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CCaLC Manual (V3.1)

1. 4 00 353 2 87 c 3 00 3 2 22 S 2 00 2 E 1 20 1 00 Tot s 0 00 0 08 v 0 00 T T T T T T T N o a 100 S 200 198 Plot Area 3 00 Raw Production Storage Use Transport Total f u Co Total inc materials products Co products View graph View graph View graph View graph View graph View graph Figure 47 Contribution of life cycle stages to the total carbon footprint References Mortimer N A Evans A Ashley C Hatto V Shaw C Whittaker and A Hunter 2009 Life cycle assessment workbooks for selection of major renewable chemicals NNFCC and North Energy Mortimer N M Elsayed R Horne 2004 Energy and greenhouse gas emissions for bioethanol production from sugar beet and wheat grain Sheffield Hallam University 19 2 Food and Drink Lunch at a sandwich bar 19 2 1 Introduction This report aims to provide a brief description of a food case study in the CCaLC tool The study corresponds to the calculation of life cycle GHG emissions for a typical packed lunch consumed at a sandwich bar in the UK The LCA study follows the ISO 14044 and PAS 2050 methodology as far as possible The following sections describe the goal system boundaries and inventory data used for the case studies 51 CCaLC Manual V3 1 19 2 2 Goal and scope of the study Goal of the study The main goal of this study is to provide a carbon footprint analysis of a typical packe
2. Warning some value added data are missing or are zero Study name Lunch at sandwich bar Figure 49 Carbon footprint of packed lunch Back to top level Summary of Carbon Footprint 2 g N fo ta 2 ew Raw Production Storage Use Transport Total fu Co products Total inc Co materials products View graph View graph View gaph View graph View graph View graph Figure 50 Life cycle stage contributions References BSI 2008 Publicly Available Specification PAS 2050 2008 Specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services British Standards Institution London WRAP 2008 The food we waste Waste and Resources Action Programme Banbury Oxon 54 CCaLC Manual V3 1 19 3 Packaging Drinks Packaging 19 3 1 Introduction This section provides a brief description of the packaging case studies in the CCaLC tool A generic study of three different types of beverage packaging HDPE and PET bottles and aluminium cans used in the UK was carried out to analyse and compare their carbon footprint while also identifying the hot spots along the supply chain The LCA study follows the ISO 14044 2006 and PAS 2050 2008 methodologies as far as possible The following sections describe the goal system boundaries and inventory data used for the case studies 19 3 2 Goal and scope of the study Goal of the study The main goal of this stud
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4. High Medium or Low For these purposes each data quality criterion is assigned a weight of importance on a scale of 1 10 For example as shown in Table A2 1 Age of data has the weight of 2 being twice as important as the geographical origin of data Each data quality indicator is assigned an arbitrary maximum score for each criterion e g the High indicator has a score of 3 Medium has 2 and Low has a score of 1 see Table A2 2 Applying the weights of importance for each criterion and its maximum score for the respective quality indicators the maximum score for each quality indicator is 30 for High 20 for Medium and 10 for Low For the purposes of the analysis in the CCaLC tool the following score ranges have been adopted for the data quality assessment Low data quality score in the range of 1 10 Medium data quality score in the range of 11 20 and High data quality score range of 21 30 67 CCaLC Manual V3 1 An example shown in Table A2 2 shows an overall score of 19 indicating Medium data quality noting that the overall score for Medium quality is between 11 20 Table A2 1 Matrix of Data Quality Indicators DQI for the CCaLC tool modelled based on specific data e g the company data or from suppliers data from LCA databases some data derived using expert knowledge Data quality Data quality indicators criteria High Medium Low Age of data lt 5 years
5. e Allocation Allocation can be carried out using mass energy or economic basis Allocation can be carried out in CCaLC as follows 1 Click on the Perform allocation button this brings up the user form shown in Figure 20 2 Select either Mass Energy or Economic radio button NB PAS2050 requires economic allocation 3 Click Update NB allocation can be deleted by setting the value in the Allocation text box to zero 25 CCaLC Manual V3 1 The allocation tables are then updated to show the allocation results Note that to perform economic or energy allocation all cost and energy data should be specified for all the products and co products System expansion System expansion may be performed by selecting a product material or energy type the Function of which the Co product displaces See PAS2050 section 8 1 1 for further details The displaced product may be selected from the current database Select database CCaLc Ecoinvent C User defined Metals Select displaced product Aluminium extrusion ke Amount of product displaced tonne F u 1 Data quality for amount bd Details CO2 eq tonnestonne Year Location Source Data Quality Comments on data set Update Exit Figure 19 System expansion user form Co product allocation Select co product Allocation method C Mass Economic Energy Allocation tonne COZ eq junit of co product 1 86E 01 Update
6. Filling Electricity 22 43 MJ Steam N gas 6 02 MJ Water 22 30 kg Storage 39 30 kg Waste management Landfill 20 48 kg Recycling 5 29 kg Figure 54 System boundary for the aluminium can 0 33 litre 58 CCaLC Manual V3 1 19 3 3 Inventory analysis Description and weight of the packaging The description and weight of the packaging types are shown in Table 6 The different packaging materials have been obtained from retail shops and weighted Table 6 Description and weight of the packaging materials Description HDPE bottle PET bottle Aluminium Mineral Type of beverage MiK water Rie y Orin Capacity litres 2 272 0 500 0 330 Number of bottles weighted 3 3 3 9 95 can Average weight per bottle g c 17 body Material for top HDPE PP AlMg3 3 05 can Average weight of top g Ee AS end Material for label PP film LDPE film N A Average weight of label g 0 58 0 37 N A coh per functional unit kg per 19 37 34 30 15 i weight per functional unit kg per 1000 0 75 45 9 24 sn aa per functional unit kg per 0 26 0 74 N A Hoop weight per functional unit kg per 20 38 39 24 39 39 Manufacturing inventory The manufacturing inventories for the packaging systems are shown in Table 7 Table 9 The manufacturing data for the HDPE and PET bottles have been estimated from Andrady 2003 The cans manufacturing data have been estim
7. y er The Universit of Manchest CCaLC Manual V3 1 August 2013 CCaLC Manual V3 1 List of contents Ty Syst m re irementS crc sees ascanscetesecineases inn na i 1 Vel Users Of Excel 2003iore na a E a Ro 1 1 2 Users of Excel 2007 and Excel 2010 s s sesesssssssesssssssssssrsrsrsrsrsreersesesesesese 1 2 Compatibility with CCaLC V1 1 and CCaLC V2 0 cceeceeeeteeeeteeeeeeeees 2 3 Tool development credits 224s ea eae oe Ae es ae 2 A gt ACKNOWIEAOEINGINS 35 002 clita tas hl ee eee hee Ota 2 gt JIMEDOC COM nannaa aa dota devecenubrmiars Waseem meena eee 2 CCA 1D OLOVEIVIOW cance dcxetensacectensacahtens entemyanes a teas analantsue EA AiR 3 7 Carbon footprint CStMmallOMs ues tire atari a eke een ole Nas 4 7 1 Defining System Aetans 20 iv cscs eecccsesd So ceass lohedburared ae ele edacetee agence taeigts 4 7 2 Defining the production stage NAMES ccccescssesscsseescsseeeseseeseseeseeseens 6 7 3 Defining raw materials 2222 1 so eaelo ss cf creas ton cette dlecetae ateaumcet ta 7 FA Defining transportes ienen R RE tease E 9 7 5 Defining the production stages 4 2 0 2 24 eee Aa een 12 725 1 _ lt Defining energy USC stosinnrosssSedstes ececseedehesiu regen a a a 12 7 5 2 Defining land use change i055 an sce eset Geactairauelenhegieandcced yates 13 7 5 3 Defining direct emissions cciwAaceccicletcsehle eaten aticeusleoteantaeedes 14 7 5 4 Defining packaging Use si caxg caiman de een
8. eq kg Ozone layer depletion potential potential kg R11 eq kg Photochemical smog potential kg ethene eq kg Human toxicity potential kg dichlorobenzene eq kg Year 2008 Location Europe Source EAA Data Quality High X Comments Update database Cancel Figure 26 Modify details for an existing user data item 9 3 Deleting a user database item To delete a user created data item e Click on the button Define e g Modify Materials e Click on the Delete Database button e Select the item to be modified this brings up a warning on whether the user wants to delete the item e Click Yes to update the database NB Database items that are in use in the study active at the time of the attempted deletion cannot be deleted The databases that come with the tool cannot be deleted either 10 Carbon footprint data quality assessment Throughout the tool the user is required to specify the data quality for the information they are inputting Data quality is expressed as either high medium or low quality Data 31 CCaLC Manual V3 1 quality is specified at two instances for the whole data set and for the amount being specified by the user The data quality for a data set is specified when the data set is created and is not subject to alteration during the analysis Data quality of the data sets supplied within the tool will largely be high as they are from trusted sources For user defined data sets
9. 0 00 Oo oo eC ooo C oon Te 30 00 NANA 4 548 06 Total value added Figure 43 Value added summary Data import CCalCHelp Help The following data do not have any value added data associated with them Back to value added Dataset Stage Datatype Waste solids Ultra filtration Material output Waste solids stillage Milling amp hydrolysis Material output Figure 44 Summary of missing cost value data 19 Example case studies To aid the user in carrying out their own studies the CCaLC tool has built in 54 example case studies in the following sectors Biofeedstocks and biofuels Packaging Chemicals and related and Food and drink 46 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Some of these are detailed below The case studies can be modified to suit the user and saved under a different name The modified studies will be placed automatically within the User defined case studies 19 1 Biofeedstocks PLA from wheat 19 1 1 Introduction This section provides a brief description of the PLA case study based on Mortimer et al 2009 and Mortimer et al 2004 The LCA study follows the ISO 14044 2006 and PAS 2050 2008 methodologies as far as possible The following sections describe the goal system boundaries and inventory data used for the case studies 19 1 2 Goal and scope of the study Goal of the study The main goal of this study is to provide a carbon footprint analysis of PLA from wheat Func
10. 27E 02 1 37 E 02 4 72E 04 6 00E 03 6 47E 03 Australia 0 40 1 90E 04 Total 3 78E 02 6 00E 03 4 38E 02 Total _1 31E 02 Figure 38 Water usage footrpint screen 41 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Water usage data are defined using the Define water data button This brings up the the user form as shown in Figure 39a By using the drop down menu at the top of the form the user can select different stages When a stage is selected the two list boxes on the form will be populated The top box will show data sets at this stage that currently have no water footprint data associated with them The bottom box shows data sets for which water usage has been defined and may be modified The user can define data by selecting an item from the relevant list box and clicking the Define water usage button The Define water usage for data set form is then shown Figure 39b This form allows the user to associate water usage with a particular data set There are two options e to enter user water usage data or e to select an item from the CCaLC water use database to associate with the data set Water is defined as blue and green water the sum of which represents the total water usage A brief discussion of the meanings of these terms is given in Appendix 3 The user may choose which method to use by clicking on the radio buttons near the top of the form e if the Define data button is slected the first section of textbox
11. 50 in packaging glass green at plant Europe gt Wine production and bottling H20 production mix at plant raw cork at forest road gt Wine production and battling gt Wine production and bottling sulphur dioxide liquid at plant gt Wine production and bottling kraft paper unbleached at plant gt Wine production and bottling packaging glass green at plant Europe gt Wine production and bottling raw cork at forest road gt Wine production and bottling Figure 6 View of the Transport stage and a user form for defining transport Define transport Transport details Modify transport database Search database CCalLC database Ecoinvent database User database Transport Type Distance km 22t truck x 120 Packing density kajlitre 4 Empty return trip Data quality For amount Cost of transport foo Eff u Comments on amount used Update Details Impacts kg CO2 eq kg km Year Location Source Data Quality Comments Figure 7 Define Transport user form 11 CCaLC Manual V3 1 7 5 Defining the production stage The details of the production stages can be defined by specifying each individual production stage in turn see section 6 for how to navigate in this stage Once the raw materials have been defined they will be showing as inputs into the production stages where they are being used This can be viewed by clicking on Prod
12. Creation Potential HTP Footprint Potential AP Potential EP Potential ODP Potential POCP inf Name Database section kg CO eq unit kg SO2 eq unit kg PO4 eq unit kg R11 eq unit kg C2H4 eq unit kg DCB eq unit Unit 20 Tonne truck EU 5 1 87 1 01E 02 1 56E 03 1 00E 08 1 02E 03 7 97 E 02 v km Figure 35 Partial View of the CCaLC data template screen 15 2 Importing ILCD data CCaLC contains all available data sets available within the International Life Cycle Database ILCD at the time of release of this version of the tool January 2012 Further ILCD data when available can be imported by using the Data Importv ILCD menu option This takes the user to the ILCD template import page where data from the ILCD data set should be copy pasted ILCD data sets can currently be viewed at http Ica jrc ec europa eu Icainfohub datasetCategories vm This assumes that the format of the ILCD data will not change from the format available at the time of the launch of V3 of the CCaLC tool To import the ILCD data e open the HTML file to be imported and select the entire list of output flows see Figure 36 e select the cell A10 on the ILCD template sheet and paste the data into it e click on the Remove hyperlinks button to remove any links to the HTML file once this has been done the template should look like that shown in Figure 37
