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1. E E E N 85 PAOA COPY MOL ane tiu MeNe i candsiehestesueduees 85 TIQ NI xum menu TO EDS o3 ior doice ird tou osut end de Ub EE 85 NES AGI TMG MUD SIDE sass TTD 85 TAD GGU Om the web MICHELE io ood necu iut oi obse aed ted scatet et tat eost EeS Ed tds 85 710 3 GGU suppor menti TU ITI eod oi itte drea tremite ado Reales Dae dea Miete eot lates 85 710 07 What SOW ment 106 DD sc ates ieahennta dente ina gebat doute i s r a 85 T 10 7 Language preferences menu ten ec er to ord S SE URINE HN Dd 85 S CIIDS amd ATI CWS udo aoe d cede s oe be vr oes t de t ibd dedecore E 86 5L PREV DO ard AMINO SC s seodtosneititonc tu Jeti Oba tu M sp ae ane DOS M ap ene sano 86 Oz PUNCTION Ke s osvewiubioneictedbev E E E 87 Boo SCODV DEIDEAteda ICOM de eot pe EI S E didt reu ip d e pee E Ei eus 88 95 Worked example S sirisser E aO Ea uasieseeuins 89 9 1 Example I Analysis of a horizontal plane system 2 0 0 0 cccccccccsssseseseesseeeeeeceeeeeeeeaaas 89 9 1 1 System description Example 1 0 0 cceeesssssssseeeeeeeecccccescceeessssseseeeeeeeeeceeceneas 89 9 1 2 Step I Select the groundwater system Example 1 cc cccesseessseseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaes 90 GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 5 of 116 June 2015 9 1 3 Step 2 Define FEM nodes and mesh Example 1 cc cccessseeeseseeeeeeeeeeeeeeneaes 90 O4 steps Assion depth Example LJ iccisscvenestnsdovscwaxaptoemnduiioenasentsdougaveonvqupiasanoelbeame 91 o 1 5 Siepa Renne me
2. 15 52 Unsaturated zone switch off analysis results visualisation 64 66 77 Velocities analysis eeeeeeeeeeessss 11 Velocities display as a circle chart 70 Velocities display as arrows 76 Velocities display as colour filled contours 65 Velocities display as normal contours 63 Velocities display in a table 69 Velocity field display usssse 76 Version number display in a message box 85 Version number display in legend 58 W Water level above blanket define linearly WALLA DIC v Doniini douces res eren 47 Water level above blanket define delete for individual FEM elements 46 Water level above blanket define delete for several FEM elements 47 Water level differences display as contours 81 Water level activate designation in graphics 63 What you see is what you get 54 ATO STA oy Ec cM CORR 7 Zoom factor define for full screen display 54 Zoom function activate 54 56 86 z values assign via interpolation mesh 40 z values edit for all FEM nodes using CONSUME a toros betae cc roce Lord Reti 36 z values edit for individual FEM nodes 36 z values edit for s
3. 45 Pipes display in legend 60 Pipes display results in graphics 82 Plot margins define ceense enki 62 Point sources define delete 43 Pore water pressure mesh save for GGUS PABILITVY i iieoetecevexep heces etn 17 Pore water pressure analysis 14 Potential replace designation in graphics DY Water LEVEL ace eii e ou qas 63 Potentials define linearly variable 42 Potentials define delete for selected BE MENOGES aid teretes Tode bete S 4 Potentials define delete for several DENEBOGES iere tbe tou euo de MS RES 42 Potentials display as a circle chart 70 Potentials display as colour filled contours 65 Potentials display as normal contours 63 Potentials display differences as contours 81 Potentials display in a table 69 Igabr Pearce en 6 REOR T 22 Print output table do aee Rea doe eica 23 Print sectio ue er t ce 24 56 88 Print several files 225 ct orto te esa 24 Printer DtefeterieeS oec tbc nennt 21 22 Program display name in legend 58 Program save load preferences 60 June 2015 Program show improvements 85 Program show information ussse 85 Project data add via Mini CAD
4. 55 Project identification display 58 Project identification enter ss 48 Quality of the solution sssssse 11 Radius ratio FEM elements 31 Refinement methods for FEM elements 34 Scale alter with mouse 61 Scale define Via editor eene 61 Scale determine automatically 61 SCFODLtli6 SCHON uso iiber eI de nieto 86 Section course display in legend 59 Section calculate values at FEM nodes 73 Section calculate values between any points 74 Seepage velocity display as arrows 76 Smart icons edit for 3D graphics 57 Smart icons for menu items 56 Smoothing out procedures select for COBLOUES nice atinee usc dava qa ict abate 64 Soil colours numbers activate display 58 Soil number assign for individual FEM elements 22 dois easet E 45 Soil number assign for several FEM eleme ll S inodo e 45 Soll number SWAD 6 nii tse to p deor agere itas 48 Soil properties define ssesssses 48 Soil properties display in legend 58 Soils define colour eee 58 Sources define delete for selected BENISDBOOGSS eco eis cot a e 43 Status bar main program
5. Pipe materials menu item You can edit the properties of any pipes defined A dialog box opens containing a number of input rows dependent on the number of pipe materials specified in Boundary Define pipes Section 7 4 12 x Forward Back Cancel Maternal Area L k L T 1 0 2000 1 000000E 2 0 2000 1 000000E 2 Undo menu item If you have carried out any changes to dialog boxes or moved objects to a different position on the screen after selecting the Graphics preferences Move objects menu item or using the F11 function key this menu item will allow you to undo the movements This function can also be reached by using the key combination Alt Back or the appropriate tool in the toolbar see Section 7 6 7 Restore menu item When this menu item is selected the last change made in a dialog box or the last change in the position of objects which you undid using the menu item System Undo will be restored This function can also be reached by using the key combination Ctrl Back or the appropriate tool in the toolbar see Section 7 6 7 Preferences menu item You can activate or deactivate the undo functions GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 53 of 116 June 2015 7 6 Graphics preferences menu 7 6 1 Refresh and zoom menu item The program works on the principle of What you see is what you get This means that the screen presentation represents overall what you will see on your p
6. Also show Mesh Lines If Outline Potentials in unsaturated zone Cancel Press the Determine extreme values button and then press OK If you wish you can send the graphics to your printer Step 9 Evaluate discharges Example 2 Go to the Evaluation Discharge menu item Accept the display preferences and exit the dialog box using OK The system is now displayed with discharges Using the rectangle trace around the nodes on the water side that are labelled with a discharge The sum of the discharges is dis played in a message box CN x Sum of discharge inside the quadrilateral 5 5854E B L T L Positive 5 68546 6 L T L Negative 0 000 LT L GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 111 of 116 June 2015 Trace around the nodes on the air side that are labelled with a discharge CN x Sum of discharge inside the quadrilateral 5 6654E 6 L T L Positive 0 000 FTL Negative 5 68546 6 YT L The same value is shown in the message box but with a negative sign because here the water exits the system The water percolating through the embankment is thus Q 5 7 10 m s running m of embankment 0 5 m day running m of embankment 9 2 11 Step 10 Analyse system without basin liner Example 2 The system analysed in the previous section is to be investigated again this time without a seal in the basin The slope seal remains Go to the menu item Boundary
7. 32 FEM mesh refine certain FEM elements 33 FEM mesh refine individual FEM elements 33 FEM mesh refine several FEM elements 33 FEM mesh show maximum number of nodes elements eret eee 85 FEM nodes adjust scale 27 FEM nodes assign z values subsequently toal BOB Scie t acide cadens 35 FEM nodes define using array 28 FEM nodes define z values 1n advance 35 FEM nodes define delete using mouse 26 GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 114 of 116 FEM nodes define edit all using editor 26 FEM nodes edit all z values using constant 36 FEM nodes edit individual using editor 27 FEM nodes edit individual z values 36 FEM nodes import coordinates via Windows clipboard sssss 26 FEM nodes move all using editor 27 FEM nodes move individual using mouse 27 FEM nodes move selected using editor 27 Fence diagram calculate values at BEENERHOGES ene eee feta do Desde ava 73 Fence diagram calculate values between aii DONIS riesen idee em reiten CO pestis 75 File display name in legend 58 File load saVeuseeceders a ree le e ax dott 16 Finite difference methods 11 Finite element methods sssuusss 11 Flow lines calculate with dist
8. Arrows in unsaturated zone All the same length With animation e s 1 E Array Displau in an array Array x m Array v m Iw Soil colours as fill Cancel First enter the length of the maximum seepage velocity to be displayed You can then decide whether the velocities or the gradients are to be displayed By selecting the Velocity arrows on the nodes check box you can determine whether or not the velocities are to be displayed at the nodes or at the centroids of the triangular elements The velocity at the centroid is determined by the program from the FEM calculation The velocities at the element nodes are determined as a mean of the centroid velocities of the neighbouring triangu lar elements The length of the maximum velocity vector must be given in the user defined length unit generally metres In the following presentation you will see at the top left scale information for length time units For systems with e g wells very high velocities occur in the area of the well which may possi bly ruin the graphics Select a length for which velocities should still be presented and activate the corresponding check box GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 76 of 116 June 2015 Additional general visualisation preferences can be specified at the bottom of the dialog box For example all arrows may be drawn the same length or a small animation be displayed The arrows can also be visualised in an array co
9. dry The nodes in these areas are marked with the letter T Alternatively these areas can be colour coded Blanket layer areas menu item The water level in the user defined blanket layer areas is entered in the corresponding FEM ele ments The blanket areas can also be colour coded GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 83 of 116 June 2015 7 9 10 Blanket layer circle chart menu item The water level in the blanket layer is displayed as a circle chart also see menu item Evalua tion Circles Section 7 8 6 Blanket circle chart X Iw Fil circles Difference m 0 000 hax circle diameter r 1 000 Ma af circle segments 35 Iw Label circle chart Decimal places 1 Font size mm zl f Show system bounderies Show mesh Cancel If your system contains several blanket layer zones with varying water levels you can display circles with substantially different sizes depending on the water level by entering a value that is marginally larger than the smallest prevalent water level in the Difference input box 7 9 11 Discharge in blanket layer menu item The discharges in the blanket layer are displayed as coloured contour lines see menu item Evaluation Coloured Section 7 8 2 GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 84 of 116 June 2015 7 10 menu 7 10 1 Copyright menu item You will see a copyright message and information on the program version number The System button shows information on
10. 63 Gradients display in a table 69 Graphics add via Mini CAD 55 Groundwater system select sssuse 16 Groundwater thickness display as colour filled contours ussss 83 Groundwater thickness display as normal CONTOU sss tosta idus Maca d tai eite Ld D 83 Groundwater export for three dimensional modellino see r O 18 Groundwater mark confined areas 83 Groundwater mark dry areas 83 June 2015 Groundwater surface distance display as colour filled contours s 83 Groundwater surface distance display as MOU MIA CONTOU Seien eNA 83 Header CAD US usen etor ede eto vo rye Orc petiwvedss 55 Header output 13ble s oiii teretes 19 Hydraulic head define sssse 41 Impermeable boundary note 43 Import FEM mesh coordinates 17 Import interpolation mesh data 40 Insta TAR OM teats eee dade Peds oes a 7 Interpolation mesh define colour for WAISUAlISALION aie ae aa 38 Interpolation mesh display z values contours 39 Interpolation mesh edit mesh 39 Interpolation mesh edit node coordinates 24 Interpolation mesh edit nodes 38 Interpolation mesh modify z values using CONSTA des o
11. GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 107 of 116 June 2015 The three different soils still need to be defined All triangles were automatically assigned soil number 1 during mesh generation This soil number will represent sand Now go to the Bound ary soils In section menu item and trace with the rectangle around the areas to be defined as Clay water side seal and assign the soil number 2 Do the same for the drainage and assign the soil number 3 9 2 5 Step 4 Define boundary conditions Example 2 To define boundary conditions go to the menu item Boundary Potentials In section and trace around the three points two at the bottom of the basin and the intersection of the water surface with the slope on the left side of the system Boundary conditions X Potential for all nodes that In the selected quadrilateral Potential value 20 0000 Delete Cancel All to elevation head Enter a potential of 20 m AD and assign it to the points by clicking the Define button Trace around the two nodes on the air side base area of the system and assign the points a potential of 15 m AD as already described Note on boundary conditions The case of an impermeable boundary is automatically taken into consideration by the fi nite element method Valid is that all system boundaries or partial boundaries which do not posses source or potential boundary conditions are automatically impermeable In fi nite element theory
12. increment or a time increment can be selected for calculation of velocity vector length The new position of the water particle is then the starting point for the next calculation step This pro cedure is carried on as long as a user defined end time is not exceeded or the particle leaves the system Small increments mean high precision and long calculation time If the increments are too large nonsensical results can occur Calculations are performed using the seepage velocity vs k 1 neff Using this program you can also follow a particle back against flow direction GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 77 of 116 June 2015 7 8 14 2 Preferences After selecting this menu item you can enter various criteria for calculations in the following dia log box Flowlines xi Flow lines preferences Define starting points Starting point circle Define end points Save points Load points Cancel e Define starting points You can define the starting points of water particles e Starting point circle You can define several starting points which can be grouped in a circle around the point you have determined This can simplify the input of water particles e g for wells within the system key word 50 day line e Define end points If depressions extraction wells are present within a system the result may in certain cir cumstances be an oscillation of the particle track around the well as all velo
13. 116 June 2015 7 2 9 Common systems menu item You can generate a mesh for a variety of common systems using this menu item The following systems are available Common systems ed Generate what Embankment Weir well plan Cut off wall box Well ass symmetr Cancel A dialog box opens when you press the required button Enter the dimensions and the necessary boundary conditions data for the selected system Once the data is entered the system is displayed on the screen Of course you may also use these generated systems as the basis for further refine ments 7 2 10 Manual mesh menu item After input of the mesh nodes this menu item is used to define the FEM mesh Three nodes must be clicked using the left mouse button Once the three nodes have been selected a box appears for defining the soil no of the FEM element This menu item can also be reached using F4 An FEM element can be deleted by selecting the three corresponding nodes once again using the left mouse button 7 2 11 Automatic menu item After entering the mesh nodes automatic mesh generation can be carried out using this menu item Delauney triangulation If an FEM mesh already exists it can be either deleted or supplemented Under certain circumstances air holes incompletely filled FEM mesh may occur in an existing FEM mesh being supplemented if this mesh was not generated by means of Delauney triangula tion These regions will require
14. 2 14 Optimise menu item You first select in a dialog box whether the diagonals or the topology should be optimised Diagonals button Optimisation of diagonals is implemented in order to create a numerically favourable FEM mesh i e where possible equilateral triangles The effect of the optimisation of diagonals can best be seen using an example Diagonals before and after optimisation Figure 4 Optimisation of diagonals If an existing unfavourable diagonal cuts two different soil areas no optimisation takes place because this would alter the system Topology button This program routine displaces the triangular element nodes so that where possible equilateral triangles are created Equilateral triangles have especially favourable numerical properties Be cause the displacement of system boundaries and element boundaries with neighbouring elements consisting of different soils does not make much sense these element boundaries are fixed from the outset Nodes with defined water level boundary conditions also remain unaltered Optimisa tion of the FEM mesh can be followed on the screen by setting the With graphics check box The optimisation routine can be aborted at any time by pressing the right mouse button In horizontal plane systems the problem arises that the values for aquifer base and aquifer top as well as for top of blanket layer are not adapted to the new location due to the displacement of individual nod
15. 8 2 Button Output 4s Prapli68 ostii eee ro sena EHE es Yea REL U Ue Pae a veau E EN esq 19 T9525 Buton Ouliput 3s ASCI oio crede a bet ete ten a ode eben ttc button ero i ans 21 LLY Printer preferences THOU ACI asecxccss cin ncessquaseesaneiaeeommeceecsanieseoeneaaeseaninesocemeaands 22 241 I0 Prmt and expott Heute il suos odes bere ineo abus Ue eco cbus butt penne eund 22 ERELL Daten prit meni e El eee oe ye cancun cease ay adno ar oid ec Ri N 24 TAA EAC TNC MMU HO DEG te ode ttr eei mato e eta tele eoe pected aie adis 25 JI 13 7102503 4 mien Hells ates nes a sd Meier PEU her ees PM Uc ME UP M UTE er 25 T2 Me B THOU ooi donus dd LM C MM MR ME A Md CE 25 Vell Preferences menu telile desee ot pees anaes tere rado eder eda Mates ol sud iut 25 7522 Mesi menr Ite i i ome AT E E E dn saasenkee 25 Tka Outline menmi MEN ee T 25 Tu ur Debe nodes Tien Te HE oos eed cerdo uade Baer e fva deoa datu tee bo cx duae ats 26 7 205 Chanbe TCI Nea epi int bas ao eomud E minae bote d x dae a eode ved acu fa 26 T20 Move ment EI ET T m m 27 dur EdE Meni Eia ioi dtt chio dett eos dt cute d ip hc cufemE 27 VP MEC Mane ME Le MU T TI TIU LTD 28 J 0sL Select typeof aray uo decisis babesg rupi test oU detras d ut beau o bes E 28 Deel Button Resula i asdco o nik dosuat cep ER a on dU aorta Creo iii Edad S 28 Ua SW Buton reculi ssri 29 7 240 COMMONS YSTEMS pell MCI esso e udo do Enea amne Do ene zt Ped ham
16. F4 opens the menu item Mesh Manual mesh e F5 opens the menu item System Analyse e F6 opens the menu item Mesh Refine Section e F7 opens the menu item Mesh Refine All e F9 activates the menu item Page size margins Auto resize e F11 activates the menu item Graphics preferences Move objects GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 87 of 116 June 2015 8 3 Copy print area icon A dialogue box opens when the Copy print area icon in the menu toolbar is clicked de scribing the options available for this function For example using this icon it is possible to either copy areas of the screen graphics and paste them into the report or send them directly to a printer In the dialog box first select where the copied area should be transferred to Clipboard File or Printer The cursor is displayed as a cross after leaving the dialog box and keeping the left mouse button pressed the required area may be enclosed If the marked area does not suit your requirements abort the subsequent boxes and restart the function by clicking the icon again If Clipboard was selected move to the MS Word document for example after marking the area and paste the copied graphics using Edit Paste If File was selected the following dialog box opens once the area has been defined File D ProgrameG GU Sottware G GU 55 FLOW 20 imaged emt generated Rename Delete The default location of the file is the
17. Mire Iae AT A a botox ntes lovin NO uu mire lve 38 TWA M h Fe DU we serina erai b EL IE Puteo Ue ON eb ots A ATEN 30 T9 125 MOdILYy Me DU Meth d o4 i ca ope dott ioa b cafas edet es pb du edat 39 1 9 13 CODLOUES TOO DUE D eoi oio E e toS ERR OMS INI Hb ERE iR inde mada de ose RI io iR dis 30 TIA ImpotUexport Ten 10a oce onc dickes HR aro p te lota o Rebels tbe soe EUR Cede agde 40 quo 5 ASSI Te DU TIO TIR D oes a dou Mure arb Medo oodd Mowat a reos eai Uh dape Usos a 40 7 45 ABO WNC aly THO BU vietato toos testes siete Atet iet iste ia lane sinadans cea bento ec iato suia A oco cenI Eod 4 TAM Pretetenccs He DH Te DH ooa eripe n EE DR ano de ety QE DRE cive tg D anat A 41 Tate CHECK MCI He Hl osos eie tube Led QUERER OUI pr ERE epe EE Qua ERLO S OUO d O 41 7 4 3 Individual potentials menu item sess 4 TAA Potentials Ini section menu Ite soos hen e e Seo oun Lex eoi En EE Eo uada 42 TAJ Potentials Lincar menu tem eies ere rite Ue o sedute EUN Poesie deu oxa Dea ooa 42 TAG Point sources Memi LEI ae cscs acute deren a a yet sat ee e 43 TET Linear sources meni IE y sxackcanexcnadavee dabo epa ios etot usb eu pa veoedevbe Qupeuv tosdetus e ivi pe r US duds 43 TAS DIINSSSOUICES IME MU MeMo RE SRI S Uu esa m ese epe uU 44 TAS Durtuse Sources Tor SOUS Thou TII cooked an ond RR ERN PR de Lis vu ade gh 45 TRI S Indiyiduabsols ment T6 fH ornp aE pa edam deve waacapiatengevinaeiuaneeometeves 45 TALIS In section Menu H
18. O QO C ge Oe 8 eon O O O Qo O O m O O O o Go Qo C comer O Q Q C Figure 3 Unsaturated zone If unsaturated zones are present in the system and a phreatic line analysis is to be carried out an iteration process is required as the position of the phreatic line is not known from the outset In the first iteration step the program assumes that all areas of the system are saturated k 1 0 After the initial calculation of the piezometric heads at the system nodes the pore water pressures u are calculated and k determined With the altered permeabilities a new calculation of the sys tem follows with new piezometric heads and correspondingly new pore water pressures and k values The iteration process is carried on until the difference in piezometric head in iteration step 1 and 1 1 falls below the user defined limit value iteration divergence Note on boundary conditions The case of an impermeable boundary is automatically taken in to account by the finite element method Valid is that all system boundaries or partial system boundaries which have no water level or source boundary conditions are automatically impermeable GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 15 of 116 June 2015 7 Description of menu items 7 1 File menu 7 1 1 New menu item After pointing at the New menu item the subsequent dialog box allows you to define the type of groundwater system to be created Select sys
