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watflood - Civil and Environmental Engineering

1. c ccccesseessceseceseeeseceseceeeeeeneeneeenes 1 19 1 4 4 Create New Event under revision c cccsceesseesceesceseceseceecesecnseceeceseceseceaecaecaeeseeeaeeenes 1 19 1 4 5 Demonstration 3 3 rain ec ein ee plied eh ie ha ee ee seis 1 19 1 4 6 Editing Fils i 0s cescccgecses recesses iE R asa 1 19 1 4 7 Initiating Snow ACCOUNTING cccccceesseesceesceeeceecesecseesecsaecsaecaeecaeeeseeeeeseeeeesessenseeeeeeseenaes 1 20 1 4 8 Scale Factors ii 1 22 1 5 WATFLOOD Programs file requirements esseseosoesessossesoessescosoesessossesoessesossossessossesssssesose 1 23 1 5 1 Read CAPPI RADMET in eninin e i a a i 1 24 1 5 2 Adjust or Calibrate Radar Data CALMET cccecesseesseeseeeeeeeeeeeeceseceaeceseeeeceeeaeeeneeees 1 24 1 5 3 Distribute Rainfall Data RAGMET cccesesesseseescsseseescaeeseeecaeeaeeecaeeaeeecaseecaeeaeeeeateaeerents 1 24 1 5 4 Distribute Snow Course Data SNW cscccsseessesseeeseeeeceeeceseeeeeescenscenseceaeeaecaeesaecaaeeseeenes 1 24 1 5 5 Distribute Soil Moisture Data MOIST eecceesceseceseceeceseceeecaeeeseeeeeeeeceseeeeeeeeeeerennreneees 1 25 1 5 6 Distribute Temperature Data TMP ccccccsseessessseesceesceescesecesecesecaecaecaeecseecaeeesecseeeneeaes 1 25 1 5 7 Run SPL9 SPL A NN 1 25 1 5 8 Single Event Modera casa 1 26 1 5 9 Forecast Without Optimization Mode ccccesccssecsseesseeeceeeeeeeeeeceseceseceseeaeesaeeneeceeeneeenes 1 26 1 5 10 Forecast With Opti
2. Please see sensitivities txt in working directory for a summary of the sensitivities pwr sensitivity 10 1 1 234047 25 13479 Jan 2013 4 31 Output file sensitivity txt in the working directory Routing parameters param upper gr conestoga speed flz 10 0 065 0 076 10 0 056 0 073 pwr 10 1 234 0 223 10 0 509 1 089 r2n 10 0 046 0 010 10 0 040 0 009 theta 10 0 069 0 176 10 0 003 0 119 kcond 10 0 171 0 2115 10 0 149 0 119 rlake 10 0 000 0 000 10 0 000 0 000 Hydrological parameters param bare soil forest imperv rec 10 0 000 0 071 10 0 000 0 064 ak 105 0 000 0 000 10 0 000 0 000 ES 105 0 000 0 000 10 0 000 0 000 mf 10 0 000 0 001 10 0 000 0 014 base 1dc 0 000 0 041 1dc 0 000 0 088 259 1229 098 000 089 083 133 076 016 2013 000 000 284 276 033 041 001 001 s321 376 39 116 eramosa 1 005 1 19 560 12 127 ZEL 121 126 032 000 188 168 000 000 wetland 000 000 000 000 000 000 017 002 014 029 lower_gr 0 013 0 011 02 27 0 097 0 009 0 010 0 022 0 024 0 006 0 005 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 Jan 2013 5 1 5 MODEL INITIALIZATION 5 1
3. P osa 2 24 and P V X2 0 2 2 25 As a result of evaporating the intercepted water at the potential rate the amount of water lost from interception storage can exceed the maximum value of the storage While under certain conditions it might be possible for the volume of interception evaporation to exceed the interception storage periods of moderate precipitation and highly advective conditions this is not likely for the typical situation particularly when h is relatively small compared to the PET The IET has therefore been limited to the lesser of the h or the PET This constraint affects the interception evaporation and interception storage for land classes with small values of h e g the Fen class Thus X2 h FPET PET if PET lt h 2 26 or X2 h FPET h ifPET gt h 2 27 For each time step in each element and in each land class the throughfall is calculated as the precipitation less the amount of precipitation captured in the interception storage Jan 2013 2 13 Throughfall Precipitation V V PET 2 28 where t indicates the time step It is assumed that the intercepted water can only be removed from interception storage through evaporation Lack of interception detention can be approximated by increasing the total throughfall reducing h although the timing of the throughfall would not be precise o 2 6 Interflow Infiltrated water is initially what is commonly referred to as the Upper Z
4. 1 4 8 Scale Factors Precipitation and temperature data can be adjusted up or down for individual events all events or by type of precipitation For precipitation this is particularly important if some source of data is known to have a bias one way or the other In the event file the scaling factors can be set as follows Item variable name in code Purpose rainconvfactor 1 00 This is to convert data units for say inches to mm conv or tenths of mm to mm for this event only eventprecipscalefactor 1 00 Scale the precip for current event only scale if scale eq 0 0 scale 1 0 precipscalefactor 0 00 Will scale all the precip in all the events in a run if readscale scaleall precipscalefactor gt 0 0 Read in the first event of a run only Overrides eventprecipscalefactor eventsnowscalefactor 0 00 Scale snow precip when temp lt 0 C in current event scalesnw only _if scalesnw eq 0 0 scalesnw 1 0 snowscalefactor 0 00 Will scale all snow precip in all events when readscalesnw scaleallsnw temp lt 0 C if snowscalefactor gt 0 0 Overrides eventsnowscalefactor eventtempscalefactor 0 00 Will adjust temperatures in current event if scaletem set 0 0 tempscalefactor 0 00 Will adjust temperatures in all events if set 0 0 in readscaletemp scalealltem the first event Overrides eventtempscalefactor Jan 2013 1 23 1 5 WATFLOOD Programs file requirements
5. Jan 2013 12 15 0 100 Sublimation Cummulative mm snow Class 0 101 Sublimation Cummulative mm snow Class 0 102 Sublimation Cummulative mm snow Class 4 5 6 The above file is file used for the example in Section 12 1 To use this file rename wfo_spec new which is produced by BSN EXE each time it is executed to wfo_spec txt and place it in the working directory SPLX EXE will use this file if present and if theGreenKenue flag y in the event file The user can edit colum 1 in each line a 0 indicates that the attribute will be turned off and a 1 instructs the program to write the values of the attributes to the watflood wfo file at the time step in line 3 Jan 2013 12 16 In the header 2 0 Version Number 72 AttributeCount 1 ReportingTimeStep Hours O Start Reporting Time forGreenKenue hr 8784 End Reporting Time forGreenKenue hr The third line can be edited to change the reporting time step For instance if the values are to be written every 24 hours the line would read 24 ReportingTimeStep Hours The 24 must be right justified in columns 1 5 Only the precipitation is summed for the chosen time step All the other values are instantaneous values and not averaged for the time step The grid runoff is the total runoff produced within the grid The grid outflow is the river flow leaving the grid The start and end reporting time step forGreenKenue is calculated from the start of the first event in the
6. 000 000 011 016 015 002 003 002 003 001 000 ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo0ooooo0oO0Oo0OcOcoo0oo0OoOOoOOoOOo0oooooooooOOoOoOoOoOoooo o o o ovcoooo 0000000E 00 8500000E 08 1000000E 09 4500000E 08 3500000E 08 5000000E 08 9100000E 08 1200000E 09 1000000E 09 1000000E 09 6000000E 08 0000000E 00 0 000 0 000 074 066 047 056 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 289 302 240 247 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 567 542 656 577 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 041 083 052 vits 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 021 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 008 007 005 006 000 000 000 000 oooooooooooooooooooooooo oO OOOO OOOO OOOO OOOO OOOO OOOO OOOO OOO OOOO OOOO OOOO SCOCCCOTDDCODDD OOD OOOO OOOO OOOO OOOO OOOO OOOO OOOO OOO OOOO OOO OOOO OOOO OOOO OOO OOOO 0000000E 00 2200000E 08 7999999E 08 1460000E 09 3100000E 08 1010000E 09 5000000E 08 7200000E 08 6800000E 08 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
7. 1 Default assumed frac _2d HIVI ver 1 6 Basin not coded grid next grid Please see new form 5 9 300000 5 urban 6 eg grass 0 000 please check contours not coded grid channels not coded grid 0 grid at shd fil parame in rdpar problem opening param na na fram fram fram zero valu Possible cause wrong drainage direction Errors OK if last receiving grid OV OV OY OV location 47 1 47 1 47 1 47 1 aes for ve slop S eter file read a ae e as a a 4 7 o J00d0Hs ON Aa PRP PR BWNHR OW ar S222 2 282 8 2 SS Se HOR OA HO MR AOAR H A H H H H H H H H H y H ter file version number BASIN evap dat file inserted for evap dat ET EEEE EA E A EF A EE A cen cen ten ten ten ten ten ten ten ten ten ten ten ten 46 elv 253 elv 253 elv 253 elv 253 150 150 150 150 Jan 2013 3 25 frame 15 written frame 16 written frame 17 written frame 18 written new_shd r2c written frame 1 written frame 2 written frame 3 written frame 4 written frame 5 written frame 6 written frame 7 written frame 8 written frame 9 written frame 10 written frame 11 written new_ch_par r2c written wfo spec new written new pdl written finished writing profil01 dat finished writing river0l dat finished writing prof
8. 13 2 Wetland Model Section 2 12 describes the theory of the wetland model Ref Trish Stadnyk s work report The wetland model is turned on in the event file Set the wetland flag wetflg y The bold text sections apply to the wetlands The word wetlands must be shown exactly as below above the column of wetland parameters Wetlands can be shut off for a particular river class be setting theta ve runtime 11 07 40 rundate 2004 04 29 ver 9 200 parameter file version number lopt 01 debug level itype 0 numa 0 PS optimization O no l yes nper 0 opt delta O absolute ke 5 no of times delta halved maxn 10 max no of trials ddsfl 0 DDS optimization O no l1 yes Jan 2013 13 3 trce 100 iiout 4 typeo 4 no of land classes optimized part 2 nbsn 5 no of river classes optimized part 2 al 999 999 ice factor a2 10 Manning s n correction for instream lakes a3 999 999 a4 999 999 a5 0 985 API coefficient a6 900 000 Minimum routing time step in seconds a7 0 500 weighting factor old vs new sca value a8 0 100 min temperature time offset a9 0 333 max heat deficit to swe ratio al0 1 000 uz discharge function exponent all 0 010 al2 0 000 min precip rate for smearing rivtypel rivtype2 rivtype3 rivtype4 rivtype5 1zf 0 100E 05 0 100E 05 0 100E 05 0 100E 05 0 100E 05 pwr 0 300E 01 0 300E 01 0 300E 01 0 300E 01 0 300E 01 Rin 0 040E 01 0 040E 01 0 040E 01 0 040E 01
9. Montly ET Aug 0 0 0 40 0210 0 0 0 0 0 0 monthly evapotranspiration aug mm Montly ET Sep 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 monthly evapotranspiration sep mm Montly ET Oct 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 monthly evapotranspiration oct mm Montly Nov 0 40 0 0 O20 0 0 0 0 0 0 monthly evapotranspiration nov mm Montly ET Dec 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 monthly evapotranspiration dec mm EndMonthlyEvapotranspirationTable OptimizationSwitches numa 0 PS optimization l yes 0 no nper 1 opt l delta O absolute ik 5 no of times delta halved maxn 2000 max no of trials ddsflg 0 O single run 1 DDS errflg 7 1 wMSE 2 SSE 3 wSSE 4 VOL EndOptimizationSwitches APILimits abdlt 0 100E 02 ablow 0 980 a5hgh 0 999 EndAPILimits HydrologicalParLimits ClassName bare soil forest Crops wetland Water impervious class name infiltration coefficient bare ground akdlt 0 020 0 020 0 020 0 020 0 020 0 020 aklow 0 400 0 040 0 004 0 040 0 040 0 040 akhgh 50 000 20 000 0 050 5 000 5 000 5 000 infiltration coefficient snow covered ground akfsdlt 0 020 0 020 0 020 0 020 0 020 0 020 akfslow 0 004 0 040 0 004 0 040 0 040 0 040 akfshgh 0 500 20 000 0 050 5 000 5 0004 5 000 interflow coefficient recdlt 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 reclow 0 500E 03 0 500E 03 0 500E 03 0 500E 03 0 500E 03 0 500E 03 rec
10. Time vs Value DGreen enue Hydrologic is available from the Canadian Hydraulics Centre through Martin Serrer martin serrer nrc cnrc gc ca Anoter example is to compare runs Figure 11 2 shows three runs made with different programs GreenKenue is able to show where the difference originates by comparing animated plots The hydrograph at the watershed outlet is different for the 2 D plot on the right Both the left and middle plots fall on the green hydrograph but the right plot produces the blue Jan 2013 12 18 hydrograph By extracting a time series and syncronizing a view to get the red line superimposed on the hydrograph you can freeze the 2 D plots at the same time to help find the origin of the problem EnSimHydrologic 1D View 8 e Edit view Tools HYDAT Run Window Help S al I e a Gridded Channel Fle Gridded Channel Flow a Gridded Channel Fle Gridded Channel Flow 1 Gs Gridded Channel Fle ReservoirReleases GUE ws 2D View 1 S reservoirs ai Flow_station_locatic reservoirs i Flow_statiom_locatic El 1D View 8 Date vs Value Fig 11 2 Looking for differences withGreenKenue Jan 2013 13 1 13 WATFLOOD OPTIONS 13 1 Precipitation Adjustment File PAF PAF files are not something that you should be proud of but are sometimes necessary for practical applications They can be used where a known bias exists for instance where you have a range dependency when using radar data esp
11. hoursraindata hoursflowdata basinfilename 93 2 3K53 23 55 30 0 35 5 5 5 K BK OOO O E 25 0225 0225 1025 02 25 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 744 744 basin gr10k_shd r2c lt required Jan 2013 parfilename pointdatalocations snowcoverdepletioncurve waterqualitydatafile pointsoilmoisture pointprecip pointtemps pointnetradiation pointhumidity pointwind pointlongwave pointshortwave pointatmpressure streamflowdatafile reservoirreleasefile reservoirinflowfile snowcoursefile radarfile rawradarfile clutterfile GUACARA AAA riddedinitsnowweg riddedinitsoilmoisture riddedinitlzs riddedrainfile riddedsnowfile riddedtemperaturefil riddednetradiation riddedhumidity riddedwind riddedlongwave riddedshortwave riddedatmpressure riddedrunoff riddedrecharge riddedleakage noeventstofollow event119930201 ev event119930301 ev event119930401 ev event119930501 ev event119930601 ev event119930701 ev event119930801 ev event119930901 ev event119931001 ev event119931101 ev event119931201 ev CEE AE CEA A o E ET eof 1 21 basin gr10k par basin grl0k pdl basin grl1l0k sdc wqual grl0k wqd moist 19930101 psm raing 19930101 rag tempg 19930101 tag strfw 19930101_ str resr1 19930101 rel snow1 19930101 crs raduc 19930101 rad radar 19930101 scn radar 19930101 clt snow1 19930101 swe moist 19930101 gsm E r
12. shrub_low wetland wetland treed wetland shrub wetland herb herb grassland arg cropland agr pasture open_water prennial_snow_ice decidious_forest Evergreen_forest mixed_forest developed_open_space developed_low_intensity developed_medium_intensity developed_high_intensity herbaceous barren_land crops wetlands_woody hay_pasture wetlands_herbaceous shrub rock_rubble coni coni dense coni open coni sparse broadleaf broadleaf dense broadleaf open broadlead sparse mixedwood mixedwood dense mixedwood open mixedwood sparse 2 GEOBASE 0 11 12 20 30 31 32 33 34 50 51 52 80 81 82 83 100 110 121 122 131 132 141 142 143 151 152 153 154 171 181 182 190 191 195 202 210 211 212 213 220 221 222 223 230 231 232 233 water grass coniferous water barren glacier barren barren impervious shrub shrub shrub wetland wetland wetland wetland wetland grass crops grass water glacier deciduous coniferous deciduous impervious impervious impervious impervious shrub barren crops wetland grass wetland barren coniferous coniferous coniferous coniferous deciduous deciduous deciduous deciduous mixed mixed mixed mixed 1 crops 2 grass 3 deci 4 coni 5 coni 6 mixed 7 shrub 8 barren 9 glacier 10 wetland 11 water 12 impervious attribute 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
13. tempr 30000101 tem humid 30000101 hum snowg 30000101 snw drain 30000101 drn dsnow 30000101 dsn runof 30000101 rff rchrg 30000101 rch lkage 30000101 lkg evapo 30000101 evp pt2 level 30000101 ill 11 tbo tbo tbo tbo tbo tbo tbo r2c r2c r2c L2C r2c r2c r2c r2c 20 r2c r2c r2c Jan 2013 1 13 1 3 9 Meaning of the flags in the event file Precip data will be smeared e g precip entered once every 24 hours will be smeared over the whole day instead of taken as an hourly amount resinflg reservoir inflow data required and computed reservoir inflows will be compared This flag is set in event evt and used for all subsequent events EA tbeflg The following files will be written in the working directory so a run can be continued with the same state variables resume txt flow_init r2c i soil_init r2c These files will not be written partway through a run even if the tbcflg y resumflg the resume txt flow_init r2c amp soil init r2c files will be used to initialize state variables allows the program to resume a time series as if it was executed as a continous run NEW for resumflg s only the soil_init r2c file will be read but the lzs and all flow variables will be initialized with streamflow 8 contfig continue the statistics from previous run via resume txt file routeflg y For watroute write spl bsnm runof yyyymmdd_rff r2c spl bsnm rchrg
14. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WATFLOOD runoff and MODFLOW leakage ining 11 4 Comb Under construction Jan 2013 12 13 12 Interfacing with GREEN KENUE GREEN KENUE is a pre and post processor for WATFLOOD SPL It can create the bsnm map input file from DEMs and Landcover maps It can also display all the important state variables and the runoff produced in each grid as well as each grid outflow for each timestep To do this SPL creates the vesults watflood wfo file that can be opened fromGreenKenue This file tends to get very large so the wfo_spec new file is created in the basin folder whenever bsn exe is used 3 0 Version Number AttributeCount 102 m A MN NNRRRRPRRRR PO gt FPOWDANHDOUBRWNHE OO OV OO OrO O O OOOO 00 00 000100 0 0 0 0 O O DO PR eRe PRO PBPWWWWWWWWWWNDNNNN DN DN y FOWOWOANIAUNBWNHFOW WAND OB WW NM ws No Temperature Precipitati on ReportingTimeStep Hours Start Reporting Time forGreenKenue hr Cumulative Precipitation Lower Zone Storage Class End Reporting Time forGreenKenue Ground Water Discharge m 3 s Grid Runoff Grid Outflow Weighted SW Wetland Dep Channel Dep Wetland Sto F py th th rag e in Wetland Outflow in Depression Depression Depression Depression Depression Depression Depression Depression Depression Depression Depression Depression Snow Water Snow Water Snow Water Snow Water Snow Water Snow Wate
15. 000 000 000 000 000 000 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 1200000E 08 6500000E 08 1100000E 09 6000000E 08 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 Jan 2013 3 29 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 001 0 001 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 3 3 17 Basin File SHD for UTM Coordinates For the time being the previous format created by BSN EXE filename new_format shd as well as the new_shd r2c will be kept It can be used for information only It is useful to look at the data whenGreenKenue is not available to the user or to look at the data in column format The basin file for SPL9 should have the file type as _SHD to differentiate it from other files The following example is part of the basin file for the Grand River watershed above Galt in Ontario The entire file is created by the program called BSN which reads information obtained from maps This program is described later in Section The file is described below for information only Created i 12 38 46 02 12 2011 InputFileName gr10k map CoordSys UTM datuml GRS80 Zone 17 xOrigin 500000 000 yOrigin 4790000 000 xCount 9 yCount 12 xDelta 10000 000 yDelta 10000 000 NominalGridSize
16. 2013 17 8 frame 2 written frame 3 written frame 4 written frame 5 written frame 6 written frame 7 written frame 8 written frame 9 written frame 10 written frame 11 written frame 12 written frame 13 written frame 14 written frame 15 written frame 16 written frame 17 written frame 18 written frame 19 written frame 20 written new _shd r2c written frame 1 written frame 2 written frame 3 written frame 4 written frame 5 written frame 6 written frame 7 written frame 8 written frame 9 written frame 10 written frame 11 written new ch par r2c written wfo_spec new new pdl finished finished finished finished finished finished finished finished finished finished finished finished finished finished finished finished finished finished finished wW SOS Ee oS 05 51305 05 05 00 5 05 0 S ri written tten ting ting ting ting IO KO rofil01 dat iver01 da rofil02 d iver02 da ting ting ting ting ting ting ting ting ting ting ting ting ting ting ting BO RD 0 50 RS nO KO Lo rofil03 d iver03 da rofil04 d iver04 da rofil05 d iver05 da rofil06 d iver06 da rofil07 d iver07 da rofil08 d iver08 da rofil09 d iver09 da rofil10 dat TN toto troaertoactoea toto ec Jan 2013 17 9 finished writing river10 dat No No No of errors found in the map file 0 of errors found in
17. 558000 4820000 535000 4814000 553000 4843000 555000 4860000 562000 4821000 520000 4871000 548000 4805000 501000 4802000 500000 4811000 NoSnowCourses 547000 4832000 556000 4799000 NoTempStations NoFlowStations 554000 4801000 545000 4833000 556000 4860000 570000 4823000 530000 4849000 559000 4833000 560000 4820000 539000 4830000 556000 4860000 NoReservoirs NoDamageSites 550000 4800000 4810000 4833000 530000 4820000 520000 4840000 560000 4820000 540000 545000 DamageDetails 530000 4900000 530000 4800000 554000 4843000 523000 4836000 559000 4827000 6 Bridgeport 5 W Montrose 9 1 6 3 bsnm pdl UTM GRS80 7 500000 000000 4790000 000000 9 2 0000 000000 0000 000000 9 Guelphcoll Waterloo ShandDam GrandVall GuelphArb MtForest PrestonWP Startford W_W Airpt 2 EloraResSt ShadesMil Wormwood LoganFarm 9 Galt W Montrose Marsville Eramosa Drayton ArmstrongM Guelph Elmira Waldemar Belwood Conestogo Guelph Galt St Jacobs Drayton Hanlon 00000 00000 00000 112E 02 411E 02 479E 02 966E 01 473E 01 301E 02 618E 00 663E 00 567E 00 473E 00 273E 00 821E 00 O a Y o GOGG O 00000 00000 00000 OO Om oS 000E 00 000E 00 000E 00 000E 00 000E 00 000E 00 00000 00000 00000 000E 00 000E 00 000E 00 000E 00 00
18. 8 Nash Efficiency using log O and log P emphasizes low flows 4 5 3 6 DDS process The coupler runs in two modes first to write the dds_init txt file and an initial par file and then to modify the par file Here is the sequence Jan 2013 D 8 4 18 Edit the dds _init file to have the proper values in lines 3 5 amp 6 You need only the first 15 lines to start The first 15 lines of the dds_init txt file have to be there to initialize a run The other lines from 16 on are written by the connector coupler The coupler reads the initial par file and based on what pars are flagged for optimization and writes the flagged parameter limits in dds_init txt in lines 20 amp on lower limit upper limit amp a flag 1 to optimize this par the 3 entry is always 1 in the original MESH setup you set your limits and picked you pars here The initial values and limits are set in an initial par file that could be called basin bsnm_start_par csv The coupler reads the variables_in txt file and it has to have 999 0 as the value to start the run The coupler then replaces the 999 0 with the actual par values it digs out of the par files those that are flagged So the variables_in txt files has the actual parameters while the dds_init txt file has the limits You can now run the coupler while in the dds directory and you should see a rewritten dds _init txt file and a variables in txt file with the limits and par v
19. 86 87 88 lt 90 ol 92 93 94 94a 94b 94c8d 94e 395 99a 99b s990 99e 99 993 99k SIT 99mm 99n 0 99n 05 06 07 Feb Mar Mar Mar Apr May June July July July July July Sep Sep Oct Nov Nov Nov Nov Dec Dec Dec Jan Feb Feb Feb Feb Feb Mar Apr May July July Aug Jul Sept Oct Nov Jan Feb feb Oct Dec Dec Mar Fall Aug Oct Jan Jan Feb Feb Mar Mar Apr May July July Oct Dec Oct Oct Jan 24 98 5 98 1 98 31 98 27 98 26 98 1 98 7 98 7 98 9 98 7 98 0 98 23 98 28 98 2 98 02 98 7 98 23 98 30 98 04 98 07 98 24 89 17 99 01 99 02 99 06 99 20 99 24 99 15 99 26 99 12 99 12 99 15 99 18 99 99 27 99 5 99 29 99 7 00 7 00 1512001 2001 13 2001 31 2001 21 00 2000 00 5 00 7 0 6 01 6 0 15 0 14 0 26 0 3 0 7 0 12 0 24 0 4 0 31 200 4 0 16 0 3 02 15 2 added evpflg2 to rdevt for tw moved flgevp2 data statement to spl for changed mhrd to mhtot in flowinit reinvented fs stuff in opt took da out of the resume file added precadj diagnostic to rain for added sub basin error calculation added scalesnw and scaletem to rdevt added 24 water survey format in strfw fixed precip shutdown after smearing precip adjust for T gt 0 C only added runoff output option routeflg moved step args to area2 for added runoff and eva
20. Opened unit 510 filename radcl 900901 met r2c Old format temperatur file found IMPORTANT NOTE A new filename tempr 900901 tem r2c has been created from tempg 900901 tag tb0 in accordance with the newGreenKenue compatible file formats Opened unit 515 filename tempr 900901 tem r2c IMPORTANT NOTE A new filename resrl dummy_rel tb0 has been created from resrl dummy rel in accordance with the newGreenKenue compatible file formats opening fln 537 resrl1 dummy rel tb0 A Closed unit 537 Filename resrl dummy_rel tb0 GreenKenue compatible tb0 file format written IMPORTANT NOTE A new filename strfw 900901 str tb0 has been created from strfw 900901 str in accordance with the newGreenKenue compatible file formats opening fln 536 strfw 900901 str tb0 a Closed unit 536 Filename strfw 900901 str tb0 GreenKenue compatible tb0 file format written Translating id 348 348 mz 72 720 Translating id 348 348 mz 144 720 Translating id 348 348 mz 216 720 Translating id 348 348 mz 288 720 Translating id 348 348 mz 360 720 Translating id 348 348 mz 432 720 Translating id 348 348 mz 504 720 Translating id 348 348 mz 576 720 Translating id 348 348 mz 648 720 Translating id 348 348 mz 720 720 Closed unit 510 Filename radcl 900901 met r2c GreenKenue compatible r2c file format written Closed unit 515 Filename tempr 900901 tem r2c GreenKenue compatible r2c file format wri
21. The method involves a straightforward application of the continuity equation Lal 0 0 S S 2 2 At 2 33 where l2 inflow to the reach consisting of overland flow interflow baseflow and channel flow from all contributing upstream basin elements in m s Ora outflow from the reach in m s S512 storage in the reach in m At time step of the routing in seconds The subscripts 1 and 2 indicate the quantities at the beginning and the end of the time step The flow is related to the storage through the Manning formula as described in detail below Jan 2013 2 17 The channel inflow is the sum of the discharge entering the channel at the upstream boundary Q and any lateral flow qin added or removed by hydrologic processes during the current time step 1 Q 4 2 34 where I Q and qin are in cubic meters per second The lateral flow qin is the sum of interflow qint overland flow q1 baseflow qlz precipitation falling on the stream qstream less evaporation qloss din q F int 1 F doream Aioss 2 35 The original cross section shape for WATFLOOD was triangular and the roughness coefficient R2 in the par file included the effects of varying width depth ratios However most river cross sections are rectangular with flat bottoms and near vertical sides To make the channel section more realistic and also to allow use of the familiar Manning s n instead of R2 the program was been modified Rev
22. To do this locate the gauges on the watershed template a grid such as the one in Figure 3 1 in the previous section Then use the following part to determine the element number that has the gauge Suppose that the gauge is at the outlet of element 46 The computed drainage area at that location is found in the fourth column for element number 46 as 3520 km2 This should match the Water Survey drainage area 45 46 2 5 2628 438 10 0 0040000 915 0 10000 5 0 00610 2 0 0 85 0 08 0 17 0 11 0 60 0 02 0 01 46 47 2 A 586 77 0 0045000 875 0 10000 5 0 00610 1 o 0 85 0 12 0 23 0 10 0 51 0 02 0 02 47 0 1 6 0 000 0 10000 0 0000000 830 0 0 0 0 00000 0 0 0 00 0 03 0 06 0 22 0 65 0 03 0 01 Note 2 Sometimes ve slopes are calculated if the elevations and the drainage directions are not properly entered The bsn_info txt will show the slopes in column 7 The problem can be easily shown and fixed inGreenKenue by loading the map file with the elevations and the drainage directions shown and importing the shd to show the slope as points with 2 divisions below and above a slope of 0 0 as shown below The red points show the locations of the ve slopes Jan 2013 3 32 Figure 6 Debugging the map file withGreenKenue Jan 2013 3 33 3 3 18 Basin File for Geographical Coordinates LATLONG When the BSN EXE program reads a file for goegraphical coordinates the header for the bsnm shd file is as follows Created 13
23. aa4 0 0 2 42 The aa2 aa3 and aa4 parameters can be specified for each river class in the par file 2 12 Wetland Routing Bank Storage Model The design of the wetland routing routine is based on the work of McKillop 1997 The wetland routing routine has been provided in McKillop s Appendix B 1 Any water within the channel is routed using channel routing and any water in wetland storage is routed using wetland routing The interaction between the wetland and the channel is governed by the Dupuis Forchheimer discharge formula as described by Bear 1979 sf i he 2 43 qo wet 2 wet gt cha 5 Jan 2013 2 20 where qowet is the lateral wetland outflow in cubic meters per second kcond is the hydraulic conductivity in meters per second hwet is the height of water in the wetland in meters hcha is the height of water in the channel in meters The wetland outflow is positive if it is from the wetland into the channel and turns negative if the channel feeds the wetland In the model qowet is the outflow per km of channel wetland interface so Eq 2 43 is multiplied by 2 gridlength Figure 2 5 graphically illustrates the hydrologic interaction of the wetland and the channel evaporation ipitati i evaporation qswev qloss precipitation qswrain p q p aeii qint WETLAND CHANNEL baseflow qlz Figure 2 5 Hydrologic interaction between the wetland and the channel During wetland storage routing the
24. and third events Thus flow station 4 is ignored so could be used for validation 4 5 3 Optimization Dynamically Dimensioned Search DDS 4 5 3 1 Specifying Parameters for Optimization The following values need to be defined as follows for DDS optimization in the par file numa 0 PS optimization l yes 0 no ddsflg 1 O single run 1 DDS errflg 5 1 wMSE 2 SSE 3 wSSE 4 VOL 5 weighted volume numa 0 disables the pattern search ddsflg 1 activates and deactivates components of SPLX exe for the DDS search It disables all non essential output and ensures the objective function value is written in the DDS directory folder errflg 1 8 stipulated which objective function to employ First create an additional directory called DDS at the same level as basin event etc The following additional files are required in the DDS directory 4 5 3 2 DDS _init txt 15 lines initially lines are truncated here l Comment lines 1 amp 2 READ WITH WORD WRAP OFF Input control fil lt Text inputs must in columns 1 24 otherwise basinname 13 compact name for DDS output file subdirecto watflood batch bat 14 exe or bat application name no file exte 10 5 number of optimization trials to run 1 to 300 16 maximum number of objective function evalua 134382176 0 18 Print flag 0 saves all DDS outputs max 3 19 DDS initialization procedure Enter 1 2 IIIIIIIIIIIII
25. folder Delete the old bsn_responses txt file A new format file will be created Run BSN exe and enter the rank of the last sub watershed grids you want to model usually grids with a flow gauge You need to enter only the rank of most downstream flow station if there are upstream flow stations The rank of any grid can be determined by loading the bsnm_shd r2c file in GreenKenue and overlaying the flow_station xyz file Rename new pdl subbsnm pdl and new_shd r2c subbsnm_shd r2c Edit the event files and replce bsnm by subbsnm Run RAGMET exe and TMP exe to distribute precipitation and temperature data for all events The domain size will match the new sub basin extents as specified in the new pdl file RAGMET amp TMP use the pdl file to set the domain limits Distribute initial soil moisture and swe for the first event with MOIST exe and SNW exe MOIST amp SNW use the shd file to set the domain limits Copy the subbsnm basin wfo_spec new to subbsnmiwfo_spec txt and edit if needed Run SPLX exe and edit the outfiles new file for the next run or copy the outfiles txt file from another watershed before executing SPLX Enjoy As of January 2011 multiple sub watersheds can be extracted from the original map file All point data files can be used without modification Stations and or reservoirs outside the reduced domain will simple be ignored Once BSN exe is executed a new format bsn_responsed txt file will be available for sub
26. gt 1 iopt is set to 0 and all debug output is suppressed ITYPE refers to the type of valley in the watershed When the rivers have flood plains ITYPE 0 and when there are none ITYPE 1 This might seem backwards but most rivers have flood plains so this is the default For ITYPE 1 the land is very flat and channels are incised When the channel is full no more water is drained from the land 1 e overland flow is shut off and water remains ponded but can infiltrate NUMA is a flag that is used to set the mode of operation of the program These options can be set in the WATFLOOD menu When NUMA gt 0 IOPT is set to 0 and theGreenKenue flag is set to off Le all debug and visualization output is suppressed to help speed the optimization rum Within the program NUMA is re assigned a value the number of parameters being optimized by counting how many delta values in part 2 of the PAR file are gt 0 NUMA 0 _ Single run no optimization at all The length of the rainfall period is set in the STRMFW file by MHTOT For instance if NL 96 and MHTOT 24 24 hours of rainfall is used and a 96 hour hydrograph is calculated and compared to a measured 96 hour hydrograph if available zl Optimization is turned on Number of parameters to be optimized will be calculated in the program and will depend on which parameters are selected for optimization See Sec 4 3 for more details 11 The soil moisture is optimized for the period tha
27. not 10 This header data is stored in the MAP file in the following self explanitor formats Note e Only UTM Cartesian and LATLONG are allowed e For UTM the Datum amp Zone are required e For Cartesian Datum amp Zone are not allowed e For LATLONG Datum is required and Zone is not allowed e These have to be consistent for all files for a given watershed UTM format Jan 2013 3 7 xOrigin 500000 000 yOrigin 4790000 000 xCount 9 yCount 12 xDelta 10000 000 yDelta 10000 000 contourInterval 30 500 imperviousArea 33 classCount 5 elevConversion 0 3048 endHeader Cartesian format CoordSys Cartesian xOrigin 500000 000 yOrigin 4790000 000 xCount 9 yCount 12 xDelta 10000 000 yDelta 10000 000 contourInterval 30 500 imperviousArea 33 classCount 5 elevConversion 0 3048 endHeader LATLONG format xOrigin 77 500000 yOrigin 43 000000 xCount 301 yCount 201 xDelta 0 025000 yDelta 0 025000 changed contour interval contouriInterval 1 00000 imperviousArea 0 classCount 6 lt changed contour interval Jan 2013 3 8 elevConversion 1 000000 comment File created from 3 arc second DEM comment river class 5 added for Spencerville nk Nov 15 03 endHeader Contour Interval contour interval in meters usually 1 when automatic procedures are employed otherwise as on the map used Impervious Area Used when l
28. simulation and hourly time steps on a 3 2 Ghz Pentium 41M The following sections describe the model and the input requirements in detail In addition to SPL9 there are a number of support programs to provide for data preparation and output presentation The programs RADMET and RAGMET may be used to convert rain gage data to the square grid SPL9 input format BSN may be used to assemble and create a basin file for SPL9 2 2 Modeling Aspects Before describing the watershed model in detail it should be pointed out that with the equations describing the runoff routing process the values of many parameters need to be determined While some may be assigned standard well known values others may be subject to great variations and uncertainty Where possible standard values are used but those parameters which cannot be predicted are fitted using a pattern search optimization technique In the following sections those parameters which are optimized are shown The modeling process begins with the addition of rainfall to the watershed The various processes shown in Fig 2 1 are described below Jan 2013 2 2 precipitation a P unsaturated zone ia wetting NE N surface runoff front infiltration R dep ession E TR re storage inte flow saturated zone base flow channel fri Figure 2 1 Schematic of the runoff algorithm 2 2 1 Surface Storage The ASCE Manual of Engineering Practice No 37 for the design and const
29. streamflow gauge station and the errors SPL PLT SPL CSV STG PLT and SPL PIC are the files for hydrograph plots stage plots and the animation programs respectively The SPL CSV file can be imported to EXCEL GRAPHER or other programs for subsequent analysis of the output Other files are written when the DEBUG mode is set to 1 or higher A brief description of each file and or its use follows Most of the files have headings that relate to topics covered in Chapter 2 In the table below a indicates a very useful frequently used file a represents a file used by other programs and a blank entry is a file used for serious debugging These files by default are written in the results directory Jan 2013 10 2 File Name Purpose Spl txt Diagnostic output file Input data is echoed and a summary of precipitation and flow is written in gridded format as well as in a station format Flags used in the program are listed For higher values of the IOPT flag Section 4 1 more information is written to this file Used by splplt exe Opt txt Parameter values and errors are written for each iteration when optimizing Res txt Reservoir information when running with IOPT gt 0 Rff txt Runoff information for impervious areas Rte txt Echoed streamflow data and gridded information about the initialization of streamflow and lower zone storage based on streamflow Shows more data with
30. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 columns 2 rows ju Recharge in mm 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0h 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0r 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 columns 3 rows ju 0 0 0 0 0 Recharge in mm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
31. 0 02 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 95 0 00 0 02 0 00 This file shows the percent cover of each land cover class for each of the sub_ basins in the watershed This is very helpful for optimizing the parameters as the dominant class in the sub watershed should yield he greatest sensitivity in the hydrograph Keep in mind also the upstream watersheds which also have an influence of course 10 2 3 Information on Flags precip data not smeared temperature fields changed by 0 0 degrees C ID 1 Lapse rate set to 0 0 Ref Elv set to 0 0 744 1 ly 0 3 qlzfrac 1 00 in runof5 lt lt lt lt lt lt lt 10 2 4 Reservoir Locations and Operating Rules i ires i jres i b1 i b2 i b3 i b4 i ni 6 6 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000BELWOOD 2 5 3 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000CONESTOGO 3 4 6 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000GUELPH 10 2 5 Information for Each Grid lst the maximum calculated flows are Jan 2013 10 6 n yyy n xxx n da n 1 11 5 10 0 2 YT 6 60 0 3 10 6 160 0 4 10 5 30 0 5 9 6 290 0 6 9 7 68 0 44 3 6 693 0 45 2 5 2628 0 46 2 6 3520 0 10 2 6 Summary for Grids final soil moisture for each element is 0 30 0730 0330 0 30 0 307 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 25 0 24 0 30 0 30 0 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 21 0 25 0 30 0 30 0 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 21 0 20 0 18 0 30 0 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 21 0 21 0 19 0 18 0 30 0 0 30 0 30 0 23 0 22 0 21 0 20 0 19 0 30 0
32. 0 040E 01 R2n 0 017E 00 0 019E 00 0 013E 00 0 010E 00 0 016E 00 mndr 0 100E 01 0 100E 01 0 100E 01 0 100E 01 0 100E 01 aa2 0 110E 00 0 110E 00 0 110E 00 0 110E 00 0 110E 00 aa3 0 430E 01 0 430E 01 0 430E 01 0 430E 01 0 430E 01 aal 0 100E 01 0 100E 01 0 100E 01 0 100E 01 0 100E 01 theta 0 100E 01 0 100E 01 0 100E 01 0 100E 01 0 100E 01 widep 0 200E 02 0 200E 02 0 200E 02 0 200E 02 0 200E 02 kcond 0 100E 00 0 100E 00 0 100E 00 0 100E 02 0 100E 00 bare soil forest crops wetland water impervious ds 0 100E 01 0 100E 02 0 200E 01 0 100E 10 0 000E 00 0 100E 01 dsfs 0 100E 01 0 100E 02 0 200E 01 0 100E 10 0 000E 00 0 100E 01 Re 0 400E 00 0 800E 00 0 600E 00 0 100E 00 0 100E 00 0 100E 00 AK 0 300E 01 0 120E 02 0 300E 01 0 400E 03 0 100E 00 0 100E 32 AKfs 0 300E 01 0 120E 01 0 300E 00 0 400E 03 0 100E 00 0 100E 32 retn 0 400E 02 0 700E 02 0 400E 02 0 400E 00 0 100E 00 0 100E 32 ak2 0 200E 02 0 320E 02 0 200E 02 0 200E 00 0 100E 02 0 100E 32 ak2fs 0 800E 02 0 120E 01 0 800E 02 0 750E 10 0 100E 02 0 100E 32 R3 0 197E 00 0 848E 01 0 197E 00 0 898E 01 0 400E 01 0 400E 00 R3fs 0 100E 00 0 100E 00 0 200E 00 0 100E 00 0 400E 01 0 400E 00 r4 0 100E 01 0 100E 02 0 100E 02 0 100E 02 0 100E 02 0 100E 02 ch 0 100E 01 0 900E 00 0 700E 00 0 700E 00 0 600E 00 0 600E 00 MF 0 110E 00 0 100E 00 0 110E 00 0 110E 00 0 150E 00 0 150E 00 BASE 0 250E 01 0 150E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 00 0 250E 01 0 000E 00 NMF 0 100E 00 0 100E 00 0 100E 00 0 100E 00 0 100E 00 0 100E 00 UADI 0 000E 00
33. 0 30 0 20 0 21 0 21 0 20 0 20 0 19 0 19 0 0 30 0 21 0 20 0 20 0 19 0 20 0 19 0 18 0 0 30 0 30 0 20 0 18 0 19 0 19 0 19 0 20 0 0 30 0 30 0 20 0 19 0 19 0 19 0 21 0 21 0 0 30 030 030 0 20 20 20 021 0207 0 30 40 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 precip on each element in mm scaled by 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 141 134 0 Or 0 On 147 140 0 s 0 O 0 144 185 Os 0 O 141 145 139 O 0 145 142 142 146 0 132 138 140 143 140 O 137 142 138 134 130 O Os 1395 127 127 129 0 03 129 134 LS lr 129 QO 0 O 132 140 147 0 0 0 QO 0 0 runoff from each grid in mm QO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 153 LTL 0 0 0 0 96 87 0 0 0 0 95 93 0 0 QO 89 100 G2 Or Ox 100 87 87 97 QO 92 95s 85 93 94 0 03 s 93 75x 91 LOL 0 0 90 87 86 87 0 0 Sal 90 90 89 0 0 0 90 94 98 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 1 qmax n 30 48 76 LO 100 302 434 00 0 126 128 140 137 134 T323 140 144 85 84 89 96 97 90 93 91 WWON EF 0 N sump n 140 133 139 146 134 126 129 140 147 Ae ON NoU N Ww D OSO sO OO OIDO OO weta e e a e E E a A O OE OO O 000 00 eae a o E ES A P Jan 2013 0 0 O O losses from each grid in mm 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 Ox 0 0 0 Dis O de 0 0 de T O Lo Ts dy 0 To Ts ds O O Ty O 0 E
34. 0 8 5074 Li 0 7 219 10 0 7 262 LL 0 3 29 64 0 9 98 20 0 6 60 36 0 6 54 e 99 0 23 0 8 181 0 0 0 0 nash qp m qp c 0 8 507 451 0 7 219 109 0 7 262 154 0 3 29 52 0 qp c 451 109 154 52 88 29 74 28 154 Jan 2013 10 8 265 187 26 43 109 69 0 9 98 88 167 184 81 65 134 20 0 6 60 293 593 180 SLs 68 121 34 0 6 54 74 118 182 0 0 15 L 9940 0 28 694 183 44 53 98 19 0 8 181 154 filetype ev fileversionno 9 300000 year 1993 month 3 day 1 Statistics are given at the end of each event and the final statistics at the end of the file 10 2 9 Gridded channel flows Spl_flow r2c A gridded r2c file is written continuously for the entire run so it can become very large This file is viewable inGreenKenue 10 2 10 Supplementary files Flow_station_location xyz Spl_info txt 10 3 Rff txt File The results rffn txt file can be used the plot the time series of the state variables in bold red and many other variables in one of the n land cover classes in one grid The file can be imported to Excel or Grapher for plotting the time series The headings of the columns are shown in the table on the next page Variable Units Variable description Time hours intevt mm interception evaporation evt mm soil evaporation p mm precipitation sump mm cumulative precipitation sumr mm net precip
35. 0000000E 00 000 0 084 230 0 315 178 0 056 019 0 084 028 0 009 009 0 037 019 0 019 019 0 028 046 0 009 009 0 009 009 0 009 000 0 000 000 0 216 112 0 103 125 0 134 usos 0 135 113 0 188 146 0 204 093 0 115 242 0 163 206 0 214 245 0 214 222 0 316 000 0 000 000 0 649 602 0 505 646 0 784 821 0 729 814 0 760 823 0 633 866 0 823 442 0 735 639 0 765 724 0 765 747 0 653 000 0 000 000 0 031 020 0 021 021 0 021 021 0 000 041 0 042 021 0 000 021 0 042 179 0 071 103 0 010 020 0 010 020 0 020 000 0 000 000 0 010 010 0 021 010 0 000 000 0 042 000 0 000 000 0 122 000 0 000 116 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 009 026 0 035 020 0 006 002 0 009 003 0 001 001 0 004 002 0 002 002 0 003 005 0 001 001 0 001 oooooooooooooooooooooooo o oOo0o0ooOoOo0OoOOo0OcOc0o0Oo0Oo0Oo0Oc0O0Oo0o0oOOcoOcoooo o oo ocooooooocoooooo 3 28 0000000E 00 8500000E 08 1000000E 09 1650000E 09 1650000E 09 1200000E 09 1000000E 09 7200000E 08 7200000E 08 2000000E 08 9999999E 07 0000000E 00 0 000 103 142 131 018 028 019 028 009 000 000 000 000 271 168 146 204 278 155 144 235 000 000 000 000 ao WES 642 667 694 598 763 763 745 000 000 000 000 042 032 042 082 093 062 062 010 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
36. 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 309E 00 0 369E 01 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 241E 00 0 144E 01 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 190E 03 0 190E 03 0 189E 03 0 192E 03 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 190E 03 0 189E 03 0 188E 03 0 190E 03 0 191E 03 0 191E 03 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 189E 03 0 187E 03 0 187E 03 0 787E 02 0 789E 02 0 117E 03 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 187E 03 0 187E 03 0 471E 02 0 176E 03 0 912E 02 0 913E 02 0 114E 03 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 642E 02 0 653E 02 0 633E 02 0 173E 03 0 175E 03 0 899E 02 0 115E 03 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 646E 02 0 614E 02 0 608E 02 0 172E 03 0 171E 03 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 588E 02 0 601E 02 0 584E 02 0 575E 02 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 581E 02 0 558E 02 0 553E 02 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 555E 02 0 551E 02 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 549E 02 0 543E 02 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 11 1 How to use WATROUTE WATROUTE is a sub set of SPL modules and has three options It is activated by sett
37. 0012940 0007625 0026959 0041175 0030500 0023724 0000000 0000000 0000000 oooooooooooo o o 344 327 375 388 o oco0o0ooovrwvno ooooo 10000 10000 10000 10000 ooooo 0000000 0092000 0113000 0179000 0119000 0133000 0084000 0072000 0033000 0000000 0000000 0000000 oooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooooooo 0000000E 00 2200000E 02 9199999E 02 5930000E 03 3100000E 02 1010000E 03 5000000E 02 7200000E 02 6800000E 02 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 oooooooooooo oooooooooooo 0 000 0 000 2 100 39 267 28 433 10 100 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0000000 0000000 0009150 0015250 0047275 0013725 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 oooooooooooo oooooooooooo 0000000 0000000 0129000 0149000 0127000 0207000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 oooooooooooo 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 1200000E 02 2350000E 03 1700000E 03 6000000E 02 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 0 000 oooooooooo 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000
38. 07 Gridded Recharge OO CS 0 00000060 QO O 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 0500 1030 00 00 0 06 O QA lt lt 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00 00 0000 Ores Oo oS 60 Oo 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 0 0020 0 0 0 1 00 OOOO 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 Jan 2013 Projection UTM Zone dey Ellipsoid NAD83 xOrigin 500000 000 yOrigin 4790000 000 SourceFile radc1119930101_met r2c AttributeName 1 recharge AttributeUnits mm xCount 9 yCount 12 xDelta 10000 000 yDelta 10000 000 UnitConverson 0 000 endHeader Frame 1 1 1993 1 1 1 00 00 000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0
39. 12 13 Lake effect on routing 2 18 Lake Evaporation 2 22 Lake Routing 2 21 lake_sd csv 10 3 lapse rate 1 25 3 39 4 1 4 5 6 5 8 3 15 1 15 7 Lapse rate 6 5 8 3 LATLONG format 3 7 LEAKAGE 11 6 lower zone drainage 4 4 Main channel 2 17 make_evt exe 14 5 Manning 2 17 Mapping Land Use 17 4 meandering factor 4 4 melt factor 2 23 Missing data 6 3 Model Calibration 1 26 MODEL INITIALIZATION 5 1 modelflg 1 13 Modeling Aspects 2 1 gt Multiple Events 1 14 Natural flows 7 9 Natural lakes 7 7 negative melt factor 2 23 new event create 1 19 NEW WATERSHED setup 3 1 nudgeflg 1 14 11 8 operating rule 7 7 l 4 1 4 10 OPTIMIZATION 4 1 OPTIONS 13 1 outfiles txt 10 1 Output Files 1 36 overbank flow 2 18 Overland flow 2 14 Parameter File 4 1 Parameter Sensitivity 4 30 parameters 4 1 PARAMETERS 4 1 PDL File 3 35 Penman equation 2 8 Philip formula 2 3 picflg 1 13 Plot Hydrographs 1 28 Plotting hydrographs 10 3 point temperature file 8 1 pool 4 4 Potential Evapotranspiration 2 5 Priestley Taylor Equation 2 6 Rin 2 17 R2n 2 17 Radar CAPPI or PPI 6 8 Radiation Data 9 1 Radiation Temperature Index 2 25 radius of influence 4 1 4 5 4 15 4 21 6 4 8 2 18 14 RADMET EXE 1 23 RAGMET 6 7 RAGMET EXE 1 23 Rain gauge data file RAG 6 2 Rainfall Data 6 1 RAINFALL DATA PROCESSING 6 1 reach number 2 21 3 13 Reach Number
40. 3 13 Read CAPPI 1 24 RECHARGE 11 6 reduced met amp tmp files 3 34 Reordering Classes 3 17 Representative river cross section 2 17 Reservoir Inflow Files 7 9 Reservoir Release file 7 6 resinflg 1 13 resume txt 1 14 resumflg 1 13 revisions 15 1 river channel roughness 4 4 river classes 4 4 rlake 4 4 routeflg 1 13 ROUTING MODEL 2 16 Routing Reach Number See Run SIMPLE 1 23 Run SPL 1 25 RUNOFF 11 6 Sample Initial Snow File 5 1 5 4 Sample of Gridded Snow Cover Map 5 2 5 5 sedflg 1 13 Select initial values 4 9 Selecting parameters for optimization 4 10 4 13 Setting up a Sub watershed 3 33 shdflg 1 13 simulation length 1 9 Single Run Mode 1 26 smoothing distance 8 2 smrflg 1 13 snow course 5 1 Snow Course Data 5 4 Snow Cover Depletion Curve SDC 4 7 Snowcover Depletion Curve 1 22 Snowmelt Model 2 23 SNW EXE 1 23 snwflg 1 13 Soil Moisture Initial 1 26 Soil Moisture Coefficient 2 8 Soil Temperature Coefficient 2 10 Spl info txt 10 8 SPLD EXE 1 23 1 34 Splitting Bogs and Fens 3 16 SPLX EXE 1 23 1 34 1 36 Stage Hydrographs 1 30 3 38 Stage Discharge 3 38 STATS EXE 1 23 storage discharge curves 7 7 Streamflow File 7 1 7 9 Jan 2013 Sub watershed assignment IBSN 3 11 sub watershed 3 33 Sub watershed 3 33 sub watersheds 3 33 Surface Parameters 4 4 Surface retention values 2 3 Surface Storage 2 2 tbeflg 1 13 Temperature
41. 3 Error calculation A provision is made to select the stations to include in the error calculation by a sequence of binary flags in the first line of data of the strfw XXXXXX str file Example ColumnMetaData ColumnUnits m3 s m3 s m3 s m3 s m3 s ColumnType float float float float float ColumnName GRND GALT W MONTROSE GRND MARSVIL ERAMOSA GUEL CONEST DRAYT ColumnLocationX 554000 545000 556000 570000 530000 ColumnLocationY 4801000 4833000 4860000 4823000 4849000 Coeffl 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 Coeff2 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 Coeff3 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 Coeff4 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 Valuel 1 1 J 0 1 EndColumnMetaData EndHeader In this example there are 5 streamflow stations and all but the 4th station are used in the error calculation These flags can change from one event to the next If all values in the highlighted line are 0 no error will be calculated for that event Example These are the flag lines in each of three str files for three events that are chained Jan 2013 4 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 T 0 T 1 1 al 1 1 lt 1 0 ly ile 1 1 1 In this example the error for all stations used for comparison will not be included in the total error for the first event The error for stations 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 and 9 will be used for the second
42. 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 59 The third column is the class order as in the map file and the 4 column has the order of the shd file Le column 3 is mapped to column 4 Jan 2013 3 19 Example class_combine txt 1 9 Urban and Built Up Land 2 1 Dryland Cropland and Pasture 3 dl Irrigated Cropland and Pasture 4 dl Cropland Grassland Mosaic 5 1 Cropland Woodland Mosaic 6 2 Grassland 7 2 Shrubland 8 2 Savanna 9 3 Deciduous Broadleaf Forest 10 4 Evergreen Needleleaf Forest isil 5 Mixed Forest 12 8 Water Bodies T3 7 Wooded Wetland 14 6 Barren or Sparsely Vegetated 15 7 Wooded Tundra 16 0 Mixed Tundra The first colum is the class number in the map file generated byGreenKenue with the descriptions in the 3 column The class in the map file is then entered into the class number in the 2 column For instance classes 2 3 4 amp 5 are combined into class 1 in the shd file Class 1 in the map file becomes class 9 in the shd file and so on This is handy if you already have a par file for a similar physiographic area and want to set up the land cover classes in the shd file to match these 3 3 15 Non Contributing Areas For regions where areas have been identified as non contributing the addition of the file nca r2s to the working directory of BSN exe usually the basin sub directory will prompt BSN exe to read a file of point data with values of 1 f
43. 4 1 Part 1 for normal runs New sections highlighted Q th th th o VMmMoaKK O 0 209E 05 0 200E 01 0 181E 01 r 0 430E 01 FileType WatfloodParameter 10 10 parameter file version number CreationDate 2011 12 02 09 37 40 GlobalParameters iopt 1 debug level itype 0 channel type floodplain no itrace 4 Tracer choice sal 999 999 ice cover weighting factor a2 1 000 Manning s correction for instream lake a3 0 050 error penalty coefficient al 0 030 error penalty threshold sab 0 985 API coefficien a6 900 000 Minimum routing time step in seconds a7 0 900 weighting old vs new sca value a8 0 100 min temperature time offset a9 0 333 max heat deficit swe ratio al0 2 000 exponent on uz discharce function 1 0 010 bare ground equiv veg height for ev 2 0 000 min precip rate for smearing madjust 0 000 snowmelt ripening rate malow 0 000 min melt factor multiplier mahigh 0 000 max melt factor multiplier ladjust 0 000 glacier melt factor multiplier lvref 0 000 reference elevation ainsnowtemp 0 000 rain snow temperature adiusinflce 300 000 radius of influence km moothdist 35 000 smoothing diatance km lgevp2 2 000 l pan 2 Hargreaves 3 Priestley Taylor lbe 0 110 albedo tempa2 50 000 tempa3 50 000 tton 0 000 lat 7 50 000 latitude chnl 1 1 000 manning s n multiplier chn1 2 0 900 mann
44. 422 621001 met r2c 10 17 2006 01 03 PM 7 079 478 621101 met r2c 3 Edit the met_lst txt file to get something like the following and save the edited list as met_rn bat an editor with a column mode really helps here otherwise you can resort to Excel ren 611001 met r2c 19611001 met r2c ren 611101 met r2c 19611101 met r2c ren 611201 met r2c 19611201 met r2c ren 620101 met r2c 19620101 met r2c ren 620201 met r2c 19620201 met r2c ren 620301 met r2c 19620301 met r2c ren 620401 met r2c 19620401 met r2c ren 620501 met r2c 19620501 met r2c Jan 2013 14 5 ren 620601 met r2c 19620601 met r2c ren 620701 met r2c 19620701 met r2c ren 620801 met r2c 19620801 met r2c ren 620901 met r2c 19620901 met r2c ren 621001 met r2c 19621001 met r2c ren 621101 met r2c 19621101 met r2c 4 In DOS run this batch file I spl ssrb_ef radcl gt met_rn 4 5 Do the same in the tempr strfw and resrl directories Use the same met_rn bat file but replace met with tem str and rel respectively 14 5 STEP5 Run the program make _evt exe in the working directory eg i spl ssrb_ ef The old event files have old event names that are not compatible with theGreenKenue formats Instead of editing all the old evt files just run make_evt exe in the working directory and a complete set of event files will be created I spl ssrb_ef gt make_evt KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK WATFLOOD TM P
45. 4790000 xCount 9 yCount 12 xDelta 10000 00 yDelta 10000 00 contourInterval 1 000000 imperviousArea 10 classCount 6 elevConversion 0 3050000 endHeader Computed nominal grid size 10000 00 please check above numbers amp hit enter to continue Enter the split of wetland coupled to channel only if you have two identical sets of wetland land cover gridsas the 2 classes before th water class in the land use section of the map file Enter 0 if you have just 1 block of wetland cover Split Number of classes now includes the impervious class Number of classes stipulated 6 Is this correct y orn before allocating areal7 areal7 allocated Often DEM have flat spots filled and you end up with unwanted flat spots in your river profile It causes severe flattening of the hydrographs Enter the minimum allowable river slope that you have in your sustem e g 0 0001 Jan 2013 Min accepted value Max value accepted is 1 0 0 0000001 45 degrees 3 24 No of river classes found in the map file number specified in the par file This should match th Bare forest crops wetland water impervious end of map file reached Note ios No bankfull values found impervious area gt 0 in the header 89 of the impervious class has been subtracted from class and added to class 1 Class 1 should be a land cover compatible with the pervious areas in urban areas