13. Exit Figure 20 Allocation user form 26 CCaLC Manual V3 1 8 Viewing carbon footprint data and results 8 1 Numerical display Numerical carbon footprint results are displayed in red font throughout the tool The units are expressed as mass per functional unit f u where mass is the unit specified by the user e g kg tonne g Note the following e The total carbon footprint for the whole system is shown at the bottom of the screen on the top level of the tool e The carbon footprint for the Raw materials Production Storage and Use stages is shown above the relevant box on the top level of the tool e The breakdown of the carbon footprint for each stage can be seen in the tables by clicking on the relevant stage e The carbon footprint of a particular material energy packaging waste or transport type can be viewed in the relevant user form by clicking on Define material energy etc 8 2 Graphical display Graphs showing carbon footprint results can be viewed by clicking the button View graph of carbon footprint at the top level of the tool An example is shown in Figure 21 Patia Summary of Carbon Footprint 2 50 2 09 w 2 00 Z s 1 50 28 173 0 89 G 1 00 7 5 0 50 c 2 0 00 0 09 000 T T T os T Ed 0 05 050 o O 100 S 150 2 00 t483 2 50 Raw Production Storage Use Transport Total f u Co Total inc materials products Co produ
14. Human toxicity potential kg 0 00E 00 dichlorobenzene eq kg Update data Figure 42 Define impact data user form 18 Calculating value added Value added can be calculated by adding cost data at various points in the analysis e g while defining materials waste transport etc The value added are shown in blue font above each stage as well as in the value added tables To view a summary of the value added data click on the View value added analysis button at the top of the tool This takes the user to a summary value added table see Figure 43 The table lists the costs in each stage and value of the outputs along with the overall value added for the analysis If some cost data are missing a warning is shown in blue stating that Some value added data are missing or are zero The missing data can be seen by clicking the View missing data button Figure 44 45 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Warning some value data are missing or are zero Back to top level View graph View missing data Value of stage Value added at ee Mae A y Raw materials TT 97 37 10489 ATT 44 372 8 390 89 392 92 Milling amp hydrolysis 437 40 906 75 469 35 Drying ofanimalfeed J OTC ot ing of animal feed 954 14 244 15 710 00 Ultra filtration 140 76 126 81 13 96 282 89 600 00 317 11 Distillation amp back extraction 723 98 900 00 176 02 Drying of waste solids 5939 000 59 39 Stage10 CTT ooo oon Stage10 900 00 900 00
15. K Fertiliser 0 02 Wheat cultivation cid as sfagricul N Fertiliser 0 11 Wheat cultivation ac a sfagricul P Fertiliser 0 02 Wheat cultivation icici sfagricul Pesticides 5 40E 04 Wheat cultivation A aaa ay Seeds Wheat 0 10 Wheat cultivation a a sfagricul Diammonium phosphate 21 conc Fermentation CCaLC Materials Chemicals Alamine Extraction CCaLC Materials Chemicals Octanol Ener Amount MJ Extraction Stage CCaLC Materials Chemicals Database section Diesel used in farm machinery 4 540 70 Wheat cultivation CCaLC Energy Electricity CHP 5 510 93 Milling amp hydrolysis CCaLC Energy Heat CHP 5 1 626 06 Milling amp hydrolysis CCaLC Energy Electricity CHP 5 1 410 48 Fermentation CCaLC Enerqy Figure 31 Partial View of the inventory screen 35 CCaLC Manual V3 1 13 Data comparison Up to four analyses can be compared for either carbon footprint water footprint other environmental impacts or value added This can be carried out via the Comparison menu and choosing the appropriate option carbon footprint water footprint all impacts or value added To compare the alternative different systems e Click the Comparison Appropriate option from the CCaLC menu option this takes the user to the appropriate tables see Figure 32 showing an example for the carbon footprint e f any data are shown in the tables that are not part of the de
16. Transport can only be defined if there is a material flow between stages Each stage is mass balanced Material outputs show up as a mass input at its destination stage However mass balances are shown for information only and will not stop the tool from working 20 CCaLC Manual V3 1 7 6 Defining the storage stage The storage stage is defined in a similar way to the productions stage see section Defining the production stage 7 7 Defining the use stage Several feature of the use stage make it a unique stage within the analysis These are described below 7 7 1 Defining appliance use Often during the use phase of a product it is necessary to use an appliance e g for food preparation or laundry washing To aid these analyses the CCaLC tool contains databases for refrigeration washing machines and ovens Appliance use can be defined as follows Figure 16 1 2 Click the Define use button Select the appropriate database Fridges Freezers Washing machines Dryers Electric Ovens Others 3 Select the appropriate appliance 4 5 Select the data quality high medium low to indicate the level of confidence in Enter the appropriate data regarding storage time volume cooking time etc the amount specified Enter the carbon footprint per unit energy The default value is for the UK grid Other values can be found in the energy database if needed Enter the cost of the energy if needed Click Update 2
17. and includes the following stages e Raw materials Production Storage Use Transport and Waste The user can access any of these stages by clicking on the relevant box The subsequent levels allow the user to modify information contained at these levels this is described in more detail later on The Excel menu bars and toolbars are largely disabled for the sake of clarity although the user can still make use of the in built excel File Save functions to save the tool at any point during the analysis There are several menus specific to the tool the functions of which are described later in this manual The carbon footprint for each stage is shown in red the value added in blue and the water usage in light green CCaLC contains three databases CCaLC Ecoinvent and User database The CCaLC database consists of publicly available data compiled as part of the CCaLC project and data generated during the course of the project The Ecoinvent database is a proprietary database that is included in the CCaLC tool with a kind permission of Ecoinvent Although the Ecoinvent database is comprehensive it should be noted that only data relating to Global Warming Potential i e the carbon footprint are included with the database and there are no data pertaining to other environmental impacts User database is created and populated by the user as explained in the subsequent sections CCaLC Manual V3 1 View other environmental impacts
18. are in the figure used Enter the cost of the waste per unit mass if needed Include any relevant comments in the comments box as a reminder for future uses Click on the Update button ie eS oem Define waste for Natural drying Define waste Link waste Modify Database Search Database CCaLC database Ecoinvent database User defined Amount tonne f u Data quality for fy amount Cost tonne waste Comments on amount used Update Details Impacts tonne CO2 eq tonne Year Location Source Data Quality Comments Figure 13 Define waste user form 17 CCaLC Manual V3 1 7 5 6 Linking waste to raw materials Waste can be linked to raw materials to allow the user to update automatically the amount of raw materials used when the amount of waste at a particular stage is changed e g due to efficiency improvements This feature is useful if a large number of raw materials are being used as it saves having to go back and update them manually if the waste amount changes To use this feature e click on the Link waste tab on the Waste user form see Figure 14a Two text boxes are shown on the form The top box shows the list of waste streams used at this stage of the analysis that can be linked to materials used at that stage The bottom box shows the list of materials that are currently linked e click on the Modify material links button to link a raw material to waste This brings
19. carbon footprint analysis of PLA from wheat economic allocation as modelled in the CCaLC tool are shown in Figure 46 The carbon footprints are 2 22 tonne CO eq per tonne of PLA The production stage is the major hot spot along the supply chains of PLA Figure 47 This is mainly due to the use of energy in the production of PLA iba File CF study CF Summary Comparison Sharedata Dataimport CCalCHelp Help Enter system details footprint Switch value added water View carbon footprint graph Functional unit f u 123 88 1 20 0 00 Raw Materials Transport quality View carbon data iB other View value added Allocation environmental pees impacts 7s ay 1 255 94 3 53 30 00 yodsuesy gt Transport PLA from wheat allocation 1 tonne 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 1 94 0 00 Waste Management Total carbon footprint Total value added Warning some value added data are missing or are zero 222 tonne CO2 eq f u 1 102 06 if u Key Value added S f u Carbon footprint tonne CO2 eq f u Study name PLA wheat allocation Figure 46 Carbon footprint of PLA from wheat 50 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Summary Comparison CF study Sharedata Data import CCalCHelp Help x X a 3 Ye Reply with Changes End Review 5 E 3 Go to Office Live Open Save D poriro Summary of Carbon Footprint
20. e click on Import data button to import data this takes a few minutes e to import further data sets in the same manner clear the template by clicking the Clear All button 39 Process data set Waste CCaLC Manual V3 1 Ko eI Y http lca jrc ec europa eu lcainfohub datasets html processes 3c0a1214 F4b2 4254 8fca 1d9e6ee9839F_02 01 000 html WIT amp ae Process data set Waste incineration of biodegradabl Lede Classification Flow Resulting amount waste flow FETSE EASES aste Now EEEE Waste flo 1 3085730972222E 7 kg Mass Waste flow radioactive tailings reactor fuel assembly supply production mix at plant i0 0385777813826248 kg Mass z D reactor fuel assembly supply production mix luns ecified come waste reactor fuel assembly supply production Doon 129955 Waste flow 000150894745392729 kg Mass os Eirini to water Emissions to fresh 103992098145005E 13 kg Mass a a Emissions to water Emissions to fresh 04230989261087E 15 kg Mase a amp Back to analysis Clear all Import data Name of dataset Amount Data deriv sta Unknown d Unknown d Mixed primary 7 74979 105862954E 5 d 7 74979105082954E Unknown Mixed primary x 39837538922 a ed 0 7698375389221 134 a Mixed primary 814258978428 de EE oe E oo Pry Calculated second Mixed primary TEZJE 7 Ca ed 0 0385777813828 parali Calculat Mixed pr
21. harvest 7 00E 03 kg 0 76 0 00 0 76 5 32E 03 0 00 32E 03 Australia 0 40 2 14E 03 Raw materials gt Wine Diesel production and bottling 1 00E 03 kg 0 76 0 00 0 76 7 60E 04 0 00 7 60E 04 N A N A 0 00 Raw materials gt Grape N Fertiliser cultivation and harvest 1 13E 02 kg 0 05 0 00 0 05 _ 5 88E 04 0 00 5 88E 04 Australia 0 40 2 36E 04 Raw materials gt Grape P Fertiliser cultivation and harvest 2 80E 02 kg 0 05 0 00 0 05 1 46E 03 0 00 1 46E 03 Australia 0 40 5 85E 04 Raw materials gt Grape Pesticides cultivation and harvest 9 80E 03 kg 0 05 0 00 0 05 _ 5 10E 04 0 00 5 10E 04 Australia 0 40 2 05E 04 Raw materials gt Grape Petrol cultivation and harvest 3 00E 03 kg 0 76 0 00 0 76 _ 2 28E 03 0 00 2 28E 03 Australia 0 40 9 17E 04 Raw materials gt Wine Petrol production and bottling 6 00E 03 kg 0 76 0 00 0 76 4 56E 03 0 00 4 56E 03 N A N A 0 00 sodium hydroxide 50 in Raw materials gt Wine H20 production mix at plant production and bottling 1 00E 03 kg 0 16 0 00 0 16 _ 1 60E 04 0 00 1 60E 04 China 0 48 7 65E 05 electricity medium voltage production GB at grid Grape cultivation and harvest 0 13 MJ 4 00E 02 0 00 4 00E 02 5 28E 03 0 00 5 28E 03 Australia 0 40 2 12E 03 electricity medium voltage production GB at grid Wine production and bottling 0 41 MJ 4 00E 02 0 00 4 00E 02 1 64E 02 0 00 1 64E 02 Australia 0 40 6 59E 03 Wine Green glass2 0 75 85 R 15 L Wine production and bottling 0 47 kg 9 97E 04 1
22. import large amounts of data into the tool It is more efficient than entering data individually through the user forms To import data via the CCaLC import template click on the Data Import CCaLC Template menu option at the top of the screen This brings up the CCaLC template shown in Figure 35 The user has to enter into the template the relevant data for the data sets in question including which section of the database it is destined for e g material energy etc Instructions for filling out the form correctly are shown at the top of the screen Note that an entry must be completed i e the cursor must be outside a cell for the function buttons to work Once the fields have been filled out correctly the user should click the mport data button at the top of the screen If any of the requisite fields are not filled out correctly the user will receive a warning and the data will not be imported Once imported the data are then available for use in the tool Data can be cleared from the table by clicking on the Clear data button 38 CCaLC Manual V3 1 For database section enter an integer 1 Materials 2 Energy 3 Waste 4 Packaging 5 Transport Use the following units Materials Packaging Waste kg Energy MJ Back to analysis Import data Clear data Transport v km vehicle km Example in green Ozone Layer Photochem Human Toxicity Carbon Acidification Eutrophication Depletion Ozone
23. inventories are presented Table 1 and Table 2 Table 1 Raw materials inventory Quantity Raw materials tonne functional unit Agricultural stage N Fertiliser 8 13E 02 Farm yard manure slurry 1 35E 00 P Fertiliser 1 33E 02 K Fertiliser 1 67E 02 Pesticides 4 13E 04 Seeds Wheat 7 49E 02 Production stage Sulphuric acid 93 conc 6 26E 01 Calcium Carbonate converted to CaO 4 22E 01 Diammonium phosphate 21 concentrated 3 88E 02 Calcium chloride 1 25E 03 Packaging Polythene bags 0 004 Table 2 Energy inventory Quantity Energy MJ functional unit Agricultural stage 3 457 Diesel Production stage Electricity 7 265 Heat 38 208 Transport The transport distances in the life cycle stages are assumed to be as e Transport of wheat from farm to the PLA plant 186 km using 40 t truck e Transport of PLA from farm to the storage 450 km using 40 t truck Co products Co products and their quantities energy content and economic value are listed in Table 3 Carbon storage in the product 1 94 tonne CO eq tonne of PLA 49 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Table 3 Co products Co products Quantity Energy content Economic value tonnes MJ tonne tonne Agricultural stage Straw 2 61 12 678 44 Production stage Animal feed 1 926 18 200 80 Gypsum 1 01 0 3 19 1 4 Impact assessment The results of the
