleat pilot holes set aside the cleats and ream out all the panel holes with a 4 bit Chuck up a 60 degree countersink and countersink one of the holes just enough so that a 6 flathead wood screw seats flush With the drillpress power off bring the countersink bit gently down into countersunk hole until you have firm contact Temporarily lock the spindle in place if your drillpress has this feature otherwise hold the spindle in place while you set the depth stop
42. TSR that hangs on the INT 40H chain where hard drives revector the floppy BIOS restores the rate to its normal value 90 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 Frozen Floppies Etc Figure 1 Speed Up CPU By Slowing Down DRAM Refresh This macro gets around a bug in 80286 that won t popf correctly POPFF MACRO JMP 43 IRET PUSH CS DB OE8H OFBH OFFRH ENDM Call far 2 SEGMENT PARA PUBLIC CODE ASSUME CS REFRESH DS REFRESH ES REFRESH SS NOTHING ORG 100n COM format PROC FAR Jump over resident section of code Place to store old INT 40H vector Save the registers we re changing Set up to write LSB MSB clock rate Delay for lousy IBM AT design Set refresh to every 12h clock ticks 15 3 u secs More delay MSB of timer value to 0 Recover our trashed registers make this call look like an INT CS OLD 40 and call the original stuff INT 40 done restore fast DMA value Save the registers we re changing Set up for LSB MSB rate again Micro Ads A Micro Ad is the inexpensive way to reach over 22 000 technical folks like yourself To place a Micro Ad just print out your message make it short and sweet and mail it to Micro C We ll typeset your ad no charge and run it n the next available issue You can also send camera ready copy Rates 99 for 1 time 267 for three times 474 for 6 limes a best buy at only 79 per insertion Full pay
43. Tech COLOR 34010 612 345 4555 612 345 5514 FAX Reader Service Number 3 PC XT AT DGIS Hercules and Award BIOS are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies T 907 N 6th St Lake City MN 55041
44. Wilton s Programmer s Guide to PC amp PS 2 Video Systems ISBN 1 55615 103 9 by far the best reference ever published about the nuts and bolts of PC graphics programming I doubt ZG LWLVL will be static For instance you could add support for the super VGA modes such as 800x600 Additionally you might like to try some of the non documented VGA modes such as 320x400 with 256 colors But all in good time I suspect this issue s source code is more than enough for most of you to chew on for a while News and Reviews Everything comes in bunches Two significant C related products have ar rived on the scene Zortech C 2 01 and Lattice C 6 01 Zortech C 2 01 will have been re leased by the time you read this As 62 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 here that most of you know I m a big fan of the compilers written by Walter Bright and an even bigger fan of C I beta tested this latest release and can frankly say that this is one of the finest compilers ever written It s one of the fastest com pilers I ve seen and it produces very tight and reliable code Probably Zortech s biggest feature is its near perfect implementation of AT amp T C version 2 0 C 2 0 is prob ably the most amazingly complex lan guage ever developed and Zortech is the first MS DOS vendor with a native code compiler for it I used a beta copy of Zortech C 2 01 while writing a book on C 2 0 The compiler s c
45. chance to take the plunge with Ferrin I pulled up a chair in the pro duction room saw your picture in Micro Cornu copia and it made me pucker You seem like such a man Obviously an intelligent and dis criminating woman or so I thought Im petite with blond hair and green eyes and I love to I won t continue you can probably guess where the letter was heading Be sides at that point a decidedly un female picture fell out of the envelope and I heard a couple of snickers from the next room I skipped to the end of the letter and read I must be getting off now I m due at the humane society for my volunteer work I just love those cocker spaniels ps Jackie and Cary helped me write this and all the others Steamy enough yet Suddenly I was surrounded by the same conniving crew that had watched me read the personal ad weeks before They tried to appease me with pizza and chocolate frozen yogurt pie and I let them think that they had But now I get my final and poetic revenge they wrote most of this article but I get paid for it Editor s note Of course the next pizza and the next yogurt pie are on you fella And we ll take em as soon as you return from Yosemite MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 65 By Kim Jindra with Don Jindra Information Modes P O Drawer F Denton TX 76202 817 387 3339 Marketing The 25 Network Making It A Little Bit At A Time The J
46. counter chip but haven t yet worked it out They re designing a new board which uses a FORTH CPU and its own memory to store samples and thus will not be subject to the vagaries of the 42 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 PC s interrupts But it will cost three times more than the AD1000 The upshot of all this is 1 Even boards which seem like they ought to be almost the same iee the Ad vantech board and the RTD board can function very differently 2 People buying the RTD AD1000 are using it for measurement not digital signal processing or control 3 I m doing my sampling in soft ware without the aid of the counter timer George said he knew a fellow who used the AD1000 to sample music ap parently the sampling rate was high enough that the rattle in the sampling pe riod inconsistencies due to other demands on the system didn t affect it Ive always heard the sampling period must be constant though I m not sure how constant My computer a Standard 286 from PC Source has two speeds 6 and 10 MHz Normally I can t use 10 MHz be cause they used the wrong interrupt con troller on the motherboard it locks up during disk writes tape backups modem communications etc PC Source was quite rude when I wanted it fixed by the way so I ve been stuck in the slow lane ever since Since I didn t use interrupts in this project I was able to switch between 6 and 10 MHz and see a dramatic dif
47. do some soldering Your First Tool Kit Just as with software a set of well de signed tools makes any project easier As a minimum you ll need A small low power 10 25 watt soldering pencil or iron A pair of needle nosed pliers A pair of wire cutters A small spool of rosin core solder A pair of wire strippers to strip insu lation from hookup wire If you stay with hardware for long you ll replace these first tools as you out grow them No big deal you probably outgrew your first text editor too Mr MOX by Epoch Data Modem operated power controller for your PC Makes any PC with external modem remote accessible Software included Order direct from Epoch Data P O Box 1093 Cardiff CA 92007 619 543 9423 Reader Service Number 135 52 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 For the soldering iron try the Shack 64 2070 unit Rated at 25 watts it comes with a decent sized tip large enough for speaker wires small enough for IC leads and a little stand to hold the tip off the table The latter comes in handy when you re married If you stay with hard ware long enough you ll soon replace this open top stand with a complete cage but the stand will do for now Price 6 29 Be sure to pick up some rosin core solder 64 005 gets you 2 5 ounces for 3 19 If you use up this much solder you re either hooked on hardware or ter minally clumsy In the old days you had to be careful a
48. editorial you imply that the problems that have been reported seem to be limited to Seagate drives Maybe you should pan the Sea gates as you usually do that s why I bought Miniscribe instead of SpinRite Well you wanted feedback For me SpinRite has been a lifesaver and I think that you ve done both your readers and Gibson research a disservice by steering those of us with XT type hard drives away from such an outstanding pro duct I feel bad writing such a critical letter Micro C is the only magazine computer or otherwise that I read from cover to cover as soon as it arrives and I recommend it most highly But I think that you really goofed on this one Joel M Goldberg RD 1 Box 230 Richmond VT 05477 Editor s note If you felt bad enough you could bring over your lawn mower Ap parently the SpinRite folks thought I d trashed their product too and I feel bad about that I ll help you with the grass We ve been chasing a problem with our BBS for the past few months it s been going off into never never land fairly regularly Larry noticed some sector errors on the little Microscience drive so he ran SpinRite on it The system s been flawless since and it s an XT Plus of course 286 and 386 hard drive controllers don t have the homing problem the problem really resides in the XT s con troller I don t know use SpinRite if you wish we re using it However you might want to read the following lett
49. from their forthcoming book on implementing and using neural networks due in 1990 from Academic Press Intro A neural network in short looks for patterns in a set of sample cases a train ing set learns from these samples and 16 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 classifies new examples based on the pat terns it s learned Neural networks are particularly use ful for solving problems that use impre cise or fuzzy input patterns They re par ticularly inappropriate for solving prob lems requiring precise calculations You ll probably never successfully balance your checkbook with one Of course your checkbook might be unbalanceable any way We broadly characterize NNTs using three criteria 1 Network architecture in general how slabs made up of layers are inter connected and how they receive input and output More on slabs and layers later For now look over Figure 1 a typi cal NNT feedforward architecture Feed forward means that the information flow is always in one direction from input to output without any feedback Q The type of transfer function we use for processing elements PEs or nodes or neurodes in the network That is what function describes the output of an element given its input 3 The type of learning paradigm we use to train the network Think of these three criteria or cate gories as the top level attributes of an NNT As we ll show you you can t al ways
50. from your original source code Then I read in The Wall Street Journal that penny stock brokers including Blinder often purchase large blocks of shares and then push the shares at a big profit Once the push is over the price nearly always falls into a hole In this case not only did the push end but the government started criminal action After all that the Blinder salesman asked if I d like to move into something a little more solid part of a race horse I didn t ask which part but I figured he was trying to saddle me with yet another slow mover This experience made me really appreciate The Wall Street Journal The Journal not only gives me the latest on financial scams I read about diamond platinum and oil drilling rights scams just days before the calls started but it also covers com puter companies In fact it often covers things untouched by the computer journals For instance there s Miniscribe Miniscribe has a reputation for solid drives but I didn t realize just how solid until I read the Journal s piece on the company Miniscribe was apparently shipping bricks solid new bricks instead of drives to make it appear that sales were growing I can imagine some dumb dealers serious anti tech nical types but it s hard to believe they were fooled Plus I m sure dealer training firms were quick to add the appropriate classes This is a hard drive this is a brick This is a hard drive th
51. general purpose symbol table parse tree construction and management package specify Symtab or Ptree 60 er s Prolog Version 3 0 inference engine for use with C DEOR e bonu uuo Sue we Woh eae nce M ais venue XE E verum e Os 60 Async Termio Unix V compatible serial interface for MS DOS stty ioctl SIGINT etc l l rln 55 Backup amp Restore Utility by Blake McBride multiple volumes file compression amp encryption lr 50 NEW Floppy TAR TAR backup and restore on MS DOS devices direct access to non standard devices ll 50 SuperGrep exceptionally fast revolutionary text searching algorithm also searches sub directories 50 NEW REGX Plus search and replace string manipulation routines based on regular expressions llle 50 OBJASM convert obj files to asm files output is MASM ampart Sn Se or inep taha te HAEE Ro oa ce Te m a depre OE NS at s 50 Multi User BBS chat mail menus sysop displays does not include Hayes modem driver 50 NEWS LaplaceB LaPlace polynomials real and complex 9 e 6 acoso moro a 50 Updated CLIPS rule based expert system generator Version 4 3 advanced manuals available llle 50 NEW Kier DateLib all kinds of date manipulation translation validation formatting amp arithmetic 45 Updated Fortran to C Translator by Polyglot 1 oe ee
52. help keep man from making himself over in the image of his electronic marvels The danger is not so much that man will be controlled by the computer as that he may imitate it There once was a time in the history of this society when the ability of people to convey meaning was enriched by their knowledge of and access to the work of creative minds from across the centuries No more Conversation and letters today like education have become enfeebled by emphasis on the functional and the 28 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 451 Jan Feb 1990 purely contemporary The result is a mechanization not just of the way we live but of the way we think and of the human spirit itself The delegates to the United States Constitutional Convention were able to undergird their arguments with allusions to historical situations and to the ideas of philosophers essayists and dramatists Names such as Thucydides Aristotle Herodotus Plutarch or Seneca were commonly cited to support their posi tions They alluded to fictional characters from Aristophanes Marlowe or Shakespeare to lend color to the explora tion of ideas Analytical essays by Hamil ton Madison and Jay that appeared in The Federalist Papers were an excursion into the remote corners of history Men such as Jefferson Adams Fran klin and Rush could summon pertinent quotations from Suetonius or Machiavelli or Montaigne to illustrate a principle If they referred to Bacon s opinion of Ar
53. higher voltages than the 555 provides If you re adding a relay be sure to in clude the diode use Shack s 276 1101 at 49 as shown It protects the 555 from the reverse EMF generated by the relay Don t try to use this relay to control 120 VAC house current without some ex perienced help Figure 4 shows my working version of this circuit the basic 555 schematic serves as a starting point I use this ver sion to help me with a simple home problem We have a freezer in the garage con nected to the same electrical circuit as the two upstairs bathrooms Unfortunately my wife s hair dryer occasionally trips the ground fault circuit protector in the bathroom shutting power off to the whole circuit If we don t notice this in time or if the breaker trips for any other reason we stand to lose a freezer full of food Now I have a simple solution I just leave the 555 timer circuit plugged into a bathroom outlet If the power shuts down the relay drops out closing the connection on the 9 volt battery and starting the piezo beeper Resetting the GFCI in the bathroom or garage restores power pulls the relay back in and shuts off the beeper I just make sure the battery is fresh That s A Wrap Now you know enough about hard ware construction to do some simple cir cuits If you like this type of hobby start shopping for books and reading Radio Electronics magazine offers plenty of construction projects each issue Al
54. index integer First char S string Weight Weights Output pattern Patterns constructor Init destructor Done virtual procedure Get weights procedure Output characters end Screenptr screen screen object GraphDriver integer Graphics device driver Continued on page 88 It s Glorious No color PCompatible is complete without a copy of this get one and see what I mean Jerry Pournelle BYTE Infinite Neither of us the chief engineer of the Galileo Jupiter probe and I may ever be heard from again Arthur C Clarke I could watch an animated image for hours Larry Fogg Micro C MIA 89 FractalMagic 5 0 America s Premier Fractal Program IBM PC PS 2 3 5 or 5 25 CGA EGA amp VGA 35 00 nt Mac Apple II Atari ST 25 00 ev EGA VGA Picture Disks 15 00 Expansion Modules Coming Soon PE Sintar Software Software for the Mind P O Box 3746 Bellevue WA 98009 206 455 4130 Visa MC AmEx GraphMode integer Graphics mode value MaxX MaxY word Maximum screen resolution ErrorCode integer Reports graphics errors MaxColor word Max color value available pexReturn integer PixelStatus integer ViewInfo ViewPortType constructor init destructor done virtual procedure Initialize end var OldExitProc Pointer Saves exit proc addr SF procedure MyExitProc begin ExitProc OldExitProc Restore exit proc addr
55. is simple enough to warm anyone s irons f you work play primarily with soft ware building electronic projects opens a new area of exploration No libraries no editors no optimizing com pilers this is really low level stuff Here you get your hands dirty playing with wires resistors and sockets When I talk about tools I mean tools Yet your entry into hardware con struction need not be expensive A couple of trips to the local Radio Shack and you could have your first project running for under 20 That s probably less than you spent on your last save the galaxy game Note I will deal almost exclusively with Radio Shack in this article I don t work for Radio Shack in fact I don t know why anyone would want to work for Radio Shack but they are every where You can get your supplies a lot of other places but if you ever get stuck on a Sunday afternoon and just have to have a 555 timer I ll bet next week s lunch money you ll wind up at RS First Breadboard It To get started in hardware you need to build something Editor s note this is a rite of passage So head on down to the Shack or to your nearest hacker buddy with a well stocked junk box and get the following 1 Modular IC breadboard socket 276 175 7 49 or 276 174 11 95 1 555 timer IC 276 1723 1 19 1 Pkg of jumbo red LEDs 276 041 amp 69 1 Pkg of 10K Ohm V4 watt resistors 271 1335 394 50 MICRO
56. issue 51 disk for 6 add 2 postage for foreign orders and start exploring this amazing tech nology If you want to really get into neural networks a great place to start is Vol I of Parallel Distributed Processing by Rumel hart and McClelland You ll probably come away with a good understanding of back propagation networks if you read Chapters 1 through 4 and Chapter 8 Be prepared to read Chapter 8 at least twice Also consider attending conferences or symposia on neural networks The International Joint Conferences on Neural Networks IJCNN sponsored jointly by the Institute of Electrical amp Electronics Engineers IEEE Neural Network Com mittee NNC and the International Neural Network Society INNS The societies alternate in terms of which one is lead society For the time being the INNS is lead in the Winter IEEE NNC in summer The Winter 1990 IJCNN will be held in Washington D C January 15 19 1990 For more information contact Deverman amp Assoc 4233 Spring Street 99 La Mesa CA 92041 phone 619 462 6800 A smaller conference but one of very high quality is the Neural Information Processing Systems NIPS meeting al ways held in Denver This year it will be held November 28 December 2 at the Sheraton Denver Tech Center For more information contact Kathy Hibbard NIPS89 Local Committee Univ of Colorado Engineering Center Cam pus Box 425 Boulder CO 80309 0425
57. nIterations of iterations desired nRuns of runs or input lines FILE fpRun run file fpPattern source pattern input file fpWeights initial weight file fpWeightsOut final weight output file fpResults results output file fpError error output file char szResults 66 various pathnames char szError 6 6 char szPattern 66 char szWeights 66 char szWeightsOut 66 char progname argv name of executable DOS 3 x only read optional arguments for argc gt 1 arge char arg argv if arg break switch arg case e sscanf ttarg d amp nReportErrors break case d sscanf ttarg f amp ErrorLevel break default break argc 2 fprintf stderr Usage s en df runfilename n progname fprintf stderr en gt report error every n iterations n fprintf stderr df gt done if sum squared error lt f n exit 1 Open run file for reading fpRun fopen argv r NULL fprintf stderr s can t open file s n progname argv exit 1 Read line 1 lines to read from run file fscanf fpRun d amp nRuns beginning of work loop for r 0 r lt nRuns r read and parse run specification line fscanf fpRun s ts ts s ts Sd td d td sd SE SE output results file error output file szRe
58. of each panel at the middle not the nominal V2 thickness 4 ba fa SD aes oat LEFT SIDE PANEL Right Side Panel is mirror image NOTE 1 Dashed lines show positions of cleats amp cross panels on the inner side NOTE 2 Vertical dashed lines show placement of stiffener on outer side NOTE 3 LIMBO Stepper PCB mount holes 4 Drill amp countersink from inner side of panel NOTE 4 Cleat mounting holes 6 32 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 Drill amp countersink from outer side of panel CompatiCard by Micro Solutions This four drive universal floppy controller will let you run up to 16 disk drives 4 per CompatiCard including standard 360K 96 TPI high density 1 2M 8 SSSD or DSDD and 720k 1 44M 31 2 drives The Compati Card comes with its own MS DOS driver utility pro grams and will let you boot on an XT must be used as a secondary controller on an AT or 386 Use it with UniForm PC for maximum versatility CompatiCard Board 119 95 CompatiCard with UniFORM PC 179 95 8 drive adaptor board 15 00 External drive cable set 15 00 CompatiCard II by Micro Solutions Two drive version of the CompatiCard for the XT or AT Same drive support as the CompatiCard except no 8 or single density CompatiCard Il 0008 89 95 xxx Special xxx CompatiCard Il with internal 1 2M or 1 44M drive 199 95
59. of edging a bit closer to something plausible The AI community for example broadly splits along two paradigms for explaining thinking Thinking gt the way the brain does it Thinking gt the results the brain gets These views repre sent the strong and weak schools of AI The weak school at its most pliant according to philosopher Keith Gunderson claims that computers can perform tasks that previously required intelligence without using any intel ligence at all An expert system belongs in this par adigm since it typically classifies new information based on rules extracted from a human expert The expert was presumably intelligent The expert sys tem will seek answers give advice or classify by looking things up Looking things up isn t all that intelligent Rule based systems also belong to the domain of the top downers in the AI community Alan Turing Herbert Simon Allen Newell Edward Feigen baum and Roger Schank are all top downers and their thinking about thinking has dominated AI research for 30 odd years 96 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 By Gary Entsminger P O Box 2091 Davis CA 95617 Brains Neural Networks Rule based systems scripts and frames are the tools of the AI top down trade The intelligence of any of these systems is generally static No dynamic learning system based on rules has ever been successful In a fascinating study of the big is sues in science
60. phone 303 492 4720 To give you an idea of the selectivity of this conference this year over 500 papers were sub mitted fewer than 100 will be accepted for oral or poster presentation References Anderson J A and E Rosenfeld Eds Neurocomputing Foundations of Re search MIT Press Cambridge Mass 1988 ISBN 0 262 01097 6 39 95 McClelland J L and D E Rumelhart Parallel Distributed Processing Vol 2 MIT Press Cambridge Mass 1986 ISBN 0 262 13218 4 16 75 paperback McClelland J L and D E Rumelhart Explorations in Parallel Distributed Pro cessing MIT Press Cambridge Mass 1988 ISBN 0 262 63113 X 27 00 paper back with software diskettes Rumelhart D E and J L McClelland Parallel Distributed Processing Vol 1 MIT Press Cambridge Mass 1986 ISBN 0 262 18120 7 16 95 paperback Stubbs D Neurocomputers M D Computing 5 3 14 24 1988 REFURBISHED SEAGATE HARD DRIVES ST 125 20 Meg MFM 28MS 175 ST 125N Meg SCSI 28MS 230 57 138 Meg MFM 28MS 215 ST 138R Meg RLL 40MS 195 ST 138N Meg SCSI 40MS 235 ST 151 Meg MFM 40MS 315 ST 157N Meg SCSI AOMS 275 ST 157R Meg RLL AOMS 240 ST 225 Meg MFM 65MS 160 ST 225N Meg SCSI 65MS 200 ST 225R Meg RLL 65MS 150 ST 238R Meg RLL 65MS 165 ST 250R Meg RLL 70MS 190 ST 251 0 Meg MFM 40MS 250 ST 251 1 Meg MFM 28MS 270 ST 251N Meg SCSI AOMS 290 ST 277R Meg RLL 40MS 280 ST 277N Meg SCSI AOMS
61. preprocessing our data in various ways You can nor malize the data by considering all the n inputs together normalize each channel separately or normalize groups of channels in some way that makes sense In some cases the way you choose to normalize the inputs can affect the performance of the NNT so this is one place you can really experiment If your inputs all consist of raw data points you ll probably normalize all the channels together If the inputs consist of parameters you may normalize each channel separately or normalize chan nels that represent similar kinds of para meters together For example if some of your parameter inputs represent ampli tudes and some represent time intervals you might normalize the amplitude channels as a group and the time chan nels as a group Feedforward Calculations Now assuming we have the input pattern represented by our normalized set of inputs what happens at the input layer Given that the values are normal ized the input PEs simply split the signal into multiple paths to the hidden layer PEs In other words the output of each input layer PE is exactly equal to the input and is in the range of 0 to 1 Another way of looking at the input layer is that it normalizes input Most NNT implementations normalize inputs before they re presented to the network The input signals are then sent to the PEs of the hidden layer via the connec tions from the i
62. procedures Statistics procedures Activity analyzer prints program use histogram Operating system interface THIS IS THE SAME SYSTEM WE SOLD FOR 295 So how can we make this offer why the unbelievable deal Very simply we think all software is overpriced We want to build volume with the booming IBM market and our overhead is low so we re passing the savings on to you AND AT NO RISK When you receive JAT Pascal look it over check it out If you re not completely satisfied return the system within 30 days and your money will be refunded in full THAT S NOW A COMPLETE PASCAL FOR ONLY 29 95 number a BBS and a FAX Don s also finishing up a whole new network Our new net should handle 20 to 30 nodes be very flexible and support lots of different hardware such as serial ports parallel ports arcnet cards and SCSI It will also include all the specs for the hardware interface That way purchasers can write their own hard ware drivers Target price will be 75 and we ll offer a 25 discount to current customers On the marketing side we ll keep ex panding the advertising slowly What would we do if we got 10 000 orders in a month We ll be adding some regional publications as well as some language magazines Finally we d like to try PC Magazine if we can justify the expense RIGHT COMPLETE SATISFACTION GUARANTEED OR In addition if you want to copy the diskette or loose
63. respon sible for all storage and transfer of data The physical interface to disk devices is through MS DOS installed device drivers MS DOS itself is by passed Therefore Tele will work with the same devices that MS DOS supports Separate from the physical interface is the directory struc ture Tele supports installable file systems each device can have a unique media format Only MS DOS compati ble media are supported in FS Some other Tele components involve installable file systems For instance the UX component emulates the Unix ketnel Most of its code supports Unix media Networks are sup ported by an installable file system that causes directory operations to be performed on a device in a remote com puter system FS itself only supports MS DOS media but it provides the main hooks by which any other file system can be emulated The bulk of Tele FS code supports hierarchical directory structures and file redirection Because MS DOS is not involved you can use FS to avoid its restrictions Tele FS also includes serial communications support 8250 controllers are supported in bidirectional interrupt mode Ring and break indicators are also supported Serial ports can be accessed directly or redirected through the file system Files can also be redirected from the keyboard and to the console display and printer To support efficient communication and storage FS con tains a modified Huffman compression algorithm
64. spectacular effects for exploding your graphics 99 Blazing Graphics Text With PCX Text you can display text with graphics as fast as it always should have been Display characters strings fixed and proportional text background transparency and more Includes a font editor 85 fonts and text utilities for blazing graphics bitmapped text 149 All packages support 12 compilers for C Pascal Basic Fortran Assembly and Clipper All modes of the Hercules o o o o CGA EGA VGA and Super VGA adapters are supported up through 800x600x256 22 modes in all Assembly Language MICRO RD ERA MT NG source Code is optionally available Trademarks are property ee en ee TONS of their respective holders 11315 Meadow Lake e Houston Texas 77077 e 713 870 0737 No Royalties 30 day M Back G VISAMCJAMEXICODPO accepted 1 800 227 0918 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 19 Figure 3 BATCHNET C Generic back propagation neural network c 1988 1989 R W Dobbins and R C Eberhart All Rights Reserved Revision 1 1 Date 21 Sep 1989 11 35 06 include lt stdio h gt include lt stdlib h gt include lt math h gt include lt conio h gt include lt ctype h gt include lt string h gt define ESC 27 idefine ERRORLEVEL 0 04 define ITEMS 8 typedefs amp prototypes for dynamic storage typedef float PFLOAT of arrays typedef PFLOAT VECTOR typedef PFLOAT MATRIX void VectorAllocate VE
65. steady two phases of the motor will energize locking the rotor To conserve power bringing ENABLE low allows all phases to deenergize regardless of the states of DIR and STEP A dual JK flip flop in conjunction with a few XOR gates provides all the sequencing The NAND gates perform the ENABLE function and four of the in verter buffers drive the power MOSFET gates gives you better rise times The 1 ohm resistors in the gate circuits prevent high frequency oscillation ferrite cores are the ideal solution but resistors 40 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 are cheaper Power MOSFETs have ex tremely high current gains and can oscil late at several hundred MHz which spells Smokey Trouble if not properly at tenuated Use the other two invertors for their Schmitt trigger inputs to clean up the DIR and STEP signals should they pick up any electrical noise The NAND gates also have Schmitt trigger inputs so ENABLE gets cleaned up too Overkill Maybe Noise pickup is surely the toughest problem to solve once you have it Best to avoid it in the first place Along the same line I also used separate paths for signal ground and high current ground In any system mixing high current circuits and logic cir cuits it is essential to use a Single Point Ground SPG which means physically separating the current paths OGWI1 o u3dd3lS The traces and transistors on the board are sized to accommodate larger mo
66. tap 6 32 Tee nuts into each hole then mount the Trapez fittings and angle brackets with 6 32x3 flat head machine screws The brackets go on the opposite sides from the Trapez fit tings Trapez fittings go in the left and right bays brackets in front and rear bays Assemble the dividers to check that the Trapez blocks sit flush with the bot tom edges and that the angle brackets are flush with the top Epoxy the X divider panels together using a try square and masking tape to hold the panels square until the epoxy sets After the epoxy sets position the X dividers on the top surface of the middle disk Carefully trace around the lower Figure 4 Isometric View of the Whole Superstructure IE 11 DIAMETER 4 SCREWDRIVER ACCESS HOLE 1 of 4 TRAPEZ FITTING 1 of 4 MIDDLE DISK SIDE PANEL 1 of 2 I o to N CN SIDE PANEL STIFFENER 1 of 2 BOTTOM DISK 38 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 blocks of each Trapez fitting then re move the holding screws and use the lower blocks to mark the hole locations on the disk Drill the mounting holes and mount the blocks with Tee nuts and screws as above Try the fit between the X divider and disk Trapez blocks If it takes consider able force to mate all the blocks you will have to enlarge one or more of the lower block mounting holes to allow the block s to move enough for easy mating Repeat
67. the time we looked upon European sales as bonus money not really expecting much Reader Service Number 175 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 67 A week later we got another offer from Germany But it turned out that signing with Kirschbaum was an excel lent decision We ve had a good and profitable relationship for two years More Promotion Meanwhile business picked up in the U S We increased our product line and threw in a list of other products with the orders We also sent this infor mation with bingo card literature Other products include disassem blies of DOS 1 1 15 and 2 1 45 The Weak Link 15 Hercules Graphics Drivers 15 an 8748 simulator 15 and the System Technical Reference complete with BIOS calls DOS calls and everything else Don needed to have on hand while writing drivers in as sembly language 5 The Technical Reference has been very popular even though we don t mention it in our ads Meanwhile the want ad in Computer Shopper grew larger as we added infor mation on the Hercules Graphics Drivers and the simulator As sales grew Don put me to work nights after spending days mucking about in my new archaeology job I started by helping out with the mail Our next big step was to take out a small showcase ad just for the network The ad cost 250 very foolhardy It meant we would spend close to 400 per month advertising in Computer Shopper Plus they wante
68. these tests then and only then install the ICs Use the normal precautions for handling static sensitive components Editor s note I know some of you will wonder what normal precautions means so 1 don t shuffle your feet on the rug 2 connect a piece of hookup wire between your watch and the board s ground 3 don t hand an IC to another person without touching that person skin to skin first 4 leave ICs in their tubes or foam until you re ready to install them 5 don t slide ICs across the table top and 6 don t give me static about not telling you To test the boards with the stepper motors you ll need an adjustable square wave generator that can output 5V CMOS levels from 0 to 1000 Hz A bench function generator is ideal but you can jerry rig a 555 timer to do the job If you haven t the faintest idea what I m talking about I suggest you obtain a copy of Forrest Mims 555 Timer Circuits En gineer s Mini Notebook at Radio Shack Connect the eight wires of the stepper motor to the screw terminals of J102 With power off connect a 6V supply capable of sourcing at least 2 Amps to the B and High Current Ground termi nals of J103 On J101 jumper ENABLE to V jumper DIR to ground connect Vee and Signal Ground to a 5V power supply then connect the squarewave output of your function generator power still off to STEP Now comes the big moment First turn on the logic power supply alone then tu
69. to capture a set of voice samples Notice that you Rack amp Desk PC AT Chassis Integrand s new Chassis System is not another IBM mechanical and electrical clone An entirely fresh packaging design approach has been taken using modular construction At present over 40 optional stock modules allow you to customize our standard chassis to nearly any requirement Integrand offers high quality advanced design hardware along with applications and technical support all at prices competi tive with imports Why settle for less unn nuni naa Ur Rack amp Desk Models Accepts PC XT AT Motherboards and Passive Backplanes Doesn t Look Like IBM Rugged Modular Construction Excellent Air Flow amp Cooling Optional Card Cage Fan Designed to meet FCC 204 Watt Supply UL Recognized 145W amp 85W also available Reasonably Priced Call or write for descriptive brochure and prices 8620 Roosevelt Ave Visalia CA 93291 209 651 1203 TELEX 5106012830 INTEGRAND UD FAX 209 651 1353 We accept Bank Americard VISA and MasterCard IBM PC XT AT trademarks of International Business Machines Drives and computer boards not included Reader Service Number 22 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 45 must pass the address and size of the buffer where you want the samples stored as well as the threshold and the sampling rate The threshold lets you cut off background noise ie
70. to the current depth If your drillpress does not have a depth stop then mark the position on the depth indicator lve yet to see a drillpress without one or the other Countersink the rest of the holes in all the other panels and disks taking care to countersink from the correct side i e the side you drilled the pilot holes from Drill the LIMBO Stepper PCB mount ing holes 964 for left and right side panels Countersink these holes too but from the opposite side of the panels the crown side Drill the 4 card guide mounting holes in both the top and bot tom cross panels Do not countersink these holes To finish with the panels epoxy the stiffeners to the side panels then epoxy and screw the long cleats to the bottom disk and top and bottom cross panels Epoxy the 2 backstop cleats to the middle of the side panels in the battery compartment Place them level with their ends butting against but not epoxied to both the bottom disk cleats and bottom cross panel cleats The middle disk will eventually be attached to the same cleats as the top cross panel but do not epoxy the cleats to the middle disk at this time Instead use screws alone to hold this disk to the cleats so the disk can be re moved later Step 3 The Card Cage The card cage must provide mechani cal support for the backplane l ve al lowed for either a PCB or wire wrapped backplane for those of you who want to do more work and spend mo