46. 5 Ho SU AR AO 14 7 147 STEP 7 a vcicssnssasnssnsnvoussadua sasnsons sess dusseessoussasncdusvasuasussesn dusvasnsonsdasn duasevnsonsdasnsdussssussasdastadasuasussasnsdusen 14 8 NO 14 8 A O 14 8 A OOOO 14 8 15 PROGRAM REVISIONS casara AA 15 1 15 1 LiSt Of REVISIONS s 5s0 ccassisesesussossccseseococssencesoassesssosseasencoussesesssensosesesuccsass aeceeanssesecsessosedsecscousesseaese 15 1 16 BIBLIOGRAPHY ssisitcniaia dinaanan diaaa neda danadana aneian 16 1 16 1 General ReferenCes eseseessssosooesssssoseoesesssosooeoeessososooessssooeoesseessoeoeoeessosooeoeessssosoossseesosessoeeseessse 16 1 Jan 2013 10 16 2 References Radar ssssssssserssssrserssssrsersessrsessessssessesensessesessesscsessssesensessesensessesensnssesesseses 16 4 17 WATFLOOD KENUE WORKSHOP 2 DAYS nonooonciccccccccccoonoccccccccnnnnnnos 17 1 17 1 Installing Watflood amp GreenKenue eeeeseroeseserecoesosesecoerosoesesesocoeroroesesecceresoroesesecoerororseseceesesese 17 1 17 2 Working withGreenKenue oococcoonoononsonnonnocnnnononncnnnconoconononononononononono nooo noc Ssss sas ossos poos ss sipose 17 2 17 2 1 Creating the watershed file for WATFLOOD sssssesssesessssersesseesessteressesersesesseseeseeseeseesee 17 2 17 3 Post processing withGreenKenue sessesesesesocsesosseseseccerosoesesesecoerosoesesececoesoresosoerosoesesecoeoesorsesee 17 10 18 INDEX anni oe naa 18 13 Jan 2013 11 TRADEMARKS WATFLOOD is a registered trade
47. Besides DOS is faster Jan 2013 1 19 1 4 3 Use Existing Event e g Demonstration Program For this tutorial it is assumed that the assumed that the demonstration dataset for the Grand River and the executables are set up on the C drive with the file structure as shown in Section 1 3 For non DOS users a Directory is a Folder To make life easy batch files can be set up in the c spl directory Since this directory is in your path if you have followed the instructions in Section 1 3 a batch file becomes a command For example create a ce bat file in c splx with the following content copy event1 1 event event evt Then log in to the working directory with the following commands Exe J enter Ce 1993 evt This command will make the 1993 evt event file in the event directory the active event Because the bat file is in the path the command will be found and executed The event file has the names of all input files needed for a particular simulation 1 4 4 Create New Event under revision Allows the user to set up a new set of data files for a new event In DOS run the program EVENTS EXE and answer the questions A new set of files for precip streamflow etc will be created All values in these files will be 1 for missing data 99 for missing temperature data and the data will have to be entered through the menus or replaced by data from external sources for an example 1 4 5 Demonstration The file structu
48. Convention To help identify files and keep them organized the file names should follow the following convention as shown in an event file for the Grand River Watershed files BASIN gr10k xxx Watershed fil shd file only BASIN grl10k_ shd r2c Point Temporal data files XxXXXX 19930101 xxx tb0 Jan 2013 1 9 Point values xxxxx 19930101 xxx tp2 Gridded temporal files xxxxx 19930101 xxx r2c Any file that refers to an event has the date YYYYMMDD while files that are fixed for a watershed have a name that identifies the watershed BSNM GR10K in this case where BSNM is used throughout this manual to refer to the watershed or basin name Unit number 98 is reserved for scratch files Unit number 99 is reserved for the xxx_info txt file where xxx is the executable s name such as snw spl moist etc Note The event file names YYYYMMDD are used only to identify files Files can also be called YYYY TEM r2c etc if the files are annual data sets or YY Y YMM_TEM r2c etc for a specific month or YY Y YMMDD_TEM r2c etc if the event starts on a specific day Note As of 2006 all data files will beGreenKenue compatible file formats and the names will reflect the type of file For instance tempr 19930101 tem will become tempr 19930101_tem r2c GreenKenue will be able to load these files directly 1 3 7 KENUE compatibility With the exeption of a few files all files in the WATFLOOD system will be theGreenKenue formats pt2 tb0 r2c etc
49. Fmadjust Fmalow Fmahigh Gladjust a factor between approximately 0 5 and 1 0 to reduce the melt rate in the early melt season lower limit on melt factor reduction upper limit on melt factor reduction lt 1 0 or melt factor enhancement gt 1 0 a glacier melt enhancement factor Will melt glacier ice at gladjust melt potential after the fresh snow has melted A factor of 1 5 2 0 seems appropriate Once the snow is melted off a glacier the ice will melt at a rate gladadj times the rate of snow melt MF BASE NMF are normally determined through optimization 4 2 5 Monthly ET data The columns are by land cover class and the rows by month in the section starting with MonthlyEvapotranspirationTable in the par csv file Jan 2013 4 7 4 2 6 Interception Parameters The columns are by land cover class and the rows by month in the section starting with InterceptionCapacityTable In the par csv file fratio has been added as of Dec 2 11 This ratio is a multiplier for the interception capacity for each class All monthly values are multiplied on a class by class basis and fratio can be optimized with DDS 4 3 Monthly_climate_normals This now a separate file called monthly_climate_normals txt month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec mxmn 10 2 12 3 12 1 12 3 14 3 14 2 13 8 14 0 13 1 10 6 8 2 9 3 humid 39 5 605 6249 55 5 5030 94 5590 58 5 63 5 585 0 640 629 pres 901 95 4 95 1 95 4 951 99 10 9
50. Important note e If present the last four classes need to be in the order above e If glaciers wetlands water and impervious are present you will need to have at least one other class When specifying classcount in the MAP file specify the total number of classes including the impervious class new w S0 oo SO Oo 0 070 6 0 0 Oooo oo ooo oo OF nee rota 0000000oooooo Q OO CO O C OC COO CG Oo OC OO COCO CO 000000000000 0000000000oo Jan 2013 forest class 34 27 25 23 18 26 24 25 27 22 27 26 24 26 24 15 20 20 27 20 24 20 18 16 23 16 9158 9 11 2 28 22 19 29 31 19 20 23 21 20 19 11 21 23 25 19 16 14 19 30 15 23 27 9 14 11 10 14 20 27 24 29 96691118 20 23 17 3 4 6 8 13 13 14 29 25 14 10 16 13 12 13 16 28 34 9 12 10 7 11 10 26 27 25 9441113 21 all vegetation 57 64 64 68 72 66 67 67 66 74 68 67 70 71 71 80 67 70 63 62 71 71 76 77 42 80 86 80 85 84 87 81 84 85 79 90 89 84 85 79 93 92 89 86 78 79 86 78 63 62 79 83 81 77 59 87 92 91 79 75 wetland class n 1 4 6673 5 42 3 20 5564223114 343121354 27406101177 153317 7 6 7 14 10222469 7 012128 911 3 0021448 52 00012148 2 4022223 4 3 0010224410 2 000123331 water class n 5 101230000 000000000 000000000 000000000 0000110000 000000001 000004000 003000000 000000300 000010020 000012000 000001002 Impervious Area 6 001111066 1200110 4 8 010011128 021 25 1 104 17 19 15 class 3 65 74 70 43 64 76 63 62 75 73 72 15 75 73
51. Initial Snow Cover Please see Section 4 2 4 for a description of the snow parameters The initial snow data is obtained from snow course located in and near the watershed The snow course values are distributed over the watershed according to a distance squared weighting scheme using SNW exe program The grid information is obtained from the bsnm_shd r2c file as specified in the event file 5 1 1 Sample Initial Point Snow Water Equivalent File yyyynndd_crs pt2 The file header is self explanatory In this file the class count includes the impervious class In this example there are 2 snow courses and 6 land cover classes The unitConversion can be used to convert any measurement to mm of snow water equivalent The initial heat deficit factor can be used to control the beginning of the melt If the snow pack is ripe at the time the measurements were taken the value should be 0 0 The snow will melt as soon as the temperature rises above 0 C The maximum value accepted is set by the A9 parameter in the parameter file A9 is used as an upper limit throughout the snow simulation period The program SNW EXE will read the snow course data and create the gridded snow water equivalent file yyyymmdd_swe r2c There is a line of data for each snow gauge location First the easting and northing and then station name followed by the snow water equivalent SWE for each land cover class Missing data is denoted by a ve number HHTHHHHHHHEHHH E
52. It turned out that the problem originated in class 3 in this case the agricultural area which is the most dominant in this watershed Everything appears normal in the bottom two plots which show the snow cover information and the inputs The lzs shows the undulations and the unusual item that stands out is that the uzs for both the bare and snow covered areas are way above the retention of 40 mm although eventually they settle down to this value But note that the uzs drops in steps In the model drainage of the uz ca not occur when the temperature is below 0 C and we note that periodically the temperature shown in the top plot is just above this value The problem was caused by a value for the upper zone to lower zone drainage parameter ak2 and ak2fs that was much too low This caused an initial buildup of water in the uz which could then drain at intervals when the temperature rose above Thus a problem that appeared to be a routing problem was not that at all A IA falo a ll dl e MT OT LME TINA AAA O iL AA mm water SNOWC DEF mm UZS uzsfs d1 and difs mm water Jan 2013 4 30 4 8 Parameter Sensitivity Analysis beta version When deciding which parameter should be used in an optimization run it is helpful to optimize just those parameters to which the outcome is sensitive First chose which erro criteria is to be used The routing and snow parameters most affect timing of the hydrograph so the error criteria should be
53. O 57 Surface Flow snow m 3 s Class 3 O 58 Surface Flow snow m 3 s Class 4 O 59 Surface Flow snow m 3 s Class 5 O 60 Surface Flow snow m 3 s Class 6 O 61 Interflow m 3 s Class 1 O 62 Interflow m 3 s Class 2 O 63 Interflow m 3 s Class 3 O 64 Interflow m 3 s Class 4 0 65 Interflow m 3 s Class 5 O 66 Interflow m 3 s Class 6 O 67 Interflow snow m 3 s Class 1 O 68 Interflow snow m 3 s Class 2 O 69 Interflow snow m 3 s Class 3 O 70 Interflow snow m 3 s Class 4 O 71 Interflow snow m 3 s Class 5 O 72 Interflow snow m 3 s Class 6 O 73 Recharge mm Class 1 O 74 Recharge mm Class 2 O 75 Recharge mm Class 3 O 76 Recharge mm Class 4 O 77 Recharge mm Class 5 O 78 Recharge mm Class 6 O 79 Recharge mm snow Class 1 O 80 Recharge mm snow Class 2 O 81 Recharge mm snow Class 3 O 82 Recharge mm snow Class 4 O 83 Recharge mm snow Class 5 O 84 Recharge mm snow Class 6 0 85 PET average mm Class 1 0 86 PET average mm Class 2 0 87 PET average mm Class 3 O 88 PET average mm Class 4 O 89 PET average mm Class 5 O 90 PET average mm Class 6 O 91 ET cummulative mm Class 1 0 92 ET cummulative mm Class 2 0 93 ET cummulative mm Class 3 0 94 ET cummulative mm Class 4 0 95 ET cummulative mm Class 5 0 96 ET cummulative mm Class 6 O 97 Sublimation Cummulative mm snow Class 1 O 98 Sublimation Cummulative mm snow Class 2 O 99 Sublimation Cummulative mm snow Class 3
54. Reciprocal Distance Weighting Technique Wei and McGuiness 1973 The weights were assumed to be an inverse function of the distance between the grid element midpoint and the rain gauge Wei and McGuiness 1973 Dean and Snyder 1977 Jan 2013 6 4 The major limitation of this method is that the estimation of rainfall never results in values greater than the largest amount observed or less than the smallest NWS 1972 This method also assigns rainfall to each grid element regardless of the areal extent of the actual rain event Dalezios 1982 RAGMET EXE will read the yymmdd rag file and create a yymmdd_met r2c file The yymmdd_met r2c can be laoded intoGreenKenue and animated Timeseries of precipitatin can be extracted also Caution Each time RAGMET exe is executed the existing yyyymmdd met r2c file is overwritten If the existing file is the one created by another program or imported from outside WATFLOOD it should be renamed prior to running RAGMET exe or the filename in the event file should be changed 6 1 4 Modified Distribution of Precipitation This section is identical to section8 1 2 6 1 46 1 4 for temperature For straight distance weighting distant stations can have an influence at a grid especially grids at watershed boundaries where the grid is well outside the group of precipitation stations Another problem arises when a station consistently over or underestimates precipitation which results in bullseyes when
55. SHD files in the BASIN sub directory of each watershed BASIN GRAND10K PAR BASIN GRAND10K SHD RESRL 8609A REL STRFW 8609A STR 86 09 10 06 0 00 9 1 0 HOUR 1 0 at sl 1 SL 0 SE a 6 4 aL sA 1 0 dl 1 3 s5 3 ok L 0 0 sok ak 2 6 6 0 0 0 1 ae 2 sa Sil af 0 0 0 yl 2 3 3 oan Aes 6 0 0 0 1 2 PE 3 2 6 0 0 1 aE 2 s3 3 2 2 0 0 0 nl ay eZ 2 rl opi 0 0 0 ad ord 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 aL sL 0 0 0 sl sL al 2 aL od vl oi 0 n2 E lt u ok 0 4 lt 2 3 0 HOUR 2 0 6 4 2 ad 0 0 0 s5 0 4 a 2 5 Ll 0 0 ped 4 0 2 2 2 ok ak 0 de 5 4 E ilk eal syle 0 0 0 8 s 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 55 8 4 1 0 6 3 3 a3 5 4 ac 3 7 59 2 2 ae 3 2 2 I aL I sal 2 1 HOUR 16 0 3 4 1 4 1 0 9 ode 20 cb His A 8 1 0 9 297 Each O ad 6 6 9 8 1 9 3 3 3 4 1 3 1 1 4 oO yA 295 llo Ae 7 sT soe L3 7 1 0 1 0 9 8 4 ES 3 4 2 2 7 4 4 sr Lil Argo Led 16 2 0 4 6 6 263 B27 ES 2 4 292 Jan 2013 6 9 6 4 2 Adjustment of Radar Data Radar measurements of precipitation are subjected to a number of errors Wilson 1976 provides a good discussion of the problems The problems include radar hardware errors signal attenuation terrain echoes clutter beam blocking wind drift variations in the radar equation interception of the freezing layer and anomalous propagation It is difficult to correct the radar data determ
56. al 1985 Spittlehouse and Black 1981 McNaughton and Black 1973 Typical values of AET from tall vegetation range from 60 90 of the PET Stagnitti et al 1989 used a coefficient of reduction of 0 60 for the Priestley Taylor evapotranspiration to estimate the AET from tall vegetation Past simulations have successfully used a reduction coefficient of 0 70 applied to the PET rate for the coniferous land classification However this parameter can be changed in the ET parameter file FTALL 0 70 for Tall Vegetation FTALL 1 00 for Short Vegetation 2 4 4 Calculating AET from PET land classes Jan 2013 2 11 The final reduction in transpiration is a function of the interception Evaporation of intercepted water is assumed to occur preferentially to soil water transpiration The sum of the atmospheric resistance and stomatal resistance to water evaporating from stomatal cavities is assumed to be greater than the atmospheric resistance to water evaporating from the surface of the vegetation In each time step the transpiration is reduced to zero during periods when interception evaporation IET is occurring When the IET is less than the PET the reduction coefficients are applied to the difference to determine the rate of transpiration Finally AET PET if PET lt JET AET PET IET UZSI FPET2 FTALL ETP if PET gt IET 2 20 AET PET UZSI FPET2 FTALL ETP if IET 0 and AET PET for water rivers lakes This estimate o
57. and Ph D research programs have provided the rationale incorporated in the software but programs have all been written or adapted by the author Jan 2013 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 WATFLEOOD USER S MANUA Lisiscecviccsceccccescecccveccvcccvescecccvesdveccuescueceveuccs 1 1 1 1 AS O 1 1 1 2 O 1 1 1 3 Getting Started AAA A oon 1 4 1 3 1 OV ELVIS We oitstees sabes E SEE EO EEE E E EEA E tela E EREE E EEE EE EE 1 4 1 3 2 Trist llati n WINDOW S iii ieie EEE EE ETAK Ei ES 1 5 1 3 3 Installation DOS 25 02 scsi eioi ieie a 1 5 1 3 4 File Structure iv WA TELOOD cirar arn Enen E E cta 1 7 1 3 5 Mirimu n File Requirements Coi cia 1 7 1 3 6 File Naming COn VEO a Rae dde 1 8 1 3 7 KENUE compatibility iii 1 9 1 3 8 O PUG ss capac sett E E Pacha phytate te eat hare E lade ste cut E anti tah 1 9 1 3 9 Meaning of the flags in the event file ce ecceeceeceecceeeeeeceeeeeseceseeeseceseceaeceseenseceeeneeenes 1 13 1 3 10 Multiple Events for Continuous Modelling Chaining c cccceeseeseeseceteceeeeseeseeeeeenes 1 14 1 3 11 Creating eventliles tana a aa 1 15 1 4 WATFLOOD TUTORIAL wu csssssssccesssscceesccssceesscssesnssessssssseesesnsssesessssseseseessesesessesesessesees 1 18 1 4 1 WATFLOOD for WINDOWS SADLY IT s GONE 1 cceceeeseeseeseeeeceeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 1 18 1 4 2 DOS Disk Operating System cccecccesceeseesseceeeseeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeesseeesecaeceaecaecaeceeeneeeaes 1 18 1 4 3 Use Existing Event e g Demonstration Program
58. average amount of energy removed in the form of sensible heat from the amount available for evaporation 6 an approximation of the ratio of s T to the sum of s T and y by using the temperature T and a reduction in the driving gradient when the vapour pressure deficit is small C 2 4 Actual Evapotranspiration by T Neff 2 4 1 Soil Moisture Coefficient Jan 2013 2 9 Up to three coefficients have been applied to reduce the calculated PET to the AET The first coefficient the Upper Zone Storage Indicator UZSI estimates the evapotranspiration as a function of the soil moisture UZS Evapotranspiration is assumed to occur at the potential rate if the soil moisture is at a level of saturation SAT since the PET equations have been shown to provide accurate estimates under these conditions The rate of evapotranspiration is reduced to a fraction of the potential evapotranspiration for values of soil moisture below the saturation down to zero at the permanent wilting point PWP The fraction is calculated by interpolating the soil moisture between the soil moisture capacity at saturation and the permanent wilting point at 1 0 and 0 respectively That is 5 anr 2 15 UZSI en PWP The root of the fraction is used to simulate the increased difficulty with which moisture is extracted by vegetation as the soil dries WATFLOOD does not calculate the percent soil moisture instead the model calculates the moisture in the u
59. calculate a number of statistics for the run yyyymmdd scn yyyymmdd rad yyyymmdd rad yyyymmdd_met r2c Bsnm pdl yyyymmdd rag yyyymmdd_met r2c Bsnm_shd r2c yyyymmdd_crs pt2 yyyymmdd_ swe r2c Bsnm_shd r2c yyyymmdd_psm pt2 yyyymmdd_gsm r2c Bsnm pdl yyyymmdd tag yyyymmdd_tem r2c See section 1 3 5 Files listed in outfiles txt See section 1 3 5 Files listed in outfiles txt results spl csv results stats txt Jan 2013 1 24 The entrees are arranged in the order that they are normally executed Not all programs need to be run for a complete sequence For instance to use radar data the Read CAPPI Calibrate Radar and SPLX will have to be executed Alternatively Distribute Rainfall Run SPLX will also be a complete sequence assuming of course that all other files listed as minimum requirements exist see Sect 1 3 5 Distributing the Snowcourse data is an optional activity depending on whether there is snow or not 1 5 1 Read CAPPI RADMET RADMET converts the radar data to a rainfall field for the default watershed and surrounding area This is a custom program that is written to access radar data in the format provided by the radar facility In the test programs the radar data consists of a 2 km by 2 km grid containing rainfall data from the King City radar in southern Ontario Since the formats of radar data vary depending on the source this program will have to be adapted for each location In the test progra
60. cumulative precip is plotted in 2D To overcome this two coefficients can be used by RAGMET exe These are read from basin bsnm_par csv in the appropriate line radiusinflce 300 000 radius of influence km smoothdist 35 000 smoothing diatance km To include all stations in the weights for all grids chose a large min radius of influence e g a distance larger than the largest dimension of the watershed To smooth the precipitation field insert a distance from each station location where you want its effect to be reduced The greater this number the more smoothing of the precip field will be effected It is best to try different values until the cumulative precipitation field for the complete simulation period looks acceptably smooth Set the radius of influence just large enough so the whole watershed will have precipitation Set the minimum distance just large enough to get a nice looking interpolation between stations Check this in loading the cumulative precipitation in a wfo file into GreenKenue The radius of influense amp the smoothing distance can be optimized using DDS Jan 2013 6 5 6 1 5 Precipitation lapse rate rlapse The lapse rate and a reference elevation usually sea level can be set in the par file When Rlapse 0 0 the precipitation will be adjusted depending on the grid elevation This came into effect with rev 9 5 63 Sept 09 Prior the lapse rate would only be used for snow melt but the base t
61. ee esr no rr eS i tia Tr Sa SST aa a E aan 10 1 10 1 Plotting hydrographs observed vs computed secsssccsecscescsssescescssseesssenessessessesssssesees 10 3 10 2 Spl txt Pile TORUS esssicscaccscceecscsscssccsdscccedesccscssocssecccseeastesssoasaceaseseuedssncediiesssessecatesossussscsusesczse 10 4 10 2 1 File Names from the Event File ces ccsssesseesecseeeeceseeeeesecseesccnecaeseeeneeseceaeeeeeaecaeeaeeneeeres 10 4 10 2 2 Land cover by Sub basin cccccccceesceescessceeceseesecesecesecaecsaecaeecaeeeseseneseeeeeeeseeneenseenaeenaes 10 5 10 2 3 Information on Flags ccceeccesscesceesseeseesseeeccesccesecesecaecaecaaecaeecaeeeseeeeeseeeseenseeeeseenseenaes 10 5 10 2 4 Reservoir Locations and Operating Rules ccccceessessceesceesceeeceeceseceseceecseesaeeeseceeeeeenes 10 5 10 2 5 Information for Each Grid cc ceeeeesescesecseesecseeeecseeecesecseesecseveecnaeeeceaecaeesecaeeaeseaeeeeeaeeataes 10 5 10 2 6 Summary for Grids 0 ccecccescesecesecssecseecseeeseeeneeseeeecessecesecesecaeceaecaecaeecaeeeaeeeseeeeeseeesereeetens 10 6 10 2 7 Cummilative Statistics for Each Event ccccccsccccsesssessceesceeeceeeceseceaeceaeceeecseeeaeensecseeeeeeaes 10 7 10 2 8 Repeated for Each Event 0 c cccccesccssecssecseeeseeeseeseeeeeeeeeeseensecnsecaecaecaecaecaeceaecnaeseeeneeeaes 10 7 10 2 9 Gridded channel flows Spl floW 12C oo ceeeeesecesecseeeeceseeecesecaeesecaeeseceaeeeeeaeeateaesesenseeeneeeten 10 8 10
62. evaluations for 10 trials is not unreasonable Each trial produces a parameter set For a run on say 1500 grids for a 10 year calibration period this can take several weeks The originator of the DDS program suggest the number usually reflects your deadline Based on limited experience with DDS and WATFLOOD a strategy that seems to work is to do a short run with say 200 300 evaluations on the most important parameters i e the ones that are most likely to produce the greatest gains and perhaps 10 15 parameters or fewer and then to free up other parameters and run more evaluations Your own experience in this will be the most valuable as each situation is different Ideally as with the PS the constraints should not be too loose First of all the initial values need to reflect the processes reasonably well A manual fitting should be carried out as described in Section 4 6 1 or a parameter set from a previously calibrated similar watershed should be used As the evaluations continue the best so far par set is saved in the best directory Ideally the parameters should not be at the constraints or at least not remain there If they do the constraints should be re examined However occasionally there may be a problem with the data For instance if the evaporation seems unreasonable high the precipitation may have been over estimated or visa versa 4 7 Trouble shooting Occasionally weird things happen For instance in the plot below odd
63. for radar calibration using the CALMET EXE program Please refer to 6 4 3 Jan 2013 3 39 3 7 Mean and Max grid elevations for lapse rate applications New In moutainous terrain the use of lapse rates for temperature and precipitation are required to account for the orographic effects on temperature and precipitation While the WATFLOOD model cannot possibly mimic the atmospheric processes producing precipitation such as the carryover of higher precipitation on the leeward side of mountain crests for instance the incorporation of lapse rates make it possible to still take in the elevation effects The midpoint elevation of the grid s main channel is already incorporated in the map file and is converted to channel slope for the shd file However this channel elevation may not be the most desirable to use for the calculation of the grid s temperature and precipitation amounts For this purpose if a file called dem r2s is created by saving the dem in GreenKenue as an 12s file in the basin directory BSN exe will look for this file and if found create two files called elv_means r2c and elv_max r2c Be sure to assign a Projection and and Ellipsoid to the DEM in GreenKenue before saving it or you will have to edit the r2s file to add it Once these files elv_means r2c amp elv_max r2c are in the basin directory RAGMET exe will find elv_max r2c and replace the channel elevations in the shd file with these highest grid elevations TMP exe will
64. from ponds The result is that when the value of K is expressed for the whole area its effective value is greatly reduced because of large areas that do not contribute to infiltration except for short periods A UZ storage E w 7 hydraulic e gradient nis a wetting ya lt front e pees aug passe aaoh as ere iA ate a caste tae E ea n r P soil moisture EA effective porosi drainage D LZ storage Figure 2 2 Schematic of the infiltration process Initially the infiltration capacity is very high because of the shallow depth of the wetting front This causes a very large pressure gradient inducing high infiltration However as the wetting front descends the pressure gradient is quickly reduced thus reducing the potential infiltration rate Using the information in Philip 1954 relating permeability to capillary potential the following relationship provides the capillary potential Pot 250 log K 100 2 3 where Po the capillary potential in mm K hydraulic conductivity in mm s Jan 2013 2 5 The potential head calculated by Eq 2 3 compares very well with values reported by Rawls and Brakensiek 1983 Water depth on the soil surface is continually modified to reflect the net precipitation input infiltration and overland flow discharge 2 2 3 Initial Soil Moisture SPL is a three layer model UZ Upper zone storage saturated IZ Intermediate zone storage unsaturated LZ Lower zone storage sa
65. gauge data _MET r2c RADCL Distributed rain gauge data or adjusted radar data SPL9 uses the MET r2c file as the rainfall input file for the hydrologic simulation The MET file can be created from rain gauge information alone using RAGMET from radar data RAD r2c alone by copying the file or from a radar file that is adjusted with rain gauge data with CALMET The RAD file is the data extracted from the RADAR data by a program called RADMET for the particular watershed being modeled The raw radar data has file extension SCN RADMET has to be customized for each radar source because of the different formats in use The RAD r2c file has the same format as the MET 12c file but the format of SCN depends on the radar source For many recent applications of WATFLOOD precipitation and temperature files have been generated by numerical weather models NWM Often these data are produced in a format very similar to the RAG files and on a grid different from the watershed file For these cases the RAGMET program can be used to convert the NWM files to MET files by using each NWM grid as a precip gauge Please contact N Kouwen for details Jan 2013 6 2 6 1 2 Rain Gauge Data File _RAG tb0 The rain gauge data file yyyymmdd_rag tb0 is used by the program RAGMET to create a georeferenced rainfall data file yymmdd met r2c for SPL9 It is also used by CALMET EXE Calibrate Radar in the Run menu to adjust radar data files The _RAG tb0 file for an e
66. gridded values ch_par added event file ver 9 5 added deltat_report for gridflow r2c moved rf rffs from areawq to areal For water ev n 1i pet n 1i fpet ii moved allocate for melt from melt gt spl revised timer for julian day calc replaced por with spore n ii in runof6 converted opt to gridded routing parameters changed baseflow argument list added lake area as a variable for iso adjusted frac for channel water area reordered rerout for glake put qr qstream strloss back in runof6 modified lzs to account for lake area flowinit added lake loss file moved stuff from resume gt soil amp flow init changed wetland channel routing added wetland continuity check set init qdwpr 0 0 in route added reads for precip isotopes fixed bug in wetland routing added check for rec in spl added pool and pool_o in rdpar amp route fixed double counting of strloss qstream new event parser added evap r2c to the output files added water_area in lake evap added ve storage check for reservoirs added evaporation input file with read_r2c changed tolerance for coordinate check to gt 0 001 padded rel file for missing data fixed tdum amp xdum for proper grid area in lat long moved precip adjust to sub moved scale snow from sub to process rain added conv to options sub argument list prevented use of tracer iso models with nudging added resvstore for iso model fixed dtmin for first time step each event ad
67. heat of the snow surface AH when the air temperature is less than or equal to 0 C during a time step is expressed as S T AH NMF ATI T 60 2 36 where AH is the change in heat deficit mm of water equivalent NMF is the negative melt factor rate of change in heat deficit based on air temperature per unit time mm C day ATI is Jan 2013 2 24 the antecedent temperature index and Sy is the amount of snow fallen per unit time represented as snow water equivalent SWE in mm The first portion of Eq 2 36 accounts for the difference between the snow pack surface temperature and the overlying air temperature converted to mm of water equivalent using the negative melt factor NMF In the NWSRFS model Anderson 1973 the value of the negative melt factor increased through the ablation period based on a sine curve function having a typical maximum value of 0 500 mm hr 2C In WATFLOOD the negative melt factor does not vary through the ablation period and its value is set in the parameter file for each vegetation class Donald 1992 found that values of 0 200 mm hr C produced reasonable results The latter portion of Eq 2 36 represents the change in heat resulting from the addition of new snow assuming that the temperature of the snow is equal to the air temperature where Ta is less than or equal to 0 C If the air temperature is greater than 0 C the change in heat AHs is assumed to equal zero and the heat
68. is the safest If the destination of the water is within the watershed the flow can be added to any X1 Y1 grid it does not have to be a lake or reservoir If the destination of the water is outside the watershed it must be added to one of the outlet grids again the very last grid in the shd file is the safest If you make the origin or destination of the flow to a grid that is not part of the watershed as in the shd r2c file you will get an error of some sort The value of valuel is meaningless Any value will do It is used to count the number of columns of data If the value of the flow diversion is always the same all you have to do is have a yyyymmdd_div tb0 file for the first event and the program will divert the last flow value in the file for the remainder of the simulation run If the diverted flow changes some number of events later just have a new yyyymmdd_div tb0 file for that event with the proper flows which will be used from that time onwards Don t get funny amp reverse the origin and destination and have ve flows as these flows will be set to 0 0 Reversible flows such as pumped storage can be accommodated by having 2 diversions with the origin amp destinations in reverse order and having only ve flows in each column The events exe program will put the diversion file name in the list of files but if the yyyymmdd_div tb0 file is not present the diversion code will just be bypassed Jan 2013 8 1 8 T
69. map and the fractions in each grid need to be redefined Jan 2013 1 4 Gb a Sic P GOG Cre oP Figure 1 2 Schematic of the GRU pixel grouping model and channel routing scheme Land cover class 1 Land cover class 2 Land cover class 3 Land cover class 4 Jawe 1 3 Getting Started 1 3 1 Overview The WATFLOOD programs are mostly a set of FORTRAN programs for DOS compiled in Visual Fortran Ver 6 6 0 All computations can be run in DOS as well as on various Unix platforms SUN Solaris SGI and Linux systems All programs have been or will be converted to the Fortran 95 standard with dynamic memory allocation You will need at least 25 Mb of disk space on your hard disk to get started Jan 2013 1 5 1 3 2 Installation WINDOWS Currently because of the new file formats described in this manual the WINDOWS GUI version of WATFLOOD is not available The programs can be executed using the WINXX interface but is is actually easier to use the WATFLOOD model on DOS 1 3 3 Installation DOS 1 Create a directory folder called SPL It works best if it is in the root directory of any drive 2 Download the watflood zip all executables spldata zip gr10k example data set and manualnn pdf files to the SPL directory Recent updates of executables should also be copied to this directory 3 Log to the Wpl directory and unzip watflood zip to put all program exe files in the SPL directory 4 Unzip sp
70. reservoir or lake outlet Care has to be taken that they are on the river as modeled Notes SPL accepts 24 hour data 1 line of data for each day witht eh deltat set 24 Do not have 23 lines with 1 0 for the missing data The value is assumed to be the release at the beginning of the time step 7 2 1 Natural lakes and uncontrolled reservoirs The 5 coefficients give the operating rule a for each lake or uncontrolled reservoir see Section 3 6 1 The operating rule has to be programmed for each individual reservoir but five parameters are reserved for this purpose Controlled reservoirs need a table of the releases in cms Values are not required for each time step If there is a negative value the last positive value is carried forward by the program The storage discharge rules for natural lakes can be entered by way of the 5 coefficients If the coefficients are specified releases are omitted If controlled and natural lakes are present the controlled reservoirs must be listed ahead of the natural lakes Below is an example for Tabacco Creek for a watershed with many farm ponds An Excel spreadsheet is used to fit polinomials or power functions to each of the storage discharge curves y 7 798E 26x 1 223E 20x 1 079E 15x 9 931E 11x 5 947E 06x 1 40 5 1 20 1 00 0 80 0 60 0 40 Discharge m 43 s 0 20 0 00 T T T T E T 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 1
71. run in this mode the water is added to the lower zone storage as usual The lkg is a file of hourly grids of groundwater flow from the lower zone to the channel The user may like to run SPL with the lower zone outflow leakage turned off Simply set the LZF ve in the parameter file The units are mm averaged for the nominal grid size There are 12 flags Flag Result if y 1 Snwflg snowmelt routines will be used 2 Sedflg sediment production and routing routines will be used 3 apflg Evaporation turned on need temperature files 4 Smrflg Precip data will be smeared e g daily precip entered once every 24 hours will be disaggregated or smeared over part or all of the hole day instead of taken as an hourly amount for the first hour of the day Please see Section 6 2 5 Resinflg reservoir inflow data required and computed reservoir inflows will be compared 6 beflg a resume txt file containing all state variable values at program termination will be written 7 Resumflg he resume files will be used to initialize state variables allows the program to resume a time series as if it was executed as a continous n esume txt flow_init r2c amp soil init r2c files will be used to initialize state variables allows the program to resume a time series as if it was executed as a continous run EW for resumflg s only the soil_init r2c file will be read but the lzs and all flow variables will be initialized with streamflo
72. the event event evt file replace lg4 par by new par viii Run splx ix Compare with previous watflood wfo file 10 Question period 18 13 Jan 2013 18 Index a coefficient 2 7 LATLONG 3 33 _Ikg r2c 11 3 _rch r2c 11 2 _rff r2c 11 1 Actual Evapotranspiration 2 8 Adjust or calibrate Radar Data 1 24 adjustment factors 6 10 Adjustment of radar data 6 9 AET 2 10 AET water class 2 11 Antecedent Temperature Index 2 24 Bank Storage Model 2 19 Bankfull Drainage area 2 18 bankfull area 2 19 bankfull capacities 3 16 Base flow 2 15 basin file 3 26 3 29 Basin File 3 22 3 29 Basin Map file 3 3 Bogs 2 21 3 16 Brandes method 6 10 BSN exe 17 5 bsn_responses txt 3 34 BSNM PAR 3 38 Calibrate Radar 1 23 Calibrated Radar File MET 6 12 CALMET 6 7 CALMET EXE 1 23 CALMET PAR 3 38 6 11 capillary potential 2 4 Cartesian format 3 7 Channel density ICHNL 3 12 Channel invert elevation 3 8 class numbering 3 16 Combining Classes 3 17 Common Problems 1 34 condensed basin file 3 30 contflg 1 13 Continuous Modelling 1 14 controlled outlets 2 21 Coordinates 3 6 Creating event files 1 15 crseflg 1 13 DATA REQUIREMENTS 3 1 Debug Mode 1 28 debug with KENUE 12 16 DEBUGGING SPL 1 34 Disaggregation of rainfall 6 5 Distribute Rainfall 1 23 Distribute Rainfall Data 1 24 Distribute Snow 1 23 Distribute Snowcourse Data 1 24 1 25 Distribute Temperature 1 25 Diversio
73. this hour is based on the last ma hours of observed data Jan 2013 6 4 4 Calibrated Radar File _MET r2c 6 12 Radar precipitation data is notoriously inaccurate as far as the absolute amounts of rainfall are concerned For a single measurement the radar measurement may be off by a factor of five and even more However as the data is averaged over time and space the errors are reduced and accuracies within 30 have been reported for the total rainfall during an event over a medium sized watershed Typically results within 60 are considered good and are usable for hydrologic purposes For a very good discussion on accuracy of radar precipitation measurement see Collier 1987 This example is the old format but is still accepted for UTM coordinates only BASIN gr10k PAR BASIN gri10k SHD RESRL 930103 REL STRFW 930103 STR 93 01 03 00 115 0 33 HOUR 0 0 433 33 233 33 233 633 33 233 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 533 33 33 233 33 33 33 v33 Me o00O000000000o0o o00O000000000o0o EN 1 pa O G T PRRPPPBPPPP A op oooooooooooo PRPRPPPPPP PP o q oooooooooooo RERRPRRRARARROO NOo0oooooocoo PRPPRPPPPPPPPE BE oooooooooooo PRPPPPPPPP AA ooooooooooerp PRPBPPPHPHPHPPE BE am RPLREPRRRRARR App ARE hop Ydoooocooocoocoocooooooooooooooo 1 N Oo0oo0oo0oo0o0O0O0RONN pam O g Il w 1 moist AS 33 233 33 33 Bae ve 233 2 33 333 33 IS 33 DAoo0oc0c0c0c000 0
74. tlapse 0 004 elvref 0 rainsnowtemp 0 radiusinflce 300 smoothdist 35 flgevp2 2 albe 0 11 tempa2 50 tempa3 50 tton 0 lat 50 chnl 1 1 chnl 2 0 9 chnl 3 0 7 chnl 4 0 7 chnl 5 0 6 EndGlobalParameters Description debug level channel type floodplain no Tracer choice ice cover weighting factor Manning s correction for instream lake error penalty coefficient error penalty threshold API coefficien Minimum routing time step in seconds weighting old vs new sca value min temperature time offset max heat deficit swe ratio exponent on uz discharce function bare ground equiv veg height for ev min precip rate for precip disaggregation snowmelt ripening rate min melt factor multiplier max melt factor multiplier glacier melt factor multiplier precip lapse rate mm m temperature lapse rate dC m reference elevation rain snow temperature radius of influence km smoothing diatance km 1 pan 2 Hargreaves 3 Priestley Taylor albedo latitude of centre of watershed manning s n multiplier manning s n multiplier manning s n multiplier manning s n multiplier manning s n multiplier Special parameter for channel efficiency 5 values only not 4 not 6 Ch Channel efficiency factor more channels through the grid mean lower velocities First entry is for 1 main channel while the last entry is fo
75. undulations appeared in the hydrographs throughout an entire watershed as shown in figure below 500 Measured flows Simulated flows GWV Tracer Grand Galt 400 3494 km cms Jan 2013 4 28 At first glance it would appear that these undulations would have their origin in the routing scheme At check of the routing parameters revealed nothing unusual In this case the modeller has to drill down into the model to determine the origin of the problem Various state variables are loaded into GreenKenue below where time series can be extracted and plotted After checking a few variables the lzs was found to be undulating in the same manner as the river flow and it appeared throughout the watershed EnSimHydrologic 1D View 3 File Edit View Tools HYDAT Run Window Help Daje e a le e 9010 a Bee el vaina a aag Re Data Items grsopoo gt ees 8 watflood wfo Precipitation Cumulative Precipite El Lower Zone Storage Lower Zone Sto Lower Zone Sto Lower Zone Sto Lower Zone Sto Lower Zone Sto Grid Runoff E Grid Ouflow Weighted SWE iews E 3 bl 90000 g00000 510000 b B b b 6a0000 690000 Eoo000 610000 b BB Lower Zone Storage E Grid Runoff E Grid Ouflow a BR rr RARA Time vs Value Next with iopt set to 1 all state variables are plotted as in the next figure This can be done for each land cover class
76. well e Douse yearly events for long simulations e If your data is daily precip use RAGMET exe to disaggregate the daily amounts e If your temperature is daily max and min create a yyyymmdd_tag tb0 file to reflect diurnal fluctuations 4 or 6 hour time intervals are ok If you lack programming skills create 12 hour increments alternating the high and low temperatures e If your flow data is daily do create yyyymmdd_str tb0 files with 24 hour increments SPLX exe will automatically calculate daily means for comparisons e In Canada it is preferable to use lat long coordinates to enable use of theGreenKenue data base of the Canada Water Survey drainage layer It is also better if you cross UTM zones e When using lat long coordinates to have roughly square grids your E W grid size must be approxiamately 1 5 times your N S grid size This varies with lattidue of course e For the map file make sure you leave blank rows and columns outside the boundaries of the watershed outline KENUE will do this automatically but if you set you own origin extent amp delta s you need to ensure you do this also 1 9 2 Don t s Jan 2013 1 39 Do not make the grid size too small It just wastes time amp probably does not give better results Do not expect an indiscriminate optimization of a whole bunch of parameters to give results that are any good Do not resample a DEM to match the WATFLOOD grid size Do not resample a land cover map
77. where r is the distance between the gauge and the grid point in kilometers and EP is the area of influence of the rain gauge The matrix of adjustment factors was obtained using a two pass process The first pass produced a first estimate Fl for each grid point Y WT Fl 5 2 WT 2 1 where N is the number of rain gauges The difference Dj between the first estimate grid point calibration F1 and the initial rain gauge calibration Gl was then calculated for each gauge location Dj G Fl 5 3 where F1 was taken at the grid point nearest the rain gauge rather than at the gauge itself The second pass reduced the area of influence EP in the weighting function by 1 2 and the second pass estimate of the adjustment factor was then computed as N gt WTD F2 F 5 4 X WT i l Jan 2013 6 11 Significant changes were introduced into the Brandes calibration technique Brandes performed his objective technique on storm totals which had been smoothed using a spatial filter Radar and gauge rainfall amounts show great variations when compared for short durations When storm totals are used the agreement improves Non smoothed hourly rainfall data were used to preserve the areal and temporal rainfall variations These variations are important for hydrologic simulation because of the non linearity of the rainfall runoff process The rainfall at a rain gauge must have exceeded 2 5 mm while the adjustment factor was limit
78. widep The wetland width is calculated by BSN EXE by taking the fraction of the grid composed of wetlands fracwet times the grid area divided by the reach length of the main channel in the grid Le it is an average wetland width and is assumed the border the channel on both banks Theta widep and kcond are entered in the par file To use the wetland or bank storage function the wetland flag wetflg must be set to y in the event file Further theta can be used as a switch to turn on or off the wetland function in a particular river class When theta is set to a ve value the wetland routine is bypassed for that river class 2 12 1 Wetlands Fens and Bogs If only one wetland class is present in the map file it can be either coupled or uncoupled from the flow routing by the wetfld However in many actual situations wetlands are divided into fens and bogs which are hydraulically coupled and uncoupled from the river passing through the grid With bsn exe wetlands can be separated into bogs and fens Usually a split of approximately 15 20 gives good results Please see Section 3 3 13 for instructions in this regard 2 13 Lake Routing 2 13 1 Reservoirs and Large Lakes A lake can be modelled using a two step procedure First mark each grid that is all or part of a lake with a reach number in the map file except if a streamflow station is located near the lake within the grid or if the grid is part of a gauged watershed The prog
79. yyyymmdd_rch r2c spl bsnm lkage yyyymmdd_Ikg r2c spl bsnm flow_init r2c q write the tb0 files for flow 1D no computed outflow from designated reaches read snow course data to replace resume file data Create spl bsnm results watflood wfo file for GreenKenue 12 picflg Create spl bsnm results pic txt file for flow animation w MAPPER exe Use coupled wetland channel routing 14 modelflg if i run watroute with surface flow amp interflow only if 1 run watroute for surface and groundwater leakage routing if r run watroote for surface to channel and recharge thru Iz shdflg Replace the watershed file basin bsnm shd for next event Use the tracer module Use fractionization module under development initflg Write flow _init r2c file for WATROUTE Initial flow for each grid Write lzs_init r2c file for WATROUTE Initial lzs for each grid Jan 2013 1 14 a If y will write r2c files for flow swe amp evaporative loss ee swe r2c amp evap r2c respectively a If y and the rel file for the first event has coefficients for ALL lakes and reservoirs any release data in the rel file will be ignored and flows routed according to the rule coefficients 21 nudgeflg If a all computed flows for all events this run will be replaced by observed flows at all flow stations If 1 computed flows as designated in event no 1 will be replaced by observed flows Designation is by setting valuel 2
80. zone oefficient flzdlt 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 flzlow 0 100E 06 0 100E 06 0 100E 06 0 100E 06 0 100E 06 flzhgh 0 100E 03 0 100E 03 0 100E 03 0 100E 03 0 1008 03 lower zone exponent pwrdlt 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 pwrlow 0 300 0 300 0 300 0 300 r 0 300 pwrhgh 4 00 f 4 00 F 4 00 F 4 00 4 00 7 channel Manning s n r2ndlt 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 r2nlow 0 100E 01 0 100E 01 0 100E 01 0 100E 01 0 1008 01 r2nhgh 0 100 A 0 100 0 100 j 0 100 j 0 100 f wetland or bank porosity thetadlt 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 thetalow 0 100 j 0 100 0 100 r 0 100 0 100 thetahgh 0 600 0 600 0 600 0 600 j 0 600 wetland bank lateral conductivity kconddlt 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 kcondlow 0 100 j 0 100 0 100 i 0 100 j 0 100 gt kcondhgh 0 900 0 900 r 0 3900 0 900 f 0 900 in channel lake retardation coefficient rlakedlt 0 100 z 0 100 z 0 100 0 100 z 0 100 P rlakelow 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 rlakehgh 3 00 F 3 00 r 3 00 3 00 j 3 00 P EndRoutingParLimits Note The names of the land cover classes are used as keys for certain classes Currently the glacier wetland and water classes depend on the proper name in the proper place The last 3 classes should be wetl
81. 0 w PRPBPPPPEPHPPPOHPPHPHPHPHPPPOCO0OD O O ow R oOo0oo0o00ROR BR OPPYNOOOCOOCOOCOOCOOCOOAW K Radar o00O000000000o0o 1 PRPRPPPPPOOOOSO REPRRRRARR ppp o00D00O0O0Oo0 00O0o0o0OoO O0O0o0oO0oO0UuUNANNA OO Hh o00000000000o0o 33 33 233 733 33 33 33 233 33 33 33 44 251 00 oO 0 00 PRRERRRPRRRRARA A o000000wOOOOO o0o0Oo0Oo0 x0nNoooooOo o00O000000000o0o RPPOO0OOO0OOOOOO starting time of simulation hrs smc month conv 33 0 433 TEE UDS 33 0 33 330433 33 10 33 33 0 33 33 0 33 33 0 33 733 0 33 33 033 33 0 33 33 033 0 0 0 Oo 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 2 8 Ord 0 Ub o 1 0 o 1 0 Or 10 Qu 1 50 o 1 0 O 10 o 1 0 o 1 0 3 IQ 9 1 4 2 T0 o 1 0 o 1 0 Ou E 0 PREPRERRPRRRRARAE Jan 2013 LS EO 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOUR 58 HOUR 59 HOUR 60 OOOO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOUR 115 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 hour 999 64 68 6 2 5 67 58 64 60 65 66 68 68 T2 68 oy fi A 66 69 66 67 66 63 67s 64 64 64 ooo o0000000000o0Oo O O O o0000000000o0Oo Tag 74 TL L2 T Ts 69 68 65 65 65 ooo o00000000000Oo oo ooo o0o0000000000o0Oo Rp oo 0 0 0 0 Radar Gauge Radar 0 0 0 0 Q oOoOo0oo0o00o00000000 000 5 oooocoo
82. 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 804 000 0 918 918 0 857 844 0 857 000 0 816 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 021 000 0 000 000 0 000 010 0 020 000 0 020 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 051 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 001 000 0 002 002 0 003 000 0 001 000 0 001 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 oocooocoorowooo ooooooooooo 0 0 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 4000000E 08 29500000E 08 9000000E 08 1000000E 09 6800000E 08 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0 000 121 169 028 009 000 009 009 000 000 000 000 000 072 135 082 094 104 083 165 000 000 000 000 000 794 656 878 885 885 885 794 000 000 000 000 000 000 021 010 010 010 021 031 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 013 019 003 001 000 001 001 000 000 oooooooooooo0ooooooooooooooo0ooooo0Oo0OOo0CcCc000OoOOOO0oOoO OOO OOO OOOO OOOO OOO OOOO OCOO De oooooooooooo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000000E 00 1900000E 08 9799999E 08 6500000E 08 1180000E 09 9300000E 08 1000000E 09 7200000E 08 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00
83. 0 0000000 yDelta 10000 0000000 UnitConverson 1 0000000 endHeader Frame 1 1 1954 10 13 3 00 00 000 0 77 0 70 0 65 0 68 0 79 0 86 0 92 0 97 1 02 0 77 0 66 0 50 0 50 0 79 0 85 0 92 03599 1 05 Jan 2013 6 7 0 81 0 71 0 50 0 50 0 80 0 80 0 94 1 05 1 10 O91 0 88 0 89 1 06 1 23 bel A y 1 19 1 19 1 03 1 08 de Zu 1 01 2 00 2 00 Togt 1 30 1 28 1 14 1 22 1 3 7 1 63 2 00 2 00 1 62 1 45 1 35 1 20 1 29 AeA Lea 7 1 68 1 68 1 08 1 47 1 38 1 24 1 31 139 1 49 1455 155 Tesa 1 44 1 38 T25 1 30 13 1 42 1 46 1 47 1 44 1 41 1 36 325 1 29 1 34 Ay 3 1 40 1 41 123539 W37 1 34 1625 1 28 1 31 1 34 1 39 1 36 1 36 1 34 1332 1 24 127 1 29 1 31 1 32 1 33 1 32 1532 130 EndFrame Frame 2 2 1954 10 13 4 00 00 000 14 68 14 10 13 70 14 27 16 12 17 52 17 95 18 01 17 98 14 54 13 63 12 00 12 00 16 86 18 73 18 64 18 40 18 23 14 80 13 97 12 00 12 00 19 70 19 70 19 06 18 67 18 43 15 46 15 17 15 22 16 63 18 64 19 23 19 07 18 79 18 56 16 21 16 40 17 07 18 46 20 00 20 00 19 22 18 89 18 64 16 81 17 19 17 89 18 89 20 00 20 00 19 25 18 91 18 66 17 20 17 57 18 21 18 72 19 16 19 24 19 05 18 82 18 62 17 42 17 73 18 11 18 49 18 77 18 86 18 80 18 67 18 53 17 54 17 78 18 05 18 30 18 49 18 58 18 57 18 51 18 42 17 59 17 78 17 98 18 16 18 30 18 37 18 39 18 36 18 31 17 61 417 76 17 91 18 04 18 15 18 22 18 24 18 24 18 21 17 62 17 73 17 85 17 95 18 04 18 09 18 12 18 13 18 12 EndFrame Frame 3 3 1954 10 13 5 00 00 000 1 50 1 49 1 47 1 45 TeL 13 22 T23 1 30 t
84. 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 TIPM 0 100E 00 0 100E 00 0 100E 00 0 100E 00 0 100E 00 0 100E 00 RHO 0 333E 00 0 333E 00 0 333E 00 0 333E 00 0 333E 00 0 333E 00 WHCL 0 350E 01 0 350E 01 0 350E 01 0 350E 01 0 350E 01 0 350E 01 fmadj 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 flgev 2 00 1 pan 2 Hargreaves 3 Priestley Taylor albed 0 11 aw a 0 18 0 11 0 11 0 11 0 11 fpet 1 00 3 00 2 00 2 00 0 00 ftall 1 00 0 70 0 90 1 00 0 75 0 75 flint T 1 Y 1 T fcap 0 15 OS 0 15 0 15 0 5 ffcap 0 10 0 10 Ds 10 0 10 0 10 Jan 2013 13 4 spore 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 230 sublm 00 00 00 00 00 tempa 50 temp3 50 tton 0 lat 505 mxmn 10 2 12 3 12 1 12 3 14 3 14 2 13 8 14 0 13 1 10 6 8 2 9 3 humid 39 5 6075 6245 55 5 50 0 54 5 59 0 58 5 6345 58 0 64 59 62 0 pres 9531 9571 95 1 95 1 951 951 955 1 9507 95 1 9571 95 1 95 1 GIZ jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec h1 0 04 0 04 0 04 0 04 0 53 0 53 0 53 0 53 0 53 0 28 0 04 0 04 h2 1 13 1 13 1 13 1 13 1 53 1 83 1 83 1 835 1 893 LTI 2 13 1 13 h3 0 58 0 58 0 58 0 58 0 78 0 93 0 93 0 93 0 93 0 58 0 58 0 58 h4 0 58 0 58 0 58 0 58 0 78 0 93 0 93 0 93 0 93 0 58 0 58 0 58 h5 0 04 0 04 0 04 0 04 0 04 0 04 0 04 0 04 0 04 0 04 0 04 0 04 EES delta low high parameter AK 0 200E 01 0 400E 00 0 500E 02 0 300E 01 o R2n 0 200E 01 0 010E 00 0 100E 00 0 040E 00 theta 0 200E 01 0 100E 00 0 600E 00 0 100E 01 theta 0 200E 01 0 100E 00 0 600E 00 0 10
85. 0 355P80 D D B BID DD BK Jan 2013 17 10 ii Edit the wfo_spec txt file amp select the state variables you would like to view inGreenKenue Probably you would like 3 0 Version Number 132 AttributeCount 6 Repo rtingTimeStep Hours O Start Reporting Time forGreenKenue hr O End Reporting Time forGreenKenue hr 1 Temperature 2 Precipitation 3 Cumulative Precipitation 4 Lower Zone Storage Class 5 6 7 8 Ground Water Discharge m 3 s Grid Runoff Grid Outflow Weighted SWE 9 Wetland Depth 10 Channel Depth 11 Wetland Storage in m 3 12 Wetland Outflow in m 3 s ooo0oo0orrrrrr rrr pte fis Edit the outfiles new file amp change the path of the output files use replace and save as outfiles txt ect iv Save as outfiles txt in the lgdemo directory folder v Temporarily remove the reservoir amp lake rules change the name of the resrl folder to res_rl 6 Runthe model splx or if you did not set your path c spl splx 17 3 Post processing withGreenKenue 7 New files today a Snow course data time series ts3 files in snow1 folder b str tb0 files c splx exe d 1g4 par file e met r2c files 8 Run 1 year of data for LGDEMO above a Follow the instructor to look at stuff i In ENSIN load the file watflood wfo ii Follow the instructor to look at stuff make the Grid Outflow the top layer iii Right click on Grid Outflow in the 2D view amp activate animate iv Double Click on Grid O
86. 0 r 0 00 i 0 00 7 0 00 ak2fshgh 0 100 F 0 100 F 0 100 0 100 0 100 F 0 100 F EndHydrologicalParLimits GlobalSnowParLimits snowmelt ripening rate fmadjustdlt 100 fmadjustlow 0 100 fmadjusthgh 00 min melt factor multiplier fmalowdlt 0 100 fmalowlow 0 00 fmalowhgh 0 750 max melt factor multiplier fmahighdlt 0 100 fmahighlow 0 750 fmahighhgh 50 glacier melt factor multiplier gladjustdlt 0 100 gladjustlow 0 500 gladjusthgh 50 EndGlobalSnowParLimits SnowParLimits ClassName bare soil forest Crops wetland Water impervious class name melt factor mm dC hour fmdlt 0 500E 01 0 500E 01 0 500E 01 0 500E 01 0 500E 01 0 500E 01 fmlow 0 500E 01 0 500E 01 0 500E 01 0 500E 01 0 500E 01 0 500E 01 fmhgh 0 450 P 0 500 j 0 450 F 0 550 j 0 550 j 0 550 j base temperature dC basedlt 0 200E 02 0 200E 02 0 200E 02 0 200E 02 0 200E 02 0 200E 02 baselow 5 00 5 00 5 00 f 5 00 5 00 P 5 00 basehgh 5 00 7 5 00 5 00 7 5 00 5 5 00 5 00 sublimation factor OR ratio subdlt 0 100E 02 0 100E 02 0 100E 02 0 100E 02 0 100E 02 0 100E 02 sublow 0 500E 01 0 500E 01 0 500E 01 0 500E 01 0 500E 01 0 500E 01 subhgh 0 500 0 500 i 0 500 7 0 500 i 0 500 0 500 Jan 2013 4 5 EndSnowParLimits RoutingParLimits RiverClassName upper gr conestoga speed eramosa lower gr lower
87. 00 0 4799000 0 Cambridge 1 0 3 0 20 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 547000 0 4932000 0 Wormwood 20 0 3 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 Note Do NOT leave blank characters in any names or key words Note the impervious class is now the last class Jan 2013 14 8 Template for the moist yyyymmdd_psm pt2 file FEFE TE AE AE HEEE TE AE FE TE FE AE E FE TE AE FE FE FEAE E FE TE FE FE TE FEAE HE HE TE FE FE TE FEAE E HE TE FE FE TE HE AE HE HE TE TE FE TE HE AE E AE TE E FE TE HE AE E E E E E E EE EERE FileType pt2 ASCIIGreenKenue 1 0 DataType GreenKenue PT2 Set Application GreenKenue Version 221423 WrittenBy watsond CreationDate Mon Feb 28 2005 12 08 PM Ssh ah A II NS ES IN IS St teh a PO IN IN A ame Point Soil Moisture Projection UTM Zone A Ellipsoid GRS80 SampleTime 1993 01 01 0 00 00 000 UnitConversion 1 0 AttributeName 1 StationName AttributeType 1 text AttributeName 2 Classl AttributeType 2 float AttributeName 3 Class2 AttributeType 3 float AttributeName 4 Class3 AttributeType 4 float AttributeName 5 Class4 AttributeType 5 float AttributeName 6 Class5 AttributeType 6 float AttributeName 7 Class6 AttributeType 7 float EndHeader 558000 0 4820000 0 GuelphCol 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 535000 0 4814000 0 Waterloo 0 12 0 22 0 32 0 42 0 52 0 62 554000 0 4843000 0 ShandDam 0 15 0 25 0 35 0 45 0 55 0 65 Note Do NOT leave blank characters in any names o