24. is different to that containing the main environmental impact data and the water footprint is calculated in a separate area of the tool 16 1 Switching between water footprint and value added The button labelled Switch Value added Water footprint may be used to alternate between a display of value added data in blue and water usage data in green This data is displayd in addition to the carbon footprint data shown in red throughout 16 2 Populating the water footprint data By clicking on the View water usage water footprint the user is taken to the water usage screen This is shown in Figure 38 The total water usage for the stage is shown at the top of the screen along with the water footprint data The difference between these is discussed below If some water data are missing a warning is shown at the top of the screen View missing data Back to previous level Define water Warning some water usage data are missing data View graph Total water usage 4 38E 02 m f u Total water footprint stress weighted 1 31E 02 m eq f u Water Blue Green Total Blue Green footprint Data set Stage Amount f u water water water water water Total boiia ti water stress m unit m unit m unit m fu m jf m f u MMRBES ATOR NESA weighted m eq f u Raw materials gt Grape Diesel cultivation and
25. of Raw materials stage This is carried out by clicking on the Production box at the top level of the tool see Figure 1 which takes the user to the individual production stages Figure 3 In total ten production stages can be defined View carbon Back to top level EREE Stage Production Total carbon footprint 0 00 tonne CO2 eq lf u Total value added 0 00 if u Key Carbon footprint tonne CO2 eq f u Value added jf u 0 00 0 00 m m E E EEI 0 00 0 00E 00 Figure 3 Overview of the Production stage When the tool is first loaded with no study uploaded the stage names are displayed as Stage1 Stage2 etc see Figure 3 The names of the stages can be defined or modified at any point during the analysis as follows 1 Click on the stage to be modified Figure 3 this takes the user to that stage with a number of navigation buttons at the top of the screen as shown in Figure 4 Click on the Define Stage button at the top of the screen Enter the name of the stage in the relevant text box Enter any relevant comments in the Comments text box Click Update a ah Once this is done the tool will update all instances of the stage name in the analysis The same procedure should be carried out for the rest of the production steps until they CCaLC Manual V3 1 have all been defined The next step is then to define the raw materials being used the the different production stages It shou
26. the amount to which the carbon footprint will be attributed Any unit may be used in the Unit window but it should be noted that all other data must be directly related to this unit For example if the functional unit is 0 75 litres of red wine as illustrated in Figure 2 then the data entered later on must directly correspond to the amounts of materials energy etc used to produce 0 75 litres of wine CCaLC Manual V3 1 System Details Name Red wine Amount Unit Functional unit 1 bottle Mass units kg Units Energy units MJ e Distance units km Volume units m3 Monetary units Pound Exchange rate per Data collected yr 2010 Data source Confidential System last updated date 07 01 2010 Author CCaLc Comments The functional unit is one 0 75 bottle of wine The system boundary is from cradle to grave Impacts From waste Management of post consumer glass packaging have been accounted for during production of packaging OK Cancel Figure 2 System Details user form The user can also define different mass g kg tonne energy MJ kWh BTU distance km and miles volume m litres and monetary units The default values are tonne kWh km m and respectively The units can be changed at any point during the analysis If using a currency other than an exchange rate should be supplied in the textbox This enables the user to swit
27. the packaging systems Type of waste management kedis PEI Aluminium yP g bottle bottle can Landfill 100 91 52 Incineration n a 9 n a Recycling n a n a 48 TOTAL 100 100 100 19 3 4 Impact assessment The results of the carbon footprint analysis of the packaging as modelled in the CCaLC tool are shown in Figure 55 Figure 60 The carbon footprints of the three packaging are respectively 70 186 and 295 kg CO eq per 1000 litres of beverage The raw materials stage is the major hot spot for all three types of packaging contributing 58 71 and 93 of the total carbon footprint for the HDPE PET and Al containers respectively a File CF study CF Summary Comparison Share data Data import CCaLC Help Help x Bue z 2 Enter system Switch value View carbon View carbon data soley View water usage Allocation 7 details added water footprint graph quality SOIR SM water footprint summary footprint impacts Functional unit f u HDPE 2 2721 1000 litres of milk 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 41 06 27 00 0 00 1 44 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 12 0 12 Raw Materials i gt Transport Transport gt Transport gt Use in y A A Y 0 00 0 00 0 00 3 0 00 0 00 a 0 12 2 2 2 2 3 a a a J 3 J o 2 2 o a a4 a a g Waste Management Key Total carbon footprint 70 09 kg CO2 eq f u Carbon footprint kg CO2 eq f u Total water usage 0 00 m3 water f u Wate
28. 03 016 1946 04 9 25E 05 liga ee wine roan og plant poisas stick Comments on amount used Sulphur dioxide iquid at eoe o5 AFA ea Pp in aog Eesinventitaterialsi Wine production and Chemicals bottling Total 0 05 Total 0 18 Total 2 63E 03 1 07E 03 Wane Water Details impacts C02 eq Water footprint Energy Amount kgg CO2eq usage sage stress Database kg CO2 eq kg Muif u kg f u m3iMJ 1 section energy m3if u weighted energs m3 Year Totak 0 00 Totak 0 00 Totak 0 00 0 00 Location Water Water C02 eq usage Water footprint n 3 Packaging Amomt kotkg CO2eq m3ikg usage stress Database Prodestion Used for Source kotfu ks kotfu s r section stage packaging packaging m3 f u weighted fi m3 Data quality of Kraft paper unbleached at pe0e 94 iA WA rem em ma EcoinventiPackagin Wine production and a dataset plant a bottling Commmenke packaging glass green at APs mA aa RA a Twa EoinventiMaterialsi Wine production and Faia plant Europe lass bottling raw cork at forest road 3 946 093 NA NA NA NA nia rn Wine proamen and Product Totak 0 35 Totak 0 00 Tota 0 00 0 00 Water Water h Amount COZeq onses usage Water footprint Database wee kotfu kako tkgttu matkg Usage stress section waste eT Ciste Lns f u weighted m3 Toral 0 00 Totak 0 00 Tota 0 00 0 00 ee Figure 5 Raw materials stage
29. 1 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Appliances GHG emissions All emissions Category Fridges Freezers Appliance type Refrigerator category A Storage time h El Functional unit volume gt i Data quality for im x The default value is for amount low voltage power from Carbon footprint per Poise the UK grid 0 186 kg unit energy kg CO2 9 186 CO2 eq M3 eq jM Cost per unit energy 0 Update Details MJ hourjlitre Year Location Data Quality Source Comments Figure 16 Appliances user form 7 7 2 Defining biogenic carbon storage uptake in products The impact on the carbon footprint of biogenic carbon storage or carbon uptake in products can be accounted for in CCaLC The impact of this reflects the weighted average time of storage during a 100 year assessment period Two carbon storage cases may be defined e a specific case of biogenic carbon storage following product formation and e ageneral case of biogenic carbon storage or carbon uptake For a specific case where the carbon storage benefit of a product exists between 2 and 25 years after product formation and no carbon storage benefit exists after that time the weighting factor applied is as follows Weighting factor 0 76 x to 100 where to is the number of years the full carbon storage benefit of the product exists following its formation For a general case the weighting factor to be applied to the CO storag
30. 1 Loading saving deleting or starting a new carbon footprint study 33 aig lee emmmers Ee Fo avs fers algs a p ccl co aepeetiee apie tere Ine mt er Agen R 33 T2 SAVING AN AMAL SIS susiorientuoti 34 11 3 Starting A MEW STUY esans nne crane Lec R arent 34 11 4 Deleting an analysis 223 secon os otts Sse sies cated al shies etads eee eee ee 34 12 Carbon footprint SUMMAary ccucc8tncid ante bes ina Seton beatae 34 T3 Dae COM PARIS OMicce oh tele haat ele els ad a ale tl a a ee 36 14 Sharing user created studies and results between USETS cceseceseeseeees 37 14 1 Importing and exporting studies 0 0 ee ccsesecreeeecsseeecsseeeeeseesesseeseeees 37 CCaLC Manual V3 1 14 2 EXPORMING COMPARISOMS 15 0015 5 4e tiers ye hiet ed i heetlale cas eect A 38 14 3 Exporting graphs scsi ccte ecclesia aE ett ates eer a ea A 38 15 Imporing data SOUS esse osc opted a a a ta eat y 38 15 1 Importing data using the CCaLC template ceeeseeseeseeteeneeees 38 15 2 Importing ILCD data ces scares ohana Ae OA etter ales 39 16 Calculating water usage and water fOOtDPFint ee ee ceeeseeeeeeeteeseeeeseeees 41 16 1 Switching between water footprint and value added s s1515151515 41 16 2 Populating the water footprint data ccc ccc eecseeecsseeeeeteesseteeseeeens 41 16 3 MISSING Water data sntarcsonsonnmennnn ii a ais 43 16 4 Water usage graphs seosooseseonesosoesoseseooesesossesesesoesesosses
31. 5 10 years gt 10 Geographical Specific Partly specific Generic average origin of data Source of data Measured and or Modelled using generic Mainly sourced from literature and or estimated and or derived using expert knowledge Completeness All inputs and outputs Majority of relevant Some relevant data of data considered inputs and outputs inputs and outputs considered considered or known Reproducibility Completely Partly Not reproducible reliability reproducible reliable reproducible reliable not known consistency of consistent consistent Table A2 2 Aggregating individual Data Quality Indicators DQI to arrive at an overall DQI High Medium or Low High quality Medium Low quality Weighting quality Example data for each Max score for Max score for quality Data quality criterion ona each criterion 3 Max score for each criterion 1 assessment criteria scale 1 10 each criterion 2 Age 2 3 2 1 1 Low Geographical 1 3 2 1 3 High origin Source 3 3 2 1 2 Medium Completeness 2 3 2 1 3 High Reproducibility 2 3 2 1 1 Low reliability consistency Maximum 30 max score 20 max score 10 max score 19 score overall score Overall score for Overall score for Overall score for Data quality High in the Medium in the Low in the indicator range 21 30 range 11 20 range 1 10 Medium The sum of all weights is 10 6
32. 8 CCaLC Manual V3 1 NB The overall score of 19 has been calculated in the following way Overall score 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 3 2 1 19 Therefore the overall data quality indicator Medium It should be noted that the overall data quality will depend on both the quality of the particular datasets used by the user as well as on the confidence the user places on the quantity amount of materials energy etc they are defining for each sub system For example the quality of the background dataset for UK electricity mix and the related carbon footprint may be High however the user may not be confident in the data related to the amount of electricity used in a particular sub system so that the quality of this datum may be Medium or Low In this case since the data quality for the set is already defined as high the user will only need to specify the quality for the quantity amount and the tool will calculate the overall data quality for that particular sub system The process is repeated for each sub system The approach used for calculating DQI for a sub system is shown in Table A2 3 Note that the quantity amount is considered more important here than the quality of the dataset Table A2 3 Aggregating the Data Quality Indicators DQI to arrive at an overall DQI for each sub system DQI for user defined DQI for the amount quantity Data quality of each sub dataset entered in the CCaLC tool by system D
33. Butanediol wheat sys exp OK Cancel Figure 29 Load CF study user form 33 CCaLC Manual V3 1 11 2 Saving an analysis To save a study select Save CF Study from the CF Study menu option and type a unique name into the drop down box Alternatively select a previously saved study to overwrite it with new results Note Saving a study saves the specific analysis but it does not save the CCaLC tool To do the latter use the Excel File Save menu It is recommended that the user saves the CCaLC tool on a regular basis under a different name names to avoid losing data 11 3 Starting a new study A new study can be started by selecting the Start new CF study item from the CF Study menu The user will be asked if they are sure they want to start a new study and will then be given the option of saving the existing study first 11 4 Deleting an analysis To delete an existing analysis select the Delete CF study optin from the CF Study menu This brings up the list of the user defined studies that can be deleted Select the appropriate study and click the Delete button to delet the study If no studies are listed that means that there are no user defined studies and therefore the deletion is not possible 12 Carbon footprint summary A summary of the results of a carbon footprint study can be obtained via the CF Summary View CF Summary menu option This takes the user to a page with tables and graphs that summarise the analysis Fi
34. Details Output GHG emissions lll emissions Emissions to marine water bed Substance 1 1 1 trichloroethane ne 12 Data quality Amount tonne F u Update Details Acidification potential kg 502 eq kg Eutrophication potential kg phosphate eq kq Ozone depletion potential kg R11 eq kg Photochemical summer smog kg ethene eq tka Human Toxicity Potential kg DCB eq kg Global warming potential kg CO2 eq kg Figure 11 Defining other direct emissions 15 CCaLC Manual V3 1 7 5 4 Defining packaging use Packaging use for the production stage as well as any other stage can be defined by clicking the Define Packaging button in raw material stage The associated user form is shown in Figure 12 Four databases exist for packaging CCaLC food drink CCaLC other Ecoinvent and User defined Packaging can be defined as follows Figure 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Select the required database CCaLC food drink CCaLC other Ecoinvent User defined Select the required packaging type from the drop down menu Select the processing stage for packaging from the drop down menu Select whether the packaging is required for raw material or for products Enter the amount used in the text box Select the data quality of the amount being specified high medium low to indicate how confident you are in the figure used Enter the cost per unit of packaging if needed Include any relevant commen