71. tree an appropriate rotation around the nodes with balance factors of 2 or 2 restores the balance GenAvlTree is pretty much a drop in replacement for GenBinTree See Figure 1 The procedure names are almost By Michael S Hunt 2313 N 20 Boise ID 83702 208 336 7413 identical Some of the parameter order has changed and a new parameter has been added The boo parameter is needed for the routine s recursive calls They need to be provided when called from GenSort but not initialized I will include the source for my cor rected GenSort GenAvlTree and several sample programs on the issue disk If you have more questions about the routines contact Ed or myself Next Time _ In the next issue I ll start discussing Turbo Pascal Modula 2 and objects Through issue 49 I ve written all the source code for the column in both Turbo Pascal and Modula 2 Although the two languages are very similar if you are squeezing them for perform ance or using many of Turbo Pascal s extensions translating between the two can be very time consuming Because I have started a large project for Micro C and I would like to spend more time on the column I will provide only the Turbo Pascal source code And thanks Ed for your time effort and suggestions Ed Stimpson 3862 Millcreek Rd Salt Lake City UT 84109 References G M Adelson Velskii E M Landis Doklady Akademia Nauk SSSR 146 1962 English translation in
72. weight The PEs with the letter b inside are called bias nodes In this article and our book sub scripted lower case letters represent the attributes of individual PEs nodes and of individual connections the letter i represents an input o represents an output w represents a connection weight pn represents the number of nodes in a layer e The subscripts ijl refer to the input hidden and output layers respectively If you use more than one hidden layer the subscript k represents it For example i is the input to an input layer PE oj is the output of a hidden layer PE and n is the number of PEs in the output layer Bold lower case letters represent vec tors For example ij represents the input vector to the input layer made up of all the individual inputs oj repre 18 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 sents the output vector of the output layer We often work with a combination of an input vector and its associated output vector This combination of an input and its associated output comprises a pat tern vector represented by a p We list the input part first then the output Typically we divide all our pat terns into two categories or sets a train ing set and a testing set The subscripts rS are associated with training and testing respectively eural networks are hot but they re far from perfected even the best of these wi
73. when you aren t speaking into the microphone Displaying Data Points Figure 3 contains the declarations for the functions which display the data points I used gprintf and display view settings for debugging and left them in for your enjoyment The important function is display ser ies which takes any series of points not necessarily collected from the AD1000 you can create your own ser ies It then displays it after moving the whole group up or down by amount offset and scaling the output using vertical scale factor and horizon tal scale factor The definition for display series is in Figure 4 I chose to make a local copy of the series before performing the scaling so the original series isn t touched The call to the ANSI C library function cal loc allocates the space on the heap which is later de allocated with free 2 US Postal Service Statement of Ownership Management and Circulation Required by 39 U S C 3685 1A Title of Pub lication MICRO CORNUCOPIA 1B Publication Number 0747 587X 2 Date of Filing 9 29 89 3 Frequency of Issue Bi monthly 3A Number of Issues Published Annually 6 3B An nual Subscription Price 18 00 4 Location of Known Office 155 NW Hawthorne Bend Oregon 97701 2917 5 Location of the Headquarters or General Business Offices of the Publish ers 155 NW Hawthorne Bend Oregon 97701 2917 6 Name and Complete Address of the Publisher Editor and Managing
74. you make a piece of furniture strong yet easy to break down into smaller easy to carry sections The answer Knock Down hard ware I chose a variety called the Trapez fitting two mating plastic blocks with a single screw to hold them together The Trapez is designed to join a vertical panel to a horizontal panel The top block has sideways screw holes for mounting on the vertical panel the bottom block has screw holes for mounting on the horizon tal See Figure 3 When you remove the holding screw the two panels come apart Each fitting weighs a fraction of an ounce so four of them are no problem one for each corner of the X dividers Angle brackets and epoxy per Help Load Format Edit FOE Output Patch Xoption Format All PF eS ng mc call sif Text Unlimited file ano ax Binary size Fully automatic ds uodule sil Main Origin mov Cx mov bx Batch mode and gt gt gt gt gt gt Conversion Section interactive ies dil Word fiddress ifs bx movzx cxi Help repz Locates sti Data Code boundaries mou ax 4c80h int 21h E D TR N No Source Code No Problem New DiseDoc Professional is your dual mode key to any DOS source code It works in batch and interactive modes simultaneously allowing you to generate the core information of even the most complex programs fast and modify them even faster Most programs will come apart in just two minutes Imagine what you can do with
75. 408 Yes Please rush me the following C V2 0 items CJ DEVELOPER S EDITION 450 Save 200 OS 2 COMPILER UPGRADE 149 95 Name Address Q1 C COMPILER 199 95 sued ecl ee A C DEBUGGER 149 95 City ote Zip Q C TOOLS 149 95 d O LIBRARY SOURCE CODE 149 95 xp Date Tel All MicroSoft trademarks are acknowledged Ql COMPILER amp LIBRARY SOURCE 299 95 For US orders please add 5 05 shipping Reader Service Number 70 Cl C VIDEO COURSE 499 95 C C Language Stroustrup 32 25 L1 C Answer Book Hansen 26 95 C C for C Programmers Phol 29 95 OY C Primer Lippman 30 25 Overseas orders at international mail rates INALLY A debugging tool tough enough to handle the DOS Nasties Nasty over write No sweat Soft ICE memory range break points help you track down memory over write problems whether you are doing the over writing or another program is over writing you Hung program No problem When the system hangs you now have hope With Soft ICE you can break out of hung programs no matter how bad the system has been trashed And with Soft ICE s back trace ranges you can re play the instructions that led up to the crash Program too large Not with Soft ICE Soft ICE runs entirely in extended memory This means you can debug even the largest DOS programs And since your program runs at the same address whether Soft ICE is loaded or not you can find those subtle bugs that change wh
76. 5 24 dia disk of the base but used only four Use the remaining holes to mount threaded studs that will protrude up through the bottom disk of the superstructure Wing nuts hold the superstructure to the base Figure 5 LIMBO Stepper Board Parts List cl 100 mfd 50 V Electrolytic c2 1 mfd 35 V tantalum 1 ohm 1 4 W 5 R5 0 47 ohm 2 W wirewound CD4070 Quad XOR CD4027 Dual JK flip flop CD4093 Quad NAND Schmitt trigger inputs CD4584 Hex invertor buffer Schmitt trigger inputs 1N4005 600 V PIV 1 A Silicon rectifier IRF530 Power MOSFET 10 pin male right angle header dual row 8 position wire terminal block 0 2 centers 2 position wire terminal block 0 2 centers Printed circuit board 4 6 32x3 8 machine screws 4 6 32 nuts 4 heatsinks AAVID 5751B 1 16 pin dip socket 3 14 pin dip sockets Assorted wire jumpers Figure 6 LIMBO Stepper Board Schematic SC DIR Signal GND Vec See O Vcc Q Vcc n 9 x Kat 2 10 11 1 C4e Des The studs are merely 10 32x34 flat head machine screws held captive to the base top disk by 10 32x 4 Tee nuts The holes must be countersunk on the bottom side so that the screws are flush It is also necessary to counter bore the other four Tee nut holes on the top side of the base top disk as well as the mount ing holes on the underside of the super structure bottom disk with a 94 spade bit The depth should be no more tha
77. 6 12Mhz XT SYSTEM 4 77 10Mhz w 2 360K Floppies 4 77 10Mhz w 20MB HD 4 77 10Mhz w 30MB HD Color options for our systems includes video card and monitor ATI Graphics Solution CGA Color EGA Color VGA Color Analog w Mitsubishi monitor CGA EGA VGA Multisync FLOPPY DRIVES TEAC 360K TEAC 1 2MB TEAC 3 1 2 720K TEAC 3 1 2 1 44MB HARD DRIVES XT 20MB Miniscribe Kalok 8425 65ms 8425 w controller XT 30MB Miniscribe Kalok 8438 65ms 8438 w controller AT 44MB Mitsubishi MR535 Rotary Voice Coil 28ms AT 71MB Miniscribe 3085 Rotary Voice Coil 25ms VIDEO CARDS Mono Graphics w Parallel port CGA Graphics Card ATI Graphics Solution Mono w CGA Emulation CGA EGA w 256K CGA EGA VGA 8 Bit CGA EGA VGA 16 Bit MR5335 voice coil hard drive with an access time of 28ms and a super fast 1 1 interleave HD controller card 25Mhz 80386 CPU AMI Bios Full Size MB 4MB of RAM expands to 8MB on MB 1 2MB and 1 44MB Floppy Drives 12 Amber Monitor w Mono Graphics Card 101 Key Enhanced Keyboard Serial Parallel Game Ports Clock Calendar 200 Watt Power Supply Socket for 80287 80387 or Weitek Full 1 Year Warranty 2495 Mega Tower CABINETS XT Slide Case Lock LED AT Slide Case Lock LED 3 half ht 1 full ht drives Baby Tower w 200 watt PS 2 half ht 2 3 1 2 Drives Baby Motherboard ONLY Mini Tower w 200 Watt PS 3 half ht 2 3 1 2 Drives holds Full or Baby size MB
78. 78746 5016 Editor s note John Beverly and David are each receiving three copies of this issue plus a genuine Micro C author s tee shirt avail able only to Micro C authors If you have any juicy little technical tips send them to Juicy Tips Micro Cornucopia P O Box 223 Bend Oregon 97709 3 1 2 or 5 1 4 Disks Available 6 ppd U S or 8 ppd Foreign MICRO CORNUCOPIA 1 800 888 8087 orders only or 503 382 8048 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 93 MICROCORNUCOPIA UE 1 8 81 1 E Bs Supply D i pages WUE 2 10 81 Parallel Print Driver Drive Motor Control 16 pages ISSUE 3 12 81 4 MHz Mods onfiguring Modem 7 Reverse Video Cursor FORTHwords Begins 36 Pages m ME ISSUE 4 2 82 is Keyboard Translation i More4 MHz Mods Modems Lync and S10s Undoing CP M ERASE E Pages issue 5 4 82 o 1 Two Text Editors Ls t5 Double Density Review p x om pages I SUE 6 6 82 Bi EPROM Programmer Gussie Your Chars Double Density Update Mu pages Nu ISSUE 7 8 82 ADR Er 8 Reviews Of C phase peda 6K Of RAM fm Qn Your Own Begins 24 pages ISSUE 48 10 82 OLD OUT Issue 9 12 82 BBL EPROM Program Rebeding Your CP M prial Print Driver Big Board Fixes 2 pages uu i 1 i 458 SUE 10 2 83 I88UE 11 4 83 BOLD OUT FH Po i s e 12 6 83 Der Bringing Up B
79. 9 ST 157 49MB 3 479 2400 external 139 2400 internal 99 Assembled amp Tested IBM9 AT Compatible MS DOS OS 29 amp UNIX Compatible 8 80386 16 8 MHz Norton V4 0 SI 17 6 m Phoenix BIOS B 1MB expandable to 16MB RAM m 80387 Coprocessor Socket m 200W Power Supply 1 2MB Floppy Drive W Ports 1 Serial 1 Parallel 1 Game W Dual Floppy Dual H D Controller Monochrome Graphic Card 8 101 Key Enhanced Keyboard m TTL Monitor 12 20MB Hard Disk 40MS ODptlOns ci edu stre itti eme Call 1 495 PC XT Samsung amber 79 640k TurboMothrbrd 80 Samsung EGA color 359 10MHz TurboMothrbrd 85 Samsung RGB color 259 Multi I O w disk contrir 59 NEC Multisync 559 640k RAM card 39 Sony Multiscan 619 2MB Expansion card 89 HGC compat mono card 49 RS232 2 port card 35 Color graphic card 49 4 serial port card 79 EGA Paradise 480 149 Game I O card 15 VGA Paradise 279 384k Multifunction card 69 Genoa Super VGA 299 FCC app slide XTcase 29 150W power supply 49 XT keyboard 42 Logimouse C7 69 Clock Card 19 Logimouse H1 Res 99 Floppy Controller 19 Assembled amp Tested IBM AT Compatible MS DOS OS 29 amp U
80. A Neural Network In C Russ and Roy were hits at SOG East After their presentation I found myself in a motel room cornered by these two neural ad dicts I must say my mind is still working on the inputs back propagation I think it s called All seriousness aside neural nets are very possibly the most important new tech nology I ve seen Once you re comfortable with the concepts things really open up In many ways this is everything that AI had promised and more eural networks are hot For many good reasons We now use appli cations which include embedded Be fm ae Ay neural networks in manufacturing M3 4 EE do XV WYos MK VA vsw A Hp teaching aerospace engineering finan M Y cial advising circuit board analysis and more Contrary to popular opinion you don t need a super parallel processing computer a Sun workstation or a Ph D in neurobiology to use a neural network A PC and the C code for the neural net Bt M Piu work tool NNT we develop in this ar 70 5 pate a i ticle will get you going aod a a This issue well briefly introduce NNTS explain how they work and show you all the equations and code you need to create one In Part 2 we ll show you how to train and use our NNT Mean time download our NNT including C source code and EXEs from the Micro C BBS and tell us what you think about this fascinating technology Editor s note We ve excerpted Russ amp Roy s article s
81. AD1000 by turning it into a simple voltmeter so you can compare the readings with a DVM meter exe tcc c m MEM f I INCLUDE DTEST BOARD capture c tcc L LIB m MEM capture obj ren capture exe meter exe del capture obj These are the dependencies When any of the files in the dependency list change the obj file is re made according to c obj rule voice obj capture obj capture c capture h display obj display c display h P left will produce gprintf left td view left As you can see the additions to the preprocessor in ANSI C can be very use ful Write Your Own printf The function gprintf in Figure 4 is a voice c capture h display h clone of printf At run time printf an alyzes its format string and goes through the arguments to print them according to the format Normally this would be a very unpleasant task to duplicate and one I would never attempt But the ANSI C library provides functions declared in STDARG H which make writing your own printf like function quite easy gprintf is one example The basic technique is this define a va list and pass it to va_start along with the address of the format string Then you can either pick through the ar guments yourself see an ANSI C refer ence or call the special functions vprintfQ vfprintfQ or vsprintf which are printfO fprintf and sprintf for variable argument lists I used vs
82. BII Double Sided Drives for BBI Packet Radio u MHz for Kaypro 4 p ges A 2 88UE 13 8 83 E CP M Disk Directory Ry 2 4 More 256K for BBI x Mini Front Panel Cheap Fast Modem Bp Printer Interface Kaypro f Reverse Video Mod E pages n ISSUE 14 10 83 DU 4n BQH Installation ij The Pertect Terminal is RBI Video Size DET Video Jitter Fix 1 Kaypro Color Graphics Review E pages ISSUE 15 12 83 Screen Dump Listing Fixing Serial Ports Playing Adventure Upgrading Kaypro II To 4 Upgrading Kaypro 4 To 8 48 pagos ES ai Complete Your Education Fill Out Your Collection of Micro C toda ISSUE 16 2 84 Xerox 820 Column Restarts BBI Double Density BBII 5 8 Interface Fix Kaypro ZCPR Patch Adding Joystick To Color Graphics Recovering Text From Memory 52 pages ISSUE 17 4 84 Voice Synthesizer Kaypro Morse Code Interface 68000 Based System Review Inside CP M 86 56 pages ISSUE 18 6 84 Kaypro EPROM Programmer V O Byte A Primer Kaypro Joystick Serial To Parallel Interface Business COBOL 60 pages ISSUE 19 8 84 Adding Winchester To BBII 6 MHz On The BBI Bulletin Boards Track Buffering On Slicer 4 MHz For The 820 1 64 pages ISSUE 20 10 84 HSC 68000 Co Processor DynaDisk For The BBII Serial Printer On BB Sans S10 Cheap amp Dirty Talker For Kaypro Extended 8 Single Density 72 pag
83. C c tree e Packed dut Binary e dBASE e R BASE e Paradox e Xdb Excel o 1 2 3 e SC4 e Btrieve e Oracle Informix e Clarion e DIF e SYLK plus many more file types B No programming completely menu driven W Selects amp rearranges records fields and characters W nstant script file creation for total batch processing W Maps new data structures automatically by name W deal for OEM run time applications an invaluable integration tool Byte more than worth its price PC Magazine asurefire winner Computer Language Standard 99 dBASE ASCII 1 2 3 Q amp A Enable DIF askSam amp merge files for WordPerfect Word amp Wordstar Professional 199 Standard formats plus Binary EBCDIC SC4 SYLK Paradox R BASE Clarion Excel c tree amp Btrieve Advanced 299 Standard amp Professional formats plus Informix Xdb Oracle amp C ISAM TOG A TECHNIQUES Call 800 444 1945 or 512 482 0824 MC VISA AMEX COD e Corp PO available for LANs Xenix amp Unix Tools amp Techniques Inc e 1620 W 12 Austin TX 78703 Reader Service Number 181 OCR Output file C TP EXE OCR Out PCX file C TP EXE a PCX Line length 79 Threshold 0 60 PCX type pcxCGA 6 type Weights array 1 Num of characters of string 4 Patterns array 1 Num of characters of string 1 objects NNIptr neural net interpreter neural net interpreter object Array
84. COMPUTERS SINCE 1983 Orders Only Please 1 800 234 8086 Tech Calls 503 388 1194 Hours Mon Fri 9 00 5 30 855 N W WALL BEND OREGON 97701 Prices are subject to change without notice Shipping CHARGES will be added 1 year warranty 30 day money back subject to restrictions Reader Service Number 2 ZORTECH H t UM INS AT amp T C RELEASE 2 0 SPECIFICATION IIISUUI MS WINDOWS BE COMPATIBILITY INI UI EASY PORTABILITY FROM MICROSOFT C NEVI C DEBUGGER amp EXPANDED C TOOLS INS OS 2 UPGRADE AVAILABLE NOW For many EMS programming support built into the compiler is important so it s in there too DEBUGGER and now the wait is over We listened carefully to what you wanted in a next generation MS DOS C compiler The answer is Zortech C V2 0 How To Order Already own Zortech C 2 Call the order hotline for details of our You wanted expanded and improved documentation we bot low cost upgrades is pe SAVE C200 listened You were happy using the To order Zortech C ND T Ere dfi and 18 classes provided in for the first time just call You wanted m lu CAR Ipen i MIA delivered C TOOLS but we the order hotline We Yi cratis vals EIERE s d i t the latest 2 cs s aia YEN revised and expanded it accepi payment by AT amp T V2 0 C ED Carreta I ve Vas You Mastercard Visa COD us Penugagy SAOIR wanted t
85. CTOR vector int nCols void AllocateCols PFLOAT matrix int nRows int nCols void MatrixAllocate MATRIX pmatrix int nRows int nCols void MatrixFree MATRIX matrix int nRows define storage for net layers Arrays for inputs outputs deltas weights amp targets MATRIX out0 input layer MATRIX out1 hidden layer MATRIX deltal delta at hidden layer MATRIX delwl change in weights input hidden MATRIX wl weights input hidden MATRIX out2 output layer MATRIX delta2 delta at output layer MATRIX delw2 change in weights hidden output MATRIX w2 weights hidden output MATRIX target target output VECTOR PatternID ID for each pattern void main int argc char argv float eta 0 15 default learning rate alphaz0 075 default momentum factor int nReportErrors 100 err report frequency float ErrorLevel ERRORLEVEL OK error level char MonitorError 0 true mon err display float error latest sum squared error val index hidden layer index input layer register int h register int i register int j index output layer 20 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 index pattern number q index iteration number r index run number nPatterns of patterns desired nInputNodes of input nodes nHiddenNodes of hidden nodes nOutputNodes of output nodes
86. Communications 124 Wenham Software Co 169 Western Wares 164 Whitney Software 39 Xenosoft 70 Zortech When you write for information please tell these folks you read about their products in Micro Cornucopia with Pascal amp C by Bruce Eckel Order From Micro Cornucopia PO Box 223 Bend OR 97709 1 800 888 8087 Now Available From Micro C making electrons out of bits Jeff Dunteman Dr Dobbs Computer Interfacing Use your PC parallel port for digital input and output Build an Adapter Card for your PC Design and build electronic circuits With wit and superb technical figures Bruce captures the essence of and vice versa Only 30 ppa Add 10 for foreign orders Includes Book amp Disk C Pointers from Walter Bright Inside C 2 0 Building an AT Keyboard Interface TTL Families Explained Filling Memory Holes on Your XT Neural Networks Part 2 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 95 Gary takes a top down approach to bot tom up ow do we learn recognize and Hz In other words how do we think And to what degree can a computer model us Duplicate our thinking Editor s note Assuming a computer would want to model us Much thinking paper and many computer bits have been used to explore these and similar questions Computer scientists neurobiologists psycholo gists philosophers and just plain folk delight in concocting visions and ex periments in hopes
87. D channel 5 for instance just write data to the address of channel 5 the board address plus an offset of 5 It doesn t matter what you write After the write the EOC end of con version line will go low Monitor this line by reading the high bit bit 7 of port C of the 8255 My program monitors this line waiting for it to go high indicating the conversion s done A C program to do this might look like Figure 4 Note that BASE is the base address of the board While this code would work fine with the C THRU package you d need a loca tor program to justify the compiler s seg ment references if you used this with a simple jump start ROM To run in a jump start type environ ment without a locator program would require that the C compiler handle the lo cation or you d have to use assembly language In assembly of course you have complete control of the segments and jump locations In Figure 5 you ll see my assembly language version of the C program in Figure 4 I wrote it for a PC motherboard with 64K of RAM starting at 00000h the jump start ROM at FE000h and the user ROM at F6000h The last thing the jump start ROM will do after initializing the peripherals the RAM refresh and the interrupt vec tor table is to far jump to FDFFOh the last paragraph of the user ROM Here you must place a far jump to your code s entry point with interrupts disabled The Offerings IDEC Inc offers the following pac
88. FLIN for Pascal MyFLIN is a TSR program that captures procedure and function details directly from the screen while you are programming It saves this information in an indexed database for instant recall at any time you need it MyFLIN will save you hours of searching thru pieces of paper looking for parameter details when calling a procedure Simp ly type part or all of the name and press the hotkey MyFLIN will popup over your source code and display the nearest named description you have stored in your database complete with parameters and comments To save a new description positon the cursor on the procedure name popup MyFLIN and press A to add The details will be captured from the screen and saved with a single keystroke and you can add a comment line as well Price 69 00 5 00 P amp Post Visa Mastercard American Express are accepted OpalFire Software Inc 329 North State Street OREM UTAH 84057 Phone 1 800 336 6644 MyFLIN requires PC XT AT Computer and MS PC DOS 2 3 xx Reader Service Number 161 Yep If operator two were distracted for a second Uhmmmm We re all weird You know that With networks the latest rage I m constantly asked by local people what kind of system we use I used to tell them We don t have a network Now I tell them Oh sure we run the 25 network I like it too I can network any two systems in the office just by connecting the
89. IMBO s front and rear sections Why STD Indeed why a bus at all For those of you who experienced the early closed architecture Data Appli ance days of the Macintosh the answer should be clear a bus is the best way to overcome the designer s lack of clairvoy ance Where technology marches LIMBO will follow STD is the quiet bus Not flashy like VME or superfast like Futurebus STD is nonetheless the bus of choice for in dustrial control applications The small form factor 4 x6 5 means ruggedness By Bob Nansel 816 North 105 St Seattle WA 98133 and low cost STD is traditionally an 8 bit bus but a compatible high performance 32 bit standard has just been introduced so there s plenty of room to grow Above the card cage the middle disk X dividers and top disk make up the op tical sensor platform The X dividers divide the platform into four sensor bays facing front rear left and right Each bay shields its optical emitter sen sor arrays from ambient light and from adjacent emitter sensor arrays Making The Superstructure Tools Machinist compass straight edge try square band saw or coping saw brad point drill bits spade bits countersink jack plane marking gage Materials 2 pieces plywood V4 x24 x24 both sides good 1 piece clear W xy8 x72 4 plastic Trapez fittings 4 1 steel right angle braces 10 nylon card guides 32 6x 9 flathead phillips woodscrews 32 6 32x3
90. LaTEX MetaFont s o eee 250 PC Post She complete PostScript interpreter ROM Version 47 0A 80286 386 only many device drivers optimized graphics fast 250 db File amp db Retrieve B tree and network database with SQL query and epon WALET orana eaa Sok fo le OU o wre co R Pal a E 245 Greenleaf Communications Library interrupt mode modem control XON XOFF specify Compin E ek OE r RI E Oh rA dear cd maris 225 NEW Booter Toolkit floppy disk bootstrap routines DOS file system light weight multitasking windows fast memory management 210 NEW CDirect multi user hashed file manager variable length fields binary or ASCII data alternate keys sls 210 NEW BCPL Compiler this is not C source but BCPL source BCPL is the mother of E Cee ee ee St EE Ig e ob ud dk es 195 QuickGeometry ibrary ree collection of mathematics graphics display amp DXF subroutines for CAD CAM CAE CNO 170 CBTree B tree IS river multiple variable length keys rens he Gi Be Sela ah ae as TR aes 165 TurboGeometry library of routines for computational geometry Version 30 NC CAE aie a ahs Wayne o snares nay be d lve 160 AT BIOS Kit roll your own BIOS with this complete set of basic input output functions for ATS 1 6 ee ee ee ee ee e 160 WKS Library Version 2 01 C program interface to Lotus 1 2 3 dBase Supercalc 4 Quatro amp ipper D DP D eaten Gu see Gel 155 OS 88 indust
91. Maker font both use 7 rows and lines of pixels to represent a num ber But the BGI s font is shifted 1 row and 1 column down and right of Brain Maker s So I retrained the network using the BGI default font Results great Conclusion to create a full blown Optical Character Recognizer you ll need to focus on training the neural net work to recognize different fonts styles and sizes Labor intensive of course but doable And an exercise of course for smart Micro C ers Amy I said I figured it out and it works but I ll have to get back to you There s no more room in this Tid bits Thanks to Dave Schultz at California Scientific Software and Chris Howard at Genus Programming for timely conversa tions while I was working on this project For more information Turbo Pascal Professional 5 5 250 Borland International 4585 Scotts Valley Dr Scotts Valley CA 95066 800 345 2888 BrainMaker 99 95 California Scientific Software 160 E Montecito E Sierra Madre CA 91024 818 355 1094 PCX Toolkit 195 Genus 11315 Meadow Lake Houston TX 77077 800 227 0918 PaintShowPlus plus scanner 339 Logitech 800 231 7717 800 552 8885 in CA NeuralWorks 1 495 Neuralware Penn Center West Bldg IV Suite 227 Pittsburgh PA 15276 NeuroShell 195 Ward Systems Group 228 West Patrick St Frederick MD 21701 301 662 7950 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 89 Fl
92. NIX Compatible 8 80386 20 8 MHz Norton V4 0 SI 22 m Phoenix BIOS B 1MB expandable to 16MB RAM B 80387 Coprocessor Socket m 220W Power Supply W 1 2MB Floppy Drive B Ports 2 Serial 1 Parallel 1 Game m Dual Floppy Dual H D Controller m Monochrome Graphic Card 1 101 Key Enhanced Keyboard m TTL Monitor 12 m 40MB Hard Disk 28MS OptiOns coo e Ere rrr on ee Call 1 995 J McTek 286 20MHz 359 Kingtech CRT Portable Kits McTek 286 12 259 XT AT power Supply case McTek 386 16SX 429 keyboard monitor McTek 386 20MHZ 699 o erre os McTek 386 24MHz 899 POT DUITO S ROCA Mike LCD Portable 799 Locking slide case 59 PI Portable Kits 1499 200W power supply 65 CUN 9 CNS 515 Enhanced keyboard 59 Di Hs TDS a cerne 9 WD FD HDC 129 i e file Ea t DTC FDC HDC 1 1 189 ANS TOP ds us e SMBEMS Sees 399 BOMB 339 2 Drive System 759 McTek Systems Inc 1521 San Pablo Avenue Berkeley CA 94702 415 525 51 29 Reader Service Number 42 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 75 386 OS 2 forget PM and Nu Mega s Softlce I ve heard wonderful things about it from C developers An Intel marketing type did a presentation at the Lon ghorn SOG Fortunately he had been a technical type in a previous life and he knew the 486 He said that as far as architecture is concerned there s no real d
93. No 51 January February 1990 3 95 T M E FC RSD TES AHNT TEGAR JO THNAT MICRO CO Embedded Systems Looking for an easy way to put together an embedded controller Then don t put down this issue Embedding An XT page 8 Motherboard This is for those of you who want it all Cheap hardware a familiar MS DOS environment and complete tools for development and debugging Writing A Neural page16 Network In C Part 1 Neural Nets are delivering nearly everything that AI promised Our series includes all the software needed to experiment with this fascinating technology LIMBO Part 4 page 30 Give your robot a body and part of a mind Marketing Your page 66 Own Software How and where should you advertise your new product What kind of response should you expect when you do advertise And More Getting Started in Hardware The Poet and The Computer 3 7447019588 GREAT VALUES FROM MICROSPHERE SUPER 25Mhz 386 SYSTEM Tower Cases w Power Supply with 4MB RAM and Rotary Voice Coil Hard Drive For extra speed and reliability we ve included a 44MB Mitsubishi 1MB AT SYSTEM Includes 1MB RAM 1 2MB amp 1 44MB FD 44MB Mitsubishi MR535 Voice Coil HD 28ms Fast 1 1 Interleave HD Controller Mono Graphics Video Card 12 Amber Monitor 101 Key Keyboard Serial Paral le Game Ports Clock Calendar Full 1 Year Warranty FREE assembly and testing 6 10Mhz
94. Our 34010 Monochrome Graphics Adapter is designed to allow programming from the PC XT AT host bus You can completely replace our 34010 software with yours to directly harness the incredible image processing power of the TMS 34010 for your application We make a complete set of development tools available including an assembler C compiler program loader 34010 debugger and PC interface tracer debugger Our stand ard product includes support for extended CGA MDA and Hercules emufation as well as a host addressable graphics bit map We also support and recommend the DGIS graphics interface standard from Graphic Software Systems for applications development as an alternative to native 34010 software development Ready to run drivers are available for most major applications software packages as well Custom Designs Available PC Tech will license most products for non exclusive manufacture We will also cus tomize any of our designs to better meet your needs on our in house CAD systems All of our standard products are available in private label versions About PC Tech PC Tech has been designing manufacturing and marketing high performance PC re lated products for over three years Our standard product line includes processor memory and video products All products are designed manufactured and sup ported in our Lake City Minnesota facilities Designed Sold and Serviced By Re T wc High resolution fractal produced on the PC
95. PHERAL PORTS SK DOS 699 COMPLETE INFORMATION AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST PERIPHERAL TECHNOLOGY 1710 CUMBERLAND POINT DR 8 MARIETTA GA 30067 404 984 0742 COD MASTER CARD VISA CHECK SK DOS IS A TRADEMARK OF STAR K SOFTWARE SYSTEMS CORP Reader Service Number 119 76 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 their 286 boards as 386 machines That s probably true but if you need the 386 architecture and can live with a 286 bus it s probably not a bad way to go Anyway with 386 and 386SX prices way down and with the 386 s ability to watch itself run necessary for the ICE and serious multi anything plus its ability to create memory seg ments of any size it can view all your RAM as one large seg ment I d think twice before purchasing another 286 On the other hand those little baby AT boards are so cheap and those tiny tower cabinets so cute they make tempting re placements for 7 MHz XT turbo boards I ve heard that most of the baby AT cards will accept all the original XT plug in cards including the hard drive controllers Ask your dealer to try it before he says it won t work Attention Spies There s no longer a reason to dig out your stock of master keys no need to sneak into the Micro C office at midnight We re now available on microfilm This is not part of a plot but rather a way to make Micro C available to ante amoeba gnats and squinty eyed librarians If you want to order a reprint or just an aii f
96. Pat Williams of Hortldeas for being ahead of the crowd in moving shareware into the PostScript domain This could be the start of something big PictureThis 50 HortIdeas Publishing Greg amp Pat Williams Route 1 Box 302 Gravel Switch KY 40328 606 332 7606 Quick Editor Keeps Moving SemWare has updated QEdit the Quick Editor to version 2 08 New features include sorting and support for macros invoked from the command line Those of you with laptops will appreciate the optional large block cur sor that shows up so well on LCD screens OEdit costs 54 95 with 3 for ship ping As before it fits nicely on floppy based systems and can run in only 64K Where did they find a 64K PC to test it on They also have an OS 2 version at the same price It offers several OS 2 specific features A whole new area is opening up here and SemWare is on the scene QEdit 2 08 54 95 plus 3 shipping SemWare 4343 Shallowford Road Ste C 3 Marietta GA 30062 5003 404 641 9002 Browsing Quickly Quicksoft has long been famous for PC Write the leading shareware word processing program A new Quicksoft program called PC Browse is in beta test and should be out by the time you see this PC Browse is a pop up utility that lets you look at files or disk directories while you work in your application pro gram But that description doesn t do it justice PC Browse lets you search for text files by matching a given word o
97. Prints a string at ix iy in integer world coordinates prtstr Prints a string at x y in real world coordinates Module grafstr contains the character font description and the comments in clude a complete description of how it works oem tarot Se XD 4 NYRI SORS SE TRIR IRR xe NNN By Gregory K Landheim 132 Greene St North Andover MA 01845 Now For The Fun Part A demo program test3d demon strates the use of the above described modules Since we all like the Mandel brot set so much it plots surfaces pro duced by the Mandelbrot generator pub lished on page 8 of Micro Cornucopia 39 Jan Feb 1988 It has been modified to be consistent with the requirements of sur face One important modification is scaling in the z direction I didn t go through a detailed description of Cartesian geometry just for fun you know Carte sian implies the scales are the same in the x y and z directions Before you pass a surface to surface you should scale the z values Scaling according to the larger of the two distances Xmax Xmin and ymax ymin usually works well For the Mandelbrot generator imagine how silly your surface would look if your x range was 0 02 your y range 0 25 and your z range was 500 test3d allows plotting on the CRT or on the printer in both Portrait and Land scape modes This page shows an ex ample of the printer output Gener
98. Soviet Math Holub Allen C Chest Dr Dobb s Journal August 1986 Knuth Donald E The Art of Com puter Programming Vol 3 Addison Wes ley 1973 Wirth Niklaus Algorithms amp Data Structures Prentice Hall 1986 Figure 1 Balanced Tree Code UNIT GenAvlTree Michael S Hunt Released as Public Domain Software INTERFACE TYPE dataPtr dataType dataType array 1 32767 treePtr treeNode treeNode RECORD data key dataPtr dataLen keyLen WORD llink rlink treePtr bf SHORTINT END PROCEDURE GenAvlTrIns k d dataPtr keyLen dataLen WORD VAR p treePtr VAR h BOOLEAN PROCEDURE GenAvlTrDel k dataPtr VAR p treePtr VAR h BOOLEAN PROCEDURE GenAvlTrDis root treePtr tab INTEGER PROCEDURE GenAvlTrRetDelSmRec VAR p treePtr VAR key data dataPtr VAR keyLen dataLen WORD VAR h BOOLEAN IMPLEMENTATION CONST tabinc 3 VAR boo BOOLEAN FUNCTION CompArr VAR arri arr2 dataType len WORD INTEGER VAR k WORD BEGIN k 2 1 CompArr 0 WHILE k lt len DO BEGIN IF arrl k lt arr2 k THEN BEGIN CompArr 1 k len 1 END ELSE IF arri k gt arr2 k THEN BEGIN CompArr 1 k len 1 END ELSE Inc k END END PROCEDURE BalLeft VAR p treePtr VAR h BOOLEAN VAR pl p2 treePtr b1 b2 SHORTINT BEGIN IF p bf 1 THEN p bf 0 ELSE IF p bf 0 THEN BEGIN 1 ELSE BEGIN pl p rlink b1 p1 bf
99. The PC Interfacing 16 Bit Devices 96 pages ISSUE 50 11 89 3 D Graphics 3D Surface Generation PC Video Frame Grabber LIMBO Part Three PostScript Part Two UNIX For The PC Capturing amp Graphing A Voice In Real Time Part 1 3 00 each ppd 3 95 each ppd 5 00 each ppd 170 AISN Software 72 Acquired Intelligence 160 Annabooks ICRO AMCUC X ISSUE 51 149 22 Information Modes Integrand 179 Argon Technology Group 4 Austin Codeworks 147 Berry Computer 31 CC Software Carlson Paul 15 Cascade Electronics 167 Computer Book Outlet 7 Compuview Products Inc 158 Cottage Resources 143 Covox 174 Daytron 16 Dreamtech 10 Emerald Microware 135 Epoch Data 93 EracCo Eckel Bruce 112 Garrison Genus Microprogramming 154 JRT Systems 175 42 Micro Cornucopia 37 Microprocessors Unlimited 2 Microsphere Inc Inside Front Mt St Helens Software 13 NTERGAID 110 Nu Mega Tech 161 OpalFireSoftware 3 Back Cover 91 119 Peripheral Technology 139 Quantasm Corp Recon Technology 129 Research Group Revolution 2 Contact Advertiser Directly RjSwantek Inc 171 Ryle Design 176 Sampson Engineering 127 SemWare 162 Semi Disk Systems 177 Silicon Alley Sintar Software 40 Star K Software Systems 173 Sutrasoft 182 Symmetric Research 183 Tools and Techniques 178 Traxel Labs 168 University Degree Advisory 62 V