88. 000 1000 10000 1000 14142 1000 14142 1000 10000 1000 0 0 0 0 0 E 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00000 0 0000 32000 0 0160 27000 0 0128 60000 0 0068 03000 0 0134 67000 0 0078 02000 0 0043 83000 0 0094 00000 0 0079 00000 0 0050 00000 0 0044 00000 0 0000 3 27 0000000E 00 2628000E 04 2524000E 04 1453000E 04 1170000E 04 1200000E 03 1000000E 03 7200000E 02 7200000E 02 3000000E 02 9999999E 01 0000000E 00 000 0 100 100 586 767 767 115 600 267 35 433 100 27 933 100 147 600 767 139 267 100 115 767 100 48 433 100 26 767 767 10 100 000 0 000 000 0 0000000 200 0 0013725 350 0 0027450 775 0 0030500 800 0 0045750 850 0 0028037 625 0 0025925 925 0 0022875 332 0 0033550 392 0 0010675 875 0 0019825 000 0 0000000 2 0 0 9 320 2 3 335 5 1 312 6 9 396 5 7 427 0 6 472 8 5 485 0 0 488 0 gi 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10000 0 14142 0 14142 0 10000 25s 14142 0 10000 0 10000 0 14142 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0000000 000 0 0156000 000 0 0130000 000 0 0088000 000 0 0103000 000 0 0151000 000 0 0093000 000 0 0066000 000 0 0062000 000 0 0034000 000 0 0032000 000 0 0000000 0000000E 00 3520000E 04 6930000E 03 2120000E 03 1670000E 03 8850000E 03 8350000E 03 6940000E 03 2900000E 03 1600000E 03 6000000E 02 0000000E 00 0 000 3 767 15 433 98 933 5 267 16 933 8 433 12 100 11 433 0 000 0 000 0 000 0000000 0053375 0048526
89. 0000 0 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 EndFrame Frame 2 2 1993 1 1 2 00 00 000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 0 Example _lkg r2c file routeflg y HEE aE aR EH ARE AE AE HR AEE HR AEE ERR ARE EHR FE FileType r2c ASCII GreenKenue 1 0 DataType 2D Rect Cell Application GreenKenue Version 2 1 23 WrittenBy spl exe CreationDate 2006 07 25 09 07 Name Gridded Leakage Projection UTM Zone 17 Ellipsoid NAD83 xOrigin 500000 000 yOrigin 4790000 000 SourceFile radc1119930101_met r2c AttributeName 1 leakage 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 Gr OA 1 0 10100 KO a AOS 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 pare SO lt a 1 0 CS KO a AOS 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 Jan 2013 AttributeUnits mm xCount 9 syCount 12 xDelta 10000 000 yDelta 10000 000 UnitConverson 0 000 endHeader Frame 1 ni 1993 1 1 1 00 00 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 06034 0 00000 0 00000 0 06034 0 06034 0 00000 0 00000 0 06034 0 0603
90. 000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 1 767 0 000 6 767 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0 0000000 0 0030500 0 0 0000000 0 0032350 0 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 373 0 0 0 0 347 0 0 396 5 366 0 0 411 8 399 0 0 0 0 419 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10000 0 0 10000 0 10000 10000 0 14142 10000 0 0 10000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 5 5 5 0 0 5 5 5 0 5 5 2 5 0 2 2 2 5 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0 0000000 0 0038000 0 0 0000000 0 0074000 0 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 3 2 2 2 0 0 3 2 2 3 0 3 2 3 3 2 0 3 2 4 3 1 Or 0 2 4 a 0 0 0 2 5 2 Der 0 Oe Oo a 0 0 0 0 2 3 Orr OF AY OF 2 8 o CSCOCOCOCOORDONDO oooo 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 4000000E 02 7680000E 03 6730000E 03 5330000
91. 000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 Jan 2013 ooooooooooo ooooooooooo 0 0 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 oooooooooooo0oooooooooooo oO OOO OOOO OOOO OOOO OOO OOOO OOO OOOO OOOO OOOO OOO OOOO oooooooooooooooooooooooo OOOO OOO OOOO OOOO OOOO OOOO OOO OOO OOO OOOO OOOO OOOO CO oooocooocoovnoooo oooooooooooo ooooooooooo 0 0 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 9999999E 07 4000000E 08 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 009 000 0 019 019 0 028 000 0 009 000 0 009 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 165 000 0 062 062 0 061 146 0 112 000 0 153 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000 0 000 000
92. 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 399E 00 0 296E 02 0 473E 02 0 422E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 766E 00 0 284E 01 0 272E 02 0 134E 02 0 195E 01 0 224E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 474E 01 0 594E 01 0 162E 02 0 476E 01 0 115E 02 0 428E 01 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 176E 00 0 300E 01 0 999E 00 0 122E 02 0 311E 01 0 608E 00 0 302E 01 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 613E 00 0 758E 01 0 490E 01 0 179E 01 0 780E 01 0 182E 01 0 107E 01 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 106E 01 0 350E 01 0 130E 01 0 975E 01 0 695E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 862E 00 0 925E 00 0 777E 01 0 827E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 851E 00 0 302E 01 0 714E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 313E 00 0 163E 01 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 102E 00 0 604E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 505E 04 0 313E 06 0 424E 06 0 619E 04 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 117E 05 0 294E 05 0 249E 06 0 117E 06 0 294E 05 0 643E 04 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 818E 05 0 109E 06 0 176E 06 0 142E 07 0 219E 06 0 346E 05 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 381E 04 0 997E 07 0 183E 05 0 103E 06 0 378E 05 0 213E 05 0 188E 05 0 000E 00 0 0
93. 00E 00 0 129E 05 0 676E 05 0 513E 05 0 205E 05 0 210E 08 0 412E 05 0 119E 05 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 162E 05 0 418E 05 0 263E 05 0 102E 06 0 105E 05 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 139E 05 0 154E 05 0 893E 05 0 137E 05 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 230E 05 0 380E 05 0 189E 05 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 154E 05 0 330E 05 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 299E 04 0 125E 05 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 427E 00 0 819E 02 0 109E 03 0 439E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 660E 00 0 313E 01 0 837E 02 0 182E 02 0 200E 01 0 159E 01 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 250E 02 0 282E 02 0 450E 02 0 000E 00 0 101E 02 0 676E 01 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 159E 00 0 000E 00 0 389E 01 0 401E 02 0 351E 01 0 680E 00 0 554E 01 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 916E 00 0 163E 02 0 107E 02 0 322E 01 0 000E 00 0 154E 01 0 150E 01 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 141E 01 0 763E 01 0 178E 01 0 258E 02 0 121E 01 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 182E 01 0 167E 01 0 210E 02 0 184E 01 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 158E 01 0 878E 01 0 170E 01 0 000E 00 0
94. 03 Donald J R 1992 Snowcover depletion curves and satellite snowcover estimates for snowmelt runoff modelling Ph D Thesis University of Waterloo ON Canada 232 p Duffie J A and W A Beckman 1980 Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes Wiley N Y pp 1 109 Jan 2013 16 2 Giles D G T A Black and D L Spittlehouse 1985 Determination of growing season soil water deficits on a forested slope using water balance analysis Canadian Journal of Forest Resources 15 107 114 Green W H and G A Ampt 1911 Studies in soil physics 1 Flow of air and water through soils J Agricultural Research 4 1 24 Hamlin L P B 1996 Snowmelt Hydrologic Modelling of Northern Wetland Dominated River Basins M A Sc Thesis University of Waterloo Waterloo ON 213 p Hargraeves G H and Z A Samani 1982 Estimating potential evapotranspiration ASCE J Irrigation and Drainage Division 108 3 225 230 Hooke R and T A Jeeves 1961 Direct search solution of numerical and statistical problems J Assoc Comp Mach 8 2 212 229 Huggins L F and E J Monke 1966 The mathematical simulation of the hydrology of small watersheds Technical Report No 1 Water Resources Center Purdue University LaFayette Ind Kohler M A and R K Linsley Jr 1951 Prediction of Runoff from Storm Rainfall U S Weather Bureau Research Paper 34 Kouwen N and G Garland 1984 HYMO BASIC Users Manual Department of Civil Eng
95. 0E 00 000E 00 0 829E 02 0 173E 01 0 660E 01 0 043E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 482E 02 0 256E 01 0 354E 00 0 226E 00 0 261E 02 0 176E 01 0 420E 00 0 250E 00 0 345E 02 0 241E 01 0 000E 00 0 626E 00 0 289E 02 0 200E 01 0 300E 01 0 330e 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 G QG OG aS 00000 00000 00000 000E 00 000E 00 000E 00 000E 00 000E 00 000E 00 Jan 2013 Galt Galt 573 Galt 638 Galt 950 Galt 1550 Bridgeport Brid 335 Brid 400 Brid 1130 Brid 1370 Brid 1700 W Montrose W Mo 106 W Mo 125 W Mo 283 W Mo 675 St Jacobs Sted 566 Drayton Dray 255 Hanlon Hanl 255 eof 3 37 4 On shoulder Hwy 24 Over Hwy 24 Over Bank at Riverside B B Serious flooding starts 974 Flood 5 Warn Bingeman Park or Wat Reg Police Bingeman Park Flooded ssue advisory to Village Close Bridge St Sandbag end of street warn residents Evacuate residents 4 Warn W Montrose Camp or Wat Reg Police West Montrose Camp Flooded Flooding of roads and houses 974 Flood Channel Capacity Channel Capacity Channel Capacity Approx 3 6 Additional Optional Files New 2012 Jan 2013 3 38 Optional Stage Hydrographs The hydrographs can be entered as stage or flow hydrographs For flow hydrographs the fields after the station names are left blank For stage hydrographs the stage values are con
96. 0E 01 theta 0 200E 01 0 100E 00 0 600E 00 0 100E 01 theta 0 200E 01 0 100E 00 0 600E 00 0 100E 01 theta 0 200E 01 0 100E 00 0 600E 00 0 100E 01 kcond 0 200E 01 0 100E 00 0 900E 00 0 100E 00 kcond 0 200E 01 0 100E 00 0 900E 00 0 100E 00 kcond 0 200E 01 0 100E 00 0 900E 00 0 100E 00 kcond 0 200E 01 0 100E 00 0 900E 00 0 100E 02 kcond 0 200E 01 0 100E 00 0 900E 00 0 100E 00 as 0 100E 02 0 980E 00 0 999E 00 0 985E 00 The order of the parameters has to be wetland water amp impervious as the last 3 land classes in the par file In the map file impervious is first and wetland and water are last 13 3 Shifting Precipitation Grids grid shifting The precipitation and temperature fields can be equal in size or larger than the watershed shd domain This allows the user to create precipitation and temperature files for a large domain and then run any number of small watersheds within this domain using the same meteorological data Of course the grid size must be the same and the grids should coincide This feature is very useful for carrying out a space based ensemble forecast The what if question regarding the path of a predicted storm can be answered by shifting the predicted met and tem files in various directions and calculating the resulting hydrographs Figure 12 1 shows an example of a grid shifting exercise for an event predicted by MC2 for the Toce River at Candoglio in Italy during the Mesoscale Alpine Project MAP The figur
97. 10 ntCap_ May 0 600 600 1 060 0 850 0 110 ntCap_Jun 0 600 900 1 560 1 000 0 110 ntCap_ Jul 0 600 900 1 560 1 000 0 110 ntCap_Aug 0 600 300 1 560 1 000 0 110 ntCap_Sep 0 600 900 1 000 1 000 0 110 channel width to depth ratio wetland bank lateral conductivity average area of zero flow pools in channel lake retardation coefficient 1 00 1 00 900 100 oo oo oO amp 4 00 4 00 10 0 1 00 1 00 1 00 0 150 0 100 0 330 oocoo oo Oo WR Oo 600 100 ooo ooo 0 0 0 impervious ooo Co o0 02 0 2 f r 100E 10 100E 10 100E 10 100E 10 ooo co oc 0 2 class name depression storage bare ground mm depression storage snow covered area mm interflow coefficient infiltration coefficient bare ground infiltration coefficient snow covered ground upper zone retention mm recharge coefficient bare ground recharge coefficient snow covered ground overland flow roughness coefficient bare ground overland flow roughness coefficient snow covered grnd overland flow roughness coefficient impervious area interception evaporation factor pet reduction in PET for tall vegetation interception flag l on lt l off not used replaced by retn retention wilting point mm of water in uzs soil porosity melt factor mm dC hour base temperature dC ve melt factor not used coefficient for ati snow density fract
98. 10601 t 20010701 t 20010801 t 20010901 t 20011001 t 20011101 t 20011201 t 20020101 t 20020201 t 20020301 t 20020401 t 20020501 t 20020601 t 20020701 t 20020801 t 20020901 t 20001001 vt ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev cr fr P CF CF OOF 7 CF CF CF EP ET oer SP Cr LT AT er oer CF T ofr ted ted ted ted ted ted ted ted ted ted ted ted ted ted ted ted ted ted ted ted ted ted ted ted ted crea crea rea rea rea rea rea rea rea rea rea rea rea rea rea rea rea rea rea rea rea rea rea rea rea QQ 0n00 0 000000000000000000000 Jan 2013 even even even even even even even even even even even t 20021001 t 20021101 t 20021201 t 20030101 t 20030201 t 20030301 t 20030401 t 20030501 t 20030601 t 20030701 t 20030801 E spl glake gt ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev ev Deallocation for AR th A O US e E a A er eT EA1G6A arrays 0000000000 1 17 reated reated reated reated reated reated reated reated reated reated reated failed Jan 2013 1 18 1 4 WATFLOOD TUTORIAL WATFLOOD is now only available for DOS or UNIX by special arrangement Section 1 3 is a quick introduction to running the program This tutorial is somewhat more detailed 1 4 1 WATFLOOD for WINDOWS SADLY IT s GONE Due to repeated i
99. 2 1 File Names from the Event File Event no Bl Input files from event evt Unit no 31 file no 1 BASINAGR10K_shd r2c Unit no 32 file no 2 BASIN GR10K par Unit no 33 file no 3 BASIN GR10K pdl Unit no 43 file no 13 BASIN GR10K sdc Unit no 290 file no 40 BASIN GR10K wqd Unit no 289 file no 39 moist 19930101 psm pt2 Unit no 35 file no 5 raing 19930101 rag tb0 Unit no 44 file no 14 tempg 19930101 tag tb0 Unit no 50 file no 20 Unit no 276 file no 26 Unit no 277 file no 27 Unit no 278 file no 28 Unit no 279 file no 29 Unit no 280 file no 30 Unit no 36 file no 6 strfw 19930101 str tb0 Unit no 37 file no 7 resrl1 19930101 rel tb0 Unit no 38 file no 8 resr1119930101_rin tb0 Unit no 285 file no 35 snow1119930101_crs pt2 Unit no 39 file no 9 raduc 19930101 rad Unit no 41 file no 11 radar 19930101 scn Unit no 42 file no 12 radar 19930101 clt Unit no 286 file no 36 snow1119930101_swe r2c Unit no 287 file no 37 moist 19930101 gsm r2c Unit no 288 file no 38 Unit no 40 file no 10 radcl 19930101 met r2c Unit no 284 file no 34 Unit no 45 file no 15 tempr 19930101 tem r2c Unit no 49 file no 19 Unit no 271 file no 21 Unit no 272 file no 22 Unit no 273 file no 23 Unit no 274 file no 24 Unit no 275 file no 25 Unit no 281 file no 31 runof 19930101 rff r2c Unit no 282 fi
100. 2 3 11 6 60 10 10 0 0019825 518 5 10000 0 00320 3 0 0 60 0 00 0 01 0 32 0 65 0 02 0 00 3 5 10 6 160 26 77 0 0010675 498 7 10000 1 0 00340 3 0 1 00 0 00 0 01 0 21 0 77 0 01 0 00 4 5 10 5 30 5 10 0 0005392 495 6 14142 0 00500 2 0 0 20 0 00 0 01 0 24 0 72 0 02 0 00 5 13 9 6 290 48 43 0 0033550 488 0 10000 1 0 00620 2 0 1 00 0 00 0 01 0 21 0 77 0 01 0 00 6 13 9 7 68 11 43 0 0023724 488 0 14142 1 0 00330 3 0 0 68 0 00 0 01 0 23 0 74 0 01 0 00 7 13 8 Hi 22a 12 10 0 0030500 485 0 10000 1 0 00720 3 0 0 72 0 00 0 03 0 14 0 76 0 06 0 00 8 13 8 5 72 12 10 0 0025925 480 4 10000 1 0 00940 5 0 0 72 0 00 0 02 0 24 0 44 0 18 0 12 9 13 9 5 Tas 12 10 0 0018332 480 4 14142 1 0 00790 2 0 0 72 0 01 0 05 0 21 0 64 0 10 0 00 10 15 7 7 50 8 43 0 0041175 472 8 10000 5 0 00840 2 0 0 50 0 00 0 02 0 15 0 76 0 06 0 00 11 14 8 4 Tat 12 10 0 0022875 472 8 10000 2 0 00830 2 0 0 72 0 00 0 01 0 16 0 79 0 03 0 00 12 14 7 5 100 16 77 0 0007625 457 5 10000 2 0 00430 3 0 1 00 0 00 0 02 0 09 0 87 0 02 0 00 13 ES 8 6 694 115 77 0 0022875 454 5 10000 ab 0 00660 2 0 1 20 0 00 0 03 0 16 0 73 0 07 0 00 14 16 7 4 272 45 43 0 0022875 449 9 10000 2 0 01020 4 0 1 00 0 00 0 01 0 08 0 89 0 02 0 00 15 al 7 6 835 139 27 0 0025925 431 6 10000 5 0 00930 2 0 0 91 0 00 0 02 0 11 0 82 0 04 0 00 16 22 6 4 369 60 93 0 0027450 427 0 10000 2 0 00670 4 0 0 93 0 00 0 00 0 10 0 89 0 01 0 00 17 26 6 7 101 16 93 0 0026959 427 0 14142 3 0 01330 3 0 1 01 0 00 0 03 0 28 0 60 0 09 0 00 18 22 7 3
101. 20 o Enter the split of wetland coupled to channel only if you have two identical sets of wetland land cover gridsas the 2 classes before th water class in the land use section of the map file Enter 0 if you have just 1 block of wetland cover Jan 2013 3 17 Split 20 With a split gt 0 an additional wetland class will be added to the shd file i e one more than the map file They will both becalled wetland The last one before the water class will be the coupled wetland class The last 5 classes 1f present must be in this order glaciers wetlands wetlands water impervious Note important The par and sdc files need to be edited to ensure that the number of classed are the same as in the shd file The parameters for both wetlands can be the same 3 3 14 Combining and Reordering Classes Often land cover maps in GEOTIF format have too many classes Often some such as pasture grass savanna etc can be combined This can be accomplished with a class_combine csv file or the class_combine txt file If both files are present in the basin directory the csv file will be used The class_combine csv file is more user friendly than the class_combine txt file Jan 2013 Example of the class_combine csv file as edited in Excel class_combine_version LANDCOVER class_0 cloud Shadow water non_vegetated_land snow_ice rock_rubble exposed_barren developed shrubland shrub_tall
102. 210 Supplementa llos canas iaa see ees 10 8 10 3 gt AA isus sb sossen es vots socos ua sosa sss anis nebea resi0 10 8 10 4 Outfiles txt File ccscccscenscccscsssssssescsessessesesensneeccassessssosccssseasessonssonsodacctasenasonessiacssadsonseasscadessoeasoes 10 10 11 MATAQUTE a 11 1 11 1 How to use WATROUTE vvscescsssccccccsccstcssvsscssccdessveveveccsnscosessssvesessseceuseseccecssesssdsceassoessscesseessosses 11 5 Jan 2013 9 11 2 RUNOFF _rff RECHARGE _rch and and LEAKAGE _lkg file creation with EM AAA O 11 6 O 11 11 TO 11 12 12 INTERFACING WITH GREEN KENUE ccccccccccncococccccccccccnnnnnnananccnnnnnnnos 12 13 12 1 How to debug withGreenKenue sccsssccscssssscescsscescssenesssssssccsnsssescnsssessssnessessesssessers 12 16 13 WATFEOOD OPTIONS cuisine 13 1 13 1 Precipitation Adjustment File PAP oocnonionomnmsmmsrs 13 1 13 2 Wetland Model ssssssssssssssrserssssrsesecsssesserssseesessesecssrsssessssnssessnsesesssssessesensessssessesessenseseeses 13 2 EE E E T E E 13 4 13 4 Tracer Model Trish Stadnyk s PhD seesseessescoescoesccsseosseosoeosceesoecocesocescceseceseseseseseecssssseeoe 13 5 13 5 Climate Input Sensitivity lt lt new sssssssssssssssssssssesssessseessesssesssessseesseesseesseessecsseesseesseesseessees 13 7 14 CONVERSION TOGREENKENUE FORMATS TRANSLATE 14 1 14 1 STEP Lina e EEEE 14 1 T2 SULF NO 14 1 VAS A A 14 2 Tiad STEPA NN 14 4 14 5 STEP AAA N 14
103. 2222222222 2222222222222 2322222222222 22 2222222222222 H 7 7 15 5 Added iopt_start as an arg for quick filecheck Coded up new header in ragmet for Coded up new header for snow course file pet ftall for loss from water instead of pet added unit 80 for lake stor amp lake flow rewrote rdflow c w memory allocation rewrote rdresv c w memory allocation rewrote rdrain c w memory allocation rewrote rdtemp c w memory allocation fix bug in rdresv setting reach rewrote rdcrse c w memory allocation trashed rscrse replaced with rdswe added rdgsm gridded soil moisture separated glacier parameters in par file added psm gsm amp glz files added WOD file to event file ktri to area2 for reservoir inflow dt added sublimation sublim added sublimation et and etfs to wfo file Numerous changes to program organization Added write_r2s Added read_r2s Added s r precip adjust allocation check for resrl reversed order of reading resume file initialized delta in s r compute_error normalized error with da for optimization soilinit moved from runoff to sub opt work around in options removed write par for from rdpar for unlimited comments on shd amp map files added Manning s n rin amp r2n added EXCEL eqn to flowinit added freeze and break up to route Added control for opt in event 1 Fixed bug for opt in flowinit Fixed bug for widep in rdpar Fixed bug for str bounds in route Fixed bug in flowinit init spike Com
104. 22222322 2222232222 Z 15 7 read evap data for reaches only added reading yyyymmdd_ill pt2 for all lakes added reading yyyymmdd div pt2 for diversions undid rev 9 5 40 undid rev 9 2 28 Correct R2n for instream lakes Fix bug with month in yearly events added ntrlflg for natural lake flows added nudgeflg for forcing gauge flows added fpet_lake for each lake in ill file added deltat_report for lake sd csv file bug eloss added water class for wfo weighted et new tb0 file for DW routing moved lapse rate from melt f to process temp f corrected nudging wrt first event lapse rate changed from dC per 100 m to dC per m fixed bug in flowinit for init flows lt 1 0 fixed bug in rerout debugged read _resvin ef f added xcount ycount to error paf files fixed timer for r2c frames use year_now fixed bug in lst for setting value for nhyd fixed bug in rdpar setting init values for fpet ftal bypass using lake levels when optimizing in opt made optim abs optim commented deallocate in sub for watroute reads fixed basin exclusion for opt if resin present fixed some inits for out of basin gauges matched resvin locations to reach numbers added resumflg s for read_soilinit ONLY added swe locations txt file for swe input allow reservoirs outside watershed in resv file replaced error check for inflow locations non_basin exclusion for dds_flag 1 DDS capability added rlake parameter added for Manning n correcti
105. 2c radc1119930101_met 1zstr119930101 lzs tempr 19930101 tem runof 19930101 rff rchrg 19930101 rch lkage 19930101 lkg 11 pt2 tbo tbo tbo tbo pt2 r2c r2c r2c r2c r2c r2c r2c lt required lt required lt required Jan 2013 1 22 min The use of a y or Y for the snwflg invokes the melt routines The default is no snow melt The lines marked lt required show the additional files required to run the snow melt component The first is the Snow cover Depletion Curve sdc which is a parameter file and therefore located in the BASIN subdirectory The next two files yymmdd swe and yymmdd tem are the gridded initial snow water equivalent swe and the temperature tem files The yyyymmdd_tem r2c file is normally in hourly time steps If data is not available hourly the hours with no data are treated as missing data and the last known temperature is used The frame header has the time of the data The program just looks for the next frame with data and fills in the missing hours with the temperature of the last know hour The _swe r2c file is required only for the first event but can be used at the beginning of each subsequent event to update the swe on the watershed by setting the crseflg y in the event file for that event For instance in the event 19930401 evt the crseflg can be set to y and the swe would be updated for April 1 1993 The computed value in the model would be discarded
106. 3 7 9 Elevation coeff3 datum coeff4 storage Notes The datum is the elevation of the reservoir when the storage 0 0 The value of coeffl must be 0 000E 00 Example storage elevation for a reservoir ColumnMetaData ColumnUnits m3 s m3 s m3 s m3 s m3 s ColumnType float ColumnName LG4 LF1 1k1 1k2 1k3 ColumnLocationX 601253 8 656836 790000 770000 700000 ColumnLocationY 5966798 7 6005960 5880000 5900000 5940000 Coeffl 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 200E 13 0 200E 13 0 200E 13 Coeff2 2 800E 02 0 000E 00 0 175E 01 0 175E 01 0 175E 01 Coeff3 2 595E 02 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 Coeff4 0 220E 05 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 Coeff5 0 750E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 EndColumnMetaData 7 2 3 Natural flows There may be situations where presently lakes and reservoirs are regulated and you have rel files with releases but you would like carry out a simulation for flows under natural conditions If there were no lakes or reservoirs originally you may simply move the rel files out of the resrl folder save them somewhere and run with a shd file with no reaches specified For the case where pre existing lakes became regulated you may run with natural flows by using the ntrlflg in the first event file ntrlflg y AND the yyyymmdd _rel tb0 file for the first event must have the coefficients for each lake or reservoir The rel file will be read ONLY for the first event and the coefficie
107. 3 8 12 2 10 0 0009150 344 6 10000 5 0 01290 5 0 0 12 0 01 0 07 0 29 0 57 0 04 0 02 35 43 3 4 138 23 10 0 0042700 343 1 10000 D 0 01270 2 0 0 98 0 02 0 17 0 14 0 66 0 02 0 00 36 42 4 6 212 35 43 0 0030500 343 1 10000 3 0 00880 3 3 0 45 0 01 0 08 0 14 0 73 0 00 0 04 37 46 3 7 92 15 43 0 0048526 335 5 14142 5 0 01130 4 0 0 80 0 02 0 14 0 17 0 64 0 03 0 00 38 43 4 4 833 138 93 0 0024802 335 5 14142 5 0 01600 2 0 0 65 0 00 0 03 0 08 0 88 0 01 0 00 39 42 4 8 235 39 27 0 0015250 327 9 10000 4 0 01490 3 0 0 65 0 01 0 07 0 30 0 54 0 08 0 00 40 46 2 7 22 3 77 0 0053375 320 2 10000 5 0 00920 3 0 0 22 0 01 0 10 0 27 0 57 0 04 0 00 41 43 4 5 1453 242 27 0 0016775 317 2 10000 5 0 00680 2 0 1 65 0 00 0 02 0 14 0 82 0 02 0 00 42 44 4 7 593 98 93 0 0012940 312 6 14142 3 0 01790 2 0 1 46 0 01 0 13 0 15 0 67 0 04 0 00 43 45 3 5 2524 420 77 0 0021350 300 4 10000 5 0 01280 2 0 1 00 0 02 0 18 0 12 0 65 0 02 0 01 44 46 3 6 693 115 60 0 0027450 294 3 10000 5 0 01300 2 0 1 00 0 01 0 06 0 13 0 78 0 02 0 00 45 46 2 5 2628 438 10 0 0012200 279 1 10000 5 0 01600 2 0 0 85 0 03 0 23 0 11 0 60 0 02 0 01 46 47 2 6 3520 586 77 0 0013725 266 9 10000 5 0 01560 1 0 0 85 0 04 0 32 0 10 0 51 0 02 0 02 47 0 1 6 0 000 0 10000 0 0000000 253 2 10000 0 0 00000 0 0 0 00 0 01 0 08 0 22 0 65 0 03 0 01 Where Grid number gives order of computation NEXTI Receiving cell number must be more than N YY Row number from bottom left corner of the grids XX Column number fro
108. 4 0 00000 0 06034 0 06034 0 00360 0 00000 0 06034 0 06034 0 04537 0 00000 0 00000 0 06034 0 04537 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 04537 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 EndFrame Frame 2 2 1993 1 1 2 00 00 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 06006 0 00000 0 00000 0 06006 0 06006 0 00000 0 00000 0 06006 0 06006 000 T YU O Da Di OOOO 00000 06034 06034 06034 04923 04923 04537 05187 05187 05187 05187 00000 000 0 0 0 0 00000 06006 06006 06006 Example flow_init r2c file routeflg y A FileType r2c DataType Application Version WrittenBy CreationDate SourceFileName Projection xOrigin yOrigin AttributeName AttributeName AttributeName AttributeName AttributeName xCount syCount xDelta yDelta EndHeader ASCII GreenKenue 1 0 2D Rect Cell GreenKenue LA spl exe sub 2006 11 13 14 25 CO ODO Oi Ga Soo 00000 06034 06034 04250 09269 04923 04923 05187 05187 05187 05187 00000 00000 06006 06006 04234 strfw 19930101 str tb0 500000 000 4790000 000 qil gol storel over rzs 9 12 10000 000 10000 000 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 353E 00 0 000E 00 0 292E 02 0 000E 00 0 470E 02 SE as OS on Y e Dn E e aa E es a eo
109. 400 j 0 100 P retn 40 0 70 0 r 40 0 0 400 0 100 ak2 0 200E 01 0 100 j 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 100E 02 ak2fs 0 200E 01 0 100 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 100E 02 43 0 197 F 0 848E 01 0 197 j 0 898E 01 0 400E 01 cofs 0 100 j 0 100 r 0 200 f 0 100 F 0 400E 01 r4 1 00 7 10 0 7 10 0 7 10 0 10 0 d fpet 3 00 2 00 f 3 00 3 00 j 1 00 7 ftall 1 00 7 0 700 0 700 7 1 00 0 00 j flint 1 00 1 00 1 00 si 1 00 1 00 y fcap 0 150 0 150 0 150 0 150 0 150 y ffcap 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 y spore 0 330 0 330 F 0 330 0 330 F 0 330 EndHydrologicalParameters SnowParameters fm 0 100 0 080 0 090 0 080 0 100 base 2 000 2 000 2 000 2 000 2 000 fmn 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 uadj 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 tipm 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 ThoOy 0 333 0 333 0 333 0 333 0 333 whcl 0 035 0 035 0 035 0 035 0 035 alb 0 180 0 110 0 110 0 110 0 110 sublim factor 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 idump 1 2 3 4 e snocap 6000 000 600 000 600 000 600 000 600 000 nsdc 2 2 2 2 2 isdesca 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 sded 200 000 200 000 150 000 150 000 1 000 EndSnowParameters InterceptionCapacityTable ntCap_Jan 0 110 200 0 650 0 650 0 110 ntCap_Feb 0 110 200 0 650 0 650 0 110 ntCap_Mar 0 TIO 200 0 650 0 650 0 110 ntCap_Apr 0 110 200 0 650 0 650 0 1
110. 5 PROCESSOR_4 x86 Edit System Variable Variable name Path Variable value iles PC Doctor for Windowsiservices c 1sp g If you have the USB key the HASP device driver HDD32 zip may be downloaded from http www ealaddin com support hasp enduser asp also on the cd 17 2 Working withGreenKenue 17 2 1 Creating the watershed file for WATFLOOD 2 OpenGreenKenue amp make it full screen a Import the Goetiff file Land Cover UTM tif and drag into 2D view open view if not already there It will be all black This is raw data value ranging from 0 to 8 9 land cover class with and no data value of 239 Jan 2013 e f 17 3 To display the real color copy and paste the file LG4 thm in yourGreenKenue directory for me its C Program Files CHC KENUE Templates GeoTIFF In the workspace double click on the Land Cover UTM item and in the Classes tab choose custom theme and select the LG4 from the list it should appear if the file is in the right directory you may have to restartGreenKenue Import the DEM as surfer grid DEM LG4 200m grd and drag into 2D view change the display from wireframe to surface amp make it transparent amp apply This is just to learn about views amp importing data Save your workspace in spl lgdemo lgdemo ews KENUEWorkSpace 3 Creating a New Watershed Object P 118GreenKenue manual a b Remove the land cover map from the 2D view just right c
111. 51 9581 95 3 95 1 99 1 95 1 mxmn the difference between the mean monthly maximum and mean monthly minimum temperatures in C it is converted to F in the program humid mean monthly relative humidity in percent pres mean monthly atmospheric pressure in kPa 4 4 Snow Cover Depletion Curve SDC This is part of the parameter file that characterizes the snow cover The data consists of two points on a simplified snow cover depletion graph as shown below Mean Snow Depth 10 in cm DS Snow Covered rea in 100 Jan 2013 4 8 The maximum snow accumulation that is allowed in each land cover class is SDCD Generally this is 150 cm but in forested areas the limit is set to infinity sort of Each SDCD value has a corresponding value for SDCSCA The SDC can have any number of points up to 10 but generally 2 will suffice and only 2 are allowed in the current par file format The snow covered area is given as a ratio in this case either 0 for a snow depth 0 0 cm and 1 0 for a snow depth of 10 cm in the above diagram The program expects one set of values for each land cover class including the impervious area idump is the class number where snow is relocated if the snocap for the class is exceeded If ve no redistribution snocap the maximum snow accumulation before redistribution nsde number of points on the sdc curve 2 sdesca snow covered area associated with a value for sded sded amount o
112. 57 31 03 08 2004 InputFileName ont _newS map Coordsys LATLONG Datum GRS80 xOrigin 75 8000031 yOrigin 44 5999985 xCount 56 yCount 42 xDelta 0 0250000 yDelta 0 0250000 NominalGridSize AL 2329 877 ContourInterval 1 000 ImperviousArea 0 000 ClassCount 6 oRiverClasses 5 ElevConversion 1 000 Total ofGrids 1025 GridsInBasin 1022 Debug_ grid no 756 endHeader The explanation for the format is the same as for the bsnm map file in Section 3 3 3 4 Setting up Sub watersheds lt lt new When working with large watersheds it can be advantageous to set up sub watersheds as separate watershed files so they can be run independently This is very useful for optimization as run times can be greatly reduced For instance if you wish to optimize on just one sub watershed to concentrate on one dominant land or river class 3 4 1 Creating a sub watershed subbsnm_shd r2c file lt lt new First a bsnm_shd r2c file needs to be created Then point data needs to be distributed as per usual only the grid extents will be those of the sub watershed All point data for the total watershed can be used directly Flow stations outside the sub watersheds will just be ignored The following steps are required Jan 2013 BR UN eS NN 11 Note 3 34 Set up a new watershed folder complete with all the sub folders as in Section 1 3 4 Copy bsnm basin bsnm map to the new subbsnm basin
113. 60000 Storage m 3 Figure 6 1 Example of a storage discharge curve Subbasin 55 below Please note that the order of the terms is reversed below Jan 2013 7 8 Subbasin_56 Subbasin_55 Subbasin_53 Subbasin 50 Subbasin_13 Subbasin 5 Subbasin_6 Subbasin 4 545000 548000 549000 545000 545000 542000 544000 545000 5462000 5462000 5462000 5463000 5469000 5471000 5471000 5471000 6 05E 05 5 95E 06 4 06E 10 1 50E 04 3 72E 04 2 29E 02 3 33E 08 1 13E 04 1 27E 09 9 93E 11 4 80E 10 2 10E 08 1 51E 07 2 21E 01 1 54E 00 1 71E 08 4 10E 13 1 08E 15 1 71E 14 1 26E 12 2 72E 11 0 00E 00 0 00E 00 1 52E 12 1 40E 17 1 22E 20 1 73E 19 5 77E 17 0 00E 00 0 00E 00 0 00E 00 8 50E 17 0 00E 00 7 80E 26 0 00E 00 5 46E 20 0 00E 00 0 00E 00 0 00E 00 2 42E 21 If a power function provides the best fit only the first two parameters are used B1 and B2 Ifa polinomial is used it must be a 3 4 or 5 parameter polinomial It is important that the polinomial be monotomically increasing and the it does not dip down after the last point For this reason the coeficient for the highest order term must be positive and the function should be plotted to ensure is is monotomically increasing A 3 4 or 5 order function can be tried and the best one meeting these requirements can be chosen Sometimes extra points added to the data set can be used to force the function to behave Important e You must ensure that the curve is monotomically increasing e T
114. 66 68 72 74 58 46 79 74 56 53 62 58 56 60 73 68 63 63 73 61 52 63 76 61 55 51 49 55 51 62 63 73 67 64 3 15 Jan 2013 3 16 WROrREFR N WRENN OFS ND Ww 18 19 6 15 13 20 34 11 8 7 OI DA EOF expected here unless bankfull capacities provided Norrorro NPRPRENOONE NBPNWRHR HE Note 1 e At this point the bankfull capacities in cms of the stream in each element can be entered If no data is provided a value is assumed for the purpose of doing the animation e This assumed value may be grossly in error e This capability is currently an undocumented feature 3 3 12 Class Numbering order of entering land cover classes In 2006 when all files were changed toGreenKenue formats a break was made with the old order of having the impervious class first There were several reasons for this including the need to have the impervious class treated the same as the other pervious classes to enable the isotope model The last 4 classes if present must be in this order glaciers wetlands water impervious The keywords must be as shown 3 3 13 Wetlands Splitting Bogs and Fens As mentioned in Section 2 12 1 wetlands can be either coupled or uncoupled from the flow routing by the wetfld Usually a split of approximately 15 20 gives good results Only one wetland class is specified in the map file To split the wetlands into two enter the of wetland you wish to couple to the channel in the example below
115. 68 11 43 0 0019825 419 4 10000 2 0 00490 2 0 0 68 0 00 0 01 0 15 0 82 0 02 0 00 19 32 6 5 120 20 10 0 0051850 417 9 10000 5 0 00780 3 0 1 20 0 00 0 01 0 15 0 82 0 02 0 00 20 31 6 2 40 6 77 0 0032350 411 8 14142 2 0 00740 3 0 0 40 0 00 0 00 0 15 0 84 0 01 0 00 21 32 6 6 885 147 60 0 0028037 405 7 14142 5 0 01510 1 1 0 50 0 00 0 04 0 20 0 63 0 00 0 12 22 3d 6 3 338 88 93 0 0033550 399 6 10000 2 0 00880 g 0 1 00 0 00 0 01 0 11 0 86 0 02 0 00 23 31 5 a 10 000 1 76667 0 0030500 396 5 10000 5 0 00380 3 0 0 10 0 00 0 02 0 06 0 92 0 00 0 00 24 26 5 7 31 5 27 0 0007625 396 5 10000 3 0 01190 3 0 0 31 0 00 0 02 0 20 0 69 0 08 0 00 25 41 5 4 118 19 77 0 0053917 393 5 14142 2 0 01030 3 0 1 18 0 00 0 01 0 09 0 89 0 01 0 00 26 36 5 6 167 27 93 0 0045750 388 9 10000 3 0 01030 2 0 0 35 0 00 0 01 0 19 0 76 0 04 0 00 27 28 6 8 60 10 10 0 0013725 388 9 10000 4 0 02070 4 0 0 60 0 01 0 06 0 25 0 58 0 11 0 00 28 39 5 8 170 28 43 0 0047275 375 1 10000 4 0 01270 2 0 1 10 0 01 0 05 0 24 0 66 0 05 0 00 29 35 3 3 40 6 77 0 0030500 373 6 10000 5 0 01330 3 0 0 40 0 00 0 01 0 16 0 80 0 02 0 00 30 45 2 4 Asis 3 27 0 0086925 366 0 10000 5 0 01320 3 0 0 19 0 01 0 12 0 07 0 79 0 00 0 00 31 33 5 3 673 112 27 0 0018300 366 0 10000 5 0 01070 2 2 0 90 0 00 0 03 0 06 0 86 0 00 0 05 32 41 5 5 1170 195 10 0 0048800 366 0 10000 5 0 01340 3 0 1 65 0 00 0 03 0 11 0 81 0 04 0 00 33 38 4 3 768 128 10 0 0012200 347 7 10000 5 0 00780 3 0 0 95 0 00 0 02 0 06 0 92 0 00 0 00 34 37
116. 78 650 Sh OA 76 283 80 483 77 783 76 830 77 350 79 883 A TOL y 700 250 44 44 45 44 44 733 700 45 45 45 367 44 45 47 46 333 050 767 340 883 883 350 03 1 Gy i i G o H PRR NEO BLACK WAS K RIVE L RIVE URNT_RIV DAWASKA ISSISSI ETWAN RIV U JOC Pl AAG PPI GI R RIV actual 1520 539 1280 T270 5800 2620 2850 9090 694 4120 1780 3760 model 1569 IZL 1243 1267 5393 2280 2739 9291 676 4126 1694 3723 Q basin flow station info txt with the station name y and x coordinates UTM or LATLONG and the drainage area in km is provided SPLX will create a file called area check xyz in the working directory This new file allows the drainage areas to be checked very easily for any run It is written as an xyz file so the file can be entered intoGreenKenue to plot the modeled flow station locations This is useful if the actual flow station locations are plotted also and the model flow stations have been moved to obtain the diff AP A AP AP AP AP CP ae A oP OO ole Jan 2013 7 6 7 2 Reservoir Release File The yyyymmdd_REL tb0 file has the reservoir locations and releases If this file does not exist the no of reservoirs is assumed to be 0 If there are no reservoirs do not have a yyyymmdd _rel tb0 file If all lakes have rule curves values for Coeff
117. 9 lt class 2 0 3 etc Jan 2013 5 4 5 2 Initial Soil Moisture The initial soil moisture data can be obtained obtained from various sources such as remote sensing other models or the Antecedent Precipitation Index API The program MOIST EXE will read the point soil moisture data yyyymmdd_psm pt2 and create the gridded initial soil moisture file yyymmdd_gsm r2c for all land covers 5 2 1 Sample Point Initial Soil Moisture File _PSM r2c Soil Moisture Data The file header is self explanatory The unitConversion can be used to convert any measurement to the fraction of soil water present There is line of data for each gauge location First the easting and northing then the station namefollowed by the soil moisture for each land cover class The initial soil moisture can be obtained using the API method as described in Section 2 2 3 HHTHHHHTTE HE RHE ATE EH HRP TEE EPH E EH HPP HERP EERE EERE HE FileType pt2 ASCIIGreenKenue 1 0 DataType GreenKenue PT2 Set Application GreenKenue Version 2 1 23 WrittenBy watsond CreationDate Mon Feb 28 2005 12 08 PM E En A A A RAC eo RS PR e A A A RR AA a Name Point Soil Moisture Projection UTM Zone 17 Ellipsoid GRS80 SampleTime 1993 01 01 0 00 00 000 UnitConversion 1 0 AttributeName 1 StationName AttributeType 1 text AttributeName 2 Class1 AttributeType 2 float AttributeName 3 Class2 AttributeType 3 float Attr
118. 9 2 11 September 2005 If the titles RIn and R2n are used instead of R1 and R2 on the par file the program will expect Manning s n as the roughness parameter ALSO the width depth ratio widep for the river channel in the par file must be specified for all channels as well as the channels through wetlands The overbank cross section is assumed to be triangular with a constant width to depth ratio of 100 1 The left and right overbank areas are combined into one computational unit 100 1 Bankfull Area Figure 2 3 Representative river cross section 2 11 1 Main channel flow The following notation is used y depth of flow d h w main channel width A Main channel cross sectional area of the flow R hydraulic radius main channel Over overbank area not shaded Start with Manning s formula Jan 2013 2 18 Q lAr s 2 36 n A wy Assume R y so R A w Q at E At 67g 05 2 37 nw This formula works for the main channel flow only 2 11 2 Channel flow amp overbank flow A triangular cross section is assumed with a width depth ratio of 100 The overbank area is the total cross sectional flow area bankfull area overbank area wh 100h 2 38 Solve for h using the quadratic equation le nil 4100 overbankarea g 2 100 h 2 39 Q L ASS mz over h w S 2 40 ob 2 11 3 Lake effect on routing lt lt new In some locations there are hundreds of small lakes along creeks an
119. AL 10000 000 ContourInterval 1 000 ImperviousArea 0 100 ClassCount 5 NumRiverClasses 5 ElevConversion 1 000 TotalNumOfGrids 47 numGridsInBasin 46 DebugGridNo 23 endHeader Notes There is a border of 0 s surrounding the basin to accommodate a receiving grid 47 in this example Also the border surrounding the watershed can accommodate rain gauges to adjust the RADAR data field The borders can be enlarged to accommodate more gauges This would only be needed if there is a need to calibrate radar data using precip gauges outside the minimum Jan 2013 3 30 domain Precip gauges can be outside the domain and still be included in the distabce weighting scheme in the programs RAGMET EXE and TEMP EXE The receiving element 47 is outside the watershed If there are more than receiving elements they must be the last rows in the SHD file If there are multiple watershed outlets the receiving cell elevation must be lower than any cell elevation within any of the watersheds This is to ensure that all receiving cells are at the bottom of the BSNM SHD file These receiving cells must all have a cell size of 0 0 to ensure that no computations are carried out for that cell This section is the shd file as read by SPL9 n next row col da bankfull cha_slope elv ch_lenth iak int_slope chnl reach frac imperv classes 1 5 1 4 11 5 10 000 1 76667 0 0022875 518 5 10000 1 0 00440 2 0 0 10 0 00 0 01 0 22 0 75 0 02 0 00
120. AOA NN 6 1 6 1 2 Rain Gauge Data File RAG tb0 occ ccccecceesseesceesceeeceeensecesecaecaaecaeecaeeeaeseneeneeeeeeeeeeeeeees 6 2 6 1 3 Distribution of Gauge Precipitation cccceecceescessceseceseceseceneceecaeeeaeeeaeeneesaeeeseeeeeeneeeneeearens 6 3 6 1 4 Modified Distribution of Precipitation ccccccceeseesseesceeeceeeceseceseceecaeecaeeeseeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseees 6 4 6 1 5 Precipitation lapse rate lapse s cssccascccccsacecescenceasscsccsecadeadaisadecdecesseedadeasecduceacasdadeadeedacestasdnees 6 5 6 2 Disaggregation of rainfall smrflg y ssccsccscsscseesssesssssssscesssesessssesessssnessesssssesssssneseeees 6 5 6 3 Precipitation Data yyyymmdd_met r2c Input to SPL occocuonnonoonnonocincononaconcnncnnocncnonocoaoss 6 6 6 4 Radar Precipitation Data ssscssccssssssssscsssccssssssscssssessssssssesssssescsssnessssnescessessessssssessssnesseses 6 8 6 4 1 Unadjusted Radar File RAD 0 ccccecceesecesecssecsecesecenecaeecaeeeaeeeeeeeeeeenaeeneeenaeenaeenaeeneeeeeeaees 6 8 6 4 2 Adjustment of Radar Data cc ccessssesecseeeeceseeeceaeceeesccaeesecuevseesaeeecaecanesecaeeercnaeenesaeenteaeens 6 9 Jan 2013 8 6 4 3 CALMET PAR Fleitas iii aiii 6 11 6 4 4 Calibrated Radar File MET 12C ooooconoccnnconocicononononnnnononononnnonnonnn nono no noc nr cono cn nr nnnronnrnn rra nan 6 12 7 FLOW DAA iio 7 1 71 Streamflow Files csscccsccscscccsccsssccsscesscssscssscsesecececssecsscssscssscsss
121. BSN exe will produce several files but the one to use is called NEW_SHD R2C This file has to be renamed to BSNM_SHD R2C This is the watershed file to be read by SPL 3 2 3 Watershed Data Two watershed files are used to organize all the watershed data required by WATFLOOD The first retains the layout of the map and imagery from which the data is derived and has the file extention of map The second is a condensation of the data to a format that preserves all the information but reduces the memory requirements of the programs Its file type is SHD In essence elements outside the watershed being modelled do not use up space in the computer memory This is accomplished by using vector arrays instead of matrix arrays within the executable Figure 3 1below is an example of a watershed map Grand River in Ontario Canada Jan 2013 Notes ll 4900 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 4800 4790 500 3 5 Flesherton e 8 7 1 E p 5 3 4 Mount Forest King City 45 km os Jm W har MarsvNle Drayton de 1 d t t i EN Elmira e Watershed GEE Outline 1 y _ W HEMER eceivin 10km lement 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 The example data files are based on this figure Figure 3 1 Example watershed map showing UTM coordinates in km basin outline reservoirs rain gauge stations gri
122. Blanks in the file saved by Excel seem to be troublesome and should be removed Note that files saved from Excel look like this SR AAA ROUEt1NngGPaC Met SARA RiverClasses Grrr rr rra Iriri RiverClassName default cky steep vcky flat fluvial wetl low wetl pry FERS TEE FERS flz 1 70E 04 7 00E 05 7 00E 05 2 10E 04 1 07E 03 2 91E 03 lower zone oefficient 11111 tpwr 2 17 2 1 2 1 3 34 2 73 3 16 lower zone exponent r rrrrrrr rin 0 04 0 04 0 04 0 04 0 04 0 04 overbank Manning s D 2111115 r2n 0 037 0 044 0 015 0 03 0 024 0 043 channel Mannings N 7115555 mndr 1 1 1 1 1 1 meander channel length multiplier rrrrre aa2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 channel area intercept min channel xsect area 11rr5r aa3 4 30E 02 4 30E 02 4 30E 02 4 30E 02 4 30E 02 4 30E 02 channel area coefficient rrrrrrr eta New Important program revision The code reading the bsnm_par csv file is now a parser which looks for key words There are now sections of parameters for instance GlobalParameters Jan 2013 4 2 EndGlobalParameters Etc These sections can be rearranged in order in their entirety Within each sections the entries can be rearranged in order but entries cannot be moved from one section to another The following programs read the par file SPLX64 exe amp SPLd64 exe RAGMET exe TMP exe and DDS_ WFLD_REV3 exe All these programs work in unison and should be updated together Jan 2013
123. E 03 6800000E 02 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0 000 0 000 6 767 2 128 100 13 112 267 1 88 933 6 11 433 4 0 000 1 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0000000 0 00 0000000 0 00 0030500 0 00 0012200 0 00 0018300 0 00 0033550 0 00 0019825 0 00 0000000 0 00 0000000 0 00 0000000 0 00 0000000 0 00 0000000 0 00 0 0 366 0 343 1 3355 393 5 427 0 449 9 472 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10000 10000 14142 14142 10000 10000 10000 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 0 pi 0 0 0 0000000 00 0000000 01 0133000 01 0078000 01 0107000 01 0088000 00 0049000 01 0000000 00 0000000 00 0000000 00 0000000 00 0000000 00 0 0 oooooooooooooooooooocooo SCOWWNWWNHAY ecoocooRNWwWUO 0000000E 00 1900000E 02 1380000E 03 8330000E 03 1180000E 03 3650000E 03 2720000E 03 7200000E 02 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0 000 0 3 267 438 3 100 420 8 933 242 9 767 195 0 933 20 5 433 16 2 100 12 0 000 12 0 000 5 0 000 Ls 0 000 0 00000 0 0000 86925 0 0012 42700 0 0021 24802 0 0016 53917 0 0048 27450 0 0051 22875 0 0007 22875 0 0025 00000 0 0018 00000 0 0005 00000 0 0022 00000 0 0000 0 0 253 279 1 266 300 4 294 317 2 343 366 0 388 417 9 405 457 5 431 480 4 454 480 4 488 495 6 498 518 5 518 0 0 0 0 1000 10000 1000 10000 1000 10000 1000 10000 1000 10000 1414 10
124. E E FARO HEHEHE HEHEHE HHH THEE HEHEHE HHH HEHEHE HH HH FileType pt2 ASCIIGreenKenue 1 0 DataType GreenKenue PT2 Set Application GreenKenue Version 2 123 WrittenBy NK CreationDate Fri Jul 14 2006 08 08 AM E E AEE E A ls o AS A a a a E ee gE E EEEE pe he Name Point Snow Water Equivalent Projection UTM Zone 17 Ellipsoid GRS80 SampleTime 1993 01 01 0 00 00 000 UnitConversion 1 0 Jan 2013 5 2 InitHeatDeficit 0 33 AttributeName 1 StationName AttributeType 1 text AttributeName 2 Class1 AttributeType 2 float AttributeName 3 Class2 AttributeType 3 float AttributeName 4 Class3 AttributeType 4 float AttributeName 5 Class4 AttributeType 5 float AttributeName 6 Class5 AttributeType 6 float AttributeName 7 Class6 AttributeType 7 float EndHeader 556000 0 4799000 0 Cambridge 1 0 3 0 20 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 547000 0 4932000 0 Wormwood 20 0 3 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 5 1 2 Sample of Gridded Snow Water Equivalent Map The following data is based on the snow course values listed for the UTM coordinates in Section 5 1 1 The gridded snow cover file is created when the program SNW EXE is run to distribute the snow The grid information is obtained from the bsnm_shd r2c file as specified in the event file to ensure that the swe grid matches the _ shd file AGreenKenue format file called yyyymmdd_swe r2c is produced by SNW EXE and can be loaded intoGreen
125. EMPERATURE DATA As with rainfall temperatures are required for each grid In old versions only daily maximum and minimums are required and the program calculates hourly data using a simple cosine function between highs and lows In the current SPL9 version only hourly temperatures are used Since climate data is generally collected or predicted at specific point locations this data needs to be converted into a grid format SPL9 reads only gridded data The example files below show the temperature data in point and gridded formats The program TMP EXE converts point temperature time series to gridded temperature time series The tag file has not been converted to theGreenKenue format yet The default weighting for distributing temperature is distance squared I e the default weight parameter is 2 However if you want the distribution of temperature to be more like Thiessen poligons you can make the weight 10 by issuing the command tmp 10 8 1 1 Example of Point Temperature File FLN tempr yymmdd_tag tb0 HHTHHHHHHHEHHEHHHHE HHH HEHEHE HH HEHEHE HH HE FileType tb0 ASCII GreenKenue 1 0 DataType GreenKenue Table Application GreenKenue Version 2 1 23 WrittenBy nk CreationDate 2006 09 29 08 52 A oa aie Sa Na o nei ea ee at ey et SourceFile wormwood_ data Name Temperature Projection UTM Ellipsoid NAD83 Zone 17 StartDate 01 01 1993 StartTime 01 00 DeltaT 1 UnitConversion 0 0 ColumnMetaD
126. I 0 0 0 T 0 0 0 0 runoff coefficient 0 0 0 0 Ox 0 O 0 O 0 O O O 0 0 0 O 0 0 63 0 O 69 61 O 69 69 61 0 68 65 54 O 0 65 69 O 0 68 67 O Ors O 68 0 0 O 0 runtime 0 0 0 0 0 0 OPPRPERPRPRRRPROO raid ect ee ene ee RN 10 7 109 65 66 50 61 0d 68 67 69 67 0 orrrrrrrrHKrROO a a oa Aida ae ah a ea a a 83 63 G95 68 66 67 Ti 68 66 67 0 10 2 7 Cummilative Statistics for Each Event 0 78 65 76 90 83 100 95 54 76 Dv 223 24 SLO runtime 14 13 58 2007 02 13 location area precip o ro lt gt c ro c ro t GRND 3520 USA E li DO OSA GUEL CON 1170 141 58 46 DERMAR 694 10 on me 46 239 1335 52s 58 3 6955 141 26 42 167 137 81 65 593 T303 49 61s LB 138 0 0 694 U3 42 yan 10 2 8 Repeated for Each Event 0 0 68 69 67 59 59s 0 0 68 68 34 65 65 0 0 Ox 70 68 90 63 0 0 Qe ql 0 Oe runtime 14 13 59 2007 02 13 location area precip o ro lt gt c ro c ro t GRND 3520 182 57 56 98 OSA GUEL CON TEZO 186 61 46 76 DERMAR 694 10 DL 46 98 235 184 54 60 127 10 O O O O O 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 1 Ol O Je 0 0 1 0 O I Ls 0 15 T 0 1 ds O E Tz 0 1 O 05 0 0 0 O O O 0 0 0 O 0 0 67 0 O Di 0 O 64 O 0 70 68 0 TAs 69 0 68 68 0 66 65 0 63 O O 0 0 O Dv nash qp m La
127. IIIIIIII I 110 On NEXT LINE enter any other comments to testl 1 112 MAX problem enter 1 or MIN problem e 0 2 113 r val DDS neighborhood size parameter 0 LAVA ETA LOLA TA a VTA BLANK LINE save best bat 115 Watclass specific input can be blank na Once the DDS program sequence is started more lines will be added to this file To initialize the DDS process only these 15 lines are needed Above the lines are truncated Below the whole line is shown Each row is for one line in the DDS_init txt file In the table below the complete Jan 2013 4 14 explanation is given for each line The example is for the Fork Rivers in Minnesota In refers to the line number in the DDS_ init txt file Comment lines 1 amp 2 READ WITH WORD WRAP OFF Input control file for Fortran DDS verl 1 algorithm Inputs start on line 3 lt Text inputs must in columns 1 24 otherwise free format for numeric inputs Some lines can be blank basinname 13 compact name for DDS output file subdirectory to be created 24 characters max watflood batch bat 14 exe or bat application name no file extension to generate obj func value Leave BLANK if User compiles DDS1 program amp their objective function together 1 5 number of optimization trials to run 1 to 1000 300 16 maximum number of objective function evaluations per optimization trial 7 is minimum 134382176 17 s
128. Jan 2013 1 WATFLOOD WATROUTE Hydrological Model Routing amp Flow Forecasting System SINCE 1972 Developed for Surveys and Information Branch Ecosystem Science and Evaluation Directorate ENVIRONMENT CANADA by Nicholas Kouwen Ph D P Eng F ASCE Department of Civil Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada N2L 3G1 519 922 2602 E mail kouwen uwaterloo ca frseglen uwaterloo ca http www watflood ca First Edition March 1986 Last Revision Oct 2012 Copyright C by N Kouwen 1986 20112010 This manual may be reproduced whole or in part providing acknowledgements are given Jan 2013 2 IMPORTANT NOTE WATFLOOD programs now read onlyGreenKenue format files Old file formats are no longer supported A program called trns exe can convert old formats to theGreenKenue formats See Chapter 14 DISCLAIMER The WATFLOOD software is furnished by N Kouwen and the University of Waterloo and is accepted and used by the recipient upon the express understanding that N Kouwen and the University of Waterloo make no warranties either express or implied concerning the accuracy completeness reliability usability performance or fitness for any particular purpose or the information contained in this manual to the software described in this manual and to other material supplied in connection therewith The material is provided as is The entire risk as to its quality and performance i
129. KK KKK KKK KK KARA AAA RAR a WATFLOOD TM E 7 Program BSN Version 10 Mar 13 2008 K c N Kouwen 1972 2008 kkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxxk kxxk kxx k Please s file bsn_info txt for information re this run VERY IMPORTANT CHANGE In the bsnm map file the impervious area is now the LAST class not the first The no of classes is now the TOTAL number including the impervious class Please change the map file accordingly if you have not yet done so Sorry for the inconvenience NK Hit enter to continue Ctrl C to abort error in bsn_responses txt Previous responses have been found Map file gr10k map Par file A uthor Wetland split 0 0000000E 00 Minimum slope 0 0000000E 00 Please r nter the values Enter the basin map file name Enter the parameter par file name if you want a bsnm par r2c file for watroute other wise hit return gr10k par lt lt OPTIONAL Enter your name or initials gr10k par Jan 2013 3 23 Enter the grid you would like included in the simulation This should NOT be the receiving grid There can only be one 1 outlet with this option example 6639 Hit Return to use whole dataset lt lt OPTIONAL GreenKenue compatible free format map file expected CoordSys UTM CoordSys UTM Datum GRS80 Zone 17 xOrigin 500000 0 yOrigin
130. Kenue where it can be viewed for each land cover class Note the fields for each class are not separated by headers as in the time series yyyymmdd_met r2c and yyyymmdd_tem r2c files It all runs together South is at the top of each class segment HEH HEHE EHH HE EEE HE HE EEE EEE EEE EE EEE E E FileType r2c ASCII GreenKenue 1 0 DataType 2D Rect Cell Application GreenKenue Version La 323 WrittenBy snw exe CreationDate 2006 10 19 11 40 Name Snow Water Equivalent Projection UTM Ellipsoid GRS80 Zone 17 xOrigin 500000 000 yOrigin 4790000 000 5 3 Jan 2013 N p Q n ter H o mi o isa oy oy sl wee H z O NNO n dO ANNO SILO Oo D o o o 0000 00 o NnnnNnHnN n wH ODODO HA 0 0 O 0 0 0 ANNO SILO ooovodvovd vd EEREEEE OOOO 0 2242222 oovod vd Oo H PPBPP PpP Ea oD A a 0 292422202 PYG U et ent tebe sell Gay y AT A 59594 m PLD O A S na 8 000 O 9292299 CO OO Y LKR RR ES oe HE so oo oo oo oo oo FE HE te oe oo 10000 000 yDelta SampleTime 1 000 0 330 UnitConverson InitHeatDeficit endHeader lt class 1 6 1 10 12 sI oe 6 al Po 10 11 13 15 16 11 13 15 16 2 s9 0 ES 11 13 16 17 6 2 2 0 11 14 16 18 8 a ot 58 12 11 14 16 18 12 12 z5 sah 2 14 16 18 2 5 0 14 16 18 22 ol lt 5 14 16 de 13 9 15 6 16
131. Nov Dec Dec Dec Jan Mar Mar Apr Apr May May Jun Jun Jun Jul July Dec Nov Jan Jan Mar Mar Apr Jun Jun Jul Jul Jul Jul Aug Sep Sep Octy Oct Oct Oct Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Jan Feb Feb Mar 17 02 21 02 29 02 07 02 15 02 23 02 24 02 02 02 03 02 05 02 03 02 22 02 25 02 28 02 22 02 23 02 11 02 11 02 11 02 19 02 19 02 07 02 08 02 13 02 20 02 05 02 23 02 26 02 28 03 22 03 06 03 24 03 5 03 03 03 7 03 24 03 08 03 23 03 4 04 28 04 04 4 04 2 04 2 04 8 04 06 04 2 04 5 04 27 04 25 04 08 04 29 04 03 04 03 04 17 04 21 04 19 04 19 04 21 04 28 04 28 04 25 05 08 05 08 05 09 05 15 3 fixed rev 9 1 04 fixed reservoir release timing in spl9 see8 991 flow nudging added for nopt 1 2 fixed bug in reservoir routing added xdelta and ydelta forGreenKenue fixed resv timing moved to beginning of dt fixed wetland min time step amp outflow Luis sediment stuff runs Not checked with old version Added wetland conditional to select river w wo wetland me tidying up ed sub watershed modelling capability ed A9 as the max heat deficit swe ratio ed A10 as the power on the UZ discharge function ed wetland storage amp outflow to the wfo file ed results error r2s file forGreenKenue Hydrologic ed control for nudging in event 1 ed scaleallsnw to set snw scale in event 1 ed All as bare ground equiv vegn height ixed