19. Permeability in e g m s for x and y direction h Piezometric head in e g m k Coefficient for determination of permeability in the unsaturated zone dimensionless Q Discharge in e g m s x y Coordinates in e g m The value k records the change in permeability in the unsaturated zone r above groundwater and can take on values between 0 0 and 1 0 In the saturated area of the system k is 1 0 The value k 1s a function of the pore water pressure u The pore water pressure u is calculated from the piezomet ric head h the elevation head y and the unit weight of water yw u h y Yw In Figure 2 the curves are presented for three typical soils Using this value in the differential equation has the distinct advantage for the following finite element calculation that phreatic lines can be very easily calculated Area of negative pore water pressure Figure 2 Function kr f u GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 14 of 116 June 2015 Figure 3 serves as a further explanation For the case of a horizontal groundwater table all four variables h y u and k are given as functions Unsaturated zone Pore water pressure u negative li om Co C e o9 Q m O pam O q e O ep A Ni 80 Che ms O Q O i OO Se C X Ne Ci Q E ere QO C Ch Pp E ta O AD Qo W F 7 CS o d A cO O O04 9 O o OB RO 9 O ONG TTE O MO O O Oa O 5 O S
20. Soils In section and trace around the triangles at the base of the water side which were defined as Clay Give these triangles the soil number 1 2 sand Go to the menu item System Analyse Display the potential contours once again see Step 8 Section 9 2 9 Determine the water percolating through the embankment see Step 9 Section 9 2 10 CT x Sum of discharge ingide the quadrilateral 2 1335E 4 L T L Positive 2 1935E 4 L T L Negative 0 000 LT AL The discharge is as expected dramatically larger by a factor of about 40 Qz2 2 10 m s m embankment 19 m d m embankment GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 112 of 116 June 2015 10 Index Confined GW areas mark 83 5 Conte XC Me MUO Pe Metta terete VON eo e Erneut 87 Continuity condition eseseeeeeeess 71 50 day litte tence eds d NIME 78 Contours display for blanket layer discharge 84 Contours display for groundwater thickness 83 A Contours display for groundwater surface CUS CAT CC oes es bti caer etr I ren Dco pus tee pedal 83 Analysis results display at FEM nodes Contours display for layer boundaries 37 JU SCCUON ostia testa a e LET Atte 73 Contours display for layer thickness 37 Analysis results display between Contours display for potentials as 3D array any points in section 74 graphics eene 68 Analysis results display for individual Contours disp
21. a value of 3 Each circle can be annotated with the corresponding value The system boundaries or the FEM mesh can be drawn in addition to the circles The colour and width of the pens can be specified for the graphical visualisation GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 70 of 116 June 2015 7 8 7 Discharge menu item The FEM mesh will be displayed at the nodes together with the calculated discharge Discharges other than zero are present at the nodes at which you have defined a water level boundary condi tion or a source boundary condition At all other nodes the discharge equals zero continuity con dition By defining an appropriate image section you can have the sum of discharge present in that part of the system calculated by the program The presentation can be modified in the dialog box Circle chart for discharge l x f Normal discharge C Discharge through blanket Max circle diameter m 1 000 Ma af circle segments 3b Iw Fill circles _ Positive cal E Negative col W Label circle chart Font size mm 20 Decimal places 4 Show system bounderies C Show mesh Cancel After using OK to exit the dialog box you define the area for which the discharge is to be calcu lated by clicking four point in an anti clockwise direction The calculated values are first displayed in a message box and then as a circle chart in your graphics If you are investigating a horizontal plane system with a leaky aquif
22. are displayed on the screen GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 82 of 116 June 2015 7 9 7 9 1 7 9 2 7 9 3 7 9 4 7 9 5 7 9 6 7 9 7 7 9 8 7 9 9 Special menu for horizontal plane systems only General note The menu Special is only available for horizontal plane systems It allows further evaluation of such a system Groundwater thickness menu item A contour diagram showing the groundwater thicknesses is generated see menu item Evalua tion Normal contours Section 7 8 1 Coloured menu item A colour filled contour diagram of the groundwater thicknesses is generated see menu item Evaluation Coloured Section 7 8 2 Volume menu item You see a message box containing information on the groundwater filled volume of your system Groundwater surface distance menu item A contour diagram showing lines of equal groundwater surface distance is generated see menu item Evaluation Normal contours Section 7 8 1 Coloured menu item A colour filled contour diagram showing lines of equal groundwater surface distance is generated see menu item Evaluation Coloured Section 7 8 2 Confined areas menu item Nodes in areas of the system where confined groundwater conditions are prevalent are marked with the letter G Alternatively these areas can be colour coded Dry areas menu item If the potential falls below the base of the aquifer in some areas of the system then these areas are
23. arrays ine Ma of arrays in v A Iw Generate new mesh Cancel Enter the corner points of the array and the number of subdivisions If the Generate new mesh check box is activated all existing nodes are deleted and then the user defined FEM nodes in the dialog box are generated with the appropriate FEM mesh GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 28 of 116 June 2015 7 2 8 3 Button Irregular In contrast to the regular array procedure where the generated nodes are evenly spaced within the generated rows the spacing can be varied using the irregular array This can be done in the fol lowing dialog box Generate FEM nodes using an irregular array x d values dy values Ma af de values Ma af dy values Recalculate and y values ane 0 00 yO 0 00 Delete curent mesh M Generate new mesh The array numbers can be defined using the No of dx values and No of dy values buttons Enter the array spacing in dx and dy If you press the Recalculate x and y values button the first column to the left of dx and dy are recalculated These are absolute values for the array The array origin is entered in x0 and y0 The program can generate an FEM mesh from the newly generated FEM nodes if the Generate new mesh check box is activated If a mesh already exists it can be deleted prior to generating the new one by activating the Delete current mesh check box GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 29 of
24. bankment with the given dimensions will be investigated 15 0 20 m AD Drainage w 15m AD Clay Figure 10 Example of a vertical plane system The following permeability data are given e Sand k 10 m s e Clay k 10 s e Drainage k 10 s The pondage on the water side of the embankment is at 20 m AD A drainage system is installed on the air side draining to 15 m AD The phreatic line and the volume of water percolating through the embankment will be determined for this system 9 2 2 Step 1 Select the groundwater system Example 2 Start the program and go to the File New menu item Exit the Common systems dialog box using No You will then see the following dialog box exit by clicking the Vertical plane sys tem button Select system X Which system do vou want to analyse Harizantal plane system Axiz summietrcal system Horizontal plane system leaky aquifer Cancel GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 101 of 116 June 2015 Go to the menu item Page size margins Manual resize editor and enter the following val ues Image coordinates X left m v bottom m Scale x directian 1 Scale y direction 1 Save Uk il 0000 3009 2000000 2000000 Load Cancel This input is not absolutely necessary for the program to operate It merely ensures that you have the same data for the subsequen
25. been entered the two options shown in the dialog box are available for modi fying the z values defined by the quadrilateral 7 3 13 Contours menu item You can create a contour diagram of the interpolation mesh z values Either coloured contours or a 3D representation can be selected You can find more details on contour line visualisation in the Evaluation menu in Sections 7 8 2 and 7 8 3 GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 39 of 116 June 2015 7 3 14 Import export menu item The x and y coordinates of the interpolation mesh can be imported from an ASCII file or ex ported for other applications A dialog box as described in Section 7 1 5 opens for the Import ASCII option Interpolation mesh X ASCII file Import ASCII Export ASCII Import GGU 55 FLOW D Export GGU 55 FLOW D Cancel If the coordinates are exported using the GGU SS FLOW2D format the information regarding triangles incidence table and z values will also be exported and can be imported again 7 3 15 Assign menu item After completely processing the interpolation mesh the z values associated with the interpolation mesh can be assigned to the FEM mesh as the top of the aquifer the base of the aquifer or the top of the blanket Because no undo is possible after assigning the z values it is expedient to save the file be forehand GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 40 of 116 June 2015 7 4 Boundary menu 7 4 1 Preferences menu item I
26. bottom of the program window you find a status bar with further information You can also activate or switch off the status bar here The preferences will be saved in the GGU SS FLOW2D alg file see menu item Graphics preferences Save graphics preferences and will be active at the next time the program is started GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 55 of 116 June 2015 By clicking on the tools smart icons for the menu items you can directly reach most of the pro gram functions The meaning of the smart icons appears as a text box if you hover with the mouse pointer over the tools Some of the tool functions cannot be activated from the normal menu items LI Next page Previous page Using this icon you can navigate between the individual pages in the tabular representation t Select page If you are in the tabular representation you can use this icon to jump to a specific page or to return to the normal representation that is to the graphics Zoom out If you have previously zoomed in this tool returns to a full screen display Zoom Zoom With the zoom functions you can zoom in or out of parts of the image by clicking the left mouse button Colour on off If you need to remove the colour from the system presentation to create a black and white print out for example use this on off switch Copy print area Use this tool to copy only parts of the graphics in order to paste them e g to a rep
27. cerros ibn boe E N catio ute dope E piis ad 759 112 Pre ENO S 122555 02552 020900 030501002501500065 298500 11009 0008020840 108940800900 21 02092 IRQUE S AER slats 78 TuS 55 vDistancedncrement INCU EIN o desidero imt ben Dcus cuota pubs Drac lu cadum 80 Telo Time ANCremMent menue lloc souiseindoto risp ox die Navi Fibrosis ont ted asia 81 ToS T Dilference Menu ILefW ue des eo tr ne oto e etate o d bM T ee Equit 8l IRAS DEDE TeSHTES Te BUE WUC TMs scott dbon Co oe otal aclu aaa ous eth else saca used a due 82 7 9 Special menu for horizontal plane systems only sse 83 TOL Generne ene eee hood t someterse saut o das eost dust 83 79 2 Groundwater thickness menu 116M us ou as bibere e obe a atas ck eve E 83 139 3 Coloured Thebit HEETED o e a N 83 Ju SV 5 UTD HUE DEO ACCT oc oorr Cro bou qe ed eec dya teu seta damen dci DS x ndo ODE 83 7 9 5 Groundwater surface distance menu item eeesssssssssseeeeeeeennn 83 T20 Coloured hei Meo co octo osea onbucdeetirtact T d pides dent ce Oi ie a ii 83 Toa Conbimed areds Meni TEC TEE de ehe cut bb basico s p dta 83 pr EP ate MUS TT M M 83 199 Blanket layer areas menu T6101 sc2 Shs aniei e e E e E 83 7910 Blanket layer circle chart menu HOLb ous wicaventindondinai towed Wusonsnehasarhnosntone DES 84 7 9 11 Discharge in blanket layer menu item sseeseeeesesseseeeeeeeeeeenenenn nnn 84 PA Ic
28. coordinates of the FEM mesh nodes are available in an Excel table it is possible to copy the two columns containing the data into the clipboard Edit Copy and then to paste them into the dialog box Via a table by pressing Import clipboard GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 26 of 116 June 2015 e Via equation If you have entered the coordinates using the wrong scale for instance you can correct this using this menu item Rotate all X Rotation angle 0 000 Factor x 1 00000 Factor y 1 00000 Displacement x 0 00000 Displacement v 0 00000 Cancel Frey The coordinates can be edited differing for x and y coordinates via the equation value new factor value old displacement A rotation of the complete system can also be achieved using the entered rotation angle If an interpolation mesh already exists an additional box containing the two FEM mesh and Interpolation mesh check boxes appears in the dialog box allowing the required mesh to be activated e In section The coordinates for a selected area can be displaced by a fixed amount in the x and the y direction Click 4 points counter clockwise using the mouse The required displacement can then be entered in the opened dialog box Coordinates in section X Edit coordinates of all nodes in quadrilateral Displacement x 0 000 Displacement y TANTI Iw Do not displace nodes with boundary conditions Cancel If the Do not displace nodes wi
29. dialog box yoou can define the colour of visualisation for interpolationa and FEM mesh using the corresponding but tons Interpolation mesh f I X You can assign defined depths base qw top gw ta FEM nodes using the Interpolation mesh The definition of an interpolation mesh is analogous to the definition of an FEM mesh Mew nodes in the interpolation mesh will be assigned the default depth as z value Default depth 0 0000 Interpolation mesh col Colour of FEM mesh Cancel 7 3 10 Nodes menu item In complete analogy to the FEM mesh you can define move edit or change the interpolation mesh nodes Interpolation mesh X E dit interpolation mesh nades Define nodes Move nodes Edit nodes Change nodes Cancel GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 38 of 116 June 2015 7 3 11 Mesh menu item In complete analogy to the FEM mesh you can edit the interpolation mesh Interpolation mesh 1 ED x E dit interpolation mesh Manual mesh Automatic mesh Delete mesh Cancel Hefine mesh Individually In section All 7 3 12 Modify menu item The z values of given interpolation mesh nodes can be modified After clockwise definition of a quadrilateral the following dialog box appears Interpolation mesh x Modify 2 value depth of the interpolation mesh Constant 2 0000 Assign constant to z value Haise 2 value by a constant Cancel Once a constant has
30. e a aea VE EAEN EE rE 54 TO LOOMANIO MENU ITs asta a E A 54 10 3 Pen colour and width menu tema ceca ass 54 7 6 4 Legend font selection menu item sess 55 7 6 5 Draw Mini CAD elements first menu item cc eeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaseeseeeeees 55 7 6 6 Mini CAD toolbar and Header toolbar menu items eeeeeeeesesssss 55 710 7 Toolbar prercrences Men Wenas d ato di oye A A Cdp dead 55 TOS Ol TOOL bar meni EN kaia r wocanat tuted uva baee pest elus sed saales 57 7400 9 General legend menu tem 220 orbes e e Ep e esie Ol Me bia T aE 57 POLO SOM properties Teperid mentite Minnen c cete o fen baba eb spen 58 TO 11 SECON uen ME ISNITSINTS TRU ET UEM 59 7 6 12 kr f u function legend menu item sssseeeeeeeeeeeeeneneeeeeeennennnnns 59 TOL Pipe legend Menu ACI osons Dou Meteo cut Loci aeos d Ea o a dape RUsso HEU Mabie 60 7 6 14 Move objects menu Ee 5st oto 09091 11052 Hvdd tiae ton EMO ER FORE eaa octies 60 TOAD Save Staphics preferences Menu TLeTm e ioo peser te eee evade Desde Sergey NN dd 60 7 0 16 Load eraphics preferences meni Iteni ooi iecit ta RR ENS Penta c does 60 Jr PAGe Size Ae Mal SIS THeflllo codi coe a r btu uuu poe eta uude pe odUe uus 61 Judae Autores ze meni TEST soi 20 tales gu oda ule Pda Ups E desde io eos Coma eie saovaredent 61 7 7 2 Manual resize mouse menu item eese A 61 1 1 9 Manual resize editor menu 1L6 fuisse
31. graphics are copied to the WINDOWS clipboard From there they can be imported into other WINDOWS programs for further processing e g into a word processor In order to import into any other WINDOWS program you must generally use the Edit Paste function of the respective application e Metafile allows output of the graphics to a file in order to be further processed with third party soft ware Output is in the standardised EMF format Enhanced Metafile format Use of the Metafile format guarantees the best possible quality when transferring graphics GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 23 of 116 June 2015 If you select the Copy print area tool from the toolbar you can copy parts of the graphics to the clipboard or save them to an EMF file Alternatively you can send the marked area directly to your printer see Tips and tricks Section 8 3 Using the Mini CAD program module you can also import EMF files generated us ing other GGU applications into your graphics e MiniCAD allows export of the graphics to a file in order to enable importing to different GGU appli cations with the Mini CAD module e GGUMiniCAD allows export of the graphics to a file in order to enable processing in the GGUMiniCAD program e Cancel Printing is cancelled 7 1 11 Batch print menu item If you would like to print several appendices at once select this menu item You will see the fol lowing dialog box x Printer Cancel
32. in the dialog box DIENEN x Contours of layer boundaries Aquifer tap Cancel Normal Coloured C 3D If the aquifer base has been input correctly the contour lines should fall off towards the right GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 92 of 116 June 2015 9 1 5 Step 4 Refine mesh Example 1 The current system is still very coarse so a mesh refinement will now follow Go to the menu item Mesh All and click on button 3 in the dialog box Mesh refinement X Mesh refinement Backspace ta unda All elements C All elements with sail na 1 C Al elements with sail no lt 3 Iw Consider potential Which method 1 2 3 Cancel Repeat the procedure You should now have a system with 64 triangles and 41 nodes see menu item System Info A further refinement in the boundary areas need not be done yet The area of the well should however be further refined as this is where the subsurface hydraulics are most important Select the menu item Mesh Section and leave the dialogbue box clicking the button Eun Go to the menu item Mesh Section and exit the dialog box by pressing the 3 button Now trace around the inner rectangle with its four triangles which touch the as yet non existent well in the centre of the system Repeat the process twice for the respective inner rectangle with the 4 new respective triangles around the well Now perform an overall refinement of the FEM mesh using the me
33. manual post processing or re triangulation of the complete FEM mesh All newly generated triangles are assigned the soil number 1 GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 30 of 116 June 2015 7 2 12 Round off menu item During Delauney triangulation a triangular mesh is generated that envelops all nodes This can lead to acute angled triangle elements in the boundary regions These triangles can be removed from the FEM mesh using this menu item The program first draws the maximum radius ratio of the most unfavourable triangle and displays the data in a message box You then see a dialogue box allowing you to define a maximum radius ratio above which all triangles with greater values are deleted Radius ratio 34 Delete exterior triangles with a radius ratio gt rv ry b Cancel The radius ratio describes the relationship between external radius and internal radius of a triangle For an equilateral triangle this ratio equals 2 0 optimum In the example above all external triangles with a radius ratio greater than 6 will be removed In order to avoid interpolation holes in the triangle system only triangles at the boundaries are deleted 7 2 13 Delete menu item This menu item allows you to delete selected system triangles You must first click four points in anti clockwise direction All triangles with their centroid within this quadrilateral will be deleted GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 31 of 116 June 2015 7
34. order to ensure that the FEM mesh is completely enclosed With the z values you define the gradient of the base of the aquifer Now select the menu item z Mesh and then the Automatic mesh button The program connects the four nodes of the interpolation mesh to a triangular mesh with two triangles Select the menu item Z Assign Interpolation mesh X The z value depth af the interpolation mesh will be assigned depending on the linear interpolation of the depths of the FEM mesh IF the results differ fram the locations of top and base of aquifer or blanket top the values will be increased or decreased by the value of the constant to Fit Ha UNDO Constant 1 0000 Assign z ta aq base Assign z ta aq top L ancel Press the Assign z to aq base button Using the menu item z Layer boundary contours you can convince yourself that the base of the aquifer has once again an exactly linear fall off from left to right GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 96 of 116 June 2015 9 1 9 Step 8 Assign soil properties Example 1 Go to the menu item System Soil properties and enter the values of the dialog box All triangular elements are assigned soil number 1 when the FEM mesh is automatically gener ated The dialog box therefore only contains one row for one soil 9 1 10 Step 9 Analyse system Example 1 Go to the menu item System Analyse and confirm the iterative equation solver Start analysis E rir