100. Tools Deluxe V5 5 by Central Point Software This is one of the great bargains in MS DOS utility software But with so many features built in we think that many people are overlooking the REAL value in PC Tools DISASTER RECOVERY Sure the shell is great for copying viewing editing and deleting files and the desk top environment is nice for its appointment calendar note pad phone dialer calcu lators and ASCII table The fast hard drive backups can t be beaten by any other program and the file unfragmenter speeds up hard drive accesses But where else can you get all of that along with UN DELETE REBUILD and UNFORMAT Have you ever entered ERASE and realised when all was said and done that you were in the wrong directory How about those dreaded messages from CHKDSK like File allocation error The very first time you recover your missing files will make you a believer Don t wait until it happens PC Tools Deluxe V5 5 99 95 P O Box 1726 Beaverton OR 97075 VISA and Mastercard accepted Please include 6 00 shipping and handling 8 50 for COD UPS Blue or RED Label additional according to weight Prices subject to change without notice Please include your phone number with all correspondence MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 33 To do this first find the vertical center line of both divider panels Scribe a line offset 4 from the center line of one panel
101. VED DOT TOP MEW Using the dot or notch on an IC package to locate pin 1 This same identifying convention holds for all other DIP dual inline package ICs TOP MEW battery connector appears on the sche matic the downward pointing triangle means ground This is generally though not always the most negative point in the circuit I m positive about this Almost done Now take a close look at the LED Notice that the rim of the red plastic case has a flat spot next to one lead this same lead may be the longer of the two but no guarantee The flat edge marks the cathode lead this appears on the schematic as a flat bar The other lead connects to the arrowhead Unlike wiring the resistors which have no orientation you must get the LED leads wired exactly as shown on the schematic Plug the LED into the bread board so the cathode lead flat edge fits into a totally empty row of pins The other LED lead arrow head connects to U1 3 Next connect a 270 ohm resistor be tween the cathode lead of the LED and pin U1 1 We have only one component left ENGRAVED NOTCH By Karl Lunt 2133 186 Place SE Bothell WA 98012 206 483 0447 The 22 uF electrolytic capacitor Like the LED it has two leads and those two are different Wire it up backwards and it won t work electrolytics can make strange noises and smoke and ooze if wired backwards The electrolytic cap has one lead marked with a string of mi
102. a must be read from the converter a Harris HI 574A in two bytes The high byte which you get by reading the board s base address 8 base 8 in the code contains the high 8 bits The low byte base 9 contains the low four bits shifted all the way to the left Thus the bottom four bits of the con version are always zero Notice that the preprocessor macro READ AD in CAP TURE H fixes this by shifting both bytes to the right by 4 The A D converter could have read from 0 to 10 volts RTD decided to have it read 5 volts to 5 volts Thus when the converter sees 5 volts it outputs a digital 0 when it sees 5 volts it outputs all ones 68000 SK DOS A 68000 68020 DOS containing everything you expect in a DOS on line help multiple directories floppy and hard disk sup port RAM disk and or disk cache I O redirection and more Supplied with editor assembler Basic powerful utilities Supported by Users Group and BBS Software available from other vendors includes C compiler Basic editors disassemblers cross assem blers text formatter communications programs etc Priced at 165 with configura tion kit less if already configured for your system HARDWARE 68xxx systems start at 200 Call or write Star K Software Systems Corp P O Box 209 Mt Kisco NY 10549 914 241 0287 Fax 914 241 8607 Reader Service Number 40 44 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 Figure 2 CAPTURE C
103. a tool this powerful DiseDoc sifts through programs eight times for guaranteed accuracy When code gets mixed up with data our toolbox comes to the rescue with smart search and easy edit utilities DiseDoc can handle any instruction set up to and including 486 and offers a variety of other great features that you can sample on our Free Demo Disk Warning DiseDoc Professional may change the way you work forever Programmers who used to shy away from fixing outmoded programs with no source code are going to discover a valuable new talent the ability to modify and revise codes that would cost way Dist Doc v3 xx REALMODE EXE mov mov alf Subroutine xor Dos Keep Quit 165 no patches 0602 0001 gt gt xref 06047 0602 0004 gt gt xref 86000 conversion table 0662 0807 0662 8665 0682 000b Load register w 8 0602 0004 0682 0010 Built in BIOS Preprocessor All Data formats including DB DW DD amp DUP 0602 0012 gt gt xref lt 6688 gt lt lt scoaversion table 0602 0016 0682 001b get byte count 0602 901f Store AL at ES DI 10662 6621 Turn OM Interrupt 0602 0822 ue 0602 0025 DOS 4c terminate EXE Unpacker included Ames too much to start over its a programming man ager s dream Save your employer huge new programming fees and enhance your marketabil ity DiseDoc is so easy to learn you ll be a high dollar hero in no time Knowled
104. ad news The good news it s made of 50 recycled pulp and it s the least glossy coated paper of this type we ve found In the past we paid top dollar because we insisted on the highest quality uncoated paper No coating no glare But in the last six months paper companies have raised the price for our wonderful paper a bunch while they ve substantially reduced what they re willing to pay for recycled paper Maybe we can save some money and because of the coating improve our reproduction Plus since we pur chase over 14 000 pounds of paper each time we print a magazine we ll save about 42 000 pounds of trees a year Just by using recycled paper I broached the subject of coated versus uncoated at SOG East Everyone voted for uncoated Then I added that it contained recycled pulp It was unanimous again They voted to try the new paper Futures Bricks And The Wall Street Journal The call I answer most often isn t a tech call and it isn t nature it s a sales call Ym calling with the information you requested on commodities futures Commodities futures I didn t request any informa tion on commodities futures Contented Timber Continued on page 73 You asked for a place to put your things The Tele FILE SYSTEM is just the thing BerryComputers presents The Tele Toolkit a complete Operating Systems Kernel If It s Data It Must Be A File Tele s file system is modular at several levels FS is
105. ading function to the function point ers ZG PlotPixel and ZG ReadPixel and returns information on the new graphics mode in ZG VideolInfo You can then plot pixels by calling the function pointed to by ZG PlotPixel and read pixels via the function pointer ZG ReadPixel When your program is done it should call ZG Done to restore the video adapter to its pre pro grammed state ZGTEST C will show you the details of how this all fits to gether Now let s examine the above process in detail Identifying The Graphics Card When called ZG_Init attempts to identify the video adapter installed in your computer There isn t any built in way to determine the adapter type but we can use the process of elimination ZG Init begins by calling an MCGA and VGA BIOS function which returns the adapter type If an MCGA or VGA BIOS is installed this call will tell us which one of those it is If the adapter installed is not a VGA the call to this BIOS function will fail Once we ve eliminated the VGA we call an EGA BIOS function Again if the EGA BIOS is not present the function will not return expected values If there s no EGA we ask the BIOS for the hardware information word We check the appropriate bits to see if we re deal ing with a color or monochrome adapt er A color adapter will be a CGA at this point since we have eliminated the other color adapters If a monochrome adapter is installed our final task is
106. afest way to reformat your hard drive out from under existing data would require skipping any track that had a bad cluster marked on it deter mining the interleave for each track and if that track sprouts an error during for matting reformatting to the old inter leave before writing the data back Needless to say this is time consuming and tedious and very very slow going Till I can get an answer to this prob lem I ll just stick to the old tried and true approach of a complete backup preferring my trusty Archive 60 Meg tape with Sysgen controller then refor mat the drive and restore the data This not only gives me the proper interleave but also has a side effect of making all my files contiguous for faster access Other notes Does SpinRite allow you to set the skew factor This is a fixed offset in the interleave for each succeeding head in case your controller or drive is slow in switching from head 2 to head 3 Skew factor can amount to about 5 of the throughput Normal values of 0 or 1 usually are fine Note 0 gives you no skew Another thing can you reformat only part of the drive I wrote a refor matter in C for IBM AT clones that does both of these DOS can handle 2 1 MFM using a WA 2 controller but Microport UNIX can only keep up with 3 1 I did not want to slow DOS down and didn t want UNIX to run slow either so I re formatted the back two thirds of the disk to 3 1 Pretty slick but not a pro
107. an Parts 2 and 4 out of a Turbo Pascal shell The Turbo Pascal program see Figure 4 1 initializes graphics 2 opens a viewport 3 translates the screen looking at 8 bit x 8 bit images into a text picture 4 writes an output file for Brain Maker 5 calls BrainMaker via a batch file executed by the builtin procedure exec 6 translates BrainMaker s output to characters See the figure for details or download the entire system from the Micro C BBS In brief note To use the Turbo Pascal exec proce dure you need to reduce the large heap size in order to have enough memory to run the neural network from a batch file I used 64K for this one Experiment Viewports and the many constants in my OCR shell are screen specific An 80 by 25 character screen needs to have an array of 2000 characters Num of characters The PCX files on the Micro C BBS are screen specific l ve set the constant in my code Figure 4 for a CGA 600 by 200 screen The BBS EXE version uses variables instead of constants and al lows you to input your screen type at runtime OCR shell then sets the adapt er type Viewport size and displays the correct PCX for your screen Notes amp Conclusions As I told Amy later my initial results were revealing and incomplete I ini tially trained the network to recognize numbers by using a set of number facts that came with BrainMaker Then I tested a screen of numbers I creat
108. apa bilities were very impressive The new Zortech compiler is missing a few C 2 0 features For example it does not support pointers to member functions yet A release due sometime early next year will correct that Other wise this is a faithful implementation of the language AT amp T describes in its ref erence documentation Even AT amp T s own C translator called cfront does not support the full language Zortech C 2 01 comes in two pack ages You can buy just the compiler for 200 or you can purchase the Developer s Version for 450 The lat ter contains the compiler complete _ source for the run time library a set of C classes and a C source level de bugger Zortech no longer sells the vanilla C compiler separately however the C products still include it Another hot entry is Lattice s long awaited upgrade Going from version 3 4 to version 6 01 may seem a bit strange While Lattice justifies the radi cal change in version numbers with some mumbo jumbo I suspect the real reason is that they wanted to impress upon people that Lattice C has really been upgraded Back in the early days of the IBM PC and its clones Lattice C was the king In fact early versions of the Microsoft C compiler were licensed versions of Lat tice Then Microsoft wrote its own C compiler and other vendors entered the market with faster optimizing pack ages Lattice C quickly slipped into ob scurity Now they ve
109. arranty Reg 1995 oo 149 5 os 20MHz CPU oa 1 7 0 5 We carry a complete selection of e 795 All computer systems can be customized to your exact specifications e lhe Dream 296 9 Our 40 Megabyte IBM AT Compatible 12 MHz CPU with 1 Megabyte RAM installed 40 Megabyte hard disk drive 28ms average access 1 2 Megabyte 5 25 floppy drive Hard amp floppy disk controller card 1 1 interleave 14 High resolution flat screen amber monitor Hercules compatible graphics Professional enhanced keyboard 1 year warran ses o 1195 Reg 1495 Upgrade any of these computers to color monitor and adapter CGA 150 EGA 325 VGA 450 Reg 995 Lan Hard Floppy Drives With name brands like Color on command Memory upgrade cards Apple Citizen Advanced Paper Handling RAM chips IBM Seagate Command Vue LCD console 2 cams ENOTEK Re eliminates dip switches Modems Micropolis Sony Advanced paper handling Monitors Miniscribe Samsung including paper parking Printers Borland Logitech Push pull tractor with bottom Diskettes Microsoft Xerox top and rear feed gs e us e ove ayes 2 year warranty Reg 595 Ribbons ees E Software Toshiba Fujitsu If you need it we have it for less Give us a call and more and more DreamTech 408 996 2373 Tn the heart of Silicon Valley 5175 Moorpark Avenue Sa
110. at they have to give up their secrets and make PostScript an open standard PostScript s power has attracted many users despite its high costs Recent developments may make PostScript more avail able than ever before in either the Adobe ver sion or as clones from competitors HortIdeas Publishing latched on to Post Script early in the game putting out a shareware drawing program that generates PostScript files One attraction of PictureThis is its low cost only 50 But as a PostScript based application its attractions are many Be sides being compatible with every desktop publishing program and high end word pro cessor that works with PostScript printers Pic tureThis enjoys PostScript s immunity from the jaggies Recall that PostScript incorporates a scaling technology that adjusts for changes in size without creating the jagged edges and broken lines that appear whenever you magnify bit mapped graphics Jagged bitmaps can be im ported into PictureThis and then traced to cre ate a scalable version Nice One problem with PictureThis may have been addressed by the time you read this The program currently requires a CGA or compat ible graphics adapter Given that PostScript ap plications are toward the high end of today s applications most users who would be inter ested in PictureThis are probably already using EGAs or VGAs PictureThis definitely needs to migrate to a higher platform Congratulations to Greg and
111. ating printer graphics on a tight grid say nx 100 and ny 100 takes a lot of time But you can get away with a small number of iterations and still inves tigate a lot of interesting terrain Use the CRT mode to look around at likely re gions of the set in coarse resolution then use the printer mode to make pretty pic tures I developed this software on a Lead ing Edge Model D running at 4 77 MHz I find the time performance acceptable at this lowest possible denominator in the IBM PC world At least I keep telling myself it s acceptable A spare 4 or 5 grand would change my mind real fast On my clunky Leading Edge I can produce a 100 by 100 resolution surface including the generation of the Mandel brot values and the printout in less than an hour The surface generation into a printer bit map takes about 16 minutes at that resolution On a CRT display the surface is produced in real time after the Mandelbrot values are produced Another Idea Those of you with high resolution many colored CRT displays could try modifying the surface program so it fills the quadrangles with colors that corre spond to the average height of the quad rangle But then enough s enough It s de finitely time to scout out some more beer References 1 Advanced C Tips and Techniques Paul Anderson and Gail Anderson Howard W Sams amp Co 1988 2 High Resolution Printer Graphics Mark Bridger and Mark Goresky BYTE Nov
112. ation 26 574 D Free Distribution by Mail Carrier or Other Means Samples Complimentary and Other Free Co pies 274 E Total Distribution 26 848 F Copies not Dis tributed 1 Office Use Left Over Unaccounted Spoiled after Printing 1 125 2 Returns from News Agents 27 G Total Sum of E Fl and 2 Should Equal Net Press Run Shown in A 28 000 46 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 Figure 4 DISPLAY C Functions to support displaying a voice pattern on the screen using the Borland BGI graphics functions include lt stdio h gt include lt stdlib h gt include lt stdarg h gt va start etc include lt string h gt include lt math h gt include capture h include display h This is a printf like function for printing messages while using the BGI in graphics mode It is limited because it always starts at i the left and doesn t wrap at the bottom of the screen but it s useful for debugging void gprintf char format graphics printf for BGI static int textline 0 char textbuf 80 va list argptr va start argptr format vsprintf textbuf format argptr va end argptr outtextxy 0 textline textbuf textline textheight x move to the next line void display series unsigned series int series size int offset scale factor vertical scale factor scale factor horizontal scale factor int color int i j step c
113. bout getting rosin core ver sus plumbing solder the latter contains an acid core that eventually destroys any connection you use it on Today you won t need to worry about this distinc tion if you buy from an electronics store The needle nose pliers 64 1843 is a nice looking pair at 4 49 may be the most often used item in your toolbox Get a good pair Editor s note These pliers can double as chop sticks when you re having canned chinese food at home The handle should fit comfortably in your hand as you open and close the pliers If you have to rearrange your face while you pick up a wire try another pair Check that the tips of the pliers meet precisely Use the same care in selecting your wire cutters also known as diagonal cut ters old timers call them dikes Shack s 64 1841 4 49 matches the size of the needle nose pliers above Again check the feel of the handle and make sure the cutting edges close completely when you clamp down By the way most dikes cut copper wire and other items equally soft Use them on steel wire or nails and you will buy new ones Insulation strippers rank as a begin ner s tool Buy them to keep your frustra tion level down as you get started If you stay with the hardware hobby you will eventually use the dikes as insulation strippers The Shack model 64 2129 2 79 handles any wire from 10 to 24 gauge an ample range for beginning projects What Were Those Terms When I s
114. called Paradigms Lost John Casti sums up the top down posi tion Put crudely the top down thesis is that human thought processes take place as a re sult of rule based symbol processing in the brain Top downers blithely forget about brain states altogether and just assign ma chine states to cognitive states much in the same manner as we assign ASCII codes to alphanumeric symbols A set of rules usually termed a semantic s network or conceptual dependency graph felling how these machine states can com bine with each other is then postulated and the resulting machine states are decoded to give an interpretation This in a nutshell is the strategy of the entire top down ap proach to AI The top down approach is software oriented ignoring the hardware our brains almost entirely Bottoms Up The bottom uppers take the opposite approach In their view we ll learn more about thinking by working from the level of primitive processors the neu rons in our brains up Strong AI Neural networks and the work of bottom uppers Douglas Hofstadter Geoffrey Hinton Douglas Lenat and strangely enough considering his early criticism of perceptrons neural net work like systems Marvin Minsky are beginning to shed a bit of light on the thinking question and show promise Neural networks aren t technically that complicated see Russ and Roy s article in this issue but are I think amp Expert Systems
115. computer could obscure man s aware ness of the need to come to terms with himself It may foster the illusion that he is asking fundamental questions when actually he is asking only functional ones It may be regarded as a substitute for intelligence instead of an extension of it It may promote undue confidence in concrete answers If we begin with cer tainties Bacon said we shall end in doubts but if we begin with doubts and we are patient with them we shall end in certainties The computer knows how to van quish error but before we lose ourselves in celebration of victory we might reflect on the great advances in the human sit uation that have come about because men were challenged by error and would not stop thinking and probing until they found better approaches for dealing with it Give me a good fruitful error full of seeds bursting with its own corrections Ferris Greeslet wrote You can keep your sterile truth for yourself Without taking anything away from the technicians it might be fruitful to ef fect some sort of junction between the computer technologist and the poet A genuine purpose may be served by turn ing loose the wonders of the creative im agination on the kinds of problems being put to electronic tubes and transistors The company of poets may enable the men who tend the machines to see a larger panorama of possibilities than technology alone may inspire Poets remind men of their uniquene
116. d side of the project board posi tion the DIP socket so that the two rows of pins straddle the two long copper channels running the length of the pro ject board Exactly where along the length of the board you place the socket isn t critical near the middle will do Push the socket flush against the board hold it in place with one finger or a bit of masking tape then turn the board over to view the solder side Notice that each pin of the socket con nects to a three hole row of solder pads all joined with a run of copper foil Looks something like the breadboard doesn t it Using the needle nose or a small bladed screwdriver carefully bend each of the sockets pins until it lies flat against the solder pad surrounding it Make very sure that each pin touches only its own row of solder pads After bending all the pins into place carefully solder each connection Be sure you don t accidentally fill an adjoining hole with solder Also guard against putting too much solder on a connection and forming a solder bridge to a nearby pad Quiz How much solder should you use for each connection With the socket in place add the resis f Can E gi Just Another 1 Ay Wie fable Leal T a price that won t cost you your kingdom It s easy to use and more the solder appears grainy or grey either you moved the connection before it cooled or your iron s tip wasn t clean tors capacitor an
117. d was expensive but if we d learned one thing it was that advertising sometimes pays We also added PC Resource How Ads Work All we expect from the first ad in any publication is that we get as much in orders as we paid for the ad So if the ad cost 400 we expect to get 400 in orders After a few months we ex pect an ad to bring in at least three or four times the money we spend Our Micro C Micro Ad does the best gener ating a minimum of 10 times its cost A long time ago we decided it would be better for us to take out a lot of small ads than gamble on bigger ads in fewer _ places We think consistency and stabil ity are more important than single full page splashes Some customers will call only after seeing our ad in several places Ads in BYTE s Buyers Mart are 475 but we got immediate response to our first ad We received 34 bingo cards the first week now we re up to 75 plus per week About 25 of the bingo checkers purchase after receiving our literature Plus at least 4 of our phone orders come from BYTE PC Resource wasn t as successful at first We had just about decided to spend the 306 per issue elsewhere but response seems to be steadily im proving so we ll probably stay Computer Shopper has been a con sistent performer though we ve ex pected response to go downhill as the magazine gets larger So far that hasn t happened We have been in their Shop pers Mart for over a year
118. d LED Use the sche matic and your breadboard to help you get the connections right For each com ponent bend the leads until they fit properly into the holes work from the component side Cut the leads about 44 too long then bend the leads over so BIOS they contact their solder pads Again watch for shorts to nearby pads as you bend the leads Solder the leads in place For the two connections that called for hook up wire on the breadboard you can run hook up wire along the com ponent side of the board to appropriate holes then solder the wires Or you can run the hook up wire along the solder side of the board bending each end of the wire around the proper lead before soldering Double check each connection then again after you finish If things look good plug the 555 into the DIP socket connect the battery and watch the LED blink This circuit could become part of a robot an alarm or signaling system a model train layout or any number of other projects Variations On A Theme So you can blink an LED now what The 555 can supply up to 200 ma on pin 3 For some ideas look at Figure 3 The piezo beeper try Shack s 273 065 SOURCE CODE powerful than Merlin s magic TurboFlow runs on an IBM PC and features a complete set of ANSI symbols is menu driven interfaces with desktop pub lishing software and supports a va riety of printers and plotters So stop living in the dar
119. d VectorAllocate VECTOR vector int nCols if vector VECTOR calloc nCols sizeof float NULL fprintf stderr Not enough memory n exit 1 Allocate space for columns float cells for dynamic two dimensional matrix rows cols void AllocateCols PFLOAT matrix int nRows int nCols int i for i 0 i lt nRows i VectorAllocate amp matrix i nCols Allocate space for 2D dynamic matrix void MatrixAllocate MATRIX pmatrix int nRows int nCols t if pmatrix MATRIX calloc nRows sizeof PFLOAT NULL fprintf stderr Not enough memory n exit 1 AllocateCols pmatrix nRows nCols free space for two dimensional dynamic array void MatrixFree MATRIX matrix int i for i 0 i lt nRows free matrix i free matrix or the ratio of the change in output for a given change in input As you can see the slope of the func tion gain of the amplifier is greatest for net inputs near zero This serves to miti gate problems caused by noise and by the possible dominating effects of large input signals The code in Figure 3 Batchnet c completely implements our NNT Part 2 Next issue Part 2 we ll train the net work by error back propagation and show you how to use it Meanwhile i int nRows download the complete system from the Micro C BBS or order the
120. d a three month commitment All The Way By October 1988 I d quit the digs to go full time on our business It was a risk but Don couldn t handle it alone I worked on packaging and promotion while he improved the Network and worked on new products We began promoting our products at local shows Don and I and our two boys stayed up half the night copying disks and collating manuals getting ready for the first show in Fort Worth The turnout was terrible and we sold only five copies of the Network We had better luck in Dallas a few weeks later but the experience taught us a les son THINK BIG but don t be surprised by small Sharing The Network Around this time we received some bad news Someone was uploading our network to bulletin boards This was ex 68 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 tremely disappointing We bought a modem and started checking into BBSs around the country When we found our network we asked the SYSOPs to remove it Most did and apologized Some didn t help us at all Others seemed downright criminal So Don de cided to serialize each copy He also made significant improvements This was early 1989 Since then we have up dated the network every couple of months Big Time Finally we decided it was time to advertise in other magazines I con tacted Micro C and signed up for a year s worth of micro ads At 79 per issue it seemed like a bargain and that s how it turned out In fact
121. d found an insert An insert Micro C never has inserts It read SWM WHO LOVES THE GREAT OUTDOORS Rock Climbing Mountain Biking Snow Camping Ex physicist turned computer technician nerd seeks sweet young thing with amazonian strength to share the milk of Mother Earth Must be petite healthy possess good genes and the ability to carry a 50 gt pound pack up steep terrain Must speak only when spoken to and when permission is given be independent Please respond with photo and vital Statistics to Larry Fogg at Micro C P O Box 223 Bend OR 97701 If you wear L L Bean jammies and breathe heavily call evenings I looked around at the innocent faces and knew something was wrong no one ever looks innocent around here un less they ve hatched some sort of devil try The entire untrustworthy crew of Micro C wanted me to believe that they had sent out this implausible but nicely worded I had to admit personal ad with each copy of the magazine Of course I didn t buy it not for a minute We all had a good laugh and I went back to my desk for a well de served post vacation nap A couple of weeks later a handwrit ten letter arrived supposedly from a Sonja Travers of San Francisco respond ing to my personal ad in Micro C Sonja described herself and went on to say It seems we are both lovers of the wilderness I like to go hiking but I can t go during ragweed season as I suffe
122. d or upgraded without disturbing other peripherals such as serial ports and disk drives PC Tech X24 and ASMB The PC Tech Advanced System Motherboard e Built in IDE interface for AT interface type hard drives e Fully AT compatible floppy disk support for 3 5 5 25 drives capacities of 360k 1 2m and 1 44m e Two serial ports and one parallel port e 8 total expansion slots PC XT AT compatible 4 slots have 32 bit bus The PC Tech Advanced System Motherboard is designed to complement PC Tech s X24 and X32 high performance processor cards It contains the mass storage interfaces necessary for a complete sys tem plus the basic I O required in most systems Extra care has been given to FCC compliance by design 34010 Monochrome Graphics Adapter II e Up to 384k bytes display memory e Upto2 Megabytes program memory e Software is RAM based allowing complete operating software replacement and timing re programming from the host bus e 34010 program loader included Assembler debugger and C compiler available e Full hardware and software CGA MDA and Hercules emula tion e Single bit shared memory bit map with optional resolution up PC Tech Mono ll to 2048 x 1536 736 x 1008 standard e Very high resolution COLOR version available e Custom 34010 software development available The TMS34010 is a true general purpose graphics processor PC Tech makes the total processing power of the 34010 available to both programmers and end users
123. d together by a single layer of insulation The power cords around the house use stranded wire to make them more flexible without the flexibility they would soon break When you wire up a small project you will normally use solid wire for the point to point connections and stranded wire for any cables that will be wiggled around often Gentlemen Warm Up Your Irons Soldering is like riding a bicycle it s easy when you know how to do it Start by measuring and cutting several pieces of solder exactly 14 long Place one of these solder pieces on the table top in front of you Clear your mind of distracting images and stare fixedly at this little bit of solder Become one with the solder This represents the most solder you will likely need to make any single elec tronic connection Beginners cause more problems by using too much solder than by not using enough Too much solder on a connec tion causes short circuits poor connec tions that don t hold as they should and an ugly looking product Resolve now to be a craftsman in any hardware project you undertake make each con nection the best you know how to make Now plug the soldering iron in and let it heat up this should take about five minutes While you re waiting get a small sponge about 2 x3 and about 14 thick soak it in water and wring it out If you can t find such a sponge fold a clean cloth rag into a pad about 14 thick then soak and
124. e filled with presentations The focus this year will be on graphics anima tion and simulation We already have talks on fractals simulated ecosystems and robotics As always we re looking for more Speakers e please contact us _If there s enough interest we ll have a dealer s room this year If you have something to sell drop us a line If youd like to be part of a Swap meet ask us about that too LAS always this should bea fun time SOG isn t just a computer con ference it s a place to meet friends D 2 and many motels Rocky Mountain SOG II T THURSDAY Horseback riding trip 25 All Day Raft Trip 60 Barbecue adult 10 Barbecue underage 12 6 SATURDAY Night Banquet 15 RM Sog I Tee Shirt Please register as early possible Some activities may E S early Ask about family and group discounts Speakers attend the con ference and the Banquet free Remember you only need to pa for those things you participate u For example if a family member wants to go to the other events but not the conference sessions on Friday and Saturday they don t need to pay the conference fee Gunnison is located 200 SES southwest of Denver and about 170 miles directly west of Pueblo on U S Highway 50 The Gunnison area is Serviced by both United and Conti mental airlines We also have bus Service numerous Campgro
125. e 43H AL H less refresh 42 AL 80H 41H AL 42 AL AL 41H AL AX OFFSET OVER Get the addr of the end of INT code AX 1 AX 1 AX 1 AX 1 Dvivde by 16 and add 1 AX to get how much memory to save DX AX Save the calculated amount of memory AH 31H DOS func to terminate amp stay residnt Allow interrupts again 21H Do DOS call never returns more Micro Ads XenoCopy PC 79 95 s PC DOS program lets your PC Read Write Format over 350 formats XENOFONT 49 95 S H high quality text screen printouts ideal for use in software documentation Bold face and reverse video supported 2210 SIXTH STREET BERKELEY CA 94710 415 644 9366 Reader Service Number 39 CURVE FITTING FOR PROGRAMMERS e TABLECODE fits any X Y data table to 211 different equations in a sIngle step Full graphical selection of most appropriate equation Generates function code for selected equation and a twin window calling program to test equation code Reads Lotus dBASE ASCII and binary files Full working demo available for 5 Code Libraries include Turbo C amp MSC 5 x Turbo Pascal BASICA Turbo BASIC QuickBASIC Lahey FORTRAN JPI Modula2 dBASE IV Clipper dBASE Ill P O Box 32277 AISN org S ftware 602 266 1925 20 Can 10 vetaa ti on munem MC VISA Pre appr PO Reader Service Number 170 BS DEGREES from fully accredi
126. e In our in dustry the world changes on a daily basis which can sometimes be disconcerting Re cently a change in my programming has come to mean a change in this column Yes I have a confession to make C is no longer my primary programming language I ve found a new love a programming lan 58 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 guage that gives me everything C did and more My newfound favorite is C a lan guage that has captured my heart and hard disk At first it was a tenuous relationship I was hesitant to leave C a language in which I had written so much Yet C slowly won me over with promises of object oriented program ming and wonderful new capabilities So my friends C will begin to creep into this column I firmly believe that C will replace C in most applications over the next several years It offers so many advantages over C and it cur rently has momentum So as time goes on you ll see more C and less C But don t worry I m not abandoning C I m just adding C As you ll see this month s column dis cusses 850 lines of low level code Let s get to it C Explorations As promised this installment of the column begins the presentation of my auto sensing graphics library for IBM PCs and compatibles Called ZipGraph it functions on several levels We ll start with the low level routines which handle basic tasks such as determining the in stalled adapter type and the plotting of p
127. e imprecise or fuzzy input patterns Figure 1 Back propagation Network Structure CONNECTIONS WEIGHTS CONNECTIONS WEIGHTS NA vate LE XK OXI KY DAR LAYER HIDDEN OUTPUT LAYER MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 17 many kinds of information faster Neural networks are hot but they re far from perfected At this juncture several commercial products show pro mise but even the best of these will no doubt change for the better as we learn more about our brains and more about computers But enough general introduction Let s create an NNT beginning with a few definitions for the back propagation model the architecture we ll use The Back Propagation Model Although a back propagation neural network model is generally considered a good one it has no standard defini tion Neural network experts agree mostly on the algorithms they use to de scribe network training and operation but don t agree how these algorithms should be implemented We ll try to simplify our implementa tion by describing the back propagation BP model as we understand it in some detail We ll examine each of its elements and describe how these elements com bine to form the BP topology Z Figure 1 remember you looked before shows a simple three layer BP model e Each circle represents a pro cessing element PE Each arrow represents an inter connection synapse and its as sociated