132. O OOOO OO OOO COO OOOO OO Oo O O OOO O OOO Oc OOO COCO OOOO OO C OOO OD Or T O Oo OO COOOCOWOCFE Format 99912 In this example there are three reservoirs The numbers 1 to 3 correspond to the reservoir locations in the resrllyymmdd rel file In this example the Belwood reservoir No 1 is located in two grids not in reality and the outlet is in the bottom grid 3 3 11 Land Cover Classes IAK The next groups of data indicate the percentage of each grid in each land use soil classification group IAK In the example below the land use cover classes were obtained from LANDSAT false colour imagery Jan 2013 3 14 The last class in the file is now since 2006 the Impervious Class The percent impervious can be replaced by the percent urban area but then the impervious area has to be specified in the map file header imperviousArea 33 If it is specified as 33 then 33 of the urban area is taken as impervious and the remainder 67 is added to Class 1 which should normally be grass urban areas are mostly impervious and lawns Any number of land cover classes can be specified classcount These are 1 bare ground 2 forests 3 crops 4 classcount 3 glaciers classcount 2 wetlands classcount 1 water classcount impervious The first classcount 4 can be reduced to a fewer number but the last four are always to be specified with the names and the order as shown above if present
133. O en ae a SU Da DD 1 0 o A a 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 00000 0 00000 06034 0 00000 06034 0 06034 04250 0 07966 09269 0 07966 09269 0 07966 04923 0 00000 05187 0 00000 05187 0 00000 00000 0 00000 00000 0 00000 00000 0 00000 00000 0 00000 06006 0 00000 06006 0 06006 04234 0 07922 0 000E 00 0 399E 00 Jan 2013 11 5 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 756E 00 0 258E 01 0 267E 02 0 133E 02 0 171E 01 0 214E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 471E 01 0 591E 01 0 161E 02 0 379E 01 0 112E 02 0 426E 01 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 176E 00 0 993E 01 0 998E 00 0 121E 02 0 310E 01 0 577E 00 0 301E 01 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 614E 00 0 756E 01 0 488E 01 0 179E 01 0 105E 02 0 181E 01 0 107E 01 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 105E 01 0 349E 01 0 129E 01 0 974E 01 0 694E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 858E 00 0 921E 00 0 776E 01 0 823E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 845E 00 0 301E 01 0 710E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 309E 00 0 163E 01 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 101E 00 0 602E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0
134. P 3 Run trns exe the same way you would run splx exe for one event or a set of events This converts the str rel rin met and tem files to theGreenKenue formats with new extensions _str tbo _rel tbo _rin tbo met r2c and _tem r2c Important notes e For UTM coordinates the Zone and Ellipsoid are required in the file headers e For LATLONG only the Ellipsoid is required do not use the Zone line e For CARTESIAN coordinates do not use Zone or Ellipsoid lines Use the event file for the files you would like converted Run the program trns exe just as you would run splx exe You will see something like this for each event I spl ssrb_ef gt trns KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK WATFLOOD TM Program TRANSLATE Version 9 3 00 Jul 12 2006 c N Kouwen 1972 2006 KKEKKKKKKKKKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKXKKXXkk Please s file translate info txt for information outfiles txt file not found defaults used New free format shd file expected Allocations done in rdpar 9 5 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSsssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss O O IN Opened event file event1900901 evt really old met format found old met format with comment lines found IMPORTANT NOTE A new filename radc1 900901 met r2c has been created from radc1 900901 met in accordance with the newGreenKenue compatible file formats Jan 2013 14 3
135. TFLOOD model e DDS_WFLD exe is the coupler between DDS exe and SPLX exe i e it converts the DDS parameter file format to WATFLOOD parameter file format and vice versa 4 5 3 4 Watflood batch bat coupler exe Ed gzs sp1x64 exe cd dds With radius of influence and smoothing distance also being optimized DDS _WFLD_ revl exe cd sp1x64 exe cd dds The par_csv file has been modified as of Jul 26 11 to have the limits to the precipitation and temperature lapse rates the radius of influence and the smoothing distance Jan 2013 4 16 DDS exe is the controlling program and has the DDS directory as its working directory It is loaded once and remains in charge However 1t shells out and runs the watflood_batch bat file which first runs the coupler DDS_WFLD exe then moves up one directory level to the watershed working directory where SPLX exe is normally executed runs SPLX exe which spews out a new value of the objective function and then goes back to the DDS directory to some more work itself If DDS_exe finds a better solution it then shells out to run the commands in save_best bat save_best bat copy variables in txt best variables in txt copy basin grl0k par csv bestigr10k par csv copy results spl csv best spl csv copy stats txt best stats txt You can add other files you wish to keep DDS exe creates a directory called DDS_gr10k and another best where it saves its work as specified in the save_
136. Thus all files can be displayed inGreenKenue GreenKenue creates the basinname map file which is arguable the most important file to get right in WATFLOOD Please note that in the file headers meta data e For UTM coordinates the Zone and Ellipsoid are required e For LATLONG only the Ellipsoid is required do not use the Zone line e For CARTESIAN coordinates do not use Zone of Ellipsoid lines 1 3 8 Event File The event file contains a list of all the files that relate to a specific event All WATFLOOD programs except BSN EXE refer to this file to determine which files are active for a particular job such as distributing rainfall or calibrating radar The simulation length of an event is set by the number of hours of streamflow in the yyyymmdd_str tb0 file So if you want to run for 744 hours but have only 240 hours of data enter missing data 1 00 for the last 504 hours Of course there will need to be precip and temperature etc data for that period Jan 2013 1 10 New in 2008 The event file is now free format and the entrees can be in any order for SPLX versions after 9 5 08 for the PC only However only backslashes Y can be used in the filenames which makes the new parser unusable in UNIX for the time being Length of events if you are planning to run long time series use annual events For short runs you may use month long events Monthly events or shorter are intended for operational use If you are planning to do clim
137. UB rev 7 52 oct 23 95 check for opt constraints in mainl l rev 7 6 nov 13 95 added andrea s sediment routines l rev 7 7 dec 25 95 added Allyson s Columbia routing rev 7 7 jan 15 95 fixed bug in uzs calculation 1 uzs retn freely draining water rev 7 72 feb 04 96 took flowinit for from sub for rev 7 73 feb 21 96 fixed sca continuity runof5 rev 7 74 may 23 96 include lapse rate elv ref l as part of tmp file g rev 7 75 may 27 96 added ak2fs in param amp runof5 rev 7 76 jun 11 96 classes increased to 16 urban rev 7 77 Jul 02 96 fixed snow redistribution Rev 7 78 Sept 29 96 fileio modified for error checking rev 7 80 Oct 29 96 sp17 added yymmdd rin for res inflows l unit 39 fln 09 rev 7 81 Nov 07 96 rdevt added flags for stuff rev 7 83 Nov 30 96 fix div by 0 check in lst for rev 7 84 Dec 16 96 changed pmelt so that snowmelt only occurs on snow covered area rev 8 0 Dec 18 96 Added Todd Neff s evaporation rev 8 1 Feb 15 97 TBC RSM to be continued amp resume rev 8 2 Feb 15 97 parameter selection for opt in mainl rev 8 21 Mar 15 97 rain snow choice tied to base temp i rev 8 22 Mar 15 97 glacier MF 2X when new snow gone rev 8 23 Mar 25 97 fixed bug in route keep qo2 for res rev 8 24 Apr 07 97 added glacier melt multiplier gladjust used uzs retn to determine freely 1 draini
138. WATFLOOD is a set of programs Most are pre processors and some are post processors The table below summarizes the set Program 8 Purpose Input output file s Read CAPPI Calibrate Radar Distribute Rainfall Distribute Snowcourse Distribute Initial Soil Moisture Distribute Temperature Run SPLD debug Run SPLX Speed Calculate Statistics All programs except stats exe are executed while in the working directory e g c spl gr10k The stats program is executed while in the c spl bsnm directory RADMET EXE Converts the radar data file to a SPL9 compatible format This program has to be adapted for each radar source CALMET EXE Fills in missing radar data with rain gauge data if available It can also be used to adjust the radar data using Brandes method if the parameters are set to do so RAGMET EXE This program will distribute gauge rainfall using a distance weighting technique Can be used when no radar data is available at all or you want to ignore radar data SNW EXE This entry will distribute snow course data with a distance weighting technique SNW EXE This entry will distribute initial soil moisture data with a distance weighting technique TMP EXE Will convert point temperatures to gridded temperature fields SPLD EXE Compiled for maximum error diagnostics in Visual Fortran 6 SPLX EXE Same as above but compiled for speed and a minimum of error diagnostics STATS EXE Will
139. XE and get forrtl severe 59 list directed I O syntax error unit 5 file Internal Directed Read Image PC Routine Line Source spld exe 006490B9 Unknown Unknown Unknown spld exe 00648F17 Unknown Unknown Unknown spld exe 006480F4 Unknown Unknown Unknown spld exe 00648529 Unknown Unknown Unknown spld exe 00636783 Unknown Unknown Unknown spld exe 00635FFD Unknown Unknown Unknown spld exe 004129C4 EF MODULE mp PARS 870 EF Module f spld exe 00415A7D EF MODULE mp PARS 1424 EF Module f spld exe 00415CBC EF MODULE mp PARS 1471 EF Module f spld exe 00519868 READ FLOW BF 0000107 read flow ef f spld exe 0058B5D5 SUB 197 sub f spld exe OO4BFA9C OPTIONS 186 options f spld exe 0058A809 SPL9 1122 spl9 f spld exe 00675449 Unknown Unknown Unknown spld exe 00665064 Unknown Unknown Unknown kernel32 dl1l 7C817067 Unknown Unknown Unknown In this case the error was cause by an unrecognized projection when reading the yyyymmdd_str tbO file Projection LAMBERT AZIMUTHAL Ellipsoid NONE Zone NONE All you need is Projection CARTESIAN instead of in the event files If you get output on the screen like this kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk ver 9 5 55 Feb 11 09 runtime 10 10 21 rundate 2009 02 20 gr10k_shd r2c gr10k par debug level 1 ynynnnnnnnynnnnnnn channel type 0 123456789012345678 FF FF FF FF OF Jan 2013 1 36 WATFLOOD tm copyright c by
140. _crs pt2 An example of a diversion file is Hat ae a a a aE a a a EE HE HE HE EE EEE HEE HEE HEE HHH FileType tb0 ASCII EnSim 1 0 DataType Time Series Application EnSimHydrologic Version 2423 WrittenBy mh write flow tb0 f MH3 exe CreationDate 2009 01 23 09 20 SourceFile flow_data Name diversion s Projection LATLONG Ellipsoid WGS84 StartDate 1990 01 01 StartTime 00 00 00 0 AttributeUnits 1 0000000 DeltaT 24 ColumnMetaData ColumnUnits m3 s ColumnType float ColumnName 050B006 ColumnLocationX 91 4583 ColumnLocationY 50 8694 ColumnLocationX1 91 4500 ColumnLocationYl 50 8330 valuel 1 EndColumnMetaData endHeader 87 200 87 900 87 200 86 400 85 700 Jan 2013 7 12 In this case it is the Lake St Joseph diversion into the English River at water survey station 05QB006 The first X Y location is the grid where the flow is taken and the second location X1 and Y 1 is the grid where the water is diverted to There are some serious rules associated with diversions 1 Notes If the origin of the water is grid within the watershed it must be in a grid that is part of a lake or reservoir and the grid will have to have a reach number Running out of water in the lake has consequences If the origin of the flow is outside the watershed the origin of the water X amp Y must be one of the outlet grids the very last grid in the shd file
141. _crs pt2 and the output file is shnowllyyymmdd_swe r2c The event file is used to get these file names For details please see Section 5 1 Note The size of the swe and gsm files is the same as the size of the domain in the shd file 1 5 5 Distribute Soil Moisture Data MOIST Initial soil moisture amounts amounts are distributed over the watershed using a distance weighting method identical to the rainfall distribution application The program separates soil moisture by land cover classes The input files are basin bsnm_shd r2c and moist yyyymmdd_psm pt2 and the output file is moist yyymmdd_gsm r2c The event file is used to get these file names For details please see Section 5 2 Note The size of the swe and gsm files is the same as the size of the domain in the shd file 1 5 6 Distribute Temperature Data TMP Required only if the snowmelt or evaporation routines are invoked TMP creates a file using the tempglyyymmdd tag tb0 file with point temperatures and distributes temperature using a distance weighting method to each grid in the domain The input files are basin bsnm pdl and tempr yyyymmdd_tag tb0 and the output file is tempr yyymmdd_tem r2c The event file is used to get these file names Note The extents of the met and tem files are determined by the values given in the bsnm pdl file The domain for the met amp tem files can be larger than the domain of the shd file For details please see Chapter 0 Note There is no
142. a and support for a field evaluation 6 Surveys and Information Systems Branch Ecosystem Science and Evaluation Directorate of Environment Canada for providing contract funding to demonstrate and implement the WATFLOOD system The support of Shin Young Shiau and Raymond Bordages are appreciated 7 Atmospheric Environment Service King City Radar Observatory Drs Paul Joe and Clif Crozier John Scott Ron Ruff and Marie Falla deserve special thanks for the Radar Data Aquisition system that they have developed especially for testing the WATFLOOD flood forecasting system Thesis work by Jack Gorrie Greig Garland Ted Cooper Tao Tao John Donald Al Pietroniro Frank Seglenieks Todd Neff Luis Leon Bob McKillop and Trish Stadnyk has provided part of the research incorporated in the WATFLOOD SPL9 software The snow routines were written by Dr John Donald and the evaporation component was written by Todd Neff under co supervision with Prof Ric Soulis These two parts are major components of the WATFLOOD system Tricia Stadnyk converted the program from F77 to F95 with dynamic memory allocation during a work term wrote the wetland bank storage module and has written the tracer model as part of her thesis work These contributions are gratefully acknowledged N Kouwen January 23 2013 Jan 2013 1 1 1 WATFLOOD USER s MANUAL 1 1 Introduction The model SPL9 is a combination of a physically based routing model and a conceptua
143. a chained set of events is used to locate the flow station for the whole run If a station is relocated partway through a run it would have to be entered as a separate station This is rev 9 2 18 Oct 16 05 Next is the streamflow data of stations across in the order listed above in cms The first flow value must be one time increment after the beginning of the simulation The flow at time 0 is not read in The flows during the first time step are assumed steady in all grids and set equal to the flows at the end of the time step the ones read in The time increment for the flows may be larger than one hour Jan 2013 7 1 4 Flow Station Area Check If the file proper drainage areas Example input file Abasin BLACK WASH OCK RIVER R ULL RIVE URNT_RIVE IADAWASKA ISSISSIPPI IAGNETWAN RENT_RIVE APANEE_R ETAWAWA ANCHE RIV UMOINE SS SWAG T N P B D 79 ERS 78 282 85 819 78 65 ST 76 80 STs 76 SITs T 467 286 479 767 838 417 879 817 7 5 flow station info txt O J UU ds ds 01 Q1 O ds M 713 25 732 701 283 2053 STZ dl 334 888 889 39 1520 339 1280 1270 5800 2620 2850 9090 694 4120 1780 3760 The location can be 12 characters maximum The data is space delimited so be sure there are no spaces in the names Example output file area_check xyz x 79 283 75 850 78 3841 7
144. a originating from other sources the conv factor in line 5 of the met file can be changed For instance a factor of 2 will double the amount of rainfall applied Please experiment to ensure program behaves as intended 6 The last hour shown as 999 is the total rainfall for the event Jan 2013 7 1 7 FLOW DATA Streamflow data is used for the following purposes 1 Model calibration 2 Soil moisture or radar precipitation adjustment 3 Validation of the simulations 4 Channel storage initialization 5 Initialization of lower zone storage The model can run without streamflow data but in this way there is no way of telling how well the model is performing or if gross errors might exist in the input data The simulation length of an event is set by the number of hours of streamflow in the yyyymmdd_str tb0 file Reservoir releases are also required 7 1 Streamflow Files 7 1 1 Example streamflow file The yyyymmdd str tb0 file contains recorded flows at various sites in the watershed inGreenKenue format This file can be loaded intoGreenKenue and plotted as a time series and compared to computed flows extracted from the WFO file The header contains the geographical reference and the start time and date The station coordinates are entered as shown in the usual x y order The next four lines are the coefficients that are needed to convert stage to flow The next line of data in the yyyymmdd_STR tb0 file is used to sele
145. alc in melt rem qlz txt 8 99k fixed use of opt par s for numa 0 checked limits on heat def check wetland designation in param updated Luis s sed amp nutrient stuff put in dacheck in flowinit for wetland flag added polinomial to reservoir routing added A7 for weighting old new sca in melt fixed Jan 17 02 didn t work before fixed nat res initial flow JW new format parameter file nrvr added to area3 to set river types check that outlet is in a lake Jan 2013 rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev Ll events rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev REV rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev MO 0 O 10 10 10 10 0 0 LO 10 10 10 10 10 10 LO 10 LO 10 LO LO O LO O LO O O O O O O O OW DA DDB BWA WR WA Do o0n0a a aaa NOrRPOMWO OAHU S MO 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 O 10 LO 10 10 10 0 10 O 10 LO O LO LO O WW WO DO O A 0 0 J00N4ASUN RA WWWWNHNNNNNNN DNDN NY WNHrRFOUWOMAAIAHAOFWNHR OW 34 000 J00DN RSn RA Gaal GN ER md Ww 64 Jan Jan Jan Feb Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr May Jun Jun Jun Jun Jul Jul Sep Sep Sep Sept Sept Nov Nov Nov
146. alues respectively filled in This is a good check before running DDS The basin bsnm par file should now be rewritten and be the same as before If this works then Edit the variables_in txt files to have 999 0 again Now run DDS and it should go on and on and on and on and on and on and on and on and on and on and on and on a DDS shells out and runs watflood_batch bat 1 This runs the coupler which I have called dds_wfld exe This creates the 1 dds init txt file and 2 variables in txt file and a new 3 basin forks par file 11 And hey it runs splx which writes function_out txt b Back in DDS it ingest the value of the objective function i it ingest the value of the objective function ii and spews out a new set of parameters in values_in txt 111 and IF the objective function has improved will shell out and run save_best bat to save the best par file so far I also keep the spl csv file so I can use grapher to see how things are going c DDS shells out again and runs watflood_batch bat i This runs the coupler again and so creates new 1 Basin forks par file using the values in variables_in txt file from DDS 2 note the dds _ init txt file is no longer needed ii And hey it runs splx with the new par file and writes function_out txt d Back to b You can use the go bat file as shown below to automate this process Jan 2013 4 19 Go bat copy basin gr1l0k start par csv basin grl0k par csv copy variables in Start Ext variab
147. and water amp impervious in that order if present The par file is a CSV file Also the keywords are case sensitive All upper case all lower case or first letter capitalized are accepted Jan 2013 4 6 New The initial values for optimization are no longer in the last section of the par file i e they are not repeated and appear only in the top part of the file Only the limits and flags to indicate which parameters will be optimized are in the bottom part of the file New The section GlobalParLimits has been added as of Jul 26 11 New fratio has been added as of Dec 2 11 This ratio is a multiplier for the interception capacity for each class All monthly values are multiplied on a class by class basis and fratio can be optimized with DDS Jan 2013 4 1 4 2 General Parameters in the par File lines starting with a number sign are comment lines These can only be used at the top of the file Ver is the file version number New versions of the par file require up to data executables Old par files can be read with current executables up to a point IOPT is a debugging option ranging from 0 to 5 The higher the number the more stuff is printed out Almost all relevant variables can be printed out this way The IOPT 2 the program will print its whereabouts to the screen and is used to find errors while coding and so is not of much use to the user When IOPT gt 1 the rffnn txt files are written When NUMA is set to a value
148. and cover classification yields urban area but only a of urban area is impervious The value given is the of urban area that is impervious Remainder of the area is added to class 1 So class 1 should represent lawns if Urban Area is gt 0 Classcount number of land cover classes in each grid max 16 Classcount includes the impervious class In the code NCLASS NTYPE ElevConversion S L Units 1 0 305 for Imperial Units Default is 1 0 if zero is entered Once all the data has been entered and stored in the BSNM MAP file the program BSN EXE is run to convert the MAP file to a bsnm_SHD r2c file 3 3 3 Data Separators Headings All data blocks in the bsnm map files are separated by a blank line or a line that has a user defined header Examples are shown below These names are not used for any particular purpose 3 3 4 River Invert Elevation ELV The elevations of the elements refer to the elevation of the main channel in the square at its midpoint between the element boundaries The best way to get this elevation is to mark the locations where contours cross the rivers or streams The midpoint elevations can then be interpolated Note the border of blank elements surrounding the basin Only one element is used as the receiving square elv 850 More receiving elements are possible but they must all have the same elevation This is automatic if the receiving elements are all in the same lake but if this is not the ca
149. aporation continues at this rate until the storage is reduced to zero at which point IET is zero or another precipitation event occurs and IET is reset to the potential rate This increase FPET in the PET is substantiated by the fact that with precipitation there can be considerable wind producing advective conditions which are not completely accounted for by the temperature and radiation based equations The FPET factor is not applied during the storm event because of the high Jan 2013 2 12 humidity that usually exists concurrently with precipitation These short term increases in humidity are not considered when using longer term averages of humidity for input data Thus IET FPET PET 2 21 where FPET 1 0 during a precipitation event and FPET 3 0 after rainfall cessation The fraction F of the total precipitation captured in interception storage V in mm is calculated as a fraction of the sum X2 of the maximum storage and the interception evaporation in mm V F X2 2 22 and X2 h IET h FPET PET 2 23 The value of F depends on the total precipitation from the beginning of the storm By defining the fraction as some function of the base of the natural logarithm to an exponent equal to the total precipitation since the beginning of the storm P in mm the rate of interception is established as decaying exponentially That is to say the rate of interception decreases as water is intercepted and is given by
150. ata ColumnUnits dc dc ColumnType float float ColumnName Wormwood Logan_farm Jan 2013 8 2 ColumnLocationX 530000 560000 ColumnLocationY 4900000 4800000 Elevation 1700 1140 lt Optional EndColumnMetaData EndHeader 7 92 4 92 9 73 6 73 10 85 7 85 12 00 9 00 12 97 9 97 13 57 10 57 The format is similar to the rain gauge file described in Sec 6 1 2 Notes 1 Missing data should be entered as 99 9 or anything less than 99 0 e g 999 0 2 The line length is limited to 4096 characters 3 If the elevation of the first station is greater than 0 then all stations must have an elevation and the lapse rate tlapse should have a value in the par file 8 1 2 Modified Distribution of temperature This section is identical to section 6 1 46 1 4 for precipitation For straight distance weighting distant stations can have an influence at a grid especially grids at watershed boundaries where the grid is well outside the group of precipitation stations Another problem arises when a station consistently over or underestimates precipitation which results in bullseyes when cumulative precip is plotted in 2D To overcome this two coefficients can be used by TMP exe These are read from basin bsnm_par csv in the appropriate line radiusinflce 300 000 radius of influence km smoothdist 35 000 smoothing diatance km To include all stations in the weights for all grids chose a large min radi
151. ate change runs use annual events If you are planning say 40 year long runs monthly events are awkward in use There is no limit on the number of chained events as of Dec 26 08 ALSO In Canada start simulations Oct 1 if possible or even earlier in the North to ensure the proper accumulation of snow for the winter unless you have snowcourse data to initialize the SWE Itis perfectly ok to have a 3 month long event as the first event recommended even The following file is an example of an event file used by all WATFLOOD programs except BSN EXE The format of the event file is NO LONGER fixed The keywords are important and are allotted 30 characters Data fields may be left blank in this file only The order will not matter and only lines with data used for the particular job will need to be included Section 1 5 also shows which files are Mandatory and which are Optional for each program Example of an EVENT file This example is for a 1 year long simulation The user edits the file to add the event list at the bottom The reason for reading the number of events to follow is so an event file can be set up to run a long time series say 100 years but has the option of running just the first few years say as a calibration run by just changing the number of events to follow but leaving the list intact Note Older versions of SPL will NOT read this version of the event file The current version of SPL will read older versions of the eve
152. ation Temperature Index Algorithm 0 00 00 eceeeceeseeeeeeceeeeeceeeecaeeeeeaecatesecnevereaeaeeetes 2 25 3 WATERSHED DATA REQUIREMENTS ccccccccccccccccccccnccccnccncnencncnnnnnnnnnos 3 1 3 1 Georeference Requirements ccscesscecscscssscssscssccsscssscssscssscssscssccescesecsseesscsssesssessesescessessess 3 1 3 2 Setting Up a New Watershed cscssscssscssssssssscecscscscsscssscssscssseesssscsssssesscssscsesssessesssecssoessnes 3 1 3 2 1 Mandatory Files Summary 0c ccsccsssssscsactesscesceaseaescecadevaceceaseddsctaveacatesscccaceadeagedyadeedsceateseiees 3 2 3 2 2 Steps to Set Up a New Watershed ooooooonoccnocnoocconcconoconoconccnocnnonononnnonnono nono nono cono cn nena nconncinnos 3 2 3 2 3 Watershed Data dieses 3 4 3 3 EA A nn o sunssssocsascoadecdesisussossessest estscssocse 3 5 3 3 1 Entering Watershed Coordinates ooocccnonoconcnocnnocnonocnnnncnnonannnnononnrnn serina pasiri nn cnn Raat iaiT Esa 3 6 3 3 3 Data Separators Headings ooooononanonocononcononancnnononarononnnrnnnnanon Ea E ENA e nEn pe nara EEEE Eai 3 8 3 3 4 River Invert Elevation ELV ss ceessssase csessnspsescceutessensdsneaecnspenseiceseestasssvavdsnabasnep dassteussoss 3 8 3 3 5 Grid Drainage Area FRAC ccescesecsecsseeeesecseecaeeeseeeeeeeeesseeeseceecaecaecaeceaeeeesaeeeseeaaes 3 10 3 3 6 Drainage Directions S 2 3 2ec25 asc ices Sib ets tds can arcas peores Eei e raia paet icons ues seotedes 3 10 3 3 7 River Classificati
153. aximum number of contours Fig 3 2 The contours can go up or down continuously or can go up and then down or visa versa They can go up and down many times The program calculates an average land slope not the channel slope in each grid If the same contour crosses the line more than once count each crossing Remember that slope is perpendicular to the contours When automatic methods are used to obtain the contour count based on a DEM the contour interval is usually set to 1 m The contour count will vary with grid size If the grid size is 2 km for instance and the average overland internal slope is 10 the contour count will be 200 Jan 2013 3 12 The previous limit of 99 has been removed as long as the free file format is used For the example below the countour density is 14 There are 14 contours crossing the line in this example The line length grid length Contour Density TROUGH 0 Oo0o0O0O0O0O0O00O0O0O0OoOo Oo0o0Oo0Oo0rrrooo0ooo OONNNNR ADNOOOO ONNNNNNR POOOO ONNNNNFRFNFBFFEFO ONRFRERFENFNNFFRFREFO ORFRPRNNNRFNFFOO ooerereNeNOOOOOO Oo0o0O0O0O0O0O000O0O0oOoOo Fig 5 Contour Density The contour density is well correlated with a slope found by first calculating for each pixel in a DEM the steepest slope in all directions and then averaging the slopes found for each pixel in a grid cell 3 3 9 Channel Density ICHNL Channel density is the number of channels traversing the element This refers to
154. be contiguous and their location in the grid is not considered significant with respect to routing The runoff from a grouped set of pixels is routed by a two step procedure first overland flow to the channel system and second channel flow to the next grid For the grid in Fig 1 1 there are four hourly runoff computations and four overland flow routing segments The flows are then combined for the grid It is as if there are four sub watersheds in this grid in a pie shaped configuration with each segment contributing runoff according to its Jan 2013 1 3 percent coverage The four runoff amounts are added in each grid and routed downstream from grid to grid Group Response Unit Physically Based to deal with basin heterogeneity Streamflow Routing Figure 1 1 Group response unit and runoff routing concept Donald 1992 Figure 1 2 shows an array of grids where each grid may have a different makeup of land cover fractions The essential property of this arrangement is that the parameters are associated with the land cover classes A B C and D All grids in this method have the same hydrological parameters even though the land cover makeup of each grid is not the same The advantages of this scheme are 1 the parameters can be used in other physiographically similar watersheds without recalibration and 2 the parameters do not have to be recalibrated if land use in the watershed changes over time For the latter only the land cover
155. best bat file It is up to you what you want to save 1 DDS is the active program and shells out to runs two batch files a watflood batch bat gt runs the coupler amp splx b save best bat gt takes best files to now and saves them in the dds best directory 2 DDS reads the objective function written by splx in function_out txt 4 5 3 5 Function _out txt objective function 0 6245 This file has just one entry the value of the objective function calculated by SPL exe and read by DDS p exe Different objective functions can be specified by the line in the par file with the keyword errfl Eight objective functions are available 1 Weighted sum of Squared errors recommended by Brian Tolson DDS originator no nkr DOS car gt gt 0 By E SW 51 fd where O observed flow for hour j P predicted flow for hour j nhr no if hours of record l station number no no of flow stations Jan 2013 4 17 and station weight SW wer Oy 2 Sum of squared errors SSE ne error sis Xo ES Paf ui 3 Sum of squared errors weighted with mean flow ne nkr Pus 2 4 Volume only unweighted does not work too well DDS S he taf j Pu al where n number of observations pS station l 5 Volume weighted 7 Pee i pata m ZF fais 6 Weighted sum of absolute errors gt _ jas 7 Nash Efficiency to be minimized ne 2 DOS rror Ijas 017 Fig A Ena 0 z ay
156. calibration In Canada use the order of the WSC station numbers e Do avoid sub watersheds smaller or of the order of the area of one grid Probably they are not useful although they can give good results No more than one flow station can be located in one grid e Do check the modeled drainage area for each station against the published drainage area for that station Frac can be adjusted for each grid to get matching areas e When adjusting flow paths when you change a drainage direction for a grid make sure the new receiving grid has a lower elevation e Do avoid sub watersheds smaller or of the order of the area of one grid Probably they are not useful although they can give good results No more than one flow station can be located in one grid e Do check the modeled drainage area for each station against the published drainage area for that station Frac can be adjusted for each grid to get matching areas e When adjusting flow paths when you change a drainage direction for a grid make sure the new receiving grid has a lower elevation e Use the 10 profiles for the 10 longest river reaches generated by the BSN EXE program to spot flat reaches in the river when these are caused by flat spots in the DEM Flat reaches cause lake like routing conditions and result in really flat hydrograhs that do not represent reality This can be avoided by entering a minimum slope when executing the BSN EXE program A minimum slope of 0 0001 works quite
157. cccscscscssscscscsssscescscscscsssscssscssscsssscsssesscesecsseesscssscssesesessscseses 2 5 2 3 1 Priestley Taylor Equation dae 2 6 2 3 2 Hargreaves Equation cccccesccssecssecssecseecseeeseeesceseeeseseceeeeceeeseeceseceaeceaecaecaaeceeceeeaeeeneeeeeees 2 7 2 4 Actual Evapotranspiration by T Neff sssscssssssssscsssssssscssssesssesesscsssessssesessssssessssneeseses 2 8 2 4 1 Soil Moisttite C Gethi C1 iaa ci E EOE E REES 2 8 2 4 2 Soil Temperature Coch Cent mit ds 2 10 2 4 3 Forest Vegetation CoefficientF TALL sssrinin ainats serete daiak iana 2 10 2 4 4 Calculating AET from PET land classes ooocononinnncnncnnccococonoranononncononncnnonnrnnnn nc nonnncco nano 2 10 2 4 5 Calculating AET water class lakes 0 0 eesesseseesceseeeeeseceeesecaeeseceaeeeesaecaeesecaeeeeeaeeneeeees 2 11 2 5 Interception by T Neff scscsscsssssesssssssssccsncssescssssesssenessesscscsssssessssssssessessnessessessesossoes 2 11 2 6 Prnbe rl Wirss esiesisscctsscscssssseccessassanecesasceocsssetuececasscascessasncsscasesseassssacsssduecavessdss cesasanssbesessossocacsaccssssese 2 13 2 7 UZ to LZ Drainage or Ground Water Recharge seseseesseesosoesesecoeoososoeseseecesososceseeesoesosoeeeoe 2 14 2 8 Overland AOW scsccsssscssscesscnsscccecscosssssnesescnesscsnssesensseesesenessesecesessossessesssessssncssessessessosessoss 2 14 2 9 ease PLOW A A NN 2 15 2 10 AAA e coissis 2 16 2 11 Routing Model cocnon
158. cesses the Philip formula Philip 1954 is chosen as representing the important physical aspects of infiltration process It also readily incorporates the notion of surface detention The Philip formula is identical to the Green Ampt equation Green amp Ampt 1911 except that it includes the head due to surface ponding as well as the capillary potential The Green Ampt approach assumes the ponding head is insignificant when compared to the potential head Figure 2 2 is a schematic of the infiltration process The Philip formula Philip 1954 expresses the rate of infiltration as Tiis mom Poton 2 2 dt F where F total depth of infiltrated water in mm t time in hour K hydraulic conductivity in mm hour optimized m the average moisture content of the soil to the depth of the wetting front my initial soil moisture content based on API calculation or input Po capillary potential at the wetting front in mm D1 depth of water on the soil surface Jan 2013 2 4 Equation 2 2 represents the physical process of infiltration in that the pressure gradient acting on the infiltrating water is used to determine the flow using Darcy s Law Because of the uncertainty of its effective value over the basin it is an optimized parameter The values of K range from 2 mm hr for forested areas to 0 3 mm hr for bare or sparsely vegetated areas These values are very low but this is because water tends to flow to low areas and infiltrate
159. coace0oe0ce0CoCOoOvNacCeo Notes on the gridded rain file E ooo o00000000000o0Oo ooo o0000000000o0o0Oo of the data is noted in columns 22 26 ooo 000000000O0RProo 10 abs LOs SA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 O s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 O s Ow OO Summary 58 60 67 61 PA SE 67 64 68 66 70 67 74 69 74 70 3a TBs 77 79 76 80 77 80 ooo 0 0 0 o0000000000o0Oo O0o0OoOPrProwuOoOoOROoO o rainfall 54 5T 61 57 61 F57 64 70 74 79 TS Lisa The adjusted radar file and the distributed rainfall file are mutually exclusive They have the same name and only one or the other can be used in SPL9 The adjusted radar file is created by CALMET and the distributed rainfall file is created by RAGMET The adjusted radar file can have segments of data originating from rain gauges as might be required when radar data is not available In the record in the header for each hour the origin The entire radar rainfall field can be scaled to match observed hydrograph This can be done manually by changing the scale variable in the event file or automatically by running the automatic scaling option in the run menu in WATFLOOD Jan 2013 6 14 4 When scaling is used only the data originating from radar is affected Hourly data fields headed by Gauge labels are not affected 5 To scale dat
160. cssscssssssscesscssesssessscsscsscessessees 7 1 7 1 1 Example streamflow A TO 7 1 7 1 2 Water Survey Card format cic cisccasscssesaitctecsazhtvietadecdicendesueceadecdacessecvaccesa conde aseisaduesieesneteesh 7 3 7 3 Observed Stage Input Under construction ccccsecssesssesseesseessecceceecaeeeneeeneenseesneeseeeeeens 7 4 7 1 4 Plow Station Area Check ici tito 7 5 7 2 Reservoir Release File sscssscsssssssssssssscssscssssscecscssscsscssscssscssscssssssscesscssscssssssssesseessocsesesenss 7 6 7 2 1 Natural lakes and uncontrolled reServolSS ooooonnnnocnnocnonoonncnononnonn nono nnononn cono co nor nn rn nnnn nro 7 7 722 A O 7 8 7 2 3 Natural WS o E eco 7 9 7 3 Reservoir Inflow AAA 7 9 7 4 Diversions BETA Jan 09 ssascssccsssccssscasssvascesnsssecsesossssassscnscessssesesssesteveosssasteseeosscasssscsesasedecoesaees 7 10 8 TEMPERATURE DATA cornada 8 1 8 1 1 Example of Point Temperature Files cccecccecsecsceseceecesecseceecaeeeecaaecaeeeneeeeeeneeeeneeereearees 8 1 8 1 2 Modified Distribution of temperature cccceecceesceesceseceeeceeeceseceseceecaeecaeeeaeeeaeeneeeeeeeneeeeees 8 2 8 1 3 Temperature lapse rate tlapse cceeceeeseesceesceesceseeesceecnseeesecesecaecaaecaeecaeeeaeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeaeees 8 3 8 1 4 Example of a Gridded Temperature File tempr yyyymmdd tem 120 ci eeeeeseeseeeeeeeeneees 8 3 9 RADIATION DATA ccsieoscctisssticvimenetincsnnticnntnuatnntinntiouns 9 1 10 QUTPUT FILES Rr
161. ct the stations to be included in the error calculation for optimization 1 indicates calculate the error and a 0 means to pass over the station but plot the results anyways Variable is NOPT HEH HEHE THE HH EEE HEE HE EEE EEE EEE EE EEE HEE FileType tb0 ASCII GreenKenue 1 0 DataType GreenKenue Tabl Application GreenKenue Version 221223 WrittenBy translate CreationDate 2006 09 28 15 42 Jan 2013 7 2 SourceFile strfw 19930101 str Name Streamflow Projection UTM Ellipsoid NAD83 Zone 17 StartTime 00 00 00 00 StartDate 1993 01 01 DeltaT 1 RoutingDeltaT 1 FillFlag ColumnMetaData ColumnUnits m3 s m3 s m3 s ColumnType float float float ColumnName GRND GALT W MONTROSE GRND MARSVIL ColumnLocationX 554000 545000 556000 ColumnLocationY 4801000 4833000 4860000 Coeffl 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 Coeff2 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 Coeff3 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 Coeff4 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 Valuel 2 2 2 EndColumnMetaData EndHeader 1 100 1 000 33 000 1 100 1 000 32 700 1 000 1 000 31 200 1 000 1 000 30 500 1 000 1 000 29 100 1 000 1 000 19 800 1 000 1 000 27 000 1 000 1 000 26 300 1 000 1 000 25 000 1 000 1 000 25 600 The coefficients can be used for applications where only stage data is available which can be converted to flows using a polinomial function Section 1 3 9 Valuel is used to fla
162. d combined surface interflow and groundwater flow For a single input only the i option can be used In the event file set modelflg i 11 2 RUNOFF _rff RECHARGE _rch and and LEAKAGE _lkg file creation with WATFLOOD These files are created to allow WATFLOOD to be linked to other software or models This data already can be incorporated in the watflood wfo file for viewing inGreenKenue To create these files 1 Set flag the routeflg in the event file y Create a runoff rchrg and lkage subdirectories in the working directory e g spNgrl0kvrunof spl gr10k rchrg and spNgrl0Nkage 3 Provide names for files in the event files as shown below Jan 2013 11 7 griddedrunoff runof yyyymmdd_rff r2c griddedrecharge rchrglyyyymmdd_rch r2c griddedleakage lkage yyyymmdd_lkg r2c Note The reason the files are not in the results directory and are not included in the outfiles new file is that they are out put files of WATFLOOD and input files for WATROUTE or other models and are part of the information flow of the modeling The results or other user specified directory directory is reserved just for non reusable model output The rff file is a file of hourly grids of the sum of surface runoff and interflow It is the direct runoff resulting from rainfall or snow melt It is formatted to be read by WATROUTE The units are mm averaged for the nominal grid size The rch file is a file of hourly grids of recharge in mm When SPL is
163. d flat spots in your river profile It causes severe flattening of the hydrographs Jan 2013 17 7 Enter the minimum allowable river slope that you have in your sustem e g 0 0001 Min accepted value 0 0000001 Max value accepted is 1 0 45 degrees gone to arrange back from arrange gone to grade back from grade No of river classes found in the map file 1 This should match the number specified in the par file nrvr al Decidous forest Coniferous forest Mixed forest Opened forest Taiga Wetland Water Roc end of map file reached Note impervious area gt 0 in the header 0 of the impervious class urban has been subtracted from class 8 and added to class 1 Class 1 should be a land cover compatible with the pervious areas in urban areas eg grass ios 1 No bankfull values found Default assumed frac _2d 18 4 0 000 please check Basin not coded grid 351 18 4 elv 370 000 contours not coded grid 351 18 4 elv 370 000 channels not coded grid 351 18 4 elv 370 000 next grid 0 Q grid 351 Q 18 4 elv 370 000 Possible cause wrong drainage direction Errors OK if last receiving grid Please see new format shd file for ve slope location nrvr 1 ver 9 300000 parameter file version number in rdpar problem opening BASINlevap dat file zero values are inserted for evap dat parameter file read na naa 351 350 frame 1 written Jan
164. d rivers that greatly affect the timing of the hydrograph For a small number of lakes or just the larger ones storage discharge relationships can be set up in the rel tb0 files See Section 7 2 1 To account for the effect of many small the parameter Rlake can be used as a multiplier to Manning s n It can be optimized 2 11 4 Bankfull Drainage area relationship A requirement for running SPL9 is a relation to give the bankfull channel cross sectional area at any point in the basin This is accomplished by measuring the channel width and depth at various points in the watershed computing the bankfull cross sectional area and fitting a relation such that the channel cross section area is given as a function of drainage area Fig 2 4 This relation is used to determine if the flow exceeds the channel s capacity at any point at any time Jan 2013 2 19 Drainage Area vs Bankfull Area Bankfull Area in m22 wo _ 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Drainage Area in Km42 Figure 2 4 Example of bankfull area as a function of drainage area Two equations can be used to calculate the bankfull cross sectional area The original WATFLOOD equation is Bankfull area aa2 aa3 drainage area 2 41 This expression is difficult to fit unless an optimization scheme is used To allow a function to be derived using MS EXCEL the following function is used if aa4 is set to 0 0 Bankfull area 10 0 1srinage arca 993
165. d size and drainage directions 2 There is a minimum of 1 grid buffer around the watershed The receiving element may be 0S 3 3 Basin File but does not have to be within this border Each grid is referenced in its bottom left corner So the grid is from 500000 590000 in the east west direction and 4790000 to 4910000 the north south direction A WATFLOOD watershed map can be created automatically usingGreenKenue Green This methodology is fully described in its manual Capter 17 is a tutorial for a 2 day workshop Jan 2013 3 6 showing the step by step process Chapter 12 shows the use ofGreenKenue as a post processor It also shows theGreenKenue map for the Grand River watershed shown in Fig 3 1 The watershed map can also be created manually and this actually serves as a good training excersise leading to a better understanding of the model Previously a VB interface could be sued to enter and properly format the data for the next step of creating a condensed watershed file 3 3 1 Entering Watershed Coordinates Step 1 The first thing to do is make a drawing of the watershed as in Figure 3 1 Step 2 Create a file called bsnm map and enter the meta data as shown below Enter the watershed coordinates being very careful to get the right grid coordinates See notes 3 and 4 above The menu below appears only when the NewWatershed menu item is selected The number of land cover classes is also entered here Maximum 16
166. d through the origin Each function should be plotted to ensure that the function reasonable represents the data of the storage discharge curve An example input file is shown in Section 7 2 For controlled reservoirs the releases must be entered in the resrl yymmdd_rel tbo file The controlled reservoirs are indicated by b1 and b2 0 0 in the header of the yymmd4d rel file NOTES 1 Ifall lakes have rule curves and there are no release data in the rel files do not enter any data under the EndHeader line 2 OR if you do be sure to put in the proper number of lines for that event no of hours deltat 3 If values are entered in the first event and ve values are entered for b1 b5 for subsequent events only the values given for the first event will be used By entering values for a later event new rules can be imposed at a later date 2 13 2 Instream Lakes numerous There are situations where there are many small lakes too numerous to program with storage discharge rules For these lakes the channel in each grid will be widened to preserve the water surface area as determined from the land cover map To include the hydrograph attenuation characteristics Manning s n is modified for that grid according to the formula R2n r2n n water_area n channel_area n a2 2 48a for water_area n gt channel_area n where a2 is a coefficient specified in the parameter file and channel_area is the default channel area based on th
167. data 8 1 Temperature Index Model 2 23 TMP EXE 1 23 Topographic roughness IROUGH 3 11 Total runoff 2 16 Tracer Model 13 5 translate 14 1 Treflg 1 13 Tutorial 1 18 Unadjusted Radar File RAD 6 8 18 15 uncontrolled reservoirs 7 7 UTM Coordinates 3 29 3 35 UTM format 3 6 vapflg 1 13 Watershed Coordinates 3 6 Watershed Data 3 4 WATERSHED DATA MANAGEMENT 3 4 WATFLOOD Programs 1 23 WATROUTE 11 1 WATROUTE Options 11 5 wetflg 1 13 Wetland Model 13 2 wetland outflow 2 20 Wetland Routing 2 19 wetland csv 10 3 Wetlands 2 21 3 14 3 16 3 17 widep 2 17 2 21 width depth ratio 2 17
168. deallocations added rev 9 1 48 Dec 08 03 N sumrechrge added to get total recharge 1 REV 9 1 49 Nov 23 03 TS Added wetlands to GW Tracer Wetland Tracer rev 9 1 50 Jan 4 04 NK version number added to the wfo_spec txt file l rev 9 1 51 Jan 28 04 N added iz ne jz conditional toGreenKenue output rev 9 1 52 Mar 04 N continuous water quality modelling rev 9 1 53 Mar 4 04 N hasp key configured t rev 9 1 54 Apr 2 04 N SEDFLG set for multiple events at event No 1 i rev 9 1 55 Jun 2 04 N write new str files to strfw newfmt folder i rev 9 1 56 Jun 8 04 N write new rel amp rin files to resrl newfmt folder rev 9 1 57 Jul 06 04 N Fixed major bug in shed for max instead of min rev 9 1 58 Jul 2 04 N New header for the shd file l rev 9 1 59 Jul 5 04 N split rerout into two parts rdresv amp rerout rev 9 1 60 Jul 27 04 MN reversed definitions for sll s12 Int Slope l rev 9 1 61 Aug 25 04 N Check for repeated met data in RAIN rev 9 1 62 Sep 08 04 N Fixed the conversion factor in SNW FOR cnv Jan 2013 rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev re
169. ded grdflg to print gridded flow swe amp evap fixed allocation error in read_resv_ef fixed missing data in read resl ef f fixed lake initiation moved code route gt flowinit added Julian day calc to read_evt fixed allocation for chnl in rdpar fixed allocation for inbsnflg in flowinit fixed initialization in read_resv_ef conv back in read_rain amp process rain arg list moved totsnw n computation in sub compute reservoir levels added column labels for grapher in flow_station_location xyz fixed lake area in flowinit moved flow _sta_location to flowinit fixed ires bug for unevent dx amp dy in read_resv added deltat_report to lake sd csv file write added optional coef6 amp 7 to rel file for lake levels fixed bug in reservoit routing added diversions to rerout read in reservoir coefficients each event added b7 as the initial lake surface elevation changed bottom part of par file to be free format removed code obj modules for hasp rainbow added various error calculations user s choice with errflg trying to fix problem with ve storage Changed conditional to bbs add flwinitflg to warn about initial flows added event_fln to allow unlimited events changed conditional to read releases in rerout Jan 2013 rev g rev rev l rev rev l rev l rev rev 1 rev rev 1 rev rev E rev rev 1 rev rev rev rev l rev l rev rev 1 rev r
170. deficit is reduced by the maximum probable melt as calculated in Eq 2 35 i e snow pack is warmed by the amount of maximum probable melt The Antecedent Temperature Index ATI in Eq 2 36 is based on the transient heat flow equation for semi infinite solids as reproduced in Eq 2 37 T x t Tot erf Ti To 2 37 2Vat Wet where T x t is the temperature at some depth x at time t C T is the altered surface temperature C T is the original surface temperature C a is the thermal diffusivity m s a x p c which gives a value of 3 97 10 for typical x value listed below x is the thermal conductivity W m C common value for snow is 0 25 for a density of 300kg m and c is a specific heat of snow KJ kg C assume that it can be approximated by Cice 2 1 KJ kg 20 In WATFLOOD the erf function is expressed by the lumped term tipm and can be altered in the parameter file for each land cover class This is important because it supposedly accounts for the changes in temperature resulting from all the energy fluxes acting on the snow pack which vary substantially between different vegetation regimes Theoretically this parameter should also vary through the ablation period based on changes in snow pack density However in both Anderson s model Anderson 1973 and in WATFLOOD it is held constant to simplify the computations This simplification is used as snow pack densities can vary sig
171. desired numbers Jan 2013 3 40 Before attempting to run a new watershed run the Grand River GR10K demonstration data set to ensure that everything is installed properly Jan 2013 4 1 4 MODEL PARAMETERS AND OPTIMIZATION 4 1 Parameter File The parameter file contains most of the parameters used in SPL9 There are others in the program which are not likely to ever need changing Any of these parameters can be handled by the optimization routine but the selection depends on the programming in subroutine OPTIONS The parameters to be optimized can be chosen from a list in part 2 of the parameter file The possible choice list can only be changed by changing the source code A complete parameter file is shown in two parts below The first part contains the parameters used for normal runs The second part is used for optimization runs and is now free format 1 e blanks between entries Notes 1 The impervious class is now like any other 1t needs all parameters 2 The par file should be edited in Excel and saves as a CSV file 3 Recent changes are highlighted in yellow WARNING When editing and saving a parameter file in Excel there can be unintended consequences If you are getting weird results like no runoff upper zone storage or something like that 1t is likely that Excel inserted some weird invisible characters in the file To find these compare resultsiparfile csv to the par file that was read by the program
172. e designated flow stations for all events in this run Note In the event file for nudgeflg a all computed flows at all flow stations will be replaced by observed flows All entries for Valuel are over ridden by this flag and set to 2 7 1 2 Water Survey Card format Jan 2013 7 4 0 00000E 00 0 00000E 00 0 00000E 00 0 00000E 00 0 00000E 00 0 00000E 00 1 1 endHeader 107BE001002011 65 4B 66 8B 66B 66 3B 66 7B 66B 65 1B 64 4B 66B 69 4B 31 107BE001002012 70B 70B 68B 66B 63B 60B 60B 60B 61B 62B 107BE001002013 60B 59B 57B 55B 53B 52B 51B 50B 50B 51B 52B 107DA001002011 120B 118B 117B 117B 115B 113B 110B 111B 114B 116B 31 107DA001002012 117B 118B 119B 118B 120B 115B 118B 120B 119B 116B 107DA001002013 116B 116B 116B 116B 112B 109B 108B 110B 109B 109B 109B 7 1 3 Observed Stage Input Under construction WARNING 1 TY and JX are the coordinates of the stream gauging stations Some care must be taken so that the layout of the elements drainage directions is realistic Check that the drainage areas computed by BSN agree reasonable well with the drainage areas associated with the gauge locations A gauge location placed on the east or north grid limit is actually placed in the grid to the east or north respectively A location placed on the west and south limit of the grid or anywhere within the grid will include the area of that grid in the upstream basin area WARNING 2 Only the gauge locations listed in the first event of
173. e new par file will be a parameter set that produced the lowest error value However the user must always check that the parameter set is viable by looking at the process plots from the rffn txt files and be validating on other data DDELTA has a dual purpose It is the incremental change of the parameters as a ratio of the initial value of the parameter If ve the parameter will not be optimized If ve the parameter will be included in the list of optimized parameters Up to 50 parameters can be optimized in one run but this large number is discouraged It is better to select a process and optimize the parameters associated with that process E g melt Optimize only MF and BASE NPER 1 the delta values are a fraction of the parameter value 0 the delta value is an absolute amount 1 10 of the par value a good start CHECKL amp CHECKH are the lower and upper constraints on the parameters The values shown above were found to be reasonable limits for the Grand River basin in Ontario PARAMETER the initial value is given in the last column of the parameters being optimized If ddelta is ve the values in the top part of the table are used If ddelta is ve values in the bottom part of the table will be used Note The parameter table will be changed as follows for ve ddelta s the parameter values in the lower part will be synchronized with the top part for ve ddelta s the parameter values in the top part will be synchr
174. e shows what would happen if the storm should be centered in various directions away from it s predicted path The Toce river is in a deep valley in the European Alps and so the storm tract is quite restricted In flatter terrain of course there would be less topographical influence Jan 2013 13 5 1600 Toce River at Candoglia 1755 km 2 MC2 Grid shifting 8 km max 1200 dx dy 4 km Flow in cms a o 0 n I i 1 f A f 9 26 99 9 27 99 9 28 99 9 29 99 13 4 Tracer Model Trish Stadnyk s PhD Eventually all sources of water in a computed hydrograph will be traced through the routing process This will allow the various components to be plotted and compared to isotope data To use this option set the trcflg y in the event file flag no 16 and chose the tracer in the par file as shown below Tracer 100 will trace the ground water lower zone contribution to streamflow The result will be written to the results tracer csv file Example event file fileType evt Jan 2013 13 6 fileVersionNo 92 year 2000 month 10 day 01 hour 00 snwflg sedflg vapflg smrflg resinflg tbcflg resumflg contflg routeflg crseflg Kenueflg picflg wetflg modelflg shdflg trceflg frcflg 93K5525350K50K55 530K BK undocumented Example par file for tracer 100 runtime 09 16 00 rundate 2002 12 16 from Al modified classes Mar 12 06 ver 9 200 parameter f
