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Spacedraw User Manual

1. to enter the absolute or relative target coordinates follow the steps described in Entering coordinates Rotating to rotate freely in space 1 activate the rotate tool 2 if required move the tripod to the common rotation center or invoke each to rotate each selected object around its own pivot 3 slide two fingers within the tool zone twisting rotates in the screen plane the average motion rotates around the axis perpendicular to the motion the distance has no influence imagine turning a freely around its center rotatable ball e sliding with one finger also rotates around the axis perpendicular to the motion to rotate around a specific axis 1 activate the rotate tool 2 if required define the rotation axis either e move the tripod to a point on the common rotation axis or e invoke each to rotate each selected object around an axis through its own pivot e now each object will rotate about its own coordinate axes e to use a common axis direction use the ori obj ori world or ori view commands or the rotate tool after the each command 3 tap the respective axis arrow on the tripod the other two arrows will disappear slide one finger within the tool zone if the axis is roughly perpendicular to the screen slide around the transform center else roughly perpendicular to the axis e sliding with two fingers freely rotates to type the rotation anqle follow the steps 1 3 above to specify the rotation ax
2. Spacedraw User Manual Version 1 3 Welcome Spacedraw s user manual This documentation completely covers Spacedraw s functions and can be used both e as guide to learning the program reading it in sequence e and as reference It precisely describes the operation of the program but assumes basic knowledge in 3d computer graphics Conventions in this manual e technical terms both ones common from other 3d graphics software and ones specific to Spacedraw are displayed in italics where they are explained in bold Terms not explained here should be to find in Wikipedia and are used as usual e menu items are displayed green in the same font in which they appear in the program e preferences are displayed in blue serif e procedures are underlined the steps are numbered User interface Spacedraw is meant for a variety of tasks e freely drawing lines in 3d space e CAD like construction e polygonal modeling e patch modeling e texturing e painting on 3d objects for which varying user interfaces are appropriate For desktop computers 3d modeling applications CAD systems and digital painting software have established several concepts For one thing Spacedraw s interface builds on these concepts and conventions for another it is specifically contrived for tablet computers and larger smartphones it e takes great advance of multi touch input and motion sensors e copes with the lack of mouse and keyboard e deals with t
3. e enable an edge or face snap and orient to align the pointer with face edge and vertex snap enabled together it can conveniently be aligned to a face e use the appearing commands or tools from the ribbon see Transform center and orientation Controlling object display You can control how the scene is displayed in many respects Via the D menu you can at any time choose e wireframe weather the edges of objects are drawn e shade weather the faces are filled at all e texture weather textures are used e x ray to draw all faces semi transparent and to make obstructed edges and vertices selectable backface culling weather only faces with the normals facing the camera are rendered e lighting e if enabled the lights are used together with the viewing direction and the material properties to determine the surface color e if disabled the surfaces are displayed exactly in the assigned colors resp the texture images are used directly e lights default scene e with default a mild ambient light and one directional light is used always shining towards the view center from a little above and slightly left of the virtual camera e with scene the lights placed in the scene are used by default there is one point light at position 0 15 0 e show lights to display the lights and light targets e show normals to display the normals as lines emerging from the vertices e show UVs to display the UVs as dots at
4. for Bezier curves e arc for circular arcs e helix for helices and spirals e rect for rectangles and rectangular grids e n gon for regular polygons e circle for approximate circles and polar grids e sphere see Creating primitives e next come the options for the active tool if any they are described in the specific sections below e last are the options for pointer movement and snap For adjusting the lines you can switch to the E ribbon at any time with one tap which is esp important for splines to draw in general 1 activate a tool and adjust the options 2 move the tripod to the start point and tap e to continue an existing line or to branch off from any point of an existing object use point or an edge snap with combine enabled e incase of an edge snap the existing segment is split automatically e the start vertex is shared with the existing segment and the new line will be part of the existing object 3 move the tripod repeatedly to draw e with quick enabled you never have to tap in between every time you release the touch the current pointer position specifies the next point resp control point with quick disabled tap for each point resp control point e you can undo every step e you can change the tool pointer movement and snap settings between each step e to change the drawing plane it suffices to rotate the view with screen or auto plane enabled e concurrently to moving the tripod you can
5. is moved see Lasso and paint selection e else the tripod is moved together with the selected elements see Moving the tripod to quickly move parts of a surface perpendicular or parallel to it 1 activate the face edge or vertex tool 2 inthe selection rollout activate auto orient deactivate both screen and auto plane 3 select the elements to be moved the tripod will align its y axis with the average of the affected faces normals and update its orientation when modifying the selection 4 either e to move perpendicular to the surface slide up down with one finger within the small pointer area e to move along the surface hold down one finger within the small pointer area and simultaneously slide another within the arge pointer area e sliding up down within the small pointer area simultaneously moves perpendicular to the surface Moving to move freely through space 1 either e with a selection tool active make sure the lasso and paint options are disabled or e activate the move tool 2 if desired e select an accompanying operation e adjust the snap options and move the tripod to the snap position using the ref CS tool e with the move tool active all snaps are disabled when using 2 finger move 3 slide with two fingers within the large pointer area to move the selected elements together with the tripod see the 3 method in Moving the tripod 4 to move another element select it the transform
6. obj file and tap it loading large files can take some time to merge a saved scene with the current one or add an obj model to the current scene invoke merge e scene files with history can t be merged save a scene without history if it shall be merged to another one e all objects form a spa file including lights are inserted as they are defined in that file all materials defined in the spa file except the standard material are also added elements with the standard material assigned get the standard material of the current scene e obj models are inserted with their coordinate origin at the tripod position the imported objects are selected automatically so you can use the transformation tools to place scale and rotate the models as desired immediately to save the current state of the scene invoke save or Save as e if the scene was not previously saved or if save as is used the file browser and text input are shown navigate to the folder where the scene shall be saved and type the name then use the enter key or OK button to approve e to include the undo information enable include history e the spa or spah extension is automatically appended to the typed filename e the generated paint texture images are saved in the same folder as the scene file to avoid clutter on your device s file system save the scene to a new folder if you plan painting use new folder from the ribbon e if you use save and th
7. to the disk and restored when you restart Spacedraw e when a large scene is loaded this can take some time Using files The current state of a scene can be saved to a file with the paid version of Spacedraw optionally including the complete construction history It includes all geometry in the scene the material definitions and the current selection settings and active tool so you can continue working on a project exactly where you left off when saving In the free version of Spacedraw only scenes with no more than 1000 vertices can be saved These scene files are saved with a spa extension or spah extension if construction history is included Models can be saved and loaded in the Wavefront obj format that can be read and written by nearly every 3d graphics program texture coordinates normal definitions smoothing groups and materials are imported and exported In the free version of Spacedraw obj files can only be exported from scenes with no more than 1000 vertices e Ifthe obj file contains normals these are used if it contains smoothing groups but no normals the normals are assigned according to the smoothing groups All commands for managing scenes and loading and saving files are found in the F menu to start a new scene invoke new scene an empty scene containing only one light is created and all settings are reset to open a scene or load a obj model in a new scene invoke open browse to the spa spah or
8. 4 to continue either e select elements for the next task the previous selection is cleared e tap a selection mode to use the output selection of the command Some commands are applied to every contiguous selection individually contiguous means e vertices connected by edges e edges connected by vertices e faces connected by edges Removing and combining elements simplifying meshes To remove or combine elements the delete collapse and weld commands can be used their effect depends on the selection e delete e faces are deleted e edges are removed when shared by 2 faces e vertices are removed and the connected edges removed or merged e collapse for every contiguous selection all contained vertices are merged to the center e weld e vertices are all merged to one at the center possibly removing connecting edges and collapsing or dividing faces e edges when two edges of a face are selected they are welded together possibly collapsing or dividing the face when two distinct edge paths are selected these are welded see Welding and bridging edges and faces e faces when two distinct face clusters are selected these are welded see Welding and bridging edges and faces There are many operations that simplify meshes e g e removing edges merging the adjacent faces e removing vertices merging all adjacent faces e collapsing faces accordingly enlarging the surrounding faces e collapsing edges reshaping or collapsing
9. accessed by sliding over the undo view rim farther If redoing the view is possible there is a blue line above the green one for that else there is a white one NEW Saving and loading views The view panel lets you save and load custom views to delete a view swipe right on it or switch to standard views To open the panel slide into the screen over the white blue line above the green undo view rim until it appears Moving and snapping the tripod For drawing placing and dimensioning primitives and for transforming elements a tripod is used shown as an axis tripod It can be moved freely in space or snapped to the coordinate grid vertices lines or surfaces It also has an orientation that is used for transformations While you move the tripod and when it snaps to positions its apparent size changes with its distance from the viewpoint like an ordinary object so you can estimate its movement when you release the touch it returns to its initial size Moving The upper part of the screen called tool zone is used for moving the tripod There are various methods to move the tripod using single or multi touch e in one coordinate plane the perpendicular axis by sliding in the large pointer area small pointer area possibly concurrently with screen disabled e with auto plane disabled the plane always is the x z plane of the pointer e with auto plane enabled the plane is automatically chosen based on the v
10. accordingly When duplicating objects they can either be e copied creating individual copies of the aggregate for each new object or e therefor use copy with transformations e instantiated using the original aggregate for each new object e therefor use instance To modify an instance individually you can convert it to a unique object therefor invoke make unique from the ribbon e for every selected object that has multiple instances a copy of its aggregate is created and assigned to the object Relating objects Objects can be linked hierarchically such that all subordinate objects are selected automatically together with a superior object this makes it easy to transform related objects together The hierarchies may have any depth i e an object with subordinates can be linked to another object to link objects invoke ink from the O ribbon the active object becomes the superior to the other selected objects Sometimes it is necessary to select an object without its subordinates i e to make a further object subordinate therefor deactivate sel linked in the selection rollout to unlink objects invoke unlink from the O ribbon all selected objects are unlinked from their superior if any Arraying objects to create arrays 1 select the objects to be used 2 enable copy or instance then set the repeat adjuster to the number of copies to be created 3 transform the copies by either moving them with two fingers or
11. are selected in face selection mode and can be transformed or deleted as a whole analogously to faces e the facets are shown but can t be modified individually e to change the facet count invoke to patches again with the patches to change selected e are selected and transformed like the segments of solitary splines e additionally loops can be selected and patch selections can be converted to edge selections e the interior edges of patches are shown but can t be adjusted individually e they can be converted between straight lines and splines with to splines resp to lines e vertices and handles e work like those of solitary spline networks e at vertices where four splines and patches meet link handles links the opposite handles and smooth and symmetric affect the transitions between opposite splines Shaping the surface Transitions between patches at vertices and along splines can be categorized in three types e creases cusps where the patches meet at an angle e smooth transitions where all patches share the tangent plane e the surface is smooth at coplanar vertices where all handles are in the same plane e the transition between two patches along the connecting spline is smooth if the framing splines join smooth e symmetric transitions where the relevant handles additionally have the same length to make the transition between adjoining patches smooth or symmetric select them and invoke smooth or symmetri
12. can lie anywhere in space and defines the height and the end radius and end angle e fora planar spiral only slide in the large pointer area e fora circular straight helix only slide in the small pointer area 4 adjust the turns and divisions e turns is the number of full turns and may be 0 added to this is a fractional turn defined by the angle between start and end point e when changing the turns the divisions are adjusted automatically 5 tap to finish After the first tap screen and auto plane is disabled automatically so sliding in the large pointer area always moves in the plane perpendicular to the helix s axis while sliding in the small pointer area moves parallel to it Rectangles regular polygons circles and grids These are created with the same tools as the primitives see the next chapter Use e rect for rectangles and rectangular grids e n gon for regular polygons and polar grids e circle for approximate circles and polar grids and make sure fill is disabled Creating primitives Spacedraw can create plenty primitive objects with various parameters The surface may be filled or a wireframe may be created the sides can be divided and a possibly textured material can be assigned at creation time The primitives can be positioned anywhere in 3d space or placed on the surface of other objects aligned to a face known as dynamic UCS AutoGrid or live objects Types and tool
13. change the view using a second or third finger or by tilting the device with tilt move enabled e with screen enabled this also rotates continuously the drawing plane e with auto plane enabled you can switch between the x y x z and y z plane e you can switch between line spline and arc by tapping the resp ribbon items e when you snap to an existing vertex of the same object and combine is enabled it is shared with the adjoining lines when snapping to a line it is split automatically and a shared vertex is created 4 tap with quick enabled or double tap with quick disabled within the too l zone to stop drawing now you can move the tripod to a next start position e activating another tool or ribbon selector also finishes drawing NEW lines splines and arcs can be inflated at creation see Inflating lines Freehand lines This tool lets you easily draw arbitrary shaped curves in space by either e moving the tripod freely in space using two fingers or e rotating the screen plane while you draw using multi touch or by tilting the device see Changing the view Drawing freehand lines in 3d naturally is somewhat more involved than in 2d for each stroke you first move the tripod to the start position then move it to draw There are two ways to indicate when the tripod should draw and when it should just move e tap to switch the mode e here you can move the tripod freely in space to draw using two fingers e start draggi
14. color space to sample the color from a point on a texture 1 slide leftwards into the screen over the color box until eyedropper active appears in the status line 2 move the pointer over the texture the color and transparency under the pointer is displayed in the color box release the touch to select the color e open the color picker beforehand to see the component values You can paint with partially transparent colors to modify the transparency of surfaces Where the brush works with full total strength with the normal blending mode the resulting transparency will be exactly the chosen one where it applies the color gradually the transparency is also changed gradually towards the chosen value Brush properties and paint settings The painting behavior of a brush can be varied in a wide range by adjusting the settings The adjusters for scale strength and mode are always shown when applicable The respective values are not linked to a brush but retained when changing it To show or hide the other adjusters slide leftwards into the screen over the adjuster rim the upper long blue line at the right border While you adjust a value a preview of the stroke is shown temporarily The adjustments made to brushes are not saved automatically in the library and are reset to the original values when you restart Spacedraw invoke save to make the adjustments permanent e tip defines the brush s tip via an image accord