35. position of the legend using the values x and y The size of the legend is controlled by the values for Font size The fastest way to modify the position of the legend is to press the F11 function key and then to pull the legend to the new position while holding the left mouse button e Coloured legend The soil colours are displayed in the legend Otherwise they will be numbered e Automatic soil colours The soils are assigned soils colours automatically by the program If the check box is not selected the soil colours individually defined using the Soil colours button will be adopted e Soil colours You will see a dialog box in which you can define your preferences After clicking the button with the desired number you can assign each soil layer a new number or reorganise using the Soil colours Reorganise command button You can save your colour prefer ences to a file with Soil colours Save and use them for different systems by means of the Soil colours Load command button In the lower group box you can also transfer the colour preferences to the Windows colour management dialog box or vice versa as user defined colour preferences for example You can read a further description by pressing the Info button GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 58 of 116 June 2015 e Permeability units It often makes more sense in a transient analysis to enter the permeability in m hour or m day To avoid unnecessary explanations
36. soil colours aea wa The position of the legend can be defined or edited by means of the variables x and y Width and Height If you edit the font sizes you should also always increase the width and height correspondingly otherwise the actual function graphic will appear smaller within the de fined legend frame GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 59 of 116 June 2015 7 6 13 7 6 14 7 6 15 7 6 16 GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 60 of 116 June 2015 If you activate the Automatic axes check box the program will use a presentation scale includ ing all given values for u If the check box is deactivated visualisation of the x axis can be re stricted to a user defined Max u value If the Use soil colours check box is activated the individual graphs are colour differentiated However if the graph values are the same for all soils the function graph is automatically drawn in black and a corresponding note added to the graphics Pipe legend menu item If you activate the Show legend check box in the dialog box for this menu item a legend con taining general information on any pipes is displayed on the screen The position of the legend is defined by the values x and y The size of the legend is controlled by the values for Font size The fastest way to modify the position of the legend is to press the F11 function key and then to pull the legend to the new position with the left mouse button presse
37. sources menu item General information on sources can be found in the menu item Boundary Point sources see Section 7 4 6 The procedure for defining linear sources is explained in a dialog box After clicking system nodes and confirming the selection with the Return key a dialog box opens for defining the start and the end value The intermediate boundaries will be assigned the appropriate value in a linear relationship to the point spacing If linear sources have already been defined an additional Delete all linear sources button ap pears in the info box after selecting this menu item again If you exit the dialog box by using this button all linear sources are deleted and a new linear source can be defined GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 43 of 116 June 2015 If you need to delete individual linear sources or sections of them click the system nodes again accept with the Return key and exit the start and end value dialog box by pressing OK The following dialog box now appears Ci gt Section already has 4 linear source Delete old source Cancel Click the Delete old source button until all sections of the marked linear source are deleted and then define the new linear source if required If you exit the box by pressing Cancel before you are finished the undeleted boundaries will remain in place 7 4 8 Diffuse sources menu item Certain elements can be assigned diffuse sourcesby defining the area require
38. the reinforcement pa rameters can be displayed in 3D for the existing nodes In the following dialog box you can choose between perspective and parallel projection as well as selecting the position of the eye Potentials 3L preferences tor Potentials Position of eye x 22 19493 Position of eye y 43 6013 Position of eye z 2H 7335 Type of projection v Perspective Parallel ero level of system 0 2665 Cancel Old values The program will generally make sensible suggestions for the input values in the dialog box so you will not normally need to make alterations GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 66 of 116 June 2015 After leaving the dialog box by pressing OK you will see the following dialog box It greatly resembles the box shown in the menu item Evaluation Coloured Potentials Contour data Value minimum 20 0000 Value masimum 25 0000 Determine estreme values Colour fill wall colour E Colour 1 Colour 2 Ma of colours 0 gt white 16 Change colour series Further preferences Labelling preferences Iv with mesh Iv With walls With surrounding cube Shade from colour 1 ta colour 2 Cancel x You can also specify whether an enclosing cube should be displayed in some cases this improves the 3D effect The Shade from colour 1 to colour 2 check box represents a bit of a special effect If this check box i
39. this type of boundary condition is also known as a natural boundary condition Save the file menu item File Save as For control purposes you can load the supplied MANUALIA fen file which contains this system GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 108 of 116 June 2015 9 2 6 Step 5 Assign soil properties Example 2 Go to the menu item System Soil properties Soil properties X For Back Cancel Swap soils Edit k values Mao ks ky Designation nett 1 2 QO000E 4 2 QOO00E 4 0 20 kr Ffu Sand Std 2 1 Q0000E 7 1 00000E 7 0 05 kr Ffu Elay Std 3 1 nn 2 1 00000E 2 0 30 kr Ffu Drainage Std ele As you have assigned three different soil numbers the dialog box now contains three input rows for soils Enter the values in the dialog box If you have no exaggerated demands on the position of the phreatic line you can do without using the kr f u buttons otherwise read the section Theoretical principles Vertical plane system and axis symmetrical system see Section 6 3 You can now delete the Mini CAD data by clicking the Delete icon on the Mini CAD toolbar 9 2 7 Step 6 Refine and optimise mesh Example 2 The system entered above has a rather coarse mesh Although you could now analyse the existing system carry out a mesh refinement first Go to the menu item Mesh Refine All and confirm by clicking button 3 Mesh refinement x Mesh refinement Backspace ta un
40. when submitting your analyses the k value is shown in the soil properties legend in m second To achieve this the program internally converts the entered coefficient of permeability from your selected unit back to m s see Info button e Dimension m s instead of L T The program uses m s as the default unit As explained above you can also convert to m h and m d If different units are required e g yards and minutes the general format length L and time T can be adopted Just deactivate this check box 7 6 11 Section legend menu item If you activate the Show section course check box in the dialog box for this menu item a leg end containing a sketch showing the location of the section is displayed on the screen The posi tion of the legend can be defined and edited using the values x and y Width and Height The legend heading and font size can be modified 7 6 12 kr z f u function legend menu item If you activate the Show kr f u function check box in this menu item the function is dis played as a graphic in a legend on the screen The presentation can be modified to suit your needs in the dialog box kr f u function values in mm X w Show kr ffu function Heading kr ffu Function amp value 60 00 Width 60 00 y value 35 00 Height 40 00 Font size heading mm 70 Font size axes mm 20 Automatic axes Mas ur 10 00 Pen width rnm 0 50 Iv Use
41. your computer configuration and the folders used by GGU SS FLOW2D 7 10 2 Maxima menu item A box opens showing the maximum values allowed by the program for the nodes and elements of the FEM mesh 7 10 3 Help menu item The GGU SS FLOW2D manual is opened as a PDF document The help function can also be accessed using the F1 function key 7 10 4 GGU on the web menu item Using this menu item you can access the GGU Software website www ggu software com Keep in touch with new program versions and the regular download offers If you would like to be automatically notified about program innovations please register for the Newsletter in our Knowledge Base Go to the following website http kbase civilserve com 7 10 5 GGU support menu item This menu item takes to the GGU Software Support area at www ggu software com 7 10 6 What s new menu item You will see information on program improvements in comparison to older versions 7 10 7 Language preferences menu item This menu item allows you to switch the menus and graphics from German to English or Spanish and vice versa The program always starts with the language setting applicable when it was last ended GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 85 of 116 June 2015 8 Tips and tricks 8 1 Keyboard and mouse You can scroll the screen with the keyboard using the cursor keys and the Page up and Page down keys By clicking and pulling with the mouse with Ctrl pr
42. 6 June 2015 7 8 15 A Distance increment menu item You can commence the analysis of a particle track or tracks The analysis parameters and the type of subsequent presentation can be confirmed or edited in the dialog box Activate the Against flow direction check box in order to retrace the path of a particle Flow lines with distance increment X Progress direction times I In flow direction Against flow direction End lime B BbAE 5 Distance increment 1 0000 Label flow line Iw Always after 1 00E 0 Font size mr 2 Number of digits 2 negative numbers gt exponential format Soil colours as fill Cancel GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 80 of 116 June 2015 7 8 16 7 8 17 Time increment menu item You can commence the analysis of a particle track or tracks The analysis parameters and the type of subsequent presentation can be confirmed or edited in the dialog box Activate the Against flow direction check box in order to retrace the path of a particle Flow lines with time increment Progress direction times I In flow direction Against flow direction End time B BbAE 5 Time increment 1 0DE 2 Label flow line jw Always after 1 00E 0 Font size mm 2 Number of digits 2 negative numbers gt exponential format Soil colours as fill Cancel Difference menu item GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 81
43. Add Delete all Delete File list Li SS ustem 1 fen Lr Sustem 2 fen D System 3 fen Create a list of files for printing using Add and selecting the desired files The number of files is displayed in the dialog box header Using Delete you can mark and delete selected individual files from the list After selecting the Delete all button you can compile a new list Selection of the desired printer and printer preferences is achieved by pressing the Printer button You then start printing by using the Print button In the dialog box which then appears you can select further preferences for printer output such as e g the number of copies These preferences will be applied to all files in the list GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 24 of 116 June 2015 7 1 12 Exit menu item After a confirmation prompt you can quit the program 7 1 13 1 2 3 4 menu items The 1 2 3 4 menu items show the last four files worked on By selecting one of these menu items the listed file will be loaded If you have saved files in any other folder than the program folder you can save yourself the occasionally onerous rummaging through various sub folders 7 2 Mesh menu 7 2 1 Preferences menu item Using this menu item you can define the appearance of the FEM mesh on the screen The element no and the soil no cannot be displayed simultaneously FEM mesh preferences X Type of FEM mesh visualisation Coloured With nod
44. Blanket layer define delete water level Cop V print area eer eile hts 24 56 88 for several FEM elements 47 Blanket laver cicplaydiccharsens Course line method Aud Les aea omes ducet o AC edidi 77 E ham 71 Cutting borders switch on off 63 Blanket layer display discharge as colour filled contours sssese 84 D Blanket layer display water level as CII Cle CaM esses iiti coctus tieni cepas edition 84 Damping HIA EUM DE E E 52 Blanket layer water ingress through 13 Dey permeabilities enter sss 48 Boundary conditions check e 41 Darcy s Law Moe p D EE 11 Boundary impermeable 13 15 43 Dataset description display 58 Dataset description enter seeeeeussse 48 Default depths define as z values 35 C Delauney triangulation eeeessssss 30 Cholesky select as equation solver 51 Delete all FEM NOUGS ised estate vesc oclo erts Drac ids 26 Delete all PIPES aodio Dro uu vete ds Ie ee UD ME 46 Circle chart define for analysis results 70 Delete diffuse sources eeeeneeee 44 Circle chart display for blanket water level 84 ere Cli pO EE s ier cen pen e nce tees 23 Delete individual blanket layer BCs 46 CodeMe ier stiek BOUNCE 7 D
45. Equation systems result in which the number of variables corresponds to the number of system nodes With the finite difference method one generally has only the possibility of defining a discrete whole using rectangular partial areas In contrast to FEM therefore FDM is a lot less flexible when it comes to adjusting to complicated boundary structures Also in some areas mesh refinement is not as easy Further the resulting equation systems are numerically more stable for FEM The main advantage in FDM is in the theoretically simpler mathematical relationships which generally will be of little interest to the program user The GGU SS FLOW2D program uses the finite element method When using the application please remember that all finite element or finite difference methods are approximation methods The quality of the approximation compared to the actual solution increases with the fineness of the mesh You should pay attention to the fact that in areas where the main subsurface hydraulic action takes place e g wells seepage elements the mesh subdivisions should be finer The type of triangle used also exerts a certain influence Optimum conditions are achieved with equilateral triangles You can get an overview of the solution quality by calculating the same system with a coarser and a finer mesh subdivision and comparing the deviation of the two results The following general notes on the GGU SS FLOW2D program are important e triangular e
46. FLOW2D program allows modelling of steady state groundwater flow in horizontal plane vertical plane and axis symmetrical groundwater systems using the finite element method The program system includes a powerful mesh generator and easy to use routines for comfortable evaluation of the modelling results contours 3D graphics etc It is not the aim of this manual to offer an introduction to the finite element method For details of the finite element method please see O C Zienkiewicz Methode der Finiten Elemente Finite Element Methods Carl Hanser Verlag Munich Vienna 1984 The hydraulic basics used in the FE program can be taken from e g J Bub Unterstr mung von Deichen Announcement 92 Leichtweib Institut TU Braunschweig Data input is in accordance with WINDOWS conventions and can therefore be learned almost without a manual Graphics output supports the true type fonts supplied with WINDOWS so that excellent layout is guaranteed Colour output and any graphics e g files in formats BMP JPG PSP TIF etc are supported DXF files can also be imported by means of the integrated Mini CAD module see the Mini CAD manual The program system has been used in a large number of projects and has been thoroughly tested using analytical solutions and in comparison with other FEM applications No faults have been found Nevertheless liability for completeness and correctness of the program and the manual and for any dam
47. Modelling of groundwater flow using finite elements in two dimensional systems GGU SS FLOW2D VERSION 10 Last revision June 2015 Copyright Prof Dr Johann Bu Technical implementation and sales Civilserve GmbH Steinfeld Contents b SEE CD CG oot asc ects Tiros d eicere d cene vc 7 2 Licence protection and installation eee e eee eee ee eee eene eee ee ee eee e eese e eese ee ean 7 3 PAM GUABE Jic mecs TR 8 s ae ridtiirunidewilecnibec m 8 5 ShOEFLOOSCEIDUOID ene r 9 6 Theoretical principles o cscacsivccscoessscasceesccssausveusevecescscoesscenaceasauscessvacsevsstecs cosas caasauavecaeseevecoaan 11 AMMERGIIUSCUNN OO OLTRE 1 6 2 Hornzontalk plane SV SUSI eee sevo dan eaae qu ett val hana dob oe aaa vene cub decode cu vto aft a duis 12 6 3 Vertical plane system and axis symmetrical system eeeeesssssssssseeeeeeeeeeennnes 14 7 Description of menu Ire 16 dek Fe mea pa ioc kaw uae nat ge Ng dando ee 16 LLRI New IINE nc ea a aca a eal an ee oe ai aca 16 Vols Load mena Jemoet 16 Teo Dave Anen e si e T T ro rE s 16 FN SANE aS MEE e a Ea e UU NM 16 Tar PASCE Theil die Mr a a E atado mde 17 7 150 SW ASCHE Mer eer pe E 17 7 1 7 Export GGU 3D SSFLOW menu item eeeeceeseeeeeeeeeeeeeee enne nant 18 TAGS Brntoutput table menu 166 Iq teeTate ote tue cxi kon to ee tatu lt cedi tutt 18 TOL 1 Selecting Lie output TOLTOAU oit ao pos ORCI Hebe sts eb a ioo tends 18 7 1
48. OK The system is displayed on the screen However it is not drawn to scale To correct this proceed as follows A dimension line is shown at the top left it should be 15 m long Double click on this line with the left mouse button to open the editor box Lin L 16 0839 W 0 00 m x x1 m 6 9314 y1 m 30 3453 xz m 9 7526 ye m 30 3463 Manipulation In polar coordinates in Delta Coordinates Colour Line strength Imm 0 10 Dashing Continuous Lenath mm 5 Line type Normal line v Sree mm 0 0 je ith dim amaws with dim lines Rotate Use as default Don t move Use default Actions L3 7 Cancel Delete The actual length of the line is given at the top edge of the dialog box L 16 0839 This allows a reduction factor f target actual to be calculated f 15 0 16 0839 0 93261 GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 103 of 116 June 2015 In order to correspondingly reduce the drawing select the Modify objects tool from the Mini CAD toolbar and enter the calculated value of 0 93261 in the Zoom factor dialog box x oom factor 0 93261 oom around which paint Around object centre Around fied point with and y zh 0 0000 m 0 0000 Displacement z 0 0000 y 0 0000 Use for p coordinates v Use zoom factor on fonts In the lower group box of the dialog box you will see Use for sel
49. OW2D User Manual Page 115 of 116 N Navigation output table seeessssse 56 O Objects move with mouse esseee 60 Output table edit output as ASCII 21 Output table edit output as graphics 19 Output table navigation cccsseeeeeeeeeeees 20 Output table select the output format 18 Output table switch to system graphics 20 56 Page format define vei i in eere diete sas 62 Page margins define eeeeeeeesesssss 62 Page margins switch on off sssse 63 Page section copy print seessssss 56 88 Pagination automatic seseeeeesssss 20 21 Particle followbacku utet er ee test 17 Particle tracking method 71 Pen preferences aco vote Dae EN Ctr cetosks 54 Permeabilities edit units 48 59 Permeabilities enter sese renes 48 Phreatic line activate analysis 53 Phreatic line analysis for unsaturated DEC AS EE M ai E STR 15 52 Piezometric heads analysis 11 Piezometric heads define 41 Pipes delne acsi desto aure oa usu tee oa eu uus 45 Pipes define material properties 53 Pipes delete all secs do e teo eet uo tee der e t 46 Pipes delete individually partially
50. When importing the ASCII file you must specify the columns containing the x and the y values Import ASCII X File DO AGGU 55 FLOW 2D tet Row 2 of 242 rows F1 S 00000000000000E 0002 1 OO000000000000E 0002 amp S0000000000000E 0001 E Column delimiter Dat Column Column v z 3 Import first valid row f Space C Tab C Semicolon C Comma Ma of valid rows H esult 2 00nononononn f JOO00000000000 Cancel The current row of the ASCII file is shown at the top You can navigate through the file using the arrow buttons on the right If all the information is correct the result for the row is shown in the box below the column Otherwise an error message appears You may need to change the column delimiter If the file contains invalid as well as valid rows these will simply be skipped during the subsequent import Finally select the Import data button The imported coordinates can then be processed to form an FEM mesh T 1 6 Save ASCII file menu item If an FEM mesh has been generated the node coordinates can be saved to an ASCII file allowing them to be imported into other programs where required If you are working with a vertical plane system and the system has already been analysed an ASCII record can be exported especially for the GGU s GGU STABILITY slope stability appli cation This contains the calculated potentials beside the node coordinates These data can be dir
51. a different printer selected Using the Save button all preferences from this dialog box can be saved to a file in order to have them available for a later session If you select GGU SS FLOW2D drk as file name and save the file in the program folder default the file will be automatically loaded the next time you start the program Using the Page format button you can define amongst other things the size of the left margin and the number of rows per page The Header footer button allows you to enter a header and footer text for each page If the symbol appears within the text the current page number will be entered during printing e g Page The text size is given in Pts You can also change between Portrait and Landscape formats e Print pages group box If you do not wish pagination to begin with Z you can add an offset number to the check box This offset will be added to the current page number The output range is defined us ing From page no to page no e Output to group box Start output by clicking on Printer or File The file name can then be selected from or entered into the box If you select the Window button the results are sent to a separate window Further text editing options are available in this window as well as loading sav ing and printing GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 21 of 116 June 2015 7 1 9 Printer preferences menu item You can edit printer preferences e g swap betw