128. e the sockets Simply hold the DIP sockets in place with a bit of masking tape while you solder Solder the corner pins first then work around to the other pins in a circular rotation This will help you avoid overheating and delaminating any of the pads and it helps prevent solder bridges Resistors and diodes come next Watch the polarity of the diodes Now install the MOSFETS and their heatsinks Dab a bit of silicone heat sink compound on the back of each MOSFET before snapping its heat sink into place Bend the leads with needle nosed pliers making sure that the tab mounting holes line up with the holes on the board when you insert the pins Secure the heatsinked MOSFETs with 6 32x38 machine screws and nuts and solder the pins Finally install the connectors and capacitors These are taller components than the rest so I save them for last With all the components soldered in but with empty IC sockets use a DVM to check continuity from the Signal Ground pin of J101 to the ground connections on the IC sockets Check the socket contacts to make sure the solder joints are sound Repeat this process with the 5V Ve pin and the Vcc connections of the ICs Next check the Ohms reading be tween Vcc and Ground If there is a low reading here start looking for a solder bridge or a backwards diode If you can t find it now the thin curl of blue smoke when you first power up the board will point it out When the boards pass all
129. e joint will cling to the iron helping to keep it tinned Cut a three foot length of solder off the spool and roll it into a convenient shape I use a loose coil like a coil of rope Put the large spool of solder away for now you can use the short spool you just made Pick up both the soldering iron and the solder then touch the solder to the tip of the iron Allow only 14 of solder to melt onto the iron s tip You do re member what 14 of solder looked like after it flowed onto the tip don t you 6 6 QEdit is a great piece of soft ware Highly recommended 9 9 John C Dvorak PC Magazine Clean the solder off the tip using your damp cleaning pad Repeat these steps a few times always trying to judge when you have used about 1 4 of solder If necessary cut off a 1 4 length of solder as before and melt it onto the tip again to refresh your memory Now Add Some Wire Use your wire strippers to remove all the insulation from a 4 length of 22 gauge wire Cut the wire off the spool at the insulation so you end up with a length of bare wire Repeat this step with several 1 lengths of wire Now hold a 1 wire in your strength hand and the needle nose pliers in your precision hand Carefully bend the end of the wire into a small hook just large enough to fit around the long bare wire you cut previously Loop the hook over the long wire somewhere near the middle will do and use the needle nose pli
130. e system utilities by Softfocus e 100 The Profiler program execution profile veg MUS Us sad MO cec cie See ar eC pA Rice sd she IR niis do 16 9171 PA EINE fa eee dy i E S ae a Ae 100 QC88 C compiler ASM output small model no longs floats or bit fields 80 function library 90 Otter 1 0 beautiful theorem prover by Bill McCune includes manual amp two books by Wos complete starterkit 80 C Windows Toolkit pop up pull down spreadsheet CGA EGA Hercules eller 80 JATE Async Terminal Emulator includes file transfer and menu subsystem llle ers 80 MultiDOS Plus DOS based multitasking intertask messaging semaphores ceres 80 Make macros all languages built in rules 4 ee e 75 evalU C function to evaluate ASCII infix expression string 17 built in functions 2 1 e 75 XT BIOS Kit roll your own BIOS with this complete set of basic input output functions for XT c 75 Professional C Windows lean amp mean window and keyboard handler 2 2 ee ee 70 ScreenLib simple screen definitions windows pop up menus context sensitive help 2 2 ee ee ee ee ee 65 Heap Expander virtual memory manager using expanded memory extended memory and disk space 2 6 2 eee ee ee ee 65 Quin Ea aan C interpreter aiot a ist L rr Vea oe vee ele ah SE a iy Egara EE 60 Symtab Ptree
131. ead and write strobes The decode is for 16 contiguous addresses at the starting points indicated on the schematic The D A function ICs 15 and 16 generates analog signals for the real world The schematic indicates the part num ber for the 12 bit converters but the 8 bit parts DAC830 are pin for pin compat ible The 8255 programmable peripheral 14 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 Figure 5 Assembly Routine to Collect A D Data From Channel 5 DATA SEG SEGMENT AT RESULT DB 2 DATA SEG ENDS STACK SEG SEGMENT PARA STACK STACK AT 0040H 0800H DB 100 DUP STACK SEG ENDS SEGMENT AT CS CODE SEG CODE SEG ASSUME MOV AX DATA SEG MOV DS AX MOV AX STACK SEG MOV SS AX MOV SP 0H 0F600H INITIALIZE THE DATA SEG INITIALIZE THE STACK INITIALIZE EXTRA IF USED DS DATA SEG SS STACK SEG AL 0 DX BASE 5 DX AL DX BASE 0FH AL DX 10000000B LOOPO DX BASE 5 AX AX AL DX AX DS RESULT interface chip IC18 supplies the 24 I O lines I use two lines on the board so there are 22 available through the I O connector The dead man timer IC19 is a CMOS 555 timer configured as a resetable mon ostable multivibrator When it times out it makes the I O channel check bus line active I installed a jumper on the line to disable this function during debugging All real world inputs and outputs enter the card through the 50 pin dual row header I use FET input differential
132. ecision hand Select one of the clamped wire connec tions you just made as your first target The next sequence of steps should all be done in about three seconds Firmly hold the iron s tip against the connection touching both the long wire and the short wire simultaneously Hold the tip on this connection for about one second Touch the solder to the wires at their junction and flow about 1 4 of solder into the connection DO NOT touch the solder to the iron s tip Remove the solder from the heated wires after you feel 1 4 of solder has melted into the connection Hold the tip against the soldered junc tion for an additional second then re move the iron DO NOT touch or move the wires and do not blow on the heated connection Wait about five seconds for the connection to cool Clean your iron and set it back down on its stand Now take a moment to inspect your work The tiny gaps in the hook should be filled with bright shiny solder There might even be a thin sheen of solder on some of the wires You should clearly see the shape of the wires as well as the hook in the connection If you cannot see the shape of the wires or of the hook you used too much solder Try another connection using less solder If you can see copper inside the hook where the wires meet you did not use enough solder or you may not have left the iron on the connection long enough Try another connection If the solder appears grainy or grey
133. ed with as little as one line of code in any language TOPAZ ER Here s what you get The breakthrough DBMS toolkit for Pascal If you d like to combine the raw power and speed of Turbo Pascal or Micro dv soft s QuickPascal with the simplicity P oa GE and elegance of dBASE Topaz is 2277 just what you re looking for That s because Topaz was specially created to let you enjoy the best of both worlds x c The result You create com UN plete truly dazzling applicat 7 ionsinaveryshorttime Andnowonder S S Topaz is a comprehensive toolkit of gt dBASE like commands and functions designed to help you produce outstanding polished programs fast Check out these powerful features e Design screens windows and moving bar menus Easy to use powerful editor lets you create screens in a jiffy Pop up your screens and menus with one line of code in dBASE all the dBASE compilers your favorite BASIC Pascal or any other language e Screen Library Manager Generates runtime code e No runtime license or royalty fees e Comes with a 100 page manual plus dozens of sample programs ORDER NOW YOU RISK NOTHING Thousands of satisfied customers have already ordered from us Why not visit your dealer or call toll free rightnowand putSaywhatand Topaz to the test yourself They re fully guaranteed You don t risk a penny Special limited time offer Save 26 Buy Saywhat and Topa
134. ed with the BGI I wrote text using OutTextXY and a default 8 by 8 bit font Results terrible BrainMaker couldn t recognize more than 2 or 3 Text Continued on page 89 Figure 3 BrainMaker Output 3 Digits Weight and 1 Digit Output 001 988 034 017 085 014 025 046 000 000 018 009 049 033 918 017 072 049 008 078 050 001 929 002 005 911 001 oo o o o o o o o o NNN NN NNN DN NX t UU 00 Ww WwW Ww WwW Ww Ww 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 A d a d 4 49 bh bh HP D 021 018 000 003 016 006 936 000 071 005 050 067 050 020 027 042 020 972 007 064 097 012 068 100 030 070 100 041 902 094 U UU Ur Ui c ow wo 000 01 OY OO ADA OY O Moo oo o o o o M M ce o co Cc 0 0c C OO ow ooo 6 wu Oo o uw vo Figure 4 Optical Character Recognition Shell Program OCR_Shell uses Crt Dos Graph pcx tp pex_tp from Genus Toolkit var F F2 text const BGI fonts Fonts array 0 4 of string 13 DefaultFont TriplexFont SmallFont SansSerifFont GothicFont BGI text directions array 0 1 of string 8 NertDir TextDirect HorizDir Num of patterns 10 Num of characters 2000 for 80x25 viewport Input file from neural net C MTPNEXEMBrainRTS Out Output file for neural net C NTPNEXEMBrainRTS In converts data fil s Any ASCII EBCDI
135. effy MICRO CORNUCOPIA ISSN 0747 587X is published bi monthly for 18 per year by Micro Cornucopia Inc 155 NW Hawthorne Bend OR 97701 Second class postage paid at Bend OR arid additional mailing offices POSTMASTER Send 2 address changes to MICRO CORNUCOPIA PO Box 223 Bend OR 97709 Printed on recycled p paper SUBSCRIPTION RATES c0 l1yr 6issues 18 00 2 0 2yr 2issues oso 94 00 s 8yr 18issues ME 48 00 41 yr Canada amp Mexico 26 00 5 1 yr Other foreign surface gt 36 00 ue Qu lyr Foreign airmail m 50 00 Make orders payable in US funds on a US bank B CHANGE OF ADDRESS Please send Yo old label and new address t to MICRO CORN UCOPIA HEIN Ae Box 223 E Bend Oregon 97709 i ii READER SERVICES i for orders and subscription problems call 1 800 888 8087 9 am to 5 pm Pacific time M F FAX your VISA or MC order to us our FAX i number is 503 389 6833 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE For help call 503 382 8048 9 am to noon Pacific time M E BBS 24 hrs 300 1200 2400 baud 8 Bits No Parity 1 Stop Bit Copyright 1990 by Micro Comuenpia I Inc All rights reserved ISSN 0747 587X The Audit Bureau 4 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 By David J Thompson Not So Slick Our Paper You ve probably noticed that our paper has changed This paper isn t quite as white as our old paper and it s coated That s the b
136. ember 1985 pp 219 232 3 The Painters Algorithm Richard Chandler and Gary Faulkner PC Tech Journal November 1985 pp 181 187 4 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 27 The Poet And The Computer Stirring A Little Conscience Into The Data In our quest for ever greater quantities of information and ever more sophisticated methods of manipulating verifying and dis playing it we risk forgetting something very important poet said Aristotle has the nv of expressing the uni versal the technician or specialist expresses only the particular The poet moreover can remind us that man s greatest energy comes not from his dy namos but from his dreams The notion of where a man ought to be instead of where he is the liberation from cramped prospects the intimations of immortality through art all these proceed naturally out of dreams But the quality of man s dreams can only be a reflection of his subconscious What he puts into his subconscious therefore is quite literally the most important nour ishment in the world Nothing really happens to a man ex cept as it is registered in the subcon scious This is where event and feeling become memory and where the proof of life is stored The poet I use the term to include all those who have respect for and speak to the human spirit can help supply the subconscious with material to enhance its sensitivity thus safeguarding it The poet too can
137. en the starting address of your code changes System debugging Soft ICE is a natural Soft ICE is ideal for full source level debugging of TSRs interrupt service routines self booting programs DOS loadable device drivers real time kernels non DOS O Ss and ROMs Soft ICE can even debug within DOS amp BIOS New Version 2 0 How Soft ICE Works Soft ICE uses the power of the 80386 to sur round your program in a virtual machine This gives you complete control of the DOS environment while Soft ICE runs safely in protected mode Soft ICE uses the 80386 to provide real time break points on memory locations memory ranges execution I O ports hardware amp software interrupts With Soft ICE you get all the speed and power of a hardware assisted debugger at a software price Don t want to switch debuggers You don t have to Soft ICE can run stand alone or it can add its powerful break points to the debugger you already use Use your favorite debugger until you require Soft ICE Simply pop up the Soft ICE window to set powerful real time break points When a break point is reached your debugger will be activated automatically MagicCV with Soft ICE Using Soft ICE with CodeView gives you the features necessary for professional level systems debugging MagicCV and Soft ICE can work in concert with Code View to provide the most powerful debugging platform you will find anywhere These may be the only two product
138. er before let ting it change the interleave SpinRite Questioned Noticed that you have taken a liking to SpinRite I have a little nagging doubt about using that program 70 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 though Perhaps you can answer this for me Assume I have a hard drive for matted at say 4 1 interleave This hard drive has had some use over the years and it has a few bad sectors that were not on the original bad track table No real problem though because DOS s FORMAT command noticed it couldn t read those sectors and marked them in the FATs as unusable Now I gets me a copy of SpinRite and I sez to it Figger me out the best interleave and rebuild my drive Off it goes on its merry way and lo and be hold it finds out the best interleave for my system is really 5 1 not 4 1 It mer rily reformats my drive by reading in a track at a time then reformatting that track to 5 1 then writing back that same track of data Here s the fun part It gets to the bad spot Reading in the track it notices it cannot read sector 7 of this track cor rectly It reformats the track and tries to write the data back again The bad spot is no longer in sector 7 We just moved things around and now the bad spot is in sector 12 If it writes this track back it will be guilty of the major crime of putting good data on a nonreadable bad sector as well as the minor one of leaving a now good sector marked bad The s
139. eral showing up at the door The Paperwork By the time Don finished the network he was so sick of the project he had a tough time with the documentation He enlisted my help but since most of the stuff was new to me I just proofed the copy We printed the originals on our dot matrix printer reduced the copy pasted it up and hit the local copy center Then stacks of pages in hand we adjourned to the kitchen table to as semble manuals Five a m August 5 1987 we finished We d received a handful of orders so we duplicated disks packaged everything in hand cut cardboard squares and shipped We promptly packed up the car and headed for south Texas and the Gulf Once home we got our first bug call The program couldn t read MS DOS 3 1 disks We d tested PC DOS 2 1 and MS DOS 3 2 assuming that if they worked the rest would Not true We quickly fixed the bug and shipped updates We thought we had a spiffy product but we didn t have the bucks to really advertise We quickly rejected shareware for the network but we did have The Weak Link The Weak Link The hook on The Weak Link was source code When people registered they received the complete source We also mentioned The 25 Network on the shareware disk Registration is only 15 but still only two or three register in a month Our decision to test the shareware waters did not come lightly because we were quite skeptical After se
140. ers to clamp the hook closed If you do these steps properly you should be able to pick up the 4 length of wire and the smaller wire will remain 6 6 QEdit is without question thesmallest fastest most versatile text editor in the DOS world P L Olympia Ph D DBMS July 1989 September 12 1989 EDITOR ADVANCED QFdit 5495 ALSO AVAILABLE QEdit for OS 2 1900 If you are looking for the right combination of price and value in a text editor then give QEdit a try At ONLY 554 95 anda money back guarantee you just can t go wrong QEditis fast easy to use and simple to install At the same time you get all of these features and more E Completely configurable in cluding keyboard and colors E Edit as many files simultaneously as will fit in memory ll Open up to eight windows E 99 scratch buffers for cut and paste or template operations E Exit to DOS or a DOS shell from within QEdit E Pop Down menu system and customizable Help Screen E Column Blocks E Easy to use macro capability including keyboard recording ll Wordwrap and paragraph reformat capabilities W Recover deleted text E Automatic indentation for C programming Bi Import files and export blocks ll Locate matching braces and parentheses E Execute command line compilers from within QEdit Reader Service Number 127 E QEdit supports 101 key key boards EGA 43 line mode and VGA 50 line mode
141. es ISSUE 21 12 84 Analog To Digital Interface Installing Turbo Pascal Low Intensity BBI Video Turbo Pascal The Early Days 80 pages ISSUE 22 2 85 Xerox 820 II To A Kaypro 8 Sound Generator For the STD Bus Reviews Of 256K RAM Expansion 88 pages ISSUE 23 4 85 Automatic Disk Relogging Interrupt Drive Serial Printer Low Cost EPROM Eraser Smart Video Controller Review MicroSphere RAM Disk 86 pages ISSUE 24 6 85 C ing Into Turbo Pascal 8 Drives On The Kaypro 68000 Versus 80x86 Soldering The First Steps 88 pages ISSUE 25 8 85 Why Wrote A Debugger The 32 Bit Super Chips Programming The 32032 Modula II RS 232C The Interface 104 pages ISSUE 26 10 85 Inside ZCPR3 Two Megabytes On DSI 32 SOG IV The Future Of Computing Graphics In Turbo Pascal 104 pages 94 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 ISSUE 27 12 85 SOLD OUT ISSUE 28 2 86 Rescuing Lost Text From Memory Introduction To Modula 2 Inside The PC 104 pages ISSUE 29 4 86 Speeding Up Your XT Prototyping In C C Interpreters Reviewed Benchmarking The PCs 104 pages ISSUE 30 6 86 PROLOG On The PC Expert Systems Logic Programming Building Your Own Logic Analyzer 256K RAM For Your 83 Kaypro PC DOS For Non Clones 104 pages ISSUE 31 8 86 RAM Resident PC Speedup Practical Programming In Modula 2 Unblinking The PC s Blinkin Cursor Game Theory In PROLOG and C 104 pages ISSUE 32
142. esult result inportb base 8 lt lt 4 rvesult inportb base 9 gt gt 4 Note result is left justified in the 16 bits of the A D registers This macro starts a reading waits till the A D completes the conversion and reads the result tdefine GET VALUE result START_AD while COMPLETE V PN READ AD result Here are declarations for functions defined in CAPTURE C By including this header in another file you automatically declare these functions Thus you can use the functions by including the header and linking CAPTURE OBJ at link time see the MAKEFILE for details Display 16 bits of ones and zeroes void print binary unsigned int Display value as a voltage between 5 and 5 void print value unsigned int reading This function waits for A D input to exceed threshold and then fills buf with bufsize samples taken at software controlled sampling rate Note that the effect of rate will vary depending on type and speed of your machine void capture unsigned buf int bufsize unsigned threshold int rate MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 43 you include the DOS H file as in CAP TURE H the compiler will replace any of those function calls with in line code Thus the C code should be fairly opti mal Study the code and my comments there for the details of what s going on A D Converter Format The 12 bit dat
143. eyboard no nothing but a serial port you can download programs from the host and debug them on the target So the program resides on the target system and the C THRU ROM program RDEB runs on the host PC You re step ping through C code or assembly or both one line at a time watching varia bles change You can also set breakpoints on C symbols The environment is a lot like CodeView MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 13 CONVERTS ACTION DIAGRAMS XPrint Character Set For line to T Put leading spaces in the output string Put the line number and in the output string Calculate offset line 32 If line is not or 4 Character value is count plus offset Add character and space to the output string Endfor For count equals to 31 l Else Add Control characters can t print them to the output string Endifelse Display the output string Add CR and LF to the output string Print the output string Endfor Print a formfeed INTO COMMENT LINES After you ve finished debugging you simply link the C program with C THRU ROM s startup code which re places the normal C startup code and produce an Intel hex format file Then send the file to your EPROM program mer My Taiwanese programmer loves Intel hex There are some drawbacks to the package the most limiting being C THRU s inability to debug interrupt routines So we usually write polling loo
144. f full twice quad scale factor Display a series of numbers as void display series unsigned se scale factor dots on the screen ries int series size int offset vertical scale factor Scale factor horizontal scale factor int color This means that 0 volts produces a reading with only the high bit bit 11 counting from zero set When the high bit is set it s like turning on the plus sign This of course is quite different from normal 2 s compliment arithmetic Notice the code in the function print value to account for the sign Capturing Data Points The magic numbers which are the I O port locations used in CAPTURE H come from the documentation for the AD1000 Notice that all the numbers are relative to a base address called curiously base This address is set by a jumper on the board If you change the jumper change the base Otherwise you won t get to first base CAPTURE C defines print binaryQ which prints a 16 bit value as a binary number this often detects problems and print valueQ which displays the value from the AD1000 as a voltage By defin ing the name TEST BOARD see the MAKEFILE to do this on the command line just type make meter you can create a standalone program which pre tends it s a digital voltmeter Compare the output of the program with your standard voltmeter for verification CAPTURE also contains capture the function used in VOICE C
145. fer ence In this case faster is better we can catch higher frequencies without aliasing Testing EOC To sample you start the conversion and then begin polling the end of conver sion EOC line on the A D converter Once the conversion is complete you can read the value and start a new conver sion To monitor end of conversion strap the EOC line to the input of one of the 8255 parallel I O ports This is easy on the AD1000 board just solder a small wire between two holes to select bit 7 of port A B or C I used port B since it isn t brought out to the external connector on the board so none of those lines has been used The 8255 defaults to input mode so you don t even have to configure the chip just start reading it Code I ve separated the code according to function ZEE Figures 1 and 2 CAPTURE H and CAPTURE C show how I tell the AD1000 hardware to capture a set of samples Figures 3 and 4 DISPLAY H and DISPLAY C show how I translate data into screen graphics Figure 5 VOICE C declares the CAPTURE and DISPLAY func tions by including their header files and then uses the functions to capture your voice pattern and display it Figure 6 is the MAKEFILE which tells MAKE EXE which comes with Turbo C how to assemble the project look up make in the reference manual to un derstand Figure 6 By typing MAKE you ll build VOICE EXE I wrote all the code in Turbo C but you shouldn t have
146. for j 0 j lt rate j delay by a factor of rate between samples ifdef TEST BOARD The following program creates a digital voltmeter out of a selected channel of the AD1000 You should run this program and test a 1 5 volt battery or a potentiometer connected to a DC power source to insure that your AD1000 is installed and working properly main const av 10000 Averaging factor to remove noise avz10000 gives incredibly accurate results in complete agreement with my voltmeter Try smaller av to see rattle in your system unsigned int sample long sum int i MUX 0 select channel while 1 sum 0 for i 1 i lt av i GET VALUE sample sum sample sum av calculate the putchar r print_binary sum putchar print value sum if kbhit exit 1 endif TEST BOARD Figure 3 DISPLAY H Declarations for functions to include lt graphics h gt voice patterns printf like function for pri graphics mode void gprintf char format Add up a bunch of samples average support graphic screen display of The Turbo C BGI header file nting messages while using the BGI in Display the graphics viewport values for debugging void display viewsettings struct Types of scaling for display s viewporttype view eries typedef enum quarter hal
147. formance or paying too much And organiza tions that want the same editor for everyone can pick VEDIT for most users and VEDIT PLUS for their power users The new family of VEDIT text editors are upwards compatible easy to use and offer exceptional performance flexibility and stunning speed 3 to 30 times faster than the competition on large files where speed really counts Call for your free evaluation copy today See why VEDIT has been the 1 choice of programmers writers and engineers VEDIT BRIEF 2 10 Norton 1 3 Edit 2 07 since 1980 Pull Down menus Yes No No Yes Pop Up ASCII table Yes No No No VEDIT Jr Unmatched performance for only 29 Keystroke macros 100 1 No 100 All VEDIT editors include a pull down menu system with hot Regular Expressions Yes Yes No No keys context sensitive on line help pop up status and ASCII Cut and Paste buffers 36 1 1 100 table a configurable keyboard layout and flexible unlimited Text book markers 10 10 No No keystroke macros Edit files of any size and any line length Undo keystroke Oy Keystroke ues its No no Undo line by line Yes No NO No Perform block operations by character line file or column Undo Normal max Undo levels 500 1000 30 300 Z 2 up to 1000 keystrokes keystroke by keystroke line by line or Variable tab positions Yes Yes No No deletion by deletion Automatic indent block indent and paren Configurable keyboard Yes Yes No Difficult theses matching speed pr
148. g b Stack _Seg_b segment para usel6 stack 6593 0000 OOCO FF db 192 dup OFFh stack seg b ends end start ounce code output and inline cross reference can also be selected 8 CHANGE AND ADD FEATURES B CLARIFY INTERFACES for PS 2 AT XT PC and Clones The BIOS Pre Processor with SOURCER provides the first means to obtain accurate legal source listings for any BIOS Identifies entry points with full expla nations Resolves PS 2 s multiple jumps for improved clarity Provides highly descriptive labels such as video mode and much more Fully automatic SOURCER Commenting disassembler 99 95 UNPACKER Unpack packed EXE files and more 39 95 SOURCER with BIOS Pre Processor 139 95 ASMtool Assembly source analyzer and flowcharter 89 95 Shipping amp Handling USA 3 Canada Mexico 19 Other 15 CA Res add sales tax PS 2 trademark of IBM Corp NOT COPY PROTECTED 30 DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE If within 30 days of purchase you find our product does not perform in accordance with our claims call our customer service department and we will gladly arrange a refund m For orders and information call OXKOSN a 1 800 662 8266 on V COMMUNICATIONS INC 3031 Tisch Way Suite 802 Dept MC4 San Jose CA 95128 408 296 4224 Reader Service Number 62 J MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 57 By Scott Robert Ladd 705 West Virginia Gunnison CO 81230 303 641 6438 BBS 303 641 5125 ZipGraph Part
149. ge really iS power DiseDoc Professional is an amazing new teach ing tool Learn how programs work take them apart and see the writing techniques that top pros use Use it to assist in debugging Hunt down vir uses and write killers DiseDoc can save you years of frustration and it only costs 149 95 including the EXE Unpacker until January 1 To order your DiseDoc Professional kit or our free demo disk simply call 1 800 446 4656 WITHIN CT amp OUTSIDE THE U S CALL 203 953 0236 MasterCard amp VISA Shipped Immediately Via UPS RJSwantek Inc 178 Brookside Road Newington CT 06111 manently secure the top disk to the X dividers and Trapez fittings hold this whole assembly to the middle disk Screwdriver access holes in the top disk aligned with the holding screws below complete the arrangements And they only cost 70 each Elegant strong cheap First mount the Trapez blocks onto the X divider panels Remove the screws from the middle disk and set the cleats and top cross panel aside With the X divider panel upright on the top of the middle disk position the Trapez fitting squarely against both the vertical X divider panel and the horizontal disk then mark the hole locations of the top block with a pencil Use this same procedure to locate the holes for the angle brackets on the top edge of each panel Once you ve marked all the hole locations drill them out to 1 64 dia Lightly
150. head can sell Quickbasic for 59 we should be able to prosper at 25 It s not our customers who complain about the price it s the dealers They want to make 100 for a 15 minute sale Fine But until someone explains to us exactly why we aren t making money at 25 we ll go happily about our business and bank our profits We started small borrowed no money and took no great risks That s probably why we re doing well today We ve made a few mistakes Don should have quit consulting six months earlier We should have serialized each copy of the network from the begin ning We probably should have in creased advertising faster Maybe we should have charged more for the net work But this is all hindsight Contrary to popular belief hindsight is not 20 20 The Future Soon we ll be moving to larger quar ters room for help and adding addi tional phone lines including an 800 Goodbye BASIC C COBOL hello PASCAL Now to make this most advanced language available to more micro us ers we ve cut our price to an amazing 29 95 This astonishing price includes the complete JRT Pascal sys tem on diskette and the comprehensive new user manual Not a subset it s a complete Pascal Check the features Separate compilation of external procedures e Auto loading 14 digit FLOATING POINT arithmetic True dynamic storage Verbal error messages Fast one step compiler no link needed Graphing
151. hington Road b Glendale WI 53217 3422 414 352 3670 Post Script Last time I asked where users like is get their shareware Although I m v cating this space I plan to collect any responses to pass along to the good edi e tors here at Micro C If I accumulate a worthwhile list perhaps it will see print in these pages Goodbye folks Keep registering that shareware And remember the motto of the Sirius Cybernetics Corporationi Share and enjoy Editor s note Apparently we re looking for a new shareware columnist Any librari ans out there yearning to write You 6 can even turn in a friend NEW Now Micro Comucopla has availability 16mm microfilm 35mm imicrofilti 105mm microfiche coples of Issues and articies provided through University Microfilms Intemational 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor MI 48106 1 Yeu NA By Gary Entsminger P O Box 2091 Davis CA 95617 A Case Of Optical Character Recognition From PCX To TXT Via A Neural Network Recognizing characters isn t the easiest thing for a computer but then recognizing friends isn t either Gary applies a neural net to a pile of type written pages and At least he doesn t paper over the problems pages was a research assistant s night mare A gothic soap opera For years her boss and a legion of bosses had accumulated enough reports abstracts and just plain gossip to fil
152. ifference be tween the 386 and the 486 So unlike the jump from 286 to 386 the 386 will do everything the 486 can do That doesn t mean there s no reason to buy a 486 The 486 will run instructions in half the clocks an average of 2 per instruction Plus the 486 is supposed to be out the chute at 33 MHz with 40 MHz and 50 MHz parts very soon now His words not mine The initial production will run about 1 000 per part with prices scheduled to settle into the 300 range by fall 1990 That sounds high but it includes an on board 387 487 Float times will improve drastically because the ALU won t have to go through all the motions of waking up an external chip giving it control and waiting for notification that the arithmetic s finished Also there s 8K of on board cache and transfers from cache to the ALU happen in 128 bit chunks Interesting Now the 3865X sounds like it should have a V6 and fuel injection is a bit controversial Some folks think it s a 386 that Intel crippled to make it easy for manufacturers IBM to sell 68000 SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER e 512 1024K DRAM FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER e 4 RS 232 SERIAL PORTS REAL TIME CLOCK NEW LOWER PRICES BASIC KIT BMHZ BOARD MICROPROCESSOR HUMBUG MONITOR BASIC IN ROM 4K SRAM 2 SERIAL PORTS 200 PACKAGE DEAL COMPLETE KIT WITH 10MHZ MICROPROCESSOR SK DOS OPERATING SYSTEM 512K DRAM 499 SYSTEM BOARD 12MHZ ASSEMBLED TESTED 1MEG RAM 6 PC XT PERI
153. ile a California civil servant I was fairly successful as a freelance mathematical writer My articles on Mandelbrot s fractal geometry won a couple of awards and my interview of Benoit Mandelbrot was published in Mathemati cal People Yes I now admit that I have long been smitten with fractals just like everyone else at Micro C My stock as a writer however has risen enormously since I returned to academia It helps that American River College already has several successful authors on its faculty so per haps I m gilt by association During the past summer I was courted by several publishers looking for textbooks Over the next two years my name will appear on texts and supplements for algebra trigono metry and calculus courses It will be a lot of work but I m looking forward to it In the meantime I have to reorder my pri orities l ve submitted my resignation as soft ware librarian to the Sacramento PC Users Group I have also decided to withdraw from this column much as I regret doing so I hope to retain the editorship of Sacra Blue which in 82 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 the future will be my only significant commit ment to users group activities Parting Glances There are a few loose ends that I would like to tie up as I depart I ve long been intrigued by desktop publishing and sophisticated tools like Adobe s PostScript Under pressure from Microsoft and Apple Adobe has decided th
154. iles and programs on your MS DOS computer just as you would a standard MS DOS diskette UniForm allows you to use standard DOS commands and programs right on your original diskette without modifying or copying your files UniForm PC allows you to read write format and copy diskettes from over 275 CP M and MS DOS computers on your PC XT AT OR 386 With UniForm PC and the CompatiCard you can use 5 high density 96TPI 312 720k 1 44M and even 8 drives UniForm PC by Micro Solutions 64 95 Also available for Kaypro amp other CP M computers CP M MS DOS UniDOS Z80 Coprocessor Board by Micro Solutions Dont throw out all of those old reliable CP M pro grams run them at LIGHTNING speed on your PC or AT with the UniDOS 8MHz Z80 coprocessor board And the UniDOS Z80 runs so smoothly and transparently that you won t even be able to tell whether you re running DOS or CP M UniDOS emu lates most common computers and terminals such as Kaypro Xerox 820 Morrow Osborne VT100 and many others Supports all standard CP M system calls and now works with MS DOS version 4 In cludes UniForm PC UniDOS Z80 Coprocessor Card 169 95 UniDOS by Micro Solutions If you have a fast machine or have a V20 chip in stalled you may not need to use a card slot to run your CP M programs Run 8080 code directly on the V20 or use emulation mode for Z80 programs UniDOS by Micro Solutions 64 95 UniDOS w U
155. in TRS 80 model 1 BASIC I did this to avoid hand assembly Interestingly this processor had an on board integer BASIC interpreter and interfaced to a terminal National de signed a board with this processor EPROM RAM I O and one of the EPROM sockets would program 2716s It was a dream come true until my BASIC program grew beyond about 20 lines You needed a calendar to time the execution They threw in a BASIC in struction that jumped to machine lan guage routines but no assembler I wrote the assembler You might think I would have learned but I still do embedded control lers Fortunately I now have real solu tions for development What is the ideal platform for an embedded controller It should be inex pensive flexible expandable available and reliable Plus there should be great software support such as assemblers de buggers and high level languages all in expensive We don t want to have to sell the kids to control the temperature in the aquarium hmmmmm The answer of course is the XT No lou might think would have learned but still do em bedded controllers Fortunately now have real solutions for development not the whole XT just the motherboard Embed the mother to handle any control task you want Editor s note Micro C is not always a safe place to make offhand com ments about the fairer sex A 12 MHz motherboard costs about 80 these days an 8 MHz unit about 65
156. in circuit emula tion Boy that s wonderful when you re de bugging code on a deaf mute board espe cially when it pretends to be brain dead So when Gene offered to do this article what could I say ICE is nice y experience with embedded IMs goes way back Most of my early recollection is clouded by the memory of intense pain The pain centered on the following ques tions Why do little low cost single chip microcontrollers require a large high 8 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 NI YM pur d au cat x cost in circuit emulator to make them function Why does a microcontroller that costs 5 for the mask programmed part cost 50 for the EPROM version I spent a lot of my early days in en gineering wrestling with these questions I also had a lot more courage than brains in those days My first experience was with a Z80 single board computer on the STD bus it was memorable I hoped the Navy would use the machine to test jet engines This was around 1978 and I also had a TRS 80 model 1 I used to say TRS 80 model 1 computer but I know better now The TRS 80 had a workable assem bler but the EPROM programmer sup plied by the Navy couldn t talk to it It couldn t talk to anything It had a hex keypad Humans cursed it In circuit emulators for the Z80 cost a m MY y y NS r J Uy f j Y d ne 1 y PE i A Lon Y ly Re