35. MJ Water 0 76 kg 0 75 kg Filling Electricity 14 08 MJ Steam N gas 15 26 MJ Water 29 20 kg 19 37 kg 0 26 kg Filling Storage 20 38 kg Use 20 38 kg Landfill 20 38 kg Waste management Figure 52 System boundary for the HDPE milk bottle 2 272 litre 56 CCaLC Manual V3 1 PP granulate LDPE granulate 4 51 kg 0 75 kg Raw materials PET granulate 34 10 kg Bottle manufacturing Top manufacturing Label manufacturing Electricity 27 68 MJ Electricity 1 25 MJ Thermal N gas 0 14 MJ Thermal N gas 0 00 MJ Water 13 5 kg Water 0 22 kg i Electricity 170 00 MJ Production thermal N gas 0 00 MJ Water 3 40 kg 4 5kg Filling Electricity 21 16 MJ Steam N gas 20 00 MJ Water 55 00 kg 34 kg 0 74 kg Filling Storage 39 24 kg Use 39 24 kg Landfill Incineration Waste management 35 71 kg 3 53 kg Figure 53 System boundary for the PET water bottle 0 5 litres 57 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Raw materials Aluminium ingot amp Aminu ingot Aluminium rolling can body 48 recycled can ends 100 virgin 40 18 kg Processing 30 75 kg 9 43 kg Can manufacturing Electricity 64 72 MJ Production Thermal N gas 10 94 MJ Hydrocarbon emission 3 00E 3 kg Filling 39 30 kg
36. QS the user High High High 3 Medium High High 3 Low High Medium 2 High Medium Medium 2 Medium Medium Medium 2 Low Medium Medium 2 High Low Medium 2 Medium Low Low 1 Low Low Low 1 Note that the datasets already available in the tool have a predefined DQI so that the user only needs to define the quality of their own datasets Once the data quality indicators have been calculated for each sub system a weighted approach is then applied for assessing the overall data quality of the whole system based on the percentage contribution of each life cycle stage to the total carbon footprint The overall data quality for the whole system is therefore calculated as N M DQcr 2 DOS n l m 1 where DQcr overall data quality of the system percentage contribution of each life cycle stage to the total carbon footprint DQS data quality 1 2 or 3 for sub system m 69 CCaLC Manual V3 1 For the purposes of the analysis in the CCaLC tool the following ranges have been adopted for the overall data quality of the whole system Low data quality DQcr 100 166 Medium data quality DQcr 167 233 and High overall data quality DQcr 234 300 70 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Appendix 3 Water use and water footprint A3 1 Water use The water use represents the sum of all the water consumed in a supply chain comprising blue and green water Blue water u
37. View value added analysis View carbon data quality View carbon footprint graph aug ee added water Switch value footprint Allocation summary Functional unit f u 0 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 Waste Management Key Total carbon footprint 0 00 tonne CO2 eq lf u Carbon footprint tonne C02 eq f u Total value added 0 00 if u Value added f Figure 1 Top level view in the CCaLC tool 7 Carbon footprint estimation The carbon footprint of a system can be calculated in two main ways e by starting a new study from scratch with all the information and data entered by the user step by step or e by using the built in case studies which can be loaded up via the menu option CF Study Load CF study and then modified according to the user specification The following procedure illustrates how the carbon footprint can be estimated within the CCaLC tool starting a study from scratch Instructions on how to modify an existing study can be found in section 11 7 1 Defining system details Clicking on the Enter System Details button at the top of the screen at the top level activates the System Details user form Figure 2 In order to proceed with the analysis the name of the study and a functional unit must be specified The latter relates the function of the system to a common unit e g mass energy etc The amount specified for the functional unit will be
38. al kg R11 eq kg Photochemical smog potential kg ethene eq kg Human toxicity potential kg dichlorobenzene eq kg Year Location Source Data Quality Comments Update database Cancel Figure 24 Create new item form 29 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Define raw materials CCaLC database Ecoinvent database Us j Database section o x Select stage for o material use Amount tonne F u Data quality for amount Cost tonne Update Agricultural inputs E Comments on amount used m Details Impacts tonne CO2 eq tonne Year Location Source Data quality of dataset Comments Figure 25 Materials database user defined data items are placed in the User defined database 9 2 Modifying an existing user database item To modify a user created data item e Click on the button Define e g Modify Materials e Click on the Modify Database button this will show a list of the existing user created items e Select the item to be modified and then click on the Modify Details button this brings up the form with the details for that item see Figure 26 e Change the details as desired and then press the Update database button 30 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Modify database record Details Name Carbon Footprint kg carbon dioxide 9 85E 00 eq kg Acidification potential kg sulphur dioxide eq kg Eutrophication potential kg phosphate
39. ant information and the carbon footprint and associated cost shown The database from where the data were selected is also displayed 7 5 2 Defining land use change If following the PAS2050 guidelines land use change relevant to the functional unit that has occurred during the last 20 years must be accounted for in the analysis Land use change can be defined in any of the production stages as well as in the raw materials stage The procedure is as follows see Figure 9 1 Click the Define land use change button in any Production or Raw material stage 2 From the drop down list select the country where the land use change has taken place 13 CCaLC Manual V3 1 3 From the drop down list select the current land use annual cropland perennial cropland From the drop down list select the previous land use forest land grassland Enter the area of land changed per functional unit hectares Enter the time the land is used for per functional unit years or pro rata months expressed in years 7 Select the data quality for steps 5 and 6 above high medium low to indicate how confident you are in the figures used 8 Click Update oS Define land use change Select country in which land use change occurs i Current land use Previous land use Tonne CO2 eq fhajyear Hectares of land changed Data quality per Functional unit 0 v How long is the land used Data quality for Y
40. aste reactor fue 6 52730098528985E 5 kg Mass medium and low radioactive wastes 7 74979105662954E 5 kg Mass mineral treatment residue unspecifi 0 769837538922118 kg Mass overburden unspecified 60 9814258978428 kg Mass plutonium as residual product react 13065730972222E 7 kg Mass radioactive tailings reactor fuel asse 0 0389777813826348 kg Mass slag unspecified 60 8516210488477 kg Mass slag uranium conversion reactor fl 0 000130461961486889 kg Mass tailings unspecified 0 523239899438182 kg Mass unspecified radioactive waste react 0 000129955472531183 kg Mass uranium depleted reactor fuel asser 0 000150894745392729 kg Mass Emissions Emissions to water ementary flawExchange be Emissions to fresh water 1 2 dibromoethane 4 03992098145005E 13 kg Mass Emissions Emissions to water ementary flowExchange be Emissions to fresh water Emissions E ementary flawExchange be Emissions to ai Emissions Emi ementary flowExchange be Em Emi ementary flowExchange be Emissions to fresh water Emi ementary flowExchange be Emissions to fresh water Emi jementary flowExchange be Emissions to sea water Emi ementary flowExchange be Emissions to sea water unspecified ions Emissions to water 1 2 dichloropropane 9 04230969261067E 15 kg Mass 1 3 5 trimethylbenzene 2 73237164934572E 12 kg Mass 2 3 7 8 tetrachlorodibenzo p dioxin 9 22183158223463E 11 kg Mass 2 3 7 8 tetrach
41. atabase section from which the data have been selected is also shown in the tables CCaLC Manual V3 1 Define l S Defie Induse Viw cabo yeno Define raw materials Back to top kvel eens Defire erexxy Define paclaghg Define waste re poets sears ce Define materials Modify Database Search database Functional unit Red wine 1 bottle CCaLC database C Ecoinvent database C User defined Stage Raw Material se ideal sea a Database section Total carbon footprint for stage 0 18 kg 4 Total water usage for stage 2 63E 03 miu Total water footprint stress weighted for stage 1 07E 03 m3eq fu Vater Water Select stage for CO2 eq usage Water footprint p d x Amount C02 eq Database Production Raw material kgtkg raw m3tkg usage stress Amount ko F u glfu materian C9 raw m3if u weighted iiai stage material m3 Data quality for amount Fertiliser N oo 6 98 0 08 005 seseo4 2266 04 CCaLCiMateriatstA Grape cultivation and agriculture harvest Cost E kg Update Fertiliser P 0 03 186 0 05 0 05 1396 03 egi CCaLCiMaterialstA Grape cultivation and 5 qriculture harvest Agricultural inputs Pesticides 9 75E 03 5 38 0 05 0 05 4986 04 1966 04 CCaLCIMaterialstA Grape cultivation and qriculture harvest sodium hydronide 80 in A d H20 production mix at 121E 03 110 1336
42. ated from confidential sources Table 7 Manufacturing data for HDPE milk bottle 2 272 litres Inventory Bottle Tope pape Comments manufacture manufacture manufacture Electricity MJ per F U 119 13 4 63 1 21 UK grid Steam MJ per F U 0 58 0 02 1 27 Natural gas Water kg per F U 58 11 2 26 0 77 1 The can body consists of 52 virgin and 48 recycled aluminium ingot see Figure 54 The can end consists of 100 virgin aluminium ingot see Figure 54 59 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Table 8 Manufacturing data for PET water bottle 0 5 litres Inventory Bome Tops Lapel Comments manufacture manufacture manufacture Electricity MJ per F U 170 27 68 1 25 UK grid Steam MJ per F U 0 00 0 14 0 00 Natural gas Water kg per F U 3 40 13 50 0 22 Table 9 Manufacturing data for aluminium can 0 33 litres Inventory Can manufacture Comments Electricity MJ per F U 10 94 UK grid Thermal energy MJ per F U 64 72 Natural gas Steel waste kg per F U 0 79 Sent to recycling Hydrocarbon emission kg per F U 3 00E 03 Filling stage The energy electricity and steam and water requirement at the filling stage for the three packaging types were estimated from Schonert et al 2002 and are presented in Table 10 Table 12 Table 10 Energy and water data for filling the HDPE milk bottle Inventory Amount Comme
43. calculated using the following equations NB This applies to datasets within the CCaLC database and does not apply to Ecoinvent data for which limited amount of information is available For Ecoinvent datasets the transport density is not variable The density of the material transported is used to ascertain whether the transport is mass or volume limited If Ppack lt Mmax Vmax then Volume limited Else if Ppack gt Mmax Vmax then Mass limited For Volume limited cases the total mass transported per load is Mrans Ppack Vmax f For Mass limited cases the total mass transported per load is Mirans Mmax Ppack f The number of functional units is then calculated per load f U toad Mirans Mmaterial The carbon footprint per functional unit is then calculated c f C f loag f U load where Ppack iS the packing density as defined by the user Mmax is the maximum transported mass Vmax is the maximum transported volume Mirans is the total mass transported per load f is the load factor i e loaded f U ioaq is the number of functional units per loaded vehicle Material iS the mass of material transported per functional unit C f ioag IS the carbon footprint of the vehicle at the current load 65 CCaLC Manual V3 1 c f is the carbon footprint per functional unit For trucks returning empty the carbon footprint per functional unit is augmented by the ratio of the carbon footprint of the vehicle when it is l
44. ch between different currency types during the analysis NB The units are not linked to the unit of the Functional Unit defined by the user The user should ensure that they are working in consistent units at all times There are two ways to convert units This can be specified in the section Units which lists two options see Figure 2 e Change the units displayed and convert default and e Change only the units displayed The default setting on the form is to convert units This means that should the user change units during the analysis all amounts already entered will be converted to the new specified unit s Should the user require that the amounts entered are left unchanged but only the units displayed are changed e g in the event that data were entered in the wrong units then the second options should be selected CCaLC Manual V3 1 Other information on this form is related to the age and source of data date of conducting the study and the author however these are not compulsory but may be useful for transparency and record keeping The system details can then be updated by clicking on the OK button after which the whole system is updated This takes a short while to complete 7 2 Defining the production stage names Once the system details have been defined the next step is to define the production stage names This will then enable to send the raw materials to the specified stages during the definition
45. cts View gaph View graph View graph View graph View graph View graph Figure 21 Graphical view of carbon footprint results at the top level of the tool In addition carbon footprint graphs can be viewed at each life cycle stage by clicking on the View carbon footprint graph button This brings up a graph which allows drilling down 27 CCaLC Manual V3 1 to see the breakdown of each material production stage etc see the example for the Production stage in Figure 22 Back to previous level Production Carbon Footprint 2 50 tonne CO2 eq functional unit Wheat cultivation Natural drying Milling amp hydrolysis Extraction Distillation amp back extraction Drying of waste solids Staged Stage10 Total Click to view stage 2 3 2 s oo ogg Figure 22 Carbon footprint for production stages 9 Modifying user carbon footprint databases User defined data can be added modified and deleted as explained below The databases that come with the tool cannot be deleted or changed in any way 9 1 Creating a new user database item User data can be added in the CCaLC tool This can be done for any of the following materials energy packaging waste and transport New data item can be created by e Selecting the Modify Database tab on the appropriate user form see Figure 23 for a Raw materials example to get there click on the Raw Materials box
46. d lunch consisting of a sandwich potato crisps and a beverage Functional unit The functional unit of this study is defined as an individual serving of packed lunch consisting of a packed sandwich a packet of potato crisps and a bottle of soft drink consumed at a sandwich bar Scope and system boundary The system boundaries of the study include cradle to grave analysis for the lunch considered As shown in Figure 48 the life cycle stages include production of ingredients manufacture of packaging preparation of mayonnaise preparation of ingredients assembly of sandwich consumption of lunch and landfilling of waste food and packaging Consumption of lunch at sandwich bar Energy Figure 48 System boundaries for a packed lunch T Transport 19 2 3 Inventory analysis Raw materials and energy These inventories are presented in Table 4 and Table 5 52 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Table 4 Materials inventory Material Life cycle stage Ig F unit Eggs 6 Vinegar Mayonnaise preparation e Vegetable oil 15 2 Salt 0 3 Chicken meat Meat grilling 60 Bread 90 Cheese 40 Tomato 20 Lettuce 20 Cucumber Sandwich assembly 10 Potato crisps 35 Soft drink 500 Plastic packaging 12 Table 5 Energy inventory Quantity Life cycle stage Energy kWh functional unit Mayonnaise preparation Electricity 4 40 E 05 Meat g