175. e watershed s geomorphology 1 0 is a good starting value and can be adjusted up or down depending on the timing of hydrographs downstream from reached with many lakes One or two small lakes do not have much of an effect 2 14 Lake Evaporation Lake evaporation can only occur for open water There is no ice cover model in WATFLOOD but there is a work around using the snow cover depletion curves SDC Snow is accumulated on water in the same fashion as on land Since water is assumed to be ice covered if there is snow the SDC curve can be used to specify how much of the water area is snow covered for a given amount of SWE it in effect specifies how much of the water area is covered with ice The data below indicates there are 2 points on the SDC curve for class no 5 For zero depth of snow the snow covered area is 0 0 while for 10 mm of SWE the snow covered area is 100 1 000 Jan 2013 2 23 2 5 600 000 water ii 5 0 000 0 000 sca j depth 3 1 000 10 000 This means that when 10 mm of SWE has accumulated the lake will be 100 frozen over and evaporation is halted If the 10 000 is changed to 100 00 it will mean that the lake will not be 100 covered until 100 mm of SWE have fallen as snow In this way the rate of freeze up and open water can be controlled The reverse happens during the thaw 2 15 Snowmelt Model J Donald and L Hamlin In WATFLOOD snow free and snow covered areas are modelled separately Initially for a dee
176. eEW s scssccssscsssssssecssnscsssessssecsnecsssecesnecsnecsesscsaneesssecesneeaseces 3 33 3 4 1 Creating a sub watershed subbsnm_shd r2c file lt lt MW ceeccceccessseesseesseessesssessesseeeses 3 33 3 4 2 Creating reduced met de tmp files lt lt MOW o ccecscecsessseesssesssesssesssessvesssesssecssesssesssesseesses 3 34 3 5 Additional Required Files csscssssscsscssssssssssssccssssssscsssscssssnsssesssssesssssssssssnensesssesessssssesseees 3 35 3 5 1 BSNM PDL File for UTM Coordinates cccccccseesseesceesceseceeeeseceaeeaecaeecaeceaeeseeseesseeenes 3 35 3 6 Additional Optional Files New 2012 sssssssscsssscsssscssssssscesecsnsccssscesnscesseceancesnscssnsccessecsnecess 3 37 3 6 1 Optional Storage Discharge curves for lakes amp TeSCLVOIFS eceeeeceteeeeeeceseeeeeseteteneeneeetes 3 38 3 6 2 INVIAS 3 38 3 6 3 FINANCIA 3 38 3 7 Mean and Max grid elevations for lapse rate applications NeW sssssssscssssessssecssecesseesssees 3 39 3 8 Watershed data summary sesesssesesoessesceosoesessoesesosssesoesseseesossessossesoesesoossesoessssossosseesossesossseesse 3 39 4 MODEL PARAMETERS AND OPTIMIZATION cccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 4 1 4 1 Parameter Files sicsvsccessavccsssecncessccersscisoudessecsnaesauseecseesceusasdesenccdeaseviavessesssbansouces eE Eei EEEa So Esia 4 1 Jan 2013 7 4 2 General Parameters in the par File scssssscssssssssessssssssscesesssssssssn
177. ecially with snow Or for instance in mountainous area where the precip measurements are at low elevations and you want to adjust the higher elevations by some height dependent factor When you run the SPLX EXE program two files called newerror txt and error xyz are created in the working directory Either of these can be used with SURFER and the r2s file is compatible withGreenKenue An example of the newerror txt file for the Grand River is below 1 Errors in Runtime 0 0 0 0 0 0 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 99 9 9992 99 9 9990 Iz 1 75999 2999 9 9 9 999 99915999 9993 1 1990 999999 999 999 999 999 1 Li T 999 9 99 999 gt 9995 999 315 1 Ti 1145999 9 9 9 9 99 9995 EL Sth Bit 290 550 7909 999 999 E a NS A 10 H999 AA E 164 F506 A A E O AA III 2 Bee Z AA LOLs 10 999 9999991 2 Du 2 2 2 LEO 9 99 9 99 9 9 9 Ds 2 Di 23 999 9 9 9 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 1 1 J error imax jmax T2 9 1 4800 530 S22 1 4800 540 SO 2T 1 4800 550 S221 etc The newerror txt file shows the percent error in each grid on the basis of the sub watershed in which it is located Subwatersheds are defined by the locations of the streamflow stations The error is for just the sub basin not the entire area above the station 999 means the grid is outside the basin Next the newerror txt file is renamed or copied to the error txt
178. ectory DDS_bsnm DDS output DDS best best DDS input output files LKAGE leakage ground water discharge files MOIST initial soil moisture files RADAR radar ASCII files from RFA pictures RADCL adjusted radar or rain gauge files RADUC unadjusted radar files RAING rain gauge data files RCHRG recharge files RESULTS model results DEFAULT lt lt new RESRL reservoir release files RUNOF surface runof amp interflow files SNOW1 snow course and climate data STRFW streamflow or river stage files TEMPG point temperature files TEMPR gridded temperature files SAUG BASIN etc The reason for the use of the dr spl bsnm results directory if to make the use of post processors easier If the results are always in the same place programs such asGreenKenue KENUE or GRAPHER can always find the required files Some users prefer to use a RESULTS folder in the watershed directory as shown in red above For this edit the outfiles new Section 10 4 file and insert the proper path and save the file as outfiles txt in the working directory When running multiple watersheds at once this feature must be used 1 3 5 Minimum File Requirements In addition to files for specific events the following files are required before the WATFLOOD SPLX exe or SPLD exe model can be executed basinfilename BASIN gr10k_shd r2c parfilename BASIN GR1OK pa
179. ed to the range from 0 1 to 10 in order to concentrate on hydrologically significant rainfall amounts and to eliminate unrealistic ratios It has also been determined that Brandes method can lead to erroneous adjustment factors when high precipitation gradients are present in the rainfall field The above limits on the adjustment values alleviate problems which might be caused by gradients 6 4 3 CALMET PAR File This file is used only for radar calibration using the CALMET EXE program Copy this file from the gr10k basin example NoHoursMovingAverage 1 GaugeAreaOfInfluence 100 DebugLevel 0 Gauge RadarLowerBound 05 Gauge RadarUpperBound 25 RadarThreshold 0 00 ma the no of hours of the moving average epl the area of influence of the gauge 100 km is a good start ibug the debug level rlow the lowest acceptable gauge radar ratio rhigh is the highest acceptable ratio cutoff the radar cutoff value Special notes e If data from the precip gauges is available it will be distributed in the same way it is distributed in the ragmet exe program e Ifyou do not want to adjust the radar data with precip gauge data but just fill in missing radar data set rlow 1 0 and rhigh 1 0 as in the example above e If mais set to a value greater than 1 the adjustment factors are calculated for the period lasting ma hours before the current time but applied only to the current hour of precip data The adjustment factor applied
180. eed value 0 18 Print flag 0 saves all DDS outputs max files or 1 to save only summary info min of files 3 19 DDS initialization procedure Enter 1 2 or 3 Three options 1 use random initial solutions 2 Use initials txt to initialize via DDS program structure initials txt is matrix of initial sol s rows gt sol s cols gt DVs 3 Use Watclass model input files to extract initial decision variables coding in user obj func evaluator program handles case 3 EEA PASE TA TREERE EA EN 110 On NEXT LINE enter any other comments to save about this run 100 char max test1 1 112 MAX problem enter 1 or MIN problem enter 1 0 2 113 r val DDS neighborhood size parameter 0 2 is efault Allowable range is 0 0 1 0 Controls std 114 BLANK LINE save best bat 1 d dev of perturbation 1 1 15 Watclass specific input can be blank name of exe r bat application no file extension to run every O time DDS finds a new best solution 0 116 Always 0 for WATFLOOD 20 117 No of parameters to be optimized dl 118 Always 1 for WATFLOOD Mn AA a 119 Decision variable limits follow 20 in this case 0 5000000E 01 4 000000 1 3 lines for each parameters to be optimized by DDS 0 5000000E 01 4 000000 ik etc 18 more sets of 3 For WATFLOOD there is no differentiation for individual river or cover classes Line 17 is used to specify the to
181. een beech forest Nelson New Zealand Journal of Hydrology 66 143 158 Rutter A J K A Kershaw P C Robins and A J Morton 1971 A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests 1 Derivation of the model from observations in a plantation of Corsican pine Agricultural Meteorology 9 367 384 Jan 2013 16 4 Saeed M 1986 The estimation of evapotranspiration by some equations under hot and arid conditions Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 29 2 434 438 Seglenieks F R 1994 Application of Remote Sensing and Ground Measurements to Calibrate the Hydrologic Model WATFLOOD M A Sc Thesis University of Waterloo Waterloo ON 162 p Shuttleworth W J and I R Calder 1979 Has the Priestley Taylor equation any relevance to the forest evaporation Journal of Applied Meteorology 18 639 646 Spittlehouse D L and T A Black 1981 A growing season water balance model applied to two Douglas fir stands Water Resources Research 17 1651 1656 Stagnitti F J Y Parlange and C W Rose 1989 Hydrology of a small wet catchment Hydrological Processes 3 137 150 Stewart J B 1977 Evaporation from the wet canopy of a pine forest Water Resources Research 13 6 915 921 Stewart R B and W R Rouse 1976 A simple method for determining the evaporation from shallow lakes and ponds Water Resources Research 12 4 623 628 Stewart H B and A S Thom 1973 Energy budgets in pine
182. emp can be used in addition to account for large elevation changes where land cover is correlated to elevation as in high mountains The elevation of each precip Station must be given in the yyyymmdd_rag tb0 file If not present sea level is assumed rlapse lapse rate in mm 1 m elevation Example how to determine the precipitation lapse rate At each gauging station the point or gauge precip is reduced to a sea level or other reference value by precip n precip n 1 sta_elv n rlapse So the higher the lapse rate the lower will be the sea level value With rlapse 0 no change Then after the sea level precip is distributed with a value for each grid the correction is reversed for each grid precip 1 precip 1 1 1 0 elev_grid 1 rlapse So if the change is say 610 mm for 1 km 1000 m higher than a value of say 9150 mm ata gauge we have at 1000 m higher 9150 610 9150 1 0 1000 rlapse 9760 9150 1 0 1000 00007 rlapse If the precipitatin lapse rate is not known it can be optimized with DDS 6 2 Disaggregation of rainfall smrflg y If daily precipitation is entered in the rag file the amounts will be disaggregated by entering rainfall in the yyyymmdd_met r2c file in hourly amounts until the total amount is entered If the daily amount is greater than 24 mm the amount will be divided by 24 and 24 equal hourly amounts will be used To use this feature the smrflg must be y in t
183. emperature index model is also used for the radiation temperature index model No adjustments are made to the snow pack heat balance to incorporate a radiation component as this would significantly complicate the model and require considerably more detailed information about the spatial variations of terrain aspect vegetation cover and meteorologic conditions The most significant being the variations in net long and short wave radiation acting on the snowpack resulting from spatially varying vegetation cover densities 3 1 3 WATERSHED DATA REQUIREMENTS 3 1 Georeference Requirements All basin and rainfall data is based on coordinate system The UTM or LAT LONG coordinates are convenient for this purpose but any grid can be used The grid origin is at the bottom left hand corner of the map with north at the top This cannot be changed In any case it is the usual way we look at maps The grid for all the goereferenced data is originally entered in the MAP file either manually through the MAPUTIL program fromGreenKenue or from the MAPMAKER program The MAP file is then transformed into a SHD r2c file using the BSN exe program The output from BSN exe is the basin file with all coordinates converted to a local grid However the UTM or lat long coordinates listed in the SHD file are subsequently used by all programs that set up georeferenced data files for SPL9 There must be at least one blank row and column surrounding the watershed bo
184. entered This option can be used to try different future rainfall scenarios Soil moistures are optimized only by executing the Forecast With Optimization Mode 1 5 10 Forecast With Optimization Mode This mode optimizes soil moisture during the initial rise of the hydrograph for the period when rainfall and streamflow are available This choice will run the model in the forecast mode SPL9 will run up to about 10 evaluations to match the initial soil moisture to the initial streamflow data It will do this for the duration of the rainfall or limit the optimization period to the number of hours specified when the streamflow data is saved with the F1 key or the period of rainfall whichever is less So if 24 hours of recorded rainfall and streamflow have been entered this option will run the model a number of times to fit the calculated to the measured hydrographs Once the optimization is complete the model will run for the modeling period when the event was initiated thus giving a forecast with the data that has been entered for the 24 hours It is assumed that in the operational mode we will have the rainfall and streamflow data for the same period i e from the start of the event until the time the forecast is made This method of adjusting for all the errors is not desirable and is essentially a makeshift approach that will eventually be replaced by methods to adjust the precipitation fields While it is a common practice to do this it i
185. erature in degree K 276 00 11 00 lt 2 lt 274 00 2 10 00 _ o 10 272 00 9 00 270 00 8 00 0 100 200 300 400 500 number of iterations 0 000003 Lower Zone Function 12 00 11 00 0 000002 10 00 error function 0 000001 0 000000 0 100 200 300 400 500 number of iterations Jan 2013 4 25 12 00 11 00 ene A Me pee eb 1 Lower Zone Exponent PVVR 10 00 lt 2 lt P L e Q Ad oe ee AA LA lu AJ MA Ay 8 00 0 100 200 300 400 500 number of iterations 0 30 VVetland Porosity Theta 12 00 11 00 10 00 error function 9 00 8 00 0 100 200 300 400 500 number of iterations Jan 2013 4 26 0 30 VVetland Porosity Theta 12 00 11 00 10 00 Cc 2 5 o G 2 o oc oO 9 00 8 00 0 100 200 300 400 500 number of iterations Jan 2013 4 27 4 6 3 Dynamically Dimensioned Search DDS While the PS incrementally changes the parameter values the DDS does a random search of the parameter set One has to be much more patient With the pattern search when using the plots shown above you can generally see when the best value of the objective function is being approached and you can cut off the search With DDS this is not so evident as there is no pattern to the evaluations guess why There are no hard and fast rules about for instance how many evaluations to run for say a DDS run with 30 parameters but something like 300
186. ere is just one value for A5 4 5 1 Hints for Successful Optimization Anderson 1973 outlines the do s and don ts when using optimization and his comments are adopted to the present case a Select initial values for each parameter Parameters from previously calibrated watershed are a very good start Average river roughness can be used b Simulate the entire calibration data period and look for obvious problems Perhaps the rainfall is very spotty and the gauge record does not represent the rainfall field very well Such events are useless for calibration A very good check on the precipitation is to perform a run for the calibration period and animate the precipitation in GreenKenue In GreenKenue plot the cummulative precipitation for the run and check for unrealistic patterns c Perform a trial and error calibration of the model This gives an indication how sensitive the model is to the various parameters Use IOPT 1 debug level and look at the output in RESULTS RFFnn txt where nn is the class number 1 9 All state variables and some fluxes for each class in the designated debug grids are written to this file and you can check if the processes are being modeled properly You can see where the water Jan 2013 d e 4 10 goes You can change any parameter in the parameter file including those not included in the automatic optimization Grapher templates are available contact kouwen uwaterloo ca Trial and e
187. eservoir inflows Similar to spl csv file Evap txt For program development Ro Rff 1 10 txt Runoff process written to files for each land cover class Can be used to plot graphs of UZS LZS and many other variables Used as an information and diagnostic tool Jan 2013 10 3 Tot txt Diagnostic tool for program development Watbal 1 amp 2 txt Water balance calculations This file is a summary of the starting and final state variable values for the run It provides some reassurance that all water is accounted for A discrepancy of approximately 1 is acceptable and is due to round off Watflood wfo File read byGreenKenue Hydrologic for displaying results Use the wfo_spec txt file to specify the time step and which element should be included Please see Chapter 0 wetland csv ok Lists all wetland state variables for the debug grid specified in the bsnm_shd r2c file Time series can be plotted in Excel or Grapher Some of the state variable can also be included in the Watflood wfo file and so animated lake_sd csv ok Lake elevation storage inflow and outflows and some other derived variables are listed amp can be plotted as time series For instance computed lake levels can be compared with observed lake leves in a separate file 10 1 Plotting hydrographs observed vs computed Observed and computed hydrographs can be easily plotted with Excel or GRAPHER u
188. essesnssesssssesssssnessessenees 4 1 4 2 1 Example of Global Parameters ccccccccssessseesceesceesceseensecaecsaeceaecaeecaeeseeeeeeseeeeeeseneeneeeeeeeas 4 3 4 2 2 River and Basin parameters ccccceccesceesseescesseeseceeceseensecseeceaecsaecaeecaeeeaeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeseeereees 4 4 4 2 3 Hydrological Surface Parameters ccccccscesssssscessceseceseceneceecseeesecaeecaeeeaeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeearees 4 4 4 2 4 Snowmelt Parametros terete ecm etn aay 4 6 4 2 5 Monthly Ed do 4 6 4 2 6 Interception Parameters citas e tai collect dis 4 7 4 3 Mon thly_climate_normals sccsscsssssscssscssscssssscecsessssscssscssscssscescscscsssssssscssscsesssessscesecssoessnes 4 7 4 4 Snow Cover Depletion Curve SDC sscsssssscssscssscssssssesscssssssesscssscssscssscsssessssescssssssssessseees 4 7 4 5 Optimization Updated April 10 2010 ocnonnocoonoonnononnnononnnancnnooncnnconcononononncnconncononoconoconon conos 4 9 4 5 1 Hints for Successful Optimization ec ceeeeseeecsceeeeeseeecesecseeseceeeecaeeeeesecaeeeecnevereaeeneeateas 4 9 4 5 2 Pattern A io 4 10 4 5 3 Optimization Dynamically Dimensioned Search DDS 0 ceeceeseeseeeeceeceeeneeeneeeseeeaes 4 13 4 6 Optimization Case Study and Hints ccscccscsscscscecscscssccsscsssscscsesssssccsscssecesecssesssesseeeseree 4 21 4 6 1 Optimization for the BOREAS Southern Study Area SSA 4 21 Currently not operational 4 6 3 Dynamically Dimens
189. ev E rev l rev rev g rev l rev E rev rev l rev l rev rev I rev rev A rev rev h rev l rev 1 rev rev rev rev 1 rev l rev g rev 1 rev rev E rev 1 rev l rev g rev rev l rev rev l rev rev 1 rev I rev I rev rev l rev 1 rev read_temp i rev O 0 0 O NO 10 10 10 10 10 O LO LO 10 LO 10 10 10 LO LO LO 10 10 10 LO 10 LO 10 LO 10 O LO 0 10 10 O LO LO 0 10 0 10 10 LO LO LO 10 O 10 10 LO 10 LO LO O LO O LO LO O LO LO O NNN NNN NNN NNNUNN NNN NNNUNN NUN AAAAAAAANAA AAA A AAA AAA OOOO A OOO A a aa a a a a ar san 0 305004 NA Jan Jan Jan Jan Feb Feb Mar Apr Apr Jul Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Oct OC Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct OE Oct Nov Nov Dec Jan Jan Feb Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr May Jun Jun Jun Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep Sep Sep Oct Oc ts Nov Nov Nov Nov Dec Jan Jan Jan Jan 05 09 13 09 20 09 20 09 11 09 11 09 26 09 13 09 16 09 26 09 01 09 03 09 04 09 04 09 16 09 26 09 06 09 06 09 07 09 10 09 12 09 12 09 12 09 21 09 26 09 26 09 26 09 04 09 04 09 20 09 16 26 17 01 01 15 23 31 05 06 18 26 09 24 24 30 O SAA gt gt Ss 22 22 4 05 05 7 PPP00000 0000 000 00 000 00 OO OOo OOOO Oo 8 11 Z222 2222222222222 2222222222222 2222222222232 22222
190. f AET is the combination of the water transpired from vegetation and the water evaporated from bare soils and open water 2 4 5 Calculating AET water class lakes Evaporation from a water body is calculated as AET FPET PET 2 5 Interception by T Neff The procedure used for tracking interception storage and IET follows the model developed by Linsley et al 1949 This method calculates the total possible interception as the sum of the maximum canopy storage h and the amount of IET during the storm event mm Typical values of maximum canopy storage for deciduous forests range from 1 2 1 5mm m Rowe 1983 During the dormant season these storage values should be reduced accordingly to reflect the loss of leaf area Logically land classes with less dense vegetation will have lower values of h The amount of water in interception storage is reduced through IET which is estimated as a function of the PET in mm During a precipitation event the rate of interception evaporation is assumed to equal the rate of PET from a saturated surface because the interception surface is open to the atmosphere and is covered with water Researchers have shown that in fact the evaporation rate of intercepted water can be well in excess of the potential rate Stewart 1977 Stewart and Thom 1973 Therefore after the cessation of precipitation the IET rate is set to the product of the PET and a factor FPET which can range up to 4 0 Interception ev
191. f shorter length This is to save disk space Quite often we have a rainfall event that is a lot shorter than the length of the hydrograph So why bother to store all the zeros Jan 2013 1 34 1 7 Debugging SPL The first entry in the PAR file sets the debug level for SPL As the value is raised from 0 to 5 more state variables in the model are printed in the various LST files in the results directory There are separate LST files for various parts of the program The RFF LST is for the runoff subroutine the RTE LST is for the routing subroutine and the RES LST refers to the reservoir release subroutine Values of the state variables in each of the classes are printed The feature exists to allow the user to check that the internal working of the model is in order For instance one can check that there is more infiltration in a forest than in a barren area The continuity of the routing equations can be checked as can all important processes The output has headings that correspond to the variable names in the Hydrologic Model Section SPL has been compiled in two ways one for maximum debugging SPLD EXE and the other for maximum speed SPLX EXE If an error appears when running SPLX not much useful information is printed out The operative word is useful here When this happens run SPLD and the source of the error may become clear 1 7 1 Common Problems File errors Computing errors Problem Visual FORTRAN does not seem
192. f snow for associated sdcsca Jan 2013 4 9 4 5 Optimization Updated April 10 2010 Two methods are available for optimization the Pattern Search PS Hooke and Jeeves 1961 and the Dynamically Dimensioned Search DDS Tolson and Shoemaker 2007 The PS is completely internal to the WATFLOOD model executable SPLX exe The DDS method is external and required two additional executables namely DDS exe and DDS _wfld_revl exe Some additional files are also needed However both methods depend on the same part of the par file to set initial values upper and lower constraints and flags for selecting the parameters to be optimized Optimization can be performed over a specific duration or part of the hydrograph The value of the objective function is calculated for only those events and streamflow stations which have a value of 1 in the data line beginning with the keyword Valuel The last section of data in the parameter file is for optimization The columns correspond to the land cover columns as in the upper part of the file This section is identical for both the PS and DDS schemes For the PS the delta value provides the initial step size for the search and acts as a flag ve ve to activate the PS or not For DDS the delta value acts only as a flag ve ve to activate the DDS or not In the example below MF and BASE will be optimized if either NUMA or DDSFL is given a value 1 If one is set 1 the other must be set 0 Note th
193. file and the program is rerun It will calculate a precipitation adjustment factor for each grid and calculate new flows The computed flow volumes at each station will be much closer to the observed volumes The program creates a newpaf txt file which are the PAF used in the run If the newpaf txt file is renamed or copied to paf txt it will be used in subsequent runs Some editing of the files is required as noted below Jan 2013 13 2 1 Run splx exe making sure there is no error txt or paf txt file This creates a newerror txt file 2 Copy the newerror txt file to error txt 3 Edit the error txt file and replace and 999 by 00000 4 Run splx exe This creates a newpaf txt file You can stop this run with C as soon as the file is written 5 Run fill exe It reads the newpaf txt file and spits out a fill txt file 6 Copy the fill txt file to paf txt if it looks ok It looks ok when the PAF s look ok 7 Run splx exe for the last time with the paf txt file Note SPLX EXE will first look for a paf txt file If it does not exist it will look for a error txt file If neither exists the precip will be unadjusted You can repeat steps 2 7 as many times as you like Each time it will reduce the error in the hydrographs until no error exist and your results will be highly unrealistic One pass is nice to remove any bias but leaves some scatter in the computed vs observed plot The error is based on the rms error of the flows
194. find elv_means r2c and replace the channel elevations in the shd file with these average grid elevations The temperature and precipitation adjustments using the lapse rates tlapse and rlapse respectively will be based on the mean and max grid elevations respectively Based on modeling in the Alberta Rocky Mountains use of the mean grid elevation works best for the temperature elevation adjustment However for the precipitation the maximum or highest grid elevation appears to work best Likely this is because the orographically induced airflow is most addected by the higher elevations See Sections 6 5 8 3 for the precipitation and temperature lapse rate discussions 3 8 Watershed data summary Once all these directories and files are created you can run WATFLOOD First you have to create an event file enter and distribute some rainfall data and run SPL Log to the SPL BSNM directory and run MAKE EVT Enter the appropriate data Some times it takes a couple of tries to get started you can not correct the data if it has been entered incorrectly This will create two files in the EVENT directory EVENT EVT and YYMMDD EVT Please see sections 1 3 11 The EVENT EVT file is always the active file Once you have more than one event entered you can run any event by copying the YYMMDD EVT file into the EVENT EVT file This makes the YYMMDD EVT file the active event file You can also make multiple event files with this program by entering the
195. forest Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 99 145 170 Terstriep M L and J B Stall 1969 Urban Runoff by the Road Research Laboratory Method ASCE Hydraulics Division 95 6 1809 1834 Tolson B A and C A Shoemaker 2007 Dynamically Dimensioned Search Algorithm for Computationally Efficient Watershed Model Calibration Water Resources Research 43 1 Viessman W J W Knapp G L Lewis and T E Harbaugh 1977 Introduction to Hydrology Harper amp Row N Y Wei T C and J L McGuinnes 1973 Reciprocal distances squared method a computer technique for estimating areal precipitation U S Department of Agriculture ARS NS 8 pp 1 23 16 2 References Radar Brandes E A 1975 Optimizing rainfall estimates with the aid of radar J Applied Meteorology 14 1339 1345 Collier C G 1987 Accuracy of real time radar measurements In Collinge V and C Kirby edts Weather Radar and Flood Forecasting John Wiley amp Sons N Y pp 71 95 Jan 2013 16 5 Collier C G P R Larke and B R May 1983 A weather radar correction procedure for real time estimation of surface rainfall Quarterly Journal of the Meteorological Society 109 589 608 Crozier C L 1975 A C Band meteorological radar system for quantitative measurements of cloud physics research Meteorological Memoirs No 30 Atmospheric Environment Service Canada Dalezios N R 1982 Real time radar rainfall measurements for h
196. g whether the observed flows will be used to calculate the error function for DDS or the pattern search valuel n 0_ station not included for objective function calculation valuel n 1 station is included for objective function calculation These values must be set in each str file in a continuous simulation Shortcut To avoid having to edit a number of str files valuel can be set in the first event s str file by setting just one of the values 1 Jan 2013 7 3 Thus having a line like Value1 1 0 1 will mean that for ALL events the first and third set of observed flows will be used to calculate the objective function and station 2 will be ignored through out For subsequent events the line with Valuel will be ignored Valuel is also used to indicate whather the flows should be nudged at flow stations See also Section 1 3 8 For Valuel 2 for any flow station then the computed values for flow are replaced by the observed value for the designation stations for the current event only This can be 1 0 for missing flows so be careful with this However a ve value in the first event for any station will mean only the numbers in the first event will be used I e you can nudge the flows at a partuculat station by setting Valuel 2 in the str file for the first event You can alo accomplish this by setting Valuel 2 for the first event with the nudgeflg 1 one in the first event file will nudge all the flows for th
197. he curve must go through the origin 0 0 of the graph For this case the coefficients will look like ColumnLocationX 5462000 5462000 5462000 5471000 ETC gt ColumnLocationY 545000 548000 549000 542000 Coeffl 9 35E 05 5 95E 06 3 45E 06 2 29E 02 STORE Coeff2 1 34E 08 9 93E 11 2 01E 10 2 21E 01 STORE Coeff3 6 45E 13 1 08E 15 1 05E 14 0 00E 00 STORE Coeff4 0 00E 00 1 22E 20 1 26E 19 0 00E 00 STORE Coeff5 0 00E 00 7 80E 26 0 00E 00 0 00E 00 STORE Notes 1 the first three have polynomial functions of different orders while the 4 is a power function with just 2 values 2 USE MORE SIGNIFICANT FIGURES e g 9 085703E 07 3 If you have a stage discharge curve you can convert it it a storage discharge curve using the lake area s given in results res txt 7 2 2 Initial reservoir levels There are also situations where the initial reservoir levels and or storages as well as the elevation storage curve need to be entered so the the lake_sd csv file can provide useful lake elevation and storage data For instance computed lake or reservoir levels can be compared to observed values and used for calibration or validation of the model Below is an example of how the coefficients are entered for the reservoir at LG4 Note that the 2 reservoir has no data and the last three are natural lakes with power functions to perform the lake routing as described in Section 7 2 1 The elevation storage function is Jan 201
198. he event files and a value for A12 must be specified in the par file If A12 0 0 or 1 0 a value of 1 mm hr will be assumed Smaller time increments can also be used for instance deltat 6 hrs In this case 6 equal mounts will be used if the 6 hour precipitation is 6 mm or greater Jan 2013 6 6 If you would like a different method of disaggregation e g SCS 12 hr S curve you can do this by converting your 24 hr values to disaggregated hourly values in the rag file before running RAGMET exe 6 3 Precipitation Data yyyymmdd_met r2c Input to SPL The _MET r2c file for an event over the Grand River Watershed follows TheGreenKenue format file called yyyymmdd met r2c is produced by RAGMET exe and can be loaded intoGreenKenue where it can be animated and time series extracted for each grid The watershed dimensions are taken from the bsnm_shd r2c file Hours with no data are simply missing frames Zero precipitation is assumed when a frame is missing HE HEHE THE HEHE AE TE AE EE EEE EEE EEE EE EEE EE FileType r2c ASCII GreenKenue 1 0 DataType 2D Rect Cell Application GreenKenue Version Zi LL WrittenBy ragmet exe CreationDate 2008 07 03 10 32 Name Precipitation Projection UTM Ellipsoid NAD83 Zone T7 xOrigin 500000 0000000 yOrigin 4790000 0000000 SourceFile raing 19541013 rag tb0 AttributeName 1 precipitation AttributeUnits mm xCount 9 yCount 12 xDelta 1000
199. he proper entries as in the example below E spl glake gt make_ evt KKEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KK KK KARA AAA KAR WATFLOOD TM X Program make evt Apr 20 2006 x c N Kouwen 1972 2006 AAKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEKKAKKXK KKK KKK KK AKK KK KA KA AAA AAA Please s fil vt _info txt for information re this run event selection program Jan 2013 warn and will be over written No ing the series of no damage yet but if you of an existing event 1 16 nter the nam all old files by that name of months per event file vents following enter c or break to stop Enter the no of events to create 1 or 12 type in start of event eg yyyy mm dd hh please stick with this convention so radar files work will you be running the snow melt routines y n enter the snow conversion factor e g name of shd amp par files 1 0 is snow wat ente enter 1 if you hav OF r the initial soil eq in mm 25 if in inches eg gr10k saug 8 char max moisture 0 0 0 33 watershed value between antecedent precip data at precip gauges 0 and 33 even nter averag t event ven even even even even even even even even even even even even even even even even even even even even even even even t 20001101 t 20001201 t 20010101 t 20010201 t 20010301 t 20010401 t 20010501 t 200
200. hed values can be Jan 2013 2 6 used It should be noted that these published values are considered to be the potential evapotranspiration rates possibly measured by a class A evaporation pan similar to those potential rates estimated by the Priestley Taylor and Hargreaves equations 2 3 1 Priestley Taylor Equation The Priestley Taylor model Priestley and Taylor 1972 is a modification of Penman s more theoretical equation Used in areas of low moisture stress the two equations have produced estimates within 5 of each other Shuttleworth and Calder 1979 An empirical approximation of the Penman combination equation is made by the Priestley Taylor to eliminate the need for input data other than radiation The adequacy of the assumptions made in the Priestley Taylor equation has been validated by a review of 30 water balance studies in which it was commonly found that in vegetated areas with no water deficit or very small deficits approximately 95 of the annual evaporative demand was supplied by radiation Stagnitti et al 1989 It is reasoned that under ideal conditions evapotranspiration would eventually attain a rate of equilibrium for an air mass moving across a vegetation layer with an abundant supply of water the air mass would become saturated and the actual rate of evapotranspiration AET would be equal to the Penman rate of potential evapotranspiration Under these conditions evapotrans piration is referred to as equi
201. hgh 0 100 7 0 100 A 0 100 A 0 100 y 0 100 A 0 100 overland flow roughness coeff bare ground r3dlt 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 131ow 1 00 i 1 00 7 1 00 7 1 00 a 1 00 k 1 00 7 r3hgh 2500 A 10 0 F 25 0 j 10 0 F 10 0 10 0 interception evaporation factor pet fpetdlt 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 fpetlow 0 500E 01 0 500E 01 0 500E 01 0 500E 01 0 500E 01 0 500E 01 Jan 2013 4 4 fpethgh 3 00 7 3400 3 00 3 00 r 3 00 3 00 reduction in PET for tall vegetation sftalldit 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 ftalllow 0 100 7 0 100 j 0 100 y 0 100 P 0 100 0 100 ftallhgh 1 00 1 00 j 1 00 7 1 00 1 00 i 1 00 i upper zone retention mm retndlt 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 retnlow 0 100E 01 0 100E 01 0 100E 01 0 100E 01 0 100E 01 0 100E 01 retnhgh 0 300 i 0 300 i 0 300 7 0 300 0 300 r 0 300 recharge coefficient bare ground ak2dlt 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 ak2low 0 100E 03 0 100E 03 0 100E 03 0 100E 03 0 100E 03 0 100E 03 ak2hgh 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 r 0 100 d recharge coefficient snow covered ground ak2fsdlt 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 ak2fslow 0 00 7 0 00 r 0 0
202. higher IOPT Pic txt Gridded bankfull index values used by the mapper exe program to do the watershed animation Snw txt Diagnostic data for the melt routines Spl plt Pairs of observed computed streamflow used by splplt exe DOS to plot flow hydrographs Stg plt Computed streamflow used by stgplt exe DOS to plot stage hydrographs Spl csv Similar to spl plt but with comma s between the columns For use as import files to other programs e g Excel Grapher The columns in spl csv are measured observed measured observed for stations 1 2 3 0 respectively Snw1 txt Diagnostic file for melt routines with IOPT gt 0 Snw plt Gridded initial snow data Strout 1 10 Streamflow output in the same format as the input streamflow strfw yymmdd str This file can be used as input to subsequent SPL runs and these data can then be compared to the new results using the plotting programs spreadsheets or GRAPHER Evapout txt Not used now Sed csv Sediment routine output Sediment concentration graphs Not for general use Qdwpr txt Reach inflows that can be used directly as input to DWOPER the NWS Dynamic Wave Operational Model These reaches can also be lakes or reservoirs Junk txt As the name implies Used for program development Qout txt For program development Resin txt Reservoir inflows Used if reservoir inflow yymmdd rin files are used and resinflg is set y Compares computed to observed r
203. ial soil moisture is no longer the first line in this file It is now in a separate file as described in Section 5 2 What follows is the hourly rainfall in the units specified above A unitConversion of 1 0 indates that the values are in mm Each column corresponds to one station listed above 0 80 0 50 2 00 19 70 12 00 20 00 0 80 1 50 2 50 10 70 10 00 8 00 1 80 2 00 1 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 5 30 3 00 2 00 0 80 2 00 1 50 0 50 1 00 0 50 0 50 1 00 0 50 0 30 0 50 0 00 0 80 0 50 0 00 2 80 2 00 1 50 0 00 0 00 0 00 1 00 0 50 1 00 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 50 0 50 0 50 1 00 0 50 0 50 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 2 00 0 50 1 50 0 80 0 30 0 30 0 50 0 30 0 20 The data format is free format but a column with of 10 makes the file readable Notes 1 Missing data is entered as 1 Missing data and zero rainfall are treated differently in the rainfall distribution program ve values are ignored while zero values are distributed as such When there is missing data at a precipitation station the value of nearby gauges will used for the grid 2 The line length is limited to 4096 characters 3 If the elevation of the first station is greater than 0 then all stations must have an elevation and the lapse rate rlapse should have a value in the par file 6 1 3 Distribution of Gauge Precipitation RAGMET EXE is for distribution of gauge rainfall Rainfall amounts for each square grid element of the watershed were determined using a modified version of the
204. ibuteName 4 Class3 AttributeType 4 float AttributeName 5 Class4 AttributeType 5 float AttributeName 6 Class5 AttributeType 6 float AttributeName 7 Class6 AttributeType 7 float EndHeader 558000 0 4820000 0 GuelphCol 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 535000 0 4814000 0 Waterloo 0 12 0 22 0 32 0 42 0 52 0 62 554000 0 4843000 0 ShandDam 0 15 0 25 0 35 0 45 0 55 0 65 Jan 2013 5 5 5 2 2 Sample of Gridded Initial Soil Moisture Map _gsm r2c The following data is based on the initial soil moisture values listed for the UTM coordinates in Section 5 2 1 This file is created when the program MOIST EXE is run to distribute the initial soil moisture The grid information is obtained from the bsnm shd file as specified in the event file AnGreenKenue format file called yyyymmdd_gsm r2c is produced by MOIST EXE and can be opened byGreenKenue where it can be viewed for each land cover class Note the fields for each class are not separated by headers as in the time series yyyymmdd_met r2c and yyyymmdd_tem r2c files It all runs together South is at the top of each class segment Name Initial Soil Moisture Projection UTM Ellipsoid GRS80 Zone T xOrigin 500000 000 yOrigin 4790000 000 SourceFile moist 19930101 gsm r2c AttributeName 1 Class 1 AttributeName 2 Class 2 AttributeName 3 Class 3 AttributeName 4 Class 4 AttributeName 5 Class 5 AttributeName 6 C
205. ich should be included in the net all wave radiation data if it is available contributes 5 of the overall energy The remaining 95 of the potential evapotranspiration estimate is scaled as a function of the difference in albedo 1 alb 1 albe PET 0 05 PET 0 95 PET 2 8 2 3 2 Hargreaves Equation The Hargreaves model is empirical in nature and with some recent modifications Hargreaves and Samani 1982 takes the form PET 0 0075 R C 8 T 2 9 vg d where PET is the potential evapotranspiration rate mm d R is the total incoming extraterrestrial solar radiation in the same units as evaporation mm for WATFLOOD C is a temperature reduction coefficient which is a function of relative humidity wa is the difference between the mean monthly maximum and mean monthly minimum temperatures F mxmn in the monthly_climate_normals txt file and Tavs a is the mean temperature F in the time step WATFLOOD uses a modified version of this equation to account for measuements of temperature in degrees Celcius A relationship between the temperature reduction coefficient and the relative humidity has been regressed from measurements made at 18 locations in the United States to account for the reduction in PET with increased relative humidity C 0 035 100 w w gt 54 C 0 125 w lt 54 2 10 Jan 2013 2 8 The following empirical simplifications permit the use of the formula with the sole input
206. iddedinitsoilmoisture moist 20001001 gsm r2c griddedinitlzs griddedrainfile radcl 20001001 met r2c griddedsnowfile griddedtemperaturefil tempr 20001001 tem r2c griddednetradiation griddedhumidity griddedwind griddedlongwave griddedshortwave griddedatmpressure noeventstofollow 0 Example of an EVENT file to use the runoff leakage and recharge files with the relevant entries bolded HE snwflg sedflg vapflg smrflg resinflg tbctilg resumflg contflg pes B B B BK crseflg Kenueflg picflg wetflg S 5S 5 shdflg strcilg frcflg initflg intSoilMoisture rainConvFactor eventPrecipScaleFactor precipScaleFactor eventSnowScaleFactor snowScaleFactor eventTempScaleFactor tempScaleFactor hoursRainData 744 shoursFlowData 744 deltat_report 24 basinFileName BASIN glake_ shd r2c BB BK 8 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 O O DO PAP Jan 2013 parFileName pointDataLocations snowCoverDepletionCurve waterqualitydatafile poin poin poin poin poin poin poin poin tsoilmoisture tprecip ttemps tnetradiation thumidity twind tlongwave tshortwave pointatmpressure streamflowdatafile reservoirreleasefile reservoirinfl lowfile snowcoursefil radarfile rawradarfile clutterfile e riddedinitsnowweg riddedinitsoi
207. ience has been accumulated to indicate what the range of values might be Initial calibrations indicate values of LZF 10 6 to 10 4 and PWR 1 5 2 5 but values may end up outside these ranges Dry weather flows are sensitive to the initial base flow For this reason it is important to start long term simulations during a dry spell when river flows are base flow only and not higher due to recent UZ drainage contributions 2 10 Total Runoff The total inflow to the river system is found by adding the surface runoff from both the pervious and the impervious areas the interflow and the base flow These flows are all added to the channel flow from upsream grids and routed though the grid to the next downstream grid 2 11 Routing Model The routing of water through the channel system is accomplished using a storage routing technique More sophisticated routing models are available but the application of such models does not appear to promise more accurate flood forecasts than the simple routing model In fact for large watersheds differences between the routing methods may well be smaller than the noise in the data Ponce 1990 When the hydrologic errors are also considered the use of more sophisticated and necessarily more computationally intensive methods are not warranted for flood forecasting on rivers where dynamic effects can be ignored In addition simple routing can be based on a minimal amount of river cross section and profile data
208. il02 dat finished writing river02 dat finished writing profil03 dat finished writing river03 dat finished writing profil04 dat finished writing river04 dat finished writing profil05 dat finished writing river05 dat finished writing profil06 dat finished writing river06 dat finished writing profil07 dat finished writing river07 dat finished writing profil08 dat finished writing river08 dat finished writing profil09 dat finished writing river09 dat finished writing profil10 dat finished writing riverl0 dat No of errors found in the map file 0 No of errors found in the map file 0 No of errors found in the map file 0 new_shd r2c has been written Please rename new_shd r2c or replace the bsnm_shd r2c Normal ending C spl gr10k BASIN gt Jan 2013 This basin file for SPL9 must have the file type as SHD r2c to differentiate it from other files The following example is the basin file for the Grand River watershed above Galt in Ontario The file is described below for information only Note that north is down amp south is up WATFLOOD reads only this shd file The older formats are no longer supported However bsn exe does produce the old format as shown in sections 3 3 17 and 3 3 18 because it is easier to directly compare the attributes of 2 or more grids HART HR AE FE FE AE AE FE FE AE AE FE E FE FE FE E FE FE FE E FE FE FE E AE AA FileType r2c AS DataType Application Version WrittenBy Creati
209. ile version number lopt 1 debug level itype 0 numa 0 optimization O no l yes nper 1 opt delta l absolute ke 5 no of times delta halved maxn 9 max no of trials ddsflg 0 DDS optimization flag itre 100 tracer choice Currently only the glacier melt and groundwater tracer are available 1 GLACIER MELT TRACER 100 ORIGINAL GW TRACER NK AS FXN OF SUB BASIN Jan 2013 13 7 13 5 Climate Input Sensitivity lt lt new A common application of WATFLOOD is to model the effect of climate change on the hydrograph Before carrying out these runs it may be helpful to determine the sensitivity of the model output If SPLX exe finds the file basin monthly_climate_deltas txt the delta values there will be applied to the temperature and precipitation input Example file 1 0 1 0 41 0 1 0 41 0 41 0 41 0 41 0 41 0 41 0 1 0 41 0 dc 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 In this case 1 degree C will be added to each temperature and 10 will be added to each precipitation amount during the corresponding 12 months The values can be varied by month and can be ve or ve Jan 2013 14 1 14 Conversion toGreenKenue Formats translate This Chapter expalins the steps requied to convert old WATFLOOD files to the newGreenKenue formats The old Formats are no longer supported Examples are taken from various watersheds e Version 10 and higher will only read theGreenKenue format files tb0 pt2 and r2c e The file
210. in the yyyymmdd_ str tb0 file for the first event The default n if not specified in the event file However if Valuel 2 in any yyyymmss str tb0 file for any station the computed flow for that station and that event only will replaced by the observed flow See Section 7 1 1 also 22 resetflg If y will reset the sums of precip interception evaporation evaporation and sublimation 0 0 during the first week of October This to allow the plotting of these with snow pillow and or snowcourse data which is effectively a cumulative precip until the snow melts 1 3 10 Multiple Events for Continuous Modelling Chaining Up to 500 successive events can be sequentially linked to run a continuous simulation for up to 500 years Runs Runs can be chained using a resume txt file removing any limit on the length of a simulation In the example a continuous simulation of 12 months duration is required The first event file would be event 19930101 evt and the successive events are as shown at the bottom of the event file after the line how many events are to follow the first event It is a good idea to leave the event119930101 evt as the original event name and to call the extended event 1993 evt That way they can be differentiated Example of event file extended to add a sequence of events Jan 2013 1 15 EnoEventsToFollow i CS O A E SS E LL A event i9930201 evt_ pto event i9930301evt jp eve
211. ineering University of Waterloo Waterloo 88p Leavesley G H and L G Stannard 1995 The precipitation runoff modelling system PRMS Computer Models of Watershed Hydrology Singh V P ed Water Resources Publications Colorado Chapter 9 281 310 Linsley R K M A Kohler and J L H Paulhus 1949 Applied Hydrology McGraw Hill Book Company New York N Y Martinec J 1989 Hour to hour snowmelt rates and lysimeter outflow during an entire ablation period Snow cover and glacier variations Proc of the Baltimore Symposium Maryland TAHS Publ No 193 19 28 Martinec J and M R de Quervain 1975 The effect of snow displacement by avelanches on snowmelt and runoff Proc Snow and Ice Symposium Moscow IAHS Publ No 104 364 377 McKillop R N Kouwen and E D Soulis 1999 Modeling the Rainfall Runoff Response of a Headwater Wetland Water Resources Research Am Geophysical Union Vol 35 No 4 1165 1177 Jan 2013 16 3 McNaughton K G and T A Black 1973 A study of evapotranspiration from a Douglas fir forest using the energy balance approach Water Resources Research 9 6 1579 1590 Mohan S 1991 Intercomparison of evapotranspiration estimates Hydrological Sciences Journal 36 5 447 461 Monro J C 1971 Direct search optimization in mathematical modelling and a watershed application NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS HYDRO 12 April Morton F I 1983 Operational estimates of areal evap
212. ing s n multiplier chn1 3 0 700 manning s n multiplier chnl 4 0 700 manning s n multiplier chnl 5 0 600 manning s n multiplier EndGlobalParameters RoutingParameters RiverClasses RiverClassName upper gr conestoga speed eramosa lower gr ity 0 100E 05 0 100E 05 0 271E 04 0 154E 04 pwr 3 20 3 00 i 2 00 2 20 2 60 rin 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 0 200E 01 12n 0 105E 01 0 997E 01 0 258E 01 0 109E 01 mndr 1 00 7 1 00 7 1 00 i 1 00 r 1 00 aal 1 10 F 1 10 1 10 j 1 10 r 110 aa3 0 430E 01 0 430E 01 0 430E 01 0 430E 01 aal 1 00 P 1 00 1 00 A 1 00 F 1 00 theta 0 700 0 700 i 0 700 0 700 j 0 700 f lower zone oefficient lower zone exponent overbank Manning s n channel Manning s n meander channel length multiplier channel area intercept min channel xsect area channel area coefficient channel area exponent wetland or bank porosity Jan 2013 4 2 widep 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 rt kcond 0 800 7 0 800 0 800 7 0 800 0 500 pool 0 00 0 00 f 0 00 0 00 j 0 00 rt rlake 0 00 7 0 00 0 00 7 0 00 0 00 rt EndRoutingParameters HydrologicalParameters LandCoverClasses 6 ClassName bare soil forest Crops wetland water 2ds 1 00 F 10 0 j 2 00 0 100E 10 0 00 i dsfs 1 00 7 10 0 7 2 00 7 0 100E 10 0 00 rec 2 00 2 00 r 2 00 f 0 900 r 0 100 tak 2 94 7 12 0 7 3 00 400 j 0 100 akfs 0 300E 01 1 20 f 3 00
213. ing modelflg r l ori in the event file and the routeflg must be set to n The routeflg overrides the modelflg WATROUTE can be used for channel and lake routing only The wetland option can not be used with WATROUTE because wetland computations involve hydrological processes that are not included in WATROUTE WATROUTE Options Jan 2013 11 6 Routing option Route surface interflow and ground water lower zone discharge or leakage through the channel network using the _rff and _Ikg files For example the _rff file could be generated by SPL or another model why would you and the _Ikg file could be generated by a groundwater model and routed through the lower zone and channel by WATROUTE For testing WATFLOOD will produce the _rff and _lkg files if the routeflg is set to y In the event file set modelflg 1 or Routing option r If an external model produces runoff _rff and recharge _rch WATROUTE will add the recharge to the lower zone and route it to the stream where surface water and interflow will be added for the total channel inflow These flows will then be routed through the channel network Both the rff and rch files are generated by WATFLOOD and routed through the lower zone and channel by WATROUTE for testing purposes In the event file set modelflg r or Routing option i Route only surface flow through the channel network using the _rff file This might be needed if a model produced only one channel inflow per gri
214. inistically So hydrologists often wish to adjust radar data by comparing it to rain gauge data Radar data is adjusted in order to accurately reflect the point measurements of rain gauges and yet still retain the spatial variation in rainfall intensities as measured by radar The gauge amounts are used as the absolute amounts while the radar provides the relative values for the area between the gauges The resulting rainfall field is referred to as adjusted or calibrated radar data Jan 2013 6 10 Analysis of experimental projects reported by the World Meteorological Organization on the use of radar for purposes of estimation of areal distribution of rainfall intensity supports the adjustment of radar data This is particularly true 1f the conditions of measurement are not optimal Nemec 1985 Advancements have been made in methods of calibrating radar rainfall data with rain gauges Dalezios 1982 Collier et al 1983 Krajewski et al 1983 but the use of Brandes method is sufficient Brandes 1975 This deterministic correction technique created a matrix of adjustment factors that reflect the spatial variability of radar rainfall estimates These adjustment factors Gj were based on comparison between rain gauge and the radar measurements averaged over an area surrounding the location of each rain gauge The weight each of these adjustment factors received at a particular grid point was varied exponentially WT exp r2 EP 5 1
215. intermediate rivers with flood plains can be listed as 2 and upland rivers can be listed as 3 Determine which rivers can be grouped from a roughness point of view The slope is explicitly taken care of already in the _shd r2c file 4 2 3 Hydrological Surface Parameters The following 11 lines are parameters dimensioned for up to 16 land cover classes not including water In the case where you would have a land cover class that has two or more distinct soil types you would have two classes with the same vegetation parameters but different soil parameters Similarly two land cover classes on the same soil would have the same soil parameters but different vegetation parameters DS REC AK RETN AK2 R3 and R4 are grouped by land use cover classes while R1n R2n Izf and pwr are grouped by river type The name extension fs refers to the snow covered ground parameters The parameter names are listed and are defined as follows nel roughness optimized Jan 2013 4 5 For each of the land cover classes HydrologicalParameters LandCoverClasses ClassName ds dsfs rec ak akfs retn ak2 ak2fs 3 r3fs r fpet ftall flint fcap ffcap spore fratio classcount class name depression storage bare ground mm depression storage snow covered area mm interflow coefficient infiltration coefficient bare ground infiltration coefficient snow covered ground upper zone retention m