15. contiguous areas with similar colors enable magic wand and e either tap within the area to select or place the picker at a point within the area e while moving the pointer the area that will be selected according to the current selection tolerance is outlined however if this area is very large only the part of the border nearest to the pointer is marked so the pointer movement is not slowed down to much by the calculations e adjust the selection tolerance until the selection has the desired size e the area to be selected is updated continuously 3 if desired modify the selection e enable add substr or inters and continue with 2 to add another area to the selection subtract it from the selection or intersect another area with the selection e invoke invert to invert the selection within the paintable texture s 4 use fill erase or a filter e fill floods the selection with the current color according to strength and mode then clears the selection e to apply a filter see Modifying textures e enable filter then activate the filter it is applied to the selection according to its current settings e adjust the settings the effect is updated continuously e tap to finish the selection is cleared or a new selection created according to the selection settings and tap position to clear the selection tap somewhere outside any paintable surface to select the entire paintable texture s clear the selection the in
16. copy saves the adjusted image with a new name appending a numbering to the file name Generating procedural textures The tools for generating procedural textures are found in the Procedural group of the material panel s list to generate a procedural texture open the material panel and expand the Procedural group in the material list 2 select objects or faces to initially apply the material to then tap the image of the respective entry in the list a new texture is created with the standard settings and placed in the upper part of the list 3 adjust the parameters and colors e the texture is updated continuously in the viewport to change a procedural texture select the respective material and adjust the parameters Gradient gradient generates repeating linear or radial circular or elliptical gradients creating striped or spotted patterns Using full transparency for the inner first part of the gradient grids with circular holes can be created e radial whether to create a linear or radial gradient e mirror to alternate the gradient with its mirrored version e width the width of one iteration e height for radial gradients use the same value as for with for circular a different for elliptical gradients Tiles tiles generates various two or three colored tile brickwork or checker patterns Using full transparency for the tiles grids can be created e shift to shift every other row if enabled the shif
17. custom tip images e many blending modes e painting with transparency e applying filters effects to selections or by painting e stamping decals patterns e projecting textures by painting e smudge tool e clone tool e erasing to history e magic wand and face selection Preparing to paint Before a surface can be painted a possibly blank texture image must be mapped to store the color information The possible precision of the paintings depends on the resolution of the image You can paint on a surface wherever an image is mapped however if the image is tiled or the same part used on multiple locations of an object your painting will appear repeatedly as well To avoid this every part of the surface must be mapped to a unique part of an image Spacedraw provides a tool to create unique texture images and maps possibly from existing tiled and repeated mappings retaining the surface s appearance This is especially useful when part of a large surface covered with a tiled small texture image shall be customized by painting It works as follows For every UV connected part of the selection a new image will be created and mapped using the existing mapping coordinates The dimensions are chosen such that an adjustable minimum precision in pixels per unit of the 3d space is attained everywhere and that the resulting images have with an height of a power of 2 if the mapping is much distorted far higher resolutions may occur
18. e directional the rotate tool is activated and you can orient the radiation e spot the target initially positioned at the lights location is selected and the move tool activated you can now define the beam direction by moving the target 4 adjust the properties tap to finish e the properties can be adjusted before or after the orientation or alternately concurrently you can change the view using multi touch or by tilting the device with tilt move enabled to adjust the position direction and intensity of lights 1 enable object selection mode and select the light e multiple lights or lights together with objects can be transformed 2 move the light with two fingers or use the move rotate or m r s tool from the ribbon e scaling lights only scales the objects representing them has no influence on the lighting effect e with one light selected the m r s tool changes its intensity instead of scaling e spotlights move without their target and automatically orient their direction towards the target to preserve their direction and move the target together with the light select both e to orient a spot light either e move the target the light orients itself automatically e rotate the light the target moves accordingly e to see the effects it is essential to change the view concurrently to view and adjust the properties of a light load the lh ribbon enable object selection mode and select the light the properties ar
19. enabled it also orients itself according to the ori se command and updated when modifying the selection With the show tripod while selecting preference disabled the pointer is hidden until you activate a transform tool or perform a move operation Transforming multiple objects at once When multiple objects are selected they may be rotated around scaled from either e a common center e therefor use the ref CS tool or invoke pos sel to position the tripod e their own pivots e therefor invoke each e for each selected object a tripod is displayed at its pivot aligned with the transform axes planes that will be used In case of independent transform centers the transform axes planes may be either e the same for all objects e therefor use the ori obj ori world or ori view commands or the rotate tool the ref CS tool will also set the transform center to the tripods position for all objects e for each aligned with its coord system e therefor invoke each Selecting and moving with a selection tool With a selection too active you can select or move using different touch actions e tapping always selects e sliding with one finger within the too zone moves the picker and selects with one exception e with elements selected start sliding up down within the small pointer area to move e when sliding with two fingers within the too zone e with lasso or paint enabled the lasso resp brush
20. follow the steps above to specify the scale center and possibly scale axis resp plane 2 slide into the screen from right within the type rim like for entering coordinates the text input appears 3 enter the scale factor Moving rotating and scaling concurrently Using two or three fingers elements can intuitively be moved rotated and uniformly scaled simultaneously 1 activate the m r s tool 2 if required move the tripod to the common transform center or invoke each to transform each selected object about its own pivot 3 slide two fingers within the tool zone the average motion moves in the screen plane twisting rotates in the screen plane pinching scales uniformly e Simultaneously you can orbit the view around the transform center to rotate the screen plane thereto set orbit look around to orbit and orbit center pointer to pointer in the V menu 4 to move another element select it by either tapping or moving the picker with one finger the transformed elements are deselected automatically and the m r S tool stays active Mirroring to mirror through a plane 1 activate the mirror tool 2 if required define the mirror plane either e move the tripod to a point in the Common mirror plane or e invoke each to mirror each selected object through a plane through its own pivot e now each object will be mirrored through its own coordinate planes e to use a common plane orientation use the ori obj or
21. mtl file to change a library material either e create an instance by assigning it to a selection change the properties of the instance then invoke save e select it in the library group of the list and change the properties the definition in the library is updated immediately to restore all materials that are bundled with Spacedraw delete the materials subfolder in the spacedraw folder then start or restart Spacedraw the library will be created as when the program is installed Curved and flat faces smooth and hard edges To specify e where a surface shall appear flat and where curved even though it is approximated by flat faces e along which edges and at which vertices creases resp cusps shall appear and which shall appear smooth normals are assigned to the faces at the vertices if the transition between two faces shall be smooth at a vertex the same normal is assigned to both faces at that vertex else a separate one is assigned to each face For lighting calculations the normals are then oriented automatically and interpolated across the faces normals belonging to a single face are oriented perpendicular to that face normals shared between faces are oriented in the average normal direction The normals are also used to determine the curvature and the locations of creases and cusps when polygon meshes are converted to spline surfaces The normals can be displayed as lines emerging from the vertice
22. performance e curve approximation steps sets the number of divisions for splines and arcs e X ray opacity determines the faces transparency when x ray is enabled e Antialiasing makes edges appear smoother not supported on devices with Adreno GPU most newer devices e Real time transparency sort provides a permanently correct transparency representation while changing the view and while moving elements but heavily impacts the performance if disabled transparent surfaces lying on top of each other are displayed correctly only after releasing the touch e when changing the view by tilting tap within the view zone to update the transparency Starting saving and loading scenes and models Starting running and exiting Spacedraw Once you ve installed Spacedraw you can start it like any other Android application from the apps list or by opening a spa spah or obj file see below from a file browser There always runs only one instance of Spacedraw on a device if you open a file with Spacedraw and it is already running it is brought to front and asks you to save unsaved changes to the currently loaded scene if necessary To send Spacedraw to the background and return to the previous application use the back key Spacedraw will be kept in memory and brought to front again if you tap its icon in the apps list or task switcher To exit Spacedraw and free the used memory invoke exit from the F menu the current state is saved
23. resp beside the vertex positions e show texture corners to draw dots at the texture images corners e home grid to display a grid in the x z plane around the origin Hiding and freezing When working on specific objects or details of a larger object it can be of great use or even necessary to hide other objects or parts of an object to temporarily hide objects or faces from view select them then invoke hide se ected from the V menu to hide the unselected objects or the unselected faces of an object use invert from the selection rollout beforehand to unhide all objects or all faces switch to object se ection mode or face selection mode then invoke unhide all from the V menu For objects you can alternatively freeze them this way they stay visible but are not selectable Drawing lines and curves With Spacedraw you can draw freehand lines CAD like polylines and splines known as paths in 2d vector graphics directly in 3D They can be combined to arbitrary complex networks The lines can then be used to create surfaces and solids e they may be extruded i e to create the walls of a building e inflated to arbitrary branched pipes possibly of varying width or e networks can be used to define the contours of surfaces All the tools for drawing are found in the W ribbon It is organized as follows e First come the tools e freeh for drawing freehand lines e line for straight lines and polylines e spline
24. sorting use the options from the ribbon to create a new folder invoke new folder in the ribbon the text input appears type the name and approve with the enter key to delete a file or empty folder slide rightwards on it a confirmation dialog appears e non empty folders can t be deleted Undo and history In Spacedraw every construction step can be undone even after exiting and restarting the application and with the paid version of Spacedraw the construction history of a scene can be saved and loaded in a file The steps can be displayed in a list and you can directly load any state from the list In principle any number of steps can be saved they are first saved to the RAM and the older ones then moved to the disk the internal storage when your device is out of RAM or disk space errors will occur You can enable and disable the recording of actions at any time via enable undos in the F menu Selections are treated as individual steps the view is also saved for every state and can be loaded together with the state therefor enable load view with undo in the preferences to undo the last action slide into the screen from right over the undo rim the green line at the top right border or tap close besides the line to redo an action slide into the screen from right over the redo rim the blue line below the green one or tap close besides it to show the history list slide leftwards into the screen over the undo rim furt
25. the status line e simultaneously the view may be changed to get an 3d impression of the object 4 adjust the parameters e the parameters and the object type can be changed prior to defining the first point or before or after the dimensions or alternately e to assign a material 1 tap material to open the material panel 2 tap the image of the material to assign in the list 5 tap to finish Parameters There are various parameters to influence the character of the object created e fill whether the surface is filled or a wireframe is created e material if fill is enabled lets you assign a possibly textured material mapping coordinates are created in any case so you can also easily assign a textured material later e when ascene material is selected in the material panel even if it s closed it is used for the new object else the standard material is used see Creating changing and assigning materials e smooth for round objects whether edges are marked and rendered smooth see Curved and flat faces smooth and hard edges e e disable this for a facetted object e various division numbers e e for grids first activate divide option of the rect tool to make the x and y divisions available e for prisms pyramids cylinders and cones set cap division to 1 to create no caps Additionally for rings and tori e roll the rotation of the tube e twist the twist of the tube Additionally for spheres e icosphere t
26. the surrounding faces e welding vertices that share an adjoining edge or face thereby collapsing or merging edges and reshaping collapsing or dividing faces e welding edges that share an adjoining face thereby reshaping or collapsing faces Vertices and edges may either be welded to the center or one vertex resp edge may be moved and welded to another called target weld The same results can often be achieved in several ways by applying different commands to different selections in the following preferably easy ways are described to merge adjacent faces select the separating edges or shared vertices then invoke de ete to weld adjacent vertices to their center select the connecting edges or faces then invoke collapse to weld a vertex on another vertex or edge target weld move it to the destination with vertex edge or midpoint snap enabled to weld vicinal edges to their center select them then invoke weld to weld an edge on another edge target weld move it to the destination with an edge snap enabled Automatic stitching and simplifying The auto weld tool automatically welds proximal vertices thereby collapsing small faces or welding unconnected elements It can be used to automatically e merge separate but coincident vertices e therefor make sure unconn is enabled e simplify meshes e stitch together surfaces where they are closest either along borders or at arbitrary positions Which vertices are welded dep
27. their positions enable each Editing polygon meshes Spacedraw provides plenty useful and established tools for polygonal modeling and retopology e they work with arbitrary complex topology manifold and non manifold meshes faces with any number of sides edges shared by multiple faces e the operations can be applied to any number of elements at once possibly from different objects e normals vertex colors and texture coordinates are retained resp reasonable modified or generated Most editing tools and commands are found in the 9 iboon depending on the selection mode For manual tessellation and for slicing the line tool from the sibbonn is used extrusions are created by moving or scaling or rotating faces or edged with extrude as accompanying operation target weld is done by moving with vertex or an edge snap enabled Using the commands The available commands in the Ribbon and their effects depend on the selection They are used as follows 1 switch to the appropriate selection mode and select elements e the applicable commands are now available 2 invoke the command e itis executed immediately on the current selection and you can continue with another task if you are content with the result or undo the changes 3 change the settings if any e the effect is updated immediately e some options are available depending on other options e the chosen settings are used when the command is executed the next time
28. using a transform tool e the first copy is transformed normally the second one two times the third one three times etc e you can change the transform tool the transform axis resp plane and the reference coord system if required that way you can easily create complex arrangements e g spiral arrays 4 if desired continue with 2 to create copies instances of all the copies and the originals once again e that way you can easily create multi dimensional arrays rectangular polar or other very complex ones Duplicating objects to vertices or faces Objects can be duplicated to the locations of vertices or faces of other objects to copy an object to vertices or faces 1 first select the vertices resp faces to be used as the target locations 2 last select a vertex resp face on the object to be duplicated so it is the active element 3 invoke replic from the 9 spon instances are created e for vertices they are placed with the active vertex to the locations of the other selected vertices with the orientation and scale of the original object e for faces they are placed with the center of the active face to the centers of the other selected faces and aligned to them the scale is not changed the duplicates are linked to the objects on whose vertices resp faces they are placed automatically Moreover they are selected so they can be further transformed at once e to rotate or scale the duplicates without changing
29. within the box a list of the keyboards installed on your device is shown When the text box appears it is possibly filled with the current coordinates resp the current name but the text is selected and when you start typing it is deleted to modify the text instead first tap in the box at the desired insertion point Hiding the Interface To get an unobstructed view e g to take a screenshot all interface elements can be hidden by tapping the menu button or via the F menu Customizing the interface The sizes of all screen elements the effects of touch input and of tilting the device can be adjusted Also you can freely choose the colors of the user interface and the geometry elements in the viewport a home grid and sky can be displayed to aid the sense of direction Preferences can be saved and loaded via simple text files The preferences panel The settings are managed with the preferences panel it can be shown or hidden by sliding leftwards into the screen over the preferences rim the yellow line at the right screen s border at any time There are 3 types of items e numeric values slide horizontally on the entry you can use the full width of the panel to adjust the value or tap the value to type e colors tap the color box to show the color picker and adjust the value see Selecting colors e on off values tap the checkbox to enable disable the option All changes are applied immediately to see the ef
30. are selected Spacedraw welds bridges the nearest pairs e the paths may have a different edge count if so vertices are inserted in the shorter paths edges e which ends of the edge paths are connected is determined automatically but can be changed with reverse e the edge paths may be open or closed but not branched if one or both paths are closed the edges are connected the straightest possible way automatically but the twist can also be adjusted to weld together two surface areas or create a bridge between them select two distinct face clusters then invoke weld or bridge e the face clusters may belong to different objects if so the objects are combined automatically e multiple pairs of face clusters can be welded bridged at once if more than two distinct face clusters are selected Spacedraw welds bridges the nearest pairs e the twist is determined automatically to minimize distortion but can be adjusted with twist e ifthe face clusters are oriented very slant to each other the winding of the bridge may not be clear it can be changed with reverse e the faces of the selected clusters are deleted Adding elements refining meshes to extend a surface from border edges or to append faces to interior edges enable extrude in the ribbon and then move or scale or rotate the duplicated edges see Accompanying operations to extrude faces or face clusters enable extrude and then move or scale o
31. arts may be used 2 invoke inflate the surface is created according to the previous settings e for large selections this may take some time 3 adjust the overall parameters e joint whether the pipes are assembled at branchings to create a single surface e if enabled all branches starting at a joint have the same thickness there e at very complex 3 dimensional branchings the tool may fail to create sensible junctions in this case disable joint e NEW cap whether the ends are closed e smooth girth whether the surface is smoothed crossways e enable for round pipes disable for edged pipes INEW use trisl whether triangles are used at transitions between different numbers of sides e NEW turn the pipes are rotated 45 this results in a different quashing and creates another type of branchings with joint enabled e with joint only applied at branchings e NEW optimize only for joint disabled whether the continuous strings are chosen such that the straightest ones are continuous at branchings e sides number of sides 2 gives flat stripes e with joint enabled only even numbers are possible e thickness e NEW squash e rotation only for joint disabled relative to the first turn of each string e smooth angle maximal kinking angle for which the surface is smoothed lengthways e only available with smooth girth disabled to smooth everything disable smooth girth and set the smooth angle to 180 4 o
32. ay lead to lags when painting quickly and require a lot of disk space There are two modes for painting with brushes e grip disabled the brush paints whenever you touch the screen over a paintable surface exactly under the touch position slide to stroke tap to stamp e this is more intuitive and makes natural quickly repeated strokes possible e grip enabled the brush is moved like the picker touch the screen within the grip area below the brush to paint somewhere else within the too zone to move the brush tap within the grip area to apply a dab somewhere else to move the brush to the tapped position e this lets you precisely define and preview the position where the stroke shall start resp where a dab shall be applied Color and transparency The current color and transparency used for painting and filling is displayed in the color box at the screen s top right border its lower halve shows the color without transparency in the upper halve it is overlaid a gray white pattern to portray the transparency to set the current color and transparency either e tap the color box to display the color picker and use it as described in Selecting colors e tap the color box again to close the color picker or leave it open and use two fingers to size and place it conveniently e place two fingers within the too l zone the color picker is shown temporarily and the color can be changed by moving the fingers see to freely move in the
33. be created is displayed 3 tap to generate the patch surface e fora large facet count this may take some time e all affected edges are converted to splines e faces with more than four sides are not affected e where patches and usual faces meet there is a spline bounding the patch and the straight edge of the face so that gaps may arise to close them either straighten the spline or create a two sided patch in between e where patches of different division count meet gaps occur if the interjacent spline is not straight they cannot be closed until the patches are converted to meshes e faces sharing a normal at a vertex are assembled with tangential continuity there to convert patches to editable polygon meshes select the objects or patches to convert and invoke to poly from the ribbon e atthe boundaries between patches and thusly converted meshes vertices are shared among a patch and faces so that a gapless transition can easily be retained these vertices can be moved manually but move back to their position at the patch boundary when the patch is transformed Selecting transforming and editing elements To shape spline surfaces you select patches edges vertices or handles with the f ribbon loaded and then either transform them or invoke appearing commands that shape the surface in certain ways Selecting and transforming edges vertices and handles on patches works analogously to solitary spline networks e patches e
34. c e the transitions between the framing splines are made smooth or symmetric to make the surface smooth around vertices invoke cop anar e this doesn t necessarily make the transitions along intermediate splines smooth to make the surface smooth along edge paths invoke smooth or symmetric e you may use oop to select loops to make patches planar and all their edges straight invoke straight to create cusps at vertices adjust individual handles or invoke straight to make the splines start in direction of the opposite vertices there to create creases along splines adjust the handles of the framing splines e for soft creases make the handles parallel by invoking smooth or symmetric with the framing splines select then scale them to to convert edges between straight lines and splines invoke to splines resp to lines e while straightened splines yield the same surfaces as straight lines the splines crook again automatically when the adjoining vertices are moved Light and color Spacedraw can produce realistic images of a scene taking into account positions and properties of lights material properties of surfaces as well as the relative viewing position and angle Together with the perspective projection this makes it possible to implicitly create visual art Rather than considering how an image should look from a specific position like a traditional or digital painter you define the material colors and prop
35. ch the transformed edges of lines or curves are detached if they are not connected to faces e copy copies of the selected edges are transformed for edges of faces this yields a wireframe model e vertices e by default they are moved deforming the connected faces e extrude lines are created between the old and new positions The transform tool the transform axis resp plane and the reference coord system may be changed during an operation that way you can create complex extrusions or arrays where the elements are scaled rotated and translated in various ways Snapping aligning and welding When elements are moved and the respective snaps are enabled they snap to other elements or the coordinate grid with the following exceptions e when transforming with two fingers in distinct touch areas all object snaps are disabled e when transforming with two fingers in the large pointer area grid snap is disabled e with the move tool active or when another than the E ribbon is loaded all object snaps are disabled when transforming with two fingers somehow When objects are moved and orient is enabled in the snap options they are also aligned to the faces or edges they snap to the tripods x z plane will be aligned with the face resp its y axis with the edge To align a specific face or edge on the moved object with another face or edge orient the tripod accordingly before moving see Transform center and orientation When m
36. ctivate new dir then move the pointer to specify the start direction for the next segment with quick disabled tap 4 tap with quick enabled or double tap with quick disabled within the tool zone to stop drawing or activate the line or arc tool to continue with a line or arc Editing To insert an anchor point without changing the shape 1 with the spline tool active and an edge snap and combine enabled snap the tripod to the spline at the desired position e to split the segment at the middle parameter value use midpoint snap 2 tap twice To remove anchor points switch to the ribbon select them and invoke delete a new spline segment will be inserted joining the neighboring anchor points To continue a spline smoothly from an endpoint snap to it using point snap then tap To convert straight line segments to splines invoke to splines from the ribbon To convert spline segments to polylines individual straight lines invoke to poly from the 9 ribbon Adjusting Splines are adjusted using the selection and transform tools from the ribbon For shaping splines and spline surfaces the m r S tool is especially well suited it can simultaneously move an anchor point and rotate and scale the related handles see Moving rotating and scaling concurrently With screen enabled you can concurrently rotate the transformation plane by changing the view to adjust an individual handle first select the corresponding verte
37. d in Spacedraw similarly to paths in vector drawing programs using anchor points control points and handles except that they can form arbitrary complex networks where anchor points are shared between multiple splines Control points are the end points of the handles Anchor points are vertices through which the curve passes Transitions between segments are categorized in three types e corners where the splines meet at an angle e smooth transitions where both splines have the same direction the handles are parallel e symmetric transitions where the handles additionally have the same length Vertices where multiple splines meet are called coplanar if all splines join in a plane there Splines may be used to define the contours of complex organic surfaces which can then be deformed by adjusting the splines Drawing To draw splines you alternately specify anchor points and control points 1 move the tripod to the start point and tap 2 move the pointer to the first control point to define the start direction with quick disabled tap e the distance of the control point influences the curvature 3 repeatedly 1 move the pointer to the end point of the segment with quick disabled tap 2 either e fora smooth symmetric transition move the pointer to define the tangent and curvature with quick disabled tap e fora corner 1 move the pointer to define the end direction of the segment with quick disabled tap 2 a
38. d menus displayed as symbols resp letters along the top left border for selecting the ribbon resp accessing additional menus containing commands and settings rims parts of the screen borders marked by colored lines where sliding into the screen has specific effects adjusters for numeric settings stacked along the right border when needed the text input shown when needed together with a keyboard touch area dividers mark the boundaries between the touch areas and can be dragged to shift the boundaries panels docked to the right screen s border for specific tasks only one panel can be open at a time The screen is divided in touch areas where touching has different effects the lower part of the screen called view zone is for changing the view the upper part called tool zone is for operating the active tool mostly by moving the 2d or tripod or tapping geometry elements to select them By using multiple fingers the view can be changed while operating a tool Tools commands and settings Spacedraw s functionality is exposed via tools commands and settings organized in four ribbons and three menus there is always one ribbon displayed along the top of the screen it is selected by tapping one of the four symbols on the top left border the symbol of the shown ribbon is highlighted the tools are used by touching the screen within the too l zone They are displayed in upright sans serif font in the ribbons there alway
39. ded in three columns is shown it is used as follows e the right column lists the files and subfolders of the image s directory e it can be zoomed like any panel by pinching within the column e when zoomed in the size dimensions and the time last modified are shown e atthe top the path is shown tap there to switch to the parent folder e the subfolders are displayed in blue at the top of the list tap one to open it e tap an image file to load it in the editor the changes on the currently loaded image are not saved automatically tap the same image again to undo all changes and reset the zoom of the central column e the central column shows the original image and is used to crop it e slide one finger up down in the upper resp lower part or left right in the left resp right quarter of the column to crop the image e pinch to zoom e the left panel shows a tiled preview of the cropped and resized image and is used resize it change the resolution e the image its repeated three times in both directions to let you preview the resulting appearance e slide one finger diagonal within the column to resize the image e place two fingers in different adjacent columns then slide sideways to change their distribution e atthe top the original and new dimensions in pixels and the scale factor are shown e tap 100 to reset the scale or reset to also undo the cropping e save saves the adjusted images overwriting the original save
40. e brush s transparency the original transparency is not altered e darken only changes colors to make them darker else works like normal e multiply multiplies both the color and alpha values the surface becomes darker and possibly more transparent with each stroke e lighten only changes colors to make them lighter else works like normal e screen has the inverse effect of multiply the surface becomes lighter and possibly more opaque with each stroke e flow the strength of each dab the resulting strength of the stroke depends on how many dabs overlap at a spot and the strength value e spacing the distance between the individual dabs e spacing noise randomness applied to the spacing e scatter how much the dabs are scattered perpendicular to the stroke path e rotation orientation of the tip e jitter randomness applied to the rotation e squish squashing of the tip shape in x resp y direction for valued gt 0 resp lt 0 Organizing brushes Spacedraw comes with a varied collection of brushes sorted in 5 categories for different purposes they demonstrate some of the effects achievable by adjusting a brush s properties e basic brushes with round homogeneous tips for creating smooth contiguous strokes with different hardness and a calligraphic brush creating lines whose width depends on the stroke direction e covering brushes to cover areas with various structures e colorful fur demonstrates w
41. e displayed and can be adjusted e the properties always belong to the light which is the active element Materials The visual characteristics of surfaces i e the colors shininess and transparency are specified by assigning materials to them Together with the normals they determine how light is scattered If lighting is enabled the appearance of a surface at a specific point is influenced by the material properties at that point the relative position orientation and properties of lights and the view point and direction To define the diffuse usual color you can e assign colors to faces edges or vertices possibly creating gradients e map any 2d images onto the surface e directly paint on the surface Surface properties Materials have the following properties e diffuse color determines the light that is scattered on the surface evenly in all directions e if lighting is disabled this color is used unaltered e asingle color can be used or it can vary over the surface where the material is applied e different colors can be assigned to individual faces edges or vertices e atexture image can be projected on the surface e the surface can be painted e the effect of this color on the surface appearance depends on the relative angle intensity and color of the incident light but not on the view direction however if the camera light is enable it changes when you change the view because the light is rotated together with
42. e scene was previously saved as spa or spah file that file will be overwritten e saving big scenes with a large history can take some time when the file is saved successfully a message is shown in the status line to save models in the obj format invoke export as obj the file browser and text input are shown navigate to the folder where the file shall be saved and type the name then use the enter key or OK button to approve The material definitions are stored in an equally named mtl file in the same folder and all used texture image files are also copied to that folder if necessary e to save all objects in the scene disable only selected e to save specific objects select them beforehand and enable only selected e if only one object is selected it is placed at the coordinate origin in the obj file The file browser For opening and saving files the file browser is displayed in a panel and lets you browse your device s local file system e see Panels for resizing the panel and scrolling and zooming the file list e the full path of the shown folder is displayed in the header e the subfolders are displayed in blue sorted before or behind the files e when zoomed in enough the size and the time modified is shown for each file to navigate to the parent folder tap the header to open a subfolder tap it to navigate back use the back command from the ribbon the back key closes the file browser to change the
43. e time 3 adjust the overall parameters e cap bevel whether to create flat or beveled rims e out dist in dist NEW out amp in displacements of the created surfaces use out amp in to adjust both displacements at once 4 optional adjust the parameters at specific places activate the vertex edge or face selection tool and select elements the applicable adjusters and options will be available Enclosing and chamfering edges and vertices The surround tool from the 9 ribbon creates edges or faces around selected vertices or edges of a surface possibly removing the enclosed surface parts It can be used to e insert edge loops around edge paths or single vertices e chamfer or round corners and edges of objects e create veins or bulges on surfaces or frames around them It is used as follows 1 select vertices or edges 2 invoke surround the operation is executed according to the previous settings e the new edges are inserted at an equal distance from the selected edges or vertices such that they are centered between other edges at the narrowest locations 3 adjust the options e chamfer deletes the enclosed surface parts and inserts plain faces e inflate deletes the enclosed surface parts and inserts four sided pipes for edges resp octahedral for vertices connected with the enclosing surface e weld automatically welds colliding vertices e this occurs for large distance values e smooth border whether to
44. ed elements are deselected automatically to move in a specific plane 1 activate the move tool 2 if required orient the tripod appropriately see Transform center and orientation e to move parallel to a face or perpendicular to an edge use the ref CS tool with a face resp edge snap and orient enabled to align the tripod then turn the snap off again 3 disable screen enable auto plane and orient the view roughly parallel to the desired plane e the plane that will be used is indicated on the tripod 4 slide with one finger within the large pointer area e sliding within the small pointer area moves along the perpendicular axis e sliding with two fingers moves freely to move along a specific axis 1 activate the move tool 2 if required orient the tripod appropriately see Transform center and orientation e to move perpendicular to a face or parallel to an edge use the ref CS tool with a face resp edge snap and orient enabled to align the tripod then turn the snap off again 3 either e tap the respective axis arrow on the tripod then slide with one finger within the tool zone roughly parallel to the axis e the other two arrows will disappear e disable screen enable auto plane and orient the view roughly parallel to the perpendicular plane then slide up down within the small pointer area with one finger e this way you always move roughly in out the screen which makes it difficult to estimate the movement
45. ends on the settings e connected vertices connected by edges or faces may be welded e disable this option to avoid collapsing boundary elements when used to stitch together surfaces e unconn vertices not connected by edges or faces may be welded e disable this option to avoid nearby unconnected parts from being welded when used to simplify meshes e _unsel nearby unselected vertices may be welded e using this option you have to select less for simplifying or you possibly only have to select one side of aseam e real time the effect is continually updated while adjusting the distance e for large selections this may be slow e distance vertices being nearer may be welded Only vertices belonging to the same object are welded to weld distinct object together first use combine Welding and bridging edges and faces The weld tool welds distinct edge paths or surface areas bride creates bridges between them They work quite analogously to weld together two edge paths or create a bridge between them select two distinct edge paths then invoke weld or bridge e you may use border and non border edges and separate lines or curves e splines and arcs are converted to polylines use cover to retain them and create patches e the paths may belong to different objects if so the objects are combined automatically e multiple pairs of edge paths can be welded bridged at once if more than two distinct edge paths
46. er the relative or absolute x value tap the enter key on the keyboard it may read Next or Go then likewise the y and z value after entering the z value the pointer is positioned and the text input and keyboard hidden e to abort the input use the back key at any time e ifthe input is invalid an message appears and you can enter the value again Snapping and aligning Snapping is essential both for positioning the tripod precisely and for reaching points in space fast Also it allows for creating lines with shared vertices and faces with shared vertices and edges and previously separate parts can be welded together You can snap to e an adaptive 3d coordinate grid grid snap it adjusts its spacing automatically to the zoom and the tripod position such that the distances in screen space always stay appropriate when zoomed out or when the tripod is farther away it is coarser and when zoomed in or when the tripod is nearer it is finer Hence for finer coordinates you just have to zoom in e the spacing at the default view and pointer position is 1 unit when zooming out it turns to 2 5 then 5 then 10 then 25 and the other way round e the target distance in screen space can be adjusted with the grid distance preference e existing geometry g e vertices S edges lines curves the point nearest in screen space to the tripod position midpoints of edges lines curves for splines the point wi
47. ertices accordingly Texture images can be repeated multiple times to cover a surface and the seams may arbitrarily cross the faces Therefor texture coordinates outside the range of the images are assigned When primitives or derivative surfaces are created Spacedraw automatically generates reasonable UVs and many obj files also contain them If you assign a textured material to an object or face selection that already has UVs and where a single or no material is previously assigned the existing UVs are used and only scaled to match the new materials scale Otherwise the planar for a face selection or the box projection tool for an object selection is activated automatically Creating texture maps One reasonable and easy way to map textures is to project them onto the surface either straight from a plane called planar mapping cylindrical or spherical Since planar mapping roughly reverses the process of photographing it can produce good results for photo textures Spacedraw provides the following tools for established projection methods e planar projects the image from a single plane straight against the surface e box projects the image from the six sides of a box each face is mapped from the box side whose normal parallels its own the most e cylindr projects the image from a cylinder wrapping it around the object e spheric projects the image from a sphere by associating the spherical coordinates of the su
48. erties and the light sources according to your ideas let the software calculate the image and then possibly adjust the definitions Also realistic lighting is highly important for modeling 3d objects since only lighting effects like specular highlights create a real 3 dimensional look This realistic lighting can be enabled or disabled at any time via lighting in the D menu Using the tools All the tools for lighting shading and painting are organized in the lh ribbon as follows It starts with three special modes for specific tasks e color for assigning vertex colors e material for defining organizing and assigning materials e paint for painting When activated only the tools and commands for the respective task are available For creating lights working with normals and UVs make sure color material and paint are deactivated Selecting colors With Spacedraw s novel multi touch color picker you can move in the 3 dimensional color space by sliding with two fingers and that way intuitively choose any color with one grip The average motion moves a pointer on a color field to define the hue and saturation pinching varies the brightness The sophisticated yet compact interface lets you also precisely adjust colors according to the HSV or RGB color model chose a transparency and access previously used colors It can freely be resized and moved on the screen last sampled original last applied current opacity c
49. ess e faces on different objects can be used 3 you can now use the painting tools on the selected surfaces they are paintable e only surfaces where a textured material is assigned are paintable e when you move the picker over a paintable face it shows a circle indicating the brush s size and a preview of the dab resp the start of the stroke the brush would create when starting to paint else the pointer shows in red 4 tap paint or another tool or ribbon selector to finish e to continue painting on another part select it and invoke paint again Using brushes Brushes are used to apply modify or erase color or transparency they can create single dabs called stamping or continuous strokes called stroking Strokes are composed of individual dabs defined by the tip image for smooth continuous strokes the dabs must overlap so that they are not or barely recognizable anymore Distributed separate dabs can be created by stroking with a large spacing or scatter The brush to use is selected from the brushes panel where all available brushes are listed grouped in expandable collapsible categories to open or close the panel slide leftwards into the screen over the panel rim the lower long blue line at the right border If undoable is enabled every stroke can be undone therefor after each stroke a new version of the affected texture image s is saved to the textures subfolder of the folder where the scene is saved this m
50. et the grip area below the 2d and tripod used for drawing freehand lines and painting when the entries are selected in the preferences panel these areas are outlined in the viewport e tripod size picker size and Pointer line width set the pointer sizes e Vertex size Selected vertex size Active vertex size and Preview vertex size set the dot size for the vertices e if Antialiasing is disabled the values are rounded to integers e the Edge width entries set the line width for edges and lines and curves e Some devices don t support widths greater than 1 and devices that don t support antialiasing must have Antialiasing disabled for the line width to work e if Antialiasing is disabled the values are rounded to integers The Input settings determine the effects on touching and tilting e Drag speed sensitivity together with Normal drag speed sets the touch acceleration for pointer movement and view change e a sensitivity of 0 means no acceleration Normal drag speed has no impact e if the sensitivity is greater 0 motions faster than a certain speed set with Normal drag speed are accelerated while slower motions are decelerated e Touch move factor can make the 2d and tripod and the view move faster or slower than you slide e Tilt rotate factor can make the view rotate faster or slower than you rotate the device The Viewport display settings determine the rendering of the geometry and can impact the
51. ex twice to select connected faces edges or vertices invoke connected all elements connected to any previously selected element will be selected to select UV connected faces edges or vertices invoke UV conn all elements that are via between faces shared UVs connected to any previously selected element will be selected to select border edges faces or vertices invoke border the elements along every border with at least one selected element will be selected Modifying selections to invert the selection invoke nvert for faces edges or vertices all meshes with some selected elements are considered lights are not considered to select the outline resp border of the current selection invoke outline for faces and vertices the meaning is clear for edges the command selects the border edges of the faces adjacent to the previously selected edges creating interesting patterns changing with repeated application of the command to grow or shrink a selection activate the grow shrink tool slide up down within the tool zone until the desired elements are highlighted then release the touch Switching selection modes converting selections When you switch the selection mode the current selection is remembered and restored when switching back Selections can be converted a to another type in some cases this is ambiguous e for the maximal number of elements tap object face edge or vertex twice e forthe mini
52. f different objects may be transformed about a common transform center Using the tools All the tools for selecting transforming and the accompanying operations are found in the E ribbon It is organized in sections as follows e the four selection modes tools object face edge and vertex e tapping one switches to the respective mode and also finishes any active transform tool and activates the selection tool e the selection mode determines the available selection options and commands and the operations e the special selection options and commands e the transform tools move rotate scale m r s mirror and the de ete command e the applicable ones of the accompanying operations copy instance extrude detach e the options for pointer movement and snap depending on the active tool e the reference coord system tools and commands to transform in most general e activate a selection too and select the elements to transform e to rotate or scale the adjoining elements of a vertex about it you only have to select the vertex e select an accompanying operation e specify the transform center and orientation e activate a transform tool and adjust the move and snap options resp select the transform axis or plane e perform the transformation see the respective sections e either e to finish tap within the tool zone activate a selection tool or another menu e with a tap you can simultaneously select an element for t
53. fect make sure affected elements are visible Reset sets the selected entry to the factory setting Reset all restores all entries in the preferences panel and also the touch areas and panel sizes OK or sliding the rim again retains the changes and closes the preferences panel Cancel discard them The preferences can be saved and loaded via plain text files as simple colon separated key value pairs e Tap Save to save the current preference to a file on your device it gets the spse extension and can be edited with any text editor e Tap Load to load a preferences file entries defined in the file are loaded the others are not changed e To load only certain settings e g colors first delete the other entries in the file with a text editor Adapting and adjusting the interface For convenient operation it is essential to adjust the interface to your device and to your personal preferences and working style The most important settings are described in the following The Sizes settings determine the dimensions of the screen elements All sizes changes all size values incl Selection radius Snap radius and Grid distance at one go e Tap size determines the minimal dimensions of the tappable areas e g for menu items and buttons e Text size sets the font and symbol size for menu items the status line and in panels e Pointer grip length and Pointer grip width s
54. g the color of surfaces Image files can be used unaltered to define the diffuse color of a material colorized with the single color set as the materials diffuse color or with the assigned vertex colors To retain the original color make sure the diffuse color is set to pure white Adjusting and mapping colors Image files can be used unaltered to define the diffuse color of a material or the colors may be adjusted or mapped to other colors including transparency The original file is not changed and the same file can be used for many materials with different adjustments or mappings to adjust or map the colors of a texture image for a material select the material then activate adj color or grad map in the ribbon e with adj color the contrast saturation and brightness can be adjusted and the hue can be shifted according to the HSV color model with rotate hue e grad map maps the brightness of an images pixels to the colors of a gradient When grad map is enabled the gradient editor is shown in the materials properties and lets you define an arbitrary gradient possibly with full or partial transparent colors contrast adjusts the mapping curve Cropping and resizing Spacedraw includes a tool to crop and resize images specifically designed to quickly create small and well tileable texture images to crop or resize images select a material with the respective texture image in the material panel and invoke crop a window divi
55. hat is possible by using multicolored tip images with transparency e scatter brushes to scatter the tip images e trace brushes to create various kinds of traces along the stroke using rotate along e decals larger colorful tip images to be stamped on surfaces The brush definitions are stored in equally named plain text files with spbr extension as simple colon separated key value pairs They are located together with the tip images in subfolders of the spacedraw brushes folder to_add a brush to the library place the image to be used for the tip in the respective subfolder of the spacedraw brushes folder when you start or restart Soacedraw the next time and open the brush panel an equally named brush will appear in the respective category and can be customized to remove a brush from the library delete the respective spbr and image file to create or delete a category create resp delete an equally named subfolder in the spacedraw brushes folder Selecting areas Areas on the texture can be selected to fill them with color or transparency apply a filter or erase them Contiguous areas with similar colors can quickly and reliably be selected with the magic wand tool to select texture areas 1 enable select 2 either e to select faces enable face then either tap the faces to select or move the picker over them and release the touch when the desired face is framed e to select
56. he limited screen size of about 5 to 10 or even down to 3 2 e is adaptable to the screen size type and resolution of any Android device The interface is designed to be fast to learn for novices and fast to relearn for experts However Spacedraw is a large program and introduces a multitude of novel concepts so learning it may take some effort Interface elements status line 6 65 6 39 23 1 a ject face edge vertex UVs lasso rotate scale mys murror Ve lt type rim rd A delete copy screen auto plane grid snap ribbon selectors undo rim S display menu touch area splitter redo rim view menu file menu g adjuster ribbon tripod picker scene explorer panel cylinder 1 1024 F scrollbar rectangle 132 ref CS pee i oe bet rectanglel 132 rectanglel2 132 i 13 objects scene explorer a rim mente i touch area splitter splitter __ redo view touch area splitters view panel rim alt a undo view rim The Spacedraw window consists of one large 3d viewpot and various overlaid control elements e the status line at the top e inthe left part hints for using the active tool prompts for inputs or messages are shown e inthe right part the coordinates of the tripod or info about the selection are displayed e the ribbon below the status line provides access to the tools commands and settings the ribbon selectors an
57. he next transformation e continue with 2 to start a new operation with the selected elements e continue with 3 or 4 to further transform Transform center and orientation completely revised The displayed and typed coordinates relate to the reference coord system it is also used to specify the transform center axis resp plane for rotate and scale transformations The base point and snap position for moving is determined by the tripod Prior to a transformation you can use the ref CS and ref pos tools to change the reference coord system resp the tripod position Activate ref CS then either e move the tripod then either tap the view to set both the reference coord system and the tripod or activate the ref pos tool to set another tripod position the tripod is reset to the position where it was before invoking ref CS in this case e enable an edge or face snap and orient to align the ref CS along an edge or with a face e activate rotate the one besides ref pos to rotate the reference coord system the procedure is the same as for rotating elements e use the appearing commands e selection only for vertex edge and face selections the the y axis of the coord system is aligned with the average normal of the affected faces the origin is set to the geometric center of all affected vertices the position on the instance used last for selecting is used e object use the coord system of the active objec
58. he objects you are moving to the faces or edges it snaps to thereto activate orient available when a face or edge snap is active To use complex snaps it is necessary to zoom in appropriately and set the snap radius large enough e with a face snap enabled the y axis of the tripod is oriented perpendicular to the face e with an edge snap enabled the y axis is aligned along the edge e with a face and edge snap enabled and when the pointer s dot is near an edge as well as over a face the y axis is oriented perpendicular to the face and the x axis along the edge e if vertex snap is active additionally and a vertex is within reach the pointer is positioned to the vertex and aligned to the nearest edge and the face the dot hovers e This is especially useful to establish a coord system suitable for modifying existing geometry To set the tripod to the view center use center pointer from the V menu The reference coordinate system The reference coordinate system determines the axes and planes for moving the tripod defines the snap grid and is used for entering and displaying coordinates it is always aligned with the tripod and it s origin is indicated by a small symmetric axes cross To change the reference coord system 1 activate the the ref CS tool available from the x and f ribbon the reference coord system is positioned and aligned with the tripod 2 if required either e move the tripod and tap to finish
59. her until the list is displayed the currently loaded state is indicated in green you can now scroll zoom or resize the list see Panels to load a state from the history list tap it you can scrub through the history by touching the active green state and then dragging slowly up down if a state takes longer to load than you linger over it it is skipped e when you perform any edit operation with a state from the history loaded the subsequent history is cleared Spacedraw therefore displays a warning message in this case and opens the history list to cancel the operation and load the last history state again tap it in the list to continue tap within the tool zone to clear the history invoke clear undos from the F menu all undo information and the historic painting texture image files are deleted e if the scene is saved to a spah file that file is not changed immediately but when you save the next time only the states after invoking clear undos are included Changing the view By default Soacedraw uses a perspective projection NEW Via the V menu you can switch to an orthographic projection The view can be changed with single or multi touch and by tilting the device via motion sensors Using different fingers or by simply moving the device you can change the view while moving the pointer drawing or modeling That way you get a 3d impression of the model and how you re changing it in real time The lower pa
60. hrough four way junctions e an edge ring is a path of parallel edges connected in sequence by their shared faces e avertex loop is a path of vertices connected in sequence by their shared edges Which of the previously selected elements are considered by the oop and ring commands depends on the element type and the gap settings e for faces and vertices a oop is defined by at least two elements within it and the oop command expands the selection from the active face active vertex in the directions where faces vertices are already selected e for edges a gapless oop or ring is defined by one edge within it and the oop command selects every loop ring with at least one edge selected to select a gapless face or vertex loop select two adjacent faces vertices within it then invoke oop to select gapless edge loops or rings select one edge within every loop ring then invoke oop ring to selected multiple face or vertex loops at once first select the corresponding edge rings loops then convert the selection to select a loop or ring with a repeating pattern select one instance of the pattern invoke oop then set the gap setting to the pattern length Special selections to select all objects clear the selection then invoke invert to select all instances of the active object invoke instances to select all faces edges or vertices of an object select it in object mode then tap face edge or vert
61. i world or ori view commanas or the rotate tool after the each command 3 tap the tripoa s arrow on the axis orthogonal to the mirror plane Accompanying operations The accompanying operations specify what happens with the selected and affected unselected elements in the process of the transformations The possible operations depend on the type of the elements selected e objects e by default the original objects are transformed e copy instance copies instances of the objects are created e with repeat set to greater than 1 multiple additional copies instances are created at once which are transformed multiple times producing arrays e faces e by default they are moved together with their edges and vertices deforming the adjacent faces e extrude new faces are created connecting the transformed with the adjacent faces using rep extr instead with every transformation a new extrusion is performed e detach the transformed faces are detached leaving behind a gap e with new obj enabled a new object is created from the detached faces otherwise they stay part of the object they come from e copy copies of the selected faces are transformed e with new obj enabled a new object is created from the copied faces otherwise they become part of the object they come from e by default they are moved deforming the connected faces e extrude new faces are created between the old and new positions e deta
62. iew the one most perpendicular to the view direction and indicated on the pointer with a line connecting the corresponding tripod axes e parallel to the screen plane back and forth by sliding in the large pointer area small pointer area possibly concurrently with screen enabled e with tilt view active the current screen plane is used allowing to move in any direction even using just one finger e freely in space using two fingers where the average motion determines the movement parallel to the screen plane and pinching moves back and forth therefor start sliding with both fingers within the large pointer area the screen and auto plane options have no bearing To improve efficiency and precision the tripod by default moves faster in screen space than you slide when you slide fast and slower when you slide slowly To make it follow the finger movement directly start sliding within the grip area below the tripod Entering coordinates You can also position the tripod by typing absolute or relative cartesian coordinates e Slide into the screen from right within the type rim the topmost zone marked by a red green blue line the text input appears e to enter the coordinates relative to the current tripod s position slide straight leftwards so that left of the text input x is displayed e to enter absolute coordinates slide downwards slantwise so that left of the text input x is displayed e Ent
63. ific color and transparency simply paint with it or select the desired area and invoke fill to erase to the original texture to the state when it was made paintable either enable erase and paint or select the desired area and invoke erase the original texture is composed with the current state according to the total strength and mode Cloning areas The clone tool copies the texture from one location to another 1 2 enable clone source is activated automatically move the pointer to the source position and tap source is deactivated e if the source shall be stamped adjust the size squish and rotation of the brush so that it encompasses the desired region move the pointer to the target position a preview is shown e you can clone to any paintable surface area e adjust the brush s size squish and rotation to scale and rotate the source either e tap within the grip area below the brush to stamp e move the brush to continuously clone from the area around the source position e to clone from the same source to another area move the brush to the new target position with aligned disabled then stamp or stroke e to continue cloning from the same source continuously proceed painting with aligned enabled e to clone from a new source enable source again and continue with 2 Projecting images by painting Images can be projected onto parts of surfaces by painting based on the view 1 2 tap project the file browse
64. igning materials It shows the gradient as a horizontal color strip overlaid a gray white checker pattern to portray the transparency Arrows indicate the positions of the stops beneath are color boxes showing the respective colors The boxes are spaced equally independent of the stop positions to make the stops accessible even if the arrows are very close e to edit a complex gradient increase the width of the material panel to change the color of a stop tap the respective box the color picker appears to adjust the location of a stop drag downward and then sideways from the center of the respective stop box the related arrow will move e you can drag a stop over other ones to change their order To insert a new stop between two existing stops drag down from the gradient stripe between the respective stop boxes a stop is added with the average color of the surrounding stops centrally between them e after the stop appears you can drag sideways to shift it to remove a stop drag upward from the stop box to create an abrupt transition move two stops directly together Lighting For realistically illuminating the scene there are two options e lights with specific properties can be placed at fixed locations e up to eight lights can be used e by default there is one point light at position 0 15 0 e a directional light always following the virtual camera together with a mild ambient light can be used e the directional ligh
65. ing to colorful tip e tapping tip opens the file browser and lets you choose an image file e rotate along whether the tip is rotated in the stroke s direction e colorful tip determines how the tip image is interpreted e enabled the alpha values of the image s pixels defines the painting strength and the original colors are used only possible for png and tif images e disabled the darkness of the image s pixels defines the painting strength where the image is white no paint is applied where it is black the maximal effect results e scale the scaling of the tip not linked to the brush e size the brush s tip diameter measured in 3d space units scaled with the scale factor e strength the maximal strength of a stroke s effect e g with a value of 0 5 the original color is not altered more than 50 no matter how many dabs overlap and how often you move the brush over the same spot e mode the blending mode defines how the brush s color and transparency is combined with the original color and transparency e normal averages both color and transparency according to the strength e behind paints behind the existing color the stroke has no effect on fully opaque areas on fully transparent areas the effect is the same as with normal the transparency is never increased e atop paints only atop of existing color the stroke has no effect on fully transparent areas on opaque areas the strength depends on th
66. ints on the image at elements of the mesh e use pivot to position the tripod on the image e texture in the snapping group of the ribbon snaps to the corners of the images displayed as yellow dots Splitting and welding UVs to split or weld UVs switch to the ripbon make sure color material and paint are deactivated then enable texture Enable show UVs in the D menu to see the UVs and show texture corners if desired The available commands and their effects depend on the selection mode e weld UVs merges the UVs of the selected vertices or of all vertices of the selected edges or faces to their average if the respective faces have the same material applied e split UVs assigns unique UVs to the faces at shared vertices so that the texture image can be moved in them independently e for vertices assigns a unique UV to each adjoining face e for edges paths splits the UVs such that faces on different sides of the path don t share UVs requires at least two adjoining edges to be selected e for faces splits the UVs for all selected face clusters along their border edges e auto weld UVs automatically welds UVs that are very close together in UV space if the respective faces have the same material applied Painting For coloring surfaces Spacedraw provides a wide range of sophisticated digital painting tools rivaling and partially exceeding those found in leading 3d graphics software e highly customizable brushes with
67. is 2 slide into the screen from right within the type rim like for entering coordinates the text input appears 3 enter the rotation angle in degrees according to the right hand rule Scaling to uniform scale 1 activate the scale tool 2 if required move the tripod to the scale center or invoke each to scale each selected object out from resp in toward its own pivot 3 either e slide one finger within the too zone roughly away from resp towards the tripod e pinch with two fingers within the too zone to scale along an axis or in a plane 1 activate the scale tool 2 if required define the scale center and the scale axis resp plane either e move the tripod to the common scale center and orient it appropriately e invoke each to scale each selected object out from resp in toward its own pivot e now each object will scale in alignment with its own coordinate system e to use a common axis resp plane use the ori obj ori world or ori view commands or the rotate tool after the each command 3 tap the respective part on the tripod e to scale along an axis tap the respective axis arrow the other two arrows will disappear e to scale in a plane tap the line connecting the respective axes the arrow on the perpendicular axis will disappear 4 slide one finger within the too zone roughly away from resp towards the tripod e pinching with two fingers scales uniformly to type the scale factor
68. is defined by the pointer position e the faces of circle based objects are marked and rendered as curved around the girth see Curved and flat faces smooth and hard edges Creation process All primitives are created by specifying two points the orientation is defined by the reference coord system 1 activate the suitable too 2 move the tripod to the first point and tap e the tripod s position and orientation define the construction plane e to place the primitive on the surface of another object enable faces or centers snap then activate orient the tripod will align itself with faces see Snapping and aligning 3 move the tripod to define the dimensions e screen and auto plane are disabled automatically so sliding in the large pointer area always moves in the construction plane and dimensions the base while sliding in the small pointer area moves up and down and changes the height e how the pointer position is interpreted depends on the object type e for a sphere specify any point on the surface e fora planar object only move in the plane e if you accidentally move off the plane just disable the box prism or cylin option again e for an extruded object raise the tripod off the plane e the shape is extruded perpendicular to the construction plane and the ribbon item for the respective object type box prism cylin turns active e if required select another type now e the dimensions are displayed in
69. itrarily be combined to contiguous surfaces Any number of patches can meet at a vertex and at an edge and they may converge there smoothly or angled Four sided patches can be assembled among themselves and with three sided patches and planar faces with good tangential or curvature continuity for practical purposes Thus Spline surfaces are ideally suited to create complex organic objects with smooth surfaces that also have creases and cusps with varying richness of detail and arbitrary topology Patches bounded by straight lines and arcs let you easily and precisely define surfaces for architectural and mechanical applications Simultaneously moving control points and rotating and scaling the adjoining handles with the m r s tool while concurrently changing the view lets you easily create any surfaces according to your imaginings Spline surfaces can be created by e drawing the curve networks and then covering them with a surface e extruding cross sectional curves e deriving them from existing polygon meshes taking into account the normals to determine the curvature and locations of creases and cusps They can arbitrarily be extended by extruding border or interior edges to new patches For adding detail spline surfaces or single patches can be converted to polygon meshes to make their facets editable individually and parts of polygon meshes can be converted to spline surfaces Creation and conversion to create spli
70. l opens e to use a procedural or library material expand the respective group and category in the list by tapping its title bar e select the objects or faces to apply the material to e faces on multiple objects can be selected together e inthe list tap the image of the desired material e incase of a procedural or library material a new instance is created and placed and selected in the upper selection of the list e if you assign a textured material and the selection doesn t has a single mapped material applied the planar projection tool is activated automatically but you can change the mapping method by activating another projection tool to select all objects to which a material is applied as base material invoke using with the material selected in object selection mode to select all faces to which a material is assigned invoke using with the material selected in face selection mode e if no face is previously selected the faces on all objects to which the material is assigned are selected else only the faces on the object of the active face are selected Managing the material library Spacedraw comes with a material library of over 100 mostly textured materials for you to use sorted in 10 categories for various applications You can simply assign these to your objects or add your own materials and textures to the library When installing Spacedraw the library is stored on your device in spacedraw materials The mate
71. like the projection tools the shift scale and rotation can be changed using the respective adjusters Transforming and tweaking UVs Spacedraw lets you easily and intuitively adjust texture maps by transforming the images on the surfaces directly in the 3d viewpot Aided by preview highlight individual UVs can easily be selected and then moved to tweak the mapping or entire UV connected parts can be selected and transformed to transform or tweak UVs switch to the ribbon and enable UVs the applicable selection and transform tools are now available in the ribbon and the UVs are displayed as dots on the respective vertex positions for UVs not shared by all adjoining faces of a vertex the dots are shifted towards the respective faces The tools are used as follows e single UVs can be selected in vertex selection mode e in edge selection mode the UVs of the adjoining faces for the edges endpoints are selected if they re not shared between the faces only the UVs of the face under the picker are selected e in face selection mode all UVs of a face are selected e connected selects the geometrically connected parts UV conn selects via between faces shared UVs connected parts e border selects UVs along borders of UV connected parts e move rotate and scale transform the mapping along the surface e fora single selected UV rotate and scale transform the edge connected UVs e snapping can be used to exactly position specific po
72. ly e use the size slider in the material panel to scale the mapping wherever the material is and will be assigned e for the box projection the gizmo displays three dots on its edges instead tap one and then slide within the tool zone to scale the projection along the respective axis to uniform scale the projection use the white dot on the corner of the gizmo e fit stretches the image to fit on the selection resulting in the best unique mapping with exception of box here the image is used 6 times e turm flip mirror rotate the image by 90 flip it upside down resp mirror it e use snapping to snap the gizmos to elements and possibly align them 5 tap to finish For uneven surfaces the projections always result in distorted and unequally scaled mappings from the images sections to the faces To avoid this the image can be mapped to each face individually aligned or the map can be started at one face and then straightly wrapped to neighboring faces until the surface is covered using the following tools e per face maps the image to each face individually equally scaled aligned with one edge and undistorted for planar faces seams arise along every edge e wrap for every connected part of the selection maps the image to one face then wraps it equally scaled and for planar faces undistorted to neighboring faces until all selected faces are covered such that seams arise only where necessary They are used
73. mal number long tap touch and hold for at least half a second When converting to objects e with twice tap all instances of the meshes with selections are selected e with long tap for every mesh only the instance on which the last selection was done is selected Soft selection Soft selection automatically selects elements surrounding the explicit selection partially gradually decreasing with the distance measured either as the e spatial distance in 3d space e therefor enable spatial and set spatial reach to the value up to which the soft selection shall extend e edge distance the number of edges of the shortest path to the explicit selection e therefor enable edge dist and set edge reach to the value up to which the soft selection shall extend The distance may also be spatially measured but the selection limited by a maximal edge distance this is e g useful when you don t want to influence nearby unconnected parts Therefor enable both spatial and edge dist and set the desired values How the selection strength decreases with the distance can be adjusted with falloff speed The selection strength falloff is represented as a color gradient on the vertex dots ranging from the selected vertex color to the normal vertex dot color To create a soft selection enable soft in the Erion then e select vertices edges or faces using any selection tools surrounding vertices are partially selected automatically acco
74. ment of the source then activate the modifier tool it is highlighted in blue in the 2 ribbon e they can be disabled temporarily collapsed removed and resized The commands are available when a modifier tool is active if not first activate the modifier by selecting an element of the source and then tapping the respective modifier tool e to enlarge or shrink the range of a modifier activate it the current edges for inflate resp vertices for diverge will be selected change the selection than tap resize if the new elements already have a modifier of the same type applied the parameters are retained e to re enable a modifier select an element of the source and tap the respective modifier tool it is highlighted in light blue in the tibbon e the elements generated by a modifier are editable only after if is collapsed Inflating lines The inflate tool from the 9 ribbon creates surfaces around lines and curves or the edges of meshes Pipes with any number of sides or flat stripes may be generated and their thickness squash and rotation can be adjusted overall and in places At branchings the simplest possible joints are created yielding contiguous manifold surfaces from complex networks The tool may be used e g to create pipes cables hoses frames beams trunks and branches of trees culms blades of grass snakes 1 select the lines edges to inflate e whole objects or arbitrary p
75. ming leaves the camera fixed and moves the view center thus having no immediately apparent effect e f orbit mode is enabled pinch with two fingers within the view zone the average motion simultaneously translates the view While zooming the zoom level is displayed in the status line to approach a specific point first invoke ook at pointer from the V menu then zoom in NEW Perspective distortion For perspective projection always a certain distortion occurs the larger the angle of view the more It can be adjusted by holding one finger on the zoom strip and moving another one on the pan strip or the other way round This changes the angle of view and zooms at the same time to compensate the effect such that the field of view stays approximately the same Specific views to reset all view settings invoke default view to move the view center to the tripod position invoke ook at pointer to frame the selection all tap the view zone with 2 3 fingers lights are taken into account if they are shown to switch to the standard isometric top front left views use the buttons in the view panel To comprehend the construction process you can enable load view with undo in the preferences NEW Undo redo view changes This works analogously to normal undo use the undo view rim the green line at the bottom right border There s also a view history list similar to the history list just upside down
76. n be assigned e the list is structured in groups that you can expand or collapse by tapping the title bars as follows e first come the scene materials that are or were used in the scene e then the procedural ones e last is the material library organized in expandable categories e animage and the name is displayed for each entry for materials without a texture the diffuse color is used e tap the image to assign the material to the current selection tap right thereof to select the material and show its properties e if objects or faces are selected and all have the same material applied its name is displayed in blue in the list e the commands new rename delete save and using refer to the selected material but are located in the ribbon rather than the material panel and only shown if applicable to the selected material to create a material e activate material in the li ribbon the material panel opens e select the material whose properties shall be used for the new one than invoke new e adjust the properties e invoke rename to name it if you assign a texture image the material is automatically named accordingly to delete a material select it and invoke de ete only unused materials can be deleted to delete all unused materials invoke de unused to change a material select is and change the properties invoke rename to rename it to assign a material e activate material in the li ribbon the material pane
77. ne 3 snap the tripod to a vertex or edge in the slice plane then tap move the tripod to another point in the slice plane within the surface a line indicates the slice direction e aface snap must be enable to use a point within a face 5 release the touch the part connected to the first point is sliced Generating and modifying surfaces and solids Spacedraw comes with sophisticated tools for deriving surfaces and solids from lines or other surfaces or solids The inflate diverge and surround tools introduce novel ways for quickly generating contiguous manifold surfaces from existing geometry NEW The inflate and diverge tools create modifiers e they update when the source changes e g when the underlying splines are transformed e the parameters can be changed at any time e to adjust the parameters at individual places simply select the respective vertices edges or faces of the source with the ribbon open and the applicable adjusters will be available e if there are different modifiers at an element you can switch the one to adjust by tapping the respective tool which is light blue in this case on selection the values of the adjusters are set to ones of the active element sliding the adjusters changes the values for all selected elements proportionally to give all selected elements the same value tap the adjuster to bring up the text input and tap Go Enter e to adjust the overall parameters select an ele
78. ne surfaces form curve networks 1 select the lines to cover e whole objects or parts may be used e to cover a single stitch it suffices to select two adjoining sides 2 invoke cover from the 9 sibbon the surface is created e for large networks this may take some time e forall circuits only containing straight lines usual polygon faces are created e they may have any number of sides e if they are not planar the shape of the face is not defined e apatch is created for every two three or four sided circuit containing at least one spline or arc e to use networks of straight lines to create Spline surfaces first invoke to splines on the lines 3 adjust the divisions to create or extend spline surfaces by extruding 1 select the lines to extrude e arbitrary networks of straight lines splines and arcs may be used straight lines are extruded to polygon faces splines and arcs to patches e solitary lines or the boundaries of existing patches or polygonal faces can be extruded border edges as well as interior edges may be used 2 enable extrude in the E ribbon then move or scale or rotate the duplicated edges e the lateral edges are created as straight lines they can be converted with to splines from the sbbon 3 adjust the divisions to derive patch surfaces form polygon meshes 1 select the objects or faces to convert 2 invoke to patches from the O ribbon and adjust the number of divisions e the number of facets to
79. ned colors are called vertex colors They override the basic diffuse color and transparency of the material or are blended with the texture for textured materials to assign colors to elements 1 activate color in the la ciobon the color picker is shown 2 enable the desired selection mode and select elements using any selection methods e if all selected elements have the same color assigned the color picker switches to that color else to white e when using asso or paint selection the color picker is hidden and deactivated tap color again to show it e elements on multiple objects can be selected and colored together 3 adjust the color e for objects all faces are colored e selected faces obtain the color overall unselected faces are not affected so sharp transitions arise e for edges and vertices gradients are created between differently colored elements all adjacent faces are affected e for faces with more than three edges the exact color distribution of the gradients depends on the triangulation and is not predictable to clear assigned colors select the elements to clear and invoke clear Textures With textures the detail and realism of surfaces can easily and efficiently be enhanced without increasing their geometric complexity Using transparency you can also add arbitrary 2 dimensional geometry and effectively approximate flat shaped objects like grilles fences blades of grass or leaves Spacedraw lets
80. ng within the grip area below the tripod to draw somewhere else within the tool zone to just move e here the pointer moves directly with the motion of your touch in a plane parallel to the screen e you can t use the two finger methods to move while drawing however you can still move in any spatial direction by simultaneously rotating the view with another finger or by tilting the device thereto set orbit look around to orbit and orbit center pointer to pointer in the V menu The view then always rotates around the current tripoa position e you can also tap outside the grip area to position the tripod Freehand lines are created as a chain of straight line segments As you move the pointer vertices are inserted evenly spread in screen space adjustable with distance The actual length of the segments therefor depends on the zoom and pointer position and you can draw more precisely by zooming in You can snap a stroke s start point to any snap target while drawing all snaps are automatically disabled to simplify a freehand line use the auto weld command see Automatic stitching and simplifying to smooth a freehand line use to splines from the ribbon Straight lines line lets you draw single straight lines or polylines Every time you release the touch with quick enabled resp tap with quick disabled a segment is added and a vertex inserted Splines Splines chains of Bezier curves are created and adjuste
81. o create a icosahedron possibly spherical tessellated Selecting For all modeling operations you first select the related elements There are four types of selectable elements and corresponding selection modes e objects collections of lines curves and surfaces e individual instances can be selected and transformed independently see Organizing multiplying and arraying objects e faces usually planar surface components e edges e the borders of faces possibly shared by two or more faces and also e lines the segments of freehand lines and of splines and arcs e vertices e the corners of faces possibly shared by many faces and also e the junctures and end points of lines spline segments and arcs The modeling tools and commands vary with the selection modes some only work in certain modes while others adapt their behavior to the type of elements selected The E and sipbons therefor start with the selection modes and the available tools and commands depend on the mode selected You can select any number of elements and then apply every meaningful operation to them at once For faces edges or vertices they may belong to different objects where needed these are combined automatically i e bridge or weld For sculpting objects elements can also be selected partially so that the effect of transformations gradually decreases with the distance from the explicitly selected point or region called soft selection If mul
82. object selects it deselects all others and possibly switches to object selection mode e when the create ribbon is loaded tapping has no effect e tapping the active highlighted object shows the text input for renaming it use the enter key after typing the new name to apply it and close the text input or use the back key to cancel Splitting and combining aggregates When drawing lines and curves or creating primitives aggregates and objects are created automatically but they can arbitrarily be split or combined at any time to split an aggregate 1 select the faces or lines to separate 2 enable new obj and then detach in the E ribbon then move the detached part away a new object is created from the selected part e if selected and unselected elements share vertices or edges they are split to combine aggregates into a single one 1 select the objects to combine 2 invoke combine from the O ribbon e if a selected object has multiple instances it is first made unique automatically see the next section Creating copies and instances One aggregate can be placed in a scene multiple times at distinct locations with different rotation and scale yielding individual objects they are called instances If an aggregate only has one instance the terms object and aggregate are interchangeable All instances of an aggregate are treated equal to modify an aggregate you can use any instance and the other instances will change
83. ollout and moved apart to split a shared vertex invoke split for each connected face a new vertex is created and you can now successively select and move them apart e for each selected vertex one of the new vertices is selected automatically to detach a part from a mesh select the respective faces then either e invoke split from the 9 iboi you can now move away the selected faces e use detach from the 7 ribbon as accompanying operation for a transformation e enable new obj beforehand to create a new object from the detached faces Subdividing and cutting by drawing edges To subdivide or cut meshes you can draw edges on a surface with the line tool using snaps in one step you can e splita single face with an edge connecting a vertex or edge with another vertex or edge or e connect two arbitrary distant points on a surface with an edge path it may either e straightly slice through faces and other edges or e snap to vertices or edge midpoints possibly following existing edges e slice straight through an entire connected part of a mesh with edges The line tool only inserts edges to split the mesh along the drawn path 1 switch to the 9 ribbon thereupon and enable edge selection mode the edges of the path are selected automatically 2 invoke split to freely slice faces with edges 1 activate the line tool from the ribbon and enable the suitable snaps at least one out of y Sand S
84. on a surface e for point and spot lights attenuates with the distance according to the linear decay and quadratic decay e ambient intensity the intensity of the radiation from the light that has been randomly scattered by the environment so that its comes evenly from all directions e for point and spot lights attenuates with the distance according to the linear decay and quadratic decay e linear decay quadratic decay determine how fast the intensity attenuates with the distance resp the square of the distance from the source e real light from point sources attenuates with the square of the distance therefor set linear decay to zero e cone angle the opening angle of the light cone also depicted on the light object e cone falloff determines how fast the intensity attenuates from the center of the cone towards its border e zero means a uniform distribution Creating and adjusting lights to create a light 1 load the ribbon make sure color material and paint are deactivated and enable lights then select directional point or spot e show lights and lighting is enabled and lights default scene is set to scene automatically 2 move the tripod to the location of the light an tap the light is created e for directional lights the location has no influence to the lighting 3 depending on the type a transform tool is activated automatically e point the move tool is activated and you can adjust the position
85. on some parts Where the surface s materials are textured the original possibly repeated images are then copied to the new images where they re not the new images are filled with the material s diffuse color and the new material s diffuse color is set to white A new material textured with the generated image is then created and assigned for every part The generated images are stored in a subfolder named textures of the folder where the scene is saved as spa or spah file if the scene was not saved before an error message will appear to create a unique texture mapping 1 switch to the Mibin make sure color material and paint are deactivated then enable texture 2 select the objects or faces to be mapped and invoke unique texture e multiple objects or faces on multiple objects can be selected together 3 the dimensions in pixels of the images to create and the total pixel count in megapixels are shown adjust the desired minimal resolution with pixel unit then tap to create the images and materials e you may now delete the old material s manually if they re not used anywhere else to start painting 1 switch to the fa cipbon and make sure paint is disabled 2 select the objects or faces you want to paint on then tap paint e select as little as possible all texture images assigned to the selected surfaces have to be loaded into the RAM multiple times to make the painting effects possible if error select l
86. oving and snapping vertices or edges to other vertices or edges on the same object they are automatically welded to the targets possibly collapsing shared edges and faces see also Removing and combining elements Organizing multiplying and arraying objects Surfaces and lines are grouped to aggregates which can be treated as a unit In principle arbitrary collections can be grouped they are often connected but needn t be The representation of an aggregate at a specific location in the scene with specific scale and rotation is called object The scene explorer The scene explorer panel lists all objects in the scene shows statistics and lets you select and rename objects it can be shown or hidden by sliding leftwards into the screen over the scene explorer rim the white line at the right screen s border at any time line curve segments face count vertex count 4 active object a selected objects pyramidi 1 hidden object pyramid2 7 spherel1 192 Wick Objects linked sphere12 a to pyramid2 14 objects total counts It is structured and used as follows e the selected objects are indicated in blue the active object is highlighted e hidden objects are displayed in gray e linked objects are indented and placed below their superior e besides the objects the number of their faces line curve segments and vertices is shown the total counts are displayed below the list e tapping an
87. ptional adjust the parameters at specific places activate the vertex or edge selection tool and select elements the applicable adjusters and options will be available NEW also rotation and sides can be changed individually to create branches with different parameters e g thickness at a joint apply distinct modifiers to them then you can use edge selection to adjust the values for specific branches NEW Lines splines and arcs can be inflated at creation by activating inflate before starting to draw e if you snap to an inflated line with combine enabled append if available to continue an inflate e if you wish to create a branch starting out with a different thickness make sure append is disabled e adjusters are available to change the parameters at each added vertex e the inflate can be temporarily disabled Diverging surfaces The diverge tool from the G sibbon gives thickness to existing surfaces by splitting them in two either as a whole or in places The displacement to each side can be adjusted and varied area by area At borders flat or beveled rims can be created Closed contiguous surfaces are generated even from complex ramified constructs 1 select whole objects or the faces edges or vertices around which the surface shall be diverged 2 invoke diverge the surface is created according to the previous settings and vertex selection mode is activated automatically e for complex objects this may take som
88. r opens selected the image to be projected place two fingers on the screen the image is overlaid the viewport as it will be projected move rotate and pinch to adjust the position orientation and scale stroke or stamp to apply the projection with a brush e the strength and mode determine how the color and transparency of the projected image is combined with the original color and transparency change the view or image placement to change the projection or tap project twice to load another image
89. r rotate the faces to fill gaps with a faces select the border edges and invoke cover e fora single gap it is enough to select two adjoining border edges to regularly subdivide tessellate faces use the e Hand I commands they work on each selected face individually e called diamond tessellation connects the midpoints of adjacent edges H called quad tessellation inserts a vertex in the face center and connects it with all edge midpoints e z called tri tessellation inserts a vertex in the face center and connects it with all vertices to insert edge loops select paths of faces using e g oop or path and invoke edge oop e the paths may be arbitrary shaped and branched and can contain faces with any number of sides but must contain at least two faces e the edges are inserted at center by default but can be shifted to one side using shift to surround edges or vertices with edges use surround with chamfer and inflate disabled see Enclosing and chamfering edges and vertices Detaching and dissecting to dissect a surface along edge paths invoke split from the 9 ribbon you can now move the elements on either side independently e the mesh is only split at vertices where at least two selected edges meet except for border vertices e the paths may be arbitrary shaped and branched e if the path is closed or self intersects the isolated parts can now be selected with connected from the selection r
90. rding to the settings e adjusted the settings the vertices surrounding the explicit selection are partially selected accordingly Transforming Spacedraw s multi touch transform tools let you move rotate and scale elements in various intuitive and efficient ways use e move to translate along an axis in a plane or simultaneously in all spatial directions e rotate to rotate around an axis or freely around all 3 axes e scale to scale along an axis in a plane or uniformly e m r s to move and rotate in a plane and uniform scale concurrently e when using the screen plane it may be rotated simultaneously by changing the view e mirror to mirror through a plane You can also quickly switch between selecting and moving without activating a transform tool using different touch actions The transform axes may be chosen automatically according to the selection or the view or aligned with existing geometry Simultaneously to transforming you can change the view to get a 3d impression of the effects using multi touch or by tilting the device Various accompanying operations can be performed in the process of the transformations objects may be copied or instantiated possibly multiple times creating arrays faces may be detached or copied faces edges and vertices may be extruded Any number of elements can be transformed at once e objects may be transformed about a common transform center or individually e faces edges or vertices o
91. reated that can be changed and added to the scene materials To create modify assign and organize materials the material panel is used it is structured and used as follows e to show or hide the material panel tap material in the ribbon e when the material panelis opened the first time after starting or restarting Spacedraw the material library is loaded which may take a few seconds e the lasso tool is activated automatically if paint select is not active e inthe top part the properties of the selected material are displayed and can be adjusted e Diffuse the basic diffuse color and transparency of the material used wherever no other color is assigned to elements if the material has no texture e inthe right half of the color strip the pure diffuse color is displayed in the left it is overlaid a gray white pattern with the materials transparency e to change it tap the color picker is shown e Spec the specular color and shininess constant over the surface where the material is applied e shown as a strip of the specular color whose with depicts the shininess a small strip means small highlights a broad one large highlights e to change it tap the color picker and an adjuster for the shininess is shown e Emiss the emission constant over the surface where the material is applied e to change it tap the color picker is shown e Texture image see Using images e inthe bottom part all materials are listed and ca
92. rfaces points with the Cartesian image coordinates These tools show appropriate shaped gizmos depicting the surfaces from which the image is projected they can freely be moved and rotated using the standard transformation tools or positioned and aligned automatically relative to the selection the view or the global coordinates to create a projection map 1 switch to the li ribbon and activate material the material panel opens 2 select the objects or faces to be mapped and select a textured material to be used e multiple objects or faces on multiple objects can be mapped together e ifthe selection already has a textured material applied and it shall be used make sure it is selected in the material panels list e if the selection doesn t have a single mapped material applied and you assign a textured mapping the planar projection tool is activated automatically but you can change the mapping method by activating the respective tool 3 activate a mapping tool a gizmo fitted to the selection is shown and the projection performed accordingly 4 adjust the projection using the appeared tools commands and adjusters e move rotate the standard transformation tools e pos sel ori sel ori obj ori world ori view work like the reference coord system commands see Transform center and orientation e scale scale width scale height let you adjust the scale uniformly or in the x and y direction of the image individual
93. rial definitions are stored in standard compliant Wavefront mtl files as they are used for obj files one for each category The associated texture images are stored in equally named subfolders named according to the materials You may create or edit the mtl files with a text editor or use the following methods to add a material to the library either e create the material in the material panel using a library material from the respective category as template i e select that material and invoke new adjust the properties then invoke save in the ribbon e you may assign a texture image from any folder when you save the material to the library the image is copied to the respective library folder e copy the image to use as texture in the respective subfolder of the spacedraw materials folder using any file manager when you start or restart Soacedraw the next time and open the material panel an equally named material will appear in the respective category and can be customized to remove a material from the library either e select it in the material panel and invoke delete e open the respective mtl file with a text editor and remove the corresponding part to create a category create an accordingly named subfolder in the spacedraw materials folder when you start or restart Spacedraw the next time and open the material panel the new category will show up to delete a category delete the respective folder and
94. rt of the screen called view zone is destined for the view operations its top boundary can be shifted by dragging the touch area splitter on the screen s left or right border For single touch there are distinct touch areas for translating rotating and zooming Using two fingers you can pan and zoom or panand dolly concurrently Simultaneously you can orbit or look around by rotating the device status line 6 65 6 39 23 1 aT face edge vertex UVs lasso rotate scale m r s mirror Fi lt type rim AN tN A A AN AX To lal O delete copy screen auto plane grid snap ribbon selectors undo rim i display menu gt touch area splitter redo rim view menu file menu g adjuster ribbon tripod picker scene explorer panel cylinder1 1 1024 lt scrollbar rectangle 132 ref CS z a jai rectangle 132 l rectanglel2 132 i 13 objects scene explorer a rim meen ec al touch area Sprite splitter ___ redo view touch area splitters view panel rim ON em undo view rim Most options and commands are available from the V menu the others in the Input section of the preference panel Rotation e You can orbit the view around the view center determined by the zoom level or around the tripod or look around from the viewpoint to choose with orbit look around and orbit center pointer e To rotate the vie
95. s For creating primitives the last four tools of the ribbon are used 3d objects are created by extruding a planar shape perpendicular to the plane to a point or radial e rect creates e e rectangles and rectangular grids between diagonally opposite corners e cuboids boxes between diagonally opposite corners e rectangular based pyramids by specifying the base and the height e n gon creates e regular polygons by specifying the center and a corner e prisms by specifying the base polygon and the height e pyramids by specifying the base polygon and the height e cornered rings by specifying the center a point on the mid circle of the tube and the tube s radius e circle creates e discs by specifying the center and a point on the circumference e cylinders by specifying the base circle and the height e cones by specifying the base circle and the height e rings tori by specifying the center a point on the mid circle of the tube and the tube s radius e sphere creates e spheres divided along circles of latitude and longitude e icospheres possibly tessellated icosahedra by specifying the center and a point on the surface Circles are approximated by regular polygons and the only differences between the circle and n gon based objects are e the larger default number of sides for circle here called divisions e for circle the base is aligned with the coordinate system while for n gon the position of a corner
96. s therefor enable show normals in the D menu When primitives or derivative surfaces are created Spacedraw automatically generates reasonable normals and many obj files also contain normal definitions or smoothing groups from which normals are derived but you can change them at any time They are not assigned manually but simply by marking edges or vertices as smooth or hard the faces will appear curved between smooth elements and flat between hard elements Whole objects face selections or individual edges and vertices can be marked To edit normals switch to the fa ipbon make sure color material and paint are deactivated then enable normals e to mark an edge or vertex as hard invoke harden e to mark an edge or vertex as smooth invoke smooth e to automatically mark transitions between faces as hard or smooth depending on their angle 1 select the objects or faces to be affected 2 invoke auto smooth 3 adjust the threshold angle e to unify the direction of the normals on connected parts invoke conform e to flip normals invoke flip Assigning colors and transparency to elements Colors can be assigned to whole objects faces edges or vertices possibly creating gradients This way objects can be quickly and precisely colored matching the geometry using the same selection tools as for modeling This method is especially suitable for technical applications and for coloring highly detailed models The thusly assig
97. s is one active tool indicated in green the commands are immediately executed on the selection when tapping them They are displayed in oblique sans serif font the settings influence how the tools and commands work some settings belong to specific tools and are only shown when the respective tool is active There are two types of settings e on off settings are displayed in serif font in the ribbons or menus and toggled by tapping them enabled options are indicated in blue e numeric settings are made available via adjusters displayed along the right screen s border to change a value either e touch the screen on the adjuster s name and slide up down e tap the adjuster s name the text input appears type the value and tap the Enter key on the keyboard it may read Next or Go to reset a value to the default touch the screen on the adjuster s name and slide rightwards Panels For specific tasks panels are shown along the screen s right border containing control elements and lists e e scene explorer for inspecting and selecting objects file browser for loading and saving files material panel for editing and organizing materials brush panel for selecting brushes for painting preferences panel for changing advanced settings history list for accessing the construction history The panels can freely be resized and lists can be zoomed using multi touch to resize a panel place one finger wi
98. sired elements are framed release the touch to select elements by painting over them known as paint select or drag select 1 switch to the desired selection mode and activate the paint tool from the selection rollout 2 slide with one finger to move the picker to the start position 3 slide with two fingers within the tool zone to shape a circle the average motion moves the circle the horizontal distance determines the radius all elements touched by the circle get selected analogously you can deselect objects or elements with the uns lasso and uns paint tools Paths loops and rings to select all faces edges or vertices along the shortest path between two elements select the start element activate the path tool from the selection rollout then move the picker to the end element while you move the pointer the path is highlighted to select irreqular paths use the path tool repeatedly the path always starts from the active element which is the end element of the previous path segment Loops and rings are straight paths of faces edges or vertices across a surface defined for topology with four sided faces they may or may not be closed and can have gaps The oop and ring commands let you easily create complex repeating gap patterns e a face loop is a path of faces connected in sequence by their shared edges e an edge loop is a string of edges connected in sequence by their shared vertices it only propagates t
99. smooth the transitions e distance overall distance of the inserted edges from the selected edges or vertices equal to each side e distance selected adjusts this distance at the selected vertices e out front out back position of the central edges vertices for inflate e out front selected out back selected adjusts these positions at the selected vertices e the vertices of the original surface are x rayed and can be selected using any selection tools the surround tool stays active e smooth angle maximal kinking angle for which the new surface parts are smoothed lengthways 4 tap another selection mode or ribbon selector to finish Spline surfaces and patches Spline surfaces are curved surfaces that are defined by spline networks constituting their contours They can be formed by adjusting contro points and handles providing excellent intuitive control about their shape e the surface passes exactly through the control points e the surface spreads out parallel to the handles from the control points e the handle s length determine the curvature at the control points They are composed of two three or four sided patches coons patches in the four and three sided case bounded by splines Also patches bounded by any combination of splines straight lines and arcs can be created The patches consist of many planar four or three sided facets Usual polygon faces and all kinds of patches of varying facet count can arb
100. t e each only for objects for every selected object its own coord system is used e parent only for objects use the coord system of the common parent of the selection or the world CS if there s none e world the world coord system is used Activate ref CS then either e move the tripod tap to finish e use the appearing commands e active only for vertex edge and face selections the center of the active last selected face edge or vertex is used e selection the center of the selection is used for objects the pivots are averaged e center only for objects the center of the respective vertices is used e object use the coord system origin of the active object e each only for objects for every selected object its own coord system origin is used e parent only for objects use the coord system origin of the common parent of the selection or the world CS if there s none The used commands are remembered and applied at each subsequent selection automatically If ref CS is set to each ref pos also becomes each but not the other way round The coord system of objects the pivot can be set to the tripod with the set obj CS command available when ref CS or ref pos is active Automatic positioning and orienting When selecting elements the tripod is e automatically positioned at the selection center according to the pos se command e in face edge or vertex selection mode with auto ori
101. t can be set with the equally named adjuster e checker to alternate the tile colors e with shift disabled creates a checkerboard pattern e with shift enabled alternates the colors of the rows e with height the distances between columns and rows e horiz gap vert gap the interstices between the tiles use 0 for a simple checkerboard pattern Clouds and turbulence clouds and turbulence generate random cloudy turbulent or veined marble like fractal patterns using the Perlin noise algorithm By tuning the various parameters and using color gradients with multiple stops diverse singular structures with an amazing richness of forms can be created Using partially transparent colors in the gradient smoke and clouds may be produced e seed creates a new random singular pattern using the current settings e veins only for turbulence whether to create swirled veins or undirected turbulence e size the overall scale of the fractal components e frequency the number of fractal iterations influences the level of detail e turbulence how much turbulence is added with veins enabled controls how much they are swirled e contrast adjusts the mapping of the color gradient Texture mapping To specify how the flat texture images shall be mapped onto surfaces texture coordinates points on the images also called UVs are assigned to the surfaces vertices For every face the corresponding part of the image is then spanned between the v
102. t shines towards the view center from a little above and slightly left of the viewpoint Whether the lights placed in the scene or the camera lights are used can be changed with lights default scene in the D menu The lights are depicted as yellow wireframe objects formed according to their type these can be shown or hidden with show lights in the D menu For placing orienting and adjusting lights so that all objects look as you imagine from different positions Spacedraw lets you simultaneously move rotate and regulate lights and concurrently change the view Types and properties Spacedraw has three kinds of lights e directional lights casting parallel light with the same direction and intensity everywhere as the sun does for all practical purposes at the surface of the earth e point lights radiating light in all directions from a point attenuating with the distance as free light bulbs candles fires or stars do in a sufficient distance e spot lights casting focused cone shaped beams of light attenuating with the distance and with the angle relative to the spot s target vector like a flashlights or headlights e their direction can be changed by rotating the light as well as by moving a special target object towards which the light orients itself Lights have the following properties e color the color of the emission e intensity the intensity of the radiation coming directly from the light source when scattered
103. t within the type rim to choose pure red green or blue tap the respective component display to choose black tap the bottom end of the left color strip to choose white tap the white color box at the top left corner to fully saturate the current color tap the hue display to fully desaturate the current color tap the saturation display to choose a pure shade of gray tap the saturation display then slide within the left color strip to choose the brightest color with the current hue and saturation tap the top end of the left color strip Transparency The transparency of surfaces is handled together with their diffuse color you can use texture images with an alpha channel paint with transparent colors or assign them to elements When transparency is applicable the color picker shows a transparency slider on the right and the value is displayed as opacity percentage at the top and as alpha component at the bottom In the color boxes at the top the colors are displayed without transparency in the upper halves and overlaid a gray white pattern in the lower halves to portray the transparency to adjust the transparency slide up down within the right strip to make the color fully opaque tap the top end of the right strip to choose total transparency tap the bottom end of the right strip Sampling and reapplying colors The color boxes at the top let you compare the color you adjust with the original color and access the previousl