52. activate 55 System coordinates alter via editor 61 System coordinates alter with mouse 61 System coordinates optimise reset 61 System coordinates save load 61 System input using dxf bmp files 26 System properties display in legend 57 System sketch display in output table 19 System analyse aee etescestuteu cc pud eyes statuo acceda 51 System generate automatically 30 SV SLOT TOC roseo dece a Ud stt nda 27 System show current number of nodes elements BCS eeeeeese 48 System show groundwater filled volume 83 System show information cccccceeeeeeeeees 85 SYSE ESen ea id utro AE 50 GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 116 of 116 T Tables display for analysis results 69 Toolbar activate for 3D graphics 57 Toolbar edit for menu items 55 Transient GW analysis generate record 52 Translation activate eee 85 Transmissie S cei beri Ped ree bens 12 Tr estvDe FON o ER ER EE RU IRI DIS eee 55 Units COIVert ua epe A 48 59 Units notes on selection 5 Unsaturated zone define function kr 49 Unsaturated zone iteration for phreatic line calculation
53. age resulting from incompleteness or incorrectness cannot be accepted 2 Licence protection and installation In order to guarantee a high degree of quality a hardware based copy protection system is used for the GGU SS FLOW2D program The GGU software protected by the CodeMeter copy protection system is only available in conjunction with the CodeMeter stick copy protection component hardware for connection to the PC CM stick Because of the way the system is configured the protected software can only be operated with the corresponding CM stick This creates a fixed link between the software licence and the CM stick copy protection hardware the licence as such is thus represented by the CM stick The correct Runtime Kit for the CodeMeter stick must be installed on your PC Upon start up and during running the GGU SS FLOW2D program checks that a CM stick is connected If it has been removed the program can no longer be executed For installation of GGU software and the CodeMeter software please refer to the information in the Installation notes for GGU Software International which are supplied with the program GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 7 of 116 June 2015 3 Language selection GGU SS FLOW2D is a multilingual program The program always starts with the language set ting applicable when it was last ended The language preferences can be changed at any time in the menu using the menu item Lan guage preferences in Germa
54. ance increment 80 Flow lines calculate with time increment 8l Flow lines consider extraction well 78 Flow lines define delete points 79 Flow ines display issnin 71 Font selecti Tu cu donis ad iet EES 55 Font size define for general legend 57 Font size define for graphical elements 62 Font size define for kr f u legend 59 Font size define for pipe legend 60 Font size define for section legend 50 Font size define for soil properties legend 58 Footer output table cerea 19 Function KEYS uu Dios ended bd set iere euo et cde 87 Function kr f u display in legend 59 Function kr curves for typical soils 14 Function kr define 49 Function kr display as colour filled contours 65 Function kr display as normal contours 63 G General page information add via Mini AT usen ooo Heels reso 55 GGU 3D SSFLOW file export 18 GGUCAD file expott a d 23 GGUMiniCAD file export eens 24 GGU STABILITY file export 17 Gradients display as a circle chart 70 Gradients display as arrows 76 Gradients display as colour filled contours 65 Gradients display as normal contours
55. cities are di rected towards the well In this case end points can be defined in order to avoid unneces sarily long computation times A square area must be defined by the user around the end points If a water particle enters this square computation of the corresponding particle track is ended e Save points You can save starting points to a file in order to have them available for a different system e Load points Starting points saved using the previous button can be reloaded into the program using this button GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 78 of 116 June 2015 After selecting one of the buttons for defining points the following box opens ES ti i Preferences I In FEM mesh M Lock on to system nodes v Designate sources with q Sai colour as fill Action Define new points Supplement existing points Cancel The In FEM mesh check box displays the FEM mesh when specifying points otherwise only the system outline is displayed Defined points will be locked on to the system nodes closest to the mouse pointer when clicked if the Lock on to system nodes check box is activated Otherwise the points can be freely positioned within the system If some points are already defined further points may be added by pressing the Supplement existing points button Existing points are deleted if you exit the box via the Define new points button GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 79 of 11
56. ctor ensuring output to one page Fit to page button Following this you can enlarge to the original format on a copying machine to en sure true scaling Furthermore you may enter the number of copies to be printed GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 22 of 116 June 2015 If you have activated the tabular representation on the screen you will see a different dia log box for output by means of the File Print and export menu item button Printer Print several pages X Page sizes Output device Serilbsdeli Lesmark T E3U Output device mm 2 19 v 285 Printer Printer prefa change printer Portrait Output w Fit in automatically oom factor Ma of capies First page Last page Cancel Here you can select the table pages to be printed In order to achieve output with a zoom factor of 1 button Fit in automatically is deactivated you must adjust the page format to suit the size format of the output device To do this use the dialog box in File Print output table button Output as graphics e DXF file allows output of the graphics to a DXF file DXF is a common file format for transferring graphics between a variety of applications e GGUCAD file allows output of the graphics to a file in order to enable further processing with the GGUCAD program Compared to output as a DXF file this has the advantage that no loss of colour quality occurs during export e Clipboard The
57. d Move objects menu item Select this menu item in order to position legends or other graphical elements at the desired posi tion on the output sheet You can also move objects by pressing F11 and then positioning the legend box with the left mouse button pressed In that case an info box appears no more Save graphics preferences menu item Some of the preferences you made with the menu items of the Graphics preferences menu can be saved to a file If you select GGU SS FLOW2D alg as file name and save the file on the same level as the program the data will be automatically loaded the next time the program is star ted and need not be entered again If you do not go to File New upon starting the program but open a previously saved file instead the preferences used at the time of saving are shown If subsequent changes in the general preferences are to be used for existing files these preferences must be imported us ing the menu item Graphics preferences Load graphics preferences Load graphics preferences menu item You can reload a graphics preferences file into the program which was saved using the Graph ics preferences Save graphics preferences menu item Only the corresponding data will be refreshed 7 7 Page size margins menu 7 7 1 Auto resize menu item This menu item provides a to scale visualisation in both x and y coordinates of the system and result graphics If you have previously altered t
58. d as a polygon using 4 counter clockwise points You will then see the following dialog box x Centroid of diffuse source for all elements with centroids in the selected quadrilateral Value of diffuse source 1 OOO000E E Add diffuse source Cancel Delete all If you activate the Add diffuse source check box the value entered will be added to any diffuse sources already present If negative entries are made the diffuse source is reduced correspondingly If you click the Delete all button all existing diffuse sources are deleted and you can define a new diffuse source after specifying a new polygon GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 44 of 116 June 2015 7 4 9 Diffuse sources for soils menu item Individual soils can be defined as diffuse sources by assigning a discharge to the respective soil e g m3 s m2 Select the soil in the dialog box and enter the value for the diffuse source Diffuse source e g m2 s m for soils X Value of diffuse source 1 00000E G For soil no 1 Determine value of diffuse source from sum LI Assign an diffuse source now Y es Cancel Alternatively you can have the value of the diffuse source determined by the program If you click the button Determine value of diffuse source from sum Q you must enter the discharge for the area of the selected soil in the new dialog box The program then determines the value for the diffuse source from the data given You can t
59. da All elements C All elements with sail na 1 C Al elements with sail no lt 3 Iw Consider potential Which method 1 2 3 Cancel Go through this procedure a second time You should now have a system with 272 triangles and 163 nodes You can check this by going to the System Info menu item Go to the Mesh Optimise menu item and then click the Topology button GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 109 of 116 June 2015 9 2 8 Step 7 Analyse system Example 2 Go to the menu item System Analyse and confirm the iterative equation solver Start analysis 0 Was SL AU Sa Ta Leser p EDI ELT T Bn ers tarmT se ermplie s aie sn Sra DS Toc an 00001000 35000000 Enter a value of 0 5 for the damping and click the Start button Depending on the power of your computer you will informed after a certain time that analysis is complete Info GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 110 of 116 June 2015 9 2 9 9 2 10 Step 8 Evaluate potentials Example 2 A colour filled contour diagram of the potentials will be generated Select the Evalua tion Coloured men u item and then Potentials from the subsequent option box The following dialogue box then opens Potentials in colour X Contour data Minimum value 15 0000 Maximum value 20 0000 Determine extreme values Colour till a Colour 1 Colour 2 Ma of colours ja Change colour series Further preferences
60. diis E E AE o oci 30 Interpolation mesh use for z values ASSIS Da OTE a eset idasi e y ac doe det 38 Iteration abort criteria e 52 Iteration non confined aquifer 12 Iteration phreatic line calculation 52 Iteration unsaturated areas 15 K Knowledge Base access s sssseeeeeeeeeeeees 85 k value edit units 48 59 Language preferences iue dde deris 8 85 Layer boundaries display as contours 37 Layer boundaries display in section 37 Layer thickness display as contours 34 Layout define for output sheet 62 Layout define for output table 19 Leaky aquifer influence on analysis 13 Legend move with mouse eeeesss 60 Licence protectio seneni apr nd osa dpa 7 Linear sources define delete 43 M Manual open as PDF file 85 Metalle SCX Olt secas dici dv ME MEGH eres 23 Mini CAD file export eeeeeeeeeeenenn 24 Mini CAD display objects behind system DEODIHOS eti dose ire oot I Cox t nes ees erste 55 Mini CAD USC scvisisscvescsscsestevcnceasessssusecsssteaweeves 55 Mouse click functions 87 Mouse wheel functions eeeeeeeeee 86 GGU SS FL
61. e 7 3 4 Modify depths menu item You can modify all z values as a function of the existing z values The following dialog box shows an example where the base of the aquifer lies at 12 m below the existing aquifer top at all nodes Modify depths X Modify depths Aq base Ag bases r Ag top v Ag top Constant 1 2 00000 C Blankettop Blanket top Cancel 7 3 5 In section menu item After defining a quadrilateral all nodes within it can be assigned new z values top of aquifer base of aquifer and where required top of blanket If the Show depths check box is activated in the message box the nodes are labelled with the current depth This provides a good overview of the possible depth ranges present GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 36 of 116 June 2015 7 3 6 Layer boundary contours menu item In order to clearly present the layer situation it is possible to generate a contour diagram of the top of the aquifer aq top or the base of the aquifer aq base or the top of the blanket blanket top for a leaky aquifer x Contours of layer boundaries Blanket top Aquifer tap Aquifer base Cancel C Normal Colowed 3D Define the type of contour diagram using the Normal Coloured and 3D option buttons Details are described in Sections 7 8 1 to 7 8 3 Exit the dialog box by clicking the button for the layer for which the contour diagram is to be displayed 7 3 7 Layer thick
62. e at y 100 Node atv 2 DLL Node at y 3 000 459 M NM M IM I Made at v Array Use array Array spacing x Amap spacing v Iw Lock on ta Mini CAD lines After exiting the box by clicking OK the mouse cursor appears as a rectangle If the end points of Mini CAD lines are within this rectangle the program will lock on to these end points You don t need to exactly hit the end points Now click all principal points in the system including the intersection of water table and slope in any order Take care to ensure that the mouse cursor rectangle surrounds the necessary Mini CAD line ends In all you must click on 15 points Finally donate a further point at x 25 and y 5 centre of bottom system edge This auxiliary point only serves to give a nicer mesh for the following mesh creation As none of the DXF lines end here a node at this point will not exactly match the coordinates given above In order to posi tion this point exactly select the menu item Mesh Edit and double click on the nodes Then enter the coordinates Now go to the menu item Mesh Automatic The program connects the 16 nodes to a triangular mesh The program creates a mesh which surrounds all nodes For this reason 2 to 3 superfluous elements are created on the water side and on the air side To delete these select the menu item Mesh Delete and trace around the centroids of the superfluous elements with the rectangle
63. e centre of the system and enter a potential of 65 m AD If you have problems actually hitting the node enlarge the screen view by tracing the inner region with the left mouse button and the Ctrl key pressed The Esc key resets the screen to an overall view Note on boundary conditions The case of an impermeable boundary is automatically taken into consideration by the finite element method Valid is that all system boundaries or partial boundaries which do not posses source or potential boundary conditions are automatically impermeable In finite element theory this type of boundary condition is also known as a natural boundary condition GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 94 of 116 June 2015 9 1 7 Step 6 Optimise element topology Example 1 In principle it is always a good idea to optimise the element topology before commencing model ling However in horizontal plane systems this means that the values for aquifer base and aquifer top cannot be adapted to the new location due to the displacement of individual nodes If the val ues for aquifer base and aquifer top vary within the system the program will issue a warning Generally topology optimisation should always be performed after defining the potential bound ary conditions because the program does not displace nodes with potential boundary conditions during optimisation If optimisation is carried out before defining the boundary conditions the location of the well point
64. e g m AD The transmissibilities result from the product of the coefficient of permeability k or k and the groundwater thickness in the aquifer d in e g m In the case of a confined aquifer the value d is known in advance In the case of a non confined aquifer the transmissibilities are not immediately known as depending upon the position of the groundwater table different levels will occur at different positions see Figure 1 In this case an iteration is necessary to analyse each system in order to determine the position of the phreatic line This iteration process is carried out by the program automatically roundwater thickness in NASA A A y A Sa 4 ONE 2 i 9 or XO oe O 40000 AAAAANSSRARASAS ANNNNARAEASASNASSSSAAS Confining layer Figure 1 Groundwater thickness in aquifer GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 12 of 116 June 2015 For the iterative determination of the groundwater thickness in the aquifer the program first uses an estimation of the phreatic line In the current program version this is taken as the top of the aquifer With the resulting transmissibilities the program calculates in the first iteration step the piezometric head at all nodes From these piezometric heads the transmissibilities for the second iteration step are calculated The process is carried on until the transmissibilities between iteration step 1 and i 1 fall below a user defined deviation Note on leaky aquifer The ter
65. e na With element no With sail na v Pipes with material no Cancel Display mesh After leaving the dialog box via the OK button the preferences will be adopted The Display mesh button produces a direct representation of the FEM mesh using the selected preferences If the FEM mesh representation does not fill the screen point to the Auto resize menu item in the Page size margins menu or press F9 7 2 2 Mesh menu item After going to this menu item the FEM mesh is displayed as defined in Mesh Preferences T 2 3 Outline menu item After going to this menu item the outlines of the various soils used in the FEM mesh are displayed as defined in Mesh Preferences GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 25 of 116 June 2015 7 2 4 Define nodes menu item You can use the left mouse button to define a new node or the right mouse button to delete a pre viously defined node This menu item can also be reached using F3 If you are editing a horizon tal plane system each new point created using this menu item will be assigned the default depths see z Default depths menu item Section 7 3 2 When setting new nodes the current x and y coordinates of the mouse are shown in the status bar at the bottom of the window If you have access to a scanner you can scan in the system to be processed and save it e g as a bitmap file extension bmp This bitmap can be displayed on the screen using the Mini CAD program
66. ect x coordinates The drawing is now to scale in x direction and only needs to be adapted in y direction A dimension line is shown at the right it should be 10 m long Double click on this line with the left mouse button and read the actual length from the editor box once again L 20 6922 This allows a reduction factor f to be calculated f 10 0 20 6922 0 48327 In order to correspondingly reduce the drawing select the Modify objects tool from the Mini CAD toolbar and enter the calculated Zoom factor of 0 48327 In the lower group box of the dialog box this time select y coordinates for Use for and confirm your input with OK The system is now to scale only the heights do not fit So double click the basin floor line at the left of the system with the left mouse button because the height of this line is known GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 104 of 116 June 2015 Line L 15 0000 W 0 00 m 1 m 4 8571 y1 m 13 4518 nz mj n 7 2 m 10 1323 Manipulation In polar coordinates in Delta Coordinates aM Colour Line strength Imm 0 10 Dashing Continuous Length mmi 5 Line type Normal line m Size mm 0 0 i with dim amaws with dim lines Rotate Use as default Don t move Use default Actions L3 7 Cancel Delete The y value of this line is shown after y1 13 4518 However it should be at 15 0 m AD This identifies the disp
67. ectly utilised in GGU STABILITY as a pore water pressure mesh GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 17 of 116 June 2015 7 1 7 Export GGU 3D SSFLOW menu item Using this menu item it is possible to export a previously analysed horizontal plane system to the GGU s groundwater modelling program GGU 3D SSFLOW for further processing The GGU 3D SSFLOW application allows analysis of groundwater flow using finite elements in three dimensional systems 7 1 8 Print output table menu item 7 1 8 1 Selecting the output format You can have a table printed containing the current analysis results The results can be sent to the printer or to a file e g for further editing in a word processor The output contains all informa tion on the current state of analysis including the system data You have the option of designing and printing the output table as an annex to your report within the GGU SS FLOW2D program To do this select Output as graphics from the following options Select output X Select output Output as ASCII Cancel If you prefer to easily print or process the data in a different application you can send them di rectly to the printer or save them to a file using the Output as ASCII button GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 18 of 116 June 2015 7 1 8 2 Button Output as graphics If you selected the Output as graphics button in the previous dialog box a further dialog box opens in which you can define further pr
68. een portrait and landscape or change the printer in accordance with WINDOWS conventions 7 1 10 Print and export menu item You can select your output format in a dialog box You have the following possibilities e Printer allows graphic output of the current screen contents graphical representation to the WINDOWS default printer or to any other printer selected using the menu item File Printer preferences But you may also select a different printer in the following dialog box by pressing the Printer prefs change printer button LN 0x Page sizes Output device servil sereersLexmark T E3U Output device mm x 285 v 201 Image mm 420 0 v 297 0 Printer Printer prets change printer Landscape Output preferences oom Factor 1 000 Fit ta page Page overlap x mm D ggg Page overlap v mm D ogg Output of 4 pages 2 wide to 4 Print pages Ma of copies m Cancel In the upper group box the maximum dimensions which the printer can accept are given Below this the dimensions of the image to be printed are given If the image is larger than the output format of the printer the image will be printed to several pages in the above ex ample 4 In order to facilitate better re connection of the images the possibility of enter ing an overlap for each page in x and y direction is given Alternatively you also have the possibility of selecting a smaller zoom fa