157. indras became special friends at the B C SOG and the friendship has grown as l ve seen them at SOG after SOG Their 25 network was also quite a hit and despite the low price they seemed to be doing quite well So I asked Kim to send me an On Their Own ur company Information Modes is a Qe development publishing com pany with a grand total of two em ployees my husband Don and me Until January 1987 Don worked as a con sultant For approximately two years our in come came primarily from one small manufac turing company Don developed software for their business with the understanding that he and the owners would market it in a separate partnership As the project neared completion it became clear that marketers and program mers are natural enemies like cannibals and missionaries We decided we didn t need their money IMODES Suddenly we had virtually no income be yond the six month cushion in our savings ac count Fortunately I was working part time at a local bookstore making enough to cover food Don got busy He had been thinking for some time of creating a simple and affordable network for the guy with two or three PCs Now he had the time Before I knew it he was disassembling and commenting DOS But what about the net work I asked He assured me DOS would gobble the network if he didn t understand it thoroughly Also I think he was just curious about how it worked The Ad Soon Don was wri
158. interface this is crucial for the REAL programs you want to disassemble With its built in help screens you won t have to constantly refer to the manual either although there are valuable discus sions on the ins and outs of disassembling which you won t want to miss E The Cade Bueteroi MD86 is a professionally supported product and yet costs no more than shareware And of course it s not copy protected VERSION 2 HOW AVAILABLE MD86 V2 is OHLY 67 50 1 50 s amp h tax C C Software 1907 Alvarado Ave Walnut Creek CA 94596 415 939 8153 Reader Service Number 31 16K of C Russ Eberhart and Roy Dobbins couldn t neural net work without 18K of C We bit our lips and made room Then not to be outdone Scott Ladd sent in 26K with his C column and Greg Landheim is our champion with 34K of 3 D Between Scott and Greg that s 18 pages of C space for at least four unlisted articles All right already If you authors can t be a little briefer you know about little briefers right then you ll be relegated to the BBS and the issue disk s Starting right now Great Scott What ll Mr Ladd say So to get Scott and Greg s code along with the printed code you ll just have to 1 Download ISSUE 51 ARC from the Micro C BBS 503 382 7643 300 1200 2400 8 1 N 24 hours 2 Send 6 8 foreign to Micro C P O Box 223 Bend OR 97709 or call 800 888 8087 Visa Mastercard and ask for the Issue
159. ipping charge for delivery in USA and Canada Foreign inquiries contact Covox for C amp F quotes 30DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE IF NOT COMPLETELY SATISFIED ONE YEAR WARRANTY ON HARDWARE CALL OR WRITE FOR FREE PRODUCT CATALOG COVOX INC 675 0 Conger St Eugene Oregon 97402 U S A TEL 503 342 1271 FAX 503 342 1283 Reader Service Number 143 6 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 Long Lawn Laments Loyal Loiterer My motorcycle vacation took me through Bend I have not been in Bend since PuP pre microprocessor days and there have been a few changes A tour of Bend would not have been complete without a swing by Micro C I don t make a habit of visiting pub lishing headquarters but Micro C is an exception Alas no one was home probably out rafting tubing instead of mowing the lawn Gosh I hope that wasn t too metaphysical Keep up the good work Nils R Olson 419 Woodhaven Drive Vacaville CA 95687 5941 Editor s note Thanks Nils for the photo Yes it does look like it s time for our annual mow It s more physical than metaphysical Letters SpinRite Defended I ve been a faithful follower of Micro C from the day I bought my first micro computer my old Kaypro ID but I think that you goofed when you trashed Spin Rite in recent issues I bought SpinRite as a last resort to save my ailing hard disk a Miniscribe 32 MB 65 ms on a card the kind you get from Com puAdd in my XT cl
160. is totle they didn t have to cite particulars they assumed such details were common knowledge Their allusions were not the product of intellectual ostentation or or namentation but the natural condiments of discourse bringing out the full flavor of the cultivated intelligence The same was true of correspondence People regarded letters as an art form and a highly satisfying way of engaging in civilized exchange The correspon dence of Jefferson and Adams and Priest ley was not so much a display of per sonal matters as a review of the human condition It was not unusual for the writers to range across the entire arena of human thought as a way of sharing per ceptions Allusion was common currency Today we rarely turn to letters as a way of embarking on voyages of intellectual discovery The essential problem of man in a computerized age remains the same as it has always been That problem is not solely how to be more productive more comfortable more content but how to be more sensitive more sensible more pro portionate more alive The computer makes possible a phenomenal leap in human proficiency it demolishes the fences around the practical and even the theoretical intelligence But the question persists and indeed grows whether the computer makes it easier or harder for human beings to know who they really are to identify their real problem to re spond more fully to beauty to place ade quate value on life a
161. is is a brick You don t slop mortar on a hard drive You don t install a brick in a Mac Usually The 25 Network We were well into SOG East great SOG by the way Do Jindra had cabled up three computers and started his presenta tion on networks mostly his network It was early afternoon so the the previous night s Jolt SIG had nearly worn off Like his presentation at the BC SOG the group response began with the usual Bet it can t passed through Wow really and finally settled into an easy banter What if you were on system one and the guy on system two started harassing you Could you do something nasty That brought the few still fuzzy heads off the table Could you lock up his keyboard How about really slowing down his system with some thing disk intensive Format his hard drive Yeah how about formatting his hard drive Nope you couldn t run FORMAT on system one and have it format a drive on system two Don broke in DOS won t let you do that You d have to be running FORMAT on system two However my next version will not only let you com municate with the operators of the other machines it ll also let you take control of those machines and run programs on them just as though you were sitting in front of them The ultimate multitasking Right That includes FORMAT If you thought Borland s popup product was great just wait until you see OpalFire s My
162. is substituted for arg and turn it into a string Now since there is no punctuation between arg and 76d the preprocessor will perform string concatenation and turn the two strings into a single string Finally the amp is the token pasting operator It will take the argument to the left and paste it to the argument on the right to create a new token Note not a string but something the compiler will treat as a name for a function variable typedef struct etc This means for ex ample the macro call 48 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 capture points view right 1000 0 for i 0 i lt view right i points i gt gt 3 do some rough scaling display series points view right 20 half full color clearviewport closegraph Figure 6 MAKEFILE for VOICE EXE and METER EXE Change these two paths for your particular installation path for standard include files INCLUDE turboc path for libraries LIB turboc memory model MEM s Following rule tells make how to create a obj file froma c file c obj tcc c m MEM f IS INCLUDE c The main rule this will be invoked if you simply type make voice exe voice obj capture obj display obj tcc L LIB m MEM voice obj capture obj display obj graphics lib If you type make meter exe the following rule will generate a program called CAPTURE EXE which will test your
163. it has been one of the most profitable ads we ve bought It s obvious from the people who contact us that Micro C has ex tremely loyal and knowledgeable read ers Shorty thereafter I called PC Tech Journal Despite their heavy push to sign us up for a long term contract I com mitted to just one time I had to find out if it was worth the money before com mitting to a long run I soon discovered I d made the right decision We d caught the last issue of the magazine before Ziff Davis folded it Other small advertisers were not so lucky They saw their ads continued in publications not of their choosing This was only the first of several bad ex periences we ve had with Ziff Davis And Ziff just recently bought Computer Shopper Plastic Obtaining a vendor account for VISA MasterCard was another chal lenge We had sent a significant number of orders net 10 hoping the customer would send us a check when he re ceived the product Some customers were very impressed with our trust and most eventually paid but the few who didn t were a constant source of aggravation We needed VISA Master Card Entering a bank and mumbling mail order is like putting a kerchief over your face and shouting Stick em up It took months to convince just one bank we were legitimate but it paid off Our volume doubled It was time to increase our advertis ing again Our goal had always been BYTE so we gave them a call The a
164. ives power supplies video cards etc Phone Orders 503 382 5060 or 1 800 888 8087 Monday Friday 9AM 5PM PST Micro Cornucopia P O Box 223 Bend Oregon 97709 74 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 very good but little known reason other magazines do No it s not an overabundance of trees it s an underabundance of postal workers You see for many years the postal service was losing mail men Yep they d find a good man train him for a month on his new route send him forth alone and never see him again For a while they suspected pit bulls or UPS drivers but it turned out their new charges were simply getting lost So magazine publishers got together and came up with the idea of inserting loose cards Within a month every mail route had become a trail of cards Hansel and Gretel should have car ried magazines into the woods rather than bread The post office was happy the publishers were happy and now that you know why the cards are there you can be happy too Now if we could just keep those vicious little Boy Scouts from going out on litter patrols 286 386 386SX 486 There s been a bit of controversy about chip choices Over the past year we ve bought four 12 MHz 286 machines After the 8 MHz 186s and the 6 MHz AT they ve been wonderful With Intel getting 300 a piece for 386s there didn t seem much reason to purchase anything beyond the 286 Now however there might be a few
165. ixels Future segments will cover drawing primi tives clipping region filling and other basic tasks In the highest level of this library I ll present a series of C classes built on the lower level C code which will handle ad vanced routines for ray tracing 3D modelling and animation An obvious question might be why write a graphics module Not only are there dozens of commercial graphics libraries for C but most compiler vendors now include their own graphics routines What does ZipGraph offer that others don t I had several goals in mind when building ZipGraph To begin with I wanted it to be fast The current version is more than twice as fast as any other graphics library I ve tried Surprisingly my C language version of the low level graphics routines was nearly as fast as the one I had built in as sembly language The advantages of having easily maintainable C source far outweighed the few percentage points loss in speed I also wanted to make ZipGraph portable As time passes more and more of my articles involve programs which do graphics Alas C compiler vendors do not have any interest in making their proprietary graphics li braries compatible If I write a program using the Bor land Graphic Interface BGI included with Turbo C that program won t com pile with any other C compiler Rather than shut people out I decided to build a library which would compile under all the popular compilers
166. ject for the faint of heart I do appreciate the magazine it s the last known true hacker in the old style of the word magazine around DDJ has gone commercial BYTE has become a small Computer Shopper and everybody else is just dying to know Bill Gates latest breath Micro C just keeps on cranking out interesting hardware and software for true hobbyists John Welch 1310 Kenneth Circle Elgin IL 60120 Editor s note Any answers for John Anyone As for Bill Gates he s welcome to stop by the Micro C office anytime espe cially if he has a lawn mower Beware The Big Time I take keyboard in hand to write my first ever letter to an editor The motiva tion comes from reading Around The Bend in Issue 50 which makes me wonder if maybe you haven t finally gone around the bend that is On one hand you make a good point about a marketeer s value to an enter prise and the need to find one s niche on the other you say you re ready for some heavy duty focusing and sig nificant playing in the publishing biz While focusing and playing you are going to keep Micro C as appealing as ever Good luck One of the things I find most enjoya ble about your magazine is precisely its lack of focus It is one of the few publi cations I read cover to cover because every article is different and every ar ticle is interesting While I m not knowledgeable in the yins and yangs of magazine publishing I can t he
167. k ages to support the development of embedded systems using the DPC XT motherboard as the platform for stand alone applications FLOW CHART MASM 5 1 C THRU ROM by DATALITE List 500 IDEC 400 Includes fully developed kernel for standalone PC A D D A I O DEADMAN ADAPTER A amp T List 199 IDEC 139 Bare board PAL IDEC 49 Both of the above List 699 IDEC 500 Initialization Jump ROM for PC List 49 IDEC 25 for non C THRU ROM development S H 3 00 Outside U S add 10 00 AND ANALYZE YOUR ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE SOURCE CODE Flow Charts Tree Diagrams e Stack Sizing Register Analysis CPU Timing Analysis Procedural X Reference 8088 87 to 80386 387 Context Sensitive Help Menu Batch Command line Operation break current line editor warning save screen display warning restore screen editor warning Compatible n Idec Supervision captured Tiff image Xerox entura Publisher ZSoft s PC Paintbrush IV and Application Techniques Pizazz Plus Call insert blank line adjust line join line editor warning adjust line ANTASh CORPORATION 19855 Stevens Creek Blvd Suite 154 Cupertino CA 95014 408 244 6826 delete edit line VISA Master Card editor line out edit line out 215 249 0673 VISA MC 30 Day Money Back Guarantee Reader Service Number 139 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 15 Reader Service Number 180 Implementing
168. k ages Call 1 800 882 5822 and order your copy or ask for our free bro chure TurboFlow amp Logitech serial Mouse 89 TurboFlow 69 Daytroil Electronics lac 214 669 2137 610 S Sherman Suite 104 Richardson Tx 75081 Z Reader Service Number 174 The AT BiosKit gives you a complete Bios with source code you can modify for your own applications The BiosKit includes a Bios on diskette ready for program ming an Eprom and includes the utilities you need to Rom the source code The Bios also has a Rom Monitor Debug and Setup At last you have control over the core of your system Over 380 pages with diskette 199 The XT BiosKit is only 99 or get both for 279 The Intel Wildcard Supplement for the XT BiosKit is 49 We ll include a free copy of the FREE pocket sized XT AT Handbook by Choisser and Foster with each BiosKit if you men tion this ad when you order Of course this 9 95 value is also available by itself Or buy five or more for only 5 00 each 800 462 1042 In California 619 271 9526 Annabooks 12145 Alta Carmel Ct Suite 250 262 San Diego California 92128 Money back guarantee Reader Service Number 160 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 55 emits a 78 db squawk enough to irritate most people If you use a small speaker about 100 ohms you get a click some what like a metronome Or you can add a relay such as 275 240 at 1 99 to con trol devices needing more current or
169. k it s time for Micro C to reach out and I think it can be done without losing Micro C s style SMUG Lives I read with interest your discussion of The End of User Groups in your editorial of Issue 47 I would like to make the following points 1 The Sacramento Microcomputer Users Group SMUG still exists and is healthy in spite of reduced membership 2 SMUG meetings have presenta tions and discussions involving pre sently popular computers including IBM PCs and clones Apple II GSs Atari STs and Amigas Your article stated that SMUG was going out of bus iness because it stayed with CP M 5100 and other more and more unique systems That is not accurate SMUG supports a wide variety of popu lar microcomputers 3 SMUG s members consist of people whose interests lie in the more technical aspects of computer hardware and software They tend to have an in terest in what goes on under the hood and why Frankly SMUG mem bers are the audience that Micro Cornu copia targets I enjoy reading your publication Glad to see that you are reading ours Don Del Porto SMUG President P O Box 161513 Sacramento CA 95816 bs No We Organize Query amp Make Connections Between Files of Information MICRO EINSTEIN The Expert System Shell Create expert systems easily in minutes With pulldown menus and windows e Automatic rule generator Context sensitive help F
170. keep two thirds of the robot mass concentrated in the lower third of the ma chine distributed as closely and evenly about the center line as possible Also think about the battery s environ ment No matter what the manufacturer says you can usually expect a small amount of leakage from gelled electrolyte cells especially if they re not vertical Robotics slang for this leakage is The Ooze or Battery Ick Robots tend to work batteries hard too causing the bat teries to heat up more ooze So leave some space around the bat teries and because of the hydrogen gas make sure the space is well vented Cool batteries last longer LIMBO will run on either one or two of the Panasonic batteries mentioned in the second article To keep the center of gravity low both batteries lie flat in the bottom of the superstructure Wooden cleats that hold the super structure together provide 14 of air above and below the batteries These spaces are great for routing wires from 30 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 the base to the stepper driver boards or the controller cards The card cage provides slots for five STD bus cards The STD standard speci fies a minimum card to card spacing of 0 5 but I chose 1 2 so I could use wire wrapped boards Above the card cage is a 4 airspace between the top cross panel and the middle disk Use this space it provides clearance for the STD card ejectors to route wires between L
171. l up the Greek Theatre Now they wanted all those pages WordStar compatible Her mission would she take it was to retype the pages line by line character by character until her fingers and mind numbed with futility Going crazy really A my s desk piled high with typewritten She looked at me Glancing up I pretended I was handsome dark and perhaps mysteri ous as if I were Fred MacMurray in Double In demnity or Jack Nicholson in Chinatown two of my favorite movies Amy loves movies Can t you do something she asked I cleared my throat in my hand considered the possibilities remembering the plots of Double Indem and several other B movies A diabolic solution like murder of course was out of the question I really liked her boss Anyway it s messy and immoral Fred found that out I took the Jack Nicholson approach Well Ms Seidel I said I don t know what I can do you re in an unusual situation Not really she interrupted people are in my position I noticed her legs long and crossed and turned a little towards me but not far enough to be suggestive I glanced past her out toward the grassy hill that led up and then broke into a forested valley Sighing I didn t know what to do I said Okay I ll poke around a little and get back to you She may have mistaken my tone I don t know 84 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 a lot of Thanks she managed a semi s
172. leaf manual so long as it s not for resale it s o k with us SO ACT TODAY DON T DELAY ENJOYING PASCALS ADVANTAGES AT 29 95 THERE S NO REASON TO To JRT SYSTEMS Enola PA 17025 SA phone 717 732 1093 understand that if I m not completely satisfied can return it within 30 days for a full refund JRT Pascal program formatter too for only 14 95 Name City 1 1 State Zip O Check M 0 OCOD O Company PO add 20 US Canada US funds on a US bank only Needs only 192K and 1 floppy drive YOUR MONEY BACK Pass it on to your friends This is a Limited Time Offer WAIT P O Box 187 O K You ve sold me Send me JRT Pascal by return mail need O 51 4 disk or O 31 2 disk O Send me the Address PA residents add sales tax Add 10 for shipping outside snenuan7EEHORARERERERMRRRR RR En E EEEM UMmEEMUEGDENGMEBDIEIEEEDIEIEEEBEIEIOEEUDIGDESMEBIEEEBEIMIESEM Reader Service Number 154 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 69 Letters continued from page 6 reformat and it s like I have a new drive I ve not had a single read write error in over six months and PCTools can t find any sectors to balk about Sure it took about 12 hours for SpinRite to do its stuff but it beats having to re format my hard disk every month and spend an hour or two feeding it disks I ve since used SpinRite on the Mini scribe cards in my other computers and have not had any problems with the drives afterwards In your
173. ll mount supply is shut off Which Resistor Is Which A 10K Ohm resistor isn t the same as a 270 Ohm resistor Right How then do you tell them apart The colored bands found on nearly all small resistors give the resistor s value This value can be determined by using the color code given below Color Number Multiplier Blk 1 10 100 1000 10 000 100 000 1 000 000 10 000 000 100 000 000 _ 1 000 000 000 Gold 0 1 As 4th band shows 5 tolerance Silver 0 01 As 4th band shows 10 tolerance Blank As 4th band shows 20 tolerance o co 2 0 Ui 5 WN H Oo An example should make this clearer Take a look at the 270 ohm re sistor Note the colored bands starting with the band closest to the edge of the resistor It s Red Vio Brn Silver the fourth band may be Gold Silver or Blank The first two bands are the first two digits of the value here these digits are 2 Red and 7 Vio The third band is the multiplier in this case 10 Brn This gives a value of 27 10 or 270 ohms If a fourth band exists the tolerance of the resistor s value may be 5 for a gold band or 10 for a silver band If no fourth band appears the toler ance is 20 The chart above is based on the ARRL manual the idea of a multiplier could have been made a little easier to grasp Just think of the multiplier band as the number of zeros to add to the first two digits The color of the band tells you how man
174. ll no doubt change aS we learn more about our brains and more about computers 414 au So for example pr is a training pat tern and ps is a testing pattern In both cases in the representation of the vector for example in the pattern files for the NNT the output components follow the input components Connection weights require two sub scripts that represent the sending and re ceiving layers For example the weight of the connection from an input PE to a hid den PE is wni Note that the receiving PE layer is the first subscript and the sending PE layer is the second While this may seem somewhat counter intui tive to you it s the generally accepted way to represent weights and corre sponds to the matrix notation which sometimes represent weights We represent matrices by bold capital letters For example Wj represents the matrix of connection weights to the hid den layer from the input layer Don t despair if you re despairing we ll use vectors and matrix notation sparingly We ll also use three coefficients later e the learning coefficient eta m the momentum factor alpha o and the error term delta 8 Later we ll describe each of the net work elements In Part 2 we ll describe the operation and training of the BP net work of Figure 1 step by step Let s ex amine now how we present input to the network Network Input On the left of Figure 1 note
175. lp but think that being a bi monthly and operating away a long way away from the media centers contributes mightily to this Good gravy ask for a partner of the type you described and you re liable to get Ziff Davis I can see it now Tidbits by John Dvorak You started from scratch you ve at tained a loyal following and maybe now it s time to cash in and head for the mountain I thought you were already there I don t have any arguments with that but I d rather see you take your gains and pack it in than let Micro C be come another PC Magazine While I m spilling my guts let me put in a plug for Bob Morein and more articles on UNIX for 386 based PCs as opposed to dedicated work stations I d like to know more about the hardware requirements to run UNIX efficiently and reliably on a personal computer Also will UNIX ever have a stand ard If so which of the current crop is the best bet Will UNIX ever get a Mac like interface Just how portable is UNIX across different CPUs I don t remember when I first sub scribed to your magazine however I do recall that I was still using a Kaypro 2 Since I recently re upped for 18 more is sues I feel I have the right indeed an obligation to make my views known on the proposed shift to the big time P S I think you ve already found your niche C R Bartchy 4340 South Hopkins Ave Suite 230 Titusville FL 32780 Editor s note Thanks C R However I thin
176. lude this time Take a look for it on the Micro C BBS or the Issue 51 listings disk If you got last issue s listings you already have the complete 3D package Since the tighter the grid mesh the nicer the result I recommend this method for allocating z For smaller ar rays there are better methods Reference 1 contains an excellent discussion of these topics surface also expects you to supply a line function Now that I have Turbo C 2 0 instead of 1 0 the new line function lacks the color argument It uses a sep arate function to set the line color You could kludge your own function to pass to surface using Turbo s line and set color but it would be better to modify the printer graphics modules and threed module to make my line function com patible with Turbo s The hmax parameter passed to sur face must always be MAXROWS 1 or 1599 as currently configured whether you use Portrait or Landscape mode for printers For CRT plots it should be the maximum y value for the current graphics mode You can obtain this value via a call to Turbo s getmaxy Finally graphics programs tend to use a lot of memory so I used the large code model for all the source code mentioned last issue that the z values 26 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 On To Printer Graphics Module grafprt contains an assort ment of functions to perform high resolu tion plotting on IBM Graphics Printers and compatibles
177. ly need this if you got something really stubborn on the tip say human flesh Meanwhile Back At The Blinker Okay now that you know how to solder it s time to build a permanent ver sion of your breadboard circuit Start by picking up a couple more items from Radio Shack 1 Pkg of 8 pin DIP solder tail sockets 276 1995 59e 1 Multipurpose predrilled project board 276 150 99 Some beginners look on sockets as an extravagance after all build the circuit properly and you don t need sockets right But if you make a mistake The project board and the other Radio Shack predrilled boards like it may be the best experimenter s bargain around In the old days you had to bend leads and connect wires because the perf board didn t have solder pads on each hole These project boards with pre etched pads and channels make wiring a snap Notice that the component side of the project board carries a silk screened white copy of the copper pads that are etched on the solder side You can use this layout guide to help decide where to mount components Start with the 8 pin DIP socket Just like the IC that fits into it this socket has a notch dot or slot for identifying pin 1 As you wire your circuit treat this socket just as if it were the actual IC Later you ll plug the IC into the socket using the same orientation and your IC con nections will be correct Working from the component silk screene
178. m together via serial cable and booting them both off the floppies I set up with the network and DOS At 115K baud it s not as fast as ARCNET but it s a lot cheaper I just built an AT to replace the XT we ve used for receipts and labels Counting everything it was about 10 megs of pro gram and data In five minutes I had the two systems cabled together had booted them up on the network disks and voil drive C on the XT became drive F on the AT I simply used COPY to move all the files from F to C and that was it I ll leave the two connected and once a week back up the AT s files to the XT Not bad Cards In Magazines I was speaking to the PC SIG in Dallas when the question came up Why do magazines contain so many cards the ones that fall out everywhere Actually we don t have loose cards in Micro C but there s a p j a Pet bet e p Mandelbrot Explorer 3 2 Fantastic fractal grapnics on 16 color EGA VGA to 800x600 Magnifies up to 16 5 trillion times Stop and start at will save and retrieve collage full control over color boundaries zoom box display of periodic orbits auto backup all optimizations for speed including pixel interpolation and 386 integer support Comes with seven ready made pictures for immediate gratification 34 95 Peter Garrison 1613 Altivo Way Los Angeles CA 90026 213 665 1397 When ordering please specify EGA VGA and disk format Overseas orders please add 4 Reader Ser
179. me and high recognition accuracy Voice recognition tool box utili ties are included A genuine productivity enhancer SPEECH RECORDING SOFTWARE Digitally record your own speech sound or music to put into your own software programs Software provides sampling rate variations graphics based editing and data compres sion utilities Create software sound files you can add to macros for voice recognition verification response A complete superior speech and sound development tool SOFTWARE CONVERSION CODES The Voice Master Key System operates a growing list of third party talking software titles using synthesized phone tics text to speech or digitized PCM ADPCM and CVSDM encoded sound files Voice Master Key System does it all EVERYTHING INCLUDED Voice Master Key System consists of a plug in card durable lightweight microphone headset software and manual Card fits any available slot External ports consist of mic inputs and volume controlled output sockets High quality throughout easy and fun to use ONLY 149 95 COMPLETE ONLY 89 95 FOR TANDY 1000 SL TL MODELS SOFTWARE PACKAGE ONLY Requires Tandy Brand Electret microphone ORDER HOTLINE 503 342 1271 Monday Friday 8AM to 5PM Pacific Time Visa MasterCard company checks money orders CODs with prior approval accepted Personal checks subject to 3 week shipping delay Specify computer type and disk format 3 2 or 54 when ordering Add 5 sh
180. ment Briefly a hypertext help system context sensitive up to must accompany ad Each ad space is 2 V4 inches by 1 4 inches WISDOM OF THE AGES Electronic book puts over 1 000 of the world s greatest minds to work for you They will give you tools to act write and speak better earn more Point to a subject and select Receive a vivid parade of quotes sayings and ideas Read print or send some to disk Subjects are organized into sections to give you the most benefit in the least time Filters customize output Dynamic mode simulates creativity It s never too early to get a head start Introductory Offer 79 00 all 5 disks 30 day money back guarantee Requires 256K DOS 2 0 or later amp 2 floppies or hard disk Add 2 00 S H CA residents add 7 Outside U S Add 10 MCR Agency Inc 6116 Merced Ave 81M Oakland CA 94611 1 800 767 6797 x Fax 415 444 6561 Reader Service Number 181 NEW COMPUTER BOOKS up to 4096 OFF LIST SMALL MINIMUM ORDER SEND 5 STAMP SASE TO C B Co PO 1758 SOLANO BEACH CA 92075 Reader Service Number 167 WHITNEY EDITOR 349 Small and fast Uses all available memory Split screen editing Configurable keyboard Regular expression search One key compile Features for writing documentation Condensed Outline display Runs on IBM PC s AT s and PS 2 s USA shipping amp handling 3 Outside USA 15 CA residents add sales tax Whitney Sof
181. mile semi sweet and semi ambivalent Save the thanks I muttered underneath my breath until I deserve it Her problem was simple enough in theory but I must admit I felt a little uneasy She had a bunch of typed paper she wanted it to ap pear magically in WordStar A case of optical character recognition or OCR as we say in the business She was right there are a lot of people in her position I investigated and got my hands on a few tools 1 A scanner which I could use to get an image of a page into a computer An image I say since scanners inherently scan pixels not characters A graphic image of a character a matrix of pixels may look like a character to you and me but to a computer it s garbage Figure 1 Both Inputs Produce Output 1 Input 1 Output 1 Images can be beautiful of course but moving entering and deleting char acters pixel by pixel isn t a giant step for computer science 2 A graphics editor which I could use to manipulate pixels to realign them for example 3 A neural network which I could use to evaluate and correct input pat terns Neural networks effectively filter input to produce output More specifi cally a net looks for patterns in a set of examples called a training set the input and learns from these examples to produce new patterns the output Then using what it s learned these input output pattern associations it classifies a ne
182. mode plotting initgrafprt Allocates arrays for the bit map from the heap and initializes some global variables dismem De allocates bit map array space pset Plots a point in the bit map plankQ Blanks point in the bit map prntgr Sends the graphics page bit map to the printer iprtlnQ Draws a line in device in teger coordinates frame Draws a boundary around the maximum 8 by 10 5 plotting re gion framxy Draws a boundary around the plot window defined by defreg transf Transforms real x y to in teger world ix iy coordinates itransf Transforms integer world xiy to plot device integer dx dy coordinates defreg Defines the correspondence between integer and real worlds prtlin Draws a line specified in real world coordinates Printer Graphics String Routines Just to provide a complete set of tools module grafstr contains routines that work with module grafprt to let you print scalable rotatable justifiable left right and center graphics strings Again I think the code is adequately documented internally so I will just list the functions in module grafstr aspect and rotate Performs aspect ratio correction and rotations for strings Used only by intprntstr swapmode Swaps between portrait and landscape modes by exchanging global variables declared in module grafprt Used by intprntstr Q and prtstr intprntstr
183. mputer Some graphics libraries allow you to detect which video adapter is installed Borland s Graphic Interface BGI has this capability However the BGI uses external drivers loaded at run time While you can convert the BGI drivers to object modules you then have to go through a clumsy procedure to link them in and make the program aware of their resident status Other auto sensing packages fail to support certain adapters or are just plain clumsy I ve always believed that computers should do work for you ZipGraph not only detects the presence of all the above adapters it also automatically sets up its routines so that you can write one program which works The type of adapter you re working with is as transparent as possible Any source program using the ZG LWLVL module must include ZG LWLVL H the header file ZG LWLVL C contains the implementa tion of the module Finally ZGTEST C 60 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 gives you an example of how to use the ZG LWLVL module We ll start with a quick synopsis of how to use the ZG LWLVL functions First you need to call ZG Init to initial ize the module ZG Init detects the adapter installed in the PC and saves its initial status The public ZG VideoInfo structure will return the information on the adapter You then need to set a graphics mode using the ZG SetMode function It sets the video mode you request as signs the proper pixel plotting and re
184. n the thickness of the flange of a Tee nut All this assures that the base top disk is in full contact with the superstructure bottom disk Making The Robot Move Tools 30 W soldering iron VOM or DVM needle nose pliers CMOS logic probe and or oscilloscope 5V and 6V power supplies screwdriver Materials Asst electronic components see Figure 5 silicone heat sink com pound masking tape solder flux paste You can amuse your family only so long by pulling LIMBO around with a leash and making race car sound effects Eventually they ll demand to see the robot move under its own steam In steps LIMBO Stepper The LIMBO Stepper board is not the most up to date stepper motor controller but it is cheap rugged and reliable great features for any robot subsystem See Figure 6 Karl Lunt has a fancier and more expensive stepper controller based on the 68HC705 for those of you who like smarter circuitry Three inputs control LIMBO Stepper s four output phases STEP DIR and ENABLE The asterisk in STEP and DIR B unregulated High Current GND MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 39 Figure 7 Stepper PCB Layout S JO IIS JO INI JO JO signifies that these are active low signals This is the convention used by the STD Bus Specification and Practice Handbook so I ll use it also For each STEP pulse the stepper motor will rotate one step in the direction specified by DIR If STEP is held