104. th the mean parameter is used Staces the point nearest in screen space to the tripod position Siace centers for faces the tripod always snaps to the nearest face under its screen position if any for vertices and edges it snaps to the target nearest in screen space if any e only targets within a specific radius around tripods screen position are considered adjustable with the snap radius preference in the Input section e with x ray disabled only targets not covered by other faces are considered even if the material of the faces is transparent or if shading is disabled so that you see the targets with x ray enabled all targets under the tripods screen position are considered Several snaps can be active at once if so the priority is as follows vertices midpoints of edges face centers edges faces grid points However if grid snap is enabled and the tripod would snap to a position not on a grid point it snaps to the nearest grid point instead For drawing lines and creating primitives the pointer movement can be restricted to the coordinate directions with ortho snap If another snap is active additionally and the tripod would snap to a position away from a snap axis it is projected to the nearest axis The pointer tripod and possibly the elements being moved immediately skip to the target while a dot moves unaffected according to your touch motion The tripod can also align itself and possibly t
105. the desired elements They are available from the E 0 and f ribbon by default only the lasso tool is shown the other tools are grouped in the selection rollout which can be expanded or collapsed by tapping the symbol right from the lasso tool to clear the selection tap the too zone somewhere away from any object or tap the view zone tapping the view zone always clears the selection and does not select elements at the tap position Selecting elements individually By simply tapping or by using the picker aided by preview highlight elements can be selected very fast and with any needed precision to select or deselect a single object face edge or vertex 1 activate the respective selection tool 2 either e tap the element or e slide with one finger within the tool zone to position the picker until the element is highlighted then release the touch Lasso and paint selection Using two fingers you can intuitively shape and simultaneously move a rectangular lasso or a circular brush to select multiple elements NEW or objects at once to select all elements within a rectangular region known as marquee select or rectangle select 1 switch to the desired selection mode and activate the lasso tool 2 slide with two fingers within the tool zone to shape a rectangle the average motion moves the rectangle the horizontal distance determines its with the vertical distance its height 3 when the de
106. the view e specular color determines the mirror like reflected light it is the color of highlights on a shiny surface e the brightness of this color defines the intensity of the highlights at their center use white for a high gloss surface black for a matte or rough one e the effect of this color on the surface appearance depends on the lighting as well as on the view direction e shininess defines how focused the mirror like reflection is it influences the size of the specular highlights e if this value is too high you will barely see highlights if it is too low the highlights overspread the whole surface e emission light emitted from the surface itself independently from lights e the emission is not used to light other objects e transparency e itis assigned together with the diffuse color and can equally vary over the surface textures images with an alpha channel can be used and you can paint transparency see Color and transparency Creating changing and assigning materials Every object has a base material which can be overridden by another material for individual faces Allinstances of an object share the materials and vertex colors When a new scene is created there is one standard material used for new objects by default It can t be renamed or deleted but any properties can be changed by default it is gray and shiny When you assign a material from the library or a procedural one a new instance is c
107. then enable combine disable snap path e to use grid snap or ortho snap orient the reference coord system to the face to slice by using ref CS with a face snap enabled see Snapping and aligning snap the tripod to a vertex or edge then tap move the tripod to another vertex or edge or a point within a face with a face snap enabled the path is highlighted release the touch the edges are created either e continue with 3 to continue the path from the current position or e you may change snaps or enable snap path e tap and move the tripod to a new start point to add edges following a path Q 1 activate the line tool from the ribbon and enable D3 or snap or both then enable combine then snap path snap the tripod to a vertex or edge midpoint then tap move the tripod so it snaps to another vertex or edge midpoint the path is highlighted e ifonly S snap is enabled the path only uses edge midpoints if only enabled it uses only vertices snap is release the touch the edges are created either e continue with 3 to continue the path from the current position or e you may change snaps or disable snap path e tap and move the tripod to a new start point to slice a connected part of a mesh along a plane 1 activate the line tool from the ribbon and enable the suitable snaps at least one out of i Vand Y then enable combine then across 2 orient the view perpendicular to the slice pla
108. thin the panel and another outside of it then slide both fingers left right to shift the left border and up down do shift the bottom or top border start sliding above the panel s center to shift the top border in the lower half to shift the bottom border The lists can be scrolled by dragging or flinging like in any Android application or by dragging the scrollbar like on a desktop computer if the list is longer in this case the scrollbar is displayed bolder and you can drag it by touching the screen close left besides it to zoom a list place two fingers within it and pinch Text input For typing coordinates and names of objects material or files a text input box and the default Android keyboard are shown The text box is used as follows to scroll the text if it doesn t fit into the box drag or fling sideways within the box to move the cursor tap the desired position or slide sideways beneath the box somewhere not directly below the cursor to select text either e move the cursor to one end of the selection then touch the screen below the cursor and slide sideways e to select a word double tap it to cut the selected text to the clipboard touch the screen directly on the cursor and drag downwards to copy the selected text to the clipboard touch the screen directly on the cursor and drag upwards to paste the text from the clipboard touch the screen under the cursor and drag upwards to switch the keyboard touch and hold
109. tiple elements are selected there always is one active element which is treated special by some operations When adding an individual element to the selection it becomes active when adding multiple elements and there is not already an active element it is chosen somewhat arbitrarily To make a specific selected element active first deselect it then select it again How the selected elements and the active element are indicated and how preview highlight is performed depends on the element type and active tool and can be changes in the preferences e for vertices dots with a specific color or size are displayed e edges are displayed in a specific color e faces may be filled in a specific color or their boundary edges may be displayed in a specific color to choose with the fill selected faces preference however for color or material assignment always the second method is used e for objects the wireframe is displayed in a specific color The ribbon items object face edge and vertex are special they serve both as tools and as indicators for the selection mode e When another tool is active the selection mode is indicated in blue the selected option color tapping a selection ribbon item finishes the current tool and activates the selection tool e When a Selection tool is active the ribbon item shows in green the active tool color There are many tools and commands for selecting which can be used successively to select all
110. ts are combined automatically to weld a vertex on another vertex or edge target wela move it to the destination with vertex or an edge snap enabled e incase of an edge snap the segment is split automatically e Only elements belonging to the same object are welded this way to weld to a distinct object first use combine from the 2 ribbon to automatically weld lines together at proximal vertices use auto weld see Automatic stitching and simplifying to split a line at a vertex invoke split e for each connected line a new vertex is created and you can now successively select and move them apart to split off a part from a line or network select the respective segments and invoke split Helices and spirals The helix tool can create circular and conical helices and planar Archimedean spirals They are defined via three points and the number of full turns To draw a helix or spiral 1 move the tripod to the center of the base circle and tap e to draw the helix around to a line or perpendicular to a face use an edge or face snap with orient here 2 move the tripod to the start point it defines the start radius and start angle e it stays always in the plane of the base circle when you move the tripod out of the plane it is project back e to start the helix or spiral exactly at the center use point snap here to snap back to the first point you specified 3 move the tripod to the end point it
111. urrently adjusted component alpha tap for black value RGB components hue saturation Choosing colors from the spectrum The color picker shows two linked color fields where colors are arranged according to the HSV color model e the strip on the left shows the colors of the current hue and saturation e the central wheel shows the colors of the current value arranged in polar coordinates to freely move in the color space slide two fingers within the too l zone outside the color picker the average motion moves the crosshairs in the color wheel pinching moves the slider on the left color strip to adjust the value brightness slide up down within the left color strip to adjust hue and value together slide or tap within the color wheel to move the crosshairs to adjust the hue place one finger on the hue display at the bottom left corner and slide up down the crosshairs move on a circle and top left the current hue is displayed to adjust the saturation place one finger on the saturation display and slide up down the crosshairs move in out the wheel and top left the current saturation is displayed to adjust the red green or blue component according to the RGB color model place one finger on the respective component display and slide up down the crosshairs and the slider on the left move accordingly and top left the current component value is displayed to type the RGBA or RGB values slide into the screen from righ
112. voke invert Modifying textures You can mutate parts of a texture in several ways by applying a filter either by painting the effect using a brush or by first selecting the desired areas and then applying it To mutate by painting 1 enable filter select a filter and adjust its options 2 use a brush to paint the effect e adjust strength and flow to apply a filter gradually To mutate by selecting see Selecting The following filters are available e opacity changes the opacity of the surface towards a target opacity without affecting the color with maximal total strength the resulting opacity is the exact value of the opacity adjuster e adj color changes the contrast brightness saturation and hue according to the values set with the adjusters changing the brightness results in the effect also known as dodge and burn e blur applies a Gaussian blur e sharpen enhances the apparent sharpness by increasing the contrast along color edges e emboss creates an emboss effect Smudging to smudge the color on a texture enable smudge and move a brush as for painting e The brush s properties and the strength value determine how the color is moved e spacing has no influence but by choosing the tip and adjusting properties like rotate along and jitter varied effects can be achieved e while moving the brush it is shown in the current color which has no influence on smudging Erasing to erase to a spec
113. w either e slide within the orbit area e You can snap to face edge or NEW exactly isometric views by activating angle snap e The Touch orbit velocity together with the touch acceleration determines the impact see here e activate tilt view by sliding into the screen from left over the tilt view rim marked by a green line then tilt your device e with the Tilt rotate factor the effect can be amplified or mitigated e if effects on tilting left right up down are wrong reversed enable Switch gyroscope orientation Translation e For single touch there are two modes using distinct touch areas for translating to switch with pan walk e parallel to the screen plane pan back and forth dolly e inthe ground plane walk up and down The Touch move factor together with the touch acceleration determines the impact e Using two fingers the average motion determines the movement parallel to the screen plane and pinching either zooms in orbit mode or moves back and forth in look around mode e The Touch move factor determines the impact of the average motion the Touch pinch velocity the impact of pinching The movement speed depends on the zoom level Zoom Zooming magnifies the view by moving the virtual camera towards a fixed point the view center It affects orbiting around the view center and also changes the speed of translating operations e Slide up down within the zoom strip In look around mode zoo
114. x NEVV or an adjacent edge to make it appear then select the endpoint of the handle e the move tool is activated automatically e you can switch to another handle by tapping it s endpoint multiple handles can t be selected simultaneously e for vertices where two splines meet link handles links the unselected handle such that it is rotated and scaled accordingly so smooth and symmetric transitions are preserved e to see the effects on the spline it is essential to concurrently change the view to adjust all handles of a control point together select the corresponding control point and use the m r S rotate or scale tool e when selecting a single vertex where one or more splines end the m r S tool is activated automatically to transform the handles of all selected vertices or edges alone disable sel vertices to transform the selected vertices without the handles or the vertices of all selected edges alone disable sel handles to move rotate or scale whole segments select them in edge select mode and use the transform tools to make the transition between two segments smooth or symmetric invoke smooth or symm e if the segments meet in a vertex where no additional spline segments branch off you may select the vertex otherwise select the two segments to make segments straight invoke straight to make all segments leading away from a vertex start in direction of the opposite vertices invoke straight with the verte
115. x selected to make segments meeting at a vertex join in a plane there invoke coplanar e to affect all spline segments meeting at vertex select the vertex e to affect only certain segments select them Arcs Arcs can be constructed in ways familiar from CAD Polylines but in 3d 1 move the tripod to the start point and tap 2 either e to specify a point on the arc select through move the pointer to the through point then to the end point e to specify the center select center move the pointer to the center then to the end point e forthe end point the pointer position is projected on the sphere defined by start point and center e to change the winding CW or CCW move the pointer first again towards the start point then away from it in the other direction e to specify the start direction select direction move the pointer to define the start direction then move it to the end point e if the start point is the end point of a single straight line or arc select cont dir to continue the direction then you only have to specify the end point 3 continue with the next arc activate the line or spline tool to continue with a line or spline or tap to stop drawing Editing networks For editing line and curve networks the move tool from the ribbon and commands from the 9 ribbon are used to weld vertices to their center invoke we d from the 9 ribbon e the vertices may belong to different objects if so the objec
116. y applied and sampled colors To choose any of these tap the respective box e the last sampled box shows the original color of the previously selected element or color input e if elements with dissimilar colors are selected the current color is set to white the original box to the color of the first selected element e if you increase the size of the color picker or reduce the tap size additional color boxes with the previously applied colors appear left of the last applied box to copy the color from an element or color box select it so that the color picker switches to its color when you then select another element or color input the last sampled box shows that color Moving and resizing the color picker to move the color picker place two fingers somewhere within the color picker and slide to resize it place one finger somewhere within the color picker and another outside somewhere within the tool zone then pinch Color gradients Color gradients are used to create linear or radial color ramps define the colors for procedural materials and for mapping colors of texture images They are defined by a series of stops between which the color is linearly interpolated Any number of stops can be added and placed at arbitrary locations along the gradient To create and edit gradients a neat but full featured gradient editor is shown in the upper part of the material panel see Creating changing and ass
117. you easily and precisely map your own photos or other images to surfaces or you can use any of the over 100 provided textures in the material library or quickly generate regular or random patterns procedurally Using images To assign an image file to a material to define the diffuse usual color of surfaces select the material in the material panel then tap Texture image in the upper part of the panel the file browser opens and you can select an image file stored on your device e image files in various formats like jog png or gif of theoretically any dimension and aspect ratio can be used however internally they are converted to textures bitmaps with both width and height a power of 2 Use the size slider to define the size of the texture in 3d space units the image is scaled wherever the material is assigned and the size will be used when creating mappings Texture images can be repeated any number of times to cover a large surface with a small image e g the photo of a small part of a brick wall may be used to create a realistic detailed looking wall with thousands of bricks Therefor the texture image has to be cropped and possibly manipulated such that the seams are not or barely recognizable called seamless or tileable Almost all of the images in the provided material library are well tileable and Spacedraw includes a tool to quickly crop your own images and preview the tiled appearance see below Definin

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