216. into two parts rdresv amp rerout reversed definitions for sll s12 Int Slope Check for repeated met data in RAIN Fixed the conversion factor in SNW FOR cnv Added iopt_start as an arg for quick filecheck Coded up new header in ragmet for Coded up new header for snow course file pet ftall for loss from water instead of pet added unit 80 for lake_stor lake flow rewrote rdflow c w memory allocation rewrote rdresv c w memory allocation rewrote rdrain c w memory allocation rewrote rdtemp c w memory allocation fix bug in rdresv setting reach rewrote rdcrse c w memory allocation trashed rscrse replaced with rdswe added rdgsm gridded soil moisture separated glacier parameters in par file un Z222 2222222222222 22222232222 Jan 2013 15 4 rev 9 1 77 Mar 07 05 MN added psm gsm glz files rev 9 1 78 Mar 15 05 N added WOD file to event file rev 9 1 79 Mar 30 05 N ktri to area2 for reservoir inflow dt rev 9 1 80 Mar 31 05 N added sublimation sublim rev 9 1 81 Apr 04 05 N added sublimation et and etfs to wfo file rev 9 2 Jun 02 05 N Numerous changes to program organization rev 9 2 01 Jun 29 05 NK Added write_r2s rev 9 2 02 Jun 29 05 NK Added read_r2s rev 9 2 03 Jul 11 05 N Added s r precip adjust rev 9 2 04 Jul 13 05 N allocation check for resrl j rev 9 2 05 Jul 15 05 N reversed order of reading resu
217. ion Temperature Index Algorithm The radiation temperature index model Eq 2 39 recently incorporated but not avaialble to users into the WATFLOOD model Hamlin 1996 is a combination of the temperature index and the surface radiation budget as proposed by Martinec and de Quervain 1975 Ambach 1988 and Martinec 1989 M MF Ta Tbase rn R 2 39 where M is snowmelt depth mm MF is the melt factor rate of melt per degree per unit time mm ES hr Ta is the average air temperature over the time unit CO Thase 1s the base temperature at which the snow will begin to melt C rn is the conversion factor for energy flux Jan 2013 2 26 density to mm of snowmelt per hour mm h W m y and R is the net all wave radiation acting on the snow pack W m The first portion of the equation represents the turbulent energy components of the energy budget namely the sensible and latent heat exchanges The latter portion of Eq 2 39 incorporates the surface radiation budget similar to that used in energy balance models This landscape based algorithm should provide a more stable parameterization than the temperature index algorithm since the radiative and turbulent energy components of the energy budget are separated creating a more physically based model because it circumvents any lack of correlation found between net all wave radiation and air temperature The same snow pack heat balance accounting system used in the t
218. ion of swe as water in ripe snow albedo sublimation factor ratio receiving class for snow redistribution max swe before redistribution no of points on scd curve only 1 allowed snow covered area ratio 1 0 swe for 100 snow covered area interception interception interception interception interception interception interception interception interception capacity capacity capacity capacity capacity capacity capacity capacity capacity jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep Jan 2013 4 3 IntCap_Oct 0 350 1 200 0 650 0 650 0 110 0 010 interception capacity oct mm IntCap_Nov 0 LLO 1 200 0 650 0 650 0 110 0 010 interception capacity nov mm IntCap_Dec 0 20 1 200 0 650 0 650 0 110 0 010 interception capacity dec mm EndInterceptionCapacityTable MonthlyEvapotranspirationTable Montly ET Jan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 monthly evapotranspiration jan mm Montly Feb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 monthly evapotranspiration feb mm Montly ET Mar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DO 0 0 monthly evapotranspiration mar mm Montly ET Apr 0 0 007 0 0 007 0 0 0 0 monthly evapotranspiration apr mm Montly ET May 0 0 0 0 0 05 0 0 0 0 0 0 monthly evapotranspiration may mm Montly ET Jun 0 0 0 2105 05 0 020 0 0 0 0 monthly evapotranspiration jun mm Montly ET Jul 0 0 04 0 07 0 0 0 0 05 0 0 monthly evapotranspiration jul mm
219. ioned Search DDS cecccecseesseesceeseeeeeeecesecaecaecaeecseeeseeeseeeeeeaeeeaes 4 27 4 7 Trouble Shooting cscsscsssssessscsscsscessssesssesssssscssssnsccsnsssescssssesessnessesscssosssssssssssnessessccseseessoes 4 27 4 8 Parameter Sensitivity Analysis beta Version sesessessessosoesessoesesoessescososseesossesssseesoesesosssessse 4 30 5 MODEL INITIALIZATION cuina ii 5 1 5 1 Initial Snow Cover ssscsscsssssssssccscsscessssensssssssccsssssescssssesessncssesecssosssssnssssssessesesssesensssessssnesseses 5 1 5 1 1 Sample Initial Point Snow Water Equivalent File yyyynndd_ers pt2 n e e 5 1 5 1 2 Sample of Gridded Snow Water Equivalent Map oococnicnncnononnnonncnnnnnoncnannnnoncnononncn non nonccnnons 5 2 5 2 Initial Soil MOisture cscccsssccscssccssssensscsnsscsssssescnsssessssncssessssossesessosssssnsssssnescessessossnesseses 5 4 5 2 1 Sample Point Initial Soil Moisture File _PSM r2c Soil Moisture Data oooonocnccinnninncom o 5 4 5 2 2 Sample of Gridded Initial Soil Moisture Map _SM 12c cooooonocococonononnnoonnooncnnnc nono nono ncnnncnnnos 5 5 5 3 Initial Channel Storage scssccssssccscssssssssssssccssssssscssssesssssessesssssoscsssnsssssesssessssnescesssssosesessoses 5 6 5 4 Initial Lower Zone Storage ccsccscsscssssssssscsssssssscssssessssncssesesssesssssnssssssssnesssssessessessesensseeses 5 6 6 RAINFALL DATA PROCESSING sccininisisiaaiaiadani a 6 1 6 1 1 Into dUC
220. ionoonoononnncnnonnnoncnnonnconocnnonconnoononnocn conoce nonoconocnconorn conoce rocono noc non coc roc noo norcco none roo 2 16 2 11 1 Main chama aa 2 17 2 11 2 Channel flow amp overbank flOW ooononncnnonicnocononocccnnnononacnnconorononannnronona rn corona nono nnnrononccnnrnnos 2 18 2 11 3 Lake effect on routing E ocoooccooccccocccoconoconoconononononononononononononorocononrnnr conocernos 2 18 2 11 4 Bankfull Drainage area relationship c cesceesseeceesceeseeeeeeeceeceseceseceaeceseceaeceseceeeaeeeaes 2 18 2 12 Wetland Routing Bank Storage Model sscsscssssssssessssssssscesssssssessssessssscssesssssessesssssees 2 19 2 12 1 Wetlands Fens and Bogs ccccesccsseesseeseeeseeeseeseeeeeesseeesecnseeeeeaecaecsaecaaecaeeeaeeeseeeneeeneeats 2 21 2 13 Lake Routing 5 ccslssasesessscccesesesesecanssccecsesesdsessenedecessebssasecusdssasasssdosssecudescescoesencosssencstsastonssastoasssedsd 2 21 2 13 1 Reservoirs and Large Lakes ii Shadi hata ieee steele es 2 21 2 13 2 Instream Lakes NUMETOUS eociococi iii Eia E EEEE EEEE EAEE SEEE aE E 2 22 Jan 2013 6 2 14 Lake Evaporation scssccssssssscsscsscsssssssecssenssscsssssescsssssssssnesssssessesssssossesensssnsnessossssossssssseoes 2 22 2 15 Snowmelt Model ccscocsscsssssscsccescsssesssscncssessoesssssesessssessesssssnesessncssesssssosssssncsssssesssssseoss 2 23 2 15 1 Temperature Index Model venian aiii ets 2 23 2 15 2 Radi
221. ionship between the tipm and NMF parameters as the value of tipm controls the magnitude of the Antecedent Temperature Index ATI see Eq 2 38 Anderson 1973 suggests fixing the value of tipm and using optimization techniques to determine the value for the negative melt factor NMF WATFLOOD doesn t allow for either parameter to be optimized but both are specified in the parameter file Donald 1992 used values of 0 20 for both the NMF and the tipm parameters for all vegetation classes and this produced good results for the Grand River basin in southern Ontario The application of this algorithm in the SPL9 model varies from most other applications because an hourly time step is used to estimate the amount of snowmelt Some authors have suggested that hourly time increments should not be used for temperature index models as the hour to hour fluctuations in melting conditions are controlled largely by the radiation component of the energy budget Rango and Martinec 1995 However recent studies using the temperature index model included in SPL9 have shown that remarkably good results can be obtained see Donald 1992 Seglenieks 1994 Hamlin 1996 The transferability of these parameters in time and space can be problematic and sometimes leads to poor validation results Another difference is that in WATFLOOD the snow cover depletion curves are for each of the land cover classes rather than for sub watersheds as in Anderson 1973 2 15 2 Radiat
222. is now the TOTAL number including the impervious class Jan 2013 17 6 Please change the map file yet done so Sorry for the Hit enter to continue Ctrl input the basin map file accordingly if you have not inconvenience NK C to abort name input the parameter par file name Enter your name 1g4 par Enter the grid you would li in the simulation This should NOT be the rece There can only be one 1 o example 6639 Hit Return GreenKenue compatible free fo ke included iving grid utlet with this option to use whole dataset rmat map file expected CoordSys CARTESIAN CoordSys CARTESIAN xOrigin 569000 0 yOrigin 5791000 xCount 30 yCount 26 xDelta 10000 00 yDelta 10000 00 contourInterval 1 000000 imperviousArea 0 classCount 8 elevConversion 1 000000 ee a eee Sa endHeader Computed nominal grid size 10000 00 please check above numbers hit enter to continue Enter the split of wetland coupled to channel only if you have two identical sets of wetland land cover gridsas the 2 classes before th water class in the land use section of the map file Enter 0 if you have just 1 block of wetland land cover Split Number of classes now includes the impervious class Number of classes stipulated 8 Is this correct y orn before allocating areal7 areal7 allocated Often DEM have flat spots filled and you end up with unwante
223. itation hitting the ground fake mm hour infiltration capacity fakefs mm hour infiltration capacity under snow sca fraction snow covered area snowc mm snow water equivalent dl mm surface storage difs mm surface storage under snow sumf mm cumulative infiltration sumffs mm cumulative infiltration under snow UZS mm upper zone storage uzsfs mm upper zone storage under snow Jan 2013 10 9 Izs mm lower zone storage ground water ql cms surface flow from land cover class n qlfs cms surface flow from snow covered area for land class n qint cms interflow to channels from class n qintfs cms interflow from snow covered areas in class n qlz cms lower zone outflow drng mm upper zone drainage in time step drngfs mm upper zone drainage under snow covered area in time step qr cms flow contribution from grid q1 q1fs qint qintfs qls for all classes in grid qstream cms precipitation input to water surface rivers amp lakes strloss cms evaporation from water surfaces rivers amp lakes sumrff mm cumulative runoff fexcess mm available heat for snow melt glmelt mm glacier melt maybe fmadjust melt factor adjustment for ripeness sql mm cumulative surface runoff sql fs mm cumulative surface runoff under snow sqint mm cumulative interflow sqintfs mm cumualtive interflow under snow sdrng mm cumulative drainage sdrngfs mm cu
224. k if happy ix Bring in some more features snow_ stations diversions precip_tmp_location and reservoirs Zoom out to get the whole picture x Save your workspace in spl lgdemo lgdemo ews KENUEWorkSpace Jan 2013 17 4 d Delineate watersheds for the WATFLOOD model one for each streamflow gauge il iii Zoom in on the outlet Note that part of the watershed is not included in the original watershed outline Left click on the west channel there amp add basin Save your workspace in spl lgdemo lgdemo ews Answer yes to saving the new watershed object if asked 4 Creating a new WATFLOOD map file P 155GreenKenue Manual a Generate map file spatial attributes i ii iii iv vi vii viii ix File New Watflood Map Drag the lgdemo watershed object into the new Watflood map Double click on new Watflood map click on Calculate Frac amp hit collect Save the new_watflood file ledemo map File Save copy as lgdemo save note make a new folder basin and save lgdemo map in it Drag lgdemo into the 2D view amp drag basins amp channels amp reservoir_ location over top Click on the lgdemo watflood map file amp make it transparent amp show drainage directions Click on the colour scale amp make it the same as for the DEM min 350 Intvl 20 levels 40 and adjust the colour scale Reset the colourscheme amp put a check mark in show legend In options you can inse
225. l Coeff5 and there are no release data in the rel files do not enter any data under the EndHeader line not even 0 s OR if you do be sure to put in the proper number of lines for that event event no of hours DeltaT ForSPL the event length is not known until the program has read to the end of the precip files For WATROUTE the event length is not known until the program has read to the end of the runoff files HHTHHHHHHHTHHE HEHEHE HHH HEH HHH HEH HH HH HH FileType tb0 ASCII GreenKenue 1 0 DataType GreenKenue Table Application GreenKenue Version 2 1 23 WrittenBy translate exe CreationDate 2006 09 28 15 42 A E EE E NES E SourceFile resrl 19930101 rel Name ReservoirReleases Projection UTM Ellipsoid NAD83 Zone 17 StartTime StartDate DeltaT al ColumnMetaData ColumnUnits m3 s m3 s m3 s ColumnType float float float ColumnName BELWOOD CONESTOGO GUELPH ColumnLocationX 554000 523000 559000 ColumnLocationY 4843000 4836000 4827000 Coeff1 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 Coeff2 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 Coeff3 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 Coeff4 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 Coeff5 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 EndColumnMetaData EndHeader 7 500 1 000 1 000 7 500 1 000 1 000 7 800 1 000 1 000 7 500 1 000 1 000 7 500 1 000 1 000 7 500 1 000 1 000 7 500 1 000 1 000 Jan 2013 7 7 The header is the usual and self explanatory The locations are the location of the
226. l hydrological simulation model of a watershed As with most hydrological models it represents only a small part of the overall physical processes occurring in nature The model is aimed at flood forecasting and long term hydrologic simulation using distributed precipitation data from radar or numerical weather models The processes modeled include interception infiltration evaporation snow accumulation and ablation interflow recharge baseflow and overland and channel routing Kouwen et al 1993 The model is programmed in FORTRAN 95 with dynamic memory allocation to make it suitable for use on any modern computing platform Typically the program takes approximately 6 minutes to run for a 1 000 000 km watershed with a 15 km grid 4000 grid points 1 year simulation and hourly time steps on a 3 2 Ghz Pentium 41M The following sections describe the model and the input requirements In addition to SPL9 there are a number of support programs to provide for data preparation and output presentation The programs RADMET and RAGMET may be used to convert radar and rain gauge data to the square grid SPL9 input format BSN may be used to assemble and create a basin file for SPL9 and PLOTHYD is a program to plot hydrographs on a color monitor The WATFLOOD menu program can be used to manage the data and organize the use of the model The model features the Hooke and Jeeves 1961 automatic pattern search optimization algorithm taken from Monr
227. lakes i ii iii iv V vi vil viii ix xi xii xiii delete the watflood map from Data Items open lgdemo wsd open lgdemo map if not present in the basin folder and drag into 2D view In 2D view raise landcover map lgdemo map and dra UTM18 in that order change the colours in the land cover map to grey except the water class so it stands out In the properties of lgdemo map activate the reach Number Set the colour scale to 6 items amp fix the colour scale Edit the lakes 1g4 1 LF1 2 do nothing it s a diversion then lakes 3 4 amp 5 as we go upstream Mark all grids that are part of the lake it doesn t depend on how much of the grid is in the lake Fix the drainage direction NE of first small lake so river bypasses the lake Check drainage directions amp falling channel elevation in the outlet area follow arrows Save the lgdemo map file In the lgdemo basin folder run bsn exe as before amp if ok change the name of the file new_shd r2c lgdemo_shd r2c Jan 2013 XV 17 12 Run splx amp look at results Compare with previous run without lakes d Looking at snow water equivalent i Edit the event event evt file and add the line grdflg ii iii y Edit the c spl lgdemo wfo_spec txt file and make the reporting time step 24 and the end reporting time forGreenKenue 0 Run the model splx iv InGreenKenue while it s running open the 5 ts3 files i
228. lass 6 xCount 9 yCount T2 xDelta 10000 000 yDelta 10000 000 SampleTime UnitConverson 1 000 endHeader Ow gt 012 OTZ 0H L2 06 LL OLI sO OTI 0 12 lt class 1 Ost COTO 0 2 Odd OR UL OL SOL OL OZ OL O TD OZ ORTO OSO O 0 Tr OZ DIZE E2 OIL OREZ 0412 Q12 OZ 0 02 O 12 OR TB Ola OLA 015 0015 0043 0013 06 39 OLI 0613 OLS O LA OL 0 15 OLA 013 0613 0 13 0 13 0 13 0 14 0 24 0 14 0 14 0 13 0 13 Jan 2013 5 6 0130 0 13 O23 00113 0614 0 14 0613 0 13 0 13 OS 0 UE AS OS ORidS Ol 013 013 LS 013 Oia 0013 0613 013 Quel 06 T3S 200413 013 0 13 Oss 0 13 0 13 0413 0 138 0 13 0 13 0 13 O43 20 013 10 13 0 13 00 13 0 13 10 13 0 13 O22 0 622 De2z 022 O2 0621 O20 0 0215 200622 Se bhasis 2 0 22 0422 O2122 O 22 O22d O 27 02271 0 27 0 22 0 22 0 22 0 22 0 22 0 20 0 20 0 21 0 22 0 22 0 22 0 22 0 22 0 22 0 22 0 22 0 22 0 22 0 22 0 22 0 23 0 23 0 24 0 25 0 25 0 23 0 23 0 23 0 23 0023 023 1024 02 0525 O24 0 23 30 23 etc 5 3 Initial Channel Storage The initial flow conditions in the drainage network are computed by pro rating the initial flow given in the yyymmdd _str tb0 file according to the relative values of the drainage areas of a grid and the flow station A multy pass proceedure is used to gica an initial flow for each grid Then these flows are used to compute an initial channel storage based on the storage discharge curve entered with the r2n parame
229. lateral inflow qin contributing to total channel inflow 1 from equation 2 40 is reduced to the sum of streamflow qstream and wetland outflow qowet less the evaporation losses qloss Gin Gin q stream gt oss qO wet 2 45 If water is moving from the channel into the wetland qowet will be negative and will therefore reduce the total channel inflow 1 The lateral interflow qint overland flow q1 and baseflow qlz instead contribute to the wetland inflow qiwet and not the channel inflow qin qi we a Aint q 41 A swrain A swevp 2 46 where all flows are in cubic meters per second The flow contribution from precipitation qswrain is calculated in the wetland runoff routine and is added directly onto the wetland surface and qswevp is the evaporation loss off of the wetland surface from the wetland evaporation routine The wetland outflows qowet 1 2 contribute to the inflows I and I of equation 2 33 qowet can be ve or ve depending on the relative water levels in the channel and the wetland Thus the Jan 2013 2 21 wetland routing routine uses the same storage continuity relationship as was used for channel routing To use the wetland or bank storage model three properties of the wetland are require to be entered in the parameter file wetland width wetland porosity theta the hydraulic resistance coefficient for the Dupuis Forchheimer equation kcond and the channel width to depth ratio
230. layer Jan 2013 12 17 EnSimHydrologic 1D View 7 DER File Edit View Tools HYDAT Run Window gS pea S al 7 2 10 a eaaa 2 WorkSpace 2D View 1 By Data Items i 8 ark 0 Days 00 00 00 000 yo 3 y L a y DEM 24 Channels Stream Order EU Basin 10 GR10K Channel Elevation ELY EJ res 5 grand str_gauges watflood wfo BB Precipitation Cumulative Precipitation Lower Zone Storage Lower Zone Discharge BB Grid Runoff Grid Ouflow E Weighted SWE Pot Evapotranspiration Class 01 BB Pot Evapotranspiration Class 02 BB Pot Evapotranspiration Class 03 BB Pot Evapotranspiration Class 04 E Pot Evapotranspiration Class 05 E Pot Evapotranspiration Class 05 X 54 BB Evapotranspiration Class 01 BB Evapotranspiration Class 02 BB Evapotranspiration Class 03 BB Evapotranspiration Class 04 Evapotranspiration Class 05 I Evapotranspiration Class 05 x 54000C Sublimation Class 01 Sublimation Class 02 Sublimation Class 03 Sublimation Class 04 Sublimation Class 05 E gt Views EJ 20 view 1 Evapotranspiration Class 05 E Pot Evapotranspiration Class 05 5 grand str_gauges 1D View 7 CA Basin 10 RO GR10K Channel Elevation ELV Channels Stream Order DEM Z 7 E 10 view 7 ae p Pot Evapotranspiration Class 05 x 54000 0 150 i i Evapotranspiration Class 05 x 540000 Y 4 Fig 11 1 Example GREEN KENUE interface for debugging WorkSpace
231. ldata zip to give you the sample Grand River Data set that will run with the demo program Preserve the directory structure od option in PKUNZIP NOTE When extracting files in Windows usually a new folder is created and files do not end up with the same path You may will need to move files to get them in the path as given in Section 1 3 4 5 Set the path Right click on Computer and go to Properties Click on Advanced System Settings and go to Environment Variables and select Path under System variables Environment Variables User variables for kouwen Variable Value TEMP C Documents and Settings kouweniLoc TMP C Documents and Settings kouwen Loc System variables Variable value NUMBER_OF_P 1 OS Windows_NT Path C Program Files Microsoft Visual Studio PATHEXT COM EXE BAT CMD WBS WBE J5 PROCESSOR_A x86 Y Jan 2013 1 6 Click on EDIT and add c spl to the end of the Path line and click OK Edit System Variable Variable name Path Variable value iles PC Doctor for Windows services c sp Jan 2013 1 7 1 3 4 File Structure in WATFLOOD The entire WATFLOOD system is installed under the SPL directory This directory should be in the root directory The following file structure works well DriveASPL GRIOK some batch files BASIN watershed files parameter files EVENT event files DDS DDS working dir
232. le no 32 rchrg 19930101 rch r2c Unit no 283 file no 33 lkage 19930101 lkg r2c EVENT 19930201 EVT EVENT 19930301 EVT EVENT 19930401 EVT EVENT 19930501 EVT EVENT 19930601 EVT EVENT 19930701 EVT EVENT 19930801 EVT EVENT 19930901 EVT EVENT 19931001 EVT EVENT 19931101 EVT EVENT 19931201 EVT Jan 2013 10 5 10 2 2 Land cover by Sub basin SPL writes a file called class _distribution txt file in the working directory yy XX l name frac imp classes 1 9 114 183 49 814 1 AA023 00 0 00 0 00 0 20 0 00 0 11 0 45 0 18 0 00 0 05 0 00 115 569 51 175 2 BBOO 00 0 00 0 03 0 00 0 12 0 35 0 38 0 00 0 00 0 07 0 04 114 139 52 028 3 CBOO 00 0 00 0 00 0 12 0 00 0 02 0 03 0 80 0 00 0 03 0 00 108 479 49 844 4 HDO36 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 94 0 06 0 00 0 00 112 875 49 708 5 ADOO7 00 0 00 0 00 0 14 0 01 0 02 0 07 0 72 0 01 0 03 0 00 112 844 49 333 6 AEO06 00 0 00 0 00 0 01 0 08 0 00 0 23 0 61 0 04 0 00 0 02 110 678 50 043 7 AJOO 00 0 01 0 00 0 07 0 00 0 02 0 05 0 75 0 08 0 01 0 01 114 050 514050 8 BH004 00 0 07 0 01 0 14 0 04 0 19 0 16 0 29 0 00 0 08 0 02 113 816 52 277 9 CC002 00 0 00 0 00 0 14 0 03 0 09 0 21 0 48 0 00 0 03 0 01 S112 2711 51 467 10 CEOO 00 0 00 0 00 0 01 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 97 0 01 0 00 0 01 110 297 50 903 11 CK004 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 61 0 38 0 00 0 01 106 643 52 140 12 HG00 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 74 0 21 0 00 0 03 105 806 52 924 13 HHOO 00 0 01 0 00
233. le of an expanded stage hydrograph 2 Stage in M WATFLOOD C W Montrose 921161 MET 83 11 1993 1 6 18 18 26 A Stage Huds r relative ff full scale 1 2 19 to QUIT 4 1 Warn W Montrose Camp or Wat Reg Police Stage 1 45 m B 16 26 Time in days In the stage plot above the blue lines if present represent the levels for which warnings have been programmed in the spl bsnm basin bsnm rag file See gr10k demo files Pressing the numeral for the lowest line 2 for the next line up and so on will print the warning messages on the screen and change the affected blue line to a red line In the above example for a site just below a dam the peaks of the hydrograph just touch the first warning line as shown at the bottom of the figure In this case it appears that the dam was operated only to prevent flooding in the W Montrose Camp Jan 2013 1 31 1 5 17 Flow Animation MAPPER old formats only The grids shown correspond to the computational elements in the watershed The green represents streamflow from 0 to 75 bankfull orange from 75 to 125 and red shows flows above 125 of bankfull The bankfull flow is just an approximation because it is based on a geomorphologic relationship In the future a table of bankfull discharge could be added to the basin file and the colour representation can be more realistic The program automatically steps through a sequence of channel flows and shows the progression of the flood
234. les are in place every thing else is automatic For the following files see the example data files BSNM MAP The data has to be taken from topographic maps and remotely sensed land cover data The grid size should be such that the drainage pattern is reasonably well preserved There is no specific requirement for the number of elements Ten is fine if there are only two gauges and the drainage pattern and drainage areas are preserved Also the size of the meteorological stimuli must be considered A 10 km by 10 km grid is sort of an upper limit if thunderstorms are involved To date from one to 7000 grids to represent a watershed have been used successfully with grid sizes ranging from 1 to 25 km To create the MAP file draw the watershed on the grid as in the example in Figure 3 1 For a manual setup make about 10 copies of the grid one for each part of the data There are several options to make the map file automatically using TOPAZ GREEN KENUE and MAPMAKER Intructions for making map files are detailed in the Jan 2013 3 4 GREEN KENUE manual The instructions below provide a step by step set of instructions to create a map file manually and provide the reasons for the use of the various data For a computer assisted setup it isnot automatic please see Chapter 17 This Chapter presents a step by step set of instruction to set up a new watershed Once the map file is complete it is used as input to the BSN exe program
235. les in txt copy c spl splx64 exe 1splx64 exe del dds_log txt del pre emption value txt dds wfld rev3 dds p For just testing the set up use a bat file Test bat copy basin grl0k start par csv basin grl0k par csv copy variables in start txt variables in txt copy c spl spl1x64 exe 1splx64 exe del dds_log txt del pre emption value txt dds wfld rev3 e Put go bat in the dds directory e bsnm start par is the WATFLOOD parameter file you want to start with in the basin directory e variables in start txt has the value 999 9 in line one e dds is the pre emptions enables DDS executable 4 5 3 7 Monitoring a DDS run A number of files are created during a DDS run Some self explanatory files are in the dds dds_bsnm and dds best directories In the dds dirrectory a file called dds_log txt file shows the SSE valueafter each event A blank line is between each evaluation This file can be plotted to show the progress of the trial Copy the first evaluation to a separate file called dds log runl txt so the first trial can be shown on the plot a below Jan 2013 4 20 1600000 1200000 800000 Sum of Squarred Errors SSE 400000 1 13 25 37 49 61 73 85 97 109 121 ID months Figure 4 4 1 Each line is the SSE of an evaluation Red line 1 evaluation Lines to the left of the red line are for evaluations terminated early with pre emptio
236. lg y or with flowinit exe To initialize the WATROUTE program initial flows in the yyyymmdd_str tb0 file are required for flowinit exe The _rff file is the sum of surface runoff and interflow including snow melt from all land cover classes in a grid in mm The runoff is normalized for the nominal grid i e frac 1 0 The _rch file is the recharge from the upper zone to the lower zone in mm The _Ikg file is the leakage lower zone discharge to the stream in mm The sum of these two files is the total inflow to the stream in each grid The leakage is normalized for the nominal grid i e frac 1 0 SPL can create these files by setting the routeflg in the event file y as shown in Section 11 2 Similarly runof exe will create these files The parameter file is the same for WATROUTE and SPL if splx exe or spld exe area used as the executables For rte exe the bsnm_ch_par r2c file is the parameter file It is generated by bsn exe when a new_shd r2c file is created At the same time bsn exe will combine the map amp par file into a gridded par file for rte exe only To use WATROUTE rte exe simply create files of surface runoff and groundwater discharge in this format Example _rff r2c file routeflg y FERE aE a HE FE a a HE FE EH a FE EE aE EE a aE EE EEE FileType r2c ASCII GreenKenue 1 0 Jan 2013 DataType Application Version WrittenBy CreationDate Name Projection Zone Ellipsoid xOrigin yO
237. librium potential evapotranspiration PET q The mass transfer term in the Penman combination equation approaches zero and the radiation terms dominate Priestley and Taylor 1972 found that the AET from well watered vegetation was generally higher than the equilibrium potential rate and could be estimated by multiplying the PET by a factor a equal to 1 26 per a lx p 2 7 s T 7 Pw where K is the short wave radiation L is the long wave radiation s T is the slope of the saturation vapour pressure versus temperature curve y is the psychrometric constant py is the mass density of water and Ay is the latent heat of vaporization Although the value of a may vary throughout the day Munro 1979 there is general agreement that a daily average value of 1 26 is applicable in humid climates De Bruin and Keijman 1979 Stewart and Rouse 1976 Shuttleworth and Calder 1979 and temperate hardwood swamps Munro 1979 Morton 1983 notes that the value of 1 26 estimated by Priestley and Taylor was developed using data from both moist vegetated and water surfaces Morton has recommended that the value be increased slightly to 1 32 for estimates from vegetated areas as a result of the increase in surface roughness Morton 1983 Brutsaert and Stricker 1979 Generally the coefficient a for an expansive saturated surface is usually greater than 1 0 This means that true equilibrium potential evapotranspiration rarely occurs there is a
238. lication GreenKenue Version SAD WrittenBy NK CreationDate Tue Jun 07 2011 08 37 AM Projection LATLONG Ellipsoid WGS84 xOrigin 104 617280 yOrigin 49 776797 xCount 9574 yCount 3520 xDelta 0 0009 yDelta 0 0009 Angle 0 000000 EndHeader O eal PS De a es TT el Da eae E ae a ee a as E A als ad a DAA SD od a add A IE A A ld Sd alle A do T ad la For grids points in non contributing areas the value will be 0 BSN exe counts the number of 1 amp 0 points in each WATFLOOD cell and calculated the fraction of a cell that is not contributing and multiplies that times the original cell area The cell areas can be subsequently viewed by loading the bsnm_shd r2c file into GreenKenue Steps for making the R2S File A In GIS 1 Convert the shapefile to Raster resoulution 100m 0 0009 degrees 2 Use spatial analysis tools to reclass data non contributing 0 and nodata contributing 1 3 Convert from Raster to ASCII format B In GreenKenue Load the ASCII file assign the projection and ellipsoid and zone if UTM and save it as filename r2s file Jan 2013 3 21 The user will be prompted by BSN exe at the appropriate stage of the program s execution e g nca r2s file found non contributing areas will be subtracted from frac for for each cel You can not land cover c Do you want y or n frac will NO but the clas opened input Projection Ellipsoid xO
239. lick and make it invisible Set the colour scale for the DEM double click on the file name amp click on ColorScale i Set min 350 lowest elevation on the DEM ii Interval 20 ili Levels 40 the max allowed iv Adjust the colour scale apply v Also just look at what the other buttons show data spatial amp mete data vi Apply vii Save your workspace in spl lgdemo lgdemo ews Create a new watershed object i File New watershed J ii Drag the DEM _LG4 200m into the DEM under New Watershed iii A window appears Properties of new watershed and click on generate The channels amp the largest watershed in the view have now been delineated iv Drag the channels basin 1 into the 2D view shows stream order v We don t care about stream order so click on the channels icon amp in the display tab make the colours monochrome I like dark blue or white depending on the back ground colour Also make the point size 1 Apply amp OK if you like it vi Bring in some features Import the dra UTM18 shp and pva_UTM18 shp file and drag into the view These are the Water Survey drainage layers to check the generated channels vil File open amp pick files of type xyz in the spl lgdemo data folder cntrl click on xyz files in the basin folder amp open viii Drag the flow_station_location icon into the 2D view amp make the points triangles white monocrome with line width 3 amp point size 10 apply amp o
240. lmoisture riddedinitlzs riddedrainfile riddedsnowfile riddedwind g g g g g griddedtemperaturefil 9 g g g g g riddednetradiation riddedhumidity riddedlongwave riddedshortwave riddedatmpressure noeventstofollow 11 11 mois strfw 20001001 str resr1120001001_ rel resr1120001001_ rin pt2 BASIN glake PAR BASIN glake pdl BASIN glake sdc BASIN glake wqd t 20001001 psm raing 20001001 rag tempg 20001001 tag snowl 20001001 crs raduc 20001001 rad radar 20001001 scn radar 20001001 clt snowl 20001001 swe moist 20001001 gsm radcl 20001001 met tempr 20001001 tem 11 3 Recharge files for MODFLOW pt2 tbo tbo tbo tbo tbo r2c r2c EZ r2c lt lt gridded par file WATFLOOD can write files in the format for MODFLOW a groundwater model If MODFLOW and WATFLOOD have same grid To create this file set the route flag to m Example rch file routeflg m 11 12 Jan 2013 NNN NNNNN NWN NNN NN NNN NN NWN mmm MMMMM M Sa Sg TE se A SS SS 20 0 DS DDD a o a a a O So A A A o i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
241. low DRNG AK2 UZS RETN 2 30 and is calculted simultaneously to the interflow If the combined interflow and drainage depths exceed the available upper zone storage the amounts are prorated according to the amouts calculated AK2 is an intermideate zone IZ resistence parameter and RETN is the specific retention of the soil in the upper zone Retained water can be evaporated but not drained The state of the IZ is not considered to affect this process at this point although it does affect the value of m and as a result affects the infiltration rate 2 8 Overland flow When the infiltration capacity is exceeded by the water supply and the depression storage has been satisfied water is discharged to the channel drainage system The relationship employed is based on the Manning formula and takes the form Jan 2013 2 15 Qr D1 D 67 A R3 2 31 Where Qr channel inflow in m s D1 surface storage in mm D depression storage capacity in mm optimized A the area of the basin element in m R3 combined roughness and channel length parameter optimized The R3 parameter lacks physical meaning in that it includes roughness drainage density effects and the effects of the shape of elementary contributing areas for instance average overland flow path before the water reaches a stream For a basic time step of one hour values of R3 range from 1 0 for impervious surfaces in urban areas to approximatel
242. lways some component of advection energy that increases the actual evapotranspiration Higher values of a ranging up to 1 74 have been recommended for estimating potential evapotranspiration in more arid regions ASCE 1990 Jan 2013 2 7 The a coefficient may also have a seasonal variation De Bruin and Keijman 1979 depending on the climate being modeled The study by DeBruin and Keijman 1979 indicated a variation in a with minimum values occurring during the mid summer when radiation inputs were at their peak and maxima during the spring and autumn winter values were not determined when in relation to advective effects radiation inputs were large The equation has performed very well not only for open water bodies but also for vegetated regions The satisfactory performance of the equation is probably because the incoming solar radiation has some influence on both the physiological and the meteorological controls of evapotranspiration A value of 1 26 has been used for alpha throughout Temporal variations in alpha as suggested by researchers are emulated by the conversion factors used in the calculation of AET from the PET which is described below Estimates of PET using the Priestley Taylor equation have been adjusted as a function of the difference in albedo at the site where measurements of radiation have been made albe and the land classes with differing albedo alb In the adjustment it is assumed that the ground heat flux wh
243. m recharge coefficient bare ground recharge coefficient snow covered ground overland flow roughness coefficient bare ground overland flow roughness coefficient snow covered grnd overland flow roughness coefficient impervious area interception evaporation factor pet reduction in PET for tall vegetation interception flag 1 on lt 1 off not used replaced by retn retention wilting point mm of water in uzs soil porosity int capacity multiplier EndHydrologicalParameters REC AK AKFS RETN AK2 AK2FS fratio and sometimes fpet amp ftall are normally determined through optimization or manual fitting Jan 2013 4 6 4 2 4 Snowmelt Parameters SnowParameters fm base f mn uadj tipm rho whcl alb sublim_factor idump snocap nsdc sdcsca sdcd EndSnowParameters Melt factor mm oC hr optimized Base Temp for melt calculations oC optimized ve melt factor Wind function ATI Decay Attenuation parameter Snow density for converting WE to depth for use in SDC s relative to rho H20 a factor between approximately 0 5 and 1 0 to reduce the melt rate in the early melt season albedo sublimation factor ratio receiving class for snow redistribution max swe before redistribution no of points on scd curve only 1 allowed snow covered area ratio 1 0 swe for 100 snow covered area Additional Snowmelt parameters
244. m this program RADMET extracts the radar data for the default watershed converts the data to the proper grid size and writes a RAD file in the SPL BSNM RADUC subdirectory 1 5 2 Adjust or Calibrate Radar Data CALMET CALMET will combine a radar rainfall file with rain gauge data using the Brandes radar rain gauge adjustment algorithm Section 6 4 2 If there is missing radar data rain gauge data will be distributed by itself Should there be missing rain gauge data radar is adjusted using the last available adjustment factors 1 5 3 Distribute Rainfall Data RAGMET RAGMET creates a file using the raing yyymmdd_rag tb0 file with point precipitation and distributes precipitation using a distance weighting method to each grid in the domain The input files are basin bsnm pdl and rainglyyyymmdd rag tb0 and the output file is radcl yyymmdd_met r2c The event file is used to get these file names For details please see Chapter 6 Note The extents of the met and tem files are determined by the values given in the bsnm pdl file The domain for the met amp tem files can be larger than the domain of the shd file 1 5 4 Distribute Snow Course Data SNW Water equivalent snow cover amounts are distributed over the watershed using a distance weighting method identical to the rainfall distribution application The program separates snow cover into land cover classes The input files are basin bsnm_shd r2c and Jan 2013 1 25 snowllyyyymmdd
245. m left side of the grids DA Drainage area in km CH CAP Bankfull cross section area of river channel in m SLOPE River slope in m m Jan 2013 3 31 ELV River bed elevation at mid cell point IBN Basin number or river class number INTSLOPE The internal slope in each grid Land slope in m m CHNL No of channels draining through the cell REACH Reach number for lake reservoir and or external routing FRACT Ratio of cell size to nominal cell size 6 1 2 N Fractions in each land cover class Impervioius fraction first Water last This example of the basin file is the required format for SPL9 The proper format is automatically created by the program BASIN Note that the last six columns in each row should add up to 1 0 to preserve the proper drainage area of each element Thus for element 46 highlighted 12 of the area is impervious 23 is in land use cover class 1 barren 10 is in class 2 forest 51 is in class 3 low vegetation crops 2 is in class 4 wetland and 2 is in class 5 water SPL9 checks that this sum is 100 and will correct the values if necessary Any corrections made are listed in the SPL ERR file in the working directory for a watershed Important notes Note 1 An important thing to check is that the drainage areas at the streamflow stations are correct The SHD file can be examined to see that this is the case The coordinates of the gauges have to be carefully placed to accomplish this
246. main channels If there are 2 3 or up to 5 equally sized channels traversing the elements that is the number coded If a major stream passes through the square the number is 1 The data is used only for routing streamflow and thus is not used in elements which have no upstream contributing area But elements within the basin must have a value between and 5 hanne ensit ICHNL OGOOGO COOCO oo oo 5 Oo OOOH NNNO Y N WwWo 53 ity 000 000 300 300 Jan 2013 3 13 PS 25 Zi 3 0 OBZ 4 3 222 00 032431340 003 2 33 28 20 003223230 OO SZ Ze 2s amp BO 9000 00 3532 21 010050 000000000 3 3 10 Routing Reach Number IREACH In some situations the user may wish to route flows outside the SPL program for instance where back water or tidal effects have to be taken into account For this purpose a reach number can be inserted for those elements where channel inflows are desired as output in a separated file The output will be in DWOPER format 8F10 3 in the results rte Ist file A block of zeros is required where there is no external routing This block is also used to group elements into one or a number of reservoirs or lakes to allow an accounting of reservoir storage and or reservoir level reporting See section on Lake routing umber IREACH 0 ve 0 w Q gt gt gt _O OC oO OOO COO OOO 0 OO OO O E OOOOOO OOoooo OOO COO OOO 0 0 0 OOO CO
247. mark of N Kouwen IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Inc Intel is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation MS is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation GRAPHER is a registered trademark of Golden Software Use of the above terms will not be further acknowledged further in this manual NOTICE The programs described herein belong to N Kouwen and the University of Waterloo The programs are distributed free of charge at http www watflood ca Updates may be posted without notice at http www watflood ca This software and manual are not intended for the hydrologically naive Jan 2013 12 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Development of WATFLOOD was begun in 1972 while I was employed as a visitor at the Conservation Authorities Branch of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources as a flood forecasting system Mr Don McMullen in his capacity as hydrometeorologist for the Province of Ontario initiated this project WATFLOOD SPL9 has been made possible through 1 The University of Waterloo through computing and office facilities 2 The National Engineering and Science Research Council of Canada through Grant No 7982 from 1972 2010 3 The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources who provided the initial incentive and support to undertake the work 4 The Grand River Conservation Authority through access to flow records and now field testing 5 The Alberta Research Council by providing radar dat
248. me file rev 9 2 05 Jul 27 05 NK initialized delta in s r compute error i rev 9 2 06 Jul 28 05 N normalized error with da for optimization rev 9 2 07 Jul 29 05 N soilinit moved from runoff to sub rev 9 2 08 Jul 29 05 N opt work around in options rev 9 2 09 Sep 1 05 N removed write par for from rdpar for rev 9 2 10 Sep 1 05 N unlimited comments on shd amp map files rev 9 2 11 Sep 5 05 N added Manning s n rin amp r2n rev 9 2 12 Sep 5 05 N added EXCEL eqn to flowinit rev 9 2 13 Sep 28 05 N added freeze and break up to route rev 9 2 14 Sep 29 05 MN Added control for opt in event 1 rev 9 2 15 Sep 30 05 N Fixed bug for opt in flowinit rev 9 2 16 Oct 0 05 N Fixed bug for widep in rdpar rev 9 2 17 Oct 1 05 N Fixed bug for str bounds in route rev 9 2 18 Oct 27 05 NK Fixed bug in flowinit init spike rev 9 2 19 Oct 28 05 NK Compute daily amp monthly flows rev 9 2 20 Oct 28 05 NK WFO SPEC reporting start amp finish times rev 9 1 21 Jun 28 02 Added wetland storage amp outflow to the wfo file i rev 9 1 22 Jul 22 02 Added results error r2s file forGreenKenue Hydrologic rev 9 1 23 Jul 23 02 Added control for nudging in event 1 rev 9 1 24 Sep 11 02 Added scaleallsnw to set snw scale in event 1 rev 9 1 25 Sep 11 02 Added All as bare ground equiv vegn height rev 9 1 26 Sep 11 02 fixed wetland evaporation re uz
249. mization Mode cccsccesseesseesceesceseceeceseceseeeecsseensecnaecaecaecuecseeeaeeenes 1 26 1 5 11 Model Calibration Modena in pasas 1 26 1 5 12 Debug Mode iii sad 1 28 1 5 13 Forecast Mode Without RADAR Image Scalidg ooocoonccinnnnncnnonnoonnonnconoconoconoconconncnnnonnnonnos 1 28 1 5 14 Forecast Mode With RADAR Image Scalid8 oooonconncnnnnnnonnonnconnconconnconncnn nono nonnconnnnn nono nono 1 28 1 5 15 Plot Hydrographs SPLPLT Really old Stuttl o oonoonnnnnnincnoncnocnconconnconononccnnconrcnnnonnnonnos 1 28 1 5 16 Stage Hydrographs STGPLT Provisional ce ceeeessesceeeeeesecseeeceeeeceaeeeeeaecaeeseeaeeeeenee 1 30 1 5 17 Flow Animation MAPPER old formats only oooooonocniconiccconnnonconnconoconoconoconconncnn conocio 1 31 1 6 Setting Up a New Event Out of Order ccsccsssssscccscccssccsscscscssscsssscssscssssssssssesesssessseeseees 1 32 1 7 Debugeing AAA A 1 34 Jan 2013 5 1 7 1 Common Problems ia A 1 34 1 8 AAA PP O so kivssssvs 1 36 1 9 CEI AAA 1 38 1 9 1 DS omnia conta nao socio sonal oSa 1 38 1 9 2 DOES usos dolares aais 1 38 1 10 Help free for students others not SO MUCH occocconoonocnocnnonncnconcnnonncononononocnnonnconoononecnnonnono 1 40 2 HYDROLOGICAL MODEL sisi 2 1 2 1 AAA PT 2 1 2 2 NODO AAA 2 1 2 2 1 Surface HTA iii iia 2 2 2 2 2 Infiltrados 2 3 2 2 3 Initial Soil Moisture icc cacti wate eee Sas Rae ee ee ee 2 5 2 3 Potential Evapotranspiration
250. moisture pointprecip pointtemps 1 11 evt 9 8 3000 01 9 98 10 090 50 19 00 0 0 100 00 90 00 10 0 0 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 oO OC SO OO FF 744 744 1 1 basin mack shd r2c basin mack par basin mack ch par r2c basin mack pdl basin mack waqd basin mack sdc moist 30000101 psm pt2 raing 30000101 rag tb0 mpg 30000101 tag tb0 Jan 2013 pointhumidity pointsnow pointdrain pointdsnow streamflowdatafile reservoirreleasefile reservoirinflowfile snowcoursefile radarfile rawradarfile clutterfile griddedinitsnowweq griddedinitsoilmoisture griddedrainfile griddedtemperaturefil griddedsnow griddeddrain griddeddsnow griddedrunoff griddedrecharge griddedleakage griddedevaporation initlakelevel noeventstofollow event130000201 ev event130000301 ev event130000401 ev event130000501 ev event130000601 ev event130000701 ev event130000801 ev event130000901 ev event130001001 ev event130001101 ev event130001201 ev eof tt ot ct Ch er ch e ocr cr a griddedhumidityfile 1 12 humid 30000101 hum snowg 30000101 snw drain 30000101 drn dsnow 30000101 dsn strfw 30000101 str resr1130000101_ rel resr1130000101 rin pt2 snow1130000101_crs raduc 30000101 rad radar 30000101 scn radar 30000101 clt snow1 30000101 swe moist 30000101 gsm radc1130000101 met
251. mulative interflow under snow slzinflw mm cumulative lower zone inflow for all classes in a grid cell sqlz mm cumulative lower zone outflow for a grid Month month jul_day Julian day heat_def mm heat deficit in snow pack Tempv C temperature in degree Celcius Tempvmin C minimum temperature for the day set at 00 00 A8 hours Rh Percent calculated relative humidity Psmear mm Amount of precip smeared Punused mm Amount of precip remaining API Antecedent precipitation index m in the model Sublim mm Amount of new snow sublimated sumsublim mm Cummilative sublimated snow v mm Interception storage wcl mm Free water in the snow pack Jan 2013 10 10 10 4 Outfiles txt File This file is a list of all output files created by the SPLxx EXE program It can be edited and used to redirect the output to any desitred drive and directory This can be usedfull if more than one watershed is being modelled at the same time After editing the file Rename or copy this file to outfiles txt The SPLxx EXE program will look for this file and use it if it exists The FORnnn files are scratch files or unused unit numbers See Section 1 8 for a description of the output files results spl txt results opt txt results res txt results rff txt results rte txt results pic txt results snw txt results spl plt results stg plt results spl csv results snwl csv results snw csv results strout 1 results snwdebug txt results watflood wfo re
252. n 4 5 3 8 Speeding up DDS You can make multiple simultaneous DDS runs by setting up multiple identical watershed files e g gr10k_1 grl0k 2 etc Just give each run a different seed value in line 7 of the DDS_ init txt file 4 5 3 9 Analysis of multiple trials Three trials of DDS usually suffices to indicate some sonsistency in the outcomes However when analyzing the results it is useful to see the range of each optimized parameter and their value wrt Other land cover classes The files summary txt found in each DDS trial report can be combined into one file as below one line for each trial variable theta kcond radin smoot obj_fn 1 1 1 1 0 242454E 06 0 387656E 00 0 582581E 00 0 355959E 03 0 204289E 02 0 261004E 06 0 443512E 00 0 197076E 00 0 390479E 03 0 274989E 02 0 244470E 06 0 736029E 00 0 680491E 00 0 318999E 03 0 178311E 02 0 253440E 06 0 184952E 00 0 265174E 00 0 180663E 02 0 649235E 02 0 225530E 06 0 161244E 00 0 534536E 00 0 263214E 03 0 174199E 02 0 230213E 06 0 514956E 00 0 640026E 00 0 315302E 03 0 232514E 02 0 245022E 06 0 684374E 00 0 688238E 00 0 343077E 03 0 248711E 02 0 247493E 06 0 418768E 00 0 695592E 00 0 364348E 03 0 166421E 02 Jan 2013 4 21 The headings can be found in a file called dds summary_header txt written by the coupler each time DDS is started The headings match the parameter names with the columns With this file you can look at the ranges and you could even try to average
253. n kouwen 1985 2008 university of waterloo canada FF FF FF FF OF kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk Writing a WATFLOOD WFO file kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxkk Old format met files not accepted Please create EF _met r2c files amp rerun This happens when you probably have forward slashes in the event files 1 8 Output Files Most output from SPL is written to the RESULTS directory and overwrites previous output files If you want to save any of these files for instance the plot and list files they have to be renamed and or saved in another directory Each time you run SPLX EXE an outfiles new file is created that list the default SPLX output file set You can edit this file to send the files anywhere you would like but you need to make sure the directories specified are created first Jan 2013 1 37 Default file name File use results spl txt results opt txt results res txt results rff txt results rte txt results pic txt results snw txt results spl plt results stg plt results spl csv results swe r2c results snw csv results strout 1 results snwdebug txt results watflood wfo results error xyz results error r2s results wetland csv results sed csv results qdwpr txt results spl_dly csv results gridflow r2c results resin txt results evap txt results evt_means csv results peaks txt results volumes txt results spl_mly cs
254. n of 25 km a 25 km grid size will be appropriate On the other hand for a small 100 km watershed where the precipitation may be provided by radar at a 1 km resolution a 1 km grid would be more appropriate Any land cover image will reveal differences between neighbouring pixels Unless a model grid size is chosen that is equal to the land cover pixel size either the hydrologic parameters will have to be averaged or different hydrological units will have to be grouped The WATFLOOD system is based on the latter Using remotely sensed land cover data pixels are classified to a number of land cover classes and the ratio of each land cover in each computation grid is determined The runoff response from each hydrologically significant sub group in each grid is calculated and routed downstream With this method there is no requirement for grids or sub basins to be hydrologically homogeneous So the grid size can be chosen to conveniently match the resolution of the meteorological data or reflect the detail required in the model output Figure 1 1 shows the above concept In this example a land cover image is classified into 4 hydrologically significant groups A B C and D There are 25 pixels with 8 in group A 11 in group B 2 in group C and the remaining 4 in group D i e 32 in group A 44 in group B 8 in group C and 16 in group D WATFLOOD combines all pixels in one group for computational purposes The pixels of one group do not have to
255. n the snow1 folder v Open the file results swe r2c letGreenKenue translate it to a binary file the reason we use an r2c file is that r2c files have the data and time stamp for each frame of data The wfo file just has the hour from the start of the run vi Drag the snow water equivalent object in to the 2D view vii Drag the snow_ station locations into the 2D view viii Extract a time series at location 3 and ix drag it in to a 1D view x drag the 3 swe time series into the 1D view xi change to point click on the object etc e Fixing the model 1 ii iii iv v Edit the basin lg4 par file and change the max heat deficit to 0 333 from 1 000 being careful to keep the formatting intact Save the par file amp run splx Open Open the file results swe r2c letGreenKenue translate it to a binary file again Repeat vii to 1x above you see an earlier melt now Edit the basin g4 par file and change all base temperatures to 4 and repeat vii to 1x above Hydrological modellers NOTE This is the way to calibrate a model look at each process Ideally we have a snow course in each land cover class 9 Optimization The wrong way Pattern search optimization coded by Monro NWS a Set up the par file i ii iii In line 6 set numa 1 Make the Base ve Check limits iv Save par file amp run splx v Monitor the results opt txt file vi When the error no longer reduces kill the run vii Edit
256. naming convention is yyyymmdd_xxx yyy where xxx denotes the type of data psn rag tag str rel rin crs swe gsm met tem rff rch and lkg and yyy the type of file tb0 pt2 and r2c e A program trns exe is a program that will convert the str rel rin met and tem files from the old formats to the newGreenKenue formats trns exe will use the same event file as splx exe simple converting all the files in a run to the new formats Steps to convert files toGreenKenue formats 14 1 STEP 1 Run splx exe on your existing files and create a reference set of output files Copy all files in a watershed folder like SSRB to a new folder SSRB_EF 14 2 STEP 2 With BSN EXE make a new_shd r2c file and at the same time make a new_format map file if the existing map file is the old format If the file is a really old format non KENUE format load 1t intoGreenKenue and save it as bsnm_ef map This will update the format to theGreenKenue format which the bsn exe program can read Edit the bsnm _ef map file change the classCount to n 1 where n was the old class count The impervious class is now counted a one of the classes Move the block of data for the impervious class from being the first class to the last Copy or rename new_shd r2c to bsnm_shd r2c and new_format map file to bsnm map if needed Edit the first event file only to change the shed file name to the new name from bsnm shd to bsnm_shd r2c Jan 2013 14 2 14 3 STE
257. ncompatible changes in VisualBasic by Microsoft and upgrades to the WATFLOOD model it has become impossible to maintain the WATFLOOD for WINDOWS program Furthermore it just slows things down In addition most new file formats have been made free format or space delimited This removes the need for spreadsheet type input pages to format the files Only the event and parameter files have fixed formats Tabs are not allowed in any files as FORTRAN chokes up on them lt au p WATFLOOD for WINDOWS Version 5 05 Developed for Surveys and Information Systems Branch y Ecosystem Science and Evaluation Directorate ENVIRONMENT CANADA i cc Copyright c N Kouwen 1987 1996 University of Waterloo Waterloo ON Canada Some users manage to do all their WATFLOOD actions within the window environment However all programs are DOS based and only a few simple commands are needed to do all the work This tutorial is now DOS based One advantage of this is that this tutorial can then be easily used by UNIX users 1 4 2 DOS Disk Operating System DOS is the command level operating system The WATFLOOD user needs only learn a few simple commands The use of batch files is very helpful to speed up repetitive tasks more on this later The WATFLOOD graphical interface had to be abandoned because of the continuous changes to MS Visual Basic It promises not be supported in future versions of WINDOWS so it seemed like a loosing cause
258. nd PWR is to plot the hydrograph with the log of the computed and observed flows plotted against time You have the correct values when the groundwater recession curves of the computed and observed hydrographs are parallel If the hydrograph volumes are incorrect step 4 should be carried out first WARNING t is very important that for a long term simulation the lower zone storage LZS does not continually increase In an automatic optimization run the LZS can be traded off with evaporation If the evaporation is too low the LZS can wrongfully compensate Next in cold regions the melt factor MF and the base temperature BASE should be optimized These parameters really affect the timing and the rate of the melt The base temperature affects the initial rise ofthe hydrograph while the melt factor has more affect on the peak flow These parameters do trade off somewhat in that if the base temperature is low the melt factor should also be low other wise the snow would melt too rapidly In mountainous terrain the lapse rates for precipitation and temperatures should also be optimized unless you have these values from other sources If glaciers are present the glacier adjustment factor should also be optimized The radius of influence amp smoothing distance can be done in conjunctin with 4 Then the evaporation should be checked by looking at the total annual runoff volume in the results precip txt If the runoff volume is too large a
259. nd assuming that the precipitation and stream flow data is reasonably correct the evaporation can often be increased by simply raising the soil moisture retention RETN Usually this is done manually although it can be part of an optimization run However as with the river roughness this Jan 2013 4 22 is a fairly independent parameter The interception storage capacity H1 H2 Hn also dramatically affects evaporation as all the intercepted water is evaporated However we do not have that much latitude in choosing this number because these values are closely associated with vegetation type Next you are probably ready for an optimization run with just the wetland parameters for porosity and conductivity THETA and KCOND if wetlands are present and you have delineated them in the land cover map To run the wetland option the wetland flag has to be set to y and the values for THETA have to be ve If all the above steps are successful you are ready for a full blown optimization run Below is an example of the optimization of six parameter sets in one run for a total of 32 parameters In this case there are 6 land cover classes for MF and BASE and 5 river classes for LZF PWR THETA and KCOND Currently not operational Jan 2013 4 23 Melt Factor mf 4 12 00 2 3 11 00 2 3 10 00 o E Q 9 00 o A hal Ay 8 00 0 100 200 300 400 500 number of iterations Jan 2013 4 24 12 00 Base Temp
260. ng water rev 8 25 May 22 97 fixed allocating the basin in flowinit rev 8 3 May 22 97 added the results outfiles capability rev 8 3 June 3 97 added initial uzs values in evap par rev 8 32 June 13 97 bypassed non flagged parameters in OPT rev 8 4 July 16 97 fixed melt routine and added init def rev 8 4 July 21 97 added tipm to the optimization table rev 8 5 Oct 09 97 deleted the old interception stuff rev 8 5 Oct 09 97 fixed ve qr problem in runof5 rev 8 52 Nov 14 97 replaced x4 in runof rev 8 60 Nov 14 97 added sl2 to the interflow calculation rev 8 6 Dec 12 97 added contflg for statistics cont n rev 8 62 Dec 30 97 fixed param s r comb d et amp par flgs rev 8 70 Jan 23 98 added precip adjustment in rain for Jan 2013 rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rec rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev co 00 CO CO CO OO CO WO CO CO co OO O O CO CO O CO OO WO 00 00 00 CO C CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO UO 0 NO 0 10 0 10 LO LO LO WO O WO WO WO 00 oh 12 73 74 STS 76 17 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85
261. nificantly both temporally and spatially which results in difficulties in temporally updating operational models Hence an average value of the snow pack density is set in the parameter file for each vegetation class and is typically in the range of 0 10 to 0 35 The Antecedent Temperature Index ATI is adjusted each time step using Eq 2 38 which follows the same theory as Eq 2 37 The only difference between the two equations is that the latter represents only the change in temperature of a solid resulting from a change in air temperature whereas Eq 2 38 supposedly represents all the energy fluxes acting on a snow pack Jan 2013 2 25 ATI ATI tipm T ATI 2 38 where ATI is the Antecedent Temperature Index at time t 1 C and ATL is the Antecedent Temperature Index at time t C Anderson 1973 comments on typical values for tipm which can theoretically vary between 0 and 1 but commonly are between 0 1 deep surface layer and 0 5 shallow surface layer In his initial study using the NWSRFS model Anderson found that a value of 0 5 produced reasonable results In a later report by Anderson 1976 a value of 0 1 was used Donald 1992 used value of 0 2 and managed to achieve good results for the Grand River basin in southern Ontario In all studies to date using WATFLOOD a value of 0 2 has been used primarily because of the lack of understanding of what the parameter actually represents There is an interrelat
262. noff leakage and recharge files with the relevant entries bolded fileType evt fileVersionNo 9 7 year 2000 month 10 day 01 hour 00 snwflg y Jan 2013 sedflg vapflg smrflg resinflg tbcflg resumflg contflg crseflg Kenueflg picflg wetflg shdflg trcflg frcflg fanittig intSoilMoisture rainConvFactor eventPrecipScaleFactor precipScaleFactor eventSnowScaleFactor snowScaleFactor eventTempScaleFactor tempScaleFactor hoursRainData hoursFlowData deltat_report basinFileName parFileName pointDataLocations snowCoverDepletionCurve waterqualitydatafile pointsoilmoisture pointprecip pointtemps pointnetradiation pointhumidity pointwind pointlongwave pointshortwave pointatmpressure streamflowdatafile reservoirreleasefile reservoirinflowfile snowcoursefile radarfile rawradarfile clutterfile griddedinitsnowweq 11 9 5S 5K55 IKIDI IKD 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 O 0 D GOG Oe 744 744 24 BASIN glake_ shd r2c BASIN glake PAR BASIN glake pdl BASIN glake sdc BASIN glake wqd moist 20001001 psm pt2 raing 20001001 rag tb0 tempg120001001_tag tb0 strfw 20001001 str tb0 resr1 20001001 rel tb0 resrl 20001001 rin tb0 snow1120001001_crs pt2 raduc 20001001 rad radar 20001001 scn radar 20001001 clt snow1120001001_swe r2c Jan 2013 11 10 gr
263. ns 7 10 DOS 1 18 do s and don ts 4 9 drainage areas 3 31 Drainage directions S 3 10 Edit Menu 1 19 Element drainage area FRAC 3 10 elv_means r2c 3 39 ENSIM Workshop 17 1 Ensimflg 1 13 ERROR CRITERION 4 12 evapotranspiration 2 5 Event file 1 20 Event File 1 9 Example EVENT file 1 10 Existing Event 1 19 farm ponds 7 7 Fens 2 21 3 16 Figure 6 1 Example of a storage discharge curve 7 7 File Naming Convention 1 8 file requirements 1 7 File Structure 1 7 Flag 1 13 flood plain roughness 4 4 Flow Animation 1 31 flow stations 1 38 7 5 flow_init r2c 1 13 11 1 11 4 Flow_station_location xyz 10 8 Forecast mode 1 28 Forecast Mode 1 26 Forest Vegetation Coefficient 2 10 FPET 2 11 frac 2 21 fratio 4 6 FTALL 2 10 Geographical Coordinates 3 33 Georeference Requirements 3 1 Glaciers 3 14 3 16 3 17 Green Ampt 2 3 grid origin 3 1 gt Gridded Snow 5 2 gridded temperature 8 3 Ground Water Recharge 2 14 Grouped Response Units 3 Hargreaves Equation 2 7 Help 1 40 HYDROLOGICAL MODEL 2 1 Infiltration 2 3 Initial Channel Storage 5 6 Initial Lower Zone Storage 5 6 Initial reservoir levels 7 8 Initial Snow 5 1 Initial snow cover 5 1 5 4 initial soil moisture 2 5 INITIALIZATION 5 1 Initiating Snow 1 20 Instream Lakes 2 22 Interception 2 11 4 7 interflow 2 13 Internal slope 2 14 IOPT 4 1 Jan 2013 ITYPE 4 1 kcond 2 20 2 21 KENUE
264. nt file as long as the keywords are exactly as below Highlighted lines with no data may be left out of the list The order of the entrees does not matter except that the section beginning with noeventstofollow must be at the end of the event file including the symbol and then the list of events as shown below In this example there are two special purpose lines of data griddedevaporation evapo 30000101 evp r2c initlakelevel level 30000101 ill pt2 which are needed for the Great Lakes model only The event parser allows the inclusion of any files that are needed for special applications of WATFLOOD such as files for the isotope and water quality models In the future the output files will also be included in the event files so the outfiles txt files will no longer be needed Jan 2013 filetype fileversionno year month day hour snwflg sedflg vapflg smrflg resinflg tbcflg resumflg contflg routeflg crseflg Kenueflg picflg wetflg modelflg shdflg trcflg frcflg initflg grdflg i nteltlg nudgef lg resetflg intsoilmoisture rainconvfactor eventprecipscalefactor precipscalefactor eventsnowscalefactor snowscalefactor eventtempscalefactor tempscalefactor tempscalefactor hoursraindata shoursFlowData deltat_report spinupevents basinfilename parfilename channelparfile pointdatalocations snowcoverdepletioncurve waterqualitydatafile pointsoil
265. nt i9930401 evt pil J p pto event i9930501 evt_ jp eventi9930601evt_______ _____ event i9930701evt_ pi bjp S l eventi9930801 evt_______ ____ event ig930901 evt ptm event ig931001evt pto event i9931101evt tp pto leventt9931201evt________ _______ jp EOF IA S NO SO OO AO O IO A T If the event file is set up to run with 100 events to follow a shorter run can be done by just changing the number of events to follow while leaving the list of events complete If everything went OK you should be able to run WATFLOOD using the demo files for the Grand River in Ontario Canada without a message that you are running a demonstration program See WATFLOOD TUTORIAL starting in the next section 1 3 11 Creating event files The old event files have old event names that are not compatible with theGreenKenue formats Instead of editing all the old evt files just run MAKE_EVT EXE in the working directory and a complete set of event files will be created In the event files there will be several file names created that are not needed for many applications The event file is used by nearly all WATFLOOD programs such as RAGMET TMP SNW MOIST SPLX etc Each application has it s own need for certain files associated wich a given event All required files for all programs are in the event file To create a set of new event files while in the working directory run MAKE_EVT EXE and make t
266. nt that can be simulated depends on the time step of the recorded streamflow A total of 744 flows can be compared So you can run one month Jan 2013 1 33 If you want to run a longer period chain the events No matter what SPL9 runs at hr intervals when there is rain which is always entered at hourly dt s Enter the streamflow time increment in hours kt 1 Number of hours of streamflow max 8784 120 Will input be flows y n y Enter the climate data time increment in hrs 12 hours should be the maximum to reflect daily fluctuations 6 The program will now print some reference data If event exists confirmation for erasing existing files will be requested Enter initial soil moisture at each gauge No blanks please 1 for missing data You have to enter at least 1 ve value at CAMBRIDGE GA 0 3 at Elora etc More junk is printed out and the program ends Notes For the streamflow and temperature files different time intervals can be used For instance daily recorded flows and a temperature every 12 hours can be used When you are prompted for the number of hours of streamflow it refers to the length of the event So if you are running for one month of 31 days the number of hours of streamflow is 744 The time interval could be 1 6 or 24 The length of the temperature file is the same 744 in this case but the time interval can be different Finally the rainfall record can be o
267. nts kept for the entire run This is a nice feature for climate change scenarios where operating rules are not known and only the water availability is required 7 3 Reservoir Inflow Files Reservoir inflows if known can be entered as a set of observed flows with a format similar to the streamflow file An output file called results resin csv similar to the spl csv file will be created so reservoir observed and computed inflows can be easily compared Errors can also be calculated Jan 2013 7 10 e To use this option the resinflg in the event files must be set to y and the rin file must exist for all events This flag is set in event evt and used for all subsequent events e The time increment in the resin csv file is the same as the interval in the input yyyymmdd rin file The following is an example of a reservoir inflow file yyyymmdd rin lt lt lt needs to be changed to a tb0 file 744 values are required More reservoirs can be added 7 4 Diversions BETA Jan 09 This feature has had limited testing Please report any problems To divert flow from one grid to another the program will automatically divert flow 1f the file diver yyyymmdd div tb0 is present and listed in the event file such as Jan 2013 7 11 streamflowdatafile strfw 19900101_str tb0 reservoirreleasefile resrl 19900101_rel tb0 reservoirinflowfile resrl 19900101_rin tb0 diversionflowfile diver 19900101_ div tb0 snowcoursefile snow1119900101
268. ny creeks drain the element use the predominant drainage direction An grid cannot be split but FRAC can be used to apportion parts of a grid to neighbouring grids Drainage direction S 00000000 0 00004400 0 000034000 000034500 000424600 004464600 034645540 Jan 2013 3 11 024344640 002342560 002244560 000224600 000000000 3 3 7 River Classification IBN A classification of the element depending on river type and groundwater regime For instance rivers or streams can be classified according to their nature upland versus lowland rivers meandering versus straight Up to sixteen classes can be used Each class can be given different main channel and flood plain Manning s n parameter as R2n and R1n respectively So river class 1 is assigned roughness R2n for the channel and R1n for the flood plain Note The LZF and PWR parameters are also assigned to each river class ou UU 010UINRARRROQ H a eee H 000000000000 O0O0Oo0Oo0UuNnNnvNOoOoOoOoOo lt 0 oOo0oo0000000000 W OOMUUNNNDAOOOKh OUMUUNNNNDGAOOOM n ou u ww 00UIRPRARAPROD ou ud 0 URA A PpOO 3 3 8 Contour Density IROUGH The surface slope of each element is calculated by opes of contours x contour interval X 100 ae grid length This is used in the runoff calculations The input is the number of contours crossing a line equal in length to the grid length Draw the line in such a way that the line lies within the grid but crosses the m
269. o 1971 The program can be run to automatically determine which combination of parameters best fit measured conditions The hydrological parameters for optimization are soil permeability soil retention a recharge factor an interflow coefficient overland flow roughness melt factor base temperature and a sublimation factor For cjannel and lake routing the following parameters can be optimized channel roughness a lower zone coefficient and exponent wetland conductivity and porosity and an instream lake damping coefficient 1 2 Approach A simple example will serve to show why weighted averages for the parameters that define the runoff characteristics of a watershed should not be considered Take a one hectare city block and divide it into two parts 2 3 of the area is grassed and the remaining 1 3 is impervious If the US Soil Conservation Service SCS method is used to determine runoff and the soil curve number for the grass is taken as 50 the weighted SCS number will be 67 and runoff will not commence until approximately 25 mm of rain have fallen USDA 1968 However the impervious area will contribute runoff almost as soon as the precipitation starts Using the same scenario if the rational method is applied to the same area a peak flow calculated using only the impervious area will be larger than using the whole area Jan 2013 1 2 These inconsistencies have been known for a long time and led to the development of hydrological m
270. o execute A value of 1 will produce the results rffn txt files where n 1 9 A value of 2 is used for program development only 1 5 13 Forecast Mode Without RADAR Image Scaling 1 5 14 Forecast Mode With RADAR Image Scaling 1 5 15 Plot Hydrographs SPLPLT Really old stuff The best way to plot hydrographs is by opening the results spl csv file in MS EXCEL and plot pairs of columns 2 3 4 5 etc Grapher http www goldensoftware com is an awesome plotting package and templates can be created to show WATFLOOD output GreenKenue Green was created to do the post processing for WATFLOOD TheGreenKenue interface is explained in detail in Chapter 12 Originally before Excel Grapher andGreenKenue simple plots could be made using SPLPLT EXE SPLPLT is a program in compiled QUICKBASIC to plot the measured hydrographs and simulation results on the same scale for each gauge site on the screen This program could now be used as a quick look after running a simulation SPLPLT plots the measured white and calculated yellow hydrographs The scale of windows is the same and the peak flow in each window is printed In the forecast mode the dots are measured flows that might be available for historic events In the real time operational situation these flows would not be available as they will occur in the future The R and F keys toggle the scales of the plots to relative and full scales respectively Each hydrograph can be
271. odels which did not require the averaging of the watershed parameters The first of these where runoff was computed separately was using the Road Research Laboratory Method Terstriep and Stall 1996 followed by many others The general trend has been to model areas of uniform hydrologic response such as the method developed by Leavesly and Stannard 1995 who introduced the Hydrologic Response Unit HRU method During the last 15 20 years pixel models have been developed where the hydrology is modelled at the scale of the pixel of LANDSAT or SPOT imagery or the resolution of the digital terrain data as for the TOPMODEL Beven et al 1995 or the MIKE SHE model Refsgaard and Storm 1995 However the problem is where to make the cutoff for the smallest area that can be modelled Often the determining factors are the image resolution and or the computer resources available This seems a rather arbitrary criterion which is not based on hydrological considerations The WATFLOOD method is based first on a definition of the resolution of the meteorological data available and second on the level of detail required in the output for instance the size of the smallest watershed for which information is sought Once these general parameters are established a model grid is chosen to reflect these points On very large watersheds on the sub continental scale where the meteorological data may be provided by a numerical weather model with a resolutio
272. oduces anGreenKenue format r2c file with a file name yyyymmdd_tem r2c This file can be loaded inGreenKenue where it can be animated and time series extracted on each grid For missing frames the temperature of the last frame is in the simulation HHTHHHHHHHEHHEHHHHE HHH HEHEHE HHH HOR FileType r2c ASCII GreenKenue 1 0 DataType 2D Rect Cell Application GreenKenue Version 2 1 023 WrittenBy translate exe CreationDate 2006 09 28 15 42 he a Ee E E ARA a a E E a Sy a oa Name Mackenzie Projection UTM Ellipsoid UTM Zone 17 xOrigin 500000 000 yOrigin 4790000 000 SourceFile tempg 19930101 tem tbo AttributeName 1 Temperature AttributeUnits xCount 9 yCount 12 xDelta 10000 000 yDelta 10000 000 endHeader Frame iL 1 y 0 1 1 1 00 00 000 a BO O RA CEBO DO oe SiO O 54 ED ADIOS AO IA RD DO ed cb 5 4 Aula FDAL BO O AB AB ba A ADO 8 4 Jan 2013 ls EndFrame Frame 2 00 00 000 0 1 1 2 etc Jan 2013 9 1 9 RADIATION DATA The format of the radiation input is the same as that for the gridded temperature input Radiation data can be gridded using the same utility program TMP EXE as the one used to grid the temperature data The gridded radiation data will eventually reside in the following file sp BSNM RFLUX Y YMMDD FLX Jan 2013 10 1 10 OUTPUT FILES Most output from SPL is written to the RESULTS directory and overw
273. of temperature data latitude in degrees and the Julian day J to estimate incoming solar energy Duffie and Beckman 1980 R 15 392 d w sing sind cosg cos sinw 2 11 where d is the relative distance between the earth and the sun given by d 1 00033 cof 2 2 2 12 365 is the solar declination radians defined by 5 0 4093 sin 7 365 1405 Q 13 and w is the sunset hour angle radians given by w arccos tang tan 2 14 With these modifications the Hargreaves equation is more universally applicable as it does not require the observed solar input A number of independent investigations have compared the estimates of evapotranspiration from different models The Hargreaves equation consistently produces accurate estimates of potential evapotranspiration as measured using energy balance techniques the Penman combination equation or lysimetric observations and in some cases much better than estimates made using other methods Hargreaves and Samani 1982 Mohan 1991 Saeed 1986 Mohan 1991 found the Hargreaves equation to have a high correlation with the Penman combination equation for estimates of average weekly evapotranspiration in humid regions The reason for the success with such an empirical model is because of the theory which it reflects In a comparison with the Penman combination equation the model considers the following the incoming solar energy Ra the
274. on add sublimation to optimization add cumm_domain precip replaced leakage dat by nbs tb0 fln 79 fixed filename carry over in read _ evt added store error flag for ve storage grids added glacier adjust for optimization dds with pre emption fixed error xyz amp error r2s fixed bug in rdpar for ntype for imp area normalized SSE with station Qmean 2 added to error message in read_rain amp read_temp changed decimal points for r2c files header changed error r2s to error r2c fixed subscript out of range errors in flowinit increased allowed flow stations from 128 to 512 revised mean squared error weighting for DDS corrected error r2c file for sub basin errors ensure fpet_lake is not assigned unintended values update flowflag in lst f for subsequent events added monthly climate deltas txt file fix array bugs for reservoir inflows Changed the outfiles txt for more 30 rff classes Allow 30 land cover classes Create reduced precip amp temp files for sub basins Fixed init flows outside sub basin Fixed diversions outside sub basin Changed tolerance on the grid check in read_rain amp Added sensitivity analysis 16 1 16 Bibliography 16 1 General References Ambach W 1988 Interpretation of the positive degree day factor by heat balance characteristics West Greenland Nordic Hydrology 19 217 224 American Society of Civil Engineers 1969 Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Se
275. on IBN cccccssessesssesseeeseesecesecesecaecsaecauecaeecaeesaeseneseeeseeesesenseeeaeenaeenaes 3 11 3 3 8 Contour Density TROUGH cccccsssescessceseceseceseceeecaeecaecsaecaeecaeeeneseneseneseeeeasenseenseenaeenaes 3 11 3 3 9 Channel Density ICHNL cccccssecssessseeseeeeeeeeeeeeeseceeceseeeseceeeeaecsaecsaecaaecaeecseeeneseneeeneeats 3 12 3 3 10 Routing Reach Number IREACH cccesscssesecseeeeeeeceeeeecaeeeceaecaessecneeseeeaeeeesaesateeeeaeeeres 3 13 3 3 11 Land Cover Classes TAK ccccccssessssesceesceseceseceseceecaeecaeesaeseneseesseeesecesesereesesneeenseenaeenaes 3 13 3 3 12 Class Numbering order of entering land cover Classes ccsccescceseeesecseeseeeseeeseeseeeseeenes 3 16 3 3 13 Wetlands Splitting Bogs and Fens cccscecssesseesseeseeeeeeeeceeeceeeeeseceseceeecaeceaeeneecneeeaeeenes 3 16 3 3 14 Combining and Reordering Classes cccccesccssscescessceeecesecenecseeeneeeaeeeaeeseeeeeeseeneeeeeenaeenaes 3 17 3 3 15 INC TA sssri eeteesev i iseit aioi ts eisiea e sae tE asa eiie Seisis sE 3 19 3 3 16 Basin File bsnm_SHD r2c for UTM Coordinates ssssesseeeeeseeseeeeseesesseeeessesersreessesees 3 22 3 3 17 Basin File SHD for UTM Coordimates ccccccccccessssesceeseeeecesecesecsseceecseeeaeeeseeseeenneeaes 3 29 3 3 18 Basin File for Geographical Coordinates LATLONG ocococcoocconnnoncconccnnocnnonnnonnconncnnnonnnonnos 3 33 3 4 Setting up Sub watersheds lt M
276. on Hydrometeorology Fort Worth TX pp 72 75 17 1 17 WATFLOOD KENUE Workshop 2 days This workshop was held at Quebec Hydro using the LG4 watershed in Northern Quebec The watershed name used was LGDEMO the DEM was named DEM_LG4_200m grd and the land cover map was named Land_Cover_UTM tif You can substitute these names with your own 17 1 Installing Watflood amp GreenKenue 1 Copying stuff you may use a different drive for executables amp data a Make folders Igdemo results c spl lgdemo c spl lgdemo basin You can do this by copying the files from the CD b Files needed in the c spl igdemo data folder As on the cd c Files on the CD needed in the c spl folder bsn exe make_evt exe moist exe ragmet exe snw exe spld exe splx exe tmp exe d Files needed in the c spl igdemo data folder lgedemo par Igdemo sdc e Copy the folders event moist radcl resrl snow1 strfw and tempr into the spl lgdemo folder f Set the path Right click on My Computer and go to Properties Click on Advanced and go to Environment Variables and select Path under System variables Jan 2013 17 2 Environment Variables User variables for kouwen Variable Value TEMP C Documents and Settings kouweniLoc TMP C Documents and Settings kouweniLoc System variables Variable Value NUMBER_OF_P 1 os Windows_NT Path C Program Files Microsoft Visual Studio PATHEXT COM EXE BAT CMD VBS VBE
277. onDate SourceFileName CII EnSim 1 0 2D Rect Cell EnSimHydrologic 2 1523 nk 2011 12 02 12 38 gr10k map NominalGridSize_ AL 10000 000 ContourInterval ImperviousArea ClassCount NumRiverClasses ElevConversion TotalNumofGrids numGridsInBasin DebugGridNo Projection Zone Ellipsoid xOrigin yOrigin AttributeName 1 AttributeName 2 AttributeName 3 AttributeName 4 AttributeName 5 AttributeName 6 AttributeName 7 AttributeName 8 AttributeName 9 AttributeName 10 AttributeName 11 AttributeName 12 AttributeName 13 AttributeName 14 AttributeName 15 AttributeName 16 AttributeName 17 AttributeName 18 xCount yCount xDelta yDelta EndHeader 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 0 33 23 31 20 22 0 18 w w ooooooooooooooooooooooo oooocooorroooooocoooo w 1 000 0 100 6 5 1 000 47 46 23 UTM 17 GRS80 500000 00000 4790000 00000 Rank Next DA Bankfull Chn1Slope Elev ChniLength IAK IntSlope Chnl Reach GridArea Bare forest crops wetland water impervious 9 12 10000 00000 10000 00000 abe 8 13 F 0 9 5 6 0 4 3 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 oooooooocooooocooooooooooooo Jan 2013 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 9999999E 01 0000000E 00 4000000E 02 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0000000E 00 0
278. one Storage UZS Water within this layer percolates downward or is exfiltrated to nearby water courses and is called interflow Interflow is represented by a simple storage discharge relation DUZ REC UZS RETN S 2 29 where DUZ is the depth of upper zone storage released as interflow in mm REC a dimensionless coefficient optimized UZS water accumulation in the upper zone region in mm RETN retention Si internal slope land surface slope REC is a coefficient which cannot be predicted and is therefore estimated through optimization Values of REC are expressed as the depletion fraction per hour of the UZ storage that is drained off each hour when the internal slope overland slope is 1 0 i e a 45 slope DUZ is calculated simultaneously with UZ to LZ drainage see below Reasonable values for REC are approximately 1 10 The best way to set an initial value for this parameter is to plot the value Figure 2 6 1 Shows how the internal slope of a grid is related to the contour density within that grid The greater the number of countours in a grid the steeper the slope and the quicker the overland flow and interflow Interflow is assumed to be Darcian flow so proportion to the gradient Jan 2013 2 14 EEN O 4810004 SOLO O 542000 544000 546000 548000 550000 Figure 2 6 1 Internal slope 2 7 UZ to LZ Drainage or Ground Water Recharge Upper zone to lower zone drainage is a simple function as for interf
279. one which reflects timing The RMS error and the Nash Sutcliffe efficiency are sensitive to hydrograph timing The hydrological parameters mostly affect the volume of runoff The objective functions dealing with volume are most sensitive to volumetric errors Of course RMS errors to a large extent cover both timing and volumetric errors To do a sensitivity study set the DDS flag ddsfl 1 and pick the appropriate objective function errfl in the basin bsnm par file Also chose a suitable number of events The number of times SPLX exe has to execute is 12 optimizable flow parameters 24 optimizable hydrological parameters For a larg watershed with many river types and land cover classes this can add up to a long run time weeks even so it is prudent to carefully chose the number of events When ddsfl is set to 1 you will be confronted by two questions as below Depending on your priority you can chose to run the sensitivity sequence on one or the other or both The routing sensitivity is performed first y n is case sensitive Example Do you want sensitivities on the routing parameters y n Do you wnat sensitivities on the hydrol parameters y n Pleas nter the delta you would like to use 10 is not a bad value 10 OK thank you base value 25 44884 LUZ sensitivity 10 1 6 4995199E 02 25 43230 sensitivity 10 1 5 5694107E 02 25 46302 sensitivity 10 2 7 6132521E 02 25 42947
280. onized with the lower part In the example above only the first two values of AK will be optimized if IOPT gt 1 Often during optimization some parameter values will drift to their limits It is important that the limits be reasonable For instance in forests if the permeability is set so low that all rainfall becomes surface runoff the value has to be wrong because most rainfall if not all is infiltrated So actually there is not much point optimizing AK for a forest class just make sure all rain infiltrates For AKFS you may want to have a lower value as there can be frozen soil impeding infiltration during the melt period Jan 2013 4 12 When optimizing parameters it is a good idea to gradually extend the limits if it is found that the parameters are drifting to the limits However this should be done manually all the while checking that the processes are properly modeled This can be checked by setting NUMA 0 and IOPT 1 line 1 Optimization data is written to the results opt txt file and can be used to plot the error versus iteration number for each of the parameters optimized This will show the progress of the optimization Ideally the parameters do not drift to the specified limits 4 5 2 2 Error Criterion The optimization criterion is to minimize the normalized RMS error of the flows The total error is calculated by y RMS a Meanflow where n is the number of streamflow stations used for comparison 4 5 2
281. onthly_climate_normals Dr spl bsnm basin evap dat A table of climatic monthly evaporation Can be used in lieu of calculating ET based on temperature and or radiation data Dr spl bsnm BASIN bsnm pdl Has the coordinates for the precipitation snow course and temperature stations Used to create new rag snw and tag files by the program events exe not yet implemented Also has the coordinates for the streamflow gauging stations and reservoir and lake outlet locations Used to set up new str and rel files for new events by events exe not yet implemented Dr spl bsnm BASIN calmet par A parameter file for the program calmet exe Dr spl bsnm BASIN weight par A parameter file for the programs calmet exe and ragmet exe 3 2 2 Steps to Set Up a New Watershed 1 Give the watershed a shortened name that identifies it e g BSNM Jan 2013 2 3 3 3 Replace BSNM with your own creation Create new folders directories SPL BSNM SPL BSNM BASIN required SPL BSNM BSFLW SPL BSNM EVAPO SPL BSNM EVENT required SPL BSNM LKAGE SPL BSNM MOIST required SPL BSNM RADAR SPL BSNM RADCL required SPL BSNM RADUC SPL BSNM RAING SPL BSNM TEMPG SPL BSNM RCHRG SPL BSNM RESRL required SPL BSNM SNOW1 required SPL BSNM STRFW required SPL BSNM TEMPR required The following files have to be created and placed in the SPL BSNM BASIN subdirectory Once these fi
282. or points contributing to the river flows and 0 for points not contributing There are two ways of using the nca data and the methods can not be used simultaneously 1 The area of each cell can be reduced by the amount of non contributing area in that cell For instance if the cell area is 100 km and the nca 35 the effective area of the cell will be 65 km Each cell is treated o its own The non contributing area will then be completely ignored in the model 2 Each of first two land cover classes can be split into separate land covers For instance if the first two land cover files in the shd file are crops and grass these can be split into four classes crops nca_crops grass and nca_grass In this case the nca can be made to behave differently from the contributing area For instance the depression storage of the nca can be made much larger thus allowing runoff for very large precipitation events Also the contributing and non contributing areas can have different recharge characteristics In this way the runoff from the non contributing area can be vastly reduced and alse be required to surpass certain runoff thresholds NOTE You need to make extra classes in the par file as needed Jan 2013 3 20 The following is an example of the first few lines amp columns the nca r2s file AHORA FileType r2s ASCII EnSim 1 0 Canadian Hydraulics Centre National Research Council c 1998 2010 DataType 2D Rect Scalar App
283. osed to other methods handles this situation fairly well However as with other steepest ascent methods if you are not on the right hill to begin with you will not get to the global optimum Anderson 1973 Sect 5 6 gives a detailed account of how to optimize the model parameters With DDS it is recommended that a number or trials are done each with several hundred to a thousand evaluations The parameter set with the most realistic and or scores can then be chosen 4 5 2 4 5 2 1 Pattern Search Selecting Parameters for Optimization The following values need to be defined for optimization numa nper ke maxn 0 optimization 0 no l yes 1 opt delta l absolute 0 fraction 5 no of times delta halved 0 max no of trials Jan 2013 4 11 ddsf1 0 DDS optimization trce 1 tracer flag under construction NUMA is used as a flag for optimization When NUMA is not equal to 0 all debugging output is suppressed NUMA is calculated in the program when set to 1 KC isthe resolution sought in the optimization The change DDELTA is halved KC times when the error can no longer be reduced for a given DDELTA level MAXN is the maximum number of evaluations of the model allowed in a single run Usually 1000 is appropriate The parameter files will be updated whenever an iteration produces a lower error as a new parameter file called NEW PAR which can then be renamed to be the parameter file specified in the event file event yymmdd evt Th
284. otranspiration and their significance to the science and practice of hydrology Journal of Hydrology 66 1 76 Morton F I 1983 Operational estimates of lake evaporation Journal of Hydrology 66 77 100 Munro D S 1979 Daytime energy exchange and evaporation from a wooded swamp Water Resources Research 15 5 1259 1265 Philip J R 1954 An infiltration equation with physical significance Soil Science 77 1 153 157 Ponce M 1990 Personal communication Durango Colorado Price D T 1987 Some effects of variations in weather and soil water storage on canopy evapotranspiration and net photosynthesis of a young douglas fir stand Ph D Thesis University of British Columbia Vancouver B C Priestley C H B and R J Taylor 1972 On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large scale parameters Monthly Weather Review 100 2 81 92 Rango A and J Martinec 1995 Revisiting the degree day method for snowmelt computations Water Resources Bulletin AWRA 31 4 657 669 Rawls W J and D L Brakensiek 1983 A procedure to predict Green and Ampt infiltration parameters Advances in Infiltration Proc of the Nat Conf on Adv in Infiltration ASAE Dec 12 13 Chicago pp 102 112 Refsgaard J C and B Storm 1995 MIKE SHE Computer Models of Watershed Hydrology Singh V P ed Water Resources Publications Colorado Chapter 23 809 846 Rowe L K 1983 Rainfall interception by an evergr
285. ow by event Event peaks observed and computed Event volumes observed and computed Observed and computed monthly streamflows if shorted dt is used Gridded recharge in hourly timestep for MODFLOW say Lake information levels etc State variables land cover class 1 hourly time step set iopt 1 in par State variables land cover class 2 hourly time step set iopt 1 in par State variables land cover class 3 hourly time step set iopt 1 in par State variables land cover class 4 hourly time step set iopt 1 in par State variables land cover class 5 hourly time step set iopt 1 in par State variables land cover class 6 hourly time step set iopt 1 in par State variables land cover class 7 hourly time step set iopt 1 in par State variables land cover class 8 hourly time step set iopt 1 in par State variables land cover class 9 hourly time step set iopt 1 in par Various streamflow components depending on choice of tracer Tracer variable tracking Tracer variable tracking Wetland tracer variable tracking Tracer variable tracking Water balance at program initiation Water balance at program termination Program warnings and errors Jan 2013 1 38 1 9 Do s and Don ts 1 9 1 Do s e To allow the creation of a precipitation adjustment file PAF the flow stations must be ordered in the downstream direction e Do group order the stations by region or land cover dominance for easier
286. p snow pack 100 of the area will be covered but as the snow melts bare ground will appear Following this energy to melt snow is applied only to the snow covered area and as the snow covered area is reduced surface storage and upper zone storage for the previously snow covered are is transferred to the snow free area 2 15 1 Temperature Index Model The temperature index algorithm used in the WATFLOOD SPL9 is based on the National Weather Service River Flow Forecast system by Anderson 1973 The well known algorithm is used in many operational models and is given by Eq 2 35 M MF Ta 7 Tbase 2 35 where M is the daily snowmelt depth mm MF is the melt factor rate of melt per degree per unit time mm Ch T is the air temperature C and Thase is the temperature at which the snow begins to melt C The general heat balance is divided into two phases melt and non melt periods For non melt periods i e snow pack is not ripe there are two possibilities The snow pack can either be heating or cooling depending on the temperatures of the air and the snow pack The snow cover heat deficit represented as mm of water equivalent provides a cumulative account of the heat required to warm the snow pack to the ripe phase The change in heat deficit is based on the difference between the Antecedent Temperature Index ATI and the air temperature Ta as well as the addition of any precipitation 1 e snow Sf The change in
287. p fields to spl txt fixed rain amp snow on water class fixed opt problem found by ted fixed tto n 0 problem in etin added watbal for for water balance fmadjust function of degree days simplified uzs parameters input to memory for opt runs read rdevt in sub as well as spl check for 100 aclass coverage sub modified for spl amp watroute crseflg to read resume amp snow course reset heat deficit to 0 0 on Sept 01 temperature correction and stop cmd made paf txt error txt default order added surfer output for error in lst computed mean flows for time increment involved getting rid of kt throughout lower zone function related to nbsn added ireport for reporting interval demonstration copy addition met grid shifting for weather models replaced err with iostat for f90 lat long watershed data divvy up interflow amp drainae irough gt s12 input in shed heat deficit initatialization changed uzs calcs re shari s data added ttoinit to init evaporation fixex deficit calc in melt for see9 06k fixed reservoir release timing in spl8 added check for lt 0 init res flow fixed nat res initial flow JW ts converted to Fortran 90 added dynamic memory allocation added wfo file forGreenKenue added wetland routing model added look up for minimum temperature and function to calculate RH added option to debug on one grid set min precip rate for smearing fixed grid diagnosis in flowinit chngd unit 61 to snwl csv for surfer fixed deficit c
288. pper layer of soil as a depth of water the Upper Zone Storage UZS During the calibration of the model the value of the field capacity called the retention factor RETN is optimized Drainage from the upper zone storage is constrained to zero when the UZS is less than the RETN Values of UZS below the RETN cannot be drained by the gravitational force which is the driving force in the interflow and drainage to lower soil layers Volumes of water in the Upper Zone Storage that are less than the RETN can only be drained by evapotranspiration In this way RETN is similar to the volume of water at which point the soil moisture is equivalent to the field capacity Therefore a theoretical depth FULL at which 100 percent of the soil pores is full of water can be calculated as the ratio of the RETN to the field capacity FCAP RETN FCAP FULL 2 16 Theoretical depths of the PWP and SAT can be estimated by specifying the percent soil moisture at the permanent wilting point and at the saturation point SPORE and calculating the product of these values with FULL PWP FFCAP x FULL 2 17 SAT SPORE x FULL 2 18 Jan 2013 2 10 2 4 2 Soil Temperature Coefficient The second reduction coefficient FPET2 applied to the PET to reduce it to the AET is based on the total number of the degree days The number of degree days is accumulated beginning on January 1 Initially the value of the degree day will decrease to a negative numbe
289. provision for the lapse rate in this program However a reference elevation and lapse rate can be specified in the par file for splx exe 1 5 7 Run SPL9 SPL There are two versions of SPL9 SPLD and SPLX They are the same except that SPLD is compiled to run in the DEBUG mode It will provide error messages pointing to problems in the code SPLD is slow in execution SPLX is compiled for maximum execution speed but provides no debugging information If a problems such as division by zero or exceeding array dimensions occur when running SPLX run SPLD with the same data set record the error message and send it to kouwen uwaterloo ca Jan 2013 1 26 1 5 8 Single Event Mode With this option the model is run just once for all the rainfall data previously entered The soil moisture is not optimized The value used for the simulation is the one entered when the event was initiated If the Antecedent Precipitation AP was entered for each rain gauge location these values are converted to initial soil moisture by SPL Otherwise the values listed in the EVENT file are used 1 5 9 Forecast Without Optimization Mode This selection will result in a run by SPL where the soil moisture entered in the event file by a previous soil moisture optimization run will be used along with all entered rainfall data This rainfall can include forecast rainfall Forecast rainfall can be entered in the Enter Rainfall Menu in the same way that recorded rainfall is
290. pute daily amp monthly flows WFO SPEC reporting start finish times Set nopt in first event str file Fixed hmax bug in rdpar Fixed res n 0 bug in route DDS optimization GreenKenue r2c gridded soil moisture Fixed reservoir outlet location bug Separated header read in rdtemp Added low slope a4 for grids with water Read resv coeff first event only Added class distribution txt to output Added area check to rdresume Added area_check csv to output str stations from first event ONLY Activated glacier tracerl Glacier flow bypasses wetlands Scaleallsnow changed to change precip snow Removed impervious area as special class Lower bound set on al2 for smearing t added to route rerout arg list added tto ttomin ttomax to resume changed the resin txt file to resin csv water class included in the water balance fixed spikes in route converted runof rchrg amp lkage to r2c read s i j from table instead of grid routing parameters dim to na in rte adder write flowinit for to flowinit for added precip adjustment for bias added sum precip for whole domain added 1zs init new r2c output to sub for Jan 2013 rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev
291. r un CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 1TNNNNNNNNNMNN rage rage rage rage rage rage rage rage rage rage rage rage Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Snow Covered A Snow Covere Snow Covere d A d A Snow Covered A Snow Covere d A Snow Covered A Upper Zone Upper Zone Upper Zone Upper Zone Upper Zone Upper Zone Sto Sto sto sto sto sto rea rea rea rea rea rea rage rage rage rage rage rage m 3 m 3 s Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Class 6 Snow Class Snow Class Snow Class Snow Class Snow Class Snow Class Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Class 6 Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Class 6 Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Class 6 DONA lt lt lt see note below Jan 2013 12 14 O 43 Upper Zone Storage Snow Class 1 O 44 Upper Zone Storage Snow Class 2 O 45 Upper Zone Storage Snow Class 3 O 46 Upper Zone Storage Snow Class 4 O 47 Upper Zone Storage Snow Class 5 O 48 Upper Zone Storage Snow Class 6 O 49 Surface Flow m 3 s Class 1 O 50 Surface Flow m 3 s Class 2 O 51 Surface Flow m 3 s Class 3 O 52 Surface Flow m 3 s Class 4 O 53 Surface Flow m 3 s Class 5 O 54 Surface Flow m 3 s Class 6 O 55 Surface Flow snow m 3 s Class 1 O 56 Surface Flow snow m 3 s Class 2
292. r approximately 500 for the Grand River in Ontario and then rises when heat is added in the spring Internal to the code the accumulation of degree days is reset on this minimun value day of each year The value of actual TTO is written out to the file results evap txt for each hour for the test grid and for the largest land cover class in that grid and should be used for establishing the value of Temp3 Temp3 should not be less than 0 0 For the Grand River a value of 200 seems to work well The higher this value the slower will be the start of evaporation in the spring It is best to experiment with the value of Temp3 until the spring hydrograph and the soil moisture values are reasonable You can also use the rffn txt file to plot cumulative precip and evaporation to see 1f the evaporated water amounts are what you would expect during the non frozen months FPET is calculated as follows FPET 11O TTOMIN 9 02 lt FPET2 lt 1 0 2 19 Temp3 where TTO are the accumulated degree days after January 1 of each year and TTOMIN is the lowest value reached during the winter The initial value of TTO can be set with the TTON parameter in the par file 2 4 3 Forest Vegetation CoefficientFTALL The third coefficient used to reduce the PET is a function of the vegetation type For tall vegetation 1t has been shown that the evapotranspiration is significantly less than the potential rate Price 1987 Black et al 1984 Giles et
293. r pointdatalocations BASIN GR1OK pdl snowcoverdepletioncurve BASIN GR10K sdc Jan 2013 1 8 streamflowdatafile strfw 19930101 str tb0 reservoirreleasefile resr1 19930101 rel tb0 snowcoursefile snow1 19930101 crs pt2 griddedinitsnowweg snow1 19930101 swe r2c griddedinitsoilmoisture moist 19930101 gsm r2c griddedrainfile radc1119930101 met r2c griddedtemperaturefil tempr 19930101 tem r2c Other files are needed for various preprocessors In this example gr10k is the bsnm With the exception of bsnm map and bsnm_shd r2c files these files may be modified copies from the gr10k demonstration files For each event the following files are required as a minimum Streamflow file strfwwyyyymmdd_str tb0 Reservoir release or rule file resrl yyyymmdd_rel tb0 Gridded precipitation file radcl yyyymmdd_met r2c If evaporation is to be considered a temperature file is required Gridded temperature file tempr yyyymmdd_tem r2c If snow accumulation is to be considered the temperature file above and the snow course file to initialize the swe is required Gridded snow water equivalent file snowl yyyymmdd_swe r2c The names of the directories folders are suggested names If everyone uses the same name structure and names it is much easier for users to understand each others setup And 30 years of experience has shown it to be efficient For details on setting up a new watershed please refer to Section 3 2 1 3 6 File Naming
294. r headwater grids and 5 channels are assumed Jan 2013 4 4 4 2 2 River and Basin parameters The following 11 lines are dimensioned for river classes The river roughness and ground water classes are grouped together In the case where a river class cannot be associated with a ground water class you would have two river classes with the same river roughness but different ground water parameters Izf lower zone drainage function parameter optimized pwr lower zone drainage function exponent optimized Rin flood plain Manning s n NOTE RIn case sensitive R2n river channel Manning s n optimized R2n case sensitive mndr Meandering factor 1 0 for straight rivers and a higher number to reflect the extra length of river compared to a straight one aa2 aa3 amp aa4 constants in Equations 2 41 and 2 42 theta porosity of the wetland or channel bank widep width depth ratio for the bankfull channel kcond conductivity of the wetland bank channel interface pool average area of zero flow in channels with riffles amp pools rlake a multiplier for channel resistance depending on the lake area in each grid FLZ PWR R2n kcond theta amp rlake are normally determined through optimization or manual fitting Note The value to be used in any specific grid is set in the fourth field in the bsn map file under the heading basin number For instance meandering rivers can be specified as 1
295. r key words Note the impervious class is now the last class 14 7 STEP 7 In the working directory such as I spl gr10k gt run snw exe and moist exe to distribute the swe and initial soil moisture for the first event Both these data sets are gridded for each land cover class in r2c files 14 7 1 14 8 STEP 8 14 8 1 You should now have all the files necessary to run splx version 10 All the files should be viewable inGreenKenue You may have to fix the par file need all values for impervious and convert r2 to r2n divide by 10 Cross your fingers and run spld exe Jan 2013 15 1 15 PROGRAM REVISIONS 15 1 List of Revisions l revsi T2 sept 19 94 added ireach n for dwoper input l rev 7 3 dec 20 94 added uz amp lz drainage in runof4 rev 7 31 jan 08 95 set record length for 40 flow sta rev 7 31 1 jan 08 95 set met data source for lapse rate rev 7 32 feb 07 95 added nopt to select opt flow sta rev 7 33 feb 20 95 fixed flow initialization rev 7 4 feb 24 95 added 4 classes max 10 rev not completed rev 7 41 apr 15 95 calc strmfl output w inp fmt rev 7 42 may 15 95 check for div by 0 in runof4 rev 7 5 seperate snow covered and bare ground modified for separation of snowcovered ground and 1 bare ground by Frank Seglenieks Feb 1995 new runof5 debugged and intergrated by NK July 1995 rev 7 5 oct 08 95 revise init channel flow in S
296. ram will not produce a hydrograph if a station is in a lake grid and the watershed area will be incorrect if the grid is part of the lake Number the lakes from to the number of lakes If a lake covers all or part of multiple adjoining grids mark each grid touched by that lake with the same reach number The land in a grid will still be treated as land for the purpose of calculating runoff but when a grid is marked as a lake channel routing is replaced by the lake routing module Reservoirs with controlled outlets should also be marked as lakes and should be placed ahead of the naturally controlled outlets See Section 3 3 10 for an example of setting up the reach numbers in the bsnm map file Once the lakes have been located the outlets should be located in the outlet grid and entered into the yyddmm rel file as shown in Sect 7 2 Water is routed through the lakes using a user specified function Either a power function Outflow bl Storage 2 47 or a polynomial like Jan 2013 2 22 Outflow bl storage b2 storage b3 storage b4 storage b5 storage 2 48 must be used If b3 b4 and b5 0 0 a power function with coefficients b1 and b2 is assumed If b3 or b4 or b5 0 0 a polynomial is assumed For the latter b3 must have a value although b4 and or b5 can be 0 0 However it is very important that the coefficient of the highest order term is ve Also the function must be monotonically increasing and must be force
297. re is explained in Section 1 3 Getting Started Create the cAspl and unzip the file SPLDADA ZIP into the spl folder Current Watershed C spl gr10k assuming that you are on the C drive Event Name 930103 evt 1 4 6 Editing Files There are no templates for editing the WATFLOOD files but all input files can be viewed graphically inGreenKenue Green All new file formats except the event file are free format Jan 2013 1 20 space delimited So it is important not to leave spaces in names and descriptors and not leave blanks for missing data In a formatted file a blank is read as zero but this is not the case in a space delimited file The new formats are to a large extent self explanatory It should be possible to edit these files in a spreadsheet All WATFLOOD files are described in detail in Chapters 3 to 13 1 4 7 Initiating Snow Accounting The snow routine in SPL9 can be accessed by inserting a y in column 41 on line 1 of the event file For snow an expanded parameter file is required as described below Event file to include snow melt filetype fileversionno year month day shour snwflg sedflg vapflg smrflg resinflg tbcflg resumflg contflg routeflg crseflg Kenueflg picflg wetflg modelflg shdflg Ercblg frcflg intsoilmoisture rainconvfactor eventprecipscalefactor precipscalefactor eventsnowscalefactor snowscalefactor eventtempscalefactor tempscalefactor
298. rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev rev UO O 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 10 10 10 10 0 10 0 10 LO 10 10 LO 0 10 10 LO LO LO 10 10 10 LO 10 LO LO LO O LO 10 O 10 10 LO LO 10 LO O LO 10 LO LO LO O UO 0 UO 10 10 10 10 LO LO LO wo O AaOaraInranaiainanraa nrnrnaa nrnraa an nnrnannnrnnoarF SSH SSS os ds SHA SPH ds 00 ww Qda aa aa a a a asar a ol a a 4 102 13 14 LS 09 10 11 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 10 Jan Jan Feb Apr Apr Apr Apr May May May May Jun Jun Jun Jul Jul Jul Jul Sep Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr May May May Jun Sep Sep Sep Oct Oct Oct OCks Oct OS Oct Oct Oct Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec 7 07 29 07 28 07 7 07 8 07 8 07 23 07 04 07 09 07 5 07 29 07 9 07 9 07 22 07 06 07 09 07 09 07 31 07 07 07 5 07 21 07 09 07 27 07 3 08 05 08 05 08 08 08 2 08 2 08 2 08 3 08 25 08 26 08 28 08 28 08 28 08 03 08 05 08 06 08 06 08 12 08 12 08 18 08 20 08 04 08 15 08 15 08 26 08 26 08 27 08 04 08 12 08 17 08 22 08 01 08 14 08 14 08 15 08 21 08 22 08 22 08 27 08 27 08 16 08 23 08 26 08 26 08 31 08 Z2Z22 2222222222 2222222 2222222222222 2223222223222 2222232Z2Z2Z 2222222222224 Z 232 15 6 all file name lenghts 60 in areal2 routing pars changed to
299. rigin SourceFile AttributeName 1 AttributeUnits xCount yCount xDelta yDelta UnitConverson endHeader Frame 1 1 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 EndFrame Frame 2 2 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 2D Rect Cell GreenKenue 2 1 spl exe 23 2006 07 25 09 07 Gridded Channel Inflow UTM 17 NAD83 500000 4790000 000 000 radc1119930101_met r2c channel_inflow mm 10000 10000 1993 1 1 0 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 0650 13000 010 0 1993 1 1 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 12 000 000 1 00 00 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 Oe Oo Oa OS G O G 2 00 00 00000 00000 00000 00000 IA Sy Al Example _rch r2c file routeflg y 000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 02 00 1 2 00 0 10 060 000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 HEGRE HERE RHE EEE E FE TE FE HEE HE HERE EE EE ASCII GreenKenue 1 0 FileType r2c DataType Application Version WrittenBy CreationDate 2D Rect Cell GreenKenue 21s spl exe 23 2006 07 25 09
300. rigin yOrigin xCount yCount xDelta yDelta reading the Grid extents xorigin_nca eastlimit yorigin nca northlimit counting pi calculating writing the nca xyx writ done comput Would you li contributing You can only in the shd f e g if crop you can spli If you want enter 1 2 is the max How many You have ele etc 1 subtract nca from frac if you want to split lasses into contributing amp non contributing to continue with this adjustment of frac T be adjusted for nca s areas may be depending on your answer file nca r2s LATLONG WGS84 115 2218 48 81422 13164 6296 8 9999998E 04 8 9999998E 04 nca file of non contributing areas 115 2218 103 3742 48 81422 54 48063 xels the nca on each cell nca xyz file ten ing non contributing areas ke to split any classes into and non contributing split the first n classes ile not the map file s amp grass are the first 2 t these by answering 2 to split only the first one for no split enter 0 imum cted to split 2 classes Jan 2013 3 22 3 3 16 Basin File bsnm_SHD r2c for UTM Coordinates The watershed data as read by the model SPLX exe is created by BSN exe which reads information obtained from maps manually or usingGreenKenue MAPMAKER or TOPAZ Example run with BSN exe responses are highlighted Actual program output may vary C spl gr10k BASIN gt bsn KKEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKK KKK KKK KKK K