185. nJose CA 95129 Prices are subject to change without notice All sales arc FOB San Jose and are subject to prior sale A 3 surcharge applies for all MC and VISA transactions California residents add 7 salcs tax The following trademarks arc recognized IBM PC XT AT to IBM Corporation Hercules to Hercules Computer Technology Inc Other product VISAS names are trademarks of their manufacturers This ad is a copyrighted publication of DreamTech with all rights reserved Distributed Micro Cormicopia January 1990 Reader Service Number 16 VERY HIGH PERFORMANCE Processors Memory and Display Adapters The X24 High performance processor e 120r 16 MHz 80286 with I e Small size XT height and length passive bus design e 1to4Mbyte 0 wait state dynamic memory e Fully AT compatible Award BIOS e Runs DOS versions 2 2 and later Xenix and OS 2 The X24 combines the best of motherboard and backplane designs in a 10096 AT compatible system Incor porating a 16 MHz 80286 the X24 processor is designed to operate with the PC Tech Advanced System Mother board which contains the peripheral interfaces hard disk floppy disk two serial ports and a parallel port The X24 processor can also be used with other totally passive bus backplanes Most critical components including the microprocessor and up to 4 megabytes of fast memory are contained on a single PC size plug in card This allows the processor and main system memory to be service
186. nSort mod ule and the routines didn t work All sorts of possibilities raced through my mind Had the file been corrupted when I uploaded it to Micro C Had I uploaded the right file Did Ed know how to use the GenSort module I asked myself all these questions After talking with Ed a few minutes I was confident he knew how the mod ule worked It never occurred to me that I might have written buggy code Pride can be very hard to swallow and it leaves a bitter aftertaste I had tested the code with what I thought was a very general test case In reality because of a minor oversight concerning low level pointer manipula tion I had only tested a very specific case What a way to be reminded to test my code very very carefully and to cut back on after midnight programming Thoroughly humbled I listened care fully as Ed explained the problem and his solutions If you are using the Gen Sort module you d probably benefit by contacting Ed He has used the sort in a cross reference program and is building a shell around it so it can replace the DOS sort command By press time he will have added the GenAvlTree mod ule to his sorts GenSort Changes Ed had discovered several problems with the GenSort module Even though the GenBinTree module was deleting the tree node in GenSort I had left out 78 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 Balanced Trees the code to delete the key and data memory areas after the sort had
187. nction Once inside the function the array simply looks like an address so there s no way to figure out its size Although calloc and memcpy are quite efficient making a local copy of the array slows things down a bit as does the scaling and offset process I reasoned that data acquisition is the critical process and display can be done at lei sure You can of course hard code the display process and make it much smaller and faster ANSI Preprocessor Tricks The function display viewsettings in Figure 4 tells you how big the screen is in pixels using the gprintf function discussed later The BGI figures out how big the screen is at run time after it loads the graphics driver from disk when you call the BGI function initgraphQ The graphics drivers must be available the program won t run without them You can make a viewport of any size but the system defaults to full screen Thus by calling the BGI function getviewsettings as in Figure 5 you load the argument with the current screen parameters display viewsettingsO will print this information I retain display viewsettings in order to use the new ANSI preprocessor functions I find these tremendously helpful when debugging or doing any re petitive production of code Notice the macro define P arg gprintf arg d view f arg The ANSI C preprocessor will take arg and stringize it that is it will take whatever argument
188. nd to make their world safer than it now is Electronic brains can reduce the profu sion of dead ends involved in vital re search But they can t eliminate the fool ishness and decay that come from the un examined life Nor do they connect a man to the things he has to be connected to the reality of pain in others the possi bilities of creative growth in himself the memory of the race and the rights of the next generation The reason these matters are impor tant in a computerized age is that there may be a tendency to mistake data for wisdom just as there has always been a tendency to confuse logic with values and intelligence with insight Unob structed access to facts can produce un limited good only if it is matched by the desire and ability to find out what they mean and where they would lead Facts are terrible things if left sprawl ing and unattended They are too easily regarded as evaluated certainties rather than as the rawest of raw materials cry ing to be processed into the texture of logic It requires a very unusual mind Whitehead said to undertake the analy sis of a fact The computer can provide a correct number but it may be an ir relevant number until judgment is pro nounced ee To the extent then that man fails to make the distinction between the inter mediate operations of electronic intel ligence and the ultimate responsibilities of human decision and conscience the
189. nels _ one dedicated to requesting refresh cy 0 CHO CONVERSION SET A D FOR INPUT cles one to interrupting the processor 1 CH1 CONVERSION SET A D CH1 FOR INPUT used in the PC for time of day with a 2 CH2 CONVERSION SET A D CH2 FOR INPUT link interrup and one to work the 3 CH3 CONVERSION SET A D CH3 FOR INPUT speaker 4 CH4 CONVERSION SET A D FOR INPUT There is also an eight level priority in 5 CH5 CONVERSION SET A D CH5 FOR INPUT terrupt controller Level 0 highest prior 6 CH6 CONVERSION SET A D CH6 FOR INPUT ity connects to the counter timer chan 7 CH7 CONVERSION SET A D CH7 FOR INPUT nel 0 and channel 1 connects to the key board adapter circuits The other six in 8 NO FUNCTION LOWER 8 BITS D A 0 VALUE terrupts are bussed to the adapter cards 9 NO FUNCTION UPPER 4 BITS D A 0 VALUE The keyboard adapter circuits provide A NO FUNCTION LOWER 8 BITS D A 1 VALUE an externally clocked serial input to the B NO FUNCTION UPPER 4 BITS D A 1 VALUE motherboard with an interrupt generated at the conclusion of a received 8255 A PORT READ DATA 8255 A PORT WRITE DATA byte There is also an eight position DIP 8255 B PORT READ DATA 8255 B PORT WRITE DATA switch mapped into the I O space to 8255 C PORT READ DATA 8255 C PORT WRITE DATA allow for static input to a program nor NO FUNCTION 8255 CONTROL REGISTER mally the board reads this switch at power up Figure 1 presents the I O map of the devices on the motherboard Figure 4 C Code to Monito
190. net uu net BBS 512 258 8831 Austin Texas 78750 3409 USA FAX 512 258 1342 Free surface shipping for cash in advance For delivery in Texas add 7 MasterCard VISA Reader Service Number 4 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 35 allel sides with a carpenter s marking gage set to 14 depth plane to the lines then mark the other two sides to 3 8 and plane to those lines Keep it square Once you ve planed the stock cut six 87 lengths two 6 lengths and two 2 lengths Cut them slightly long then sand to exact length Select two of the long cleats and mark the 2557 radius clearance at their midpoints as the bot tom disk diagram shows Cut the arcs out and sand smooth These arcs will provide clearance for wing nuts to hold the superstructure to the base Step 2 Preparing The Panels Woodscrews hold the plywood panels and cleats together Each screw requires a pilot hole and must be countersunk First clamp a cleat to the bottom disk carefully lining up the edges of the cleat with the lines scribed earlier before tight ening the C clamps If the disk is warped the clamps and cleat will hold it flat Drill the holes through the disk into the cleat with a 44 bit The depth to drill is 16 less than the combined thickness of the panel cleat combination or about 146 Number the cleat and the disk You ve Seen Your Computer Run Now Watch It Fly IBM PC XT AT 386 Blue Flame II SemiDisk
191. ning Then we start preparing pies and roasts for dinner After that we usually beat the rugs and sweep the floors and then go help Father and my brothers in the fields finished ninth grade I am now 19 and I understand that in other com munities girls have more schooling Perhaps you have met some of these girls Mr Fogg and they must be very smart But I can read and write and cipher quite well I would like to have lots of babies and I think I would be a good mother and wife I already know how to run a household and my cousin Sarah Bern stein says that I would get used to sex Excuse me for speaking so openly Mr Fogg but I am a farm girl after all and I m sure it would be okay from time to time Now we were getting somewhere I just love a good roast And my rugs hadn t been beaten for at least nine years I felt my raging disbelief easing into a fine healthy skepticism I almost looked forward to the next letter When it came from Ferrin Ken nedy with a phone number an address a picture of a beautiful blond and an invitation to lunch her treat my kinda woman I knew it was time to see if Ms Kennedy actually existed I would accept her invitation The only thing that worried me about Ferrin s letter was a closing re mark that she found Around The Bend quite titillating Did I really want to be seen in public with a woman who would say such a thing But the final letter caught me before I had a
192. ning 20 Mega byte MiniScribe model 3425 I would be greatly interested in it for the parts I knew that the failure was not re lated to the heads because the Mini scribe told me You see the drive s LED activity light can flash error codes The LED will flash four or five pulses of light pause a few seconds and repeat the code A steady light indicates a 1 a flickering light indicates a 0 Figure 2 shows the error codes Although the codes seem to be the same from one Miniscribe drive to the 92 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 More lousy delay A reasonable value for timeout That nets about 5 more CPU speed for free Set MSB to O Restore trashed registers RET IRET without popping flags This ends resident code section From here on we set things up and parse command line Since this gets done only once we don t want to save this code so it also contains the means to decide how much memory to save when going resident OVER PUSH DS CLI Turn off INTs while revectoring INT XOR AX AX INT vectors are at SEGMENT 0 MOV DS AX Set DS SEGMENT to zero Redirect the floppy MOV AX DS 100H Get old addr and store it here MOV WORD PTR CS OLD 40 AX MOV AX DS 102H MOV WORD PTR CS OLD 40 42 AX MOV WORD PTR DS 100H OFFSET I 40 Then replace it with MOV WORD PTR DS 102H CS vector to floppy interceptor DS Put DS back where it belongs AL 74H Set DMA timer to slower valu
193. nirorm amp V20 8 chip 135 00 MatchMaker dy Micro Solutions Now you can c opy your Macintosh diskettes right on with the MatchMaker Just plug your external 312 cane drive into the MatchMaker board and xperience EASY access to your Mac disk ettes Includes programs to read write initialize and delete files on your single or double sided Mac disks MatchMaker Board 139 95 MatchMaker w External Mac Drive 325 00 503 641 8088 Call or write for our complete catalog of software parts accessories and complete repair services for the Bayern 2 oad 820 and IBM FIAT Reader E Number 10 Copy li PC by Central Point Software Don t let a damaged copy protected diskette stop you cold Copy II PC lets you back up your master disks so you can keep going even when your key disk can t Copy IF PC soccer g RR Ru 24 95 Copy Il PC Deluxe Option Board by Central Point Software Have a copy protected diskette with a particularly stubborn protection scheme Would you like to be able to read your Macintosh disks in your 312 in ternal drive in your PC or AT Repair a disk that s damaged even between sectors How about speed ing up your hard disk backups if you are using PC Tools Deluxe The Copy Il Deluxe Option Board can help you do all of this and more A must for the sophisticated user Copy II Deluxe Option Board 139 95 Central Pant Software INCORPORATED PC
194. nput layer A weight is associated with each connection Note that each PE of the input layer connects to every PE of the hidden layer Likewise each PE of the hidden layer connects to every PE of the output layer Also note that each connection and all data flow goes from left to right in Figure 1 This one way flow is called feedforward There are no feedback loops even from a unit to itself in a feed forward network All standard back propagation implementations including our BP NNT are feedforward The way the net input to a PE is cal culated and the way the PE calculates its output as a function of its net input de pends on the type of transfer function we re using in the NNT Our implemen tation and most BP NNTs today uses an additive sigmoid PE We ll now show you the mathemati cal equations that describe the training and testing running modes of a BP NNT We won t derive or prove them sparing you those mathematics but you can find all the proofs you want in Rumelhart and McClelland Vol 1 Much of what you ll want to know is in Chapter 8 the chapter on internal repre sentations See References The signal presented to a hidden layer PE in the network of Figure 1 due to one any other node We ll say more about the single connection is just the output value bias node later of the input node the same as the input of the input node times the value of the ij Y wji oj Equation 1 connection weigh
195. nus signs and generally a stripe You must connect this lead to the more negative circuit point of the two leads The other lead of the cap matches the plus sign shown on the schematic Connect the negative lead of the cap to pin UI 1 and the positive lead to pin U1 2 Take some time to check your wiring against the schematic and against the in structions If anything looks wrong it probably is Okay plug a 9 volt battery into the battery connector The LED should blink about once per second If so congratula tions If not disconnect the battery before something melts and go back over the circuit again Is your battery good Figure 2 Schematic of a Basic 555 Oscillator 9 VOLTS A simple LED blinker R1 R2 and C1 as shown will give a pattern of one second on one second off Change these values to see the results on rate blink and duty cycle MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 51 Once you get it working think about the implications of what you just accom plished No software no compiler no fancy debugger yet the darn thing actu ally does something I tell you there are possibilities here I ll bet someone could build a fairly complicated thingamajig that used no software at all But a breadboarded circuit has limited use although you could put it into a small chassis and use it for whatever you need a blinking LED for the circuit would not withstand much abuse To do the job right you have to
196. o ARY MES features us Wee s Sip Buy Alternatively mail the i Me cd LR imas be able to You never asked for a free n bel ith with the Hayes vete pre MADROA coupon below with your power Testi Visita M GM ata upgrade TSR library to be included check or credit card offered by is ads se toan but we knew yov d love to details multiple inheritance and type safe linkage so here it is You wanted compatibility with MS WINDOWS we added it You repeatedly asked for easier portability from Microsoft C we got the message and have written the library functions you need You wanted the world s first MS DOS C4 source level OS 2 version compiler supporting Presentation anager you did not want it to cost a fortune so it s so we included it use our neat little package ree You liked our ii ZORTECH INC 1165 Massachusetts Avenue Arlington MA 02174 USA available uen Voice 617 646 6703 for 150 Here is Ut of high i Fax 617 643 7969 recomme books You want d speed but ZORTECH LTD C Language Strousrup 32 25 106 108 Powis Street fo look at C Answer Book Hansen 26 95 neue g London SE18 6LU the C for C Programmers 29 95 T ENGLAND ponders C Primer ippman 30 25 e f a 316 7777 ibra interface x 316 4 SOURCE Ask about our new C Video Tutorial so we ve CODE so written it we are o A A including ANN E it C pA Eia 3 1 800 848 8
197. oftware Company T e 5 Burley St N Y Wenham Ma 01984 508 774 7036 Reader Service Number 124 8748 EMULATOR Simulate your 8748 programs in software before burning the EPROM See all internal registers and i o pins Script files can simulate complex external events Includes source Other Products ker E NN 15 45 Hercules Tools Graphics stuff W source isse nn 15 Math Libra ascii Floating pt W SOUrCe gt see 15 Information Modes P O Drawer F ifloflet Denton TX 76202 817 387 3339 Reader Service Number 149 EGA FRACTAL MASTER Whether fractal novice or fractal hacker this easy to use yet powerful package lets you explore The Mandlebrot set Julia sets Dragonland Self squared dragons Biomorphs Newton s metho Peano curves Fractal landscapes XT and AT Compatible Designed Manufactured Sold and Serviced by Interrupt save and resume plots at any time Easily change colors set boundaries animate colors create mirror images Supports fast integer computations even WITHOUT an 80386 and 80x87 math co processors Includes a slideshow program Specify 5 1 4 or 3 1 2 disk Only 25 Paul W Carlson 602 North Avenue 23 Burlington Vermont 05401 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 91 before chaining on to the floppy BIOS then sets it back to hex 80 before exit ing Im sending you the code for this TSR see Figure 1 in the hopes tha
198. ogram development Word wrap Integrated mouse support Yes No Yes No paragraph formatting justification centering adjustable mar FILE LIMITS gins and printing for word processing Run DOS programs Monum inane Ros E rice VEDIT A best value at only 69 Maximum lines file 8 388607 65535 265535 20000 Simultaneously edit up to 36 files and split the screen into win COMPILER SUPPORT None None dows Search replace with regular expressions Includes the Menu driven Yes No best compiler support available menu driven easy selection Select Compiler options Menu Difficult a s of compiler options supports Include files and MAKE utilities Support Include files Yes No xi VEDIT PLUS Ultimate programmer s tool for only 185 BENGPNABRSBORRIBE Simple search 0 2 sec 1 sec 1 sec 0 3 sec VEDIT PLUS adds the most powerful macro programming Gave and continue 1 sec 2 sec 2 sec 1 sec language of any editor It eliminates repetitive editing tasks and 1000 replacements 3 sec 19 sec 17 sec 25sec permits creating your own editing functions The macro BENCHMARKS 3 MEG FILE language includes testing branching looping user prompts Simple search 1 40 min 1 36 min Cannot Cannot keyboard input string and numeric variables and control over Save and continue 1 05 min 3 23min Cannot Cannot the size position and color of windows Source level macro 60 000 replacements 3 18 min 1 44 hour Cannot Cannot debugging with breakpoints and tracing Macros developed
199. oint and shoot user interface Execute your favorite editor Mouse support not required Sort files by name ext size date time ascending or descending order i Copy move delete rename or print single files or groups of files When copying TreeTop will optionally Scan and display destination drive Copy to root Copy to user defined pathname Prompt user when disk is full Add delete and rename directories Select and operate on files in a single directory or by the entire drive Select files by wildcards date time attributes or individually Change files date time or attributes Find files with speed searching Disk and directory status display View files in hex or text format Set rename or delete disk volume labels And much much more Only 39 00 30 Day Money Back Guarantee Price includes disks 3 1 2 and 5 1 4 registra tion bound manual tax and shipping in U S Send check or money order to Kilgore Software P 0 Box 2291 West Sacramento CA 95691 916 371 3715 _ or call toll free 1 800 TREETOP Runs on DOS 2 0 or greater 256K RAM with or without a mouse Quantity discounts and site licenses available TreeTop is shareware so you can distribute copies for evaluation ur decision to test the shareware waters did not come lightly because we were quite skeptical agreed to terms We didn t expect too many similar offers At
200. oint drill for the smaller holes to get clean cuts On the remaining plywood square lay out the side panels stiffeners and cross panels again orienting the grain as shown See Figures 2 and 3 These rec tangular parts are best cut out on a table saw for the precision For those of you without access to a table saw like me cut out the pieces using a band saw sabre saw circular saw or what have you leaving 142 or so to sand or plane down to the line I prefer to use a jack plane because I can shoot an edge straighter and truer with it than with a table saw Mark the line you ll plane down to on both sides of the piece Tape the ends with masking tape just below the line to WT TAARN help prevent corner splitting Precutting the corners with a hobby knife helps too Take an equal number of strokes from each direction letting the plane do the work You should need fewer than ten strokes to make the edge true and square Take the time to resharpen the iron after you re done The adhesives used in making plywood are hard on the edge and few tools are more disappointing to use than a dull plane After the side and stiffener panels are cut and planed to size cut out the curved wiring recesses and sand smooth The X divider panels require special attention Once you ve established the 3 x11 outer dimensions you must cut the intersecting grooves The key to a tight fitting joint is to use the actual thickness
201. olor available on that sys tem I ve tried it on both my EGA 15 and Herc clone 1 Conveniently the color always seems to be the equivalent of white so it should work correctly with any PC adapter The BGI function getviewsettingsQ will place the parameters of the current viewport into the function argument no tice you re passing an address so view is filled with the parameters To find out the size of the screen you just read view right for the width and view bot tom for the height You can display all these values with the display viewset tingsO function in Figure 4 Because you never know until run time how big your screen is going to be you can t determine beforehand how big the buffer to hold your data points should be Dynamic memory allocation comes to the rescue again by using cal loc with the value of view right I get an array of ints which is the correct size for any screen The system spends most of its time in the while loop capturing a series of points and displaying that series When you press any key the program cleans up by calling the BGI function close graphO and quits Try making the dis play series arguments adjustable from the keyboard Fast Fourier Transform I considered doing an FFT on the waveform in order to see the frequencies in my voice but I ran out of time If you want to add an FFT to this system an ex cellent reference is Numerical Recipes in C Editor s n
202. one built from a kit from where else MicroSphere I was getting a lot of read write er rors and an increasing number of bad sectors when running the surface analy sis part of PCTools Doing a destructive reformat and of course reloading all my files from backup was the only way to get the disk back into reliable shape Then the problem would reappear and get worse within a month or so I ran SpinRite on the flakey drive full deep testing with nondestructive Letters continued on page 70 Block Edit File Goto Help EE Print Search Undo Window Config pet INDOU PUDEECTE E E PNE while TRUE eee ASCII Table Bi DOS Shell Run DOS Progran Color Toggle VGA EGA Toggle Execute Macro am Check for delinite Reystroke Macros il match or error ny length key sequence Introducing Jegetseq keybuf i if Ci 0 rst keypress The 1st Family of Low Cost Powerful Text Editors ee ate VEDIT Jr 29 essa VEDIT 69 VEDIT PLUS 185 if Cokeybut z delinit fidd Macro Display Macros za Check if Aisptaysbt Load from Disk Save to Disk if wkeybuf gt 28 Ee printf Cc keybuf High byte 66 for chars AiNDQU Y E eo INSTALL C 675 MINDOV H error 65 codbif undefined Edit source tile then press lt CTRL E gt for next error E for nenu Finally you can choose the best editor for your needs without compromising per
203. onnect a resistor or capacitor to one of the IC s pins just plug one of the component s wire leads into a hole in the same row Refer to the schematic in Figure 2 First plug one lead either one will do of a 10K resistor into a hole connected to pin 8 of the 555 Bend the leads of the resistor into a horseshoe shape and plug Dress to Reduce Spurious RF Emissions ARR the remaining lead into a hole connected to pin 7 of the 555 Now check the sche matic to see how this resistor connection is pictorially represented the sawtooth symbol drawn between pins 8 and 7 is the resistor you just plugged in Do the same with another 10K resis tor plugging it into the board so it runs from U1 7 to U1 6 On the schematic U1 means the 555 and the number after the dash refers to the pin number of the com ponent So cut a couple of 2 pieces of hook up wire and strip 1 4 of insulation from each end Connect one piece of wire from U1 2 to U1 6 The other wire runs from U1 4 to U1 8 While you re at it notice how these wires appear on the schematic Now for the battery connector make sure that both the red and black wires of the connector have at least l4 of bare wire showing Do not connect the battery yet Run the red wire to U1 8 and the black wire to U1 1 Notice in particular how the black negative lead of the Figure 1 Pinout and Orientation of the 555 Timer ENGRA
204. op amps to buffer all the analog inputs Differential inputs are much more im mune to noise than single ended inputs I included capacitors in the amplifiers feedback loops for filtering if necessary Following the op amps I added sample and hold amplifiers so our slow A D CONVERT CH 5 START POINT TO C PORT GET THE CONDITION RESET UNUSED BITS LOOP UNTIL EOC IS HIGH POINT TO THE DATA CLEAR GET THE DATA STORE IT converter won t be confused by rapidly changing signals Don t let inputs to the ADC0809 exceed the 0 5 volt range A Cheap Alternative The alternative to using C THRU ROM for this type of development is to do all the development and debugging on a PC This is feasible and could be even more so Replace the standard BIOS ROM on the PC with a ROM program that initial izes the motherboard and then jumps to the highest paragraph of the next lower ROM This would allow development to start in the crash and burn type en vironment So how do we do it Let s look at doing an A D conversion using C for the C THRU environment and assembly lan guage for the jump ROM environment First disable the dead man timer on the card by removing the jumper J4 for development The card has the following address offset mapping the base address in the processor s I O space being 02C0 02D0 03CO or 03D0 depending on the jumper setting See Figure 3 To start a conversion in A
205. oppy Data Recovery If you have a floppy that s giving you read errors try putting it in the re frigerator or freezer for a half hour or more No joke The magnetic domains are more active at lower temperatures The party who turned me on to this used to teach physics and has used this technique many times to recover lost data from disks David E Michener 7466 S E 112 Ave Portland OR 97266 5033 Editor s note Of course you could skip the disk and just keep the raw data in the freezer I ve found that it doesn t need blanching just be sure to double wrap it so it doesn t get freezer burn I also have a rec ipe for binary freezer jam made from half baked Apples with the cores and a little sugar RAM Refresh Revisited I have just tracked down a very strange and annoying bug relating to the DRAM refresh rate change you ran several months ago DMA Control on the PC Issue 37 It seems only to happen with the AMI BIOS As you in crease the time between refreshes the floppy disk motor start up time also in creases as some large multiple I have been setting the timer to hex 80 normal is hex 12 and it takes about 15 seconds for the floppy to come up to speed I finally got fed up enough to check out why and it turns out to be DRAM refresh time related As I m an incurable speed freak I could not live without the extra 5 horsepower I got from changing the re fresh I wound up writing a short
206. ork of expanding the macro at compile time you get readability and ease of use of function calls but the run time speed of in line code Because of the code generated by the compiler for a function call small macros don t necessarily create more code than an equivalent function call Note the macros don t have semicolons after them this forces user to add semicolon so a macro call has the same syntax as a function call The following address is set by a bird jumper clip on the AD1000 board If you change the clip simply change the following hex number define base 0x200 Note that the compiler performs the addition of this number in expressions like base Oxd so no run time overhead is incurred This macro sets analog multiplexer address so you can select which input the A D will read define MUX channel outportb base channel 0 note that channels must be counted 0 7 Data written to the address is unimportant This macro starts a 12 bit A D conversion By Bruce Eckel Revolution2 308 Meredith St Kennett Square PA 19348 Again data written to the addr is unimportant define START AD outport base 9 0 This tests PB7 Is A D conversion complete define COMPLETE inportb base Oxd amp 0x80 This macro produces the value of the A D conversion Backslash at end of the line allows you to continue the macro on the next line define READ AD r
207. orked I connected my laptop to my AT via a serial cable ran their little kernel routine on the laptop so it pretends it has a kernel ROM plugged in and fired up Datalight s remote debugger Wow the debugger downloaded SIEVE to the laptop via the serial connection and then let me single step through the program either in C or in assembly I could even watch the variables Oops Unfortunately it didn t understand most of the variables Oh yeah this version only understands Turbo s globals next version adds the locals and statics Ah well I went back to the source and made all the vari ables global Wow the AT s screen displayed the contents of C variables as the laptop ran one line at a time This isn t a particularly fast environment the serial link be tween the two systems is one reason so they suggest you break up large routines for debugging But a wonderful en vironment Yeah Seriously Datalight C Thru ROM 495 17505 68 Ave N E Suite 304 Bothell WA 98011 206 486 8086 This Issue Is Listing Boy are we on somebody s list this issue Gary threw in 9K of Turbo Pascal with Tidbits Bruce Eckel s voice contained YOU WANT THE SOURCE WELL NOW YOU CAN HAVE IT The MASTERFUL DISASSEMBLER MD86 will create MASM compatible source code from program files EXE or COM And the files are labeled and commented so they become USEABLE MD86 is an interactive disassembler with an easy to use word processor like
208. ote Their recipe for digits in light oil 2 is unreal It includes the source code for an FFT in C plus a thorough ex planation so it shouldn t be too hard to adapt it to this project Help For Your Herc Clone Three issues ago in the parallel port file transfer article I noted that Herc clone cards have parallel ports which seem a bit tender I blew mine out while trying to transfer a file I couldn t find the chip which drove the port anywhere and assumed it was custom i e unavail able John Welch wrote to tell me he had also zapped his chip a UMC 82C11 but that they could be obtained from John Kennaugh 5725 St Charles Road Suite 202 Berkeley IL 60163 312 544 0120 Next Time In the next issue Object Oriented Pro gramming I ll be talking about Zortech s C version 2 0 and Borland s Turbo C 500K complete so th book plus additiona yroject Tested with Zo Y e Glockenspiel view All chapte _in separate subdire With a makefile E t Object Oriented Menu sy nt tem MS DOS directory nanag E ment u z Revolution address Overseas orders l for air mail 5 amp Poi a T systems evelc vices including analysis design implemei desktop publis documentation MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 49 Getting Started In Hardware I ve gotten a lot of requests lately for a real beginner s level hardware project Okay here it
209. ould K4032 CH Logic Analyzer 950 annara Ann aaa 5 VERSATEC 8222F 22 MISC 8242 200 Electrostatic Printer Plotter 200 dots per inch Up to D size Optronics 550 MHz Freq Cntr 95 1 per second 3 999 E Exact 566 VCF Sweep Function Generator suusus 195 5 00 x SPECIAL x HOURS Mon Fri 9 6 Sat 10 4 1797 7 00 AT 80286 6 CPU BOARD MINIMUM ORDER 15 00 with reset and monol color switch TERMS VISA MasterCard Certified Connector for KB Battery amp SPKR Checks Money Order NO COD Visa Phoenix Bios tested with Award 3 03 EFI MasterCard add 3 Personal X EE ERU 6MHz can be upgraded to 8 or 10MHz checks must clear BEFORE we ship COLOR MOUSE Red Green Yellow Use with backplane add memory Include shipping charges California Bus or cra uet with TEA amp board I O board etc residents add 7 Sales Tax For iskettes Lifetime warranty aac 39 onty 99 more information please call Reader Service Number 93 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 63 The Things Up With Which Have To Put I had just staggered in the door from another grueling vacation The latest issue of Micro C hot off the presses sat in newly opened boxes An exciting time this we catch our first glimpse of the end product of months of hard work well of months anyway I snagged a copy settled in next to Cary s desk leafed through the pages an
210. printf to send the results to a buffer called textbuf This is very powerful because it gives you all the out put formatting abilities available in printf After you re finished manipulating the variable argument list you must call va_end to clean everything up After that I call the BGI function outtextxy to send textbuf to the screen in graphics mode I keep track of the line I m on with a static variable called textline which keeps its value between function calls This function could be cleaned up quite a bit for real use but for debugging it s quite handy Let s Do It Figure 5 is the main function which uses the CAPTURE and DISPLAY func tions to display your voice on the screen The BGI function initgraphO initializes the graphics screen according to the ar gument graphdriver which is set to auto detect This means that initgraph will deter mine which hardware you have and load the appropriate graphics driver from disk It looks for the graphics driver in the path specified by the third argument To improve this program for general use you may want to tell the user to set an environment variable to the path where the graphics drivers are then read the environment and use that as the third argument for initgraphO You can also fold the path in via a compiler com mand line argument and change it in the makefile The BGI function getmaxcolor re turns the number corresponding to the maximum c
211. ps for initial debugging and then add interrupts later Talking To The World After building several embedded sys tems I have discovered that microproces sor systems used as controllers read that as left alone in the real world some times jump out of their programs into what is affectionately known as outer space Editor s note Apparently this is the part of outer space where daisies grow If it s really important to keep the sys tem running you should include a dev ice known as a dead man timer in the design If a dead man timer isn t serviced at a certain interval it resets the proces sor The service to the dead man must be from the main loop of the program not from an interrupt routine It s possible for the processor to be totally lost but still be capable of servicing interrupts Since I couldn t find any PC cards containing a dead man I built my own Because it would be silly to put together a whole board with one or two tiny chips I added a little something 8 chan nels of 8 bit 10 KHz A D conversion 2 channels of 8 or 12 bit D A and 22 digi tal I O lines See Figure 2 The heart of the A D is the National Semiconductor ADC0809 eight channel A D converter This is a successive ap proximation eight bit converter with an internal eight channel multiplexer In this design it will perform a conversion in about 100 microseconds IC2 The 20L10 PAL handles address de coding supplying all the r
212. r phrase inside the file It hunts for files nder pressure from Microsoft and Apple Adobe has decided that they have to give up their secrets and make PostScript an open standard by name across drives and directories It also lets you paste information into your application The most unusual and exciting fea ture of PC Browse is the hypertext tool that you can use to create help systems or linked menus Quicksoft has started advertising in user group newsletters and they ve gotten rave testimonials from their beta testers PC Browse may soon be encroaching on SideKick s terri tory Watch for it soon at a users group near you or buy it directly from Quick soft for 54 PC Browse 54 Quicksoft Inc 219 First Avenue North 224 Seattle WA 98109 800 888 8088 Zipping Along PKWare has released version 1 01 of PKZIP PKUNZIP The new ZIP utilities can work with files created with version 0 92 but the compatibility is only one way PKZIP still produces quick and tight file compression while PKUNZIP performs the reverse operation even more quickly PKWare is branching out a tittle offering PKZFind to search for files across disks and directories and auto matically log you onto the directory where the desired file resides It will even peek into zipped files to see if the target is hiding there PKZIP PKUNZIP 1 01 50 50 PKZFind 25 PKWare Inc 7545 North Port Was