47. d with them This may be left blank or a country selected in order to calculate water footprint data from the existing water usage data The water footprint is the product of the blue water usage for a specific data set and the water stress index A further discussion of this is given in Appendix 3 When the Update button is clicked the water usage table is populated with data The data is also shown in green at each of the stages in the analysis 16 3 Missing water data Missing water data can be viewed by clicking the View missing data button at the top of the screen see Figure 40 Back to water Define water usage table data The following do not have any water usage data defined Datatype Stage Alamine Materia Raw materials Diarnmonium phosphate 21 D Materia Raw materials ili Materia Raw materials Materia Raw materials Materia Raw materials P Fertiliser ajojo o o a Materia Raw materia S Materia wn o Raw materia S Diesel used in farm machinery Wheat cultivation Electricity CHP 5 Electricity CHP 5 Electricity CHP 5 Milling amp hydrolysis Ultra filtration Electricity CHP 5 Extraction Electricity CHP 5 Distillation amp back extraction Electricity CHP 5 Drying of waste solids Heat CHP 5 Milling amp hydrolysis Extraction Distillation amp back extraction Drying of waste solids Transport Processin
48. e High Transport stages Wheat cultivation gt Natural Raw Materials gt Processing Natural drying gt Milling amp hydrolysis 32 Pie ok High Figure 27 Partial View of data quality assessment screen CCaLC Manual V3 1 11 Loading saving deleting or starting a new carbon footprint study An existing carbon footprinting study can be loaded saved or deleted by using the CF study menu option from the CCaLC menu at the top of the screen see Figure 28 A new study can also be started by using the same menu option study Share data Help Load CF study Save CF study Start new CF study Delete CF study Figure 28 CF study menu options 11 1 Loading an analysis An existing analysis can be loaded by selecting Load CF Study from the CF Study menu option The user can then select from a range of either CCaLC or user defined studies see Figure 29 Note that user defined studies can be found under the User defined section NB Loading a a CF study will overwrite any data currently being used Therefore users are advised to save their analysis before loading another one Select study to open Biofuels biofeedstocks Chemicals and related Food drink C User defined Packaging ee Acrylic acid wheat alloc Acrylic acid wheat sys exp Bioethanol sug beet alloc Bioethanol wheat alloc Butanediol sug beet alloc Butanediol sug beet sys exp Butanediol wheat alloc
49. e benefit over the 100 year assessment period is calculated as follows i 100 Weighting factor gt x 100 i 1 22 CCaLC Manual V3 1 where is each year in which storage occurs and x is the proportion of total storage remaining in any year For further descriptions of these calculation methods see PAS2050 Annex C Carbon storage can be defined in CCaLC as follows Figure 17 Choose either a specific or a general case If a specific case select a storage time from the drop down list If a general case calculate a weighting factor using the methodology in the PAS2050 Enter the amount of carbon stored Select the data quality high medium low to indicate the confidence level in the amount specified 6 Click Update ee ode N The amount of carbon stored will be shown on the use stage worksheet and the total deducted from the carbon footprint at that stage Define carbon storage Carbon storage in a product can be calculated For specific or general cases see PAS2050 Annex C 1 For specific cases the user must specify the number of years the carbon is stored for For general cases the user must calculate a weighting Factor using the methodology in the PAS Specific case Full storage Time to emission years Weighting Factor CO Data quality Amount of stored carbon tonne High bei 1 833 Update Exit Figure 17 Carbon storage 7 7 3 Defining carbon release from product dispo
50. e of raw materials The amount of each of these can be modified by clicking on the appropriate button at the top of the screen The carbon footprint data are also specified here either via the databases available or by entering user carbon footprint data To add a raw material to the analysis 1 2 3 gie 8 9 10 Click on the Define Materials button Figure 5 Select the appropriate database to use CCaLC Ecoinvent User defined From the first drop down list select type of raw material e g agricultural inputs construction materials etc Select the required material from the next drop down list Select the required production stage from the second drop down list where the raw material will be sent Add the amount of material per functional unit in the textbox Note agricultural materials are defined in mass per hectare of land Select the data quality for the amount used high medium low to indicate how confident you are in the figure used see Appendix 2 for a description of how the data quality is calculated for the system Add any comments that are appropriate to this instance of material use this is optional but is recommended as a reminder for future uses Add the cost of the raw material per unit mass if needed Click the Update button The Raw material table on the screen will be updated to show the material name the amount used the carbon footprint associated with it and its destination The d
51. ears F u x Exit 1 Update Figure 9 Land use change form 7 5 3 Defining direct emissions Direct emissions arising from the production as well as storage and use stages can be defined using the Define stage button in any of the production stages or the Define storage Define use buttons in the storage and use stages respectively The user can define either direct greenhouse gas emissions and or emissions of other substances that are relevant to other impact categories Figure 10 and Figure 11 show the appropriate user forms Direct greenhouse gas emissions can be defined as follows 1 Select the gas emitted from the list of greenhouse gases 2 Enter the amount 3 Click Update 14 CCaLC Manual V3 1 EJ Define stage Wheat cultivation Details Output GHG emissions All emissions Define greenhouse gas emissions directly emitted from stage Greenhouse Gas Amount tonne F u CFC 11 pA Data quality for amount Medium v Update Details Chemical Formula tonne CO2 eq tonne GHG Figure 10 Defining direct GHG emissions Other emissions can be defined as follows AN Select the medium in which the emissions occur air fresh water marine water industrial soil agricultural soil Select the substance emitted Enter the amount emitted Select the data quality high medium low to indicate how confident you are in the amount specified Click Update Define stage Wheat cultivation
52. ed as energy outputs may be used for the purposes of economic or energy allocation see section 7 7 4 6 Add the amount of output to the text box 7 Add the value of the output in desired 19 CCaLC Manual V3 1 8 If you wish to perform energy allocation at a later point define the Lower Heating Value of any mass outputs similarly if you wish to perform economic allocation the costs values of all products and co products must be defined 9 Click the Update button Once a mass output has been created it will show up in the relevant transport stage as well as in the material inputs table of the appropriate stage production storage or use Define stage Wheat cultivation Details Output GHG emissions All emissions Modify existing output streams or create new streams Product Co product Output Output mm a z Define product in terms of mass Define co product in terms of or energy mass or energy E Mass is C Energy Destination Amount tonne f u Natural drying T m Amount tonne f u Value tonne Value tonne 8 70E 01 Update Update Energy allocation If it is intended to perform energy allocation then enter the lower heating value of the product or co product here Lower heating value MJ kg 14 514 Exit H Figure 15 Output tab on the Define stage user form Note that it may be necessary to create a mass output from a stage for two reasons 1
53. es will become active and the user can simply enter water usage data in terms of m per unit e if the Select from CCaLC is selected then the user can select an item from the drop down menu that approximates the original Water usage data and references are shown greyed out and cannot be modified Define water usage data Define water usage for data set Name Select analysis stage Stage rape cultivation and harvest The water stress index for a given country is used to obtain the sap B water footprint from the water usage data The following data need defining For water usage at this stage De 2 Country Water stress index J 4ustralia Process water ae it efine water Define your own data or select an approximation From the CCaLC Agricultural water pone za usage 5 z Define data Select from CCaLC water use database Define data Blue water m3 MIJ Green water m3 MJ Total water m3 MI Select From CCaLC water use database The Following data may be re defined For water usage at this stage electricity medium voltage production GB at grid E p EE Bl ter m3 MI Define water Si eah Update usage Green water m3 MJ Total water m3 MI Location Comments Exit Exit a b Figure 39 Define water usage form 42 CCaLC Manual V3 1 The drop down menu at the top of the form contains a list of countries that have water stress index values associate
54. eseooenesosseseseeoeseso 43 17 Calculating other environmental impacts cece eeeseeccsseeeceseeeeeeeseeteeseeees 43 18 Calculating value added s ci ssa cscs eee adoe Saetel ot eaaes eek eteenesd oats nent 45 19 Example Case Stiles2 2s cei creer ose 0 ea esi a a S 46 19 1 Biofeedstocks PLA from Wheal ccccccceseesesseteeseseeseeseeeeeeeeeneecneeaeers 47 19 11 Introduction setcsesiet aisuisaiiiediecissel ems n date area Marea ele 47 19 1 2 Goal and scope of the StUdy cise 205 cn cciesctdesdaces tev atelcsecemneatcctdedenciiace 47 TO cas Inv ntory analysis erara he alta R ANa ae 49 19 1 4 IMIPACPASSESSI CIN a ht 8 us ie teas ee oe Rte bt 50 19 2 Food and Drink Lunch at a Sandwich bat cece cceceeeeteeseeteereeeens 51 19 2 1 sMAUOC UC TOIN sere a a a A a E eatin 51 19 2 2 Goal and scope of the StUdY ce ccesecssesecseeesceeeeeeseeeeesessesseenees 52 19 2 3 INVEMIORY analysis norne ort e E E poe cua hy 52 19 2 4 ImpactassessmeNt kanini ia e a iita 53 19 3 Packaging Drinks Packaging esesesssososesssososeeosessssesosreesensssesesreseseso 55 19 38 17 TMOG UI CTIO IN sree ea N RENAE 55 19 3 2 Goal and scope of the StUdY ec ccesecssetecreeesceeeeeeesesesssesseeseenees 55 19 3 3 Inventory ANGI SIS 26 4ue kien eee bee Saleh eS 59 19 3 4 IMPACLASSSSSIMI SIM ia cdcs us cdeeccicieiess Ze siwdvas ceeds sc tudedh Zinllade Zadinles vavaaees vedvbelds 61 Appendix 1 Methodology for caculating the carbon
55. estimated packing density of the material into the text box if not known leave as the default value of 1 The packing density is only important for low density products approx 300 kg m or less 10 If a truck has been selected specify whether it returns back empty and if so select the check box Selecting empty return will increase the carbon footprint for a transport option by about 60 11 Enter the cost of the transport per functional unit if desired 12 Select the data quality for the distance specified high medium low to indicate how confident you are in the figure used 13 Click the Update button o N The transport table will then be updated with information related to the journey that has just been specified Information pertaining to transport type distance mass transported carbon footprint for journey and total carbon footprint for the stage as well as any costs are all shown The database section from where the carbon footprint data were sourced is also displayed A journey can be modified through the user form by selecting that journey again and changing the details The journey can be removed in a similar way by setting the distance travelled to zero The methodology for calculating the carbon footprint of transport is given in Appendix 1 NB Note that the transport within the Production stage is not shown on the top level view The top level only shows the transport of raw materials into the production
56. ets ele ett as 16 Aoo cBDefinng WA SUC nsei niee a i ds a a te Sh de 17 7 5 6 Linking waste to raw materials ce eeceeeeceseeseeceseeceeeesecseeaeeeeneeaeees 18 7 5 7 Defining production stage OUTPUTS cece ceesseeeceseeeceseeseeeeseeseens 19 7 6 Defining the Storage Stages cscct o ihsocassscactce le dont cacsccsan iadsecaeedaderqecencbeee Didaie 21 Tat Defining the USE stage stint lost acted tuber ahead ots tears snare al denote 21 LAT Defining applance USS sensn inanin 21 7 7 2 Defining biogenic carbon storage uptake in products 6 22 7 7 3 Defining carbon release from product disposal eceseseseeeeees 23 7 7 4 Co product systems System expansion and allocation 25 8 Viewing carbon footprint data and results eee ceeccsseeecsseeeeeseeeeeteeseeeenees 27 Sil N mericaldis play crs sadct cect cleat tr gubonie wea ecatene Aiid 27 8 2 Graphical Gisplay esc sesucesrisitrekiytees Rah oatuceeate ak sal pice old an eaeate Bla 27 9 Modifying user carbon footprint databases ccc cscs cseeseeeeseeteeseeeesees 28 9 1 Creating a new user database item ee csesecsseeecseeeecsseeeeeseeseeseeseeees 28 9 2 Modifying an existing user database item eee cseeceeeseeteeeeteeseeees 30 9 3 Deleting a user database itOM ccc eccsseseessesecseeescseeeecsseeessseesesseeseeees 31 10 Carbon footprint data quality ASSESSMENT eee eeesseeecseeeeceseeeeeeeseeeeseeees 31 1
57. footprint of transport 65 Appendix 2 Data quality Criteria ccc ccccsecseseceseesessecseescseceecsesessseesssaseneeaes 67 A2 1 General about LCA data quality s2ccoc cticeeocsheve neta aol 67 A2 2 Data quality assessment in the CCaLC tool ccc eeeeceeseeeeteereeteesees 67 Appendix 3 Water use and water footprint eee ccceceeeeseeseeeeeeseeecseeseeeceeaeeeees 71 CCaLC Manual V3 1 1 System requirements The CCaLC tool is an Excel based application run by macros It was designed and built using the English version of Microsoft Excel for Windows XP The tool may not run properly on non English operating systems as well as on older versions of Excel or Windows CCaLC is designed for use on PCs and is not suitable for use on Mac computers If on opening the tool a message appears The file can be opened as read only then e click on Read only to open the file e save the tool under a different name and e continue using the tool Please note that depending on the speed of your computer some operations may take longer time to complete Normally the hour glass will indicate that the system is busy If it appears that there is no response after clicking on an option or action button or the cursor does not turn into the hour glass please wait a few moment as the system is busy and may take some time to complete the action The tool will run faster in Excel 2003 than in Excel 2007 1 1 Users of Excel 2003 In
58. from the top level view then on the Define Materials button at the top of the screen and then on the Modify Database tab the same applies for all other databases i e energy waste packaging and transport e Clicking the Create new item button e Filling in the appropriate fields in the resulting user form see Figure 24 28 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Once created the item will be shown in the relevant database NB It is not possible to create a data item with a name that already exists in the database Similarly once created the name of the user data item cannot be changed If a name change is required the user is advised to delete the item and then recreate it The user defined data can be found under the User defined database see Figure 25 Define raw materials Define materials Modify Database Select item to modify Alamine Aluminium ingot Virgin 1 Aluminium ingot Virgin 2 Aluminium new scrap Recycled 1 Aluminium new scrap Recycled 2 Delete item Aluminium old scrap Recycled 1 Aluminium old scrap Recycled 2 Aluminium rolling 1 Aluminium rolling 2 _x Create new item Figure 23 Modify database tab for the Raw materials stage Modify details Create new database record Details Name Carbon footprint kg carbon dioxide eq kg Acidification potential kg sulphur dioxide eq kg Eutrophication potential kg phosphate eq kg Ozone layer depletion potential potenti
59. g gt Storage Figure 40 Table showing missing water data 16 4 Water usage graphs Water usage and water footprint summary graphs can be viewed by clicking the View graph button Graphs showing contribution of different stages to water usage are further also available 17 Calculating other environmental impacts In addition to the carbon and water footprints the following other environmental impacts can be calculated in CCaLC e Acidification potential e Eutrophication potential 43 CCaLC Manual V3 1 e Ozone depletion potential e Photochemical ozone creation potential e Human toxicity potential The results for these impacts can be seen by clicking on the View other environmental impacts button at the top top level of the tool If the data for these impacts are incomplete a message is displayed in red font stating Warning LCA data for some impacts are missing To complete the analysis click the button Define other environmental impacts If the user wishes to define the above environmental impacts it is necessary to supply the relevant data To do this click on the Define other environmental impacts button This brings up the form as shown in Figure 41 To define the environmental impacts select the item of interest below and click the button Define impacts IF no items are shown below then all the impacts have been defined Diammonium phosphate 21 conc Farm yard manure slurry K Fertilise
60. gure 30 The summary can be printed out by selecting Print summary from the CF Summary menu option An inventory of the materials energy and packaging used in the analysis can be viewed by selecting the CF Summary View Inventory menu A partial view of the tables is shown in Figure 31 34 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Back to analysis Summary Acrylic acid from sugar beet system expansion Carbon footprint by category _ 10 00 2 8 00 g 6 00 a 4 00 a O Raw materials o 2 00 m Production 0 00 m Storage g 200 o Use 4 00 94 8 O Transport J Total carbon footprint 5 89 tonne CO2 eq f u Carbon footprint by stage Carbon footprint by stage Analysis name Functional u Acrylic acid from sugar beet em expansion 1 tonne 7 00 tonne C02 eq 6 00 Raw Materials 0 31 a 5 00 Sugar beet cultivation 0 40 4 00 Washing shredding amp diffusion 0 28 a amw Drying of animal feed 535 100 Purification amp concentration 0 29 H 0 00 Fermentation 0 16 1 00 Ultra filtration 0 05 ET Extraction 0 53 i Distillation amp back extraction 0 42 ELEM SSS EE PES Me Drying of waste solids aa Figure 30 Partial View of the summary screen Back to top level Print inventory Inventory analysis Acrylic acid 1 tonne Raw materials Database section Farm yard manure slurry 1 77 Wheat cultivation asic a sfagricul
61. ial 3 2 kg Then increasing the amount of waste would have the following effect Landfill Municipal 2 kg Material 1 4 kg 0 4 kg 4 4 kg Material 2 4 kg 0 4 kg 4 4 kg Material 3 2 kg 0 2 kg 2 2 kg 7 5 7 Defining production stage outputs Outputs from the production stages as well as storage can be defined in terms of mass or energy flows To define outputs from a stage 1 Click on the Define stage button to bring up the user form Figure 15 2 Select the Output tab 3 Decide whether to define a product or a co product note that a product must be defined defining co products is optional depending on the system being studied 4 Type the name of the output flow into the drop down box provided the material can be selected later on as well as its mass changed NB Each output flow or co product must have a different name even if they go through stages unchanged this is to allow the system to distinguish between the flows in different stages 5 If appropriate select the destination stage for product mass flow NB The product can be treated as either an intermediate product and sent on to another production stage or storage or use or a final product if sent to the use stage Co products do not have a destination as they are assumed to leave the system at that point but they may be used for the purposes of allocation see section 7 7 4 Energy outputs do not have a destination either and co products defin
62. ill be offered a choice of saved analyses to import Figure 34 Multiple analyses can be selected at the same time Select data to import Beverage part complete Import data Exit Figure 34 Data import form 37 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Selecting one or more analyses from the list and clicking mport data will import the selected analyses to the tool and update the database accordingly Imported analyses can then be examined using the Load CF Study menu item section 11 1 Note In order for any of the import export functions to work the CCaLC tool must be the first and only excel workbook open If this is not the case the user will be prompted to close any other open excel files 14 2 Exporting comparisons Data from any comparisons made using the Compare menus can be exported using the Share data Export comparisons menu This creates a new workbook Comparison export xls This workbook contains all the comparison data as well as the appropriate graphs and can be modified by the user as any other Excel file 14 3 Exporting graphs Graphs from the analysis can be exported using the Share data Export graphs menu This creates a new workbook Graph_export xls which can be renamed which contains all the graphs from the analysis This function enables the user to change the graphs and the related data as they wish 15 Importing data sets 15 1 Importing data using the CCaLC template The CCaLC data template can be used to
63. imary 60 8516210488477 7 de 30 85162104884 z da Unknown Mixed primary x 868 7 de 0 0001204819614 mae Unknown Mixed primary 0 523229899438 182 y 0 5232398994381 paraba Unknown des Mixed primary J 12 72531183 000 54 118 mun Unknown des zao VEE 0 000180894745392729 oond Unknown de Mixed primary 3992098 145005E 13 de Te a Unknown Mixed primary 19 0423096926 1067E 159 piste Unknown d seconda ure 36 Partial View of ILCD HTML file with data to be imported highlighted Type Of Flow Classification _ Flow Resulting amount Waste fl Waste fl E El E El El E El E ing waste Wastes Mining waste jowExchange of mati jowExchange of mati jowExchange of mati Wastes Radioactive waste Waste flowExchange of mati Wastes Construction waste Waste flowExchange of mat jowExchange of mati Wastes Radioactive waste Waste flowExchange of mati Wastes Mi Waste flowExchange of mat Waste fl Waste fl Wastes Radioactive waste Wastes Radioactive waste jowExchange of mati Wastes Radioactive waste Waste flowExchange of mati Wastes Production residues Waste flowExchange of mat Waste fl Waste fl Wastes Radioactive waste owExchange of mati Wastes Radioactive waste Waste flowExchange of mati Wastes Radioactive waste calcium fluoride reactor fuel asseml 2 20106226324413E 5 kg Mass demolition waste unspecified 0 0679308498842009 kg Mass highly radioactive w
64. introduction The CCaLC tool allows quick and easy estimations of environmental impacts and value added along the supply chains It takes a life cycle approach and it enables estimation of the following environmental impacts e Carbon footprint or Global warming potential Water footprint Acidification potential Eutrophication potential Ozone layer depletion potential CCaLC Manual V3 1 e Photochemical smog and e Human toxicity potential The tool has been developed with the following objectives in mind e to enable non expert users to calculate the carbon footprint and other environmental impacts quickly and easily while following internationally accepted LCA standards such as ISO 14044 and PAS2050 e to reduce the data collection effort by providing comprehensive databases to help identify environmental hot spots and improvement opportunities and to enable trade offs between environmental impacts and economic costs 6 CCaLC tool overview The tool has been developed in Microsoft Excel and is run by macros The worksheets are locked and are not accessible to the user This prevents accidental changes to the databases and other parts of the tool Information can be entered into the tool via user forms that are activated by clicking buttons at the top of worksheets The user can navigate around the tool using the links provided Figure 1 shows the top level layout of the tool This represents a map of a typical product life cycle
65. ld be noted that the transport arrows do not connect different stages Rather they represent the transport of materials from an individual processing stage Material flows may be transported between any of the processing stages due to a large number of transport flows and combinations it is not practical to show all the transport connections graphically but they are captured in the transport data sheets Back to production Define stage View carbon footprint graph Define land use change System expansion Define waste Alcina Define energy Functional unit Acrylic acid from wheat allocation 1 tonne Stage Wheat cultivation Total carbon footprint for stage 1 16 tonne CO eq f u Total costs for stage 378 45 if u Amount Define stage Wheat cultivation Material Packaging inputs Cost tonne Cost f u tonne Details Output GHG emissions All emissions Farm yard manure slurry 1 77 0 00 0 00 Gero K Fertiliser 0 02 0 00 0 00 heat cultivation N Fertiliser O11 0 00 0 00 WOOL UREN earls et z If agricultural stage hectares used per f u 1 Seeds Wheat 0 10 0 00 0 00 Comments Total 2 02 Total 0 00 C02 eq Amount C02 eq Energy type MJ f u tonne MJ degen Cost MJ Cost f u ies energy aid Dipsel used tna 4 540 70 7 80E 05 0 35 0 02 98 99 machinery Total 4 540 70 Total 0 35 Total 98 99 C02 eq A E A
66. lorodibenzo p dioxin 4 51832871582608E 20 kg Mass jons Emissions to water acenaphthene 1 0833504899448E 9 kg Mass ions Emissions to water acenaphthene 3 65233381550003E 8 kg Mass ions Emissions to water acenaphthylene 1 38803926557046E 8 kg Mass Mean amount 0 523239899438182 0 000129955472531183 0 000150894 745392729 4 03992098145005E 13 9 04230969261067E 15 2 73237164934572E 12 9 22153158223463E 11 4 51832871582608E 20 1 0833504899448E 9 3 65233381550003E 8 1 38803926557046E 3 2 20E 05 Mixed pr 0 06793085 Mixed pr 6 53E 05 Mixed pr 7 75E 05 Mixed pr 0 769837539 Mixed pr 60 9814259 Mixed pr 131E 07 Mixed pr 0 038577781 Mixed pr 60 85162105 Mixed pr 0 000130462 Mixed pr Mixed pr Mixed pr Mixed pr Mixed pr Mixed pr Mixed pr Mixed pr Mixed pr Mixed pr Mixed pr Mixed pr Figure 37 ILCD import template page after pasting the data and removing hyperlinks 40 CCaLC Manual V3 1 16 Calculating water usage and water footprint In addition to the carbon footprint it is possible to estimate the impacts from water usage Two values are estimated e water usage and e water footprints The former represents a simple sum of the total water usage in the life cycle of the product and the latter follows the methodology proposed by Pfister et al 2009 The methodology used for water related estmations is explained in Appendix 3 The database containing the water usage data
67. mary of Carbon Footprint 180 00 160 00 140 00 120 00 100 00 kg CO2 eq functional unit Raw Production Storage Use Transport Total f u Co products Total inc Co materials products View graph View graph View gaph View graph View graph View graph Figure 58 Carbon hotspots for the PET water bottle per 1000 I of water Switch value View other 3 Enter system View carbon View carbon data 7 View value added Allocation f added water environmental i details opaa footprint graph quality REEE analysis summary Functional unit f u Aluminium can 0 33 I 1000 litres of soft drink 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 281 52 17 03 0 00 271 0 46 Steno gt 4 59E 03 0 00 0 00 Key wodsuesy 4 Total carbon footprint 294 55 kg CO2 eq f u Carbon footprint kg CO2 eq f u Value added if u Total value added 0 00 if u Warning some value added data are missing or are zero Study name Packaging soft drink Al Figure 59 Carbon footprint of the aluminium can per 1000 of fizzy drink 63 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Back to top level 350 00 7 Summary of Carbon Footprint 294 55 300 00 28452 250 00 200 00 kg CO2 eq functional unit 150 00 100 00 50 00 17 03 271 ii 7 78 0 00 a 5 0 00 M O e Raw Production Storage Use Transport Total f u Co products Total inc Co materials products View gra
68. mount C02 eq Direct emissions tonne f u tonne tonne tonne f u GHG Updat Nitrous Oxide to air 272E03 298 00 oat pais Total 2 72E03 Total 0 81 C02 eq Amount C02 eq Cost Packaging type tonne f u tonne tonne tonne f u tonne Cost f u packaging Total 0 00 Total 0 00 Total 0 00 C02 eq Amount C02 eq Cost Waste tonne f u tonne tonne tonne f u amp tonne Cost Ff u waste Exit Total 0 00 Total 0 00 Total 0 00 Figure 4 Stage details and Define Stage user form 7 3 Defining raw materials Raw materials are defined by clicking on the Raw Materials box on the top level of the tool Figure 1 The user is than taken to the next level down showing the tables related to raw materials Figure 5 There are four tables which will be populated as the user enters data through the user forms The data in these four tables are related to e raw materials amounts used and their carbon footprints CCaLC Manual V3 1 energy any additional energy used for raw materials that is not already accounted for within the carbon footprints of the raw materials e g storage and refrigeration of raw materials packaging amounts used for both raw materials and product s together with the carbon footprints of packaging and waste from raw materials and the carbon footprints related to waste management e g due to spillage or perishable natur
69. nomic basis NB The results of either system expansion or allocation are shown at the top level and not at individual stages To perform system expansion or allocation click the System expansion allocation button at a Production stage where co products are produced It is then possible to choose between system expansion and allocation by clicking on the appropriate buttons at the top of the tool Note that to be able to perform either operation the co products must first be defined by clicking on Define stage and specifying co product details see section 7 5 7 e System expansion System expansion is performed by selecting a product service that the co product can substitute The CCaLC tool then subtracts the carbon footprint of this substitute product service from the carbon footprint of the whole system System expansion is carried out in CCaLC as follows 1 Click on the Perform system expansion button 2 Select the required database CCaLC Ecoinvent or User defined 3 Select a co product from the dialogue box that pops up this bring up the System Expansion user form shown in Figure 19 4 Select a material or energy from one of the available databases 5 Enter the amount of product 6 Select the data quality high medium low to indicate the confidence level for the amount specified 7 Click Update The data tables are then updated and the amount to be subtracted from the carbon footprint of the whole system is shown
70. nts Electricity MJ per F U 14 08 UK grid Steam MJ per F U 15 26 Natural gas Water kg per F U 29 20 Table 11 Energy and water data for filling the PET water bottle Inventory Amount Comments Electricity MJ per F U 21 16 UK grid Steam MJ per F U 20 00 Natural gas Water kg per F U 55 00 Table 12 Energy and water data for filling the aluminium can Inventory Amount Comments Electricity MJ per F U 22 43 UK grid Steam MJ per F U 6 02 Natural gas Water kg per F U 22 30 Transport All transport distances in the life cycle stages are assumed to be 100 km using 22 t trucks The transport stages include transport of raw materials to the manufacturing site transport of packaging tops ends and labels from the manufacturing site to the filling stage transport of the filled packaging from the filling site to storage at consumer which includes transport to warehouse and retail centres 60 CCaLC Manual V3 1 transport to landfill incineration and recycling sites End of life scenarios Different waste management scenarios have been considered for the different packaging materials in this study as shown in Table 13 Note that for the aluminium can closed loop recycling has been assumed for the can body so that allocation through system expansion is only carried out for the can ends Table 13 Waste management considered for
71. oaded and when it is empty i e C f tota C f C f C f empty C f ioaa where C f tota IS the total carbon footprint per functional unit c f is the carbon footprint associated with transporting the material mass C f empty IS the carbon footprint of the vehicle when running unloaded 66 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Appendix 2 Data quality criteria A2 1 General about LCA data quality According to PAS2050 the following data quality requirements should be considered when performing an LCA time related coverage geographical coverage technology coverage precision and accuracy completeness consistency reproducibility and sources of data primary or secondary Thus data quality assessment is a complex task as multiple aspects need to be considered including the context in which the data are used Enough information on the data is therefore fundamental to avoid their misinterpretation or misuse A2 2 Data quality assessment in the CCaLC tool The quality of data within the CCaLC tool can be defined by a user as High Medium or Low To help the user determine whether their data are of High Medium or Low quality a methodology specific to the CCaLC tool has been developed using the data quality criteria mentioned in the previous section The criteria used in the methodology are summarised in Table A2 1 Table A2 2 shows how these can be aggregated to arrive at an overall Data Quality Indicator DQI
72. order for the CCaLC macros to work correctly the Excel security settings should be set to either Medium or Low In Excel 2003 on opening the tool click on Enable macros when prompted 1 2 Users of Excel 2007 and Excel 2010 In order for the CCaLC macros to work correctly the Excel security settings should be set to either Medium or Low In Excel 2007 on opening the tool click on Security Warning Options and select Enable this content To see the CCaLC menus in Excel 2007 click on the Add ins tab on the main menu bar The menu items will be displayed on the left hand side of the main menu bar For Excel 2007 and Excel 2010 users when the user saves the CCaLC tool it is automatically saved in Excel 2007 format i e xlsm form The CCaLC tool can be converted back to Excel 2003 format i e xls from Excel 2007 i e xlsm as follow e Open the CCaLC tool in Excel 2007 without out running the macros i e do not click on Security Warning Options e Select Save as Excel 97 2003 Workbook and Click Save e Close the CCaLC tool Now the saved CCaLC tool can be opened in Excel 2003 as well CCaLC Manual V3 1 2 Compatibility with CCaLC V1 1 CCaLC V2 0 and CCaLC V3 0 CCaLC V3 1 is fully compatible with the previous version V1 1 V2 0 and V3 0 To transfer the studies from V1 1 V2 0 and V3 0 to V3 1 e Save the study in V1 1 V2 0 or V3 0 by choosing the menu option CF Study Save CF study e Type the name of
73. ph Figure 60 Carbon hotspots for the aluminium can per 1000 I of fizzy drink View gaph View gaph View gaph View gaph View graph References Andrady A L 2003 Plastic and the Environment John Wiley amp Sons Inc European Aluminium Association EAA 2008 Environmental Profile Report for the European Aluminium Industry Online Accessed 10 April 2009 Available at http www eaa net upl 4 en doc EAA_Environmental_profile_report_May08 paf Guin e J B M Gorr e R Heijungs G Huppes R Kleijn L van Oers A Wegener Sleeswijk S Suh H A Udo de Haes H de Bruijn R van Duin M A J Huijbregts 2001 Life Cycle Assessment An Operational Guide to the ISO Standards Parts 1 2a amp 2b Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht The Netherlands ISO 2006 ISO 14044 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Requirements and guidelines Geneva 2006 Plastics Europe 2006 Eco Profiles Life Cycle Analysis LCA database http www plasticseurope org Content Default asp PagelD 1 170 Schonert m Motz G Meckel H Detzel A Giegrich J Ostermayer A Schorb A and Schmitz S 2002 Life cycle assessment for beverage packing systems Il in German http www umweltdaten de publikationen fpdf l 21 80 padf 64 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Appendix 1 Methodology for caculating the carbon footprint of transport Transport carbon footprint is
74. r N Fertiliser Octanol P Fertiliser Pesticides Seeds Wheat Diesel used in farm machinery x To change the previously defined impacts select the item of interest and press the Modify impacts button Bio ethanol from corn a Electricity wind Modify impacts Calcium chloride Carbon dioxide CO2 Coke Diammonium phosphate Farm yard manure slurry Hydrogen From Natural gas K Fertiliser Machinery Farm N Fertilizer Exit Figure 41 Modifying user data for other environmental impacts The top text box Figure 41 shows the data sets for which other impact data are missing To specify missing data select a data item and then click on the Define impact data button The bottom text box shows the user defined data sets for which impact data can be modified To modify data select a data set and then click on the Define impact button Both buttons bring up the same user form Figure 42 The form allows the user to specify the impact data for a specific data set by filling in the text boxes and clicking the Update data button 44 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Impact data for Diammonium phosphat x Enter LCA data for the impact categories listed below Acidification potential kg sulphur 0 00E 00 dioxide eq kg 7 Eutrophication potential kg 0 00E 00 phosphate eq kg Ozone layer depletion potential 0 00E 00 potential kg R11 eq kg Photochemical ozone creation 0 00E 00 potential kg ethene eq kg
75. r usage m3 waterif u Total water footprint 0 00 m3 water eq f u Warning some water usage data are missing stress weighted Study name Packaging milk HDPE a lt gt Figure 55 Carbon footprint of the HDPE milk bottle per 1000 of milk packaged 61 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Type a question for het SIETE X Back to top level Summary of Carbon Footprint 80 00 5 70 09 70 09 70 00 c S 5 60 00 5 50 00 J fa o 41 06 40 00 ts 2 30 00 27 00 20 00 10 00 0 00 1 44 0 59 0 00 0 00 T T E u T r Raw Production Storage Use Transport Total f u Co products Total inc Co materials products 4 Ee al Figure 56 Carbon hotspots for the HDPE milk bottle per 1000 of milk Switch value View other x Enter system yeaa View carbon View carbon data pee tal View value added Allocation details Roars footprint graph quality reas analysis summary Functional unit f u PET Bottle 0 51 1000 litres of water 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 131 70 42 27 0 00 10 56 yodsuesy q wodsuesy 4 Total carbon footprint 185 68 kg CO2 eq f u Total value added 0 00 if u Carbon footprint kg CO2 eq f u Value added f f u Warning some value added data are missing or are zero Study name Packaging water PET Figure 57 Carbon footprint of PET water bottle per 1000 of water 62 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Back to top level 200 00 Sum
76. rbon Total inc Co products Co products Total per f u 0 00 0 00 1 83 Land use change Stored carbon Total inc Co products 0 40 Co products 5 89 Total per f u Figure 32 Partial View of the carbon footprint comparison sheet 36 CCaLC Manual V3 1 14 Sharing user created studies and results between users 14 1 Importing and exporting studies User created studies can be shared between users via the CCaLC menu option Share data To export studies choose the Export study option This brings up a form shown Figure 33 that allows the user to select an analysis that has already been saved and then export it This action will create a new excel file entitled CCaLC_xxxx x s which the user can then re name as required and then save This file contains all of the analyses exported along with any additions made to the database Select Analyses to export Acrylic acid wheat sys exp Bioethanol sug beet alloc Chicken meal homemade Chicken ready made meal Croda product Lamb meal homemade Lamb ready made meal LLDPE sug beet allocation LLDPE sug beet sys exp Export data Exit Figure 33 Study export form To import a previously created analysis the user should select the Share data Import menu item This then prompts the user to locate the previously created CCaLC_xxxx xls or user renamed file in the desired directory Once this is done the user w
77. rilling and kitchen Electricity 1 10 operation ee at sandwich Electricity 08 Transport Transport of materials between life cycle stages is assumed to cover a distance of 50 km using a small van with a 7 5 tonne capacity Co products and waste In the mayonnaise preparation stage egg whites are produced as a co product 3 8 g At the consumption stage 80 g of food waste are generated corresponding to 30 of the sandwich WRAP 2008 19 2 4 Impact assessment The results of the carbon footprint analysis of the packed lunch as modelled in the CCaLC tool are shown in Figure 49 and Figure 50 The total carbon footprint is 2 49 kg CO2 eq per packed lunch consumed by one person at a sandwich bar The raw materials production and use stages contribute 45 3 31 and 23 1 of the total life cycle GHG emissions respectively 53 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Enter system Ser value View carbon View carbon data power View value added Allocation details fies footprint graph quality REIS analysis summary Functional unit f u Lunch Sandwich soft drink and crisps 1 Serving 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 1 13 0 77 0 00 0 58 0 00 0 00 0 00 7 54E 03 0 00 0 00 D Transport D gt Transport 7 EFA 4 a a 4 z 3 94E 05 0 00 z 0 00 0 00 z 6 03E 03 s z 3 a ca a o o o a a a Key Total carbon footprint 2 49 kg CO2 eq f u Carbon footprint kg CO2 eq f u Total value added 0 00 if u Value added fif u
78. sal In cases where the disposal of a product is not immediate it may be appropriate to apply a weighting factor to the carbon footprint of the waste stream in order to account for carbon stored up to that point Two end of life scenarios can be defined e aspecific case for a delayed single release and e ageneral case for a delayed release For a specific case where the disposal of a product occurs between 2 and 25 years after product formation the weighting factor applied is as follows Weighting factor 100 0 76 x to 100 where t is the number of years between product formation and the single release of emissions 23 CCaLC Manual V3 1 For a general case where releases may not occur singularly the methodology used is as follows i 100 Weighting factor gt x 100 i 100 i 1 where i is each year in which emissions occur and x is the proportion of total emissions occurring in any one year i The methodology for this calculation is given in PAS2050 Annex B The product s end of life can be defined as follows Figure 18 1 2 SSOP ores o Choose whether a specific or general case is being modelled If a specific case select the time to disposal from the drop down list If a general case calculate a weighting factor as described in PAS2050 and enter it in the text box Select the required database CCaLC Ecoinvent or User defined Select the appropriate disposal waste stream from the drop down lis
79. se refers to consumption of freshwater from rivers lakes and aquifers Water consumption indicates the freshwater withdrawals which are evaporated discharged into different watersheds or the sea after use and embodied in products and waste Green water is the amount of rainwater stored in the soil as soil moisture used by plants is referred to as green water Its relevance is significant in the case of agricultural systems A3 2 Water footprint stress weighted The water footprint stress weighted is calculated according to the midpoint impact assessment method proposed by Pfister et al 2009 This method assesses the environmental impacts of freshwater consumption by incorporating Water Stress Index WSI as a mid point characterisation factor WSI indicates the water consumption impacts in relation to the water scarcity This method considers only blue water consumption Therefore the water footprint is calculated as below Water footprint m eq fu Blue water use m fu x WSI The CCaLC tool contains WSI values for all countries at a national level The WSI values which range from 0 01 to 1 are derived using the following equation WSI 1 i4 A T where WTA is a modified WTA to account for monthly and annual variability of precipitation 3 Pfister S Koehler A Hellweg S 2009 Assessing the environmental impacts of freshwater consumption in LCA Environmental Science amp Technology 43 11 4098 4104
80. sidered comparison analysis click the Clear data button this will delete any previous data that the user does not wish to consier e Click the Add current analysis button to add the data from the current analysis if there were no other data in the tables the data will be added to the first table otherwise the data will be added to the next empty table e If all four tables are populated by data the user will be given a choice as to where they would like new comparison added A graphical comparison of the data in the tables can be viewed by clicking on the View graphs button at the top of the sheet Add current Back to top level A analysis View graphs 1 Functional unit 2 Functional unit Acrylic acid from sugar Tonne Clear data Clear data beet system expansion m tonne C02 eq f u Raw Materials 0 31 Sugar beet cultivation 0 40 Washing shredding amp 0 28 diffusion Drying of animal feed 5 36 Purification amp 0 29 concentration Fermentation 0 16 Ultra filtration 0 05 Extraction 0 53 Distillation amp back 0 42 extraction Drying of waste solids 0 20 Stage 10 0 00 Storage 0 00 Use 1 83 Transport 0 11 Total inc Co products 6 29 Total inc Co products Co products 0 40 Co products Total per f u 5 89 Total per f u Raw Materials Raw Materials Transport Waste Land use change Stored ca
81. stage and then out of the production stage Therefore the carbon footprint for the transport within the Production stage is not displayed however it is shown in the relevant graphs and can also be viewed via the CF Summary menu option Transport steps within the Production stage can also be only modified from the relevant production stage rather than from the top level view 10 CCaLC Manual V3 1 R Functional unit Red wine 1 bottle Back to top level Define transport View graph Transport stage Raw Materials gt Processing Total carbon footprint for stage 0 00 kg CO eq f u Total costs for stage 0 00 ifu 3 Empty P n Mass Carbon footprint A Material transported Transport Type Distance km transported kg kg CO2 eq f u peel Cost Database section Total 0 00 Total 0 00 Transport data currently missing for ser N gt Grape cultivation and harvest Fertiliser P gt Grape Select material to define transport for s p yeei Define naati gt Production Grape cultivation and harvest cultivation and havest__ Pesticides gt Production Grape cultivation and harvest Transport Pesticides gt Grape cultivation sodium hydroxide 50 in H20 production mix at plant gt Praduction Wine proi and harvest sulphur dioxide liquid at plant gt Production Wine production and bottling kraft paper unbleached at plant gt Wine production and bottling sodium hydroxide
82. t Enter the product mass Enter the cost of disposal per unit mass if needed Select the data quality high medium low to indicate the confidence level for the amount specified Click Update Define carbon release from product disposal Emissions due to final disposal of a product can be calculated for specific cases single release or general cases prolonged releases See PAS2050 Annex B 1 For details For specific cases the user must specify the number of years between the Formation of the product and the release date For general cases the user must calculate a weighting Factor using the methodology in the PAS Specific case single release C General case delaved release Time to emission years Weighting Factor os Select waste stream for disposal method CCalC database Ecoinvent database User database Incineration paper x Data quality Product mass tonne Cost per unit mass Medium gt 0 00 Jo Details CO2 eq kg kg Year Location Source Data Quality Zi Comments Update Exit Figure 18 End of product s life user form 24 CCaLC Manual V3 1 7 7 4 Co product systems System expansion and allocation In co product systems it is often necessary to calculate the carbon footprint of each co product Within CCaLC this can be carried out in two ways e by system expansion and e by allocation mass energy and eco
83. the user can specify the data quality when they create it The data quality for the amount of material energy travel distance etc specified by the user has to be specified each time the user adds a new datum to the analysis The user is required to make a judgment as to how reliable they believe their data are For instance if a transport distance is known then the user might choose high quality of data however if the distance is only guessed at or generic then the data quality for this datum will be low The overall data quality assessment is made by weighting each data point by its contribution to the total carbon footprint A full description of the data quality model is given in Appendix 2 To examine the data quality for the analysis click on the View data quality assessment button the top level of the tool This brings up the data quality assessment sheet Figure 27 which shows the overall data quality for the analysis as well as the data quality for each individual stage Back to top level Overall data quality Medium Data quality by stage Stage Data quality Raw materials High Co products High Processing stages Wheat cultivation Low Natural drying Milling amp hydrolysis High Drying of animal feed Fermentation High Ultra filtration High Extraction High Distillation amp back extraction High Drying of waste solids High Stage10 Average Processing Medium Storage Us
84. the study in the pop up window and click OK e Click the menu option Share data Export study and click in the pop up window on the study to be exported the study will be saved in the directory chosen by the user e Open CCaLC V3 1 and click on the menu option Share data Import study from the dialogue box that pops up select the file to be imported e To view the study imported click on CF Study Load study and then in the pop up dialogue box click on the radio button User defined where the imported study should be listed Click on the study name and then on the OK button to load the study 3 Tool development credits CCaLC was developed by a research group based at the University of Manchester and led by Professor Adisa Azapagic The following researchers were involved in the project e David Amienyo case studies Haruna Gujba case studies and databases Harish Jeswani case studies and databases Anthony Morgan software development Yu Rong software development Namy Espinoza Orias case studies and databases and Heinz Stichnothe methodology and case studies For further information visit www ccalc org uk or contact adisa azapagic manchester ac uk 4 Acknowledgements The CCaLC project was funded by Carbon Trust EPSRC and NERC grant No EP F003501 1 Numerous industrial partners have contributed to the development of the tool and their help is gratefully acknowledged For more information visit www ccalc org uk 5
85. tional unit The functional unit of this study is defined as 1 tonne of PLA Scope and system boundary The system boundaries are from cradle to gate for PLA As shown in Figure 45 the life cycle stages include e raw materials extraction and production e wheat cultivation e PLA production processes milling amp hydrolysis sterilisation and fermentation filtration purification amp crystallisation polymerisation amp crystallisation and packaging and e production of co products Some aspects of the life cycle supply chain are not considered due to limited data availability and they include e water used for agricultural and industrial processes and e wastewater discharged from agricultural and industrial processes and e transport of raw materials and waste 47 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Chemicals Fertilisers Sulphuric acid 93 conc Calcium carbonate Seeds Diammonium phosphate Calcium chloride Pesticides Farm yard manure Dried wheat Fermentable sugar in solution Lactic acid in fermentation broth Lactic acid in permeate Crystallised lactic acid Crystallised polylactic acid Figure 45 System boundary for PLA from wheat 48 CCaLC Manual V3 1 19 1 3 Inventory analysis Raw materials and energy The inventories used for this study include the raw materials fertilisers pesticides and chemicals and energy used for agricultural and industrial processes These
86. ts in the comments box as a reminder for any future uses Click on the Update button The packaging table for the stage is then populated Packaging types can be modified or removed from the analysis by selecting the packaging type and changing the details or setting the mass to zero respectively Define packaging Define materials Modify Database Search database CCaLC Foodjdrink database CCaLC other database C Ecoinvent database User defined 1 E Select Processing stage for packaging pul Packaging for raw material Packaging for products Amount ka F u Data quality for amount Cost kg Update Comments on amount used Details Impacts l kg CO2 eq ikg Year Location Source Data quality of dataset Comments Exit Figure 12 Define Packaging user form 16 CCaLC Manual V3 1 7 5 5 Defining waste Waste use for the production as well as the other stages can be defined using the same procedure as for defining materials energy or packaging The user form is similar to those used for other life cycle stages and is shown in Figure 13 The procedure for defining waste is as follows Select the required database CCaLC Ecoinvent or User defined Select the required waste type from the drop down menu Enter the amount of waste in the text box Select the data quality of the amount being used high medium low to indicate how confident you
87. uction box from the top level of the tool and then clicking on the individual stage of interest This takes the user to the tables which show the raw materials input to that stage see Figure 4 7 5 1 Defining energy use Energy use for the production as well as other life cycle stages can be defined by clicking the Define Energy button The associated user form is shown in Figure 8 The energy is defined as follows 1 Select the required database CCaLC or Ecoinvent 2 Select the required energy type from the drop down menu 3 Enter the amount used in the text box NB make sure the correct units are being used 4 Select the data quality for the amount being specified to indicate how confident you are in the figure used high medium low 5 Enter the cost per unit of energy being used if needed 6 Include any relevant comments in the comments box this is optional but is recommended as a reminder for future uses 7 Click on the Update button 12 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Define energy use for Natural drying Define energy Modify Database Search database CCaLC database Ecoinvent database User defined bad Amount MI F u Data quality for amount Cost MJ Comments on amount used Update mee Details Impacts kg CO2 eq MJ Year Location Source Data Quality Comments on data set Figure 8 Define Energy user form The energy table on the screen will be updated with the relev
88. up a separate user form that allows the user to create and remove links using the appropriate buttons Figure 14b The top box in this user form shows raw materials used at this stage and the bottom box shows the existing material links for the waste stream selected In this case Wheat UK is the only material available to link Define waste for Milling x Create waste link to materials Define waste Link waste Modify Database l Raw materials used at this stage Wheat UK Modify material Modify links packaging links Flows currently linked to selected waste stream Remove link Existing material links for Landfill municipal waste Wheat UK Exit a Link waste tab b Create delete links form Figure 14 Link waste forms The user will not initially see any effects of material linking However if the amount of waste being used is changed then the raw materials linked to it will be updated to reflect 18 CCaLC Manual V3 1 that change For instance if the amount of waste at this stage was 0 1 kg when the material was linked and it was increased to 0 2 kg the amount of raw material in this case Wheat UK would be increased by 0 1 kg If multiple materials are linked to a waste stream then the amounts are adjusted in proportion to the ratio of their use For instance If three materials are linked to one waste stream Landfill Municipal 1 kg Material 1 4 kg Material 2 4 kg Mater
89. with the Define raw materials user form Other materials can be added in the same way If a new material needs to be added to the database then this can be done through the Modify Database tab This is discussed in more detail in section 9 The total carbon footprint for the Raw materials stage can be seen at the top of the screen in red The costs incurred during the stage are shown in blue and if in the Water usage view the water footprint will be shown in green The amount of material being used can be updated at any time or can be removed completely from the analysis by selecting that raw material in the Define materials user form and setting its amount to zero 7 44 Defining transport Transport links can be defined when there is a material to be transported between stages To define transport Figure 6 1 Click on the relevant transport box either at the top level or in the Production stage this takes the user to the transport stage screen Click the Define Transport button A user form appears asking the user to select materials to be transported Select the required material from the list box Click on Define Transport The Define Transport user form will then be shown see Figure 7 Choose the desired database CCaLC or Ecoinvent N EON D CCaLC Manual V3 1 Select the type of transport from the drop down menu e g 40 t truck Enter the distance travelled into the text box note the units required Enter the
90. y is to provide a carbon footprint analysis of three types of packaging used in the UK e HDPE milk bottle 2 272 litre e PET water bottle 0 5 litre and e aluminium can for fizzy drinks 0 33 litre Functional unit The functional unit of this study is defined as the packaging system required to deliver 1000 litres of beverage Scope and system boundary The system boundaries of the study include cradle to grave analysis for the packaging systems considered As shown in Figure 51 Figure 54 the following life cycle stages are considered raw materials extraction and production packaging production and transport to filling site tops and labels production and transport to filling site filling of the packaging distribution of the filled packaging to consumers transport of post consumer waste to waste management and landfill incineration and recycling of the waste packaging The following is excluded from the system boundary energy used for storage at the retail stage energy use at the consumption stage carbon footprint of the beverage and secondary and tertiary packaging 55 CCaLC Manual V3 1 Raw materials HDPE granulate HDPE granulate PP granulate 19 43 kg 0 76 kg 0 26 kg Bottle manufacturing 7 Electricity 119 13 MJ Production thermal N gas 0 58 MJ Water 58 11 kg Top manufacturing Label manufacturing Electricity 1 21 MJ Thermal N gas 1 27

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