301. rites previous output files If you want to save any of these files for instance the plot and list files they have to be renamed and or saved in another directory Please see Section 10 2 for details and examples Most of the files are used for program development and in general the higher the value of IOPT in the parameter file the more data will be printed to these files The default filenames are set in the program and each time SPL is executed a file called outfiles new Section 10 4 will be written with these default names each time the SPL program is executed The outfiles new file can be edited and renamed outfiles txt When SPL finds the outfiles txt file the output will be written in to the files listed This feature can be used to direct the output files to another location disk or directory This can be useful if you wish to run SPL on more than one watershed on one disk at a time Also all the GRAPHER files are set up to read the C drive So it is easy to direct the output to C by changing filename 51 results spl txt to filename 51 results spl txt Similar changes can be made to the other filenames Files can be sent to different locations Just be sure that the directories exist for the files as SPL cannot make directories on the fly SPL TXT is a listing of the most important output as it provides a summary of the modeling parameters the initial soil moisture the total precipitation on each element the runoff at each
302. rogram make evt Apr 20 2006 c N Kouwen 1972 2006 K KKKKKKKKKKKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKXKKKXKKXKkKXXkk Please s fil vt_info txt for information re this run event selection program warning no damage yet but if you enter the nam of an existing event all old files by that name and the series of events following will be over written enter c or break to stop Enter the no of events to create 360 No of months per event file 1 or 12 Jan 2013 14 6 type in start of event eg yyyy mm dd hh please stick with this convention so radar files work 1960 01 01 00 will you be running the snow melt routines y n Note temperature data needed for this option y enter the snow conversion factor e g 1 0 is snow wat eq in mm 25 if in inches will you be running the evaporation routines y n Note temperature data needed for this option Y name of shd amp par files eg gr10k saug 8 char max ssrb enter the initial soil moisture 0 0 0 33 enter 1 if you have antecedent precip data at precip gauges or enter average watershed value between 0 and 33 20 event119600101 evt created ventlevent evt created event119600201 evt created event119600301 evt created event119600401 evt created event119600501 evt created event119600601 evt created event119600701 evt created event119600801 evt created event119600901 ev
303. rror e Adjust Manning s n R2n so the hydrograph peaks coincide in time e If you have coupled wetlands use textbook Manning s n values and adjust the wetland conductivity kcond and porosity theta e Adjust the base temperature so the initial rise of the computed melt hydrograph coincides in time with the observed hydrograph Initially you can keep the base temperature the same for all classes and let PS or DDS find their best values e Adjust the sublimation factor sublm to get roughly the right amount of water in the melt hydrograph e Adjust temp3 so you get about the right amount of melt runoff in the summer amp fall e Adjust pwr and lzf so the low flow recession curves have the same slope on a plot of Log flow vs time Once you have reasonable results you can tweak the parameters automatically Always make sure the processes are reasonable use the rffnn plots and GreenKenue animations amp time series of the state variables to ensure they are realistic You can also use the tracer option Section 13 4 to plot the base flow hydrograph as well as the observed and computed hydrographs Perform the Pattern Search or the Dynamically Dimensioned Search optimization for fine tuning the parameters Analyze the results and repeat steps c and d if necessary As with Anderson s snow model most of the parameters are so interrelated that it is impossible to change one and hold all the others constant The PS technique as opp
304. rt a title for the legend m asl Check that the arrows follow the channels amp do not cross basin boundaries Here amp there the generated flow directions take a few detours or shortcuts We will fix these later At this point you can bring in other shape files for stream channels amp watershed boundaries if you have them to check on what was automatically generated Have a look at the data in the map file Double click on lgdemo amp click on the data tab e g countour density Contour density is also known as the internal slope It refers to the overland slope in a grid Channel slope is not in the file it is computed later with the program bsn exe Note that grids with the higher contour density occur on higher ground a good sign P 162GreenKenue manual b Adding land cover information to the map file 1 il 111 iv Follow the directions in theGreenKenue manual in Section 2 4 4 5 2 Mapping Land Use Data to the Land Classes The Lg4 land cover map is already in your workspace Right click on the lgdemo map file and select Map Land Use Data from GeoTIFF in the shortcut menu Click on the lgdemo map file and Save copy as lgdemo map Save your workspace in spl lgdemo lgdemo ews c Edit the map file with an editor eg Edit wordpad txt mode or some other editor to delete unwanted classes i Delete the blocks of data with class nodata Jan 2013 17 5 ii Reorder so the blocks of data are in
305. ruction of sanitary and storm sewers ASCE 1969 gives typical values of retention for various surface types Table 2 1 is a listing of depression storage for various conditions and values are seen to vary greatly Because of the uncertainty associated with depression storage this is one of the parameters included for optimization but it is ranked 5th out of 5 in priority As with interception it is assumed that the limiting value of depression storage Dg is reached exponentially Linsley et al 1949 Ds Sg 1 ekP 2 1 where Dg is the depression storage Pe is the accumulated rainfall excess Sq is the maximum value of depression storage and is reached exponentially depending on the cumulative rainfall and k is a constant Jan 2013 2 3 Table 2 1 Surface detention values Type of Surface Detention mm ASCE 1969 SPL9 Impervious urban areas 1 25 1 25 Pervious urban areas 3 0 2 0 Smooth cultivated land 1 3 3 0 2 0 Good pasture 5 0 3 0 Forest litter 8 0 10 0 2 2 2 Infiltration Due to the importance of the infiltration process in runoff calculations but also because infiltration capacity is such a highly variable quantity this process requires a great deal of attention in any hydrologic model Many formulae are used see for instance Viessman et al 1977 and the choice always is left open to criticism However in keeping with the underlying philosophy of keeping the model based on identifiable physical pro
306. s 1 52 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 20 1 02 1 12 1 27 1 38 1 54 1 52 1 50 1 50 0 80 0 80 1 10 1 32 1 43 etc The starting hour and date is used to coordinate the radar and precipitation gauge data In CALMET the radar adjustment program the radar and rain gauge data are matched up If there is no radar data but there is rain gauge data the rain gauge data raing yymmdd_rag tb0 is used as in RAGMET the rainfall distribution program If there is radar but no rain gauge the radar data is used unadjusted Jan 2013 6 8 6 4 Radar Precipitation Data 6 4 1 Unadjusted Radar File RAD The program RADMET reads the watershed grid information and extracts the radar data for the default watershed from the SCN file in SPL RADAR and converts the data to the grid layout of the watershed At this stage the 2 km by 2km data of the SCN file is converted to the 4 by 4 or 10 km by 10 km grid of the watershed data The resulting file has the extension RAD and has the same format as the MET files It is located in the RADUC unadjusted radar data subdirectory Since this file has the same format as a MET file 1t can be copied into the RADCL subdirectory and used directly unadjusted by SPL9 to simulate an event The area covered may be larger than the grid required to cover the watershed so that the rain gauges located outside the watershed can be included for the purpose of adjusting the radar data The grid information is stored in the XXXX GRD and XXXX
307. s not a good one 1 5 11 Model Calibration Mode This mode is intended for experienced users and for development purposes In this mode the user can completely destroy the model However with experience and proper care this mode can Jan 2013 1 27 fine tune the model for local watershed conditions The parameters provided with the WATFLOOD software are those values found to work in Southern Ontario Canada and elsewhere for a broad range of watershed conditions In the parameter optimization mode up to 50 parameters can be optimized The method is further described under Model Parameters and Optimization Section 4 5 Jan 2013 1 28 1 5 12 Debug Mode The Debug mode is primarily for model development and can be used to print the values of most state variables used in the program The files are sent to the results directory Routing variables are sent to RTE TXT reservoir stuff to RES TXT optimization data to OPT TXT and runoff to RFFn TXT The n in RFFn TXT refers to the number of the land cover class Up to 9 landcovers classes can be displayed through the RFFn TXT files although more classes can be used in the model A more detailed explanation of the output file is given in Chapter 10 When the program is run in the Debug mode a debug level is specified in the basin bsnm par file The level can be set from 0 to 5 The higher the level the more stuff is printed A value of 0 is the value for normal runs and is the fastest t
308. s of data The calculated SCALE is written to the EVENT file The last run is for the entire forecast period but uses only the first MHTOT hours of rainfall The SPLPLT output will show the time of the forecast with a vertical line followed by a broken line for the remaining measured flows The calculated flows are shown by solid line Same as 1 but the soil moistures in the MET file are used if present and the SCALE parameter in the EVENT file is used to scale the rainfall fields This is used when RADAR data is adjusted by scaling the entire RADAR field The program is in the forecast mode with just one run The SPLPLT output will show the time of the forecast with a vertical line followed by a broken line for the remaining measured flows The calculated flows are shown by solid line The other parameters NPER KC MAXN are described in Sec 4 4 IW is an undocumented parameter In the next line shown above the first number is soil porosity and the second is an exponent When IX 1 it does nothing and that is probably the best way to have it When it has other values the effects are unknown TYPEO and NBSN are described under Optimization Section Jan 2013 4 2 1 Example of Global Parameters Typical GlobalParameters value siopt 1 itype 0 sitrace 4 al 999 999 a2 1 a3 0 05 ad 0 03 a5 0 985 a6 900 a7 0 9 a8 0 1 a9 0 333 a10 1 a11 0 01 a12 1 fmadjust 0 fmalow 0 fmahigh 0 gladjust 0 rlapse 0 01
309. s with the user The forecasts produced by the WATFLOOD software are for information and discussion purposes only and are not to be relied upon in any particular situation without the express written consent of N Kouwen or the University of Waterloo Jan 2013 3 WATFLOOD with Grouped Response Units WATFLOOD is an integrated set of computer programs to forecast flood flows or do simulations for watersheds having response times ranging from one hour to several weeks Continuous long term simulation can be carried out by chaining events The emphasis of the WATFLOOD system is on making optimal use of remotely sensed data radar rainfall data LANDSAT or SPOT land use and or land cover data can thus be directly incorporated in the hydrologic modeling WATFLOOD is the first hydrological model to preserve the distributed nature of a watershed s hydrologic and meteorological variability without sacrificing computational efficiency This has been accomplished through the use of Grouped Response Units in which process parameters are tied to land cover and land cover mixes can vary from basin element to basin element This approach is becoming more popular each year The basic premise of the GRU method is that vegetation and or land use is the predominant hydrological indicator of hydrological response The system is completely modular but has a consistent data structure throughout It has been under continuous development since 1972 Several Master
310. se dummy receiving elements must be used That is there will have to be at least two elements outside the watershed one with the proper elevation and the second with an elevation common to all watershed outlets Care should be taken that successive downstream elements have lower stream bottom elevations If this rule is violated negative slopes result with dire consequences in SPL9 Also the contributing areas to each streamflow gauge will be wrong These points can be checked in the Jan 2013 3 9 new_format shd output file no longer used by SPL The slopes as listed in column 5 should all be positive and the drainage area at the bottom grid should correspond to the Water Survey of Canada drainage area for the gauge The BSN output file NEW_SHD R2c used by SPL can be checked usingGreenKenue It is quite helpful and really essential to produce a square grid outline of the watershed Fig 3 1 to aid with the coding There are SH oo0oo0oo0oo0oo g l Elevation ELV 000000 0 0 D oo0oo0oo0o0p Y 1700 1700 0 0 0 1625 1635 0 0 0 1575 1600 1600 0 0 1550 1575 1490 1590 0 0 1375 1475 1500 1415 1550 0 0 1350 1310 1400 1370 1330 1400 1275 0 1300 1200 1290 1200 1275 1300 1230 0 1140 1100 1040 1125 1025 1075 O 1225 1125 985 965 1100 1130 O 0 1200 915 875 1050 0 0 Oo 0 0 830 0 0 0 o 0600000000000 o ooo Jan 2013 3 10 3 3 5 Grid Drainage Area FRAC The drainage area of the basin cannot be closely ma
311. sequent runs Example bsn_responses txt file 2 version lwinl8 map map file name blank for WATFLOOD file name for WATROUTE nk who dunnit 3 3 subwatersheds to be modelled 1366 rank of outlet 1 1602 rank of outlet 1610 rank of outlet 20 0000 wetland to be coupled with the channel 0 0005 minimum slope to eliminate flat spots 3 4 2 Creating reduced met amp tmp files lt lt new If point precipitatin and temperature data is available with RAGMET exe and TMP exe gridded precipitation and temperature files will be created to match the reduced sub watershed domain However some applications have met r2c and tem r2c files created externally possibly for very large domains Although these can be read directly as long as the watershed domain is covered and the grid coincides it can slow execution especially for repeated runs Reducing the domain of the met amp tmp files can be easily accomplished by creating sub directories in the radcl and tempr directories radcl new_grid amp tempr new_grid and executing Jan 2013 3 35 SPLX exe The new files will be automatically created Next backup the original files and copy these new met amp tem files to the radcl amp tempr directories respectively They are then ready for use 3 5 Additional Required Files 3 5 1 BSNM PDL File for UTM Coordinates This file contains the streamflow station reservoir and damage location coordinates In the example below there are 9 ga
312. si rev 9 1 27 Sept 19 02 Added isbaflg rev 9 1 28 Sept 19 02 Added shedlfg to replace the bsnm shd file rev 9 1 29 Nov 07 02 Changed the threshold flow values for error calculations rev 9 1 30 Nov 08 02 added ql qint drng amp qlz to the wfo file rev 9 1 31 Nov 13 02 Fixed the wetland Q to account for wetland area rev 9 1 32 Nov 20 02 Fixed fpetmon wrt h rev 9 1 33 Dec 05 02 Fixed instability in wetland flow 4 rev 9 1 34 Dec 23 02 AddedGreenKenuelflg if kenueflg a for lst id then y for all events U rev 9 1 35 Dec 26 02 Added wetland amp channel heights to the wfo file 1 rev 9 1 36 Jan 28 03 Fixed wetland init condition in flowinit l rev 9 1 37 Mar 22 03 Option to turn off leakage by setting LZF lt 0 0 g rev 9 1 38 Mar 31 03 revised str header and routing dt selectable l rev 9 1 39 Apr 06 03 Fixed wetland routing when channel is dry rev 9 1 40 Apr 24 03 Min time step A6 read in strfw over rides the A6 from the par file rev 9 1 41 May 5 03 Event average flows output to unit 75 rev 9 1 42 May 31 03 Tracer module added first try rev 9 1 43 Jun 01 03 Fixed the qdwpr txt function re last grid in lake rev 9 1 44 Jun 03 Added Cumulative precip to the wfo file l rev 9 1 45 Jun 03 WATROUTE runoff recharge and leakage files added rev 9 1 46 Jul 7 03 WATFLOOD LITE incorporated rev 9 1 47 July 24 03 TS Tracer s r
313. simulation So if you would like to see year 5 of a 10year run you would enter 35064 at least one leap year for the start and 43824 for the end In addition theGreenKenue flag in the event file must be set to a for all TF you want a period longer than 99999 hours 11 4 years just enter a 0 and the program will run up to 1000 years 12 1 How to debug withGreenKenue Figure 11 1 shows howGreenKenue can be used to carry out diagnostics In this case a user wished to check if the Actual Evapotranspiration was calculated properly from the Potential Evapotranspiration which was calculated from the Hargreaves formula Sections 2 3 2 and 2 4 4 First the watershed data DEM channels and watershed outline are loaded intoGreenKenue Next the map file is overlaid to show the grid Finally the WATFLOOD WFO file is opened and the portential evapotranspiration and actual evapotranspiration are put into the 2 D view with the PET having a larger point in blue and the AET a smaller point in green so both can be seen Then the animation bar is turned on and time series are extracted for the PET in blue and AET in green The time series view shows the AET is about 75 of the PET as defined by the ftall parameter and there is now AET during the winter months All this is reassuring to the user The use of points for this example is very useful because several variables can be shown in a superimposed fashion The point size is decreased towards the top
314. sing the results spl csv file The first column is the time in hours from the beginning of the simulation and thereafter pairs of columns are the observed and computed hydrographs at flow stations A file in the working directory called flowstation_location xyz lists the stations and the column letters for plotting 554000 545000 556000 539000 000 000 000 570000 530000 559000 560000 000 000 000 000 000 556000 000 4801000 000 4833000 000 4860000 000 4823000 000 4849000 000 4833000 000 4820000 000 4830000 000 4860000 000 1 GRND_GALT b Cc 39205 2 W MONTROSE d e LAT Os 3 GRND_MARSVIL f g 694 4 ERAMOSA GUEL h i 23 9 5 CONEST DRAYT yl k IO 6 SPD ARMST MI 1 m 167 7 GUELPH n 0 593 8 ELMIRA p q 118 9 WALDERMAR E S 694 For example to plot the observed and computed hydrographs for Elmira just open the results spl csv file in Excel and plot columns p amp q in the same line plot The plotting program called GRAPHER from Golden Software is highly recommended for this purpose as it allows the use of templates for creating many plots on one page and single plots with data from different files Jan 2013 10 4 10 2 Spl txt File IOPT 1 The spl txt file is the most important initial diagnostic tool When iopt 1 it repeats much of the crucial watershed input data and the first check is to see that this data is ingested properly 10
315. sults error xyz results error r2s results wetland csv results sed csv results qdwpr txt results spl_dly csv results qout txt results resin txt results evap txt results evt_means csv results peaks txt results volumes txt results spl_mly csv results leakage dat results lake_sd txt results rffl txt results rff2 txt results rff3 txt results rff4 txt results rff5 txt results rff6 txt results rff7 txt results rff8 txt results rff9 txt results tracer csv results tracerMB csv results tracer debug csv results tracerWET csv results tracerWETMB csv scratch4 results watball csv results watbal2 csv spl err scratch5 scratch6 Jan 2013 11 1 11 WATROUTE WATROUTE is a gridded routing model made up of a subset of the SPL program It does not incorporate wetland routing as the wetland incorporates hydrological as well as routing processes As a stand alone model the executable is rte exe To run WATROUTE one or two of the three files are required as input and need be be entries in the event file griddedrunoff runof 19930101_rff r2c Required griddedrecharge rchrg119930101_rch r2c Optional griddedleakage lkage 19930101_lkg r2c Optional These files may be generated by any hydrological model or land surface scheme The files are gridded hourly data sets inGreenKenue r2c format as shown below In addition a flow_init r2c file is required in the working directory This file can be generated by executing WATFLOOD with the routef
316. t created event119601001 evt created event119601101 evt created event119601201 evt created event119610101 evt created event119610201 evt created Copy event event evt to event 1960 evt and edit to add the list of events to follow after this one Please see Section 1 3 10 Jan 2013 14 7 14 6 STEP 6 Create new initial swe and soil moisture tables in the snow amp moist subdirectories You can use this example as a template Template for the snowl yyyymmdd_crs pt2 file Note the impervious class is now the last class 11 Hee aE EH TE AE EE HH EE HEE EH E HE EE FE TE FEAE HH EE HE EE EH TE FE FE TE HE AE FE HE HE HH EE EE REE HEE HEE EERE FileType pt2 ASCIIGreenKenue 1 0 DataType GreenKenue PT2 Set Application GreenKenue Version 2o23 WrittenBy NK CreationDate Fri Jul 14 2006 08 08 AM osa tattoos cicspesorocelosiuscsplisiisitadsstiisspittt EE Name Point Snow Water Equivalent Projection UTM Zone 17 Ellipsoid GRS80 SampleTime 1993 01 01 0 00 00 000 UnitConversion 1 0 InitHeatDeficit 0 33 AttributeName 1 StationName AttributeType 1 text AttributeName 2 Classl AttributeType 2 float AttributeName 3 Class2 AttributeType 3 float AttributeName 4 Class3 AttributeType 4 float AttributeName 5 Class4 AttributeType 5 float AttributeName 6 Class5 AttributeType 6 float AttributeName 7 Class6 AttributeType 7 float EndHeader 5560
317. t data is available as given by MHTOT For instance when MHTOT in the STR file 24 the soil moisture is adjusted on a sub basin by sub basin up to five basis The sub basins are delineated by the NBSN variable in the MAP and SHD files The optimization error is calculated for the MHTOT period and is the least squared error of the computed flows In other words the soil moisture is adjusted to match the initial part of the computed hydrograph to the measured hydrograph The optimized soil moistures are written to a new EVENT file The last run is for the entire forecast period but uses only the first MHTOT hours of rainfall The SPLPLT output will show the time of the forecast with a vertical line followed by a broken line for the remaining measured flows The calculated flows are shown by solid line Jan 2013 12 4 2 The program is run once on the forecast mode Previously optimized soil moistures are used listed in the EVENT file and rainfall until MHTOT are used The SPLPLT output will show the time of the forecast with a vertical line followed by a broken line for the remaining measured flows The calculated flows are shown by solid line This mode is used after using NUMA 11 The precipitation field is optimized by scaling the entire MET file This is an option designed specifically for the use of RADAR when often the entire RADAR precipitation field is underestimated The optimization is done for the first MHTOT hour
318. tal number of parameters to be optimized This is different from other DDS applications 4 5 3 3 Variables in txt example 3 000000 1 500000 Jan 2013 4 15 4 690000 4 840000 0 6410000 0 4440000 etc one value for each parameter to be optimized by DDS This file is used to pass the parameters being optimized between DDS exe DDS_WFLD exe and SPLX exe For DDS the parameter values for each evaluation are decided by DDS exe and are passed to SPLX exe in the variables_in txt file The constraints and flags are in the DDS_init txt file which remains unchanged throughout the DDS run hey it s an initialization file First time through the coupler DDS_WFLD exe extracts the parameters to be optimized from the WATFLOOD par file and converts the parameters to the first variables_in txt file This file is then read by DDS exe only at the start of the optimization trial Subsequently DDS exe creates new sets of parameters which are then used by SPLX exe evaluations to compute the sum of squared errors These sets of parameters from DDS exe are converted from the variables_in txt file written by DDS exe to an new WATFLOOD par file that can be read by SPLX exe The function of each of the executables is e DDS exe is the master program controlling the flow of the process and produces a sequence of parameters to be tried based on the successive values of the objective function calculated by SPLX exe e SPLX exe is the WA
319. tched if only rectangular border elements are used There is a provision in SPL9 to accept partial elements An example of the required data is shown below The data is the percentage of each element FRAC within the basin The 0 s denote the blank rows It is possible to adjust basin boundaries using these ratios See for instance the values of 35 and 165 below A zero in the top left hand entry means the areas are of a full grid area g r FRAC 00 0 0 In this case the nominal 01060000 grid size is 100 km and O 20 100 000 the area in the top line 0 72 100 68 0 0 are 10 and 60 km 72 72 120 72 0 0 68 100 100 91 50 0 0 40 100 93 120 50 101 60 O 10 90 118 165 35 31 110 0 0 95 65 165 45 146 65 O 0 40 98 100 100 80 12 0 0019 85 85 22 0 0 00000000 inage A N oo0oo0oo0oo0oog g n ea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00000000 ooo0oo0oUuy When a 1 is placed in the top left element the area values for each grid are expected in km2 If the first two lines read as below then Drainage Area FRAC In this case the areas 1 00000000 of the two grids shown 00001060000 are 10 and 60 km The A same as above because the grid is 100 km 3 3 6 Drainage Directions S Each grid drains into a lower grid One of the eight possible directions is recorded for each grid Figure 3 1 shows the coding for the possible directions Priority lies with the largest channel in the square When no channel is shown or ma
320. ters in the bsnm par file For this reason it is useful if not very important to enter initial flows in the yyyymmdd_str tb0 file for the first event If flows are not known a monthly average for the locatin might work 5 4 Initial Lower Zone Storage The initial lower zone storage storage is computed based on the initial flow in each grid The Izf and pwr parameters are used to derive the initial lower zone storage In a future version it will be possible to read a yyyymmdd_Izs r2c file to initialize the lower zone storage Jan 2013 6 1 6 RAINFALL DATA PROCESSING In WATFLOOD gauge rainfall amounts are primarily used as a basis for adjusting radar rainfall measurements and to fill in missing radar rainfall measurements The weight parameter is entered as a program argument for CALMET EXE RAGMET EXE The default weighting for distributing precipitation is distance squared I e the default weight parameter is 2 However if you want the distribution pf precip to be more like Thiessen poligons you can make the weight 10 by issuing the command calmet 10 or ragmet 10 6 1 1 Introduction A number of rainfall files are used by WATFLOOD The files have the following extensions SCN RAD RAGtb0 _MET r2c File Type Directory Usage Location SCN RADAR RADAR ASCI file in resolution of the radar for the whole radar field RADUC RADAR ASCII files converted to the SPL grid for the modeling area _RAG tb0O RAIN Point rain
321. the values for all trial for each variable and make up a par file with these averages Trials with unreasonable parameter values can be thrown out 4 6 Optimization Case Study and Hints 4 6 1 l Optimization for the BOREAS Southern Study Area SSA To optimize a parameter set for any area it is probably best to first set the river roughness parameter R2 so that the peaks of the computed hydrographs coincide with the peaks of the observed hydrographs This is most easily done manually but can be refined automatically later However these parameters are fairly independent i e they do not interact too much with other parameters The first parameters to adjust are the lower zone function LZF and the lower zone exponent PWR These parameters have a great effect on the recession curve and the peak flow because they can be viewed as the foundation for the hydrograph Sometimes LZF and PWR can only be optimized automatically if the volume of runoff in the computed hydrograph is correct or at least close If the volume of the hydrograph is not correct the values of LZF and PWR will compensate for the incorrect runoff volume by simply increasing or depleting the groundwater storage You can check this by plotting LZS in any of the rffnn txt files To chose parameters for optimization in the bsnm par file set the delta values to a ve number Parameters with a ve delta value will not be optimized in the run The best way to adjust LZF a
322. the map file 0 of errors found in the map file 0 new _shd r2c has been written Please rename new _shd r2c or replace the bsnm_shd r2c Normal ending I spl lgdemo basin gt e Load the file New_shd r2c intoGreenKenue amp have a look f Save as lgdemo shd r2c inthe dr spl basin folder g Save your workspace 5 Setup event for WATFLOOD 1 il iii iv b Initial run Copy additional folders from the cd in spl lggdemo to spl lgdemo in your pc These are rainfall temperature initial snow and moisture and streamflow files as well as event files Copy amp rename spl lgdemo basin wfo_spec new to spl lgdemo wfo_spec txt In a Windows window change the properties of the files in c spligdemo from read only to read write select all the files amp right click to get the properties dialog box make sure the read only box is not checked off In a dos window in folder dr spl lgdemo change the event copy event 2001 evt event event evt Distribute data from point form to gridded form 1 distribute snow snw J 2 distribute moisture moist 3 Usually also do distribute rainfall ragmet 4 Usually also do distribute temperature tmp i Edit the event event evt file to pick the flags you want See Sec 1 3 9 in the WATFLOOD manual snwflg sedflg vapflg smrflg resinflg tbcflg resumflg contflg routeflg crseflg Kenueflg picflg wetflg modelflg shdflg trect lg frcflg 9359 02
323. the order this is to match the existing parameter file wetland water amp impervious always have to be the last 3 classes in that order Deciduous Coniferous Mixed Regen open forest Taiga Wetland Water impervious rock and roads ZDwABUn KE 111 In the header change the number of classes to 8 iv Save the file in the basin folder lgdemo map v Save your workspace in spl lgdemo lgdemo ews vi Reload the workspace vii Open the lgdemo map file d Create the shd file for WATFLOOD lgdemo_shd r2c 1 Opena DOS window Run cmd ii Goto whatever drive splldemo is on dr iii Cd spl lgdemo basin iv Run the program bsn exe bsn there will likely be an error to fix Please note that when BSN exe is run for the first time the responses are written to a file called bsn_responses txt When you run BSN exe again you will be asked if you want to use the same responses as before and you can answer y to avoid entering the data again I spl lgdemo basin gt bsn KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK WATFLOOD TM Program BSN Version 10 Mar 13 2008 c N Kouwen 1972 2008 KKEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Please s file bsn_info txt for information re this run VERY IMPORTANT CHANGE In the bsnm map file the impervious area is now the LAST class not the first The no of classes
324. to like tabs in the data files Sometimes old output files are write protected and the program cannot write to a file The error message is obscure Disk full errors Usually obvious Read errors When executing SPLX EXE with the result of say division by zero or floating point overflow ve storage errors Remedy Replace tabs with blanks Delete old output files and try to run the program again Sometimes the files are write protect and cannot be deleted Only a reboot seems to work Thanks Bill Gates This error has not been seen for some time When running a long set of events don t use debug modes Reduce size of the watflood wfo file forGreenKenue by specifying 24 hour time increments and or fewer varables Check the spl txt file to see how far the program was able to read the data Use debug 1 in the par file Much of the input data is echoed in the spl txt file Run the debug program SPLD EXE to determine the line of code where the error occurred E mail the details to kouwen uwaterloo ca and hope that the error can be located Most often is is useful to send all the files in an event causing the problem e slopes too steep for manning s n or Jan 2013 1 35 Manning s n too low for stepp slopes Also check overbank Manning s n it could be too low e coefficients change in rel files if grid is in a lake or reservoir e min time step in the par file too long Example Crash Run with SPLD E
325. to match the WATFLOOD grid size Do not use polygons inGreenKenue to obtain the land cover percentages for WATFLOOD use GEOTIF s Convert polygons to a geotiff Poligons within polygons result in double counting of the land cover class Do not divide daily precipitation into 24 eaqual amounts Just enter the deltat in the header enter the data at that time increment and let RAGMET disaggregate Jan 2013 1 40 1 10 Help free for students others not so much You can get help by sending details of the problem to Nick Kouwen E MAIL kouwen uwaterloo ca Please send the set of files that give you grief to kouwen uwaterloo ca 2 HYDROLOGICAL MODEL 2 1 Introduction The model SPL9 is a physically based simulation model of the hydrologic budget of a watershed As with such models it represents only a small part of the overall physical processes occurring in nature The model is aimed at flood forecasting and long term f simulation using distributed precipitation data from radar or numerical weather models The processes modeled include interception infiltration evaporation snow accumulation and ablation interflow recharge baseflow and overland and channel routing The model is programmed in FORTRAN 95 with dynamic memory allocation to make it suitable for use on any modern computing platform Typically the program takes approximately 6 minutes to run for a 1 000 000 km watershed with a 15 km grid 4000 grid points 1 year
326. tten Jan 2013 14 4 In par file temp3 set too low Results in underestimated evaporation Please see manual section 2 4 2 14 4 STEP 4 Rename all files to the new yyyymmdd_ formats using a batch command if the names are not in the yyyymmdd format This renaming is not essential but a really good idea if you do not want to edit all the event files for the new names The make_evt exe program will make new event files if you can stick to the yyyymmdd_ Convention see step 5 Example for the met files 1 In DOS make I spl ssrb_ ef radcl the working directory or on whatever drive you use 2 Run the command dir met gt met_lst txt to create a file with a list of the files Volume in drive I is allyson250 Volume Serial Number is 345F C027 Directory of I spl ssrb_ef radcl 10 17 2006 03 12 PM lt DIR gt 10 17 2006 03 12 PM lt DIR gt as 10 17 2006 01 02 PM 7 315 422 611001 met r2c 10 17 2006 01 02 PM 7 079 478 611101 met r2c 10 17 2006 01 02 PM 7 315 422 611201 met r2c 10 17 2006 01 02 PM 7 314 678 620101 met r2c 10 17 2006 01 02 PM 6 606 918 620201 met r2c 10 17 2006 01 02 PM 7 314 678 620301 met r2c 10 17 2006 01 02 PM 7 078 758 620401 met r2c 10 17 2006 01 02 PM 7 314 678 620501 met r2c 10 17 2006 01 02 PM 7 078 758 620601 met r2c 10 17 2006 01 02 PM 7 314 678 620701 met r2c 10 17 2006 01 02 PM 7 314 678 620801 met r2c 10 17 2006 01 03 PM 7 078 758 620901 met r2c 10 17 2006 01 03 PM 7 315
327. turated The initial moisture m refers to the moisture content of the intermediate zone IZ and through the Philip formula affects the infiltration rate of rain and melt water The initial value of my is related to the antecedent precipitation index by mo API 100 2 4 with a maximum value equal to the porosity of the soil The API in hour i is given by AP K APIj 1 Pj 2 5 where K is a recession constant and in the model is represented by AS and P is the precipitation in hour i in mm During the simulation the API is modified on an hourly basis for each element according to my t At AS my t P 100 2 6 where A5 is an optimized parameter approximate value is 0 985 0 998 on an hourly basis When the temperature lt 0 C the soil moisture is not changed 2 3 Potential Evapotranspiration T Neff Any one of three methods for estimating evapotranspiration can be used Where radiation data are available the Priestley Taylor equation Eq 2 7 can be used to estimate the potential evapotranspiration PET The radiation data resides in a gridded format in the ET DDMMYY FLX files Where only temperature data are available the Hargreaves equation can be used to estimate the potential evapotranspiration Eq 2 9 Gridded hourly temperature data are required for the snow melt simulation Where neither temperature nor radiation data are available the original method of estimating evapotranspiration from publis
328. uge locations 3 reservoirs 6 damage sites and a number of messages at each damage sites The grid specifications are used for the precipitation and temperature distribution programs RAGMET amp TMP The grid for the precipitation and also temperature field can be larger than the watershed grid However the grid size must be the same and the grids must coincide This will allow grid shifting of the precipitation to create spaghetty plots For LATLONG coordinates the files are the same except the values are entered as degrees wuth the appropriate number of decimal places 3 5 1 1 Example of a pdl file created by BSN EXE FileType bsnm pdl CoordSys UTM datuml GRS80 Zone 17 xOrigin 500000 000 yOrigin 4790000 000 xCount 9 yCount Le xDelta 10000 000 yDelta 10000 000 NoPrecipStations 545000 0 4850000 centerville NoSnowCourses 545000 0 4850000 centerville NoTempStations 545000 0 4850000 centerville NoFlowStations 545000 4850000 centerville 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 NoReservoirs 545000 4850000 centerville 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 NoDamageSites Jan 2013 3 36 You can change the above file with real numbers as in the example below 3 5 1 2 Example of a user modified pdl file FileType CoordSys Datum Zone xOrigin yOrigin xCount yCount xDelta yDelta NoPrecipStations
329. undary as shown in Figure 3 1 This is to accommodate a receiving grid at the watershed outlet In addition rain gauges that are located outside the watershed and are to be included for adjustment of the RADAR data have to be located on the grid So the grid may be extended well outside the watershed to include the precipitation gauges but the penalty is larger RAD and MET files Initial steps 1 Create a bsnm map file manually or with the use of GreenKenue MAPMAKER exe or TOPAZ 2 Run BSN exe to create bsnm_shd r2c 3 2 Setting Up a New Watershed The following is an overview of what is required to set up the files for a new watershed The details of the data requirements and formats are found in Section 3 3 Jan 2013 3 2 1 Mandatory Files Summary BSNM is the designation for the basin name such as gr10k colum The following files are requred in the drive spl bsnm basin directory File name Purpose Dr spl bsnm BASIN bsnm map Contains all the watershed data in a gridded format Created manually or by mapmaker Data can be entered through Maputil a Visual Basic Program Dr spl bsnm BASIN bsnm_shd r2c Converted bsnm map file to a watershed file as used by SPL Some data is converted e g elevations are converted to slopes Dr spl bsnm BASIN bsnm_par csv Contains the parameters for SPL Dr spl bsnm BASIN bsnm sde No longer needed Values incorporated in the par file ae BASIN m
330. us of influence e g a distance larger than the largest dimension of the watershed To smooth the temperature field insert a distance from each station location where you want its effect to be reduced The greater this number the more smoothing of the precip field will be effected It is best to try different values until the cumulative precipitation field for the complete simulation period looks acceptably smooth Set the radius of influence just large enough so the whole watershed will have precipitation Set the smoothing distance just large enough to get a nice looking interpolation between stations Check this in loading the precipitatin field in a wfo file into GreenKenue The radius of influense amp the smoothing distance can be optimized using DDS Jan 2013 8 3 8 1 3 Temperature lapse rate tlapse The lapse rate and a reference elevation usually sea level can be set in the par file When tlapse 0 0 the temperature will be adjusted depending on the grid elevation In addition to the lapse rate the base temp for the snow routine can be used in addition to account for large elevation changes where land cover is correlated to elevation as in high mountains rlapse lapse rate in dC 1 m elevation elvref elevation reference for temperature data The temperature lapse rate can be optimized with DDS Reasonable limits should be set 8 1 4 Example of a Gridded Temperature File tempriyyyymmdd_tem r2c The TMP EXE program pr
331. utflow gt colour scale and set NLOG amp 40 levels amp Apply v Fix the colour scale vi Drag the Water Survey Drainage layer dra UTM 18 into the 2D view amp see if the flows follow the channels Jan 2013 Vil viii ix xi xii xiii xiv b Sensitivity i ii iii iv v vi 17 11 Drag the lgdemo map file into the 2D view and make it a wireframe with directions visible Extract some time series for points along the river going upstream from LG4 no lakes coded yet Open a 1D view and drag each grid outflow time series into the 1D view Fix the scale hold left click amp drag graph use thumb wheel to zoom in and out Synchronize animation Cliclick on View and then Select Sync View and select view amp hit OK Try the play pause rewind buttons in the animation toolbar Animate to the peak flow time Note the discontinuity in the flow near the small off line lake probably caused by a flat spot in the river see grapher plot Edit the basin lg4 par file and double the R2n value Run the model splx 4 In GreenKenue leave the previous watflood wfo file and load the new watflood wfo file note same name Follow the instructor to look at stuff make the new Grid Outflow the top layer and extract time series for the same points along the river going upstream from LG4 Note that you can see a bit of damping Delete the first watflood wfo file from the data items c Editing the map file add
332. v rev rev rev rev rev rev rev NO 0 0 O 10 10 O 0 O 0 LO LO LO 10 LO 10 LO 10 LO LO 10 10 10 10 LO 10 LO LO LO 10 10 O 10 10 O 10 LO LO 0 10 0 10 10 LO LO LO 0 LO 0 10 10 LO LO LO 0 10 10 LO 10 10 LO LO O LO O LO 10 10 LO LO O 0 UU 0 UY UY YNNNNNNNNNNNNDNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNDNNNNDNNNNNNNDNDNDNDNDNDNyDDy 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 1 9 71 12 13 74 ES 76 17 78 19 80 81 oo 3004 UnA 0000000 SBS BWWWWWWWWWWNDNNDN NNN DN DN LDH AAINDUAPWNHWNHRFOTO WHA YN R OLOoO J O004 YN ROO Sep Oct Oct Oct Oct Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Jan Feb Feb Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Apr Jun Jun Jun Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Oct Oct Ot Es Oct Oct Nov Nov Nov Dec Dec Dec Jan Jan Feb Feb Feb Feb Mar Mar Mar Mar Apr May Jun Jun Jun Jun Jul Sep Oct Nov Dec Dec Jan 29 04 03 04 03 04 17 04 21 04 19 04 19 04 21 04 28 04 28 04 25 05 08 05 08 05 09 05 07 05 15 05 30 05 31 05 04 05 02 05 29 05 29 05 11 05 13 05 15 05 27 05 28 05 29 05 29 05 1 05 1 05 5 05 5 05 28 05 29 05 30 05 0 05 1 05 27 05 28 05 28 05 1 05 5 05 22 05 07 05 3 05 23 05 20 06 30 06 07 06 07 06 09 06 10 06 14 06 21 06 22 06 30 06 31 06 28 06 09 06 09 06 5 06 20 06 21 06 8 06 09 06 24 06 3 06 7 06 29 06 5 07 Z222 2222222222222 222
333. v results leakage dat results lake_sd txt results rff01 txt results rff02 txt results rff03 txt results rff04 txt results rff05 txt results rff06 txt results rff07 txt results rff08 txt results rff09 txt etc results tracer csv results tracerMB csv results tracer_debug csv results tracerWET csv results tracerWETMB csv results evapsep txt results watbal1 csv results watbal2 csv spl_info txt scratch5 scratch6 Data echo mostly Optimization tracking file Reservoir data echo and variable tracking Useless file River routing data echo and variable tracking Mapper flow animation under repair Snow data echo and variable tracking Observed and computed flows for SPLPLT EXE Observed and computed stage for STGPLT EXE Observed and computed flows for plotting programs Grapher Excel Gridded SWE set kenueflg y Snow data echo and variable tracking Computed str files can be used to compare new vs old runs Snow data echo and variable tracking SPLX output forGreenKenue input Gridded streamflow error for each sub basin Gridded streamflow error for each sub basin Wetland data echo and variable tracking Sediment data echo and variable tracking Reach inflows in DWOPER format Observed and computed daily streamflows if hourly input is used Grid outflow inGreenKenue format set kenueflg y Reservoir inflows if known Evaporation data echo and variable tracking Mean observed and computed fl
334. vent over the Grand River watershed is formatted as follows HH HEHE THE HH EEE AE TE AE HE EEE AE FE EEE EEE EE EEE EE E FileType tb0 ASCII GreenKenue 1 0 DataType GreenKenue Tabl Application GreenKenue Version 2 Le 23 WrittenBy nk CreationDate 2006 09 29 08 52 SourceFile grca data Name Precipitation Projection UTM Ellipsoid NAD83 Zone 17 StartDate 13 10 1954 StartTime 02 00 DeltaT 1 UnitConversion 1 0 ColumnMetaData ColumnUnits mm mm ram ColumnType float float float ColumnName GuelphCol Waterloo ShandDam ColumnLocationX 558000 535000 554000 ColumnLocationY 4820000 4814000 4843000 Elevation 1400 915 1490 optional EndColumnMetaData EndHeader This format is more or less self explanatory The coordinate system is UTM LATLONG or Cartesian All lines in this header are required eventhough data may not excist for some entries If the Datum or Zone are not known the word UNKNOWN will be accepted This data is just for information for the user The program only requires an acceptable entry for CoordSys The remaining headings are all required The UnitConversion allows data to be converted by the program For instance if the measurement units are in 1 10ths of mm the conversion factor is 10 0 Jan 2013 6 3 The station names and coordinates are also space delimited so do not leave blanks in the names Note The init
335. verted to flow using the following function flow a a stage a 3 2 In this equation a4 is the datum for the flow metering station a az and az are fitted parameters The flow amp stage measurement stations can be mixed The first parameter a is used as a flag If it is 0 0 the hydrograph values are assumed to be flows Otherwise they are used as stage and converted All values in the results spl csv file are in flow units of m s and can be used to check if the conversion is properly made from stage to flow 3 6 1 Optional Storage Discharge curves for lakes amp reservoirs Associated with the BASIN bsnm pdl file is the ability to program a lake storage discharge curve for routing through natural lakes The first two entrees b and bz after the lake outlet reservoir outlet coordinates are used in the simple power function outflow b storage 3 3 Values for b and bz of 107 and 1 75 respectively are reasonable first trial values The initial storage of a lake is determined by a backward calculation from the initial flow at a downstream station The third fourth amp fifth entrees b3 b4 and b5 are used if the best fit is a polinomila See Section 7 2 for more details and an example 3 6 2 BSNM PAR File The makeup of the par file is described in detail in Chapter 4 Copy a parameter file from another watershed and modify as needed for the land and river classes 3 6 3 CALMET PAR File This file is used only
336. viewed in detail by entering En where n is the number of each hydrograph in the window counted from the left Jan 2013 1 29 An example of the plotted hydrographs is shown below The horizontal line if present denotes the time when the forecast is made The measured flows are available only up to this time Measured flows beyond the forecast time are shown as dotted lines Example plot of computed hydrographs D GAL W MONTR GRND MAR ERAMOSAZ 229 7 202 1 16 9 CONEST D 176 7 2 IY WATFLOOD c base 30 Bdays peak in cms shown SPD ARMS GUELPH ELMIRA WALDERMA r relative 62 2 65 4 39 7 154 6 f full scale yel low cmptd white meas F10 to QUIT scrn 12 921101 MET 83 11 1993 18 17 36 Example of expanded hydrograph plot 1000 flow in CMS WATFLOOD C GRND GAL 921101 MET E 83 11 1993 808 18 17 55 Peak flows meas 561 1 cms comp 411 4 cms he r relative 608 f full scale yel lou cmptd white meas scrn 12 F10 to QUIT Time in days Jan 2013 1 30 1 5 16 Stage Hydrographs STGPLT Provisional When appropriate information is provided through the BASINIBSNM STR file now replaced by basin bsnm str stage hydrographs can be plotted and damage elevations shown on the plot The F2 key toggles between flow hydrographs and stage hydrographs The two are not necessarily at the same location From DOS enter the STGPLT command An example plot follows Examp
337. w 8 Contflg continue the statistics from previous run via resume txt file Jan 2013 11 8 s q write the tb0 files for flow 1D no outflow from designated eaches 10 crseflg read snow course data to replace resume file data 11 Kenueflg Create a results watflood wfo file forGreenKenue 12 Picflg write the results pic txt file for mapper 13 Wetflg Use coupled wetland channel routing a 15 shdflg replace the watershed file basin bsnm shd for next event 16 reflg se the tracer module 17 ffreflg se isotope fractionation 19 rdflg if y will write r2c files for flow swe amp evaporative loss ridflow r2c swe r2c evap r2c respectively 20 f y and the rel file for the first event has coefficients for ALL lakes and reservoirs any release data in the rel file will be ignored and flows routed according to the rule coefficients f a all computed flows for all events this run will be replaced by observed flows at all flow stations 1 1 computed flows as designated in event no 1 will be replaced y observed flows Designation is by setting valuel 2 in the mmdd_str tb0 file for the first event The default n if not specified in the event file owever if Valuel 2 in any yyyymmss str tb0 file for any station the computed flow for that station and that event only will eplaced by the observed flow See Section 7 1 1 also Example of an EVENT file to create the ru
338. wave through the basin This feature is under active development ER 7 bank full mem 8 48 cae ma 40 80 er l E 80 120 over 120 Starting time yy mm dd hh 93 01 93 88 Hour from start 42 93 01 04 16 FOR DEMO ONLY Jan 2013 1 32 1 6 Setting Up a New Event Out of order The program EVENTS EXE will create a template of a set of files All data will be shown as missing data and can be replaced with actual data by the user This program is very useful for creating the headers for each file Currently under repair EnNspAGR10K gt E spl GR10K gt events event selection program Warning no damage yet but if you enter the name of an existing event all old files by that name will be overwritten Enter C or break to stop Type in start of event e g yy mm dd hh Please stick with this convention so radar files work 92 10 13 00 event name 921013 Will you be running the snow melt routines y n y Enter the snow conversion factor e g 1 0 is snow water equivalent in mm 25 0 if in inches 1 0 Basin name e g gr10k saug hmbr thms redd etc erl0k Conversion factor to convert rain files to mm 1 0 Enter the initial soil moisture Enter 1 if you have antecedent precip data at rain gauges or enter average watershed value between 0 0 and 0 33 0 25 If you enter a 1 the values at the gauges will be asked for later after other data has been entered 1 The duration of the eve
339. wers Manuals and Reports of Engineering Practice No 37 New York American Society of Civil Engineers Committee on Irrigation Water Requirements of the Irrigation and Drainage Division of the ASCE 1990 Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirements a Manual 332 p Anderson E A 1973 National Weather Service River Forecast System Snow Accumulation and Ablation Model National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Silver Springs Md Tech Memo NWS_HYDRO 17 Anderson E A 1976 A Point Energy and Mass Balance Model of a Snow Cover NOAA Technical Report NWS HYDRO 19 150p Beven K R Lamb P Qiunn R Romanowicz and J Freer 1995 Computer Models of Watershed Hydrology Singh V P ed Water Resources Publications Colorado Chapter 18 627 668 Black T A D T Price F M Kelliher and P M Osberg 1984 Effect of overstory removal on seasonal growth of a young Douglas fir stand 1983 84 Annual Report E P 855 Research Branch B C Ministry of Forests Victoria B C Browning K A and C G Collier 1989 Nowcasting of precipitation systems Reviews of Geophysics 27 3 345 370 Brutsaert W and H Stricker 1979 An advection aridity approach to estimate actual regional evapotranspiration Water Resources Research 15 2 443 450 De Bruin H A R and J Q Keijman 1979 The Priestley Taylor evaporation model applied to a large shallow lake in the Netherlands J of Applied Meteorology 18 898 9
340. wetland evaporation re uzsi Added isbaflg Added shedlfg to replace the bsnm shd file Changed the threshold flow values for error calculations added ql qint drng amp qlz to the wfo file ixed the wetland Q to account for wetland area ixed fpetmon wrt h ixed instability in wetland flow AddedGreenKenuelflg if kenueflg a for lst id then y for hp pp PPP PP NH HOOAagaaagaaaO aaagcagqaqg Added wetland amp channel heights to the wfo file Fixed wetland init condition in flowinit Option to turn off leakage by setting LZF lt 0 0 revised str header and routing dt selectable Fixed wetland routing when channel is dry Min time step A6 read in strfw over rides the A6 from the par Event average flows output to unit 75 Tracer module added first try Fixed the qdwpr txt function re last grid in lake Added Cumulative precip to the wfo file WATROUTE runoff recharge and leakage files added WATFLOOD LITE incorporated TS Tracer s r deallocations added NK sumrechrge added to get total recharge Added wetlands to GW Tracer Wetland Tracer version number added to the wfo_spec txt file added iz ne jz conditional toGreenKenue output continuous water quality modelling hasp key configured SEDFLG set for multiple events at event No 1 write new str files to strfw newfmt folder write new rel amp rin files to resrl newfmt folder Fixed major bug in shed for max instead of min New header for the shd file split rerout
341. y 100 for forested areas These values serve only to show the relative effects of surface roughness and drainage density Because of its nature R3 obviously can only be evaluated through optimization In SPL9 Eqs 2 1 to 2 27 are used separately for each land class in each computational element 2 9 Base Flow The initial base flow discharge is determined from a measured stream hydrograph at the basin outlet The base flow contributed by each basin sub element is found by prorating it to the total basin area A ground water depletion function is used to gradually diminish the base flow Ground water is replenished by drainage of the UZS Eq 2 30 QLZ LZF LZS PWR 2 32 where LZF lower zone function PWR exponent on the lower zone storage in the lower zone funnction There is only one LZS for each grid All classes except impervious surfaces within an element contribute to the same LZS For flood forecasting the model is not sensitive to this value because the events modeled are of relatively short duration and base flow is assumed not to change a great deal during the simulation In addition in the areas studied base flow is insignificant compared to flood flows However for long term simulation this parameter takes on added significance and low flows especially are significantly affected by LZF and PWR These values should be optimized with Jan 2013 2 16 longer periods that have dry and wet periods Not enough exper
342. ydrologic modeling Ph D Thesis Department of Civil Engineering University of Waterloo Ontario Canada Dean J D and W M Snyder 1977 Temporally and areally distributed rainfall ASCE J of Irrigation and Drainage Division 103 2 293 297 Jones D M 1956 Rainfall drop size distribution and radar reflectivity Research Report No 6 Illinios State Water Survey Urbana IL Krajewski W F and M D Hudlow 1983 Evaluation and application of a real time method to estimate mean areal precipitation from rain gauge and radar data Proceedings Conference on Mitigation of Natural Hazards Through Real Time Data Collection Systems and Hydrological Forecasting Sacramento California Marshall J S and W M Palmer 1948 The distribution of raindrops with size Journal of Meteorology 5 165 166 Nemec J 1985 The use of radar in world meteorological organization hydrological projects in developing countries Preprints Weather Radar and Flood Warning Symposium University of Lancaster UK NWS 1972 National Weather Service River Forecast System Forecast Procedures Tech Mem NWS HYDRO 14 National Weather Service National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Silver Springs MD USDA 1968 Hydrology Supplement A to Sect 4 Engineering Handbook US Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service Wilson J W 1976 Radar rain gage precipitation measurements a summary Proceedings of First National Conference

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