213. r BrainMaker var SPort X Y integer XPt YPt RowPt begin New SPort init WITH SPort DO begin Screenptr integer Initialize Maxx GetMaxx Maxy GetMaxy SetViewPort 0 0 Maxx Maxy ClipOn SetTextStyle DefaultFont HorizDir 1 pexSetDisplay PCX type pexFileDisplay PCX_file 0 0 0 IF pexReturn pcxSuccess THEN begin pexReturn pcxReturn Assign F Output file for neural net Rewrite F GetViewSettings ViewInfo coordinates of Viewport XPt 2 0 YPt 2 0 RowPt 0 WHILE XPt lt ViewInfo x2 DO begin FOR Y YPt to YPt 7 DO begin FOR X XPt to XPt 7 DO begin PixelStatus GetPixel X Y IF PixelStatus 0 THEN write F BrainMaker wants ELSE write F X either a or an X end writeln F end YPt RowPt XPt XPt 8 end XPt 0 RowPt end RowPt 8 YPt RowPt end Close F end Dispose SPort done end pcx to neural net begin main program body pcx to neural net Prep PCX file for BrainMaker New NNI init WITH NNI DO begin SwapVectors exec C NCOMMAND COM C C BATCH net BM SwapVectors IF DosError lt gt 0 THEN Writeln Dos error DosError ELSE Get weights Translate BrainMaker s output write a file of ASCII Clean up Output characters Dispose NNI done end end main WHILE RowPt lt ViewInfo y2 DO begin Problem the default BGI font and the Brain
214. r EOC STOMP OUT EPROM MADNESS get channel chan char chan int eoc int result start the conversion process outp BASE chan 0 select the channel start monitor EOC The PROM KING emulates EPROMS saving both time and money during your development cycle Programmable in seconds via your PC printer port or any computer RS232 port it can emulate most 27xxx devices eoc 0 while eoc loop executes until EOC is high eoc inp BASE40x0e amp 0x80 get the EOC value result inp BASE chan get the converted value return result 8K 8M bit devices 8 256 bit downloads High speed download Easily expandable Universal RS232 4 EPROMS per unit PC printer port Up to 8 units Menu driven software e Also programs like Battery backup a real EPROM 599 for 150nS units with 256K bits Ask for pricing of other options Made in USA by TRAXEL LABS INC Box 239 RONKONKOMA NY 11779 516 737 5147 Reader Service Number 178 12 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 C THRU ROM C THRU ROM lets you write C code compile it with Microsoft or Turbo dump it to the target XT via a serial port and debug it remotely The only thing you can t do is use DOS calls Microsoft tells you which of its library routines use DOS calls in the Writing Programs for Read Only Memory section of its manual After the usual compile and link C THRU ROM starts to
215. r from asthma and hayfever I had a polyp removed from my sinuses last year which seems to help somewhat Sure Once I had a polyp removed too from my brain So I don t believe every little piece of BS my fellow Micro C inmates try to foist on me The next attacks on my incredulity came by phone from people I d always thought of as friends Bruce of Eckel fame called to complain about my use of Micro C as a platform to further my own questionable personal needs Thanks Bruce Next time you visit you re sleeping outside with the cats and curs And Herr Entsminger Et tu I learned long ago that Gary at his most sincere is also most suspect But I didn t think he d lower himself to aiding in this kind of nonsense No way I bought into this drivel but dang if they weren t doing a fine acting job I felt like I was stuck in a bad TV show a cross between The Dating Game and The Twilight Zone Miss Esther Ruth Lancaster a Men nonite from Pennsylvania was up next am a hard worker Every day I rise at 4 00 a m and milk the cows Then I collect the eggs from the chicken house feed the chickens and the ducks and our little kitten Then I start the day s bread baking and while the bread a By Larry Fogg Micro C Staff is in the oven I get my little sisters ready for breakfast and for school Then I help mother with laundry which we do by hand and can take up the rest of the mor
216. r me to see and edit 8 by 8 bit characters I had three tools It was a start the nucleus of a project but much was missing As usual the tools didn t fit to gether well enough to solve Amy s problem My computing skills had got ten my foot in the door but I still wasn t sure I d solve anything I proceeded Step 1 I scanned in an image you can simulate this step in any of the Turbo languages using the Borland Graphics Interface or BGI 1 Initialize graphics 2 Open a Viewport 3 Use OutTextXY to create some graphics text 4 Save the text to a file MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 85 Step 2 I loaded the image into a graphics editor PaintShowPlus and ex amined it bit by bit Right away I dis covered that text sizes fonts styles and horizontal and vertical alignments vary Too much variation is a problem I de cided to teach the neural net to handle size font and style matters We teach networks by showing them a training set Realignment I did by bit in Paint ShowPlus I didn t teach my network much so it wasn t all that smart A one column pixel shift introduced more var iation than it could handle So I cor rected a lot of bits Ugh In the future I ll either train the network more exten sively or automate column and row shifts Step 3 PaintShowPlus writes three kinds of output files TIF IMG and PCX BrainMaker the neural net wants its input as a text pattern a ma
217. re leased the information I inserted a dele tion of the key memory in GenBinTree and a deletion of the data memory in the GenSrtReleaseF function The more important problem was that the key building routine for strings had an index off by one I hadn t caught the problem because I set up my index incorrectly If you use strings in the data then you must count Turbo Pascal s length byte If you pass a string 25 to GenSort it receives 26 bytes The first one is the length byte I do most of my programming in Modula 2 and Fortran which like C do not have a length byte If you want to use a string for a key then the correct offset is the second byte of the string AVL Trees If you insert semi sorted data into a binary tree the tree begins to resemble a linked list The search time for this tree becomes unpredictable quite long if the search key is at the end of this pseudo list One solution as suggested by Adelson Velskii and Landis is to keep the tree balanced They defined a balanced tree as one where in every node the heights of the left subtree and right subtree differ by at most 1 The storage overhead to keep the tree balanced is a balance factor the difference in height between two sub trees stored with each node in the tree This can be as little as two bits per node since only the values of 1 0 and 1 are required If the balance factor becomes 2 or 2 because of an insertion or dele tion in the
218. re ZG MOD BESTRES and ZG MOD MOSTCOLOR Respec tively they represent for the detected adapter the best possible resolution and the resolution providing the greatest selection of colors The global static array VideoTable contains the actual modes for both of these special modes for each adapter In addition VideoTable contains a bit mask which indicates the valid modes for a given adapter The requested graphics mode is compared against the ModeList value for a given adapter type to make sure it is valid If it isn t ZG SetMode returns an error Once it has determined the validity of the requested graphics mode ZG SetMode uses the information stored in the global static array Mode Data to do the mode set up ModeData contains the equivalent BIOS mode for the mode requested the addresses of the appropriate pixel plotting and read ing functions and the dimensions and color counts for each mode When the mode is set ZG SetMode Iwogreat tools SAYWHAT The lightning fast screen generator Whether you re a novice N programmer longing for simplicity or a seasoned pro searching for higher productivity you owe it to yourself to check out co Saywhat You see with Nd Saywhat you can build pud RD ED d beautiful elaborate color coded screens in minutes P d That s right Truly fantastic y screens for menus data SS entry data display and help panels that can be display
219. re money The backplane PCB screws directly onto the two remaining 6 cross cleats thought I d forgotten em eh The DC DC power convertor board mounts on the other side of these cross cleats in the rear of the superstructure Don t worry lll talk about both the power convertor and backplane PC boards in detail next time For now it s sufficient just to point out where they go Butt each cross cleat against the rear of its cross panel and clamp to the long cleats In the case of the top cross cleat the long cleats have already been at tached to the middle disk Do the drill ream and countersink routine this time with a drill depth of 76 Secure each cross cleat with epoxy and a 6x78 wood screw on each end If you like you can also put a line of epoxy on the butt joint between cross panel and cross cleat To finish the cross panels epoxy the card guides in place Step 4 Constructing The Sensor Platform One problem I had with the sensor platform was shielding the sensors from stray infrared while leaving easy access for maintenance The solution needed to be strong enough to allow carrying LIMBO by two grab handles on the top disk too I must have thought up a dozen un satisfactory methods all too heavy com plicated or expensive Time to visit the local hardware store The hardware store didn t have the answer either so I went to a wood working store Furniture makers face this problem daily how do
220. reasons e Intel s dropped the price of the 386 and the 3865X We re beginning to hear about some interesting applica tions that take advantage of the 386 There s windows RABBIT GAS PLASMA PORTABLE CHICONY LAP TOP McTEK EGA PORTABLE xLCD PORTABLE ALSO AVAILABLE 80286 12 CPU 640K MEMORY EXPANDABLE TO 4MB DUAL SPEED 6 12 MHZ 0 WAIT STATE LANDMARK 16 MHZ SSLOTS EXTERNAL 5 25 PIN DRIVE PORT CGA MDA EGA 640x400 4 GRAY CGA MGA EGA 640x400 4 GRAY SCALE 101 KEY ENHANCED KEYBOARD GAS PLASMA DISPLAY 1 PARALLEL 1 SERIAL 200WT AC 110 220 AUTOSWITCHABLE EGA MGA MONITOR PORT 9 PIN HARD DISK FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER 1 44MB FLOPPY DRIVE AND 20MG 80286 16 CPU 0 WAIT STATE NEAT TURBO PAGE MODE SPEED UP TO 21 4 MHZ 1MB ON BOARD EXPANDABLE TO 5MB EMS V 4 0 LARGE GAS PLASMA DISPLAY 1 2MB FLOPPY AND 40MB HARD DISK 84 FN ENHANCED KEYBOARD 286 12 CPU LANDMARK 16MHZ 640K DRAM EXPANDABLE TO 4MB 0 WAIT STATE DUAL SPEED 6 12 MHZ DUAL FLOPPY AND HARD DISK CONTROLLER 121 INTERLEAVE ONE 1 2MB FLOPPY DRIVE ONE 20MB HARD DISK 40MB TRUE OS 2 XENIX MS DOS AND e 1P 28 D 9 and D 25 REAL TIME CLOCK NOVELL COMPATIBLE 100W AC 110 220V SWITCHABLE 14 8 x 13 4 x 3 7 15 4 LBS CARRYING BAG w SHOULDER STRAP ONE YEAR WARRANTY 80287 MATH CO PROCESSOR SOCKET ENHANCED 101 KEYBOARD w TACTILE FEELING 2
221. reate a local copy of the array int lseries int calloc series size sizeof int memcpy lseries series series size sizeof int First perform vertical scaling of the local array switch vertical scale factor case quarter for i 0 i lt series size i lseries i gt gt 2 divide by 4 break for i 0 i lt series size itt lseries i gt gt 1 divide by 2 break break for i 0 i lt series size i lseries i lt lt 1 multiply by 2 break l for i 0 i lt series_size i multiply by 4 no change lseries i lt lt 2 break if offset for i 0 i lt series size i lseries i offset Now display the array according to horizontal scale factor switch horizontal scale factor display a part of the series in the whole space case quarter for i 0 i lt series size 4 i putpixel i 2 lseries i color break case half for i 0 i series size 2 i putpixel i lt lt 1 lseries i color break display the whole series in the whole space case full for i 0 i lt series_size i putpixel i lseries i color break display the whole series in a smaller space case twice for i 0 i lt series_size 2 i putpixel i lseries i lt lt 1 color break for i 0 i lt series size 4 i putpixel i lseries i 2 color break free lseries
222. recollect that season References Casti John L Paradigm s Lost 1989 William Morrow amp Co And thanks to Al Goldberg for stimulating this discussion P lt i The Computer Store e SOS et e gt America s finest in computer mail order is having their biggest sale ever 6 Parallel Printer Cable 3 Molded amp shielded with thumb screws he Dream 38 30 Megabyte IBM Compatible 12 MHz CPU with 640K RAM installed 30 Megabyte hard disk drive 3 5 40ms average access 128K Expanded memory installed 14 0 1 2 Megabyte or 360K 5 25 floppy drive AJB switch Box 19 For parallel printers Joystick 15 With auto centering amp rapid fire Game amp Clock Card a 12 Floppy controller will control up to 1 44MB floppy drives High resolution amber monitor with ti swivel base Hercules compatible graphics Professional enhanced keyboard 1 year warranty Logitech C 7 Mouse 6 5 Serial Mouse with software Nashua DSHD Disks Box of 10 high density disks in 10 plastic carrying caase VGA Card 185 Capable of 1024 X 800 with 256 colors zl he Dream 3386 Our 40 Megabyte 386 Speed Demon 16 MHz CPU with 1 Megabyte RAM installed 40 Megabyte hard disk drive 28ms average access 1 2 Megabyte 5 25 floppy drive Hard amp floppy disk controller card 1 1 interleave 14 High resolution flat screen amber monitor Hercules compatible graphics Professional enhanced keyboard 1 year w
223. ree example expert systems Interactive full screen text editor DOS access from shell Turbo fast execution NOW 5 times faster For Diagnosing Monitoring Indexing Organizing Classifying amp Discovering links between files of information ONLY 99 95 ACQUIRED INTELLIGENCE P O BOX 2091 DAVIS CA 95617 916 753 0360 Reader Service Number 72 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 71 Continuing AROUND THE BEND It must have been your significant other but as long as I ve got you on the phone Look I didn t request any information My significant other didn t request any information and I m certainly not in terested in connecting up with a dishonest futures trader After watching the papers I d suspect that adding dishonest was redundant It turns out I m not interested in futures at least not the kind that cause grown men to stand in pits shouting and waving their hands All the while hoping the guy on their elbow doesn t work for the government This is just one of a plethora of sales calls I ve received in the past month Stock and bond brokers every other day all trying their best to sneak past Nancy Dave someone on the phone says he s calling about your new business card I don t think it s legit It wasn t He was a stock broker Folks selling penny stocks stocks in the 10 to 5 range not traded in a major exchange have been partic
224. returned with one of the best packages on the market For 250 you get a globally optimiz ing compiler a MASM compatible as sembler a very good full screen debug ger OS 2 Microsoft Windows and MS DOS compatibility and dozens upon dozens of tools and libraries In fact the Lattice library is one of its most outstanding features it contains more than 800 functions To do this Lattice simply bundled their dBASE III interface library curses library graphics library and communications library with the compiler Previously these had been separate products Editor s note The curses library You mean the room where engineering and marketing discuss the features in the next revision l Of course a compiler cannot be judged wholly upon the size of its li brary Lattice C 6 01 is a very good com piler it produces competitive code both size and speed wise It doesn t win all the benchmarks but it certainly does better than average on all of them The compiler itself is reasonably fast and Lattice supports several C language extensions aimed at imbedded systems programmers It s impressed me enough to install Lattice C 6 01 along side the Borland Microsoft and Zortech compilers Resources You may have noticed the BBS tele phone number under my byline Yes I ve put up a BBS called Duck Tower a menu selection on the BBS explains the name It s at 303 641 5125 and works at 300 1200 2400 bps 8 da
225. rial strength Ue sx like operating system many tools cross development from MS DOS eee 150 NEW Cephes Mathematical Library over 100 high quality double precision scientific functions 2 ee ee 150 ME Version 2 1 programmer s editor with C like macro language by Magma Software Version 1 31 still 75 140 Vmen C virtual memory manager least recently used pager dynamic expansion of swap file 140 Turbo G Graphics Library all popular adapters hidden line removal 1 2 1 6 ee ee et eh ee ee ee 135 NEW Power Search by Blaise Computing regular expression compiler generates machine code onthe fly 2 2 ee ee es 120 Install 2 3 automatic installation program user selected partial installation CRC checking 120 NEWS Installation Toolkit 3 0 250 page User s Guide interactive script development program many special cases covered 120 NEWS B Strings dynamic string handling cut copy paste search user input etc non fragmenting memory management 105 TE Editor Developer s Kit full screen editor undo command multiple windows l l r etn 105 Updated Minix Operatin pem ersion 1 3 Usex like operating system includes manual 2 105 PC IP CMU MIT TCP IP for PCs Ethernet Appletalk ETBIOS drivers RVD update by Dan Lanciani 100 B Tree Library amp ISAM Driver fil
226. rn on the function gener ator Monitor the STEP input with an oscilloscope or a logic probe to verify that STEP is pulsing then monitor the outputs of IC2 pins 1 2 14 and 15 On each you should see a squarewave ex actly 4x the period of the STEP input If you have a two channel scope you can verify that pin 2 is an inverted ver sion of pin 1 as pin 14 is an inversion of pin 15 Pins 15 and 14 should be 90 degrees out of phase with pins 1 and 2 respectively Now follow these signals on the schematic to the outputs of the NAND gates where you will see in verted versions of the previous signals If you see no signals at these pins check that ENABLE is tied to Vcc If all is still well follow farther to the right on the schematic The signals are inverted once more by the invertor buffers Once this all checks out it s time to turn on the 6V power supply The step per motor should begin to rotate at once Jumpering DIR to Vcc should change the direction of rotation If the motor just sits there and hums try reducing the frequency input to STEP If the motor still doesn t rotate or if it shudders and turns erratically check for cold solder joints Also check that all the terminals are making connection to the stepper motor wires and that the wires are in the proper sequence on the J102 If the motor appears completely dead first disconnect the function generator output from STEP then jumper STEP to ground
227. rom an issue that s out of print you can contact University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor MI 48106 1346 313 761 4700 Of course if the issue is still available you ll probably want to get the original version directly from Micro C See the back issues list on page 94 for more information Transparent ROMs About half way through the Embedded Systems article in this issue I realized I was 1 Very interested in the C Thru ROM package and 2 Very hungry it being halfway through my lunch hour Knowing I could either 1 Call Datalight immediately meant missing lunch or 2 Grab a byte of lunch and then call Datalight I called Datalight on a full stomach That was fortunate because I had some zingy questions Is it all that easy As easy as what Does it only work with Microsoft C 5 X No It turns out that C Thru ROM 1 50 also works in a limited fashion with Turbo C 2 0 By early January they re supposed to have a new release that does everything with Turbo C Then Datalight sent me the package Unfortunately their sample program SIEVE X didn t work because they hadn t included the right MAP file Did we have Microsoft C A quick perusal showed the cupboard was nearly bare No Microsoft C but some extended scrounging turned up Quick C probably too quick and Turbo 2 0 Ah ha So I recompiled linked and MAPped with Turbo Doing all the usual new package fumbling it w
228. rs DO begin Initialize arrays Weight Count Output pattern Count end Assign F Input file from neural net Reset F Array index 1 WHILE Array index lt Num of characters DO begin Readln F S First char Copy S 1 1 IF First char THEN begin Char Ptr 2 FOR Count 1 TO Num of patterns DO begin This weight Copy S Char Ptr 4 Weight Array index This weight Char Ptr Char Ptr 5 This pattern Copy S Char_Ptr 1 Output pattern Array index This pattern Char Ptr Char Ptr 2 Inc Array index end end end Close F end procedure neural net interpreter output characters var Output char string Pattern_count Char_count ReturnCode integer Wt New weight real begin Assign F2 OCR Output file Rewrite F2 Array index 1 Char count 1 WHILE Array index lt Num of characters DO begin Pattern count 1 Wt 0 Output char WHILE Pattern count lt Num of patterns DO begin Val Weight Array index New weight ReturnCode IF New weight Wt THEN begin Wt New weight Output char Output pattern Array index end Inc Pattern count Inc Array index end IF Wt gt Threshold THEN Write F2 Output char ELSE Write F2 IF Char count Line length THEN begin Writeln F2 Char count 0 end Inc Char count end Close F2 end var NNI NNIptr procedure pcx to neural net get PCX display convert to txt fo
229. s 40 NEW DES Encryption amp Decryption 2500 bits second on 4 77 MHz PC for on the fly encryption at 2400 baud U S only 40 NEW FlexList doubly linked lists of arbitrary data with multiple access merhoda Bea Nat ce Te aa e tp at qM Rn 40 Virtual Memory Manager by Blake McBride LRU pager dynamic swap file image save restore llle 40 Heap I O aa all or part of a disk file as heap storage 44444 eee ehh hh as 40 Bison amp PREP YACC workalike parser generator amp attribute grammar preprocessor now includes documentation 35 PC XINU Comer s XINU operating system for PO sasaaa e NEW RXC amp EGREP Regular Expression Compiler and Pattern Matching RXC makes finite state machine from regular expression 35 NEW CCALC handy extended precision calculator real and complex models many built in functions eaa 30 NEW GNU Awk amp Diff for PC both programs in one package 4 llle een 30 6 Pack of Editors six public domain editors for use study amp hacking 6 ew ee ee ee he we ee 30 Crunch Pack 14 file compression amp expansion programs s s 4 4 ee s 30 Pascal P Code Compiler amp Interpreter or Pascal to C Translator Wirth standard Pascal ee ee 25 FLEX fast lexical analyzer generator new improved LEX official BSD Version21withdocs lc ee 25 List Pac C functions for lists stacks and que
230. s I ve seen in the last two or three years that exceeded my wildest expectations for power compatibility and ease of use Paul Mace Paul Mace Software Soft ICE MagicCV MagicCV for Windows Buy Soft ICE amp MagicCV W Save 86 Buy MagicCV and MagicCVW Save 100 Save 186 386 199 199 Buy All 3 30 day money back guarantee Visa MasterCard and AmEx accepted 2 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 New Soft ICE 2 0 features Back Trace Ranges Symbolic amp Source level debugging Ei EMS 4 0 support with special EMS debugging commands E Windowed user interface p abe Nu Mega TECHNOLOGIES CALL TODAY 603 888 2386 or FAX 603 888 2465 PO BOX 7607 E NASHUA NH lI 03060 7607 Reader Service Number 110 RUN CODEVIEW IN 8K MagicCV CodeView is a great integrated tee but it uses over 200K of conventional memory MagicCV uses advanced features of the 80386 to load CodeView and symbols in extended memory This allows MagicCV to run CodeView in less than 8K of conven tional memory on your 80386 PC NEW Version 2 0 includes EMS 4 0 driver Attention Windows Developers Version available for CVW THE MICRO TECHNICAL JOURNAL VIICRO CORNUCOPIA JANUARY FEBRUARY 1990 ISSUE NO 51 FEATURES COPLAUIMINES Gene Toner 8 Embedding An XT Motherboard DB cing Clearly Wouldn t it be wonderful if you could use one of those 50 XT cards as an embedded s
231. s gt 1 Training n Testing n begin iteration loop for q 0 q lt nIterations q for p 0 p lt nPatterns ptt hidden layer Sum input to hidden layer over all input weight cmbnatns for h 0 h lt nHiddenNodes h begin with bias float sum wil h nInputNodes for i 0 i lt nInputNodes i sum wl h i outO p i Compute output use sigmoid outl p h 1 0 1 0 exp sum output layer 22 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 for j 0 j lt nOutputNodes j float sum w2 j nHiddenNodes for h 0 h lt nHiddenNodes h sum w2 j h out1 p h out2 p j 1 0 1 0 exp sum delta output Compute deltas for each output unit for a given pattern for j 0 j lt nOutputNodes j delta2 p j target p1 3 out2 p 3 out2 p 3 1 0 out2 p j delta hidden for h 0 h lt nHiddenNodes htt float sum 0 0 for j 0 j lt nOutputNodes j sum delta2 p j w2 j h deltal p h sum outl p h 1 0 outi p h adapt weights hidden output for j 0 j lt nOutputNodes j float dw delta weight float sum 0 0 grand sum of deltas for each output node for 1 epoch for p 0 p lt nPatterns ptt sum delta2 p j find new bias for each output unit dw eta sumtalpha delw2 j nHiddenNodes
232. see this input pattern a bit picture output an ASCII character This part is tricky and requires a shuffling of examples Eventually after we toggle a switch or two and add or delete a few examples the network learns to guess well enough for our problem A pattern is good enough when it reaches the threshold value we set I shopped around for a neural net work I was in a hurry and it beat pro gramming one from scratch tho Russ Eberhardt and Roy Dobbins show us how to do just that in their neural net work article this issue I found four con tenders NeuroShell from Ward Systems NeuralWorks from Neuroware NNT Shareware BrainMaker from California Scien tific Each works well alone but has even more interesting potential for use within other systems I found at first surpris ingly that developers have taken dis tinctive approaches to implementing neural networks Everything from the user interface to operational theory var ies I conclude that neural networks are at that inchoate stage where they share some fundamental qualities such as the use of training sets thresholds normali zation etc but diverge widely in the details I chose BrainMaker for the OCR project because it 1 is relatively inexpensive 2 has a neat batch mode which I can call from my programs 3 is fast enough at least with small sets 4 allows two dimensional picture input which makes it easy fo
233. side centered on cleat Cleat mounting holes NOTE 3 Card guide mounting holes 6 See text on mounting card guides C CODE FOR THE PC source code of course MS DOS File Compatibility Package create read amp write MS DOS file systems on non MS DOS computers 500 NEW CSource Application Program Generator by MBAC includes all source code generator amp libraries l l 500 dB2c dBase to C translator includes db_Files for Canddb ToolsforC 6 6 6 ee lees 325 CQL Query System SQL retrievals on B trees plus windows Teh Sap ey Eea eB FS at aiaa HF tesla ot BY Mey ARA 325 GraphiC 5 0 high resolution DISSPLA style scientific plots in color amp hardcopy 1 6 1 ew eee ee e 325 NEW Drasch Clisp with Crules Lisp library and programming environment with rule processing capability natural language example 300 Greenleaf Data Windows windows menus data entry interactive form design specify compiler 300 PC Curses Aspen Software System V compatible extensive documentation Salah Gwen 6 cep OR Mehler C DITE 290 NEW C Data Manager object oriented data management persistent objects from runtime definitions network and entity models 250 MEWEL extensible window and event library by Magma Software message passing amp object oriented SAA compatible dialog editor 250 Turbo Release 2 0 HP PS dot drivers CM fonts
234. ss It is not necessary to possess the ultimate definition of this uniqueness Even to speculate on it is a gain By Norman Cousins Dean s Office School of Medicine 12 138 CHS U C L A Los Angeles CA 90024 213 825 8281 146 QUA RD ARCA RAS ROD DN GG M N a MESSEN Aa N EN 71 iN DEMENS I7 S MEN NN N NM M utt en E n HL DARUM he question persists and indeed grows whether the computer makes it easier or harder for human beings to know who they really are to identify their real problems to respond more fully to beauty to place adequate value on life and to make their world safer than it now is MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 29 LIMBO Part Four LIMBO Gets A Body This time ladies and gents you ll watch as LIMBO gets a body weird but true se rial fans This is all in preparation for next time when Igor I mean LIMBO gets a brain Stay tuned this melodrama only gets better o describe the superstructure I ll T at the bottom and work my way up At the bottom of any good robot are the batteries Mounting batteries on a robot requires a little fore thought First you must consider the weight distribution Batteries are typically the heaviest part of any mobile bot Place the mass too high and it ll be top heavy place it too far from center line and your unit wobbles and doesn t have much traction Try to
235. such as Epson FX and LX printers The basic idea is to use the ESC L command to turn on low speed double density graphics mode for an 8 line with 960 dots You can obtain a verti cal resolution of 1600 dots by using the ESC 3 command to select 7216 line spac ing The bit map is stored in two 2 dimen sional arrays dynamically allocated using alloc_2d_array with MAXCOLS 1600 columns and MAXPRINTROWS 100 rows of type unsigned char The two arrays Evenrow and Od drow interlace such that when printing the bit map one even row prints the line spacing sets to 1416 an odd row prints the line spacing sets to 22 716 then the next even row prints prntgr prints by looping through the entire process MAXPRINTROWS times yielding 1600 vertical dots in 10 38 Ref erence 2 outlines this interlacing method It is also where I obtained Professor Rasala s Bresenham line implementation This achieves a 120 dots per inch density across the width of the page and 160 dots per inch down the length of the page I also derived the point setting and blanking routines from Reference 2 so far as concerns the interlacing There is no need to discuss the rest of the code as it is sufficiently documented internally A brief description of the func tions in module grafprt should suffice portrait Sets a global variable to in dicate Portrait mode plotting landscape Sets a global variable to indicate Landscape
236. sults szError szPattern pattern input file initial weights file szWeightsOut final weights out file amp nPatterns patterns to learn amp nIterations its through data amp nInputNodes input nodes amp nHiddenNodes hidden nodes amp nOutputNodes output nodes amp eta learning rate amp alpha allocate dynamic storage for all data szWeights momentum factor MatrixAllocate amp out0 nPatterns nInputNodes MatrixAllocate amp outl nPatterns nHiddenNodes MatrixAllocate amp out2 nPatterns nOutputNodes MatrixAllocate amp delta2 nPatterns nOutputNodes MatrixAllocate amp delw2 nOutputNodes nHiddenNodes 1 Mat rixAllocate amp w2 nOutputNodes nHiddenNodes 1 MatrixAllocate amp deltal nPatterns nHiddenNodes MatrixAllocate amp delwl1 nHiddenNodes nInputNodes 1 MatrixAllocate amp w1 nHiddenNodes nlInputNodes 1 MatrixAllocate amp target nPatterns nOutputNodes VectorAllocate amp PatternID nPatterns Read the initial weight matrices if fpWeights fopen szWeights r NULL fprintf stderr s can t open s n progname szWeights exit 1 read input hidden weights for h 0 h lt nBiddenNodes htt for i 0 i lt nInputNodes i fscanf fpWeights sf amp wl h i delwi1 h i 0 0 read hidden out weights for j 0 j lt noutputNodes j
237. t j The net input to a hidden PE is the sum of the values for all connections Equation 2 describes the output of a coming into the PE as described in Equa hidden node as a function of its net from the node we call the bias node which we ve been referring The sigmoid which we assume always has an output function is illustrated in Figure 2 of 1 and which we treat otherwise as Text Continued on page 24 Figure 2 Sigmoid Transfer Function Used in Back propagation NNT PE OUTPUT LARGE NEGATIVE LARGE POSITIVE NET INPUT NET INPUT Add lightning fast graphics to your programs quickly and easily through the popular PCX file format Why reinvent the wheel Make your programs immediately compatible with hundreds of packages from Aldus PageMaker to ZSoft s PC Paintbrush with these linkable graphic libraries An exceptional product Programmer s Journal Aug NEW Version 3 5 of the PCX Programmer s Toolkit gives you over 60 powerful functions to manipulate bitmapped graphics Use Virtual screens Super VGA modes LIM 4 0 support a 300 page manual 9 utilities including screen capture and display and the fastest routines on the market 195 F X Need Special Effects but caught in a GRASP Why create a demo when you can create the real thing Don t be trapped in a slideshow editor or demo program when you can use PCX Effects for the PCX Toolkit and your favorite programming language A Music Language and
238. t and McClel land and McClelland and Rumelhart Once Equation 2 calculates the output of each hidden layer PE the net input to each output layer PE is calculated in a manner analogous to that used for calcu lating the net input for each hidden PE as described by Equation 3 Likewise the output of each output layer PE is calcu lated in the same way as for the outputs of the hidden layer PEs as described by Equation 4 i Y wyo Equation 3 j 017 A eae Equation 4 eT rac quati This set of calculations which results in the output state of the network or simply the set of the output states of all the output PEs is carried out the same way during the training phase as during the testing running phase The test run operational mode just involves pre senting an input set to the input nodes and calculating the resulting output state To summarize during the feedfor ward calculations two math operations are performed by PE s The output state or activation is obtained as a result The first is a summation of previous layer PE outputs times interconnecting weights and the second is the squashing function We can view the squashing function illustrated in Figure 2 as a function sim ilar to an analog electronics amplifier The gain or amplification of the ampli fier is analogous to the slope of the line 24 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 Continued from page 23 one dimensional dynamic vector cols voi
239. t it will help anybody else having this prob lem Note that this code is dumb it as sumes that anybody trying to increase CPU power must already have a hard drive I suppose it s possible that some where in Podunk Iowa there lives a true power user with dual floppies but Ive never met him I am not very happy with this assumption but it s what I needed If the guy in Podunk needs this he can rewrite it john Welch 1310 Kenneth Circle Elgin IL 60120 Back Up Let me repeat that You say that backing up is hard to do Let me assure you that it s harder by far to recover from a hard disk crash if you don t back up regularly Yes this is the voice of experience speaking My old faithful 20 meg Miniscribe ex perienced a hardware failure Hindsight being what it is backing files up daily is now a part of my routine and I promise myself to keep it up as long as possible The only prob lem is that I will have probably forgot ten this trauma and let my habits get sloppy a month or so before the next failure Hard disks can fail in several modes The most feared is a head crash When that happens the data is generally gone since the surface of the disk is physi cally damaged In my case I know the data is still in there locked up like jewels in an impenetrable vault and I don t have a combination to the door _ My failure was in the speed sensor it wasn t a crash So if any of you out there have a non functio
240. t2 p j fprintf fpResults 6 0f n PatternID p fclose fpResults free dynamic storage for data MatrixFree out0 MatrixFree out1 MatrixFree deltal MatrixFree delw1 MatrixFree wl MatrixFree out2 MatrixFree delta2 MatrixFree delw2 MatrixFree w2 nPatterns nPatterns nPatterns nHiddenNodes nHiddenNodes nPatterns nPatterns nOutputNodes nOutputNodes MatrixFree target nPatterns free PatternID close run file Array storage allocation routines Allocate space for vector of float cells for Continued on page 24 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 23 1 I T exp i Equation 2 As you can see in Figure 2 the output after going through the sigmoid function also called a squashing function is limited to values between 0 and 1 At a net input of 0 to the PE the output is 0 5 For large negative net input values the output of the PE approaches 0 For large positive values it approaches 1 The nonlinear nature of this sigmoid transfer function plays an important role in the performance of the neural net work We can use other transfer func tions as long as they re continuous and possess a derivative at all points Functions such as the trigonometric sine and the hyperbolic tangent have been used but the exploration of these and other transfer functions is beyond the scope of this article For more infor mation refer to Rumelhar
241. ta bits 1 stop bit and no parity It s currently a node on the FidoNet system 1 104 708 The BBS is oriented towards my favorite subjects science and computers I try to maintain the best in MS DOS applications and utilities too Program ming languages supported are C C Smalltalk Pascal Modula 2 and 80xxx assembly language I also have what I believe to be the world s largest collection of fractal gen erators and Chaos Theory programs And I carry the issue disks for Micro C along with the latest versions of Zip Graph CRITTERS and the other soft ware you ve seen here So come on over and visit we d love to have you Movin On That s it for now Next time we ll look at line and curve drawing fol lowed by a 3D plotting module used to implement the fractal generator 8280 Clairemont Mesa Blvd Suite 117 San Diego California 92111 e 619 569 1864 BABY 386 20 24 MOTHERBOARD ELGAR AA Cells 6ah esse 1 00 One 32 bit slot Five 16 bit slot Two 8 bit UNINTERRUPTIBLE joypackAACells 62h 6 50 slot Maximum 8 meg on board 1 meg POWER SUPPLIES Sub C Cells 1 5ah 1 50 SIMMS OK on board 80287 or 80387 or 400 Watt MODEL IPS400 12V Pack Sub C 10 00 Wytek Co Processor slot Shadow RAM 650 eed Pavan unused te Power distribution center and sine wave UPS Only