69. eferences for result visualisation Graphical table preferences X Page sizes Page height mm 257 0 ral Page width mm 21 0 0 M Borders w Incorporate graphics Page margins mm Left 2500 Right 800 Top B t Bottom 6 00 M Page borders Output table margins Upper margin mm 120 Lower margin mm 120 Lett margin mr 50 Hight margin mm 50 Font Font size mm Line spacing Header r With headers Edit Ine Iw with footers Edit Cancel You can define the desired layout for the output table in various areas of the dialog box By acti vating the Incorporate graphics button a sketch of the system is integrated 1n the output table If you need to add a header or footer e g for page numbering activate the appropriate check boxes With headers and or With footers and click on the Edit button You can then edit as required in a further dialog box GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 19 of 116 June 2015 Height Font size Height Footers mm 20 0 F wh Font size mm 2B Iv with frame Text Left justified amp Centered C Right justified annes 4 Output table Info place holder For page number place holder for no of pages e g Page H of pages Offset Offset for page number Offset For no of pages Cancel Automatic pagination can also be employed here if you work with the placeholders as descr
70. elete individual FEM elements 30 aM ty E e hee ae Delete individual FEM nodes 26 Colour bar define for contours 66 p Delete individual potential BCSs 4 Colours activate display in soil properties legend cdd eno tet Ds m ti du 58 Perte une RM E NS T Colours define for interpolation FEM mesh 38 Delete point SOULCES s ooo roi o Ere 43 Colours ec ue i er it e e 58 Delete several blanket layer BCs 47 Colours Mer dur MM MM 56 Delete several FEM elements 31 j EPO EE A MG Delete several potential BCs 42 Colours pens define for graphical elements 54 Delet BC 42 Company letterhead add via Mini CAD 55 elete several source BCS ssse GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 113 of 116 June 2015 Differential equation horizontal plane system 12 Differential equation vertical plane system 14 Diffuse sources define for certain soils 45 Diffuse sources define delete for certain eleme ue eoe tr av eee dar eo RO 44 Diffuse sources raise reduce value 44 Dimension convert eene eene 48 59 Discharge in blanket layer display as Cele Cha Seo bon voor alivedidivabedi deben duos 71 Discharge in blanket layer display as colour filled contours eere 84 D
71. em oiov x ev een vva e rea T vD UE SE Ur an P Y vtr Enel 45 T2 12 Derme pipes teu Jesu tedio toda dados rot tabutet so a vast 45 14 13 Delete PIPES Menu LCM 2 532 2255252 0852 5 55 025292 07099088040 8 0 8 0 485 2508 0 2 020 5 E 46 7 4 14 Individual blankets menu item only for leaky aquifer essssssssse 46 7 4 15 Blankets In section menu item only for leaky aquifer 47 7 4 16 Blankets Linear menu item only for leaky aquifer seeeuusuusss 47 GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 3 of 116 June 2015 7559 25 SUC TI DEN Gegen ood od tundtopd eo Ned obudouieut a eaS 48 Tdk NTO CMU TIC ITI seans Doecuitisos tons ates dance atu o Donsettina taut E Donee v bpatE sena duas o 48 TiO Ptojeettdentarrcaton Menu TIe HH on sedeo asd b ten kate el lass eL e ge 48 449 9 SSO MOPE neS MENU IOTDE toe opiaek amodo dave E ao rita 48 ET MAUS AMISIT UU Us 50 suni er cm 51 7 5 5 1 Notes on bandwidth units and equation solvers eseeseeeese 51 duc 2v SSUATL ANALYSIS ocersmustdaisdt 0 OI OE stents od Hebdo das IPIE iE I DUE EO do dato SES ad acd 52 T 3 6 Pipe maternal menu MOT do ores oe roo I E E EE E A UU DUN Eee 53 ToT Undo He HU eiee E A 53 LS Restore mMenu We Mersan 53 LII uP RETCTEMCCS menu e Mes a r ogecukcus bubo Drs Ceuta 53 1S Graphies preferences Me Maure oec hen e A EE E E 54 7 6 1 Refresh and ZOOM menu eM eieae re
72. er you may also calculate the discharge for the blanket only by activating the additional Discharge through blanket check box GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 71 of 116 June 2015 7 8 8 Calculate in section menu item You can calculate the discharge along a section through the system To do this define a section by clicking the appropriate nodes using the left mouse button Inter mediate points are inserted automatically by the program The last point in the list 1s deleted by clicking the right mouse button When the section is located where you want it press Return The calculated discharge through this section will be displayed in an info box SSS x Discharge through the section 2 85511 3BE 3 __ Save section Here you also have the option of saving the section to a file You can repeat the procedure imme diately for a different section after clicking on OK If you click this menu item a second time the following dialog box opens Discharge in section X To define a section click the left mouse button an the system nodes After pressing the Return key the discharge through this section will be calculated Load section Prev section By pressing OK you can now create a new section or using the other buttons either return to the previous section or load one saved earlier Sections previously saved to a file can be loaded either via the menu item Evaluation Values in node section or if saved us
73. er level blanket top c button assigns the selected elements either a water level corresponding to the top of the blanket or the top of the blanket plus a constant c 7 4 16 Blankets Linear menu item only for leaky aquifer General principles on the definition of blankets can be found in the Boundary Individual blan kets menu item see Section 7 4 14 Using this menu item it is possible to assign a linearly variable water level above the blanket to several elements This can be useful for example if you need to model a semi pervious water course where the bed has been subject to colmation that is it has a blanket layer and displays a variable water level within the system After going to this menu item you click the nodes of the FEM mesh to which a variable water level is to be assigned Press the Return key to then enter a start and an end water level above the blanket The selected elements are assigned a water level proportional to the separation of the element centres increasing from the start water level to the end water level GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 47 of 116 June 2015 7 5 System menu 7 5 1 Info menu item You will see information on the current system with the number of elements nodes and boundary conditions in a dialog box 7 5 2 Project identification menu item You can enter a description of the current system this will then be used in the general legend see Section 7 6 9 7 5 3 Soil
74. es If different values for aquifer base and aquifer top as well as for top of blanket layer exist in the system the program will issue a warning In this case activate the Adapt aq base and aq top or Adapt aq base and aq top and blanket top the values are then adapted appropriately by the program using interpolation between the neighbouring nodes It is possible to assign the precise values via an interpolation mesh following the optimisation see Step 7 in Ex ample 1 Section 9 1 8 7 2 15 Align menu item By clicking the left mouse button it is possible to select a node to be aligned depending on certain criteria e g on a circle GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 32 of 116 June 2015 7 2 16 Refine individually menu item Mesh elements can be selected for refinement using the following menu item Mesh refinement X Left click an element Backspace ta unda v Consider potential Which method E ome BT Upon activating the Consider potential check box new nodes located immediately between two nodes with potential boundary conditions will be assigned the average of the two values This procedure is not unequivocal when applied to source boundary conditions and can lead to misun derstandings Source boundary conditions are therefore not refined in the course of mesh refine ment A description of the 3 refinement methods can be found in Section 7 2 19 7 2 17 Section menu item A number of elements previo
75. ese two values The water level above the blanket is defined for each element If you click a single element the following dialog box opens Blanket water level X Blanket water level element 123 32 500 Delete Cancel Enter the water level above the blanket and assign it to the selected element by clicking the De fine button Alternatively you can also edit an existing water level or remove it completely using the Delete button GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 46 of 116 June 2015 7 4 15 Blankets In section menu item only for leaky aquifer General principles on the definition of blankets can be found in the Boundary Individual blan kets menu item see Section 7 4 14 After going to this menu item several FEM elements can be simultaneously assigned a blanket boundary condition in a defined section or an existing boundary condition can be deleted To do this left click four points counter clockwise a right mouse click resets the selected points The definition refers to all nodes with their centroids within the quadrilateral The following dialog box appears Blanket water level X Water level above blanket for all elements with centroids in the selected quadrilateral Water level 24 000 Delete Water level blanket top c Cancel The Delete button deletes any existing water levels The entered water level is assigned to the selected elements using the Define button The Wat
76. essed you activate the zoom function 1 e the selected section will fill the screen Use the mouse wheel to zoom in or out of the screen view or to pan In addition scale and coordinates of the system graphics drawing area within the plotting mar gins can be altered directly using the mouse wheel The following mouse wheel functions are available Change system graphics new values can be checked in Page size margins Manual resize editor e Ctrl mouse wheel up enlarge system graphics change of scale e Ctrl mouse wheel down shrink system graphics change of scale e Shift mouse wheel up move system graphics up change in system coordinates e Shift mouse wheel down move system graphics down change in system coordinates e Shift Ctrl mouse wheel up move system graphics right change in system coordinates e Shift Ctrl mouse wheel down move system graphics left change in system coordinates Change screen coordinates e Mouse wheel up move screen image up e Mouse wheel down move screen image down e Alt Ctrl mouse wheel up enlarge screen image zoom in e Alt Ctrl mouse wheel down shrink screen image zoom out e Alt Shift mouse wheel up move screen image right e Alt Shift mouse wheel down move screen image left GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 86 of 116 June 2015 If you click the right mouse button anywhere on the screen a cont
77. everal FEM nodes 36 June 2015
78. everal seconds for complex screen contents the GGU SS FLOW2D screen is not refreshed after every alteration If you would like to refresh the screen contents press either F2 or Esc The Esc key addi tionally sets the screen presentation back to your current zoom which has the default value 1 0 corresponding to an A3 format sheet 5 Short description As reading manuals is from personal experience a bit of a chore there will now follow a short description of the main program functions After reading this section you will be in a position to analyse steady state groundwater flow Details can then be taken from further chapters Worked examples can be found in Section 9 e Design the system you wish to analyse e Start the GGU SS FLOW2D program and go to the menu item File New Answer the question of the Common systems dialog box with No Select the type of system which you would like to work with e If necessary fit the page coordinates to those of your system For this use the menu item Page size margins Manual resize editor e Then go to the menu item Mesh Define nodes e Click on the principal nodes points of your system with the mouse The points will be numbered Alternatively you can also enter the system nodes in tabular form using the menu item Mesh Change When defining nodes in horizontal plane systems new nodes will be assigned default depths top and base of aquifer which may be edited with t
79. ext menu containing the princi pal menu items opens Maormal contours Coloured Discharge Calculate in section Values in node section User defined section Velocities gradients Contours velocities Individual values Print and export By double clicking the left mouse button on legends or Mini CAD objects the editor for the se lected element immediately opens allowing it to be edited You can simplify system input by integrating graphics or DXF files into the system via the Mini CAD module see Mini CAD manual The size of the graphics or the DXF data can be imported to the correct scale However this is not absolutely necessary for mesh generation If you do not model the system to scale using a graphics file you can perform a scale correction after input is complete using the menu item Mesh Change nodes Via equation button see Section 7 2 5 8 2 Function keys Some of the function keys are assigned program functions The allocations are noted after the corresponding menu items The individual function key allocations are e Esc refreshes the screen contents and sets the screen back to the given format This is useful if for example you have used the zoom function to display parts of the screen and would like to quickly return to a complete overview e F1 opens the manual file e F2 refreshes the screen without altering the current magnification e F3 opens the menu item Mesh Define nodes e
80. folder from which the program is started and if several files are created the file is given the file name Image0 emf with sequential numbering If the Rename button in the dialog box is clicked a file selector box opens and the copied area can be saved under a different name in a user defined folder Saving can be aborted by pressing the De lete button If the Printer button was pressed in the first dialog box a dialog box for defining the printer settings opens after marking the area Following this a dialog box for defining the image output settings opens After confirming the settings the defined area is output to the selected printer GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 88 of 116 June 2015 9 Worked examples 9 1 Example 1 Analysis of a horizontal plane system 9 1 1 System description Example 1 Following a concrete example of calculation of a horizontal plane system will be shown A sys tem with the following dimensions is to be investigated Impermeable boundary Q lt E O N 69 0 m AD h h Impermeable boundary Figure 9 Example of a horizontal plane system The system is depicted in the figure in plan A section of the groundwater system of 200 300 m is to be considered It is known from groundwater level measurements that without the influence of the well a parallel groundwater flow from left to right is present The water level at the left system edge is 70 m AD and at the right sys
81. gram shows you the existing smallest and largest values and the spacing of the contour lines If you want the visualisation to begin at a different value the initial value can be entered here You can also vary the spacing for example in order to reduce the number of contour lines drawn GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 63 of 116 June 2015 When you select this menu item the settings displayed here are always those automatically se lected by the program Using the Old values button the preferences used for the previous con tour line diagram are adopted This information is saved with the record You can also select from three smoothing out procedures e Do not smooth As a linear method is implemented within the triangle elements this will provide analysis results without smoothing performed by the program e Method 1 and Method 2 these smoothing out procedures employ two different Bezier splines Smoothing out inten sities can be given for both in order to acquire smooth contour lines Method 2 creates very round contours with the danger that the true results may be falsified You can specify the type of visualisation for the contour lines by means of the Dash prefer ences and Further preferences buttons By activating the appropriate check box the soil col our can be used as fill Because the program uses unsaturated permeabilities for its analysis of vertical plane sys tems potentials for the unsaturated zone are als
82. gure 7 FEM mesh refinement using Method 2 GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 34 of 116 June 2015 e Method 3 A new triangle element is inserted at the median of the clicked triangle element The neigh bouring triangle elements are halved a IN fe Figure 8 FEM mesh refinement using Method 3 7 3 z menu for horizontal plane systems only 7 3 1 General note The z menu appears for horizontal plane systems only It allows simple definition of the z values of a system i e the definition of the top of the aquifer the base of the aquifer and in addition the top of the blanket for a leaky aquifer 7 3 2 Default depths menu item The default depths defined in this dialog box are assigned to all new FEM nodes defined using the Mesh Define nodes menu item The additional entry Blanket top appears in the dialog box for a leaky aquifer Default depths X Default depths Aquifer base 15 0000 Aquifer tap 21 0000 Blanket top 25 0000 Load Save Far all Cancel If you edit the given value and leave the dialog box using Done the newly defined depths will be adopted as of this moment for newly defined nodes If nodes are already defined they can also be retroactively assigned z values using the For all button GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 35 of 116 June 2015 7 3 3 Individual depths menu item The z values of nodes top bottom of aquifer top of blanket layer can be edited by double clicking a nod
83. h mri 0 2 W Label Font size mrm 20 Decimal places neg gt expo format 2 MHormal section Fence diagram As fence diagram 1 0000 Actions L3 Cancel Save section You can now specify whether the section should be displayed in colour You can also define the intercept of the x axis with the y axis by entering a value for y0 In this case the Use check box must be activated If you do not use this option the x axis will intercept the y axis at the smallest y value The section can also be displayed as a fence diagram You can save the section in order to load it again at a later date see above Max length m If you have activated Show section course using the menu item Graphics prefer ences Section legend see Section 7 6 11 a location sketch is automatically displayed on the screen showing the system outline and the defined section GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 75 of 116 June 2015 7 8 11 Velocities gradients menu item The velocity field can be visualised using this menu item The size and direction of the seepage velocity are shown vs k 1 neff velocities gradients X The maximum seepage velocity is 4 44546 5 maximum gradient 2 8107 EU Length L of the maximum flow arrow In the graphics 1 000 Gradients instead of velocities Velocity arrows on the nodes Colour arrow heads ES Arrow colour Show velocity when length lt 1000 000
84. haee sete rn aee oed eee bn bei root bns 61 qnd Pasesize andamarerns Menu TES ITI oie oes eupes ieren ar 62 Tx bencs eselecuon mieu 140 oos oco oe stp oes escas sas etu Ei vd cud 62 Teac Mate mnsand borders Then eNi tusasco sait e edt teb cedit t a totu Ple me cda Pa 63 T1 Designation of potential ment Item messiin aaa en 63 1 0 Evaluator me mie ood caveri e TE T E E 63 Tod Nornmabcontours Meni Meisene E E 63 Le Coloured nur t UT 65 gi gt SIDE INNS TEC IN ce m Um 66 TO MET BE VASA RERO UU UU mU 68 duode STADES MCU Tle Meco 9 122 0292745125822125 stags 082 tad TOP DOS Co N aE 69 GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 4 of 116 June 2015 7 8 6 Circles menu 1tCM ccccceccecoscoscaccsccscoscascacceccscascacssceecscasceceecescascessecesceses 70 LST DiSChar S60 qe fiu TU DIT 646692 eeni E E S 71 759 5 Caluk m SECON Thenu ell scie teo od ol odeurs te teto nel dtt ES dota 72 79 9 NMaluesqnode Secuom MENU 3106 DIY ois tues dnce bitu E CR tio ss Lodo xeu rptu a ridet ud 73 7 9 10 Usetrsdelined section ment TIeT sudes cape ioodu tus odiei be reste e optabat Ugo dudes a ique d isast 74 745 11 Velocities t Sracients menu teM ois ete e a Vere re EL EE Ue eo ee eso uas 76 7 9 012 C ODEOUFS e VeloCIteS SHETIUCTLOTES eus cocci erd or pdt undi a TI 1813 Individual valies menu MeMa essersi TE T 7 8 14 Flow lines preferences menu item eessseseeeeennmmmmmemeneeennnnnnn nnn dd Tee WAAL PiITDIOS xd
85. he menu item z Default depths e Ifthe nodes are outside of the page coordinates go to the menu item Page size margins Auto resize or use the F9 key e Now go to the menu item Mesh Manual mesh and combine the nodes in groups of three to triangular elements In this way you create a coarse structure for your system Alternatively you may have the program do this work for you using the menu item Mesh Automatic e If you would like to edit the positions of mesh nodes go to the menu items Mesh Change Mesh Move or Mesh Edit e If for horizontal plane systems you would like to edit the positions of top and base of aq uifer use one of the menu items z Individual depths z Modify or z In section Using z Layer boundary contours you can get an overview of the positions of the top and base of the aquifer e If you would like to delete a triangular element go to the menu item Mesh Manual mesh again and click on the corner nodes of the appropriate element Using this menu item try double clicking in a triangular element e The screen contents can be refreshed at any time using ESC or F2 GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 9 of 116 June 2015 e Create a fine structure for your system using the menu items Mesh Refine individually Mesh Section or Mesh All e Even after a mesh refinement you can alter the system as you wish using Mesh Define nodes Mesh Manual mesh etc e For demonstration purpo
86. he image coordinates graphically or via editor you can quickly achieve a complete view using this menu item This function can also be accessed using the F9 function key 7 7 2 Manual resize mouse menu item You can use the coordinates of a section of the visualisation as the new image coordinates by marking the desired area with the mouse pressing the left mouse button and holding the Ctrl and Shift keys The scales of the x and y axes are adjusted accordingly If the previous propor tions scale x direction scale y direction need to be retained the Proportional section check box must be activated Alternatively you can simply Redefine origin of the visualisation The previous scale prefer ences are not affected by this 7 7 3 Manual resize editor menu item You can alter the image coordinates by direct numerical input in a dialog box This allows precise scale input The coordinates refer to the drawing area This can be defined in the Page size margins Page size and margins menu item by means of the plot margins see Section 7 7 4 The image coordinates entered here can be saved in a file with the extension bxy and be re loaded later for the same file or for different files If you want to recover the previous values during input or use the menu item again after editing the coordinates you can do this by pressing the Old values button GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 61 of 116 June 2015 7 7 4 Page si
87. he required iteration deviation for compu tation of the phreatic line is defined here The program aborts the iteration if the deviation of the potentials at all nodes is below this limit value for two consecutive iterations It avoids a negative iteration values in horizontal plane systems e Damping Oscillation around the actual solution can occur during computation of the phreatic line in complicated groundwater systems This oscillation is damped by the damping factor Val ues between 0 0 and 0 95 make the most sense A value of 1 0 complete damping makes no sense and will therefore not be accepted by the program Oscillations occur primarily when the curve of the kr u function is very steep e g as for sand GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 52 of 116 June 2015 7 5 6 7 5 7 7 5 8 7 5 9 An additional button appears in the dialog box for vertical plane or axis symmetrical systems e System with phreatic line Specify whether a phreatic line should be computed for the system e Dynamic damping In extreme groundwater systems it may not be possible to reach a solution using normal damping An analysis using dynamic damping may then be carried out After every five iteration steps the damping value is increased by 0 05 up to a maximum of 0 99 You will be informed on progress during the computation After computation is complete you will see a message box showing the computation time You can then move on to the Evaluation menu
88. hen accept this value 7 4 10 Individual soils menu item After selecting the type of FEM system screen representation the soil number assignments can be edited for individual elements of the FEM mesh This assigns these elements the soil properties that were defined in the System Soil properties menu item see Section 7 5 3 7 4 11 Soils In section menu item After selecting the type of FEM system screen representation you define a polygon by clicking 4 points in counter clockwise direction All elements with their centroid within this polygon can be assigned a different soil number The associated soil properties are defined in the System Soil properties menu item see Section 7 5 3 7 4 12 Define pipes menu item Left click system nodes to define pipe elements which can then be assigned a material number after pressing the Return key The defined pipes are shown with the appropriate material num ber in the graphics The colour and width of the lines can be edited using the Graphics prefer ences Pen colour and width menu item see Section 7 6 3 If you need to delete individual pipes or sections of them click the system node again accept with the Return key and exit the material number dialog box by pressing OK Click the Delete old pipe button until all sections of the marked pipe are deleted and then define the new pipe if required If you exit the box by pressing Cancel before you are finished the undeleted
89. ibed After exiting the dialog boxes using OK you will see a further dialog box in which you can select the parameters to be used in the output table If you click the Start button the output table is presented on the screen page by page To navigate between the pages use the arrow tools in the toolbar If you need to jump to a given page or back to the graphical representa tion click on the t tool You will then see the following box Curent page Mew page 1 To nomal view Cancel GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 20 of 116 June 2015 7 1 8 8 Button Output as ASCII You can have your analysis data sent to the printer without further work on the layout or save it to a file for further processing using a different program e g a word processing application After selecting the button Output as ASCII you will see a further dialog box in which you can select the parameters to be used If you click the Start button the following dialog box appears in which you can define output preferences Printer preferences Edit Load Save Page format Headertooter f Portrait Font size pts H Print pages From page na Offset for page number to page na 99 Output Eo Cancel Printer File C Landscape In the dialog box you can define output preferences e Printer preferences group box Using the Edit button the current printer preferences can be changed or
90. in the centre may be altered Go to the Mesh Optimise menu item and click the Topology button in the dialog box After acknowledging the warning message you will see the following dialog box Optimisation x Optimisation of element topology The analysis is time consuming and can be stopped by right mouse click lw with graphics M Adapt aq base and aq top Cancel If you activate the Adapt aq base and aq top check box the values for aq base and aq top are adapted to the displaced nodes as well as possible during optimisation The menu item z Layer boundary contours allows you to convince yourself that the base of the aquifer no longer dis plays an exactly linear drop from left to right In order to restore the exact course the values for aq base and aq top are defined in the next step via an interpolation mesh GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 95 of 116 June 2015 9 1 8 Step 7 Assign aquifer base using interpolation mesh Example 1 Go to the z Nodes menu item and click x nodes to edit Change the number of nodes to 4 and enter the values from the dialog box below Interpolation mesh X Forw Back Cancel Done Goto no EN Ma x m v m z m 2 uo 2x19 sao 3 3x ano 50x amp mi 200100 50995 L By doing this you define the four points of the interpolation mesh A small surcharge of 0 1 was used with reference to the corner nodes of the FEM mesh in
91. in the following dialog box Enter 5 as the new number of FEM nodes and confirm the input Then enter the five coordinate pairs in the table GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 90 of 116 June 2015 Coordinates x1 Forw Back Cancel Impart clipboard Goto no EH 3 FEM nodes to edit Mao x m v m nooo 50x 35oxo 50x50 ooxo 2000000 3 0x0 2599 m560xo 1000000 L mM Se cO Po Now go to the Mesh Automatic menu item and confirm all message boxes displayed In order to achieve a screen filling display click menu item Page size margins Auto resize or simply press the F9 function key 9 1 4 Step 3 Assign depth Example 1 Go to the z Individual depths menu item in order to assign the five nodes the values for top of aquifer and base of aquifer Double click the bottom left node and enter the following data Depths ee FEM nodes 1 Aquifer base 55 0000 Aquifer top ba 0000 Cancel The node at the top left is given the same values GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 91 of 116 June 2015 The two right hand nodes are given the following values Depths ee FEM nodes 2 Aquifer base 51 0000 Aquifer top 65 0000 Cancel The central node is given the following values Depths ee FEM nodes 5 Aquifer base 55 0000 Aquifer top 65 0000 Cancel Check your input using the menu item z Layer boundary contours Select the Aquifer base button
92. ing that menu item be loaded in this one see Section 7 8 9 GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 72 of 116 June 2015 7 8 9 Values in node section menu item You can display calculated values for example for potentials in a section Defining the section is done almost in complete analogy to the previous menu item After pressing the Return key a dialog box opens allowing you to select the variable for display Yalues in section Which variable Fence diagram C Potential yy CO wn v CS iy CO ip C C Discharge Max length m Pen width mrm w Potential with layers i Coloured MW Label Font size mm 2 0 Decimal places neg gt expo format 2 As fence diagram LENS Cancel Save section x You can define preferences for the section as a function of the selected variable for example la belling or a display of a fence diagram If you have selected Potential you can also choose to have the layers displayed as well as the potentials Here you are given the opportunity to save your section to a file using the Save section button This file can later be opened for example using the menu item Evaluation Calculate discharge in section see Section 7 8 8 If you have activated Show section course using the menu item Graphics prefer ences Section legend see Section 7 6 11 a location sketch is automatically displayed on the screen sh
93. ischarge calculate for section 72 Discharge calculate for system partition 71 Discharge display at FEM nodes 71 Discharge display in a table 69 Drawine area delne Jouer meret raped 62 Dry arcas MarK ure brem eod 83 DX FHE C X DOPUS eite ues t eese 23 DXF He POs tritt E 7 Editor window output table 21 Effective pore SpaC sasea eS 48 Ihres 23 Equation solver select for analysis 51 Export FEM mesh coordinates to ASCII file 17 Export interpolation mesh data as ASCII file 40 Export pore water pressure mesh for GOU STABIELIY orean eis ere vues 17 Export record for 3D analysis 18 Export record for transient analysis 52 Extraction well consider in flow line Cal Culat O eii a ES 78 FEM elements assign soil properties 45 FEM elements refinement methods 34 FEM mesh define colour for visualisation 38 FEM mesh define delete FEM elements USA HOUSE emos sti erat tte ieate 30 FEM mesh delete FEM elements autotnatically s espace terret euet 3l FEM mesh display mesh 22 FEM mesh display outline 25 FEM mesh edit visualisation preferences 25 FEM mesh generate automatically 30 FEM mesh optimise FEM elements
94. l also be available leading to the following dialog box 7 Boundary conditions l l Pry Hack Cancel Done Botana 1 x No Made m v m Potential Source Type 0 000 25000 25000 uomo Potential 2 2 0 000 o0 f 25000 pooo Potenti f 3 3 50 000 000 24000 omms Potenti 4 4 50 000 25000 24000 ooe Potential 5 5 25 000 12500 soon uoo Souce x E E 0 000 12500 25008 G nnonong n 13 50 000 12500 f 24000 oomo Here the values of the potentials can be edited for several nodes simultaneously potentials be converted to sources or potentials be deleted The selected changes are carried out when you exit the dialog box using Done 7 4 4 Potentials In section menu item After selecting this menu item several FEM nodes can be simultaneously assigned a potential boundary condition in a defined section or an existing boundary condition be deleted For this click four points in an anti clockwise direction using the left mouse button The right mouse but ton will undo The definition refers to all nodes within the quadrilateral 7 4 5 Potentials Linear menu item After going to this menu item you click the nodes of the FEM mesh to which a potential boundary condition is to be assigned Press the Return key to then enter a start and an end potential The selected node is assigned a potential which increases linearly from the start potential to the end
95. lacement in the y direction it 1s Ay 15 0 13 4518 1 5482 In order to correspondingly displace the drawing select the Modify objects tool once again from the Mini CAD toolbar GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 105 of 116 June 2015 x oor factor 1 0000 oom around which paint Around object centre Around fied point with and y d 23 FULL y 13 1000 Displacement w 4 a67 y 1 5482 Use for p and y coordinates W Use zoom factor on fonts Cancel You must now enter a 1 for the zoom factor to avoid further reductions to the drawing Enter the calculated 1 5482 as the value for y displacement In addition you should also specify a dis placement in x direction of 4 8671 0 0 x1 value in the editor box for the left system boundary line in order to ensure that the left system boundary lies at x 0 0 not absolutely necessary This time select x and y coordinates for Use for You have now adapted the DXF file data and can very simply click the principal points of the system with the mouse GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 106 of 116 June 2015 9 2 4 Step 3 Define FEM nodes mesh and soils Example 2 Go to the Mesh Define nodes menu item and activate the Lock on to Mini CAD lines check box in the dialog box Info Left mouse button defines a new node Right mouse button deletes a node Define further nodes Made at v 000 Mad
96. lay for potentials as PEM fode Sasana a 77 BIDS cune AU i Analysis influence of mesh subdivisions 11 Contours display for water level differences 81 Angle of rotation adjust for system 27 Contours display for z values of Angle of rotation define for 3D graphics 57 interpolation mesh ratte ha ATER 39 Approximation method csssssssssessseesseesseeee 11 Contours edit dashing ccccccccceceeeeeeeeeeeees 64 Array use irregular array for FEM nodes Contours edit preferences for colour filled BC MCCANO Mg Soie te delist aiia 29 visualisation eeeeeeneeneen 65 Array use regular array for FEM nodes Contours edit preferences for normal SCHOLA OB doctora deed tee edite Hd 28 visualisation eeeeeeenen 63 Coordinates of FEM mesh import as NIE DRM 17 b Coordinates of FEM mesh import via Bandwidth influence on analysis 5 Windows clipboard iuo arie rotto eene den 26 Blanket layer areas mark 83 d OL eyes SAVE Blanket layer define linearly variable ASCII file RION eene 17 water Ie Velia ssec eiae eee Edda dress 47 E OOS Ob prap uc Seabee NIA CONDE esa o Blanket layer define delete water level Coordinates of graphics alter with mouse 61 forimdivi dual FEM elements 46 Coordinates of graphics optimise reset 61 WO ene mene een Coordinates of graphics save load 61
97. lected unit back to m s see Info button GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 48 of 116 June 2015 System with leaky aquifer Soil properties Forw Back Cancel Swap soils Edit k values No khs khp kw nett Designation In addition the vertical permeability of the blanket kv is required Vertical plane system and axis symmetrical system x Forw Back Cancel Swap soils Edit k values Mao ks ky nett Designation 1 1 00000E 4 t100000 4 020 W Sand St 2 too to00E7 005 kesra Ey St 3 1000002 t0000E2 030 kf Drainage Ste In addition to the Darcy permeability values khx and khy and the effective pore space neff the function kr f u must be given The effective pore space is not incorporated in the basic differential equation These values are only required for the subsequent evaluation of the data computed for flow line generation The variable kr records the change in permeability in the unsaturated zone above the water table and can assume values between 0 0 and 1 0 In saturated system zones kr equals 1 0 The kr func tion curve must be entered as a polygon course with increasing pore water pressures u for all soils A polygon course need only be specified for negative pore water pressures since positive pore water pressures represent saturated conditions Press the kr f u button in order to edit the values in a dialog box Alternativel
98. lements are used e Darcy s Law is valid e the piezometric heads are calculated in a linear manner for each element e from the linear approximation of the piezometric heads a constant approximation of ve locities results In order to achieve a better quality of velocity approximation the velocities for calculation of flow lines are averaged to node values in a follow up calculation The procedure is For each element node the velocities in the neighbouring elements are added and then di vided by the number of neighbouring elements By doing this the velocity course can be better presented At the boundary nodes the results are naturally not quite as exact Further the approximation of velocities in the region of element nodes with differing material types can be worsened in this way If the velocities at such boundary nodes are of great interest help is available by refining the FEM mesh in these areas GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 11 of 116 June 2015 6 2 Horizontal plane system The program solves the differential equation T Oh dx T Ph dy Q 0 Or for a leaky aquifer T 2 h Ox T amp h Oy k dy H h Q 0 Where Tx Ty Transmissibility in e g m s for x and y direction h Piezometric head in e g m AD k Permeability of blanket layer in e g m s d Thickness of blanket layer in e g m Q Discharge in e g m s X y Coordinates e g x and y in m AD H Water level above blanket layer in
99. m leaky aquifer can be taken to mean semi permeable aquifer This means that water in gress into a lower groundwater system occurs through the blanket layer The amount of water entering from above depends upon e the water level difference between the water level above the blanket layer H and the water level in the aquifer h e the permeability of the blanket layer k e the thickness of the blanket layer d In the differential equation used for analysis see above this influence is taken into account in the term k d H h This expression only creates an additional amount of water any three dimensional flow process cannot be modelled with this simple term Investigations have shown that for permeability differ ences of k k 10 0 between the aquifer k and the blanket layer k reliable results can be achieved The GGU SS FLOW2D program reliably calculates even small values numerically without questioning the physical sense of such input Note on boundary conditions The case of an impermeable boundary is automatically considered in the finite element method Valid is that all system boundaries or partial boundaries which have no water level or source boundary conditions are automatically impermeable GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 13 of 116 June 2015 6 3 Vertical plane system and axis symmetrical system The program solves the differential equation k k gt O h Ox k k Q h oy Q 0 Where kx ky
100. me without date and time Cancel In addition to the heading this legend contains information on the current graphics and prefer ences For example if you display the velocity field you will see information on the velocities scale You can define and edit the position of the legend using the values x and y You control the size of the legend using Font size and Max no of lines where necessary several columns are used The fastest way to modify the position of the legend is to press the F11 function key and then to pull the legend to the new position with the left mouse button pressed GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 57 of 116 June 2015 In the general legend you can if wished display information on the program name and version and on the current file Any project identification entered see Section 7 5 2 will also be shown in the general legend 7 6 10 Soil properties legend menu item A legend with the soil properties will be displayed on your output sheet if you have clicked the Show legend check box Using this menu item you can alter the type of presentation or turn off the legend completely Soil properties legend X w Show legend mm 56000 y mm 25500 Font size mrm Eg Iw Coloured legend Automatic soil colours Permeability units m second Info Iw Dimension m s instead of L T Soll colours Cancel You can define and edit the
101. module see the Mini CAD manual This greatly simplifies input of the principal system nodes Alternatively you can also import a DXF file using Mini CAD see Mini CAD manual This can contain the system outline for example If Mini CAD data are already present the initial dialog box provides a check box with the option of locking on to Mini CAD lines If you activate this check box the mouse cursor appears as a rectangle with cross hairs If the end point of a Mini CAD line is located within this rectangle the program will lock on to this point precisely if a number of points are located within the rectangle it will lock on to the one nearest the centre of the cross hairs 7 2 5 Change menu item The coordinates of existing nodes can be edited Three options are available for this e Via a table You can edit the coordinates of existing nodes in a dialog box or alternatively enter the coordinates of new nodes If you need to edit the current number of nodes click the x FEM nodes to edit button and enter the new number of nodes You can navigate through the table using Forw and Back If you are editing a horizontal plane system each new point created using this menu item will be assigned the default depths see z Default depths menu item Section 7 3 2 If you set the number of nodes to 0 the FEM incidence table is deleted It is even easier to import node coordinates via the Windows clipboard For example if the x y
102. n Spracheinstellung in Spanish Configuraci n de idioma 4 Starting the program After starting the program you will see two menus at the top of the window e File e After clicking the File menu either an existing file can be loaded by means of the Load menu item or a new system can be created using New The program allows simple system input by moving directly to the Mesh Common systems menu item after New is clicked see Section 7 2 9 If you do not want to work with the Common systems dialog box click No in the query box or Cancel in the subsequent boxes Select your system and you will then return to the home screen Depending on the type of system selected you will now see either eight or ten menus along the menu bar e File e Mesh e z for horizontal plane systems only e Boundary e System e Graphics preferences e Page size margins e Evaluation e Special for horizontal plane systems only e After clicking one of these menus the menu items roll down allowing you access to all program functions GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 8 of 116 June 2015 The program works on the principle of What you see is what you get This means that the screen presentation represents overall what you will see on your printer In the last consequence this would mean that the screen presentation would have to be refreshed after every alteration you make For reasons of efficiency and as this can take s
103. n the dialog box for this menu item preferences for the presentation of the boundary conditions on the screen can be specified 7 4 2 Check menu item This menu item provides a good overview of the locations of all boundary conditions by display ing the required boundary conditions on the screen Check boundary conditions i x All boundary conditions can be displayed P potential LI point source F area source 5 linear source Display which boundary conditions Iw Potentials W Point sources Iw Linear sources v Area sources Cancel 7 4 3 Individual potentials menu item After going to this menu item you will first see the following dialog box x Edit how araphically T able Cancel After clicking the Graphically button the FEM mesh is displayed with any existing potentials You can define a potential boundary condition at the FEM nodes using the left mouse button or edit existing potentials A right click deletes existing potentials Note The piezometric head must be given when handling problems involving groundwater hy draulics Die piezometric head h results from adding the pore water pressure u y h and the elevation head y The piezometric head is also known simply as the water level Further common designations include potential or hydraulic head GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 41 of 116 June 2015 If potentials already exist at the individual FEM nodes the Table button wil
104. ness contours menu item You can create a contour diagram of the layer thicknesses Layer thickness X Layer thickness as contour Aq tap aq base Blanket tap aq tap Cancel i Coloured If the Coloured check box is activated colour filled contours are created 7 3 8 Section menu item The layer boundaries for a given section can be displayed using this menu item Left click on system nodes to define a section The layer boundaries are displayed after pressing Return If you have evaluated a section for an analysed system using the Evaluation Values in node section menu item and then saved the section this section can be reloaded and utilised for layer boundary representation GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 37 of 116 June 2015 7 3 9 Interpolation mesh menu item In principle the z values can be completely defined using the previous menu items A further defining simplification is offered by the interpolation mesh Similarly to the FEM mesh this inter polation mesh consists of nodes and triangles A certain z value can be defined at the nodes After defining an interpolation mesh you can assign these z values to the FEM mesh as the base or top of the aquifer or for a leaky aquifer as blanket layer top These are assigned by means of linear interpolation The interpolation mesh should but not must completely blanket the FEM mesh In the simplest case possible this may consist of one triangle In the
105. ng the Equation solver info button GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 51 of 116 June 2015 7 5 5 2 Start analysis Once you have selected the equation solver start the analysis using OK Depending on the type of system employed slightly variable shown below for a vertical plane system dialog boxes appear horizontal plane vertical plane axis symmetrical x Bandwidth 5 2L vertical plane guy Flow Iw Generate record for transient modelling Will be saved ta Li Programe G GU S oftware GGU 55 FLOW2D VE samples deG Ww dal lteration w System with phreatic line Iteration deviation 0 0007 000 D amping D ODOCOOCL Iw Dynamic damping aea The following check boxes and information can be provided in the dialog boxes e Generate record for transient modelling All data and results are saved in a file for possible subsequent transient groundwater analy sis additional module GGU TRANSIENT contaminant transport analysis additional module GGU CONTAM FE RW or for subsequent graphical evaluation of the finite element analysis If this check box is activated the file name of the current file with the dal extension is used by the program for the transient record The file is always stored at the same level as the original steady state file e Iteration deviation If unsaturated zones are present within the system and computation of the phreatic line is required an iteration process will be necessary T
106. ntial v Discharge Iw Velocity vx v Velocity vy Preferences FEM mesh in colour Font size mrm Decimal places potential Decimal places rest Spacing v Limit table spacing Spacing x 5 n Spacing v 5 00 Cancel The result tables are displayed in the graphics directly after using OK to exit the dialog box A spacing can be defined to ensure that the tables do not overlap The tables are then only displayed for the points of the defined grid GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 69 of 116 June 2015 7 8 6 Circles menu item After selecting the required parameter circle charts can be generated The selected values poten tials velocities or gradients are displayed as circles of varying value dependent circles Circle chart Potential i X Iw Fill circles Max circle diameter m 1 000 Ma of circle segments J W Label circle chart Decimal places Font size rm z 00 Positive cal ES Negative col Meshsystem boundary cal Width mm 0 20 f Show system bounderies C Show mesh Cancel If you activate the Fill circles check box the values are represented with a colour fill defined using the Positive colour or Negative colour buttons corresponding to their sign The Max circle diameter defines the circles diameter for the largest value The No of circle segments specifies the resolution of the circle For example triangles are represented for
107. nu item Mesh AIl The sys tem should now contain 448 triangles and 241 nodes you can check this by pointing at the Sys tem Info menu item see Section 7 5 1 During mesh refinement the program automatically computed the values of z for Aq top and Aq base for new nodes from a linear interpolation of the neighbouring nodes The Aq base z value was defined in the initial coarse structure as decreasing linearly from 59 m AD at the left edge to 51 m AD at the right edge This linear course remains intact after mesh refinement You can check this by again creating a contour diagram of the base of the aquifer Aq base by point ing at the z Layer boundary contours menu item The contours are unaltered GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 93 of 116 June 2015 9 1 6 Step 5 Define boundary conditions Example 1 In order to set boundary conditions go to the menu item Boundary Potentials In section and circumscribe the nine FEM nodes at the left side of the system Boundary conditions x Potential for all nodes that In the selected quadrilateral Potential value U DOC Delete Cancel Enter a potential of 70 m AD and accept it for the selected nodes by clicking the Define button Trace around the nine FEM nodes on the right of the system and enter a potential of 69 m AD Point at the Boundary Individual potentials menu item and click the Graphical button in the box Now click the well that is node 5 in th
108. o acquired physically this is absolutely correct Experience shows that this confuses some clients In order to avoid lengthy discus sions simply switch off the potentials in the unsaturated zone using the appropriate check box GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 64 of 116 June 2015 7 8 2 Coloured menu item Using this menu item it is possible to visualise the calculated potentials velocities gradients or the function kr for vertical plane systems as colour filled contour lines A dialog box opens for select ing the required data A further dialog box then opens in which the type of visualisation can be modified Potentials in colour X Contour data Minimum value 15 0000 Maximum value 0 0000 Determine extreme values Colour fill E Colour 1 Lj Colour 2 Ma of colours B Change colour series Further preferences Also show Mesh Lines If Outline Potentials in unsaturated zone Cancel The following options are available in the dialog box above the example shows Potentials selected Contour data group box Press the Determine extreme values button The program then determines the mini mum and maximum values for the corresponding layer base You can then edit these val ues for example in order achieve a defined start value Colour fill group box You can control the colour subdivisions of the contour diagram using No of col
109. of 116 x A contour diagram of equal water level differences can be generated using this menu item To do this append to the current dataset an FEM dataset previously computed and saved with the results The program then adopts the potential differences between the two computations More detailed descriptions compatibility between datasets positions of soils boundary conditions can be taken from the dialog box for this menu item Before leaving the dialog box you can use the Normal Coloured and 3D option buttons to specify the type of contour diagram Once the program has finished the difference calculation you will see dialog boxes for specifying contour line preferences in accordance with your selection see Sections 7 8 1 bis 7 8 3 June 2015 7 8 18 Pipe results menu item If you have defined pipes with material numbers using Boundary Define pipes you can display the results using this menu item First a dialog box opens for selecting between display of poten tials gradients velocities or discharges Pipe results X Show what Potential FEM mesh v Display Colour Pen width mrm 0 2 Pipes v Fill _ Pipe potentials colour v Pipes with material na Cancel You can the specify further general display preferences in the same dialog box If you confirm the input with OK a special dialog box for the selected variable follows After confirming the input with OK the results
110. oil properties Example 2 ccccccccccccccecesssseesseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaas 109 9 2 7 Step 6 Refine and optimise mesh Example 2 sssseeeeeeeeeeees 109 0 238 Step 7 Ahalyse systemi ExIMmple 2 2 etate dede taa ca Ca din dinette ER eu yes 110 90 2 9 Step 8 Evaluate potentials Example 2 oen pese brosu d utu bosse e eee MA ten aaUl 111 9 2 10 Step 9 Evaluate discharges Example 2 ccccccccccccccceeessseeesseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaas 111 9 2 11 Step 10 Analyse system without basin liner Example 2 112 MO EE CS mc RN 113 List of Figures Figure Groundwater thickness in agutfer ies eceoecuto aet a eote tage tug do tage eeu ide ae ua Doug tud ue 12 F ewe T UNONA S C1 8 Meret rere eon ene P PN 14 Foire Uara d CONC d tia DR be c i each ur OR 15 Figure 4 Optimisation of diagonals ei te rt ERR UE UR EAS XE aOR 32 Figure 5 FEM refinement demonstration mesh esses A E EEA 34 Figure 6 FEM mesh refinement using Method 1 sss eene eene nnne 34 Figure 7 FEM mesh refinement using Method 2 esses nennen eene nnne eene 34 Figure 8 FEM mesh refinement using Method 3 esses enne eene nnne nns 35 Figure 9 Example of a horizontal plane system esee 59 Figure 10 Example of a vertical plane system eese eene 101 GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 6 of 116 June 2015 1 Preface The GGU SS
111. ort You will see information on this function and can then mark an area which is copied to the clipboard or can be saved in a file Alternatively you can send the marked area directly to your printer see Tips and tricks Section 8 3 k Undo move object By clicking this icon the last performed movement of graphical elements made using the F11 function key or the menu item Graphics preferences Move objects can be undone Ca T Restore move object By clicking this symbol the last object movement undo carried out using Undo move object can be restored GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 56 of 116 June 2015 7 6 8 3D toolbar menu item This menu item allows you to choose a pop up window with tools for rotating and zooming three dimensional images The tools in this pop up 3D window allow you to rotate the graphics around one of the three axes The plus and minus signs designate the direction of rotation The angle of rotation default 45 can be adjusted as wished using the tool 7 6 9 General legend menu item A legend with general properties will be displayed on your output sheet if you have activated the Show legend check box Using this menu item you can alter the type of presentation General values in mm X w Show legend Heading Example value e000 9 value 20000 Font size mm 20 Max no of lines 50 Show program name and version Show file name Mo file na
112. ouble click in a legend to do this GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 62 of 116 June 2015 7 7 6 7 1 1 7 8 7 8 1 Margins and borders menu item The program automatically draws thin cutting borders around the page which are required when using a plotter on paper rolls Page margins see menu item Page size margins Page size and margins defines the position of a frame as a distance to the cutting border This frame encloses the subsequent diagram You can switch off the lines by deactivating the With margins and With borders check boxes Designation of potential menu item The term Potential in the graphics can be replaced by Water level using this menu item Evaluation menu Normal contours menu item Using this menu item it is possible to visualise the calculated potentials velocities gradients or the function kr for vertical plane systems as normal contour lines A dialog box opens for selecting the required data A further dialog box then opens in which the type of visualisation can be modi fied an example is shown below with Potentials selected Contours Potentials x Contour data Minimum value 1 50000E 41 Maximum value 210000841 rs 000006 1 Smoothing Method 10 nat smooth Separation Intensity Strong Dash preferences Further preferences I Sail colour as fill Potentials in unsaturated zone Cancel Old values The pro
113. ould be clicked once otherwise an error message will appear with a correction note e If you have a colour printer installed you can point to the menu item File Print and ex port and then the Printer button in the following dialog box in order to get colour out put to the printer Grey scale will be used for black and white printers e Experiment with the example datasets e If you don t like manuals you can get help using the menu item Help or the F1 func tion key This short description demonstrates that only a few menu items must be selected in order to analyse a groundwater system All further menu items are mainly for data saving layout and any further evaluation of the analysis A description is given in the following chapters GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 10 of 116 June 2015 6 Theoretical principles 6 1 General An analytical solution is only possible for simple groundwater systems When analysing compli cated systems numerical solutions are required In the main e finite difference methods FDM and e finite element methods FEM are used Using finite methods the whole area is subdivided into a large amount of smaller finite areas elements Generally using FEM triangles are selected for these areas Within these trian gles simple generally linear approximation functions are used The actual complicated whole solution is pieced together like a mosaic from the many simple partial solutions
114. ours In the example above 16 colours will be displayed between Colour 1 and Colour 2 The default setting is a colour course from red to blue These colours can be edited as required after selecting the Colour 1 and Colour 2 buttons or simply reverse the choice by se lecting the Change colour series check box Further preferences group box In addition to the colour presentation you can also have the triangle mesh and or the outline displayed Additional contour lines can also be drawn Line labelling preferences can be defined by means of the Labelling preferences button GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 65 of 116 June 2015 e OK The colours will be drawn after confirmation A colour bar at the right edge of the sheet allows correlation between the colour and the corre sponding value If this colour bar is drawn in the right page margin specify a larger value for the right plotting margin e g 25 mm in the Page size margins Page size and margins menu item see Section 7 7 4 As the program calculates with unsaturated permeabilities for vertical plane systems po tentials in the unsaturated zone are the result which is physically absolutely correct From experience this confuses some clients To save long discussions switch off the potential lines in the unsaturated zone with the corresponding check box 7 8 3 3D menu item After selecting the required parameter the lines of equal state variables or
115. owing the system outline and the defined section GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 73 of 116 June 2015 7 8 10 User defined section menu item After selecting this menu item you will see the following dialog box for defining the section With the left mouse button click on any two points and thus define a section section After pressing the Retur key selected values can be displayed in section Aight mouse button ta unda By hand Load section UE Cancel For this type of evaluation the section course is no longer bound to the FEM nodes but consists of a start and an end point Using the By hand button you can specify the start and end points using numerical values instead of the mouse If you have previously saved a section it can be loaded again using Load section The Prev section button is only visible if a section has already been defined and loads the section defined immediately prior Once the section definition is completed by pressing Return the number of subdivisions can be specified in a further dialog box and whether potential velocity or gradient is to be visualised The number of subdivisions defines the number of points required for calculation of the section values After confirming with OK the following dialog box opens GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 74 of 116 June 2015 User defined section Potential l xX General Values coloured E Sla Iw Soils coloured Pen widt
116. pipe sections will remain in place GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 45 of 116 June 2015 7 4 13 Delete pipes menu item All defined pipes are deleted after a prompt 7 4 14 Individual blankets menu item only for leaky aquifer If you are analysing a horizontal plane system with a leaky aquifer proceed as for a simple horizontal plane system when generating the system However a water level above the blanket must be additionally assigned for elements below a blanket layer If you forget to do this the sys tem will be analysed as a horizontal plane problem without a blanket Regardless of this the Aq top entry top of aquifer governs the analysis in terms of confined or unconfined If you do not assign a water above the blanket layer to individual elements these elements are also dealt with as if the problem is a horizontal plane without a blanket This may well be the actual case in parts of the system and may therefore be very useful Note on water level above the blanket layer Although the designation Water level above the blanket layer has been used for this man ual this does not represent the value between the top of the blanket and the water level in stead the absolute height is always meant For example if the top of the blanket is at 31 08 m AD and the water level above the blan Ket is at 33 28 m AD the water level above the blanket layer to be entered is 33 28 m AD and not the difference of 1 2 m between th
117. potential proportional to the separation of the nodes to each other This menu item is helpful if you need to consider a water course for example the water level of which changes linearly within the system GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 42 of 116 June 2015 7 4 6 T 4 7 Point sources menu item Using this menu items source boundary conditions are defined within the FEM system in analogy to the displacement boundary conditions A source is positive if it brings water into the system ATTENTION When calculating axis symmetrical groundwater flow these sources are multiplied inter nally with 2 7r so that no intervention by the user is needed in the running of the pro gram Note on impermeable boundaries The case of an impermeable boundary is automatically considered by the finite element method Valid is that all system boundaries or partial boundaries which have no water level or source boundary conditions are automatically impermeable After clicking the Graphically button the FEM mesh is displayed with any existing sources You can define a source boundary condition at the FEM nodes using the left mouse button or edit existing sources right click deletes existing sources After clicking the Table button the same dialog box opens as for the Boundary Individual potentials menu item see Section 7 4 3 You can edit the source values for various nodes con vert sources to potentials or delete sources Linear
118. properties menu item You can edit the soil properties A variety of dialog boxes can now appear depending on the se lected basic system The number of input rows corresponds to the soil numbers awarded using the menu items Boundary Individual soils or Boundary Soils In section Horizontal plane system x Forw Back Cancel Swap soils Edit k values o khs kh N y neff Designation 1 00000E 4 1 00000E 4 0 20 Sand The Darcy permeabilities in x and y direction khx and khy and the effective pore space neff must be entered The effective pore space is not incorporated in the basic differential equation These values are only required for the subsequent evaluation of the data computed for flow line generation A designation entry is not required If you would like to arrange the soils entered in a different sequence you can do this by pressing the Swap soils button You can choose to also adopt the colours It often makes more sense in a transient analysis to enter the permeability in m hour or m day Using the Edit k values button it is possible to convert the given k value to a different unit using the appropriate factor e g factor 3600 to convert from m s to m h To avoid unnecessary explanations when submitting your analyses the k value is shown in the soil properties legend in m second To achieve this the program internally converts the entered coefficient of permeability from your se
119. rinter In the last consequence this would mean that the screen presentation would have to be refreshed after every alteration you make For reasons of efficiency and as this can take several seconds for complex screen contents the screen is not refreshed after every alteration If e g after using the zoom function see below only part of the image is visible you can achieve a complete view using this menu item Use current zoom of 1 000 24 os os 10 15 25 40 so Cancel A zoom factor between 0 4 and 8 0 can be entered in the input box By then clicking on Use to exit the box the current factor is accepted By clicking on the 0 4 0 6 etc buttons the se lected factor is used directly and the dialog box closed It is much simpler however to get a complete overview using Esc Pressing Esc allows a com plete screen presentation using the zoom factor specified in this menu item The F2 key allows screen refreshing without altering the coordinates and zoom factor 7 6 2 Zoom info menu item By clicking two diametrically opposed points you can enlarge a section of the screen in order to view details better An information box provides information on activating the zoom function and on available options 7 6 3 Pen colour and width menu item In order to enhance the clarity of the graphics you can edit the pen settings for various graphic elements e g potential sources etc You can edit the pen width
120. rrected by the program to suit the geometry of the triangular elements if necessary In addition the soil colours can be used as a background As the program analyses using unsaturated permeabilities for vertical plane systems potentials in the unsaturated zone are the result which 1s physically absolutely correct From experience this confuses some clients To save long discussions switch off the potential lines in the unsaturated zone with the corresponding check box 7 8 12 Contours velocities menu item Using this menu item you can display on the screen a combination of normal contours and veloci ties The dialog boxes for contour line and velocities preferences are shown in sequence The dialog box descriptions can be found in Sections 7 8 1 und 7 8 11 7 8 13 Individual values menu item By clicking a FEM node using the left mouse button all analysis results for this node can be viewed 7 8 14 Flow lines preferences menu item 7 6 14 1 Principles Flow lines can be drawn from the velocities calculated by the finite element program The princi ple used by the program is also known as the course line method or particle tracking method With this method a water particle which wanders through the system from any starting point is ob served The program determines size and direction of seepage from this starting point With this velocity vector the new position of the particle can be determined whereby either a distance
121. rt BENE rograne ba es oftware voa Ea LU So F LU NS UT SE amples ale rs Ll PERLE Grand 00001000 00000000 Press the Start button After a certain time depending upon the power of your computer you will see information on analysis completion times GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 97 of 116 June 2015 9 1 11 Step 10 Evaluate potentials Example 1 A graphic presentation of the contours is to be created Go to the menu item Evaluation Normal contours Contours Potentials X Contour data Miniriur value 6 50000E 1 Maximum value 7 00000E 1 rs 000006 1 Smaathing Method Method 2 Separation Intensity Strong m Dash preferences Further preferences Iw Soil colours as Fill Cancel Old values Choose Method 2 for smoothing and confirm your input with OK The lines of equal poten tials are displayed on the screen If you wish you can print the resulting graphics GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 98 of 116 June 2015 9 1 12 Step 11 Evaluate well discharge Example 1 Go to the menu item Evaluation Individual values and click the central FEM node well If your screen does not have the resolution to allow you to see the point activate the zoom by press ing the Ctrl key and the left mouse button and pulling open a rectangle around the point Made Made 233 x 150 0000 y 100 0000 Potential 65 0000 Discharge 1 07 370E 2 ve 3 0677E 7
122. s activated a light source is simulated in the region of the eye The angle between the light beam and the respective 3D surface represents a measure of the reflection The area is shaded in accordance with colours 1 and 2 A good choice of colours for example would be dark grey for colour 1 and pale grey for colour 2 GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 67 of 116 June 2015 7 8 4 3D array menu item The 3D effect is usually lost in an irregular triangular mesh The Evaluation 3D array menu item is useful here After selecting the required parameter the following dialog box opens where you can define the array Potentials X 3D graphics rectangular array for Potentials min max 0 000 P 50 000 ymin ymas 0 000 25 000 Number of plates in x 15 Number of plates in v 15 Cancel After leaving the dialog box by pressing OK you will at first see the same box as that described in Evaluation 3D The program calculates the state variables at the array points by linear inter polation of the results of the FEM analysis You then see the dialog box for coloured contours preferences as described in Evaluation 3D see Section 7 8 3 GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 68 of 116 June 2015 7 8 5 Tables menu item All important analysis results can be displayed graphically in a table The parameters for visualisa tion are selected in the dialog box and their format can be modified CI i x Table with Iw Pote
123. s for the elements shown in the dialog box by clicking on the button with the element designation you can also edit the pen or fill colours On monochrome printers e g laser printers colours are shown in a corresponding grey scale Graphic elements employing very light colours may be difficult to see In such cases it makes sense to edit the colour preferences GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 54 of 116 June 2015 7 6 4 7 6 5 7 6 6 7 6 7 Legend font selection menu item With this menu item you can switch to a different true type font All available true type fonts are displayed in the dialog box Draw Mini CAD elements first menu item Originally the display sequence could be modified using this menu item In the program s default settings Mini CAD objects are above system graphics they may therefore cover it In Version 7 of the integrated Mini CAD module you can now work on a total 20 different layers To move Mini CAD objects behind the main program system graphics click the Layers icon in the Mini CAD popup menu and deactivate the required layers in the Visualisation button dialog box This draws the Mini CAD objects in these layers first they are therefore be hind your system section for example Mini CAD toolbar and Header toolbar menu items Using these two menu items you can add free text to the graphics and add lines circles polygons and images e g files in formats BMP JPG PSP TIF etc The
124. same pop up menu opens for both menu items the icons and functions used are described in more detail in the Mini CAD manual provided The differences between the Mini CAD and Header CAD are as follows e Objects created with Mini CAD are based on the coordinate system generally in metres in which the drawing is produced and are shown accordingly You should use the Mini CAD toolbar when you wish to add information to the system for example labelling of slope inclinations or the location of any foundations e Objects created with the Header CAD are based on the page format in mm This makes you independent of the coordinate system and keeps you in the same position on the page You should select the Header toolbar if you wish to place general information on the drawing company logo report numbers plan numbers stamp etc Once you have saved the header information to disk see Mini CAD user manual you can load it into com pletely different systems with different system coordinates The saved header information will appear in exactly the same position on the page which greatly simplifies the creation of general page information Toolbar preferences menu item After starting the program a horizontal toolbar for menu items appears below the program menu bar If you would rather work with a popup window with several columns you can specify your preferences using this menu item The smart icons can also be switched off At the
125. seepage velocity vy 2318E 3 seepage velocity Triangular element Triangle 410 kx ku nefF 2 O000E 4 2 0000E 4 0 200 Mode 228 xu h 2 152 3438 38 4375 66 1576 Mode 233 w h 2 150 0000 100 0000 65 0000 Mode 238 x u h 2 147 B5b53 38 4375 7 66 1499 Velocity vx 3 Bb5E 7 Velocity vy 7 3b545E 4 Gradient i amp 0 0003656 Gradient iy 2 0 7364525 The discharge of the well is 1 1 10 m3 s 39 6 m3 h GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 99 of 116 June 2015 9 1 13 Step 12 Evaluate confined areas Example 1 Go to the menu item Special Confined areas and confirm the with OK Confined areas Lonfined nodes will be shown with 5 Completely confined elements can be coloured Iw Colour Font size mm 20 Edit colour Cancel It will become clear that an area of about 40 m around the well is no longer confined To check this you can load the supplied file MANUALO FEN which contains the final system You can reanalyse the system with finer subdivisions by selecting the menu item Mesh AII once again or several times and selecting button 3 Compare the result quality for different mesh subdivisions GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 100 of 116 June 2015 9 2 Example 2 Analysis of a vertical plane system 9 2 1 System description Example 2 An analysis of a vertical plane system is demonstrated below using a practical example An em
126. ses create one or more acute and therefore numerically unfavour able triangular elements using the menu item Mesh Move Then go to the menu item Mesh Optimise and follow the effects on the screen e Define the governing boundary conditions for the system using e g the menu item Boundary Individual potentials e Edit if wished the soil numbers using the menu item Boundary Individual soils e Edit if necessary the soil properties using the menu item System Soil properties e When you have completed mesh generation go to the menu item System Analyse and begin the analysis Before analysis starts the program will if necessary automatically carry out a bandwidth optimisation in order to achieve a numerically favourably configured equation system e After analysis is complete you can if wished have the results printed as an output table saved to a file or presented in a window menu item File Print output table In general however this kind of result presentation will not very be satisfactory for the client e For this reason you should immediately go to the Evaluation menu The menu item Evaluation Coloured is especially impressive or for horizontal plane systems the menu item Evaluation 3D array The dialog boxes which follow can almost all be exited via the OK button without further changes having to be made The program usually makes sensible suggestions Only the Determine extreme values button sh
127. sk Example 5s ede EL idees ei edet cae 93 9 1 6 Step 5 Define boundary conditions Example 1 eese 94 9 1 7 Step 6 Optimise element topology Example 1 esee 95 9 1 8 Step 7 Assign aquifer base using interpolation mesh Example 1 96 Ol Step Os ASS ESO properties Bxarmple T ecu nitundsersacnimsaisstdampinuusantandaslanets 97 9 1 10 Step 9 Analyse system Example 1 ceesssssseeeccccccecceeceeeeeesssseeeeeeeeceeeseenaaas 97 9 1 11 Step 10 Evaluate potentials Example 1 cccccccccccccccccceeeesssesseeseeeeeeeeeeeeeenaaas 98 9 1 12 Step 11 Evaluate well discharge Example 1 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeennn 99 9 1 13 Step 12 Evaluate confined areas Example 1 sssseeeeeeeeeeeeee 100 9 2 Example 2 Analysis of a vertical plane SYSteM cccccccccccccccessssseeseeseeeceeeeeeeeeeneaas 101 O21 bystentdeseripiomn Example ascecisnsanen tei adeunt ae emt croci Lol ase aia nt 101 9 2 2 Step 1 Select the groundwater system Example 2 eeeeeeeeeeee 101 9 2 3 Step 2 Import and process a DXF file for system input Example 2 102 9 2 4 Step 3 Define FEM nodes mesh and soils Example 2 107 9 2 5 Step 4 Define boundary conditions Example 2 seeeeeeeeeese 108 9 2 6 Step 5 Assign s
128. t dialog boxes 9 2 3 Step 2 Import and process a DXF file for system input Example 2 The system is available as the DXF file Manual dxf Input of the coarse system structure can be considerably simplified by importing the DXF file into the graphics using the Mini CAD mod ule and then clicking the principal points with the mouse To do this point at Graphics preferences Mini CAD toolbar A popup window with icons appears at the bottom right Click the DXF import tool and load the Manual dxf file without altering the preferences in the import dialog box The DXF data are imported and the following editor box opens E54 commands read DF file data simin 38 4620 v min 42 8540 Image data simin 10 0000 vimin 10 0000 Change OXF data M Fitin DXF data GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual mas 667 0320 ymas 266 0930 x max 57 4000 v max 36 2000 M DXF data at lower picture margin M DXF data at left picture margin Delete all Page 102 of 116 June 2015 Normally a DXF file can be imported without altering the DXF data all 3 check boxes deacti vated and your system updated by pressing F9 However the coordinates in the Manual dxf example file are not correct You therefore see a description of procedure for activated check boxes altering the DXF data After importing the DXF file confirm the above dialog box with out alterations activated check boxes by pressing
129. tem only have values different to 0 in the region of the principle diagonals The iterative equation solver con tained in the FEM applications uses this in order to save memory and thus shorten computation time The maximum distance between the principle diagonal and the system s non zero element most distant from the principle diagonal is known as the bandwidth In principle iterative equa tion solvers do not require bandwidth optimisation However the results are much more stable and the computation time shorter if the bandwidth is small NOTE ON UNITS The program works true to your units If you want to work with common length units metres it follows that all length input must then be made in metres Beside the permeability and discharge time is employed as an additional unit Here too only one unit of time T e g seconds s may be used The results are provided in accordance with the input units used In transient analyses it is often useful to define permeability not in m s but in m hour or m day for example If you have entered appropriately modified permeability values the program converts these permeability values back to m s for display in the legend only This saves unnecessary ex planations when submitting analyses Following the bandwidth optimisation a dialog box opens where Cholesky or Iterative can be selected as equation solver Information on the differences between the two equation solvers can be read by pressi
130. tem X Which system do you want to analyse Horizontal plane system Vertical plane system Asis symimetical system Harrzantal plane system leaky aquifer Cancel If you have worked on a previous system you can if desired utilise the existing mesh after con firming a query 7 1 2 Load menu item You can load a file with system data which was created and saved at a previous sitting and then edit the system 7 1 3 Save menu item You can save data entered or edited during program use to a file in order to have them available at a later date or to archive them The data is saved without prompting with the name of the current file Loading again later creates exactly the same presentation as was present at the time of saving 7 1 4 Save as menu item You can save data entered during program use to an existing file or to a new file 1 e using a new file name For reasons of clarity it makes sense to use fen as file suffix as this is the suffix used in the file requester box for the menu item File Load If you choose not to enter an exten sion when saving fen will be used automatically GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 16 of 116 June 2015 7 1 5 Import ASCII file menu item If the coordinates of the FEM mesh nodes are available in ASCII file format they can be imported into the program Each row of the file must contain the x and y value of a node Decimal frac tions must use a point not a comma
131. tem edge 69 m AD The subsurface consists of sand k 2 10 m s which is covered by a cohesive slightly perme able valley loam The top of the sand horizon is at approx 68 m AD so slightly confined condi tions are met The base of the sand horizon falls roughly linearly from 59 m AD at the left edge to 5 m AD at the right edge The influence of the well for a drawdown to 65 m AD is to be investigated Apart from the dis charge the areas which are no longer confined during well operations are to be investigated GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 89 of 116 June 2015 9 1 2 Step 1 Select the groundwater system Example 1 Start the program and go to the File New menu item Exit the Common systems dialog box using No You will then see the following dialog box Select system X Which system dao you want to analyse V ertical plane system Axs summetrical system Horizontal plane system leaky aquifer Cancel Select the Horizontal plane system button from the dialog box 9 1 3 Step 2 Define FEM nodes and mesh Example 1 The rough system structure consists of four boundary points and one point in the centre well so there are five points in all The input of system points is therefore easiest using the menu item Mesh Change x How da you want to edit the node coordinates Wia a table Yia equation In section Cancel Select the Via a table button and the 0 FEM nodes to edit button
132. th boundary conditions check box is activated these points will be excluded from any displacement 7 2 6 Move menu item The defined FEM system is displayed with the FEM elements after selecting this function The nodes can be moved with the left mouse button pressed The coordinates of the current node are displayed in the status bar The last node movement can be undone using the Backspace key 7 2 1 Edit menu item By double clicking a node using the left mouse button a dialog box appears allowing the coordi nates to be edited via the keyboard GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 27 of 116 June 2015 7 2 8 Array menu item 7 2 8 1 Select type of array After selecting this menu item you can decide whether new nodes are generated using a regular or an irregular array CI x Type of array Irregular Cancel If you are editing a horizontal plane system each new point created with this menu item will be assigned the default depths see z Default depths menu item Section 7 3 2 7 2 8 2 Button Regular The regular array allows the nodes to be defined in a number of ways e Line along one or more lines e Rectangle in one or more rectangles e Quadrilateral in one or more quadrilaterals The procedure is similar for all three cases Therefore only the rectangles will be described FEM nodes in rectangle x amp left 0 000 y bottom 0 000 amp right 25 000 y tap 10 000 Ma of
133. um de 30 GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 2 of 116 June 2015 7 2 10 Manual mesh menu 1t M cccccceccsceccescecceccscecceccecescescescecescescescssescescescuces 30 Po AHOPHABIC emk TUO DET eco coine ct abe riam E Tub qom iUe eagtuP I Dead Pa iva P EUR Ud 30 Pelz Roudot Menu Heus i s S ove d n elis dete vetu ae S SURE 3l ELA EXP MAIN m m Lo oT 3l TAA ODDS MCT TCH uoneciudia oiii oo dedic dmm cada Sa duni c boe beca dodo are ban oe bein Eb roga dude 32 702 Me Alhem TEIG REUS tenien E E EO aed 32 7 200 ReIntiedndividually menu M6 PHYS es eos cot a bebestetnsiuediaeibiiemsaibacdde bias 33 FP WAIT E 33 1 210 AIL BR DU NE e e ERE ES e RR eas ic esas aoc Netw dep VR oo Rameau 33 7219 Reftinementtiie NOS suelo avene Le ooo E obe Wd ibdudo onto 34 7 3 z menu for horizontal plane systems only 35 QS MEINE T n MUN PE MORE 35 To Detriultdepths menu Het 69 nodi ee indicto e Nava Pie sob E asi 35 7 3 3 Individual depths menu item sse 36 kak Modify depths h THO Du TE TEL no dod cde spei ehem etai bt o vado intl eine sace asd av ae 36 Tov secon queni Hefn siue n eem abut e M ML 36 7 3 6 Layer boundary contours menu item sesssssseeeeeseeeeeeeeee eee 37 Td Layer thickness contours menu WMD xcs iubere eife ni i a 37 TOs SECON TECH MEU isco iet urn ete S did iN Au E REI M ME 37 Tesi Intetpolation MESA THe Du TEGTITS o reino tuse i dy ated eaa unu ici ES x cnp dea 38 RAO Nodes menu e
134. usly enveloped in a polygon can be refined using this menu item or alternatively pressing F6 Potential boundary conditions can be taken into consideration see Mesh Refine individually menu item Section 7 2 16 A description of the 3 refinement meth ods can be found in Section 7 2 19 7 2 18 All menu item The following dialog box appears after selecting this menu item or alternatively pressing F7 Mesh refinement i X Mesh refinement Backspace to unda All elements C All elements with sail na 1 C Al elements with sail no lt Iw Consider potential Which method 1 2 i 3 Cancel Either all elements or only element with certain material numbers can be refined Here too poten tial boundary conditions can be taken into consideration see Mesh Refine individually menu item Section 7 2 16 A description of the 3 refinement methods can be found in Section 7 2 19 GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 33 of 116 June 2015 7 2 19 Refinement methods Three different refinement methods can be applied for element refinement Refinement will be demonstrated on the following mesh using element 23 as an example AINI 7 Figure 5 FEM refinement demonstration mesh e Method 1 An additional node is generated in the centroid of the selected triangle Figure 6 FEM mesh refinement using Method 1 e Method 2 The selected triangle element and the neighbouring triangle element are halved Fi
135. y the default values for the various soil types gravel sand silt clay can be automatically adopted by the program by pressing the Std button The follo wing dialog box opens GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 49 of 116 June 2015 7 5 4 Default values Test menu item Default values kr tiu for soil 1 Typical soils C Gravel k 1E 3 Sand k 1E 4 Sit k 1E 5 C Clap k 1E 9 Also adopt k value Also adopt designation Adopt values far all soils Cancel GGU SS FLOW2D User Manual Page 50 of 116 x By activating the check boxes at the bottom of the dialog box the permeability k and the designa tion can be additionally adopted for the selected row soil layer The selected values are adop ted for all soil layers after an additional confirmation if the Adopt values for all soils check box The system is tested for the minimum node spacing and overlapping of triangle elements The test can be aborted at any time by pressing the right mouse button June 2015 7 5 5 Analyse menu item 7 5 5 1 Notes on bandwidth units and equation solvers After pointing to the System Analyse or alternatively pressing F5 the equation system band width is examined and a message box displayed where necessary If you do not agree with the bandwidth optimisation the analysis is cancelled NOTE ON BANDWIDTH Finite element methods give rise to equation systems which depending on the sys
136. ze and margins menu item The default page set up is A3 when the program is started You can edit the page format in the following dialog box Page size and margins Edit page size and margins x Fage in general Height 237 00 Width 420 00 Page margin in mrm Plot margin in mm Left 500 Top 5 00 Left 20 00 Top 50 00 Right Bottom Right Bottom Cancel e Page in general defines the size of the output sheet The A3 format is set as default The program automatically draws thin cutting borders around the page which are required when using a plotter on paper rolls The borders can be switched off using the With bor ders check box in the Page size margins Margins and borders menu item see Sec tion 7 7 6 e Page margin defines the position of a frame as a distance to the margins This frame en closes the subsequent diagram You can switch off the frame deactivating the With mar gins check box in the Page size margins Margins and borders menu item see Sec tion 7 7 6 e The Plot margin define a set distance between the page margin and the actual drawing area in which the graphical evaluation of your input is presented 7 7 5 Font size selection menu item You can edit font sizes for labelling the various graphical elements The font sizes of text within legends are edited in the respective legend editor Just d

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