242. tab tabinc END END root nil ELSE writeln Nil END GenAvlTrDis PROCEDURE GenAvlTrRetDelSmRec VAR p treePtr VAR key data dataPtr VAR keyLen dataLen WORD VAR h BOOLEAN VAR q treePtr BEGIN q P WHILE p llink lt gt NIL DO BEGIN P p llink END data p data dataLen p dataLen key p key keyLen p keyLen p q GenAvlTrDel key p h END GenAvlTrDel BEGIN END MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 81 Anthony Barcellos P O Box 2249 Davis CA 95617 2249 Voice 916 756 4866 Data 916 758 1002 Victim Of Success It s always great when someone betters himself especially when he starts out in academics In this his last column Tony tackles text and graphics ap propriate tools for his next life o long everyone This is my 15 and C ins arenar column for Micro C A lot of user supported software has streamed through this column during the past 215 years and there s no end in sight I have only sampled the flood Although there remain so many attractive packages to examine I must redirect my efforts toward other interests My arrival in the pages of Micro Cornucopia coincided with my appoint ment to the mathematics faculty of American River College in Sacramento While I was delighted by this long sought opportunity to teach full time I couldn t anticipate all the re percussions all of them so far good Wh
243. tarted out in electronics well intentioned people used all kinds of terms I didn t know taking my silence for understanding Allow me to explain a few key words and phrases Insulation don t laugh I had to learn this one the hard way is the plastic or nylon Teflon or whatever coating over a bare wire The covering prevents that wire from contacting other conductors You can easily remove plastic insula tion by far the most common type by using the insulation strippers mentioned above Other types of insulations may re quire expensive heat strippers or similar tools For now stick to the plastic covered hookup wire Gauge refers to the thickness of the bare wire regardless the thickness of the insulation This gauge number some times appears as AWG for American Wire Gauge as in 24 AWG The larger the number the thinner the wire For example 30 gauge wire gets used often for wirewrapping digital circuitry This wire measures 0 01 in diameter its tiny diameter makes it easy to work with though it cannot carry much cur rent A common size for two wire power cords and speaker cable is 18 gauge wire it measures 0 04 across and handles up to 16 amps Most simple hardware projects will use 22 or 24 gauge for point to point soldering 18 or 20 gauge for power ca bles and 30 gauge for wirewrapping Stranded wire refers to a single con ducting wire made of many smaller bare wires all covere
244. ted Colleges We help Computer Professionals avoid years of unnecessary class work Get the job offers and recognition you deserve Phone UDA for more information and our free booklet Career Tactics and Strategies University Degree Advisory 800 765 7272 Reader Service Number 168 C PROGRAMMERS A Central Oregon technology company engaged in remote sensing and information management systems development has openings for 1 Manager of software systems development Sr Analyst 2 Programmer Analyst The ideal candidate will hold a BSCS and have a minimum of 5 years hands on experience in C language database integration Unix and workstation applications Comprehensive benefits and competitive salary offered Please send resumes to Personnel Recon Technologies Inc P O Box 7497 Bend Oregon 97708 503 389 8149 HIGH RESOLUTION TIMER TOOLBOX PCHRT is the definitive answer to execution profiling and embedded timer applications 30 functions manage 100 timers with microsecond accuracy Self calibrating Generates extensive and flexible timer reports Profiles selected BIOS interrupts Supports TC TP 5 0 MSC 5 x Libraries examples manual and full source included 24 95 postpaid USA elsewhere add 4 00 VISA MC RyleDesign RE D n Reader Service Number 171 Figure 2 Miniscribe Error Messages Pulses HEX 00000 00 00001 01 00010 02 00011 03 00100 04 00101 05
245. ter PPI 8255 chip DMA page registers NMI mask bit MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 9 MOVE EEEE a EE D SE en Met ch E E a N A E e E E S L S Figure 2 PC Card with a Dead man Timer c20 5 ces cea cos cee ce a R9 C23 C27 01UF 2 Wye R6 E os J53 R7 V 3 CHO T u 1c7 12 R8 AUF c4 F m 1UF LM234 5 9 1c4 asc J1 B30 c19 0918 MHZ T CH a5 CHI 56 12 SREF 16 ie Q i c Co e 26 C 27 T mel 1 2 3 4 5 5 R4 RS sx SAK 8 NOTE DECODES 0200 02D0 0300370 16 LOCATIDNS n IDUTI DACI232 J5 21 1c IDUTA s B e Skbbkg fat 2 e wild 17 3 Ic17 Jj JLBL4 ae T aas Tues M CESEEHP ee M eas ti aa i TAS i aes JA24 i saza 8 JLBI J 1 Jp A JL831 J32 JLAU 50 ag Nes P i coi InuTe J323 pu mE d 295bbbhu RM 12 y gagy iz 3 1C17 ci ce ca i 10UF 100F 10UF 5REF IOV 10 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 J531 J332 J334 J535 J536 J537 J338 J539 J540 J341 J342 J343 J344 J343 J546 DMTRIG J323 51K 5 C16 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 11 CHS J 14 CH6 J513 CH6 J516 wonderful place to develop and debug programs Figure 3 Function Offsets from BASE Along with the memory other on n board resources include four DMA chan OFFSET HEX READ FUNCTION WRITE FUNCTION nels one dedicated to DRAM refresh There are three counter timer chan
246. the inputs entering the network via the input layer a layer of processing nodes These in puts can be a set of raw data a set of parameters or whatever we ve chosen to represent as a pattern For our BP NNT the value of each input can take on any value between 0 and 1 That is the input values are analog and are normalized between the values 0 and 1 The fact that we can use analog inputs adds significant flexibility to our NNT Does the normalization between 0 and 1 constrain us in any way Probably not at least not usually Whenever we deal with a real life computer system that s re ceiving input we re always limited to some extent by the size of the number we can put in As long as the resolution of our input data doesn t get lost in the nor malization process we re all right In our implementation of the BP NNT we use standard floating point variables called float in C Floats are 32 bits long using 24 bits for a value and 8 bits for an exponent We therefore have a resolution of about 1 part in 16 million or stated another way resolution to 7 decimal places If your data has 7 significant figures or less you ll be okay We haven t found this at all limiting Even input data from a 16 bit analog to digital A D converter requires a little less than 5 digits of resolution Most of the appli cations we ve seen require 3 to 5 digits of resolution Normalizing our input patterns can provide us with a tool for
247. this process for mounting the brackets to the top disk Don t forget the screwdriver holes must be aligned with the holding screws Check that this is right before you epoxy the X dividers to the top disk Mate the two halves of the sensor platform together and secure the holding screws X DIMDER 1 of 2 SENSOR BAYS POWER CONVERTOR TOP CLEATS BAY in rear TOP CROSS PANEL BOTTOM CROSS PANEL STD CARD CAGE in front BATTERY COMPARTMENT MIDDLE CLEATS BOTTOM CLEATS Step 5 Finishing The Superstructure Assemble the side panels to the top and bottom cross panels and the bottom disk Use screws only for now Sit the sensor platform on top See Figure 4 Notice that with all the Tee nuts pro truding from the bottom of the middle disk the middle disk no longer sits flush on its cleats Use a Dremel tool or a chisel to cut shallow recesses into the side panels and cleats to accommodate the Tee nuts With some trial and error you should get a good snug fit especially when you tighten down the screws hold ing the middle disk to its cleats Mate the X divider to the top disk and stand back to admire the completed su perstructure Well almost complete You still need to go back and epoxy the side panels and the middle disk to the cleats but wait until after you install the STD backplane The last task is to mate the superstruc ture to the mobility base Last time we drilled eight holes in the top
248. though the circuits are more sophisti cated than the 555 project just described the magazine usually supplies a source for printed circuit boards and occasion ally a complete kit of parts for each pro ject RE also runs columns on theory practice and tips for experimenters of all kinds Though catering to a very special audience the American Radio Relay League ARRL handbook published an nually is an excellent source of technical information The book covers all types of electronics of interest to radio amateurs hams including antenna theory trans 56 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 mission reception fundamentals RF fil tering and you guessed it computers The 1989 edition contains many pro jects dealing with computers in the ham shack stop by the local library and browse through a copy Who knows you might even decide to take up ham radio Then you could finally find a use for all your computers Radio Shack who else carries several little booklets written by Forrest Mims III Forrest has written technical books of different sizes for years These booklets run about 1 49 and cover digi tal logic circuits op amps communica tions semiconductors He also has a 32 page booklet devoted to the 555 Each book carries one or more complete schematics per page with parts lists and cautions where needed For 2 49 you can try his Getting Started in Electronics a hands on intro to hardware Witho
249. ting a classified ad for Computer Shopper to advertise his network and his DOS disassembly He was sure other people might be interested in DOS That 34 ad 66 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 seemed like a big risk at the time Plus we would have to wait more than six weeks to see if there was any response We decided to call our main product The 25 Network If that didn t grab attention nothing would I sent in the check as Don started work on phase two The Weak Link a subset of the net work He said he wanted to begin with a simple network like project He still hadn t started the network and we had an ad coming out in weeks He hadn t entirely finished DOS either I told him six weeks was not a very long time Don t worry he said I worried Fortunately he does his best work under pressure Soon the big day came and we went down to the post office to check our box Lo and behold an order for the DOS disassembly The Computer Shopper ad was out I asked Don if he had finished DOS yet Don t worry he said I asked how the network was coming I think I d better finish DOS first he said but don t worry P The next day another check arrived this time for the network I asked how long until the network would be ready to ship I guess I d better get busy he said but don t worry Don put in 18 20 hour days I helped by having nightmares something about the At torney Gen
250. to differentiate between an MDA and an HGC We do this by monitoring the vertical synch bit of the monochrome card s status register if the bit changes we have a Hercules card Information on the adapter s type and its installed monitor is placed into the ZG VideoInfo structure You can use constants for these values defined in the ZG LWLVL H file to make your code a bit clearer At this point Zip Graph has only determined which video adapter you have I ve tested the detection routine on several computers with a variety of adapters So far it has worked flaw lessly with VGA EGA MDA and Her cules adapters I do not have a CGA or MCGA adapter but I tested those routines on my Paradise 16 bit VGA card which emulates the CGA and MCGA I d appreciate hearing from you if you have problems Selecting The Graphics Mode To display graphics you now need to set a graphics mode Call the ZG Set Mode function and pass one of the ZG MOD constants defined in ZG LWLVL H as its first parameter ZG SetMode will return 1 if the re quested mode is not valid for the adapt er detected The public global variable ZG VideoInfo will again return infor mation on the mode That information includes the x and y dimensions of the new graphics mode and the number of colors available If all goes well ZG Set Mode will return 0 to indicate success ZG SetMode also does some auto magical work for you Two special graphics modes a
251. too much trouble translating it to something else In CAPTURE H you ll see a set of C preprocessor macros for controlling the AD1000 board I chose preprocessor mac ros over C functions because the macros put the code in line when they re called The compiler gurus at Borland real ized that if I O takes too long you may have to resort to assembly language To solve this problem they altered the way the compiler handles inport inportb outport and outportb function calls If M9 or EEEENEENEEENEEEEEEEENEENESEENENSN Figure 1 CAPTURE H CAPTURE H by Bruce Eckel Revolution2 Real Time Consulting Preprocessor macros amp function declarations for the RTD AD1000 board Note that for this code to work the end of conversion EOC line of the A D converter must be strapped to the parallel port B line 7 PB7 This is accomplished by soldering a short wire from the EOC line to the PB7 line on connector P8 on the AD1000 board this connector is clearly marked by silkscreen info on the board This wire allows the code to monitor status of the A D converter by looking at PB7 include lt dos h gt So you get Turbo C inport and outport macros fast instead of functions Macros in this file generate no code unless they are called thus you can put them in the header file without causing multiple definition errors at link time Since the compiler does all the w
252. tors than those currently used in LIMBO up to about 10 A per phase with a higher wattage ballast resistor With the 1 A per phase draw of the IMC stepper motor the MOSFETS stay cool to the touch Heatsinks are not required but it s easier to put them in while building the boards than later when you want to use bigger motors I recommend using printed circuit boards for LIMBO Stepper Point to point wiring works but life is too short to con tinue using such time consuming methods I don t recommend wire wrap ping these boards because wire wrap connections aren t meant for high cur rent For those of you who ve never tried it I encourage you to etch your own boards from my layouts See Figure 7 It s not that difficult especially for a single sided board like this Plus you ll learn some thing An excellent tutorial on prototype PCB fabrication and design is David Kasten s Electronic Prototype Construction H W Sams 1987 ISBN 0 672 21895 X The book covers everything from laying out boards to fabricating enclosures and even such exotica as electroplating gold on edge connectors This book belongs on every roboticist s bookshelf or better on his workbench For you diehards there are also etched and drilled boards available from Robotic Systems Stuffing the boards begins with the jumpers I like to use the precut jumpers sold for solderless breadboards but any 24 gauge solid wire will do Next com
253. trix of X s and periods representing a charac ter Problem bridge the abyss between these two I had a copy of the PCX Toolkit which displays loads saves and in various other ways manipulates PCX images so I decided to work toward it I created a PCX file with PaintShow Plus I planned to translate images from the screen instead of from a file so any file format will do if you can display it Eventually I had to create a two di mensional text picture for BrainMaker see Figure 2 The programming problem at this juncture 1 To prepare input for BrainMaker n this case to translate a bit by bit image of a PCX file or screen to a text picture 2 To evaluate and translate the out put from BrainMaker to a WordStar or other text editor readable format Objects I decided to glue everything together in a couple of Turbo Pascal objects one to translate a graphics screen into a text picture for BrainMaker and one to translate BrainMaker s output symbols plus numerical values see Figure 3 into pure text i e characters In sum the case seemed to hinge on five parts 1 A scanner or simulated part 2 A PCX or screen display part 3 A screen to neural network trans lator 4 A neural network part 86 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 Figure 2 Examples of Brain Maker Input 5 A neural network to pure text part I created Parts 3 and 5 with Turbo Pascal and r
254. tware Inc P O Box 4999 Walnut Creek CA 94596 415 933 9019 Reader Service Number 164 CONVERT PCX FILES TO COLOR POSTSCRIPT PCX Printshop will convert all of your EGA and VGA PCX files to 16 color 300 d p i Color Postscript format Great for grabbing screens touching them up and printing them out at coffee table resolution 99 Argon Technology Group 131 Rindge Ave Cambridge MA 02140 617 492 7442 Reader Service Number 179 Technology for the Arts PC MPU 401 Compatible MIDI Interface Board 119 Willow Publihsers VGA 599 video frame grabbber VGA New hi res frame grabber 495 Panasonic CCTV camera 225 Special Sanyo Color camera 395 Free MIDI or Digitizer Catalogs joel Sampson Engineering P O Box 550363 214 328 2730 Dallas TX 75355 BBS 328 6909 Reader Service Number 176 8031 wController Module 39 95 Shipping 3 00 US 5 00 Canada Ideal for prototypes one of a kind devices or short production rune Perfect building block for PC or Macintosh data aquisition interface or stand alone control projects Aesembled and teeted board includes 8031 microprocessor crystal 8K of EPROM 128 bytes of RAM 2 byte wide VO ports and provisions for a MAX232 to provide industry compatible serial I O All ICs are socketed and I O is via a 2X17 header Size 2 75 by 4 0 OEM discounts Cottage Resources Suite 3 672C 1405 Stevenson Drive Springfield Illinois 62703 217
255. ues yc ME c mr TOCRM REC RE ENS 25 A68 68000 cross assembler e are s 4 4 4 4 4 e 44e eee ehem eh 9 o ho oh o 9 o 9 e n n n n 20 HA cro Processor general purpose text translator 2 2 4 4 4 44 e 4e eee eh oho eon ons 20 ata NEW Moby Pronunciator 150 000 words amp phrases encoded with full IPA pronunciation amp emphasis points 900 distinguished by part of speech 160 NEW Moby Part of Speech 200 000 words and phrases described by prioritized part s of speech ee 105 NEW Mety Hyphenator 150 000 words fully hiyphienated ayilabin ie tata dere A E N E T E T cac dio o bs 120 Smithsonian Astronomical Observatory Subset right ascension declination amp magnitude of 258 997 stars eee 60 Moby Words 500 000 words amp phrases 9 000 stars 15 000 names Koran e peice rp TA eara aie diari eek SUO Ae Season 65 U S Cities names amp longitude latitude of 32 000 U S cities and 6 000 state boundary points lens 35 The World Digitized 100 000 longitude latitude of world country boundaries 1 sosoo e e 30 KST Fonts 13200 characters in 139 mixed fonts specify TEX or bitmap format leeren 30 USNO Interactive Computer Ephemeris high precision moon sun planet amp star positions lle 30 U S Map 15 701 points of state boundaries 5 6 2 oso oom og eum RR a 15 The Austin Code Works Voice 512 258 0785 11100 Leafwood Lane acwlinfo uu
256. ularly active I bit once lost most of 1 500 on Environsure a waste processing company that apparently was dumping not processing I purchased the stock because the Blinder Robinson sales man told me the stock was moving up rapidly Curiously its direction changed a few days after I bought it Program FASTER with CC RIDER THE C PROGHAMMER S COMPANION cz SZ PROFESSIONAL EDITION CROSS REF Editing FunctionPrototypes QuickHelp too Build a database of useful information for your C code with CCSYM a powerful source code analyzer which can generate fully commented function CCSYM can also create a help database for your program which is compatible with Microsoft s help system QuickHeb All symbols in your application Instantly recall your C Symbol definitions by hitting a hot key inside your editor Along with standard CCRIDER features like Source View Edit and Definition Paste the new Professional Edition has a Symbol Browse mode and even lets you walk through all usages of a symbol It s on line cross referencing as you edit prototype include files for your program s static and global function definitions Imaginel No more manual maintenance of function declarations and you know they are consistent FREE DEMO DISK Reader Service Number 169 72 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 are accessible from QuickHelp s menus together with documentation extracted automatically
257. unds zou can contact Rody Mountain c 705 West st Virginia Gunnison co 81230 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 59 some of the more powerful features of C and provides the basic functions for detecting the type of graphics adapter It also supports plotting and reading pixels on all common IBM adapters Editor s note Scott s 850 lines of code just wouldn t fit in this issue See Around The Bend for more on the problem of stuff ing programming examples into Micro C In the meantime the code is available on Micro C s BBS 503 382 7643 and on the Issue 51 disk IBM PCs and their compatibles were originally designed to be modular In spite of IBM s recent move toward building video hardware into the com puter s motherboard most vendors con tinue to let you install whatever video you want Currently a PC will usually contain one of six standard video adapters the Monochrome Display Adapter MDA the Color Graphics Adapter CGA the Hercules Graphics Card HGC the En hanced Graphics Adapter EGA the Multi Colored Graphics Array MCGA or the Video Graphics Array VGA PC software authors have always faced the problem that any one of these video adapters can be installed in a PC While the PC s BIOS supports most of the adapters it does not support the Hercules card I m sure most of you have had the experience of finding a piece of graphics software which will not run on your co
258. ut a doubt the most schemat ics in a single book award has to go to Modern Electronic Circuit Reference Manual by John Markus Updated peri odically this monster manual contains hundreds of pages each with several previously published schematics Circuits come with a full parts list a brief discussion of operation and a refer ence to the magazine or book that origi nally published the project Known simply as the Markus book you can usu ally find it on the reference shelf of any large library He s arranged the circuits by topic burglar alarms ultrasonic power supply audio amps etc and the sheer volume of information will keep you busy for weeks Spend some time with hardware After all there was hardware long before there was software You could end up with a new hobby additional job skills more respect for the abilities of the hard ware designers extra insight into the guts of your computer Who knows you might want to try building one of those babies yourself It s really not that hard Figure 4 Practical Version of the Basic 555 Oscillator Circuit TO SMALL WALL MOUNTED DC POWER SUPPLY 8 14 VDC This version uses a piezo beeper rather than an LED The plug in power supply can be any DC value so long as it causes the relay to pull in when current is applied Note that the 9v battery connects to the normally closed relay contact this keeps the beeper quiet until the power into the wa
259. vary these attributes inde pendently Certain architectures for ex ample preclude certain learning para digms Neural biological structure as we cur rently understand it and the implemen tation or representation of this structure in NNTs differ significantly Let s face it the brain is much more complex than anything we can write yet Loosely we say that a processing element PE or unit in an NNT is roughly analogous to a bio logical neuron In a typical NNT each processing ele ment PE connects to other processing elements Each of these connections can By Russ Eberhart and Roy Dobbins be positively or negatively weighted In formation about the state of a PE passes on to the PE s connected to it based on these weights and the network s transfer function Neurons in biological neural networks typically cycle in about 10 100 millisec onds The clock frequency in an 80286 or 80386 based microcomputer is generally 10 30 MHz which results in a basic cycle of 0 03 0 10 microseconds Even taking into account the number of multiply accumulate operations need ed to calculate and propagate a new value for a PE typically 10 100 the basic cycle time for an individual PE is still only about 1 10 microseconds orders of magnitude faster than our brain But speed is deceiving our brain processes 6770 Halfcrown Court Columbia MD 21044 eural networks are particularly useful for solving problems that us
260. veral weeks of agonizing we sent a copy of The Weak Link to PC SIG While we were waiting it seemed like forever we continued running the classified in Computer Shopper We cele brated when sales hit 100 a month As more money came in we slowly in creased the size of our ad We set mod est goals and celebrated the gains f A Foreign Agent Then one day we received a letter from West G Joseph Kirsch E HARD DISK baum a PC SIG distributor wanted ox MLA E ULAP clusive rights to sell The 25 Network in Europe He had read about our network on The Weak Link disk That s how we discovered the PC SIG Library was dis tributing The Weak Link We laughed when we read the letter we hadn t even considered overseas sales He called us before we had time to respond He was serious We tried our best to discourage him but he was so persistent we finally relented and TreeTop provides an easy to use interface to DOS commands A visual tree of your directory structure is displayed with a point and shoot ability to move around your hard disk Whether you are doing hard disk housekeeping reorganizing your directory structure or simply copying files TreeTop makes it a breeze 25 NETWORK LA t Check out these features Fast and user friendly Pull down menus Context sensitive help User installable setup Full color or monochrome support Shell to DOS Execute COM EXE and BAT files P
261. vice Number 112 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 73 MICRO CORNUCOPIA XT SCHEMATIC 45V A RNI 4 7K At last you can plumb the mysteries of your com puter with this single sheet schematic of the IBM XT s main board A wealth of Information for both True Blue and clone owners Although clones use slightly altered board layouts and different chip location names they re close enough to the original for this schematic to be very useful As an example you have a dead clone Lil sucker won t even beep A look at the sche matic shows the location of parallel port A You know that the power on self test loads a check point number into port A before each test So now all you have to do is read port A with a logic probe to see how far the system went before it puked We Include these checkpoints and other trouble shooting information with the schematic IBM PC XT Schematic CP M KAYPRO SCHEMATICS Of course we still provide a complete schematic of the processor board in your CP M Kaypro It s logically laid out on a single 24 by 36 sheet and comes complete with an Illustrated theory of operation that s keyed to the schematic You get detailed information available nowhere else Kaypro Il amp IV pre 84 Kaypro 10 without modem eene 320 00 Kaypro 2 4 and 10 84 series 520 00 NOTE These packages cover only the main boards You re on your own when It comes to disk dr
262. w set of examples called a test set The net uses patterns of bits instead of individual bits to process informa tion Since a network recognizes pat terns not bits no particular bit is crucial for the network to recognize a pattern successfully The network will accept minor variations in bit alignment see Figure 1 and still produce the right pat tern You input a pattern into a neural net work it compares the pattern with the patterns it knows the patterns it learned from its training set and out puts a best guess pattern Note the network s best guess might even be no pat tern We tell the network using a threshold value how much variation or error we ll accept If no output exceeds the threshold the network could produce a space for ex ample Scanning typewritten pages is at best an imperfect operation We can ex pect the scanned patterns our input to be incomplete or contain errors such as bit misalignment A neural network can correct these kinds of problems and ince a network recognizes patterns not bits no particular bit is crucial for the network to recognize a pattern successfully produce reliable output by making good guesses We train the network by showing it a set of input patterns and their corre sponding output patterns For example we show the network an 8 by 8 bit pic ture of a character and the correspond ing ASCII character We say in effect when you
263. with the try square as a guide then place the edge of the other panel along the scribed line so you can scribe its thickness onto the first panel When you ve marked both panels mark the end of the slots at the midpoint of the width Cut the slots to inside the lines thus scribed Trial fit sand trial fit etc until the panels slide snugly to gether Check for square often during this process There should be little or no play and the top panel should seat on the same plane as the bottom panel when you are through Next come the cleats The moulding Figure 3 X dividers Trapeze Fittings amp Cross Panels stock you re likely to find at the lumber yard will probably not have a V2 x cross section Get 94 square moulding and plane to final dimensions This stock will be less than the nominal 34 square more like 56 square Its much easier to do the planing before you cut the cleats to length Mark the whole length of the stock on two par JE 17 32 43 64 RIGHT FRONT RIGHT REAR PLASTIC TRAPEZ FITTING LEFT REAR LEFT FRONT X DIMDERS NOTE 1 Dashed lines show location See text for upper half NOTE 2 X divider join line 34 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 TOP amp BOTTOM CROSS PANELS NOTE 1 Dashed lines show placement of cleats on of Trapez fitting mounting details bottom of bottom cross panel and top of top cross panel NOTE 2 Drill amp countersink from panel
264. work The LOC command in C THRU then locates the re sulting program Located Besides the program code and data an EXE file contains informa tion on program memory requirements segment modifications and the start address DOS resides in low memory and loads programs right above itself Pro grams start at the first byte of code and end with the last byte of data In our embedded system we usually don t have things so well lined up ROM gets mapped in high memory space so it can pick up the 8088 s power on jump vector paragraph FFFFh RAM how ever must start at paragraph 0000h to support the 256 four byte interrupt vec tors Fortunately C THRU s LOC can handle a memory map with holes in it Once located the program communi cates via the serial port to the target sys tem s kernel for debugging Kernel Se rial port This is the only hard part of the whole package getting the C THRU ROM kernel configured for and running on the target system C THRU supplies the kernel source but you must con figure it for your own motherboard In an XT motherboard the kernel must initialize all the ports set up inter rupt vectors in low RAM and set up the DMA channel and timer for DRAM re fresh For all this you should have a good idea what s going on inside the XT s hardware Once you have the kernel running however the debugging en vironment is grand Even though the target system has say no drive no monitor no k
265. wring that In a pinch you can also use a paper towel folded several times to get the right thickness Pick up the soldering iron as if it were a pencil using whichever hand you use best Carefully touch the tip to one of the small pieces of solder you cut earlier and watch the solder melt onto the tip of the iron Then wipe the tip of the iron across the damp sponge to clean off most of the melted solder this should only take one or two quick swipes Repeat the above steps two or three times for each side of the soldering iron s tip You have just cleaned and tinned your soldering iron tip one of the most important steps toward making a good QEdit ADVANCED The fast easy to THE use fully featured text editor at an affordable price Ul solder connection Get into the habit of tinning your iron after every two or three solder connections or anytime it sits for more than a few minutes Editor s note When I heat a new iron for the first time I hold solder against the tip while it s heating Heat causes oxidation on an untinned tip Once it s oxidized you have to file off the corrosion perhaps damaging the iron tip coating So smother the tip in solder the instant it s hot enough Prevents oxida tion Then wipe off most of the solder from the face of the iron you re going to use just as you re taking the iron to the work That way the face will be bright and shiny clean Some of the solder from th
266. y PT68K 2 Hercules Graphics Printer Dump 96 pages ISSUE 45 1 89 Computer Aided Design CAD In AConsulting Business Choosing PCB Layout Systems Building Circuits With Your Computer Secrets of Optimization Finding Bargains in the Surplus Market MASM 5 1 96 pages To Order Phone Mail United States Issues 1 34 Issues 35 current Canada amp Mexico All issues 1 800 888 8087 PO Box 223 Bend Oregon 97709 BACK ISSUES ISSUE 46 3 89 Software Tools The Art of Disassembly Handling Interrupts With Any C Hacking Sprint Creating Display Drivers Greatest C Compilers Turning A PC into An bedded Control System Practical Fractals 96 pages Em ISSUE 47 5 89 Robotics The LIMBO Project Starting A Robotics Company How To Write and Use A SystemProfiler Problem Solving and Creativity Turn Your XT Into A Controller Writing Code For Two Operating Systems 96 pages ISSUE 48 7 89 Tools For The Physically Impaired The Adventure Begins Selecting A Talking Computer For ABlind Friend Writing Software For The Blind File Transfer Via The Parallel Port The LIMBO Project Part Two PCX Compatibility A 68000 Based Multitasking Kernel The Very Early Days of Computing 96 pages ISSUE 49 9 89 VO VO Build A Computer The Easy Way PostScriptals Prog Logic Controllers Driving Stepper Motors Writing TSR Programs Low Cost I O For
267. y zeros For example the 10K Ohm 10 000 ohm resistor has a color code of Brn Blk Org Silver Using the chart above this becomes 10 and 3 zeroes or 10 000 DU tes BIOS SOURCE Commenting Disassembler SOURCER 486 Hirti SOURCER creates detailed commented source code and listings from memory and executable files Built in data analyzer and simulator resolves data across multiple segments and provides detailed comments on interrupts and subfunctions l O ports and much more Determines necessary assembler directives for reassem bly Includes a definition file facility to include your own remarks and descriptive labels force data types and more Complete support for 8088 87 through 80386 387 80486 and V20 V30 instruction sets We welcome comparisons with any other product because no product comes close to the ease of use and output clarity of SOURCER Sourcer is the best disassembler we ve ever seen PC Magazine January 17 1989 page 101 SAMPLE resetprn Ist ResetPRN v1 02 Sourcer Listing 18 Sep 89 1 42 pm Page 1 OUTPUT PAGE 60 132 RESETPRN Fully Created 24 n 89 i Version 1 0 automatic Passes 8 Analysis Flags on H Program 386c header Gprn port 1 equ 8 0040 0008 378h Assembler seg a segment para usel6 public directives assume cs seg ds seg a ssistack_seg b resetprn proc far 658t 0000 start 658E 0000 EB 23 imp short loc 658E 0002 52 65 73 65 74 50 db ResetPRN v1 02 ODh 3
268. ystem You can ducky You really can 6 4 eui ulture Corner Russ Eberhart and Roy Dobbins 16 Writing A Neural Network in C Part 1 66 Russ and Roy are applying neural nets to some incredibly practical projects In this series you ll get the theory the application and you ll get the code so you can try your own applications Also check out our neural oriented 78 Tidbits On Your Own Units and Modules 82 Shareware 90 Techtips 6 Gregory K Landheim UU RAS TENSE 3D Surface Generation Part 2 Greg finishes up his 3 D project by getting right into the code 84 Tidbits p 8 Norman Cousins The Poet and The Computer 96 Last T Bob Nansel 30 LIMBO Part 4 Bruce Eckel 42 Capturing amp Graphing A Voice Part 2 Bruce tackles the digital half of his speach problem Karl Lunt 50 Getting Started In Hardware This is for all of you who ve asked for an entrance level article on hardware MG WEN NAY SS S Cover Illustration by Jerry Werner MICRO CORNUCOPIA 51 Jan Feb 1990 3 THE MICRO TECHNICAL JOURNAL Mo CORNUCOPIA Editor dad Publisher David T Thompson Associate Editors us Gary Entsminger i a AROUND Contributing Writers T H E B E N Anthony Barcellos Bruce Eckel Michael S Hunt Scott Ladd Laine Stump Advertising amp Distribution Gareth Thomson Accounting Ed iod Reader Services Nancy Ellen Locke Graphic Design amp Production Carol St
269. z together for just 99 plus 5 shipping and handling 10 Canada 25 Inter national Calif residents add 796 Visit your nearest dealer or call toll free 800 468 9273 In California 800 231 7849 International 415 571 5019 and free utilities 49 Software Science Inc 100 Valley Drive Brisbane CA 94005 25352 13335 330353 353203 Y or Topaz for any reason return them within PAPE youaren tcompletely delighted with Saywhat 30 days for a prompt friendly refund Dealers SAYWHAT and TOPAZ are available from Kenfil Distribution and in Europe from ComFood Software W Germany 49 2534 7093 Guaran SOFTWARE SC Reader Service Number 129 A a 2j Pa uma 2X Over 220 routines all with easy to use dBASE like syntax Dataentry routines like SAY GET PICTURE RANGE color selec tion unlimited data validation Open up to 10 DBF files with up to 15 indexes with USE SELECT SKIP APPEND PACK INDEX ON SET INDEX TO and FIND No need to buy dBASE CREATE BROWSE and REPORT utilities included Easily implement Saywhat and Lotus style moving bar menus BROWSE or EDIT any DBF file with just one line of code Pro grammable and windowed too 9 Pick from windowed data or file names with one line of code 9 Comprehensive Time amp Date math in 7 international formats Powerful code and report generators

Embedded Systems

Contents

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents