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1. 57 47 1 2 WRITELNC CURRENT DATA IS AS FOLLOwWS 2 58 48 1 2 7 4 59 49 1 2 WRITELNC Thermostat Setting is ThermostatSetting C 2 60 50 1 2 WRITELN Inside temperature is 5 61 51 1 2 WRITELN Temperature of collector water is CollectorWaterTemp C 62 52 1 2 WRITELN Temperature of tank water is TankWaterTemp C 63 53 1 2 WRITZLN Temperature of the heated tank water is HeatedlankTemp C 64 4 1 2 WRITELN Time of day is 65 55 1 2 WRITELN Amount of sunlight is sAmountOfSunlight 66 56 1 2 WRITELN blank line 67 57 1 2 END uith CurrentData 69 58 1 1 END WARNING input yas repaired to END 70 58 0 0 Summary Information PROCEDURE STOREDATA GETDATA Total 104 Lines Read 1 Error Detected 33 Utilization of Memory OFFSET CODE SIZE DATA SIZE STACK SIZE 2405 0222H 5460 0010H 16D C294H 0241H 5770 0010H 160 OSF7H 17830 9000H 00 0020 520 Figure 4 6 Listings of Our Test Modules Cont d 59 CHAPTER 4 SERIES III Pascal 86 Source File Object File Controls Specified X031 F1 0UMOP SRC zF1 0UM29P 08J STMT LINE NESTING 60 1 19 11 12 13 15 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 26 27 28 29 30 31 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 1 18 20 21 23 26 27
2. to Heat Pump HeatedTankToHeatPump WRITE Heated Tank to Heat Pump NoMethod heat required END WRITELN WRITELN zszszzzssszzzzsszz2zzzszzzzszz2zzzzzzzczzzoszzzsezzz WRITELN x xurite a blank line END OperateSystem PROCEDURE ShutDounSystem VAR CurrentData SystemData BEGIN WRITELN 2 242 222 2222932222232 22 2321120221222 12 000232220 01 0 7 IF Panic THEN WRITELN C PANIC occurred NORMAL shutdoun ELSE WRITELN No panic occurred ABNORMAL shutdown WRITELN s22 222222 222222222222222222222222222222212212222 22 5 WITH CurrentData 00 BEGIN WRITE Last chosen heating method was 7 CASE ChosenMethod OF CollectorToExchanger WRITE Solar Collector to Exchanger CollectorToHeatPump WRITE Solar Collector to Heat Pump TankToExchanger 2 WRITE C Tank to Exchanger TankToHeatPump WRITE Tank to Heat Pump HeatedTankToHeatPump WRITE Heated Tank to Heat Pump WRITE No heat required NoMethod Figure 7 1 Climate Control Program Listing and Sample Run Cont d CHAPTER 7 69 1 72 73 76 75 76 77 78 79 81 82 83 84 65 6 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 d A gt ad md B eA hob gt END WRITELN WRITELN e PO Pf ENO WARNING input yas repaired to END 85 78 0 0 5 0
3. 5 Edng aUeS hades ated gine nce Set enue wiser ideae EEG te 5 Modular Programming Dali dyes gh ere ars eT 6 Debugging and In Circuit Emulation 7 WSING Your Find PLOGUCE omine m i eed die aae aco baa al at boca aate d 8 CHAPTER 2 OPERATING THE SERIES 11 SYSTEM 9 OM YOU ys D REN AUR Ep Aes ed ato 9 The Directory Listing Tr 10 Formatting DISKS 43325 vut d acu E E doa iom cap e eS 13 Hard Disk Subsystem Users 13 DISK USGrS a ERE e E e ues Sami 14 Filenames Pathnames and File Attributes 15 Renaming and Deleting Files 18 Copying Files to Disks and Devices rm 19 Executing Commands and Programs 22 Summary of the Series Ill Operating System MER P 25 CHAPTERS TEXT EDITING ot SERE EDI E E ERE re RIP ed Indo uds 27 Creating a Text File and Inserting Text PORT NOH E OON ME SM NOR NI 28 Moving Around in the Text File basses mnes S Heise re 32
4. 7 If there is a demand for heat determine the heating method and operate the system with this method If there is demand for cold determine the cooling method and operate the system with this method t 4 If no method is possible abnormal conditions 2 1 shut down the climate 7 T FINDING OLD TEXT AND SUBSTITUTING NEW TEXT There will be numerous occasions when you will want to find a specific word or group of words and move the character pointer at the same time There will also be times when you will want to substitute a new word or group of words for an old one For example you might write a program that displays the name of your product for example Solar Controller in several different places Sometime later you find out that the marketing people changed the name to Climate Controller With one simple CREDIT command you could substitute the new word Climate for the old word Solar wherever the old word occurs in the text file You would only have to make sure that you specified the old name using upper and lower case characters as they appear in the file and that the new name looks exactly as it should look 33 Chapter 3 34 The F Find command finds any string group of characters you specify The S Substitute command finds the old string you specify and substitutes the new string you specify and rear ranges the text so that
5. 29 4 1 Algorithm for the Climate Control Main Module 42 4 2 First Try at Coding the Main Program 43 4 3 Second Try at Coding the Main Program 47 4 4 Theinterrace SpecificallOn sd eee Eque eds 50 4 5 Test Version of Our Climate Control System 51 4 6 Lisings of Our Test Modules 57 5 1 The PL M 86 Typed Procedure THERMOSTAT SETTING FROM PORTS 64 5 2 The PL M 86 Typed Procedures TEMP DATASFROM PORTS INTERPOLATE 66 5 3 Listing of PLMDATA with the CODE Control 71 6 1 Using Utilities to Prepare Executable Programs 75 6 2 Main Module with Subordinate Modules 77 7 1 Climate Control Program Listing and Sample eeu eae 85 7 2 Listing of the Modified PLMDATA Module 92 7 3 Possible Execution Paths for Pascal 86 Programs 96 1 THE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS Hardware is computing potential it must be harnessed and driven by software to be useful Andrew S Grove President of Intel Corp The Intellec Series Ill Microcomputer Development System is more than a keyboard a vi
6. 54 PROGRAMING PASCAL 86 THE PASCAL 86 COMPILER A compiler is a program that translates your high level language statements into machine code Machine code sometimes called object code consists of the instructions that machines understand whereas high level language statements are instructions that humans under stand You must translate your high level language statements into machine code by compil ing your high level language program The Pascal 86 statements we typed using CREDIT are program source statements We now have three source files F1 MAIN SRC for the MainControl module F1 DUMDAT SRC for the dummy GetData module and F1 DUMOP SRC for the dummy Operation module translate these source statement modules into object code modules we must compile each source module separately The Pascal 86 compiler is supplied as the file PASC86 86 You invoke the compiler by using the RUN command to load and execute it in the 8086 side 8086 execution mode of the Series Ill system The compiler usually produces two files a isting file that contains a listing of the source program as the compiler saw it and an object file that contains the actual machine code The listing file usually contains a listing of the source statements additional information about the compilation and any errors that occurred during the compilation For example assume that MAIN SRC the first module is in directory F1 The Pascal
7. 68 64 1 3 NoMethod WRITE No heat required 69 65 1 3 71 66 1 2 WRITELN 72 67 1 2 WRITSLN Thermostat Setting is ThermostatSetting C 73 68 1 2 WRITELN Inside temperature is 5 74 69 1 e WRITELN Temperature of collector water is CollectorwWaterTemp C 75 70 1 2 WRITELNC Temperature of tank water is TankWaterTemps C 76 71 1 2 WRITELN Temperature cf the heated tank water is HeatedTankTemp C 77 72 1 2 WRITELN Time of day is Hour Minute 78 75 1 2 WRITELNC Amount of sunlight is Amount fSunlight2 79 74 1 2 Cewith CurrentData 81 75 1 1 WRITELN z2 2222222 221222122222222222222122222222222 2222122222 22 2 82 76 1 1 WRITELN 83 77 14 1 WRITELN Goodnight Irene 9 84 78 1 1 END WARNING input END yas repaired to END 85 78 0 0 ShutDounSystem Summary Information PROCEDURE OFFSET CODE SIZE DATA SIZE STACK SIZE SHUTOOWNSYSTEM 0698H 0398m 9209 0010H 160 OPERATESYSTEM 0440H 0258 6000 0010H 160 STARTUPSYSTEM O3E2H 005 940 0010H 160 Total 0430H 26082 00924 00 0050 480 125 Lines Read 1 Error Detected 33 Utilization of Memory Figure 4 6 Listings of Our Test Modules Cont d Summary We now have three Pascal 86 modules MainControl GetData and Operation Two of these modules GetData and Operation are dummy versions that do not interact with any hardware except the Series Ill sy
8. 21632 001 2 A guide to ELLEC SERIES Ill MICROCOMPUTER DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMS 121632 001 Copyright 1981 Intel Corporation Intel Corporation 3065 Bowers Avenue Santa Clara California 95051 Additional copies of this manual or other Intel literature may be obtained from Literature Department Intel Corporation 3065 Bowers Avenue Santa Clara CA 95051 The information in this document is subject to change without notice Intel Corporation makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose Intel Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document Intel Corporation makes no commitment to update nor to keep current the information contained in this document Intel Corporation assumes no responsibility for the use of any circuitry other than circuitry embodied in an Intel product No other circuit patent licenses are implied Intel software products are copyrighted by and shall remain the property of Intel Corporation Use duplication or disclosure is subject to restrictions stated in Intel s software license or as defined in ASPR 71 104 9 a 9 No part of this document may be copied or reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior written consent of Intel Corporation The following are trademarks of Intel Corporanoma and its a
9. Shift for rounding and return Celsius temperature 25 2 NUMERATOR SHL VOLT IN VOLTS CI 12 T CEL ID T CEL CI 12020 1 STATEMENT 25 0092 38810200 MOV 8X I 0096 48 DEC BX 0097 51 SHL BX 1 0099 88870900 MOV AX VOLTSEBXI 0090 884E04 MOV CX LBPJ VOLTIN 0040 28 8 508 AX 00 2 88360200 MOV 1 1 0046 01 6 SHL 1 1 Figure 5 3 Listing of PLMDATA with the CODE Control Cont d 72 00 8 88971000 MOV DX TCELCB8XJ 00 889 1000 MOV 8X TCELCSIJ 0080 2804 SUB 0 0082 50 PUSH AX i 1 0083 89C8 MOV 0085 52 PUSH DX 22 0086 F7E3 MUL 8x 0088 01 0 SHL 1 008 89060800 MOV 26 2 RETURN 1 1 SHR NUMERATOR VOLTSCID VOLTS I 10 0 1 1 i STATEMENT 26 008 889 0000 MOV BX VOLTSCSIJ 00 2 5 POP DX 2 00c3 59 Cx 21 00C4 2809 503 BX CX 00C6 52 PUSH OX 21 00 7 3102 XIR 0 DX 00C9 DIV BX 00 8 40 INC AX 01 8 SHR 1 0 59 CX 21 OOCF 03C1 ADD 0001 50 0002 20200 RET 2H 27 2 ENO INTERPOLATE STATEMENT 27 INTERPOLATE ENOP 28 1 TEMPSDATASFROMSPORTS STATEMENT 28 TEMPOATAFROMPORTS PROC NEAR 0005 55 PUSH BP 0006 88 0 BP SP PROCEDUREC HIGH LOW WORD 29 2 DECLARE HIGH LOW WORD 30 2 DECLARE INSPORTSHIGH WORD ADDRESS in McCracken s book 31 2 DECLARE INSPORT LOW BYTE 32 2 DECLARE THERMOCQUPLES QUTPUT TEMPERATURE WORD 33 2 INSPORTSHI
10. Programming For the Series Environment 70 CONTENTS Cont d PAGE CHAPTER 6 USING UTILITIES TO PREPARE EXECUTABLE PROGRAMS 75 Preparing a Library of Program Modules 76 Linking Modules to Forma Locatable Program 77 Locating and Running Programs f02 552 EXE ones 78 CHAPTER7 DEBUGGING AND EXECUTING PROGRAMS 81 Using DEBUG 86 For Symbolic Debugging NU rd 82 Using 88 an In Circuit Emulator 92 6 eee douche a aaa a hea Rae e ea bea ma 95 BIBLIOGRAPHY es pas ceased poe hey thats Ryd ek S ed eda a pd ed NS 97 INDE A setae tetas fo E deni ack 99 THE INTELLEC SERIES PUBLICATIONS LIBRARY ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE TITLE PAGE 1 1 Developing Software on the Series System 2 1 2 Block Diagram of Our Climate Control System PET 3 1 3 Nassi Schneiderman Chart for Our Climate Control Software 4 3 1 The CREDI Video DISDIAV o era baa ares y eV T RS e os 28 3 2 The Series Il Keyboard ead a epa mE AA ROS Ie
11. The file PIDGIN TXT on the disk in drive 0 now contains the newly edited text Use the DIR command to see the directory for drive 0 In the directory listing you should see the filename PIDGIN BAK CREDIT created this file to be the backup file that contains the old unedited ver sion of PIDGIN TXT Every time you use the EX command by itself CREDIT automatically creates a backup file with the extension to contain the previous version of the file NOTE You should not execute CREDIT to edit a backup file a file with the exten sion because the EX command would first put the new edits into the file then it would overwrite the file with the previous unedited version of it Use the REN rename command to rename the file before editing it or use the filename option with the EX command described in the next paragraph You can optionally specify a filename with the EX command so that the newly edited text becomes a new text file and the old text file remains unedited For example if you had typed the following version of the EX command rather than the preceding version NEW TXT lt cr gt the following message would appear EDITED TO FO NEW TXT The file NEW TXT would contain the newly edited text and the old PIDGIN TXT would not have been updated and PIDGIN BAK would not have been created as a backup file NOTE If you type rather than CRE
12. The number of free disk blocks depends on the number of files on your disk and the size of your disk you do not have to worry about it unless you get a DISK FULL warning If you get such a warning terminate your CREDIT session by typing followed by RETURN and specify another disk like F1 for your text file The screen is partitioned into two areas as shown in figure 3 1 Notice the vertical line in the text area This symbol marks the end of the text in the file Since the file is new and holds no text yet this symbol appears at the beginning of the file As you type text into the file the symbol moves and continues to mark the end of the text The blinking cursor sits underneath this vertical line You can immediately type text into the file just you type you can make changes to the text you already typed by moving the cursor back to the previous text and typing over it Move the cursor by using the cursor control keys that sur round the HOME key do not use the HOME key If you inadvertantly typed the HOME key hold down the CNTL key and type a V Control V to return the cursor to the text body 515 CRT BASED EDITOR V2 0 NEW FILE 1982 FREE DISK BLOCKS just type COMMAND AREA T TEXT AREA Figure 3 1 The CREDIT Video Display 121632 4 Text Editing You end each line of text with a carriage return by typing the RETURN key just like a ty
13. copy of the file F0 PIDGIN TXT COPY PIDGIN TXT TO LP cr FROM TEXT TO PROGRAM Your PIDGIN TXT text file now contains an algorithm that is actually a program in disguise the disguise is English or Pidgin Pascal You should keep a copy of it somewhere perhaps on another disk or leave it in drive 0 if you have a hard disk subsystem To use this algorithm in the next chapter you will want to copy the text file to the Pascal 86 disk and call it MAIN SRC since it will become the source file of your main control algorithm COPY PIDGIN TXT F1 MAIN SRC cr FO PIDGIN TXT COPIED TO F1 MAIN SRC The examples in this and subsequent chapters assume that you either have a hard disk sub System or at least two double density flexible disk drives If you have single density flexible disk drives you should have more than two of them in this case you should put your program on the third disk since it probably will not fit on the Pascal 86 disk in drive 1 Although MAIN SRC only has Pidgin Pascal statements at this time you will edit them to make them real Pascal 86 statements as they appear in figures in Chapter 4 39 4 PROGRAMMING PASCAL 86 One of the most important aspects of any computing tool is its influence on the thinking habits of those who try to use E W Dijkstra The Series Ill Microcomputer Development System was designed to support a variety of pro gramming techniques
14. development tools you can link these algorithms in different configurations to form several applications For example we chose to write our main control algorithm for the climate system in Pascal 86 We still need an algorithm for retrieving the data and converting it to Celsius temperatures We decided to write a simple Pascal 86 routine for testing purposes only this routine only retrieves the data from the Series lll console however our final product will rely on ther mocouples and other sources of data and we will need an algorithm to convert thermocouple voltages to degrees Celsius Fortunately we already have a routine in PL M 86 that performs this activity and we can save development time and money by using it 63 Chapter 5 PROGRAMMING IN PL M 86 PL M is renowned for its structure and versatility PL M is one of the only structured high level languages that allow you to manipulate bits with AND OR and shift SHR for shift right and SHL for shift left operations PL M s data types are not as strictly enforced as Pascal s PL M s BYTE WORD ADDRESS and POINTER types have loose definitions so that you can use them for different kinds of data For this reason PL M is easier to use for System programming designing computer systems or control mechanisms yet harder to use in application programming where enforced data typing makes it easier to write error free programs In our climate control system
15. gt This command moves the pointer to the top of the text file the beginning of the first line Text Editing Since CREDIT usually puts the pointer at the top of the file when you start an editing session the JTT command jump to tag for top of file is more useful during an edit session The JTE command jump to tag for end of file is useful at any time JTE lt cr gt After using the J command you are still left in command mode Use the CNTL V command to return to screen mode and to return the cursor to the character pointed to by the CP Use the JTE command jump to tag for end of file followed by a CNTL V command to return to screen mode in order to add a sentence to the end of our Pidgin Pascal software definition The following example shows the execution of the JTE command followed by a CNTL V displayed as followed by a display of the current text file with the added sentence at the end JTE lt cr gt xT Maintain the climate of a building using a system comprised oft heating and cooling methods t Startup the climate 4 While the system is operating do and repeat the following f T Get the data needed for each pass the time the temperatures f the weather the state of the solar collector etc f Store this data T Based on temperature data see if there is demand t and determine the type of demand t If there is no demand simply continue operating the climate
16. iis c m ew om oe ow am Climate System is now operating The time is 13 30 The inside temperature is 22C The thermostat setting is 24C Method chosen to heat the building Solar Collector To Exchanger 4 oe we we we ee m n ew we X ow am ae ae Last chosen heating method was Solar Collector to Exchanger Thermostat Setting is 24C Inside temperature is 22C Temperature of collector water is 10C Temperature of tank water is 10C Temperature of the heated tank water is 10C Time of day is 13 30 Amount of sunlight is 0 Goodnight Irene Figure 7 1 Climate Control Program Listing and Sample Run Cont d Obviously this book only introduces DEBUG 86
17. 14 hexadecimal is 20 in decimal We have a temperature reading of 20 degrees Celsius Obviously this session only introduces the ICE 88 emulator The CE 88 In Circuit Emulator Operating Instructions for ISIS Il Users contains both tutorial and reference information on the ICE 88 emulator The similarities between DEBUG 86 and in circuit emulators enhance their usefulness in software development efforts since both provide symbolic debugging In circuit emulation also lets you emulate all of your prototype CPU functions even though your pro totype CPU is not installed and even if your prototype has not been built It is a powerful debugging and diagnostic tool for both the hardware and software of your final product EXECUTION ENVIRONMENTS The Intellec Series Ill system provides an 8086 execution environment and operating system support the support your program needs to be able to access devices and files When you link the run time support libraries to your Pascal 86 program you are providing the software your program needs to talk to the Series Ill operating system You can also run Pascal 86 programs in other systems or in dedicated application environments as long as you provide the run time support software For example you could transfer your program to RAM on an SDK 86 System Design Kit with an 8086 or to RAM on an iSBC 86 12A Single Board Computer system by first using the OH86 utility described in the iAPX 86 88
18. COPIED F1 PROGT SRC TO F1 PROG1 BAK The COPY command expects to see the name of the source file or device the source of the information to be copied not to be confused with a source file of program source statements followed by a space then the keyword TO followed by a space and then the name of the out put file or device the destination of the copied information After the output or destination file or device name you can optionally specify a switch like for pause or U for update these switches are explained in the nte lec Series Ill Microcomputer Development System Console Operating Instructions More frequent uses of the COPY command are copying to devices copying files onto other disks and copying all the files in one disk to another disk In all of these cases you must specify the device or disk that is the source of the information and the device or disk that will receive the copied information For example the RENAME program is in the directory for drive 0 If you want to puta copy of it on the disk in drive 1 you would type the following command RENAME TO 1 lt gt COPIED FO RENAME TO 1 When the source file is in the directory for drive 0 you don t have to specify 0 for the file because 0 is the default directory if none is specified When the destination is a disk in another drive you have to specify the directory in this case F1 for the destina
19. Figure 1 2 Block Diagram of Our Climate Control System 121632 2 CHAPTER 1 A good software definition breaks the problem into solvable tasks order which these tasks must occur also determines the structure of the software If the structure is simple to understand it will be that much easier to implement and maintain A Nassi Shneiderman Chart shown in figure 1 3 is useful for showing structured blocks of software Use whatever charts you find useful but hide many of the details so that you are not locked into doing things a certain way In our application we hid all details about data types input and output and actual heating or cooling methods It is most important that we design each module to be self reliant that is a module should not have to know about details hidden in another module especially details that might change in the future OPERATING TRUE PANIC FALSE WHILE OPERATING DO BEGIN DETERMINEMETHOD DATA DEMAND FOR HEATING COOLING WATER HOT COLD ENOUGH NO METHOD OPERATING FALSE PANIC OPERATION MODULE MAIN MODULE GETDATA MODULE Heating Methods Data Collector To Exchanger InsideTemp Tank To Exchanger ThermostatSetting Collector To Heat Pump CollectorWaterTemp Tank To Heat Pump TankWaterTemp Heated Tank To Heat Pump HeatedTankTemp No Method No heating demand AmountOfSun for collector operation Hour Minute for collector and immersio
20. 121663 USER S MANUAL 9800838 9800452 7l Te 121669 Using 1519 11 CREDIT Assembly Languages banguages ICE 88 IN CIRCUIT EMULATOR CRT BASED TEXT EDITOR lt ome 1 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS USER S GUIDE 808678087 0086 MACAO FOR 1515 1 USERS 9800902 REFERENCE MANUAL PASCAL 86 USER S GUIDE 9800949 for 8086 Based Development Systems INTELLEC SERIES III MICROCOMPUTER DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM SCHEMATIC DRAWINGS 121642 be eee ee 121539 4 pose quesos MODEL 740 CREDIT HARD DISK SUBSYSTEM CRT BASED TEXT EDITOR y 1 iCE 88 POCKET REFERENCE POCKET REFERENCE 8086 8087 8088 MACRO 5500905 ASSEMBLER OPERATING PASCAL 86 POCKET 9800943 INSTRUCTIONS REFERENCE L 4 for 8086 Based Development Systems L _ 121541 121628 INTELLEC SERIES III 89 REAL TIME MICROCOMPUTER BREAKPOINT FACILITY DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM oe 7 PROGRAMMER S REFERENCE MANUAL See COREE ste Gidea QUEE IN CIRCUIT EMULATOR USERS 121618 POCKET REFERENCE for 8086 Based Development Systems 9801018 4 for 8086 Based Development Systems ninm Dn 121636 121674 L J Era Lm 4 2222224 69 MCS 86 ASSEMBLY i 1 LANGUAGE CONVERTER PL M 86 POCKET REFERENCE OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS for 8086 Based Development System
21. 3 165 W 1510E MAC 3 170 W LEAR MAC e 123 201 310 4004 BLOCKS USED The ntellec Series Ill Microcomputer Development System Console Operating Instructions give details about typical hard disk and flexible disk configurations and the associated drive numbers On each line of the directory listing you are shown the name of a file Some of these filenames are followed by a three character extension which is an optional identifier used to show types of files These extensions are sometimes required for certain files that are used with certain programs The section on filenames following disk formatting explains some of these extensions Following each filename entry are three columns labeled BLKS LENGTH and The 5 column tells you how many blocks of space the file occupies where one block equals 128 bytes The column gives the actual number of bytes occupied by the file At the bottom of the listing appears a message showing how many blocks are used out of the total number of blocks available on the disk You can use block figures to describe file sizes and to determine whether a file of a given size in blocks will fit on a disk The column might be empty or it may contain W S or both This column tells you the attributes of each file certain characteristics that govern the file s use If a file has the attribute itis write protected
22. 38 39 40 1 43 THERMOSTATSSETTINGSFROMSPORTS PROCEDURE LOW WORD 2 DECLARE HIGH LOW WORD 2 DECLARE CINSPORTSHIGH INSPORTSLOW BYTE 2 DECLARE THERMOSSETTING WORD 2 DECLARE HUNDREDS TENS UNITS BYTE 2 INSPORTSHIGH INPUTCHIGH 2 INS PORTS LOW INPUT LOWO 2 MUNOREOS XINSPORTSHIGH ANO 000011118 2 TENS SHR INSPCRTSLCW 4 2 UNITS INSPORT LOW ANO 000011118 2 THERMOSSETTING UNITS 10 TENS 100 HUNDREDS 2 RETURN THERMOSSETTING 2 THERMCSTATSSETTINGSFRIMSPORTS Another typed procedure to return temperature data which uses the INTERPOLATE typed procedura INTERPOLATE is a typed procedure that receives thermocouple voltage and returns temperature in Celsius using an interpolation routine 1 INTERPOLATE PROCEDURECVOLTSIN WORD 2 DECLARE VOLTS WORD 2 0 51 102 154 206 258 365 472 2 DECLARE T CEL WORD DATA CO 10 20 30 40 50 7 70 902 2 DECLARE VOLTSIN NUMERATOR WIRD 2 0 2 DO WHILE VOLTSIN gt 01 5 1 3 1 1 3 END Shift for roundings and return Celsius temperature 2 NUMERATOR 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 RETURN 1 1 SHRCNUMERATOR CVOLTSCII VOLTSCI 1 1 19 2 END INTERPOLATE 1 TEMPSDATASFRIMSPORTS PROCEDURE HIGH LOW WORD 2 DECLARE HIGH LOW WORD 2 DECLARE INSPORTSHIGH WORO ADDRESS in McCracken s book 2 DECLARE INS
23. 46f high level languages 2ff 5f 41 55 63f 69f 75 79 82 HOME key CREDIT 28f 32f HP paper tape punch 20 iAPX 86 88 processor family 1 7f 22 ICE 86 1f 7f 79 92ff 95 ICE 88 1f 7f 79 92ff 95 IDISK command 15 18 21 in circuit emulation ICE 1f 5ff 8 79 92ff INCLUDE control Pascal 86 51 56 information hiding 46f input output procedures Pascal 86 61 78 inserting text 28f 31f interactive 8086 mode 23 interactive execution 23ff Interface iSBC 957 8 95 Software and Cable SDK C86 8 95 interface specification Pascal 86 47 49f 51 INTERPOLATE procedure 66ff 93 invisible file attribute 12 18 Irene goodnight 54 80 91 IP instruction pointer register 83f iSBC 86 12A system 8 95f iSBC 957 Interface and Execution Package 8 95f iSBC Single Board Computer System 8 95f ISIS II operating system See also operating the Series Ill system 10ff 13ff 16ff 23 INDEX J jump command CREDIT 32ff keyboard 29 L Line command CREDIT 37 language diversity 63 languages high level 2ff 5f 41 55 63f 69f 75 79 82 LARGE control PL M 86 68 LARGE LIB run time library 77f 94 Ledbetter Huddie Goodnight Irene 54 80 91 length file 11 LIB extension 16 LIB86 86 utility 22 75f librarian utility 22 75f libraries run time 14f 23ff 75ff 78f 94 library file 76f management 2 5ff 16 76 module 16 75ff 7
24. AirTemperature 20 120 degrees Celsius WaterTemperature 0 120 HeatingMethods CollectorToExchanger CollectorToHeatPump TankToExchanger TankToHeatPump HeatedTankToHeatPump NoMethod SystemData RECORD ChosenMethod HeatingMethods InsideTemp ThermostatSetting AirTemperature CollectorWaterTemp TankWaterTemp HeatedTankTemp WaterTemperature AmountOfSunlight Integer Hour 00 24 Minute 00 59 END SystemData VAR variables publicly defined in this module CurrentData SystemData Operating Panic BOOLEAN PUBLIC GetData GetData Module containing GetData amp StoreData PROCEDURE GetData VAR CurrentData SystemData PROCEDURE StoreData VAR CurrentData SystemData PUBLIC Operation Operation Module containing OperateSystem StartUpSystem and ShutDownSystem PROCEDURE StartUpSystem PROCEDURE OperateSystem VAR CurrentData SystemData PROCEDURE ShutDownSystem VAR CurrentData SystemData Figure 4 4 The Interface Specification 50 PROGRAMING IN PASCAL 86 The dummy versions are shown in figure 4 5 You should type these versions exactly as you see them with the StartUpSystem OperateSystem and ShutDownSystem dummy procedures in the dummy Operation module stored in the file F1 DUMOP SRC and GetData and StoreData dummy procedures in the dummy GetData module stored in the file F1 DUMDAT SRC The MainControl module should be stored in F1 MAIN SRC and the int
25. AmountOfSunlight 2 Integer Hour 00 24 Minute 00 59 END SystemDatax VAR variables publicly defined this module CurrentData SystemData Operating Panic BOOLEAN PUBLIC GetDatas GetData Module containing GetO0ata amp StoreData PROCEDURE GetData VAR CurrentDatasSystemData PROCEDURE StoreData VAR CurrentData SystemData PUBLIC Operation Operation Module containing OperateSystem StartUpSystem and ShutDounSystem PROCEDURE StartUpSystoem PROCEDURE JperateSystem VAR CurrentData SystemData 2 PROCEDURE ShutOounSystem VAR CurrentData SystemData PRIVATE Operation end of interface specification gt PROCEDURE StartUpSystem BEGIN WRITELN Climate system is nou 9 WRITELN 7 WRITELN END PROCEDURE OperateSystem VAR CurrentData SystemData BEGIN WITH CurrentData 00 BEGIN WRITSLN zzszzzzzzz222zzz2zzz2zz22z2z52z22z22z22z22z22z2zz2zz2z2z WRITELN The Climate System is nou operating WRITELN WRITELN The Time is Hour Minute WRITELN The inside temperature is 5 C WRITELN The thermostat setting is ThermostatSetting C WRITEC Method chosen to heat the building 79 CASE ChosenMethod CollectorToExchanger WRITE Solar Collector to Exchanger CollectorToHeatPump WRITE Solar Collector to Heat Pump TankToExchanger WRITEC Tank to Exchanger TankToHeatPump
26. Finding Old Text and Substituting New Text eau E Edi Ee 33 Macros and Command Iteration voie eR SG ERE aaa es Hes 36 Ending a Text Editing Session and Managing Backup Files 38 Displaymgand Printing Text Files saa oss PAY Pea REN ORE P S EE A IIS 39 FFOIm Text to Progar eene Ntra dade dace haee d DU ave qr Ya Mae 39 CHAPTER 4 PROGRAMMING IN PASCAL 86 E 41 Translating Pidgin Pascal to Pascal 86 occ cde se oci erede AY RR eg 41 Pascal 86 Data MCCC nears 45 Another Look at Modularizing and Hiding information mr 46 Passing Data to Other Modules Parameter Passing Techniques 48 Thenterface SpecifiCallOn 9 vds ed ment edad cete etate PUER RES XR pav Te 49 Test Version of the Climate Control System 49 ThePascal 55 sedebat 55 SUMMA ux Ets died a Hd a x dca Pob o 61 CHAPTER 5 PROGRAMMING IN OTHER LANGUAGES 63 Another Look at Choosing Languages for Modules 63 Programming in Pky crre seiskus Eb e bee asd ode bee sei t m Repo ed D or tate 64 Programming 8086 8087 8088 Assembly Language 69
27. If there is a demand for cold determine the cooling method t and operate the system with this method t 4 If no method is possible abnormal conditions t shut down the climate system t To illustrate use of the S and SQ commands we will substitute the word request for throughout our text file and thereby make our program more polite First use the JTT command to move the character pointer to the beginning of the file then use the S com mand in the following manner JTT amp cr S demand request cr The S command found the first instance of demand and substituted request for it Check to see the result by typing CNTL V Based on temperature data see if there is a 5 7 and determine the type of demand t Note that 5 command only found the first instance of demand and substituted request for it only Note also that the S command must have moved the comma after the first oman dn order to fit the word request in that as Text Editing To execute the S or SQ commands repeatedly you would use a form of command iteration The SQ command performs the same operation as the S command if you answer with a yes on answer the SQ command does not substitute text Here is an example of the SQ com mand with a sneak preview of the easiest form of command iteration lt SQ demand request gt lt cr gt The angle brackets around the ent
28. The files that weren t displayed during the execution of a nor mal DIR command are now displayed along with their attributes one of which is the I attribute The attribute is reserved for system files that are used to format the disk These files are called format files and you should never alter their attributes You should practice using the DIR command and at the same time take a look at the directory listings for each disk you received Take each flexible disk insert it into drive 1 and type 1 to see the directory listing NOTE if you have a hard disk subsystem with only one flexible disk drive use the following form of the DIR command DIR P lt cr gt LOAD SOURCE DISK THEN TYPE CR Take out the system disk and insert the disk whose directory you want to display then press the RETURN key After the directory listing the following message appears LOAD SYSTEM DISK THEN TYPE CR Put the system disk back into the flexible drive To see other disk directory listings repeat these steps for each disk OPERATING THE SERIES 111 FORMATTING DISKS We present in this section a typical scheme for storing copies of your Intel supplied files on either hard disk or flexible disk Subsequent examples in this book assume that certain pro grams reside in hard disk drives 0 and 1 or flexible disk drives 0 and 1 You may use your own scheme and distribute files over disk drives as you wish but in
29. command area CREDIT 28f command iteration 27 35ff command mode CREDIT 32f command sequence 25 command sequence definition file 241 commands executing 22ff 25 comment symbols Pascal 42 comment symbols PL M 64 comments semicolon 24f compilations separate 41 99 INDEX 100 compiler See also Pascal 86 or PL M 86 16 55f compiler controls Pascal 86 55f compiler controls PL M 86 68 console output 39 continuation character amp 23ff Control key See CNTL Control lines source file 51 56 Controls Pascal 86 55f convert voltage to temperature 5 63ff 68 cooling methods 3ff COPY command 19ff copying files to disks and devices 19ff CP See character pointer CREATE command LIB86 76 creating a text file 28f CREDIT text editor 2 11 13 16 20 2711 3011 33ff 36ff 42 CS extension 25 CS register code segment 83f CSD extension 24f cursor editing text 28ff cursor movement keys 32f dash See prompt DATA initialization PL M 86 68 data passing between modules 7 48f data type REAL Pascal 86 78 data types Pascal 86 45f 48f data types PL M 86 64 66 DEBUG 86 7 55f 75 78 81ff 84ff DEBUG control Pascal 86 55f 82 debuggers 81 debugging 2ff 5ff 55f 75 78 81 84ff default directory F0 19ff default settings compiler controls 55 DEFINE command DEBUG 86 83 defining software 3ff degrees in Celsius 5 DELETE command 18ff deleting files
30. fn myprog Parameter 1 drive containing run time libraries RUN LINK86 0 08 amp FA1 P86RNO LIB amp FA1 P86RN1 LIB 8 FA1 P86RN2 LIB 8 F 1 P86RN3 LIB amp 21 8087 11 amp 21 8087 amp TO 20 86 BIND Returns to 8085 execution mode OPERATING THE SERIES When this file called LNKBND CSD is submitted the system will execute the RUN command then the LINK86 86 program the 8086 linker and finally the EXIT command to leave the 8086 side and return to the 8085 execution mode The percent symbols 9e indicate the use of formal parameters When you execute the SUBMIT command you supply actual parameters for each of these formal parameters The following is an example SUBMIT LNKBND F1 PROG1 1 lt cr gt The SUBMIT command first looks for LNKBND CSD it supplies the missing CSD exten sion and then it substitutes the first actual parameter F1 PROG1 for 960 and the second actual parameter 1 for 1 The resulting command sequence is as follows RUN LINK86 F1 PROG1 0BJ amp F1 PB6RNO LIB 8 F1 P86RN1 LIB 8 F1 PB86RN2 LIB 8 F1 P86RN3 LIB 8 F1 E8087 LIB amp F1 E8087 amp FT LARGE LIB TO F1 PROG1 86 BIND EXIT The SUBMIT program creates another file with 5 extension to hold the resulting com mand sequence You should not modify this file SUMMAR
31. the following f 4 Get the data needed for each pass the time the temperatures the weather the state of the solar collector etc t Store this data t T Based on temperature data see if there is a 5 and determine the type of request f If there is no request choose no method as the method t and operate the system with this method t Text Editing If there is a request for heat determine the heating method t and operate the system with this 7 If there is a request for cold determine the cooling 7 and operate the system with this method t T If no method is possible abnormal 7 shut down the climate system t 4 What was that gibberish typed To answer your question display the macro definition again by typing the following command in command mode lt gt XLO lt L 1 P gt The display is exactly what you typed before without the 0 symbols The 0 symbols were used to define the macro they delimit the actual text of the macro so they are not necessary in this display therefore CREDIT does not display them The macro starts with its name X Following the name is the first command in the macro the LO command which moves the character pointer called CP from now on to the beginning of the current line the line that the CP is currently sitting on this line changes every time the entire macro executes Following the LO comman
32. you can stop the program by typing N Another temperature input lt gt gt EXIT lt cr gt This terminates the 8086 execution mode and returns you to the 8085 execution mode In the above examples commands and programs were executed directly by typing the com mand name or program name sometimes followed by the name of a file to be acted upon by the command or program this is called an actua parameter When you execute a program or command directly it is called interactive execution In many cases you will want to submit a batch of commands or programs to be executed in a sequence The SUBMIT command allows you to submit a file of commands as a job to be handled by the system without any interaction on your part This is called non interactive execution You use SUBMIT by first providing a file of commands to be executed a command sequence definition file which has the extension CSD This file can contain operating system com mands parameters for the commands and comments any line starting with semicolon or any text following a semicolon is a comment not an executable command In the following example note that the first command is the RUN command which starts the 8086 execution mode and that blank spaces in command lines are allowed to improve readability CSD file to SUBMIT for linking a Pascal 86 object module to run time support libraries with E8087 emulator Parameter 0
33. 18ff Determine Method procedure 47f 51 86 device names 20f devices copying files to 19ff Dijkstra E W 41 DIR command 10ff 16f 21 directory default F0 19ff directory listing 10ff 17 directory specifier See pathname disassembled display DEBUG 86 84 disk blocks See file blocks disks See formatting disks disks copying files to 19ff displaying text file 39 drive 0 See system disk See also RESET key E8087 emulator 78 E8087 LIB Pascal 86 run time library 78 editor text CREDIT 2 16 27ff 30ff 33ff 36 42 emulation in circuit ICE 1f 5ff 8 79 92ff emulator 8087 78 end of text 28 ending text editing session 38f English 5f 27 41 environment execution 81 95f Series operating 77ff EQ quit command CREDIT 38f ESC Escape key 29 EVALUATE command 83f EX command CREDIT 28 30 38f exchanger See climate control exclamation point in CREDIT 35 executable programs 75f executing commands and programs 22ff 25 818 execution environment 8085 Preface 221 25 81 95 8086 Preface 8 16 22 25 55 68 781 81 95 execution interactive mode 23ff non interactive mode 24f paths for Pascal 86 programs 951 execution vehicle 81 EXIT command LIB86 22FF 25 76 extension filename 11 16 22 25 extensions to standard Pascal Intel 55 external procedures 76f external references 75ff F attribute 12 15 18 21 F Find command CREDIT 34
34. 2 lt cr gt 21 2 22 a previous section on formatting disks we described formatting operations to prepare your disks in a way that conforms with our examples We do not necessarily recommend this for matting scheme for your particular configuration Chapter 2 of the ntellec Series lll Micro computer Development System Console Operating Instructions gives you the specific details for setting up disks any Series configuration using the IDISK FORMAT and HDCOPY commands EXECUTING COMMANDS AND PROGRAMS The Series Ill has two processors the 8085 8 bit processor and the 8086 16 bit processor You can execute 8085 based programs in the 8085 environment which is called the 8085 execu tion mode or 8085 side and execute 8086 based or 8088 based programs in the 8086 environment which is called the 8086 execution mode 8086 side When you type the filename of a program as a command as you have been doing when you type or you are executing the program in the 8085 execution mode In order to execute program or command in the 8086 execution mode you must prefix the command RUN to the program or command you wish to execute For example if you want to execute LIB86 86 the 8086 librarian which can only be run in the 8086 execution mode you would type the following RUN LIB86 cr You should notice two things that are different the use of the
35. 20 40 9 0 1 i 21 42 0 0 1 1 22 44 90 9 1 25 45 0 0 1 24 46 0 0 1 25 8 0 0 26 13 1 0 26 14 1 1 27 15 1 1 27 16 1 2 28 17 1 2 28 18 1 3 29 19 1 3 31 21 1 3 33 25 1 3 35 25 1 3 37 27 1 3 40 29 1 3 41 30 1 2 42 31 1 2 44 32 1 1 45 33 0 0 DEBUG SOURCE TEXT F1 MAIN SRC MOOULE MainControl Interface specification common to all modules INCLUOEC F1 INSPEC SRC PUBLIC MainControls section of interface specification CONST doclarations declared publicly in this module MinimumFortxchangor MinimumFor eatPump 35 degrees Celsiust 13 Cedefinitions publicly defined in this module AirTemperature 20 120 Cedegraes in Colsius WaterTemperature 2 120 HeatingMetnods CollectorToExchanger CollectorToHeatPump TankTo xchanger TankToHeatPump HeatedTankToHeatPump NoMethod SystemData RECORO PROGRAMING IN PASCAL 86 09 91 80 ChosenMethod HeatingMethods InsideTemp TharmostatSetting 2 AirTemperature CollectorwaterTemp TankWaterTemp HeatedTankTemp AmountOfSunlight Integer Hour 00 24 Minute H 00 59 END SystemData VAR variables publicly defined in this module CurrentData SystemData Speratings Panic BOOLEAN WaterTemperature PUBLIC GetData xGetData Module containing GetData StoreData PROCEDURE SetOata VAR CurrentData SystemData 2 PROCEDURE StoredJataCVAR CurrentOata SystemData PUSLIC Operatio
36. 86 Compiler PASC86 86 is also in directory 1 To compile this module use the following command RUN F1 PASC86 F1 MAIN SRC DEBUG lt cr gt Let s analyze this command line RUN is the command used to execute the program in the 8086 side of the system F1 PASC86 is the pathname without the 86 extension of the Pascal 86 Compiler RUN supplies the 86 extension F1 MAIN SRC is the pathname for the MAIN SRC module Finally DEBUG is a compiler control which tells the compiler to do something special described later This compilation produced two files F1 MAIN LST is the listing file and F1 MAIN OBJ is the object file that contains the object code F1 MAIN SRC is still in drive 1 All of these files are in directory F1 since thatis where MAIN SRC resides Compiler controls tell the compiler to perform certain operations Most controls have default settings that you do not have to specify For example the PRINT control is always on unless you specify NOPRINT The PRINT control tells the compiler to produce a listing file and use the name of the source file with an LST extension e g F1 MAIN LST We could have used this version of the PRINT control RUN 1 5 86 F1 MAIN SRC DEBUG 1 lt gt This version of the PRINT control sends the listing to the line printer LP rather than creating F1 MAIN L ST as a listing file Most of the compiler control default
37. F0 default directory 19ff file attributes 11f 15f 18 blocks 11 28 30 command sequence definition 24f copying to disks and devices 19ff deleting 18ff format F attribute 12 15 18 21 input output procedures Pascal 86 78 invisible attribute 12 18 length 11 library 76f listing 16 42 55ff 58ff 68 71ff macro 16 object See object module overlay 16 renaming 18ff source 27 55f 68 system s attribute 12 14f 18 21 text 27ff text backup 16 19 38f update with COPY command 20 write protected w attribute 11f 18 filename 10ff 15ff 18ff 2111 24f filename matching 19ff files manipulate 10 15 naming conventions 15f final product using 8 finding text 33f flexible disks See a so formatting disks 141 FOR used with DIR command 17f formal parameters 25 FORMAT command 13ff 18 21 format files 12 15 18 21 formatting disks 10 13ff 16ff 20f FORTRAN 86 5f FORTRAN language 6 27 63f FROM with FORMAT command 21 GETDATA module 4ff 7 441 50 55ff 58ff 66 77 87 GetData procedure 44 46f 50 52f 66 87 glitch hidden 81 GO command DEBUG 86 831 GO command ICE 88 94 Goethe von 75 Grove Andrew S 1 9 hard disk subsystem 12ff hardware development process 1ff 7f HD COPY command 21 heat pump See climate control heating methods 3ff 42 45f hexadecimal 83f hexadecimal object format 8 95 hidden glitch 81 hiding information
38. Family Utilities User s Guide for 8086 Based Development Systems to convert the program to hexadecimal object format and then using an appropriate tool to load the program into your execution board the ICE 86 In Circuit Emulator the SDK C86 Software and Cable Interface or the iSBC 957 Interface and Execution Package You could also transfer your program to ROM on an SDK 86 kit iSBC Single Board Computer system or your own custom designed hardware by using the Universal PROM Programmer UPP with its Universal PROM Mapper UPM software Figure 7 3 shows possible execution paths for Pascal 86 programs The Series operating system has a standard set of primitives service routines that any pro gram can use Intel supplies run time support libraries that act as an interface between your Pascal 86 program and the Series Ill system By replacing this interface with your own custom designed interface you can use the same Pascal 86 programs on other non Intel systems With each future Intel system Intel will supply the appropriate run time interface so that your present programs will also run in future Intel systems 95 CHAPTER 7 96 LOCATED OBJECT CODE ICE 86 UPP UPM OR ICE 88 INTELLEC SERIES iSBC 86 12A SDK 86 SYSTEM CUSTOM DESIGNED DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM SYSTEM DESIGN KIT SYSTEM Figure 7 3 Possible Execution Paths for Pascal 86 Programs 121632 8 A system library is also supp
39. For a complete description see the ntellec Series lll Microcomputer Development System Console Operating Instructions i CHAPTER 7 USING ICE 88 AN IN CIRCUIT EMULATOR The ICE 88 emulator consists of three circuit boards a cable a buffer box and software on disk The three circuit boards fit inside your Intellec Series development system and the cable and buffer box assembly connects your Series Ill system to your prototype hardware forty pin plug at the end of the cable plugs into your prototype system in place of your pro totype s CPU allowing the in circuit emulator hardware to emulate all functions of your pro totype s CPU If you do not have any prototype hardware keep the plug s protector closed to preven damage to its pins In circuit emulation shortens your development time in two ways It provides symbolic debug ging capabilities and diagnostic hardware debugging capabilities and it lets you borrow resources like memory from your Series Ill system until your prototype system is complete Your program can be loaded into borrowed memory prototype memory or any combination of the two and run as if it were resident in the prototype You can emulate program execution at real time speed or single or multiple instruction steps You can also stop emulation manually at any time to examine system status or you can specify breakpoints as you can with DEBUG 86 We will debug the PLMDATA module first shown
40. LINE NESTING 58 1 10 11 12 13 14 1 10 18 20 21 23 26 27 28 29 0 0 wd ad Hog Jg WU W H Ho oH ad o l3 gt l3 24 L a gt l l A 2 Coche v d d dn Je ve desee MAIN PROGRAM eeede dede seck fede e de e eoe oe oe eoe e e e oe de oe KKK de e de e BEGIN StartUpSystem perating TRUE Panic FALSE WHILE Operating 00 uhile system is operating do BEGIN GetData CurrentDatad Get the temps times etc StoreO0ata CurrentOata Store this data as record DetermineMethod CurrentDatads this detects a panic OperateSystem CurrentData uhile operating ShutDounSystem Current2ata END Main Control Algorithm OFFSET CODE SIZE DATA SIZE STACK SIZE 0911H 008FH 1430 0006H 6D 01474 3270 0016H 220 J04CH 760 Utilization of Memory x931 09 01 89 F1 D0UMDAT SRC 1 0UM2QAT OBJ Dz8UG SOURCE TEXT F1 DUMDAT SRC This is a dummy GetOate module with dummy GetData and StoreData procedures for use yith MainControl module in testing phases It only performs console input to get Celsius temperatures the time of day and the amount of sunlight Cinsolation for the solar collector Use PLM86 3DATA module for real application MODULE GetData Interface specification common to
41. M 86 offers many features useful for system programming arrays and structures based variables easy type conversion built in procedures for manipulating strings setting and disabling interrupts accessing the 8086 or 8088 hardware stack pointer and base registers and performing bit shift and rotate operations We use the AND and SHR operators in the THERMOSTATSSETTING FROM PORTS procedure in figure 5 1 We also use PL M 86 procedures to obtain temperature data from thermocouple voltage data The GetData procedure in our GetData module written in Pascal 86 calls the PL M 86 procedure TEMP DATA FROM PORTS to obtain the temperatures InsideTemp CollectorWaterTemp TankWaterTemp and HeatedTankTemp using these assignment statements InsideTemp TEMPSDATASFROMSPORTS InsidePort1 InsidePort2 CollectorWaterTemp TEMPSDATASFROMSPORTS CollectPort1 CollectPortd2 TankWaterTemp TEMPSDATASFROMSPORTS 1 HeatedTankTemp TEMPSDATASFROMSPORTS HotTankPorti1 HotTankPort2 In all four assignments the Pascal 86 identifiers on the left side of the symbols receive the values from the PL M 86 typed procedure TEMP DATA FROM PORTS Figure 5 2 shows TEMPSDATASFROMS PORTS The typed procedure TEMPSDATASFROMSPORTS receives two port numbers HIGH and LOW These ports are accessed for the binary ADC output from a thermocouple device HIGH gets the high order 8 bits and LOW gets the low order 8 bits TEMPS
42. MOV BP SP PROCEDURE HIGH LOW WORD 3 2 DECLARE HIGH LOW WORD 4 2 DECLARE INSPORTSHIGH INSPORTSLOW BYTE 5 2 DECLARE THERMOSSETTING WORD 6 2 DECLARE HUNDREDS TENS UNITS BYTE 7 2 INSPORTSHIGH INPUT HIGH STATEMENT 7 0003 885606 MOV 0X C8P1 HIGH 0006 IN OX 0007 88060 00 MOV 8 2 INSPORTSLOW INPUT LOW STATEMENT 8 0008 885604 MOV DX CBP1 LOW 0006 IN 000F 88060000 MOV INPORTLOW AL 9 2 HUNDREDS INSPORTSHIGH AND 000011118 STATEMENT 4 9 0013 84060C00 MOV AL INPORTHIGH 0017 80 00 AND AL OFH 001A 88060 00 MOV HUNDREDS AL 10 2 TENS SHRCINSPORTSLOW 4 3 STATEMENT 10 001 84060000 MOV AL INPORTLOW 0022 8104 MOV CL 4H 0024 02 8 SHR AL CL 0026 88060F00 MOV TENS AL 11 2 UNITS INSPORTSLOW AND 000011118 STATEMENT 11 0024 84060000 MOV AL INPORTLOW 002 80 00 AND AL OFH 0031 88061000 MOV UNITS AL Figure 5 3 Listing of PLMDATA with the CODE Control Other Languages T1 Chapter 5 12 2 UNITS 10 TENS 100 HUNDREDS gt STATEMENT 4 12 0035 84060 00 MOV AL TENS 0039 8104 MOV CL 0AH 0038 6 1 MUL 0030 84061000 MOV CL UNITS 0041 8500 MOV CH OH 0043 05 1 ADD AX CX 0045 50 PUSH AX 1 0046 84060 00 MOV AL HUNDREDS 00 8164 MOV CL 64H 004C 6 1 MUL CL 004 59 1 QO4F 03 1 ADD 0051 89060000 MOY THERMOSETTINGs AX 13 2 RETURN THERMQS
43. Module PROCEDURE OperateSystem CurrentData This procedure will operate the system and constantly maintain heat gain in the system Depending on the heating method chosen it opens certain valves and closes others and turns on certain pumps and turns off others It also maintains a flow of heated water to the storage tank NOTE for our testing purposes a dummy OperateSystem procedure will only display messages telling us what heating method was chosen and temperature data PROCEDURE ShutDownSystem CurrentData This procedure will perform an orderly shut dowh if a panic or abnormal condition occurs shut down must keep warm water flowing through the solar collector and close any extraneous valves etc It must also send a warning messages to the console advising manual operation of the furnace etc NOTE for our testing purposes a dummy ShutDownSystem procedure will only display data and a shutdown message PROCEDURE StartUpSystem This procedure will start the climate system cold start or after ShutDownSystem occurs open necessary valves etc It will also display a startup message NOTE for our testing purposes a dummy StartUpSystem procedure will only display a startup message The following procedures will be coded in another module called the GetData Module PROCEDURE GetData CurrentData This procedure will obtain the data from a PL M 86 module called PLMDATA that accesses ports to obtain temperatu
44. Operating loop not at the start of the OperateSystem procedi in the 83 CHAPTER 7 84 Operation module since procedure definitions do not actually execute Our program will GO until it reaches the starting address in the MainControl module of the call to the OperateSystem procedure GO TILL MAINCONTROL OPERATESYSTEM lt cr gt Climate System is now on c me am ame am amo During execution we type in the temperatures and other data The program stops and DEBUG 86 displays the next instruction to be executed in assembly language form 0481 06CCH PUSH BP k At this point we can check the boolean values of both Panic and Operating BOOL BYTE 1 lt gt FALSE BOOL BYTE OPERATING lt cr gt FALSE To make sure the program stopped at the right place we evaluate the CS and IP registers symbolically EVA 5 lt gt MAINCONTROL OPERATESYSTEM Another useful DEBUG 86 command is the STEP command From any point of program execu tion you can execute the program step by step one machine instruction at a time The STEP command also displays the next machine instruction to be executed This display is in disassembled form the machine instruction is translated back into assembly language STEP lt cr gt 0481 06CDH MOV BP SP STE
45. PORTSLOW BYTE e DECLARE CTHERMICCUPLESOUTPUT TEMPERATURE WORD 2 INSPORTSHIGH INPUT HIGH 2 INSPORT LZW INPUTC CLOW 2 SHL INSPORTSHISGH 8 0 INSPORTS LOW 2 TEMPERATURE INTERPOLATE CTHERMOCOUPLESOUTPUT 2 RETURN TEMPERATURE 2 TEMPSDATASFROMSPORTS 1 START 00 2 SETTING THERMISTATSSETTINGSFROMSPORTS 2000 1000 2 TEMPERATURE TEMPSDATASFRIMSPORTS 200 100 3 2 START 1 END PLMDATA MODULE INFORMATION CIDE AREA SIZE 912 3999 CONSTANT AREA SIZE 0020 329 VARIABLE AREA SIZE 990164 220 MAXIMUM STACK SIZE 0012H 180 101 LINES READ 0 PROGRAM ERRIR S OF PL M 86 COMPILATION Figure 7 2 Listing of the Modified PLMDATA Module Cont d 93 CHAPTER 7 We also have to link the LARGE LIB run time library to this module and locate the final module RUN LINK86 F1 PLMDAT OBJ F1 LARGE LIB TO F1 PLMDAT LNK lt cr gt RUN LOC86 F1 PLMDAT LNK RESERVE 200H TO 77FFH F1 PLMDAT 86 lt cr gt To use the ICE 88 emulator copy the ICE88 program from its disk onto a disk in your system for example the system disk in drive 0 and type the following command ICE88 cr You can now use the ICE 88 LOAD command to load the module and its symbols LOAD FI PLMDAT 86 lt cr gt x SYMBOLS lt cr gt The SYMBOLS command displays the entire symbol table We can start emulation with the GO command specifying both a starting location and a br
46. Pascal statements PL M statements and assembly language instructions that comprise program modules Text files created by CREDIT are called documents if they are meant to be read by humans and they are also called source programs if they consist of program statements Pascal PL M or FORTRAN statements or assembly language instructions that are read by compilers or assemblers in order to be compiled or assembled into working programs In the following examples we show you how to create and edit a text file consisting of English sentences that you can translate eventually into Pascal 86 statements As described in Chapter 1 this step of generating Pidgin Pascal English sentences describing a Pascal pro gram is a very important one in program development because the program logic expressed in English sentences closely resembles human thinking and is therefore easier to debug 27 Chapter 3 28 CREATING A TEXT FILE AND INSERTING TEXT When you run CREDIT you also specify the name of a file to be edited If CREDIT can find the file you are specifying it will open the file for editing If CREDIT cannot find the file you are specifying it will create a new file by that name For example let s create a file called PIDGIN TXT in the directory for drive 0 To create and edit PIDGIN TXT type the following command CREDIT PIDGIN TXT lt cr gt CREDIT responds with ISIS II CRT BASED TEXT EDITOR V2 0 NEM FILE 1982 FREE DISK BLOCKS
47. Summary Information PROCEDURE OFFSET SHUTDOWNSYSTEM 069 84 OPERATESYSTEM 3440H STARTUPSYSTEM O3E2H Total 1125 Lines Read 1 Error Detected 337 Utilization of Memory 90 RUN PROGRM lt cr gt Climate system i WRITELN WRITELN Thermostat Setting is ThermostatSetting C WRITELN Inside temperature is WRITELN Temperature of collector water is CollectorwWaterTemps C WRITELN Temperature of tank water is TankWaterTemp C WRITELN Temperature of the heated tank water is HeatedTankTemp C WRITELN Time of day is Hour Minute WRITELN Amount of sunlight is AmountOfSunlight ENOsCewith Currentoata WRITELN Goodnight 9 CODE SIZE DATA SIZE STACK SIZE 03984 9200 0010H 16D 0258H 600 0019H 169 095EH 949 0010H 160 0 30 26980 0000 00 0030 480 S now on Type the thermostat setting in degrees Celsius 24 lt cr gt Type the inside temperature reading in Celsius 21 cr Type the temperature of the collector water in Celsius 60 lt cr gt Type the temperature of the tank water in Celsius 60 lt cr gt Type the temperature of the heated tank water in Celsius 70 cr Type the hour of day as in 04 or 24 13 lt cr gt Type the minute Type the amount a aw m of the hour as in 01 59 25 lt cr gt of sunlight any intege
48. able to use existing routines to obtain the data and simply write another routine to structure the data accordingly In any case we only have to pass the address of the structure to the Pascal 86 main module which knows what to do with it This parameter passing technique is known as pass by reference because the main module only needs a reference to the address of the structure in order to treat the structure as a Pascal record Another parameter passing technique is pass by value where a procedure calls another pro cedure and sends it a value rather than an address We don t use this technique our applica tion since our procedures need to access data in the record We decided against passing specific values from this data record and decided instead to make the entire data record available to the appropriate procedures To define the data record properly and still provide the ability to change it easily we created a data type for the record TYPE xdefinitions publicly defined in this module SystemData RECORD ChosenMethod HeatingMethods InsideTemp ThermostatSetting AirTemperature CollectorWaterTemp TankWaterTemp HeatedTankTemp WaterTemperature AmountOfSunlight Integer Hour 000 265 Minute 00 59 END SystemData PROGRAMING IN PASCAL 86 Using the data type SystemData we defined the variable CurrentData to be of that type VAR CurrentData SystemData We pass the variable CurrentData
49. available to them This approach reinforced the practice of giving implementation how to information in the problem definition for example the input to this program is to be formatted on cards in columns 0 15 In Chapter 3 we designed an algorithm for the climate control of a building using English which we jokingly call Pidgin Pascal Since our control structures are in English we have been able to communicate this algorithm easily and test its logic before translating it into Pascal 86 By now we should have a complete problem definition and a clean algorithm that could be translated into any programming language TRANSLATING PIDGIN PASCAL TO PASCAL 86 Figure 4 1 shows the main climate control algorithm described in Pidgin Pascal Several assumptions are made that another subordinate module will operate the climate system that yet another module will access and store the data and that the data itself will be in the form of a record which will be available to this algorithm 41 CHAPTER 4 As in typical development situations a change has just occurred our climate system that we software engineers have to accomodate the first version of our climate system will not have cooling methods only heating methods We must design the software to make room for cool ing methods in the future We made another change to the algorithm to accomodate a panic condition An algorithm is not complete unless
50. built in procedures The INTERPOLATE procedure also uses two tables or arrays They are declared in the following statements DECLARE VOLTS WORD DATAC0 51 102 154 206 258 365 472 DECLARE T CEL WORD DATA 0 10 20 30 40 50 70 90 In both declarations the arrays VOLTS and T CEL are assigned actual values through the use of DATA initializations The DATA initialization allocates storage for the array and assigns the values specified in parentheses after the word DATA ina single step The values chosen for the VOLTS array are from the National Bureau of Standards they repre sent the output in millivolts of type J thermocouples that corresponds to the Celsius temperature range assigned to the T CEL array For example a thermocouple output of 102 millivolts should correspond roughly to 20 degrees Celsius The INTERPOLATE procedure uses these tables to arrive at an approximate Celsius temperature value for a known ther mocouple output value Our calculations would be more accurate if the ranges between values within each table were smaller Compiling a PL M 86 program is very similar to compiling a Pascal 86 program We execute the PL M 86 compiler in the 8086 execution environment by using the Series 1 RUN command The PL M 86 compiler is supplied in the file PLM86 86 on the PL M 86 disk We inserted a copy of this disk into drive 1 we also put our source program on the same disk In the following example we execute the PLM86 86 usin
51. by typing them again you turn off Add Text mode Here is your text file with the newly inserted lines Maintain the climate of a building using a system comprised oft heating and cooling methods t T Startup the climate system t While the system is operating do and repeat the following 1 t Get the data needed for each pass the time the temperatures t the weather the state of the solar collector etc Store this data T Based on temperature data see if there is demand t and determine the type of demand t If there is no demand simply continue operating the climate system If there is a demand for heat determine the heating method f and operate the system with this method t If there is demand for cold determine the cooling method t and operate the system with this method t 31 3 32 MOVING AROUND IN THE TEXT FILE Using the cursor movement keys you can move the cursor anywhere within a screenful of text If the text file is larger than twenty lines it will not fit entirely in one screen you have to scroll the screen by using the scrolling commands The scrolling commands only operate when the cursor is in the text area when the cursor isin the text area you are in screen mode Refer to figure 3 1 for an illustration of the text and com mand areas When the cursor is in the command area command mode you can only execute command mode commands to move into screen mode and move
52. comments of a program before writing the actual program statements Maintain the climate of a building using a system comprised of heating methods Startup the climate system While the system is operating do and repeat the following Get the data needed for each pass the time the temperatures the weather the state of the solar collector etc Store this data Based on temperature data see if there is a request for heat If there is no request choose no method as the method and operate the system with this method If there is a request for heat determine whether the system can handle the request If not cause a panic Otherwise determine the heating method and operate the system with this method If no method is possible panic or abnormal conditions shut down the climate system Figure 4 1 Algorithm for the Climate Control Main Module PROGRAMING PASCAL 86 and variable declarations to be supplied later Public procedures external to this program will be supplied later PROGRAM MainControl INPUT OUTPUT BEGIN Main Control Algorithm StartUpSystem procedure to start up the climate system Operating TRUE Panic FALSE WHILE Operating DO While the system is operating do and repeat the following BEGIN GetData CurrentData Get data needed for each pass temps time etc StoreData CurrentData Store this data as record x If there is a request
53. execution mode on the 8086 side you would type the following RUN MYPROG PRG lt cr gt OPERATING THE SERIES III You can also RUN a program whose filename has no extension However you must supply a period to show that there should be no extension i e to keep RUN from supplying the 86 extension The following is an example assuming that the name of the program is not MYPROG PRG but is MYPROG RUN MYPROG lt cr gt When you use RUN as a command as in the examples above the 8086 execution mode is turned on for program execution and when the program terminates the 8086 execution mode also terminates returning you to the 8085 execution mode The 8085 execution mode is con trolled by 1515 11 which signifies its control by displaying the dash prompt You can however use RUN as a program and stay in the 8086 execution mode To use RUN as a program simply type RUN lt gt ISIS II RUN 8086 gt The RUN program displays a sign on message and its own prompt the right angle gt bracket to signify that the RUN program is now in control This mode is called the interactive 8086 mode and you use it to execute more than one program When you get the angle gt prompt you can type the filename of a program in order to execute the program The rule stated above about the use of the 86 extension still applies The following example shows the execution of several 8086 bas
54. for the linked program USING UTILITIES LINKING MODULES TO FORM A LOCATABLE PROGRAM Most modular programs have a main module that calls procedures in other subordinate modules Although a subordinate module can call a procedure in the main module most calls are from the main module to a subordinate module and the modular structure resembles an upside down tree as shown in figure 6 2 We included the run time system modules in this tree since the program modules rely on the built in procedures and operating environment calls found in the run time system When you link these modules together using the LINK86 utility you allow LINK86 to see the main module first because the main module is the most abstract that is it has the highest level of abstraction and it calls procedures in lower levels to perform each activity You should then allow LINK86 to see the next subordinate level of modules and so on The ast group of modules for LINK86 should be any run time system libraries that are needed to perform the built in procedures READLN WRITELN etc The run time system libraries contain modules that are at the lowest level of abstraction these are the modules that call procedures in the operating environment of your system the operating environment is usually invisible to you but not to your Pascal program For an example we will link together the modules needed to test our main program in the Series Ill environment We start wit
55. free disk blocks to expand the file CREDIT displays a warning message You can continue to experiment with CREDIT by typing and retyping lines of text When you are finished typing extraneous characters and are ready to type meaningful English sentences move the cursor to the first character or screen position and type CNTL and Z hold down the CNTL key and type 2 The symbol will replace the character Now move the cursor to the end of the text to the vertical line and type CNTL and Z together again ZAP You just deleted all the text you typed All of the characters between the two symbols were deleted and you are left with an empty text file again Let s start with the simple problem definition Type the following sentence Maintain the climate of a building using a system comprised oft heating and cooling methods t 1 uparrow 7 stands for the RETURN key Use the RETURN key to end each line of text including blank lines Using CREDIT you can type the sentences you know you need and insert more sentences later For example you know you need the following sentences Based on temperature data see if there is a demand t and determine the type of demand t If there is no demand simply continue operating the climate 7 If there is a demand for heat determine the heating method t and operate the system with this method If there 15 a demand for cold determine the cooling method t and oper
56. is finished You can repeat these steps with another blank disk for the PL M 86 compiler After these for matting and copying operations you should have disks that match the ones we used for the examples in this book FILENAMES PATHNAMES AND FILE ATTRIBUTES Most operating system commands manipulate files A file can be any collection of information including text numeric data program instructions and combinations of all of these You refer to a file by using a filename and filenames follow certain naming conventions so that the name of a file also tells you the probable use of the file 15 2 16 Filenames have six or fewer characters followed by an optional period three character extension Extensions and filenames themselves follow certain conventions but there are no fixed rules Certain extensions are necessary for certain programs as you shall see in the following discussion The file naming conventions are relaxed so that you have the flexibility to create your own file naming conventions for your particular application The term filename refers to both the name of the file and the extension if any Each new file you create must have a unique name for that disk that is you can have two files with the same name on two different disks but not on the same disk Some extensions have specific mean ings to utility programs in the system but these should not cramp the style with which you im
57. it can handle any situation remember Murphy said that if it can go wrong it will Therefore we added a test to see if the climate system can handle the request for heat If neither the collector water nor the tank water is hot enough to heat the building a panic con dition occurs that stops the normal operation of the climate system At this time it is sufficient to simply stop the program and output warning messages later we can add more procedures to handle such panics Using CREDIT as described in Chapter 3 you can change this algorithm into Pascal 86 by adding the Pascal 86 statements and using comment symbols to turn the English sentences into program comments The and symbols tell the Pascal 86 compiler to ignore whatever is between them Some comments are only a few words surrounded by the and symbols but comments can take up many lines as shown at the end of the program in figure 4 2 As soon as the compiler sees the symbols it ignores the characters and lines following it until it sees the closing symbols These comments are carried over with the program statements to the listing file produced by the compiler You use the listing file as documentation for the program You ll see a listing file later in this chapter Figure 4 2 shows the same algorithm expressed in Pascal 86 statements with the English sentences masquerading as program comments We also added more comments It is a good practice to write the
58. non system disk insert the blank disk into drive 1 and type the following command IDISK 1 5 86 lt gt NON SYSTEM DISK The IDISK command can prepare both system and non system disks but it does not automatically copy files except the 1515 11 format F files With the new blank disk in drive 1 and the system disk in drive 0 you could put the Pascal 86 disk in drive 2 if you have a drive 2 The following example assumes that you only have drive 0 and 1 To copy the files from the Pascal 86 disk first type the following command don t forget the P COPY TO F1 lt gt LOAD SOURCE DISK THEN TYPE The system pauses because you specified a at the end of the command and waits for you to insert the source disk into drive 0 The source disk in this case is the Pascal 86 disk assuming you are a Pascal 86 user if you re using PL M 86 only you would substitute your PL M 86 disk in this example Insert this flexible disk into drive 0 and press the RETURN key LOAD OUTPUT DISK THEN TYPE Since the disk to receive the Pascal 86 files is already in drive 1 you only have to press RETURN The system should then display the above messages along with the messages every time it returns to drive 0 to copy more files all you have to do is continue to press RETURN until the entire copy operation
59. not use this module use the dummy GetData module x The algorithm for getting a Celsius temperature from a thermostat device that can send BCD digits to two ports of the 8088 The final version of the GetData procedure to be written in Pascal 86 will use this statement to get the thermostat reading ThermostatSetting THERMOSTATSSETTINGSFROMSPORTS StatPort1 StatPort2 PL M 86 typed procedure called THERMOSTATSSETTINGSFROMSPORTS receives two port numbers from GetData StatPort1 and StatPorte THERMOSTATSSETTINGSFROMSPORTS must access these ports convert the BCD digits to a Celsius temperature and return the temperature Figure 5 1 The PL M 86 Typed Procedure THERMOSTATSSETTINGSFROMSPORTS 64 Other Languages INPUTS THERMOSTATSSETTINGSFROMSPORTS Formal parameters HIGH and LOW receive port numbers as actual parameters Input ports HIGH and LOW Three BCD digits for the thermostat setting Port HIGH bits 3 0 hundred s digit Port LOW bits 7 4 ten s digit Port LOW bits 3 0 unit s digit OUTPUT THERMOSTATSSETTINGSFROMSPORTS Return WORD with Celsius temperature xHere is the typed procedure THERMOSTATSSETTINGSFROMSPORTS THERMOSTATSSETTINGSFROMSPORTS PROCEDURE HIGH LOW WORD DECLARE HIGH LOW WORD DECLARE INSPORTSHIGH INSPORTSLOW BYTE DECLARE THERMOSSETTING WORD DECLARE HUNDREDS TENS UNITS BYTE INSPORTSHIGH INPUTCHIGH INSPORTSLOW INPUTCLOW HUNDREDS INSPORTS
60. order to type the examples as they are you must use the scheme presented here If you understand the use of pathnames as described in this chapter and if you use the COPY command correctly you can copy files to disks in any distribution scheme you choose and still use the examples in this book as long as you substitute your own pathnames If you are using a hard disk subsystem you must follow the procedures in the nte lec Series Ill Microcomputer Development System Console Operating Instructions to install your disk plat ters and prepare them for use If you are using flexible disk drives you should refer to the same manual for instructions on the care and insertion of flexible disks This section shows you how to prepare one hard disk platter or one flexible disk as the system disk and another hard disk or flexible disk as a non system disk to hold your files and other programs Hard Disk Subsystem Users Follow the instructions in the nte lec Series Ill Microcomputer Development System Console Operating Instructions to install and power up your hard disk subsystem When the hard disk subsystem is ready insert your ISIS II Operating System flexible disk into the flexible disk drive of your computer and hit the RESET button When the dash prompt is displayed after the 1815 1 message appears type the following command iFA FORMAT FO SYSTEM HDK S FROM 4 lt cr gt This command prepares formats drive 0 of the har
61. the cursor to the text area type CNTL V hold down the CNTL key and type The scrolling commands are CNTL N to see the next screenful of text and CNTL P to see the previous screenful of text You can also use CNTL V to see which character CREDIT is cur rently pointing to and to move into screen mode If you experiment with CNTL V you will notice that the first use of CNTL V moves the cursor to the character that CREDIT s pointer is pointing to more on this pointer in the next paragraph Subsequent executions of CNTL V rearrange the lines of text so that the line that contains the character pointed to by CREDIT becomes the third line in a screenful of text This is very useful for partial scrolling You can use these commands without fear since they do not modify the text NOTE The CNTL key when used with another key e g CNTL V is sometimes represented by the uparrow 7 symbol in our manuals and pocket references For example CNTL V is shown as tV and CNTL A is shown as fA The character pointer mentioned above is a reference point for all of CREDIT s commands In screen mode the cursor represents the pointer It is sometimes called the Most text editors have some pointer or marker that points to a place in the file and commands that insert characters delete characters or search for characters use this pointer to find the place in the file to perform their operations CREDIT s pointer points to a single char
62. this you use pathname a filename with a directory specifier Whenever you specify a filename for a command or utility program if the filename is in the directory for drive 0 you only have to specify the filename If the filename is not in the directory for drive 0 you have to specify a pathname A pathname consists of a directory specifier and a filename F1 PROGT SRC The F1 part of the pathname is the directory specifier The 1 stands for disk drive 1 Therefore to get the directory information for the file PROG1 SRC on the disk in drive 1 type the following command DIR FOR 1 061 5 lt gt The number of separate disk drives depends on the configuration of your system The format for directory specifiers is Fn where n can be any drive number from 0 to 9 0 would refer to drive 0 which does not have to be specified If you type a directory specifier that is incorrect you get an error message For example sup pose you typed the following DIR command with an incorrect directory specifier in the pathname for PROG1 SRC DIR FOR 61 061 5 lt gt G1 PROGT1 SRC UNRECOGNIZED DEVICE NAME The UNRECOGNIZED DEVICE is the 1 directory specifier 1515 11 thinks you are referring to a device by that name and there is no device by that name You will find legal device names in the section that describes copying files Another common error occurs when you forget t
63. use it thereby saving time by not coding this routine into our main program We can also decide at a later time not to use it and substitute our own module to do it The decision to link which module does not have to be made until the main program is finished By choosing the right tools you can save time and defer decisions on specific details until you are ready to deal with the details By deferring such decisions you keep your software development effort from becoming too cluttered with rigid design decisions and you keep the effort flexible enough to accept change The right tools are 1 appropriate high level languages to choose from 2 a way to manage libraries of canned routines 3 a linker that allows you to link finished or unfinished modules in different ways for different applications 4 a locater that will locate programs in memory for you yet give you the opportunity to specify locations for sections of the program 5 a sym bolic debugger you can use to test modules and partial programs easily and 6 an in circuit emulator to emulate parts of your final product before they exist The Intellec Series 111 Microcomputer Development System supports all of these tools LANGUAGES When designing a system using top down techniques you think in and express concepts in the highest level language possible at each refinement step in order to expose the logical con cepts and conceal the details How can you tell whether yo
64. x am dub m ao AMA m ae ae om Ue das d GER RAD ae GAS GM mA CAD ane am wu dem am ide dup a as ume GU UR dup UU Gub Last chosen lest ons method was Solar Eel lector to Exchanger Thermostat Setting is 24C Inside temperature is 21C Temperature of collector water is 60C Temperature of tank water is 60C Temperature of the heated tank water is 70C Time of day is 13 25 Amount of sunlight is 1 Goodnight Irene What happened Our program stopped with an abnormal shutdown It had no trouble picking the right heating method however something caused the variable Operating to become FALSE without setting Panic to TRUE We will have to debug the program in the next chapter CHAPTER 7 DEBUGGING AND EXECUTING PROGRAMS Appearances are often deceiving Aesop We have written program modules and they compiled correctly We used the LINK86 utility with BIND to link the modules into a program and prepare it for execution dA all appearances it looks like it will work as planned However when we loaded and executed via the RUN command the program something mysteriou
65. 120 7 12 0 0 1 HeatingMethods CollectorToExchanger 1 CollectorToHeatPump 21 TankToExchanger 21 TankToHeatPump 1 HeatedTankToHeatPump e 21 NoMethod 8 18 0 O 1 1 System2ata RECORD 8 20 0 1 21 ChosenMethod 2 HeatingMethods 9 21 0 1 51 InsideTemp 21 ThermostatSetting AirTemperature 10 23 0 1 51 CollectorWaterTemp 21 TankWaterTemp 21 HeatedTankTemp WaterTemperaturo 11 26 0 1 1 AmountOfSunlight 2 Integer 12 27 0 1 1 Hour 000 243 13 28 0 1 1 Minute 00 59 14 29 0 1 1 END SystemData 15 30 0 0 1 4 VAR yariables publicly defined in this module 21 1 CurroentData SystemData 16 34 0 0 1 Operating Panic BOOLEAN 17 3 0 0 1 21 PUBLIC GetData GetData Module containing GetData StoreData 8 3 0 0 51 1 PROCEDURE GetData VAR CurrentData SystemData 19 39 0 0 1 PROCEDURE StoreData VAR CurrentD ata SystemData 20 40 0 0 1 21 PUBLIC Jperations x peration Module containing OperateSystem 21 42 0 0 1 StartUpSystem and Shut ounSystem 21 PROCEDURE StartUpSystem 22 44 0 0 z1 PROCEDURE OperateSystem VAR CurrentData SystemData 2 23 45 0 0 1 PROCEDURE ShutDounSystem VAR CurrentData SystemData 2 24 46 0 0 1 PRIVATE GetData 25 16 0 0 end of interface specification Figure 7 1 Climate Control Program Listing and Sample Run Cont d PAGE 1 87 CHAPTER 7 PROCEDURE GetOata VAR CurrentData SystemData 26 21 1 0 BEGIN 26 22 1 1 WITH CurrentDat
66. 28 29 30 3 35 37 39 9 42 44 46 13 18 19 20 21 22 23 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 0 0 0 0 9 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 2 1 9 2 0 C 9 59 2 2 J 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Ah ow d H Ho oU HB Hou g8 Ho W ft f UH HU Bo o HU H T ob VO Ho H g oU Hn Hu on H oH iu HB HW Hg Ww u Wu o S gt wd L gt L l gt l c3 L3 LA gt 4 gt gt l3 ee gt c3 A lA l3 l la l o lI l3 ll DEBUG SOURCE TEXT F1 2UMOP SRC This is a dummy Jperation modules with dummy StartUpSystem ShutDounSystem and OperateSystem procedures for use with MainControl module in testing phases MCDULE Operation Interface soecification common to all modules INCLUOEC FT1 INSPEC SRC PUSLIC MainControl section of interface specification CONST declarations declared publicly in this module Minimum orEtxchanger S 5 degrees Celsius MinimumrForHeatPump 13 TYPE definitions publicly defined in this mnodule AirTemperature WaterTemperature HeatingMetnods 20 120 degrees Celsius 2 120 11 11 TankTo xchanger TankToHeatPump HeatedTankToHeatPump NoMethod Systemoata RECORD ChosenMethod Hea
67. 61 51 1 2 WRITELN Temperature of collector water is CollectorWaterTemp C 2 62 52 1 2 WRiTELN Temperature of tank water is TankWaterTemp C 63 53 1 2 WRITELN Temperature of the heated tank water is HeatedTankTemp C 64 54 1 2 WRITELN Time of day is 1 65 55 1 2 WRITzLN Amount of sunlight is AmountOfSunlight 66 56 1 2 WRITELN blank line 67 57 1 2 uith CurrentQata 69 58 1 1 ENC WARNING input yas repaired to END 29 58 0 0 Summary Informations PROCEDURE JFFSET CODE SIZE DATA SIZE STACK SIZE STOREDATA 0495H 5222 5460 0010H 160 GETOATA 02944 0241H 5770 0010 160 Total Q6F7H 17830 000 00 0020H 320 104 Lines Read 1 Error Detected 33 Utilization of Memory SERIES III Pascal 86 X031 09 01 80 PAGE 1 Source File F1 0UMOP SRC Object File F1 DUMOP OBJ Controls Specified DEBUG STMT LINE NESTING SOURCE TEXT F1 DUMOP SRC UE 1 0 0 is a dummy Operation module with dummy StartUpSystem ShutDounSystem and OperateSystem procedures for use with MainControl module in testing phases MODULE Operation 2 7 0 0 Interface specification common to all modules SINCLUDECSFISINSPEC SRC 21 PUBLIC MainControl section of interface specification 3 2 0 0 1 21 CONST declarations declared publicly in this module z1 MinimumForExchanger 35 Celsius 4 6 0 Q 1 MinimumForHe
68. 8f of routines 2ff 5ff 13 16 75ff 78f line feed character 29 line printer 20 39 line terminator CREDIT 29 LINK86 86 Utility 23f 75ff 78f 81 linkage libraries 13ff 16 23ff 75ff linker utility 16 75ff 78f linking modules 2ff 5f 16 75ff 781 LIST command LIB86 76 listing of PLMDATA module 71ff 921 listings program 16 42 55ff 58ff 68 71ff 85ff 921 of test modules 57ff 85ff 92f LNK extension 16 79 LOAD command DEBUG 86 82f LOAD command ICE 88 94 loader RUN 78f loaders ICE in circuit emulation 79 95 load time locatable LTL module 78f LOC 86 86 utility 16 75ff 79 locatable program 77ff locater utility 16 75ff 78f locating modules 2ff 5f 16 75ff 78f line printer 20 39 LST extension 16 LTL module load time locatable 78f M Macro definition command CREDIT 36f MAC extension 16 machine code 69f macro assembler 8086 8087 8088 13ff 48 63 68ff macro assembly language 69f CREDIT 36f definitions macro assembler 69f file 16 processor language 69f 101 INDEX 102 MAIN module 4ff 7 41ff 461 49f 5511 58ff 63 77f 85ff main program climate control system 43f 46f 49 51ff 63 77 85ff MainControl main module 43f 47 49f 51ff 63 77 82f 85ff matching filenames 19ff memory addresses See also physical memory addresses 7 75ff 781 methods heating and cooling 3ff 42 45f MF command CREDIT 37 modular
69. 978 Turing Award Lecture Communications of the ACM Vol 22 No 8 Aug 1979 Hueras J F Ledgard F and Nagin P A Pascal With Style Programming Proverbs Series Hayden Book Co Rochelle Park NJ 1979 Jensen Kathleen and Wirth Nicklaus PASCAL User Manual Report Springer Verlag New York Heidelberg and Berlin 1975 Kernighan and Plauger The Elements of Programming Style 2nd Edition Bell Telephone Labs Inc Murray Hill NJ and McGraw Hill New York 1978 Kernighan and Plauger Software Tools Bell Telephone Labs Inc New Jersey Yourdon inc New York and Addison Wesley Cambridge MA 1976 Ledgard Henry F Programming Proverbs Hayden Book Co Rochelle Park NJ 1975 McCracken D D A Guide to Intellec Microcomputer Development Systems Intel Corp 1978 No 9800558B McCracken D D A Guide to PL M Programming For Microcomputer Applications Addison Wesley Pub Co Menlo Park CA 1978 Morse Stephen P The 8086 Primer An Introduction to Its Architecture System Design and Programming Hayden Book Co Rochelle Park New Jersey 1980 Parnas D L the Criteria Be Used in Decomposing Systems into Modules Communications of the ACM Vol 15 No 12 Dec 1972 Polya G How To Solve It 2nd Ed Princeton Univ Press and Doubleday Anchor Books Doubleday amp Company Inc Garden City NY 1957 Strunk William Jr and White E B The Elements of Styl
70. Amount of sunlight is AmountOfSunlight WRITELN blank line END xwith CurrentData END This is a dummy Operation module with dummy StartUpSystem ShutDownSystem and OperateSystem procedures for use with MainControl module in testing phases MODULE Operation Interface specification common to all modules INCLUDE C F1 INSPEC SRC PRIVATE Operation end of interface specification PROCEDURE StartUpSystem BEGIN WRITELN Climate system is now on WRITELN WRITELN END PROCEDURE OperateSystem VAR CurrentData SystemData BEGIN WITH CurrentData DO BEGIN WRITELN zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz WRITELN The Climate System is now operating Figure 4 5 Test Version of Our Climate Control System Cont d 93 CHAPTER 4 WRITELN MWMRITELN The Time is Hour Minute WRITELN The inside temperature is InsideTemp C WRITELN The thermostat setting is ThermostatSetting C WRITE Method chosen to heat the building CASE ChosenMethod OF CollectorToExchanger WRITE Solar Collector to Exchanger CollectorToHeatPump MRITE Solar Collector to Heat Pump TankToExchanger WRITE Tank to Exchanger TankToHeatPump WRITE Tank to Heat Pump HeatedTankToHeatPump WRITE Heated Tank to Heat Pump NoMethod WRITE No heat required END WRITELN WRITELN zzzzz2zz2zz2z2zzz2zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
71. Coding the Main Program 47 4 48 DetermineMethod procedure now hides all the information about choosing the appropriate heating method We could also rewrite it to include cooling methods or to change the heating methods The procedure expects to receive the record CurrentData and it only changes the value of the variable ChosenMethod The OperateSystem procedure will not be written until more facts are known about the hard ware of the actual climate system However we already know that if we make a decision about a chosen method include that method in the data record CurrentData and send that data record to the OperateSystem procedure properly the OperateSystem procedure will know how to operate the system We defer these details to a later time when we ll have a prototype system to operate PASSING DATA TO OTHER MODULES PARAMETER PASSING TECHNIQUES We designed our main module so that it will receive a record of information A Pascal 86 record is much like a PL M 86 structure which can be defined to hold certain data types We have to define this record in order to write the main module but we can defer decisions about obtain ing the data in order to preserve our options A PL M 86 procedure could easily obtain the data and build the structure according to inter face specifications so could an 8086 8087 8088 Macro Assembly Language program or an 8089 Assembly Language program In fact we might be
72. DATASFROMSPORTS then uses the typed procedure INTERPOLATE a routine that interpolates a Celsius temperature from a thermocouple voltage using two tables TEMPSDATASFROMSPORTS sends a WORD with the input voltage to INTERPOLATE INTERPOLATE returns a Celsius temperature which is returned to the GetData procedure written in Pascal 86 INPUTS TEMPSDATASFROMSPORTS Formal parameters HIGH and LOW receive port numbers as actual parameters Input port HIGH Binary ADC output of thermocouple high order 8 bits Input port LOW Binary ADC output of thermocouple low order 8 bits Figure 5 2 The PL M 86 Typed Procedures TEMPSDATASFROMSPORTS and INTERPOLATE Other Languages OUTPUT TEMPSDATASFROMSPORTS Return WORD with temperature in Celsius INTERPOLATE is declared first then its calling procedure TEMPSDATASFROMSPORTS is declared INTERPOLATE is a typed procedure that receives thermocouple voltage and returns temperature in Celsius using an interpolation routine INTERPOLATE PROCEDURECVOLTSIN WORD DECLARE VOLTS WORD DATA 0 51 102 154 206 258 365 472 DECLARE T CEL WORD DATA 0 10 20 30 40 50 70 90 DECLARE I VOLTSIN NUMERATOR WORD I 0 IF VOLTSIN 0 THEN RETURN 1 DO WHILE VOLT IN gt VOLTS I I I 1 END Shift for rounding and return Celsius temperature NUMERATOR SHLC VOLTSIN VOLTS CI 10 CT CEL CID TSCELCI 1 1 RETURN 1 1 SHR NUMERATOR V
73. DIT assumes that you want to store the newly edited text in the file IT FO IT Another way to end an edit session is to use the EQ quit command The EQ command will keep all files unchanged as if nothing had happened All edits you made while in the edit ses sion vanish and the text and backup files if they exist remain unchanged If you use the EQ command in a session that created the text file the new text file would not exist Text Editing To keep you from making a mistake the EQ command will first ask you for a Y or N answer before it ends the session EQ lt cr gt QUIT Y If you reply with anything other than a or y the EQ does not end the edit session DISPLAYING AND PRINTING TEXT FILES Now that you have a text file we can show you how to display the file on your screen and copy the file to a printing device You can display the text file on your screen without using CREDIT by using the COPY command and the device name CO for console output COPY PIDGIN TXT TO CO lt cr gt To print the text file PIDGIN TXT you use the COPY command to copy the file to the device name LP for line printer to the device name TO for teletype output You can COPY a file to any output device You can find a complete list of device names in the nte lec Series Microcomputer Development System Console Operating Instructions This example assumes that you have LP device to receive
74. Data SystemData 26 46 0 0 1 PROGRAM MainControl INPUT OUTPUTO 25 8 0 9 end of interface specification PROCEDURE DetermineMethod VAR CurrentData SystemData 26 13 1 0 26 14 1 1 WITH CurrentData 00 27 15 1 1 BEGIN 27 16 1 2 IF InsideTemp lt ThermostatSetting THEN 28 17 1 2 BEGIN 28 18 1 3 IF CollectorwWaterTemp gt MinimumForExchanger THEN 29 19 1 3 ChosenMethod CollectorToExchanger ELSE IF CollectorWaterTemp MinimumForHeatPump THEN 31 21 1 3 ChosenMethod zCollectorToHeatPump ELSE IF TankWaterTemp gt MinimumForExchanger THEN 33 23 1 3 ChosenMethods TankToExchanger ELSE IF TankWaterTemp MinimumForHeatPump THEN 35 25 1 3 ChosenMethod sTankToHeatPump ELSE IF HeatedTankTemp MinimumForHeatPump THEN 37 27 1 3 ChosenMethod zHeatedTankToHeatPump 38 29 1 40 30 1 41 31 1 3 END 42 32 1 2 ELSE no heating request ChosenMethod NoMethod 43 33 1 2 With CurrentData 45 34 1 1 END DetermineMethocd 46 35 0 0 e Yee e e e de e de he de e e x MAIN PROGRAM Je e e e e de he e kkk KEK e e e e oe e e e e RK RR je e Ye e de kkk BEGIN 46 39 0 1 StartUpSystem 47 40 0 1 Jperating zTRUE 48 41 0 1 Panics FALSE 49 42 0 1 WHILE Operating DO uhile system is operating do 59 43 0 1 SEGIN i 50 44 2 2 GetData CurrentData Get the temps time etc 51 45 0 2 StoreData CurrentData2 Store this data as record 52 46 Q0 2 OetermineMethod CurrentO0ata this detects a panic 53 47 9 2 OperateSyste
75. E SERIES SYSTEM benefits of using a standardized operating system should prove to be as significant as the benefits of using standardized microcomputer hardware Development and programming costs will be reduced substantially and you will have an upward compatible interface for future products Andrew S Grove President of Intel Corp As you learned in Chapter 1 the Intellec Series Microcomputer Development System con tains the tools you need to develop software for your application To use these tools you must operate the system that is use the system s commands and utility programs A large multi user computer system can serve as a useful analogy to point out the difference between programming the system and using the system A working system usually supports both kinds of activities In such a large system one or more programmers might be designing programs to run on the system One or more users who might also be programmers might be simply using the programs that have already been developed for the system Obviously a user does not need to know complicated details about the system to use it whereas a programmer needs to know such details to write programs for the system The Series Ill system has most of the capabilities of larger systems but it is only used by one person ata time This person could be using the system and its programs or writing programs for the system We wrote this chapter fo
76. GH INPUT HIGH STATEMENT 33 0008 885606 MOV DX BPJ HIGH 0008 IN DX 000C 8400 MOV OH UE 000 89060600 MOV INPORTHIGH AX 34 2 INSPORTSLOW INPUTCLOW 2 2 STATEMENT 34 00 2 885604 MOV OxX CBP LOW 00 5 IN 00 6 88061100 MOV INPORTLOW AL 35 2 THERMOCOUPLESOUTPUT SHLCINSPORTSHIGH 8 OR INSPORTSLOW 2 STATEMENT 4 35 00 88060600 MOV AX INPORTHIGH 00 B108 MOV CL 8H 00 0 03 0 SHL AX CL 00 2 84021100 MOV CL INPORTLOW 00 6 8500 MOV CHOH 00F8 08 1 OR OOFA 89060800 MOV THERMOCOUPLEOUTPUT AX 36 2 TEMPERATURE INTERPOLATE CTHERMOCOUPLESOUTPUT STATEMENT 36 90 50 PUSH AX 2 1 QOFF E857FF CALL INTERPOLATE 0102 89060400 MOV TEMPERATURE AX 37 2 RETURN TEMPERATURE STATEMENT 37 0106 88060400 MOV AX TEMPERATURE 010A 50 POP 8P 0108 2000 RET 38 2 END TEMPS DATASFROM SPORTS STATEMENT 38 TEMPDATAFROMPORTS 39 1 END PLMDATA 2 STATEMENT 39 MOOULE INFORMATION CODE AREA SIZE CONSTANT AREA SIZE VARTABLE AREA SIZE MAXIMUM STACK SIZE 01054 2700 9020H 320 0012H 180 0010H 169 95 LINES READ PROGRAM ERROR S END OF PL M 86 COMPILATION Other Languages Figure 5 3 Listing of PLMDATA with the CODE Control Cont d 73 CHAPTER 6 USING UTILITIES PREPARE EXECUTABLE PROGRAMS Three things are to be looked to in a building that it stand on the right spot that be securely founded that it be succe
77. HIGH AND 000011118 TENS SHRCINSPORTSLOW 4 UNITS INSPORTSLOW AND 000011118 THERMOSSETTING UNITS 10 TENS 100 HUNDREDS RETURN THERMOSSETTING this returns the temperaturex END THERMOSTATSSETTINGSFROMSPORTS More procedures follow see figure 5 2 Figure 5 1 The PL M 86 Typed Procedure THERMOSTATSSETTINGSFROMSPORTS Cont d There are notable similarities between Pascal and PL M Most notable are the logical struc tures that can occur in both languages both have the DO WHILE and IF THEN ELSE con structs The languages are lexically and syntactically different in data declarations procedure headings and other constructs but they are logically similar By conforming to a logical struc ture you make your program readable and easier to debug 65 Chapter 5 66 The data declarations in both languages are very similar In both languages you must declare your data identifiers to be of some type before using the identifiers In Pascal you define data types or use predefined Pascal data types In PL M you are restricted to the acceptable PL M data types but they are loosely defined A BYTE can be any value expressed in eight bits and a WORD in PL M 86 ADDRESS in PL M 80 can be any value expressed in sixteen bits both types of values are treated as unsigned integers PL M 86 offers several more types INTEGER for signed integers REAL for floating point numbers and POINTER for 8086 and 8088 addressing PL
78. L shift left operation PL M 86 64 68 SHR shift right operation PL M 86 64 68 ShutDownSystem procedure 44 46f 50 54 89f Single Board Computer iSBC system 8 size control object module 68 Software and Cable Interface SDK C86 8 95 Software definition 3ff 30f Software development process 1ff INDEX Solar collector 2ff 42 45f Source disk 15 19ff source file or program 27 55f 68 SQ Substitute after Query command CREDIT 34f SRC extension 16 StartUpSystem procedure 44 46f 50 53 89 STEP command DEBUG 86 84 stepwise refinement 2ff StoreData procedure 45f 50 53 87f Strachey Christopher 63 string 34f structure PL M 86 48 of software 4ff SUBMIT command 24f subordinate modules 41 77 substituting text 33f summary of operating system 25 switch used with DIR 12 17 SYM keyword DEBUG 86 83 symbol table DEBUG 86 82ff symbolic debugging 5ff 82ff symbols 7 82ff SYMBOLS command DEBUG 86 821 SYMBOLS command ICE 88 94 System Design Kits 8 95f system climate control 2ff 41ff 44f 49ff 55ff 58ff 63 85ff 92f disk 9ff 12ff 15ff 21 files 11ff 14 18 21 operation Series Ill See operating the Series lil system run time See a so run time libraries 76ff turning on 9f tags CREDIT 32f tank water climate system application 42 45f TD tag delete command CREDIT 32 TE tag for end used in CREDIT 32f teletype output 39 TEMP DATAS SF
79. Library modules are described in Chapter e 86 extension denotes a program that should be executed in the 8086 execution mode the 8086 side of the system Examples are PASC86 86 and PROG1 86 Most completed programs have either the 86 extension if they run in the 8086 execution mode described later in this chapter or no extension For example the DIR command is actually a program named without any extension In addition to the above extensions we use the 5 extension to denote a special text file that holds program instructions called source statements SRC for source file can be created by CREDIT and filled with assembly language PL M or Pascal source statements you can then compile this file to create an object module OBJ file as described in Chapters 4 and 5 You can find more extensions explained in the nte lec Series Microcomputer Development System Console Operating Instructions You can display the directory information for a single file by using a version of the DIR com mand DIR FOR DIR FOR SUBMIT lt cr gt DIRECTORY OF SYSTEM FLX NAME 5 LENGTH ATTR SUBMIT 39 4821 OPERATING THE SERIES III The file SUBMIT is in the directory for drive 0 so the DIR command had no trouble finding it However if SUBMIT happened to be on another disk in drive 1 you would have to tell DIR to look in drive 1 for the file To do
80. M 86 compilers and to run your own developed programs You can also make copies of programs and control the devices attached to your system by using ISIS II commands In most computer operations you manipulate files which are collections of information Every file has a name called a filename Files and filenames are described in detail after an introduc tion to the most popular operating system command the DIR command You use the DIR command to display a directory of filenames on a certain disk You use other commands to perform file management operations For example you use the COPY command to make copies of files or to send copies of files to the printer to be printed You use the RENAME command to change a file s filename This chapter explains some of these commands THE DIRECTORY LISTING The first command to learn is the easiest to use the DIR command When your system is up and running you will see a dash on the left side of the screen This dash is called a prompt and tells you that the system is ready for your next command You can now type the DIR com mand by typing the letters and execute the DIR command by pressing the RETURN key The following example is shown in blue to show that it is something you type the part of the example that is in ordinary black shows what the system displays The symbol lt cr gt means that you must press the RETURN key cr stands for the carriag
81. NG PASCAL 86 39 35 1 2 CASE ChosenMethod OF 40 36 1 3 CollectorToExchanger WRITE Solar Collector to Exchanger 41 37 1 3 CollectorToHeatPump WRITE Solar Collector to Heat Pump 42 38 1 3 TankToExchanger WRITE Tank to Exchanger 43 39 1 3 TankToHeatPump WRITEC Tank to Heat Pump 44 40 1 3 HeatedTankToHeatPump WRITEC Heated Tank to Heat Pump 45 41 1 3 NoMethod WHRITEC No heat required 46 42 1 3 END 48 43 4 2 WRITELN 49 44 1 2 WRITELN zsszzszsszsszzzzz2s5szz525s5z22z222z5222525z22z2z2zz222 50 45 1 2 WRITELN urite a blank line 51 46 1 2 END 53 47 1 1 OperateSystem 54 48 0 0 PROCEDURE ShutDounSystem VAR Current ata SystemData 55 51 1 0 BEGIN 55 2 1 1 MRITELN sz2 z z2222 222222222222222 222222222222221 2222222222 2 0 56 53 1 1 IF Panic THEN WRITELN PANIC occurred NORMAL shutdoun 57 54 1 31 ELSE WRITELN No panic occurred ABNORMAL shutdoun 59 55 1 1 WRITELN 22 22222222222222222222121222222222222222 2222 60 56 1 1 WITH CurrentData 00 BEGIN 61 57 1 2 WRITEC Last chosen heating method was 62 58 1 2 CASE ChosenMethod OF 63 59 1 3 CollectorToExchanger WRITE Solar Collector to Exchanger 64 60 1 3 CollectorToHeatPump WRITE Solar Collector to Heat Pump 65 61 1 3 TankToExcnanger WRITEC Tank to Exchanger 66 62 1 3 TankToHeatPump WRITE Tank to Heat Pump 67 63 1 3 HeatedTankToHeatPump WRITE Heated Tank to Heat Pump
82. OLTS CID VOLTS I 1 1 1 END INTERPOLATE kxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxk TEMPSDATASFROMSPORTS PROCEDURE HIGH LOW WORD DECLARE HIGH LOW WORD DECLARE INSPORTSHIGH WORD DECLARE INS PORT LOW BYTE DECLARE THERMOCOUPLESOUTPUT TEMPERATURE WORD INSPORTSHIGH INPUTCHIGH INSPORTSLOW INPUTCLOW THERMOCOUPLESOUTPUT SHL CINSPORTSHIGH 8 OR INSPORTSLOW TEMPERATURE INTERPOLATE THERMOCOUPLESOUTPUT RETURN TEMPERATURE END TEMPSDATASFROMSPORTS Figure 5 2 The PLM 86 Typed Procedures TEMPSDATASFROM PORTS and INTERPOLATE Cont d 67 Chapter 3 68 Let s look closely at the following statement which appears in the procedure TEMP DATAS SFROMS PORTS shown in figure 5 2 THERMOCOUPLESOUTPUT SHLCINSPORTSHIGH 8 OR INSPORTSLOW The variable INSPORT HIGH was declared as a WORD with 16 bits and the variable INSPORT LOW was declared as a BYTE with 8 bits The thermocouple voltage data from an analog to digital converter can have up to 13 bits but our procedure was originally written to access 8 bit ports To assemble the 13 bits we use the SHL shift to the left built in procedure to shift the rightmost 8 bits of INSPORTS HIGH to the left and we OR this shifted value with INSPORT LOW The INTERPOLATE procedure uses a more complicated expression that includes both the SHL shift to the left and SHR shift to the right
83. P executes one machine instruction and displays the next one disassembled Another STEP would execute the displayed instruction We will now change the value of Operating to be TRUE A boolean variable is TRUE if its numeric value is odd FALSE if its numeric value is even Why Because a boolean is TRUE if its rightmost bit in a binary representation is 1 and FALSE if its rightmost bit is 0 All even values written in binary form end with a 0 in the rightmost bit and all odd values written in binary form end with a 1 To change the value of Operating we must also specify BYTE since it is only one byte long BYTE OPERATING 1 lt cr gt BOOL BYTE OPERATING lt cr gt TRUE DEBUGGING AND EXECUTING PROGRAMS We now continue execution with GO command GO lt cr gt The Climate System is now operating Execution continues correctly and the program loops back to the GetData procedure to obtain more data we continue execution the program once again erroneously changes Operating to FALSE We can use our START symbol to start execution once again at the beginning of the program GO FROM START TILL MAINCONTROL OPERATESYSTEM lt cr gt After repeating these debugging operations we are sure that our error occurred at the state ment where Operating is set to FALSE while Panic is set to TRUE Refer to the listing in Chapter 4 The Pascal 86 statement numbers are in the STMT column of the listing
84. PTER 7 3 2 0 0 1 1 CONST declarations declared publicly in this module 1 1 MinimumForExchanger 35 degrees Celsius 4 6 0 9 1 MinimumForHeatPump 2 15 5 7 0 0 1 1 definitions publicly defined this module 1 1 AirTemperature 20 1207 degrees in Celsius 6 11 0 0 1 WaterTemperature z0 120 7 12 0 0 1 HeatingMethods CollectorToExchanger s 1 CollectorToHeatPump 1 TankToExchanger 1 TankToHeatPump 1 HeatedTankToHeatPump 21 NoMethod 8 18 0 0 1 21 SystemData RECORD 8 20 0 151 ChosenMethod HeatingMethods 9 21 0 1 1 InsideTemp 4 ThermostatSetting 2 AirTemperature 10 23 0 1 1 CollectorWaterTemp 4 TankWaterTemp 4 HeatedTankTemp WaterTemperature 11 26 0 1 51 AmountOfSunlight Integer 12 27 0 1 1 Hour 00 24 13 28 0 1 51 Minute 00 59 14 29 0 1 51 END SystemData 15 30 0 0 1 21 VAR variables publicly defined in this module 21 21 CurrentData SystemData 16 34 0 0 51 Operating Panic BOOLEAN 17 35 0 0 1 21 PUBLIC GetDatas GetData Module containing GetData amp StoreData 18 37 0 0 1 21 PROCEDURE GetData VAR CurrentData SystemData 19 39 0 0 1 PROCEDURE StoreData VAR CurrentDdata SystemData 20 40 0 0 1 1 PUBLIC Operations peration Module containing OperateSystem 21 42 0 0 StartUpSystem and ShutDounSystem 21 PROCEDURE StartUpSystems 22 44 0 0 PROCEDURE OperateSystem VAR CurrentData SystemData 23 45 0 0 PROCEDURE ShutDounSystem VAR Current
85. Pascal 86 V1 0 PARSE 68 99 0 0 WARNING input END was repaired to END END PARSE 1 2 0 NOXREF OBJECT COMPILATION OF GETDATA COMPLETED 1 ERROR DETECTED END OF Pascal 86 COMPILATION The compiler displays a sign on message then the word PARSE to show that it is parsing the program statements During the parsing phase the compiler discovered an error the statement was not punctuated correctly The compiler repairs our error and con tinues to compile Each phase of compiling is displayed with a number in parentheses the number of errors detected during the phase The compiler only detected that one error and since the error was easily repaired the compilation was successful We now have F1 DUMDAT OBJ containing the object module To compile our dummy Operation module we use the following invocation line RUN F1 PASC86 F1 DUMOP SRC DEBUG lt cr gt The listing files F1 MAIN LST F1 DUMDAT LST and F1 DUMOP LST are shown figure 4 6 SERIES III 86 X031 Source File F1 MAIN SRC Object File F1 MAIN 28J Controls Specified STMT LINE NESTING 1 1 0 9 2 2 0 0 1 31 4 6 2 01 5 7 0 0 1 51 6 11 9 98 7 12 0 0 21 1 8 18 0 0 1 8 20 9 1 1 9 21 0 1 1 51 10 25 0 1 1 21 21 11 26 0 1 1 12 27 0 1 1 13 28 0 1 1 14 29 0 1 1 15 30 0 0 1 51 51 1 16 34 0 0 1 17 35 0 0 1 21 18 37 0 0 1 21 19 59 0 0 1
86. ROMS PORTS 66ff 92f temperature conversion program 24 temperature data 3f 49 63ff 68 terminator line CREDIT 29 text area CREDIT 28f creating and inserting 28f 31 editing ending session 38f editor CREDIT 2 16 27ff 33ff 36ff 42 file 27ff file backup 16 19 38f file displaying 39 file printing 39 finding 33f scrolling 32f substituting 33f thermocouple voltage 5 61ff 68 THERMOSTATS SETTING FROM PORTS procedure 64ff 92ff 103 INDEX 104 teletype output 39 tools software 4ff 7ff top down design 2ff 41 TPWR typewriter key 29 TS tag set command CREDIT 32 TT tag for top used in CREDIT 32f turning on your system 9f TXT extension 16 type data 45f 64 66 TYPE definition Pascal 46 48 type REAL Pascal 86 78 typed procedure PL M 64 typeface blue or black 10 Universal PROM Mapper UPM 8 95 Universal PROM programmer UPP 2 8 95 uparrow 7 29 update files 20 UPM See universal PROM mapper UPP See universal PROM programmer using the system 9 using your final product 8 utilities Series Ill 2ff 6ff 13 75ff 78f value pass data by 7 48f VAR definition Pascal 46 49 vehicle execution 81 video display CREDIT 28 voltage thermocouple 5 61ff 68 W attribute 11f 18 wild card filename See a so filename matching 21 WRITELN procedure Pascal 86 61 76f Intellec Series Publ
87. SETTING STATEMENT 13 0055 50 POP 0056 2 0400 RET 14 2 END THERMOSTATSSETTINGSFRIMSPIRTS STATEMENT 14 THERMOSTATSETTINGFROMPORTS ENDP Another typed procedure to return temperature datas which uses the INTERPQLATS typed procedure INTERPOLATE is typed procedure that receives thermocouple voltage and returns temperature in Celsius using an interpolation routine 15 1 INTERPOLATE 2 STATEMENT 15 INTERPOLATE PROC NEAR 0059 55 PUSH BP 005 85 5 PROCEDURE VOLTSIN WORD DECLARE VOLTS WORD 4 0 51 102 154 206 258 365 4729 DECLARE T CEL WORD 0 12 20 30 40 50 70 909 DECLARE I VOLTSI N NUMERATOR WORD A ONO TO 1 I 0 STATEMENT 19 005 70602000000 20 2 IF VOLTSIN lt 1 THEN RETURN TSCEL CID STATEMENT 20 0062 817 040102 9 7 VOLTIN 1H 0067 7203 J8 5H 0069 90200 JMP 22091 gt STATEMENT 21 006C 880000 MOV 0 006F 01 3 SHL BX 1 0071 88871000 MOV AX TCELEBXJ 0075 50 BP 0076 C20200 RET 2H 81 x e2 2 DO WHILE VOLTSIN gt 1 STATEMENT 22 82 0079 881 0200 MOV BX I 0070 0185 SHL 1 007 884604 MOV 8 VOLTIN 0082 38870000 AX VOLTSCB8XJ 0086 7703 JA 5H 0088 90700 JMP 93 23 3 J 1 gt STATEMENT 23 0088 060200 INC I 2 3 2 STATEMENT 24 Q08F JMP 92 83
88. SK command will simply for mat the disk as a system or non system disk copying over to the new disk only the format F files that are needed to format the new disk as a system or non system disk The FORMAT command will format a new disk as a system or non system disk depending on the source disk implied drive 0 or specified using FROM The FORMAT command will also copy certain files from the source disk FORMAT with the 56 switch copies all files from the source drive that have the S system attribute See the previous section on formatting disks for an example of the FORMAT command with the S switch To copy of the files from the source disk use the switch To show an example of the FORMAT command with the switch insert another blank disk into drive 1 and type this command FORMAT F1 SYSTEM BAK lt gt SYSTEM DISK In this example the FORMAT command formats the disk in drive 1 as a system disk because the source disk in drive 0 is a system disk The new disk is called SYSTEM BAK The switch specified that a files from the source disk in drive 0 should be copied to SYSTEM BAK in drive 1 So far all of the FORMAT examples used the disk in drive 0 as the source disk If for example you have more disk drives and you want to FORMAT a disk in drive 1 using as a source a disk in drive 2 you would specify FROM 2as in the following example FORMAT F1 MYDISK A FROM
89. System 0 121632 1 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS Several decisions about this climate control system can be deferred to a later date For exam ple by designing the system s software in a modular fashion we can add more methods of heating or cooling as necessary and we can decide how to handle water pumps and valves ata iater date We know now that the software s primary purpose is to choose a method of heating or cooling based on temperature data and to operate the climate system s pumps and valves Figure 1 2 is a simplified block diagram of the application DEFINING THE PRODUCT S SOFTWARE As you define your product s hardware you must also define the purpose of its software For example the purpose of the software for our application is to gather and store the appropriate temperature data decide on a heating or cooling method based on that data implement the method in the climate system and maintain the operation of the climate system Each task can be designed as a piece of software called a module By keeping tasks modular you can change the details of any task without affecting the details of the other tasks Keep in mind that software provides the capability to change or add to the product The entire product could consist of hardware and logic circuits but then you might have to rebuild each unit to add more capabilities or change the flow of the logic Software that is not modular and easy to maintain does not solve thi
90. The LINE column shows the source file line numbers you can use the line numbers with CREDIT to display edit move or copy particular lines Between statements 37 and 40 source lines 68 and 70 we have an ELSE clause that should only execute if the temperatures are not greater than the minimums necessary to heat the building Panic should be set to TRUE and Operating should be set to FALSE if this ELSE clause executes However the ELSE Panic TRUE is not executing but the Operating FALSE is always executing The error is one of omission to have two statements execute as part of an ELSE clause they must begin with BEGIN and end with END as shown ELSE BEGIN n Panic TRUE Opemating FALSE END To make this change we must re edit MAIN SRC re compile MAIN SRC to obtain a new MAIN OBJ and re link the modules using LINK86 with BIND as shown in Chapter 6 Figure 7 1 shows the revised listing with the corrected ELSE clause shaded and a sample run of the program SERIES III Pascal 86 X031 09 01 80 PAGE 1 MAINCONTROL Source File F1 MAIN SRC Object File F1 MAIN 08J Controls Specified 6 STMT LINE NESTING SOURCE TEXT F1 MAIN SRC 1 1 0 0 MODULE MainControl 2 2 9 0 interface specification common to all modules INCLUDEC F1 INSPEC SRC 21 PUSLIC MainControl section of interface specification Figure 7 1 Climate Control Program Listing and Sample Run 85 CHA
91. Y OF THE SERIES OPERATING SYSTEM The Series Ill system has two execution environments the 8085 environment the 8085 side where the 1515 1 commands and 8080 8085 programs run and the 8086 environment the 8086 side activated by the RUN program where 8086 and 8088 programs run Programs that run in the 8086 side usually have an 86 extension in their filenames The RUN program actually looks for an 86 extension if you specify a filename without an extension You use the Series operating system and its tools to develop software but there is another way to use it your software products can use it as an execution vehicle The nte lec Series lll Programmer s Reference Manual describes the innards of the Series Ill operating system and how your programs can make use of sections of the system By using PL M or assembly language you can call operating system procedures directly as described in the summary of Chapter 5 from your program Pascal 86 programs automatically use the operating system pro cedures by using run time libraries which interface between the Pascal 86 programs and the Series Ill system The Series Ill system has a standard set of procedures that your software products can use by using this standard programming interface you can be sure that your future programs will remain compatible with present and future Intel operating systems There are a few more commands that were not intro
92. a DO BEGIN 27 23 1 2 WRITE Type the thermostat setting in degrees Celsius 28 24 1 2 READLN ThermostatSetting MWRITELN 30 25 1 2 WRITE Type the inside temperature reading Celsius 31 26 1 2 READLN InsideTemp WRITELN 33 27 1 2 WRITE Type the temperature of the collector water in Celsius 34 28 1 2 READLN CollectorWaterTemp s WRITELN 36 29 1 2 the temperature of the tank water in Celsius 37 30 1 2 READLN TankWaterTemp s 39 31 1 2 WRITE Type the temperature of the heated tank water in Celsius 40 32 1 2 READLN HeatedTankTemp s WRITELN 42 33 1 2 WRITE Type the hour of days as in 04 or 24 43 34 1 2 READLN Hour2 7 WRITELN 45 35 1 2 WRITEC Type the minute of the hour as in 01 or 59 7 46 36 1 2 READLN Minute MWRITELN 48 37 1 e WRITE Type the amount of sunlight any integer will do for nou 49 38 1 2 REAILNCAmountOfSunlight WRITELN 51 39 1 2 Cewith CurrentDdata 53 40 1 1 END 54 41 0 0 PROCEDURE StoredataCVAR CurrentData SystemData 2 55 43 1 9 BEGIN 55 44 1 1 Dummy procedures eventually will store CurrentData in a file WITH CurrentOata DO BEGIN 56 46 1 2 WRITSLN 57 47 1 2 WRITELNC CURRENT DATA IS AS FOLLOWS D 58 48 1 2 W4RITELN 7 ejs 59 49 1 2 WRITELNC Thermostat Setting sThermostatSettings C 60 50 1 2 WRITELN inside temperature is
93. acter and this pointer moves whenever you move the cursor within the text area When you type the HOME key and move the cursor to the command area the pointer stays where it is pointing to the character in the text area The CNTL V command moves the cursor back to the text area and back to the character pointed to In screen mode the cursor movement keys and the scrolling commands move this pointer In command mode all editing changes are made relative to the position of this pointer Deleting a single character for example erases the character pointed to by the pointer and moves the pointer to the next character When you insert text the text is inserted preceding this pointer Many other commands also move this pointer CNTL V will always move the cursor to the character pointed to by this pointer One command that always moves the pointer is the J jump command You can only use the J command in command mode and the J command leaves you in command mode so you have to do another CNTL V to get into screen mode You can jump to any location relative to the pointer or you can jump to specific locations called fags You can set your own tags by using the TS tag set command and delete tags by using the TD tag delete command There are two permanent tags that need not be set and that cannot be deleted the beginning of the file known as TT tag for top and the end of the file known as TE tag for end For example lt
94. actual parameter 24 ADD command LIB86 76 add text mode CREDIT 31f addresses See physical memory address address reference to 48 75ff Aesop 81 algorithm for climate control system 42 63 AND operation PL M 86 64 angle brackets CREDIT 35ff angle gt prompt 23f application climate control 2ff arithmetic real 6 78 array PL M 86 68 assembler 8086 8087 8088 13ff 63 68ff INDEX assembly language 6 25f 48 63 68ff 79 82 asterisk in CREDIT command area 29f asterisk in pathname 19ff ATTRIB command 18 21 attributes file 11f 15f 18 backup of text file 16 19 38f BAK extension 16 19 38f base address segment 83 BCD digits 64ff binary 83f binary coded decimal digits BCD 64ff BIND control LINK86 78f 81 binding modules 75ff 78f bit shift operations PL M 86 64 68 black printing 10 block diagram of climate system 3 blocks file 11 28 30 blue printing 10 BOOLEAN command DEBUG 86 82ff BOOLEAN type 46 82ff breakpoints debugging 92 carriage return See RETURN key Celsius degrees 5 24 63ff 68 94f character pointer CREDIT 32ff choosing software tools 5f climate control application 2ff 41ff 44f 49ff 57ff 63 85ff 921 CNTL A command CREDIT 31 CNTL N CREDIT 32 35 CNTL P CREDIT 32 35 CNTL V CREDIT 28ff 32ff CNTL Z CREDIT 30 CO console output 39 CODE control PL M 86 68 70ff collector water solar 42 45f
95. all modules 1NCLUDEC F1 INSPEC SRCO PU3LIC MainControls section of interface specification CONST declarations declared publicly in this moduler MinimumForExchanger MinimumForMeatPump 35 degrees Celsius 13 TYPE definitions publicly defined in this module AirTemperature 2 20 120 degrees Celsius WaterTemperature 0 120 HeatingMethods CollectorToExchangers CollectorToHeatPump TankToExchanger TankToHeatPump HeatedTankToHeatPump NoMethod SystemData RECORD ChosenMethod HeatingMethods InsideTemps ThermostatSetting AirTemperature CollectorWaterTemp TankWaterTemp HeatedTankTemp 2 WaterTemperaturoe AmountOfSunlight Integer Hour 5 00 2 Minute 00 59 END SystemData Figure 4 6 Listings of Our Test Modules Cont d PAGE 1 15 30 0 0 1 21 1 1 16 34 0 0 1 17 35 0 0 1 1 18 37 0 0 1 1 19 39 0 0 1 20 40 0 0 1 1 21 42 0 0 1 21 22 44 0 0 1 23 45 0 0 1 24 46 0 0 1 Currentodata Qperatings Panic PROGRAMING IN PASCAL 86 VAR variables publicly defined in this module 2 SystemData BOOLEAN PUBLIC GetDatas GetData Module containing GetData amp StoreData PROCEDURE GetData VAR CurrentData SystemData 2 PROCEDURE StoreData VAR CurrentOata SystemData PUBLIC Operations Operation Module containing perateSystem StartUpSystem and ShutdownSystem PROCEDURE StartUpSystem PROCEDURE OperateSystem VAR Cur
96. arameter actual 24 parameter passing between modules 7 48 parameters formal and actual 25 parse phase Pascal 86 compiler 56 PASC86 86 Compiler 23f 55f Pascal language 5ff 27 39 41f 45f 48f 55 63f 65f record 41 48 Pascal 86 Compiler and Language 5f 14 23 25 41ff 45 481 55f 63f 66 681 951 data types 45f 48f run time libraries 77ff pass data by reference 7 48f by value 7 48f pathname matching 19ff pathnames 15ff 18ff 21ff 24f percent symbols for parameters 25 physical memory address 7 75ff 78f 83ff Pidgin Pascal 6 27 39f PL M 86 Compiler and Language 5f 14 48 63ff 66ff 69ff data types 64 66 PLM86 86 Compiler 68 PL M language 6 25f 45 63ff 66 691 79 PLMDATA module 68 71 921 pointer character 32ff ports input output 49 61 64ff primitives Series lll operating system 70 78 95 PRINT control Pascal 86 55 printing blue or black 10 printing text file 39 PRIVATE definitions Pascal 86 49f procedure typed PL M 64 procedures built in Pascal 86 76f external 76f file input output Pascal 86 78 operating system 25 processor 8080 8085 1ff 7 61 iAPX 86 88 8086 and 8088 111 7 61 numeric data 8087 78 product final 8 program executable 75f locatable 77 listings 16 42 55ff 5811 68 71ff main climate control system 43f 46f 49 51 ff modules 2ff 6ff 16 41f 44f 46f 49f 63 76ff source statements See also source
97. ary English 00000 11100101 Read word into reg AX 00001 00000101 from input port 5 00002 01000000 Increment contents of AX 00003 11100111 Write word from reg AX 00004 00000010 to output port 2 00005 11101011 Repeat by jumping 00006 11111001 Dack seven bytes 00007 This machine code sometimes called object code is the code that the processor executes All languages are eventually translated into this type of code A program written in assembly language is a symbolic representation of machine code The relation between assembly language instructions and the resulting machine code is usually very obvious the relation between statements in a high level language and the resulting machine code is often not obvious with some exceptions in the PL M 86 language Assembly language gives you complete control over the resulting machine code and thereby allows you to generate very efficient machine code There are times when this control is desirable and other times when you want to be free of such details Most high level language compilers are efficient enough for microcomputer applications in fact some compilers are more efficient than most humans 69 5 70 Assembly language is the closest language to machine code but it does allow you to use sym bolic names Here is a rewrite of the machine code instructions shown before using 8086 8087 18088 Assembly Language comments follow th
98. atPump 13 5 7 0 0 1 1 definitions publicly defined in this module 4 1 AirTemperature 20 120 degrees Celsius 6 11 2 0 z1 WaterTemperature z0 120 Figure 7 1 Climate Control Program Listing and Sample Run Cont d 88 A A d d 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 237 24 25 26 26 27 28 29 30 31 31 32 33 34 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 48 49 50 51 53 54 55 56 57 59 60 61 62 63 6 65 66 67 68 12 18 20 21 23 26 27 28 29 30 34 35 37 39 40 42 44 45 46 13 18 19 20 21 22 23 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 4 48 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 6 o Oe 2 d oo Hn ut u y ag dg Ho HM MH gt gt od I lb d o ow aww oo O lt gt 0 fU Ul Li UI GI UE FO fO PO FO IND N A A A LA oA oo hh WWW CI UI GI P P o 0 DEBUGGING AND EXECUTING PROGRAMS HeatingMethods CollectorToExchanger s CollectorToHeatPump TankToExchangers TankToHeatPump s HeatedTankToHeatPump NoMethod SystemData RECORD ChosenMethod HeatingMethods InsideTemp ThermostatSetting AirTemperature CollectorwaterTemp TankWaterTemp HeatedTankTemp WaterTemperatures
99. ate the system with this method t Text Editing Two questions should immediately come to mind what information does the program need and what else would a climate control program do Let s add new sentences by using CREDIT s insert capability Here is our text file so far Maintain the climate of a building using a system comprised oft heating and cooling methods t 4 Based on temperature data see if there is a demand t and determine the type of demand t If there is no demand simply continue operating the climate system t If there is a demand for heat determine the heating method and operate the system with this method If there is a demand for cold determine the cooling method t and operate the system with this method t Move the cursor to the beginning of the fourth line of text the line that begins with Based on 7 Hold down the CNTL key and type CNTL A The rest of the text disap _ pears and you are now able to type sentences Type the following sentences and blank lines Startup the climate system t While the system is operating do and repeat the following t 7 Get the data needed for each pass the time the temperatures t the weather the state of the solar collector etc f Store this data f 4 Now type CNTL and A together again The rest of the text file reappears with the new lines inserted in their proper places By typing CNTL and A together you turn on the Add Text Mode
100. ations In the Pascal 86 algorithm in figure 4 2 we make assignments like this one ChosenMethod TankToExchanger lf ChosenMethod and TankToExchanger are declared properly in the module heading not shown in figure 4 2 but shown later in this section the Pascal 86 compiler will know their meanings When you read this assignment you know exactly what heating method has been chosen The data type is a type of heating method not an integer representing a method In other programming languages you might be able to have a variable named ChosenMethod and another variable named TankToExchanger but you would also have to be sure to assign proper numeric or string values to them A typical way of expressing the above assignment in PL M would be CHOSENSMETHOD 2 xwhere 2 is the appropriate method or CHOSENSMETHOD TSTOSEXCH xwhere has already been assigned the appropriate valuex 45 4 46 In both cases you to know numeric code for the heating method In Pascal however you only have to define a set of heating methods and pick one for the assignment Here is an example of such a definition TYPE HeatingMethods CollectorToExchanger CollectorToHeatPump TankToExchanger TankToHeatPump HeatedTankToHeatPump NoMethod above defines the data type HeatingMethods which is used to define the variable ChosenMethod below VAR ChosenMethod Heati
101. ations shown later MODULE MainControl Interface specification goes here to be supplied later Type definitions and variable declarations to be supplied later PROGRAM MainControl CINPUT OUTPUT PROCEDURE DetermineMethod VAR CurrentData SystemData BEGIN WITH CurrentData DO BEGIN IF InsideTemp lt ThermostatSetting THEN BEGIN IF CollectorWaterTemp gt MinimumForExchanger THEN ChosenMethod CollectorToExchanger ELSE IF CollectorWaterTemp gt MinimumForHeatPump THEN ChosenMethod CollectorToHeatPump ELSE IF TankWaterTemp gt MinimumForExchanger THEN ChosenMethod TankToExchanger ELSE IF TankWaterTemp gt MinimumForHeatPump THEN ChosenMethod TankToHeatPump ELSE IF HeatedTankTemp gt MinimumForHeatPump THEN ChosenMethod HeatedTankToHeatPump ELSE Panic TRUE Operating FALSE END ELSE no heating request ChosenMethod NoMethod END MWMith CurrentData END DetermineMethod koe e x e v x x Xx kkk MAIN PROGRAM ke RR RK coke ke ek ke ke ee ke ke ke e e ke ke e e ke ke ek e BEGIN StartUpSystem Operating TRUE Panic FALSE WHILE Operating DO while system is operating do BEGIN GetData CurrentData Get the temps time etc StoreData CurrentData Store this data as record DetermineMethod CurrentData this detects a panic OperateSystem CurrentData END while operating ShutDownSystem CurrentData END Main Control Algorithm Figure 4 3 Second Try at
102. can also defer decisions about the physical memory locations locations in our final product s memory for these modules until after we have debugged our prototype hard ware with an in Circuit Emulator 86 or ICE 88 In some applications you never have to decide physical memory locations the Intellec Series Ill locater can decide them for you DEBUGGING AND IN CIRCUIT EMULATION R At any time during software development you can test a compiled module using DEBUG 86 In certain cases you will want to alter the module to be self contained for example our main module needs the appropriate data from the GetData module but the GetData module is not yet written We can quickly write a procedure that obtains the data from an interactive session at the console link this temporary data acquisition module to our main module and test our main module using DEBUG 86 When we have our modules coded and compiled we can test the modules in an ICE 86 or 88 session that can emulate the final product s processor We can use an ICE 86 emulator if our final product will contain an 8086 processor or use an ICE 88 emulator if it will contain an 8088 processor remember our iAPX 86 88 applications software can run on either an 8086 or an 8088 For example our data module will read data from ports of an 8088 processor in our final prod uct The ICE 88 emulator can emulate those ports before we ever have a prototype of the final product Usi
103. command RUN and the fact that you do not have to supply the 86 extension for LIB86 86 when you RUN it The RUN command is actually a program supplied on the system disk that activates the 8086 execution mode When you supply a filename with no extension the RUN command automatically attaches the 86 extension to the name you supplied and looks for the file by that name i e the name with the 86 extension This is a protection feature you can use for your 8085 and 8086 programs you can use the same name for both with an 86 extension for the 8086 program and no extension for the 8085 program When you specify filenames without extensions RUN only looks for files that are supposed to run in the 8086 execution mode i e files with the 7 86 extension This protection feature assumes that you would put the 86 extension on files that are meant to run in the 8086 execution mode If you actually executed LIB86 86 the following would appear on your screen RUN LIB86 lt cr gt SERIES III 8086 LIBRARIAN Vx y The LIB86 86 program is now in control To leave this program and return to the operating System use the librarian s EXIT command lt gt You of course supply extension with the filename you supply to the RUN command and the RUN command would not supply the 86 extension For example if you have 8086 program called MYPROG PRG and you want to run it in the 8086
104. d disk to be the system disk We chose SYSTEM HDK for its name but you can use any name that has at most six characters to the right of the period and three to the left When this operation is finished and the system displays the dash prompt use the following command to transfer your system files to drive 0 of the hard disk FA COPY F4 TO FO lt cr gt This command will copy all of the files from the ISIS II Operating System disk in the flexible disk drive called drive 4 to the hard disk drive 0 When this operation is finished you can remove the flexible disk from drive 4 and insert another flexible disk In addition to the ISIS II Operating System disk you should also copy files from the CREDIT ISIS II CRT Based Text Editor disk the Resident 8086 8087 8088 Macro Assembler disk and the Resident 8086 8088 Utilities and Linkage Libraries disk For each flexible disk execute the following command COPY F4 TO FO lt cr gt This command copies all files from the flexible disk to drive 0 of the hard disk If you insert each flexible disk you received and perform this operation you will have in drive 0 all of the files from those flexible disks If you want to be more selective about the files you are copying to drive 0 read the Copying Files section in this chapter 13 2 14 You should also copy files to drive 1 of the hard disk subsystem First you must pr
105. d is a semicolon which separates one command from the next The next command in macro X is a set of commands to be executed repeatedly or iteratively The percent symbol is a special in this case and is explained in the next paragraph You saw the angle brackets in the last section they delimit the set of commands to be executed repeatedly The commands to be executed repeatedly are the L command move CP to the beginning of the next line the command insert the text that is specified within the following slash symbols and the P command display the current line The text within the 1 slash symbols consists of the five spaces we need to insert in order to indent the lines Now we ll explain the percent symbol When you typed the command to execute macro X you typed MFX 13 lt cr gt The command executes the macro The number 13 in parentheses is called a parameter the MF command substitutes the parameter you specify in this case 13 for the percent symbol The result is that the iterative command set L l P gt is executed 13 times Why did we pick 13 Because there were only 13 lines ahead of the character pointer to be indented We could have specified exclamation point symbol to execute the iterative command set over and over until it reached the end of the file but we chose this method to show you the use of paramete
106. deo display an integral disk drive and a box with two microprocessors It is a useful tool for designing microcomputer software for the iAPX 86 88 processor family or for the 8080 8085 pro cessors You can choose the appropriate language PL M FORTRAN Pascal macro assembly language for each piece of software debug these pieces separately and link them in different ways for different applications The applications can then be run on this system or any other system that is based on the iAPX 86 88 or 8080 8085 families of processors Intel s iAPX microprocessor family provides an architecture best suited for modular software development using high level languages The intellec Series Ill Microcomputer Development System takes full advantage of this architecture to provide a more cost effective programming environment that guarantees a shorter development cycle To design a product that will contain a microprocessor you must coordinate two efforts the design of the hardware that surrounds the microprocessor and the design of the software that controls the microprocessor Hardware development involves planning the interaction of the microprocessor the associated memory and peripheral circuits and the specialized input output circuits and processors Software development involves programming the microprocessor with instructions that will eventually be stored in the product s memory These instructions must be designed to correctly perform the r
107. duced because they are used infrequently or they are easy to use These commands are adequately introduced in the nte lec Series Ill Microcomputer Development System Console Operating Instructions You should consult this manual anyway to be aware of details not mentioned in this tutorial 25 3 TEXT EDITING good workman is known by his tools proverb You use a text editing program to create any kind of document including a document that con sists of program instructions CREDIT is a text editor that takes advantage of the capabilities you have with CRT screens to e Display and scroll text on the screen e Rewrite text by typing new letters over old ones e Rearrange lines of text and insert new lines of text between old lines e Move to any position in the text file or to any point on the screen instantly e Correct typing mistakes easily as you type gt To simplify everyday text editing operations CREDIT also provides features that allow you to e Save both the newly edited version and the old unedited version of the same document e Find any string of characters and substitute another string of characters automatically e sections of a document to use in another document e Create macros to execute several commands at once or to repeat sets of commands command iteration CREDIT is useful for all documents for example we used CREDIT to write this book CREDIT is more often used to write the
108. e 3rd Ed Macmillan New York 1979 Weinberg Gerald M PL I Programming Primer McGraw Hill Inc New York 1966 Wirth Nicklaus Program Development by Stepwise Refinement Communications of the ACM Vol 14 No 4 April 1971 Wirth Nicklaus Systematic Programming An Introduction Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs NJ 1973 97 Within this index f or ff after a page number means and the following page or pages continuation character 23ff lt gt angle brackets in CREDIT 35ff gt angle prompt 23f lt gt See also RETURN key 10 35 asterisk in CREDIT command area 29f asterisk in pathname 19ff 1 CREDIT 30 See also prompt 10 13 23 P in CREDIT 35ff and comment symbols 42 comment symbols 64 percent symbols for parameters 25 2 in CREDIT 37 777 semicolon for comments 241 8080 8085 processor family 1 22 8085 execution environment Preface 22ff 25 8086 execution environment Preface 7f 16 221f 25 55 68 78f 8086 8087 8088 macro assembler 13ff 48 63 68ff 8086 8088 Utilities 13ff 8087 processor 78 8087 LIB Pascal 86 run time library 78 8087 software emulator 78 86 extension 16 22ff 25 55 79 8088 processor 61 87NULL LIB Pascal 86 run time library 771 A switch with FORMAT command 21 absolute modules 79
109. e COPY command can also be used to copy several files at once if you make use of wild card filenames You can specify a wild card filename with the DELETE RENAME COPY DIR HDCOPY and ATTRIB commands A wild card filename matches a group of filenames in order to perform the action on several files at once For example COPY TO 1 lt gt This command copies all of the files in directory 0 to directory F1 NOTE To perform this example you should insert a new disk into drive 1 and use the IDISK command described in the next section in more detail to prepare the new disk in drive 1 before copying all of the files in drive 0 to it The above example demonstrates use of the wild card filename The first asterisk will match any number of characters in the name and the second asterisk will match any three characters in the extension of the filename You can also specify some of the characters of a filename in a wild card filename For example if you wanted to copy all of the files that have as an extension you would use this COPY command COPY SRC TO 1 lt gt There are other wild card filenames that are described in detail in the nte lec Series lll Microcomputer Development System Console Operating Instructions There are several ways to copy entire disks The IDISK and FORMAT commands are used to prepare format disks for use in the Series system The IDI
110. e return key found on most typewriters OPERATING THE SERIES III DIR lt cr gt DIRECTORY OF 0 970003 06 NAME EXT BLKS LENGTH ATTR EXT BLKS LENGTH ATTR SYSTEM LIB 24 2849 WS FPAL LIB 74 9125 W PLM80 LIB 45 5615 1317 4004 BLOCKS USED When you execute the DIR command the system displays a list of filenames called a directory listing These filenames are the names of the files that are stored on the disk in drive 0 The DIR command displays the directory for the disk in drive 0 unless you specify another drive number with the command as explained in the next paragraph Disk drive 0 is usually the drive that holds the system disk the disk that contains the system files so by executing the DIR command by itself you get a directory listing of some of the files on the system disk in drive 0 not all because some files are invisible You can use the DIR command to display the directory listing for disks in other disk drives and for a hard disk subsystem by specifying the drive number with the DIR command For exam ple to see a directory listing for a disk in drive 1 insert the CREDIT ISIS II CRT Based Text Editor disk in drive 1 and type the following command DIR 1 lt gt DIRECTORY OF 1 970049 02 NAME BLKS LENGTH ATTR EXT BLKS LENGTH ATTR CREDIT 156 19470 CREDIT HLP 25 2985 W ADDS 3 171 W MICROB MAC 3 158 W VT52 3 163 W VT100 MAC 3 190 W 1510T MAC
111. e semicolons CYCLE IN AX 5 Read word from port 5 into reg AX INC AX Increment the contents of reg AX OUT 2 Mrite word from reg AX to port 2 JMP CYCLE Jump to beginning and repeat This program fragment is simpler to read because it uses symbolic names like CYCLE instead of binary and hexadecimal numbers The 8086 8087 8088 Assembly Language also provides sophisticated code and data structuring mechanisms usually found only in high level languages The assembler enforces some consistency in data types to prevent inadvertent errors yet it also allows some deliberate ways to override data types The 8086 8087 8088 Macro Assembler also processes macro definitions A macro is a short hand function name for a string of instructions First you define a macro using the Macro Pro cessing Language to be a sequence of assembly language instructions Once defined you can specify the macro name in an assembly language program and the macro assembler automatically replaces the macro name with the actual sequence of instructions from the definition Using this facility you can create many macros and use them in many programs There are many times when an assembly language version of a routine runs faster and takes up less space than a high level language version Intel s compilers can produce a listing of the assembly language instructions that are approximately the ones you would use to implement the compiled high level lang
112. e the cursor in screen mode so that it also moves the character pointer to the beginning of the blank line that follows the sentence While the system is operating Your cursor and the character pointer should now be at the beginning of this blank line as shown the underscore __ symbol Maintain the climate of a building using a system comprised oft heating and cooling methods t Startup the climate system t 1 While the system is operating do and repeat the following t Now type the HOME key to return to command mode You can only define macros while in command mode We will now define a macro called X that will make the improvement Here is our definition of X 5 10 lt 1 1 11111 gt lt gt this macro definition exactly as it is shown above the O symbol stands for space type five spaces and the lt gt stands for the RETURN key When CREDIT finishes digesting this definition it displays the asterisk again Now type the following command 13 cr You will see each line following the sentence While the system is operating being acted upon by macro X All of the lines following that sentence are now indented by five spaces as shown below Maintain the climate of a building using a system comprised oft heating and cooling methods t Startup the climate system t 1 While the system is operating do and repeat
113. e you specify When you DELETE a file you cannot retrieve it it s gone Use DELETE with caution OPERATING THE SERIES III To delete a file on a disk in a drive other than drive 1 simply use the appropriate pathname for the file For example suppose the file JUNK TXT existed on the disk in drive 1 You would use this command to delete it DELETE F1 JUNK TXT cr F1 JUNK TXT DELETED You can also delete many files at once As you will see in Chapter 3 CREDIT creates a backup file with extension for every file you edit At some point to utilize disk space you might want to delete all of your backup files at once For example to delete all of the backup files on the disk in drive 1 use the following command DELETE 1 lt gt The asterisk matches name and the extension matches only filenames with that extension This filename matching technique is shown more examples come COPYING FILES TO DISKS AND DEVICES The COPY command is useful for several operations e To make a copy of a file e To send a copy of a file to another hard or flexible disk e To send a copy ofa file to a device like a printer or a paper tape punch e Toreceive a file from a sending device like a paper tape reader e Tocopy all non system files from one disk to another The COPY command is similar to the RENAME command For example COPY F1 PROGT SRC TO F1 PROG1 BAK lt cr gt
114. eakpoint We can use the START label as a Starting location and specify line 8 as a breakpoint GO FROM 5 TILL 8 EXECUTED lt cr gt EMULATION BEGUN EMULATION TERMINATED 5 1 0781 0040 At this point we want to change the contents of the 8088 ports so that the THERMOSTATS SETTINGSFROMS PORTS procedure can pick them up PORT 200020 Hundred s digit of BCD thermostat setting lt cr gt PORT 1000 24 Tens and units of BCD setting lt cr gt GO FROM CS IP TILL SETTING WRITTEN lt cr gt EMULATION BEGUN EMULATION TERMINATED 5 1 0781 002 Note that a semicolon and comment is allowed on an ICE 88 command line We assigned 24H to port 1000 to obtain a 2 as the tens digit and a 4 as the units digit to represent a thermostat setting of 24 degrees Celsius Then we resumed emulation from the program counter PC until a value was obtained for the SETTING variable At this point we can check the contents of SETTING WORD SETTING lt cr gt WOR 0794 0024H 0018H 18 hexadecimal is 24 in decimal 94 DEBUGGING AND EXECUTING PROGRAMS Since SETTING is correct we can set the contents of the other two ports and continue emulation PORT 20020 High order 8 bits zero lt cr gt PORT 100 66 Low order equal 66H or 102 decimal lt cr gt GO FROM CS IP TILL 43 EXECUTED lt cr gt EMULATION BEGUN EMULATION TERMINATED CS IP 0781 003BH WORD TEMPERATURE lt cr gt WOR 0794 0026H 0014H
115. ed programs PASC86 86 the Pascal 86 compiler LINK86 86 the linker and binder and PROG1 86 the assembled linked and bound program If your Pascal 86 disk containing the compiler run time libraries and sample PROG1 SRC is in drive 1 and LINK86 86 is on the disk in drive 0 you can type this example exactly as presented The LINK86 86 command line shows use of the amp continua tion character that allows you to type commands over several lines without executing them The EXIT command turns off the 8086 execution mode and returns you to ISIS Il and the 8085 execution mode lt gt ISIS II RUN 8086 V1 0 gt 1 5 86 F1 PROG1 SRC lt cr gt This executes PASC86 86 to compile PROG1 SRC both of which are on the disk in drive 1 The 86 compiler displays some information 2 LINK86 F1 PROG1 0BJ F1 PB 6RNO LIB F1 PB RN1 LIB amp cr 5 2 F1 P86RN2 LIB F1 P86RN3 LIB F1 E8087 LIB amp cr gt gt F1 E8087 F1 LARGE LIB TO F1 PROG1 86 BIND lt cr gt This example shows use of the amp command line continuation character The entire command links the object program with the run time libraries and binds the linked module to form an executable program called PROG1 86 23 2 24 gt F1 PROG1 lt cr gt This command executes F1 PR0G1 86 Farenheit temperature 15 72 lt gt PROG1 86 is a temperature conversion program When it asks for more Input
116. em Programmer s Reference Manual and then link the appropriate system libraries to your PL M or assembly language modules as described in the APX 86 88 Family Utilities User s Guide For future Intel operating systems you only need to use a different set of system libraries Your basic program modules would remain unchanged The next chapter describes the linking and locating operations for our Pascal 86 modules PL M 86 COMPILER PLM2A TA 515 PL M 85 121 COMPILATION OF MOOULE PLMDATA MODULE PLACED IN COMPILER INVOKED PLM PLMDATA 00 INPUTS LMzX 25J 36 PLMEX SRC CIDE 7 THERMCSTATSSETTINGSFROMSPORTS Formal parameters HIGH and LOW receive port numbers as actual parameters Input ports HIGH and LOW Three Port HIGH 3 0 digits for the thermostat setting bits 3 0 hundred s digit Port LOW bits 774 ten s digit Port LOW b TEMP DATASFROMSPORTS Formal parameters HIGH and LOW Input port HIGH Input port LOW OUTPUTS THERMOSTATSSETTINGSFROMSPORTS TEMPSDATASFROMSPORTS its 3 0 unit s digit receive port numbers as actual parameters Binary ADC output of thermocouples high order 8 bits Binary output of thermocouple low order 8 bits Return WORD with setting in Celsius Return WORD with temperature in Celsius xf 2 1 THERMOSTATSSETTINGSFROMSPORTS STATEMENT 2 THERMOSTATSETTINGFROMPORTS PROC NEAR 0000 55 PUSH BP 0001 8BEC
117. epare drive 1 by typing the following command FORMAT F1 PROG86 HDK lt cr gt We chose PROG86 HDK for its name because we intend to use it for our iAPX 86 88 applica tion programs If you are a Pascal 86 user insert the Pascal 86 Compiler and Run Time Libraries disk into flexible disk drive 4 and copy all of the files to the hard disk drive 1 COPY F4 TO F1 lt cr gt Do the same operation with your PL M 86 flexible disk and any other disks you have for your Series lil system The hard disk platters have plenty of room for your own files Flexible Disk Users This section assumes that you have at least two double density flexible disk drives If you have single density drives you may run out of room if you try these examples Refer to instructions in the nte lec Series Microcomputer Development System Console Operating Instructions for information about flexible disks To bring up your system insert the ISIS II Operating System disk into drive 0 and push RESET button The 1515 11 message should appear followed by the dash prompt Insert a blank disk into drive 1 and type the following FORMAT command B FORMAT 1 5 5 S lt cr gt This command creates a new system disk and automatically copies from drive 0 all files that have the 5 attribute When this operation is finished you can test your new system disk by removing the 1515 1 Operating System disk from dr
118. equired tasks It is possible to carry out these development efforts independently the hardware develop ment separate from the software development In practice however it takes a long time to develop error free software on prototype hardware To achieve good system integration and to save time software debugging must usually begin long before prototype hardware is available to test the software The Intellec Series Ill with in circuit emulation ICE is a development solution because it pro vides support for parallel hardware and software development efforts Using the ICE 86 or ICE 88 emulator you can emulate parts of your prototype hardware in order to test your soft ware in a stable environment that resembles your final product The ICE 86 or ICE 88 emulator also allows you to substitute memory and other resources from the Series system for the memory and resources missing in your prototype hardware With the ICE 86 or ICE 88 emulator prototype hardware can be added to your product as you are designing it and soft ware and hardware testing can occur simultaneously thereby speeding up the entire develop ment process 1 The chart in figure 1 1 summarizes software development process starting with an idea fora final product Such a process always starts with an idea which you refine step by step until you define the actual product s environment hardware and logic To provide a tutorial on usin
119. erface specification shown in figure 4 4 should be typed into the file F1 INSPEC SRC If you cannot fit all of these files on the disk in drive 1 you should put all of them on another disk and use your own pathname Fn for the 5 files For our examples we assume that these files are on the disk in drive 1 along with the Pascal 86 compiler and run time libraries Figure 4 5 shows each module and the dummy procedures Since the interface specification is repeated in each module we use a shortcut when compiling the modules by putting the com mon interface specification in a seperate file F1 INSPEC SRC and we use the INCLUDE con trol inacontrol line as shown INCLUDEC F1 INSPEC SRC If you put INSPEC SRC on a disk in a drive other than drive 1 use your own pathname instead of F1 INSPEC SRC MODULE MainControl Interface specification common to all modules INCLUDEC F1 INSPEC SRC PROGRAM MainControl CINPUT OUTPUT end of interface specification PROCEDURE DetermineMethod VAR CurrentData SystemData BEGIN WITH CurrentData DO BEGIN IF InsideTemp lt ThermostatSetting THEN BEGIN IF CollectorWaterTemp gt MinimumForExchanger THEN ChosenMethod CollectorToExchanger ELSE IF CollectorWaterTemp gt MinimumForHeatPump THEN ChosenMethod CollectorToHeatPump ELSE IF TankWaterTemp gt MinimumForExchanger THEN ChosenMethod TankToExchanger ELSE IF TankWaterTemp gt MinimumForHeatPump THEN ChosenMeth
120. ffiliates and may be used only to identify Intel products BXP intel Megachassis CREDIT Intelevision Micromap i Intellec Multibus ICE iRMX Multimodule iCS iSBC PROMPT im iSBX Promware Insite Library Manager 80 Intel MCS System 2000 UPI uScope and the combination of ICE iCS iSBC iSBX MCS or RMX and a numerical suffix PREFACE This book is a welcome mat for the Intellec Series Microcomputer Development System It is also an introduction to the world of software development for micro applications We assume that you have some basic knowledge of microprocessors and their applications but few demands are made on that knowledge We do not assume that you have had exposure to any particular programming language This book can be useful to beginners and even sophisticated readers should find it rewarding to skim through This book is a tutorial for using the Series system especially the 8086 side of it the 8086 execution environment The 8085 side is similar to a Series system which is described in A Guide to Intellec Microcomputer Development Systems by Daniel McCracken We lead you through a typical software development process by providing an example of a micro application a climate control system for a building To keep the example easy to understand we only describe the software development effort assuming that the hardware for the climate system is being developed simultaneously I
121. file 55 85 programmable read only memory 2 8 programming the system 9 70 programs executing 22ff 25 PROGRM 86 test version of application 77f TOf 8211 90f PROM See programmable read only memory prompt dash 10 13 23 prototype hardware 7f 48f 61 92 PUBLIC definitions Pascal 86 49f RAM See random access memory random access memory 8 95 READLN procedure Pascal 86 61 761 read only memory ROM 8 81 95 real arithmetic 6 78 REAL data type Pascal 86 78 record Pascal 41 48 recursive See self reference reference pass data by 7 48f to address 48 75ff references external 75ff RENAME command 18ff renaming files 18ff RESERVE control LOC86 79 RESET key 9f 13f RETURN key 10 12ff 15 20f 28f 35 ROM See read only memory RPT Repeat key 29 RUBOUT key 29 RUN command 14 22ff 25 68 75ff 781 81 run time libraries 14f 23ff 61 70 75ff 78f 94f run time system See a so run time libraries 76ff S attribute 12 14f 18 21 S Substitute command CREDIT 34f screen mode CREDIT 32f scrolling text 32f SDK 86 8 95 SDK 88 8 95 SDK C86 Software and Cable Interface 8 95 segment base 83 self reference See recursive semicolon for comments 24f 94 separate compilations See a so modular programming 41 Series Il monitor 9f Series system Preface service routines operating system 70 78 95 shift operations PL M 86 64 68 SH
122. for heat determine whether the system can handle the request If not cause a panic Otherwise determine the heating method and operate the system with this method If there is no request for heat choose no method and operate the system with this method WITH CurrentData DO BEGIN IF InsideTemp lt ThermostatSetting THEN if request BEGIN IF CollectorWaterTemp MinimumForExchanger THEN BEGIN ChosenMethod CollectorToExchanger OperateSystem CurrentData END 0 ELSE IF CollectorWaterTemp MimimumForHeatPump THEN BEGIN ChosenMethod CollectorToHeatPump OperateSystem CurrentData END ELSE IF TankWaterTemp MinimumForExchanger THEN BEGIN ChosenMethod TankToExchanger OperateSystem CurrentData END ELSE IF TankWaterTemp MimimumForHeatPump THEN BEGIN ChosenMethod TankToHeatPump OperateSystem CurrentData END ELSE IF HeatedTankTemp gt MinimumForHeatPump THEN BEGIN ChosenMethod HeatedTankToHeatPump OperateSystem CurrentData END ELSE Panic TRUE Operating FALSE END if heating request ELSE no heating request BEGIN ChosenMethod NoMethod OperateSystem CurrentData END END End routine WITH CurrentData END While operating ShutDownSystem CurrentData panic or abnormal condition END Figure 4 2 First Try at Coding the Main Program 43 CHAPTER4 44 The following are only comments The following procedures will be coded in another module called the Operation
123. for the value of Operating in a command such as BOOLEAN BYTE MAINCONTROL OPERATING cr FALSE In DEBUG 86 you can execute our program and stop its execution anywhere You can then use the above command to find the boolean true or false value of without knowing where Operating is located In our program there is only one symbol named Operating If there were more than one we would specify the symbol by specifying both the module name and the symbol name e g MAINCONTROL OPERATING as we did in the above example We would have obtained the same result by specifying only You use two peribus as a prefix to module names ang one period as a prefix to symbol names To do symbolic debugging using the symbols in your program you must compile your program using the DEBUG compiler control see Chapter 4 for the Pascal 86 compiler and Chapter 5 for the PL M 86 compiler The DEBUG compiler control produces a symbol table for your pro gram which can be loaded by DEBUG 86 If you do not use the DEBUG compiler control while compiling you can still do debugging by defining all of your symbols from within DEBUG 86 To invoke DEBUG 86 use the following command RUN DEBUG lt cr gt DEBUG 8086 V1 0 DEBUG 86 is now in control as shown by the asterisk prompt You can now type DEBUG 86 commands load PROGRM 86 and its symbol table type the following command LOAD F1 PROGRM 86 lt cr gt Y
124. g the Intellec Series Ill system and to show how Intel s software development tools are used in a development situation we provide a simple software applica tion for the iAPX 88 microsystem at the heart of which is an 8088 microprocessor The applica tion is a climate control system for a building that uses a solar collector for heating and cool ing with backup methods of heating and cooling when the solar collector is not adequate All methods use water storage tanks and a water to air exchanger or heat pump USING INTEL S UNIVERSAL PROM PROGRAMMER TO PROGRAM PROMS n ASSEMBLE PROTOTYPE HARDWARE MODULES START WITH DESIGN IDEA HARDWARE MODULES INTEGRATE AND DEBUG DEFINE PRODUCT MANUFACTURE PRODUCT USING ISIS II OPERATING SYSTEM AND CREDIT EXIT EDITOR DESIGN SOFTWARE DO STEPWISE CHOOSE AT HIGHEST REFINEMENT OF f LANGUAGES LEVEL SOFTWARE DESIGN FOR MODULES el ed USING TOP DOWN DESIGN TECHNIQUES INTEL ANGUAGE MODUL ULES THAT CAN BE ASSEMBLED USING INTEL S PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES LINKING COMPILED CATING AND LIBRARY MANAGEMENT UTILITIES AND SEPARATELY DEBUGGING TOOLS INCLUDING ICE IN CIRCUIT EMULATORS LINK MODULES USE CREDIT LOCATE TO WRITE USE DEBUGGER AND ALGORITHMS AND MODULES RUN THE PROGRAM EMULATOR Figure 1 1 Developing Software on the Series 11
125. g the RUN command We do not have to supply the 86 extension since RUN already assumes that the file you specify has that extension The following example shows the RUN command line for compiling the module PLMDATA which is in source file called PLMDAT SRC PLMDAT SRC and the PL M 86 compiler are both in direc tory F1 RUN F1 PLM86 F1 PLMDAT SRC CODE LARGE lt cr gt This compiler invocation produces two output files F1 PLMDAT OBJ to hold the compiled object module and F1 PLMDAT LST to hold the listing The listing is shown in figure 5 3 in the next section Two compiler controls CODE and LARGE were also specified The CODE control tells the compiler to list the approximate assembly language instructions that would be necessary to implement the PL M 86 statements this is useful for many reasons some of which are described in the next section The LARGE control is needed here because Pascal 86 modules are compiled with a default size control that is equivalent to the PL M 86 LARGE model All modules of a program must conform to the same size control so our PL M 86 module must be compiled as a LARGE module to conform to the default size of Pascal 86 modules Other Languages You need to know more about the PL M 86 language and compiler than the brief introduction provided in this guide Intel provides a manual for the PL M 86 language and compiler PL M 86 User s Guide for 8086 Based Development Systems Intel also sup
126. h our main module MAIN OBJ which holds the MainControl module We link to it the test versions of the modules GetData found in DUMDAT OBJ and Operation found in DUMOP OBJ Finally we link in the modules we need from the run time system libraries P86RNO LIB P86RN1 LIB P86RN2 LIB P86RN3 LIB 87NULL LIB and LARGE LIB we explain these libraries after the example RUN LINK86 F1 MAIN 0BJ F1 DUMDAT 0BJ F1 DUMOP O0OBJ amp lt gt gt gt F1 P86RNO LIB F1 P86RN1 LIB F1 P86RN2 LIB amp lt gt gt gt 1 8 6 3 LIB FI 87NULL LIB FI LARGE LIB amp lt cr gt gt gt TO F1 PROGRM 86 BIND lt cr gt Let s explain this example We used the RUN command to run the LINK86 86 utility in the 8086 side of the Series Ill We specified the three object modules of our program and then we specified all of the run time libraries needed to run our program in the Series environment MAIN CONTROL GET DATA OPERATION RUN TIME SYSTEM MODULES Figure 6 2 Main Module with Subordinate Modules 121632 7 77 6 78 We directed the output to a file called PROGRM 86 Finally we specified the BIND control order to make PROGRM 86 an LTL load time locatable program The BIND control is the easiest way to make a program locatable in the Series environment more on BIND in the next section PROGRM 86 can now be loaded and executed via the RUN command in the Series Ill system The run
127. ications Library A GUIDE TO THE INTELLEC SERIES III The 8086 Family User s Manual 9800722 Microsystem Design Using iNT nt ECS i the iAPX 86 88 Family Microprocessors DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM PRODUCT OVERVIEW 121575 A GUIDE TO INTELLEC SERIES lil MICROCOMPUTER DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMS 121632 001 The 8086 Family User s Manual Numerics Supplement Using the 121586 intellec Series IIl System Hardware and Software Hardware Installation Systems Operation Programming for ICE In Circuit Emulation Programming for and Checkout and Systems Programming iAPX 86 88 Applications for iAPX 86 88 Applications MCS 80 85 Applications INTELLEC SERIES III INTELLEC SERIES III MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM INSTALLATION AND CHECKOUT CONSOLE OPERATING MANUAL INSTRUCTIONS 121612 121609 MCS 80 85 UTILITIES iAPX 86 88 FAMILY UTILITIES ICE 86 IN CIRCUIT EMULATOR USER S GUIDE USER S GUIDE OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS tor FOR 1515 1 USERS 9800714 for 8086 Based Development Systems 8080 8085 Based Development Systems 121616 121617 Ex cc 770770270771 INTELLEC SERIES MICROCOMPUTER DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM POCKET REFERENCE 121610 iAPX 86 88 FAMILY FLOATING POINT UTILITIES POCKET REFERENCE ICE 86 POCKET REFERENCE ARITHMETIC LIBRARY for 8086 Based Development Systems MODEL 556 RESIDENT PROCESSOR BOARD KIT INSTALLATION MANUAL
128. in Chapter 5 to see if it performs its port input and interpolations correctly We added statements shaded in figure 7 2 to the module that will execute the iib Figure 7 2 shows the listing of the compiled PLMDATA module PL M 86 COMPILER PLMOATA PAGE ISIS II 86 H121 COMPILATION JF MODULE PLMOATA OBJECT MOOULE PLACED IN 028 08 COMPILER INVOKED PLM86 PLMOE3 SRC DEBUG 1 PLMDATA 20 2 1 DECLARE START LABEL PUBLIC 3 1 DECLARE SETTING TEMPERATURE INPUTS nm THERMOSTAT SSETTING T ROM ORTS Formal parameters HIGH and LIW receive port numbers as actual parameters Input ports HIGH and LOW Three 8 9 digits for the thermostat setting Port HIGH bits 3 0 hundred s digit Port LOW bits 7 4 ten s digit Port LOW bits 3 0 unit s digit TEMP DATASFROMSPCRTS Formal parameters HIGH and LOW receive port numbers as actual parameters Input port HIGH Binary ADC output of thermocouples high order 8 bits Input port LIW Binary ADC output of thermocouple low order 8 bits OUTPUTS THERMOSTATSSETTINGS ROMSPORTS Return WORD with setting in Celsius TEMPSDATASFRIMSPORTS Return WORD with temperature in Celsius Figure 7 2 Listing of the Modified PLMDATA Module 92 1 DEBUGGING AND EXECUTING PROGRAMS A mdb o ad md b 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 28 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 3 35 36 37
129. ire SQ command in conjunction with the exclamation point cause the SQ command to be executed repeatedly until the command reaches the end of the text file Do not be confused by the angle brackets surrounding the cr that is the symbol depicting use of the RETURN key Angle brackets delimit the command to be executed iteratively and the exclamation point replaces a number that would specify the number of iterative executions This is explained in more detail in the next section The SQ command displays the line that contains the old text and then displays a question mark You must respond with a for yes for no and determine the type of demand t Y You do not have to type RETURN after typing the Y or because CREDIT is expecting such an answer The SQ command goes on to find more instances of If there is no demand choose no method as the method t Y If there is a demand for heat determine the heating method 27 If there is a demand for cold determine the cooling method t Y When the SQ command has found the end of the text file the condition for iterative execution is satisfied and the execution ends Type CNTL V followed by a CNTL P to see the previous page and the substitutions Maintain the climate of a building using a system comprised oft heating and cooling methods 1 Startup the climate 7 4 While the system is opera
130. ive 0 inserting your new system disk into drive 0 and pushing the RESET button to restart the system With your new system disk in drive 0 insert the CREDIT ISIS II CRT Based Text Editor disk into drive 1 and type the following command COPY FI CREDIT TO FO lt cr gt This command copies the program CREDIT to our system disk in drive 0 Remove the CREDIT disk from drive 1 and insert the Resident 8086 8087 8088 Macro Assembler disk into drive 1 Type the following command COPY F1 RUN TO FO lt cr gt F1 RUN COPIED TO F1 RUN OVO COPIED TO FO RUN OVO This command copied two files at once RUN and RUN OV0 from drive 1 into drive 0 You need both files i in order to use the special RUN command described later OPERATING THE SERIES 111 Remove the flexible disk from drive 1 and replace it with the Resident 8086 8088 Utilities and Linkage Libraries disk Now type the following commands COPY F1 LIB86 86 TO FO lt cr gt F1 LIB86 86 COPIED TO F0 LIB86 86 COPY F1 L0C86 86 TO 0 lt gt F1 L0OC86 86 COPIED TO F0 LOC86 86 COPY F1 LINK86 86 TO FO lt cr gt F1 LINK86 86 COPIED TO FO LINK86 86 You now have a system disk that is complete for the examples in this book You still need another disk for the Pascal 86 compiler if you have one to hold the compiler the run time libraries and your sample program used in examples in this book To prepare a blank disk to be a
131. l main module does not need one In Pascal 86 a PRIVATE heading is used in non main modules instead of a PROGRAM heading Several enumerated types are defined in our program AirTemperature and WaterTemperature are defined as types that can only have values in the ranges specified The variables Hour and Minute are also of enumerated types but since their ranges do not change their types are not defined separately By defining the temperature types separately we can easily change their ranges without affecting the data record By defining the data record as type SystemData we can easily change data fields in the record without changing the CurrentData declaration By defining and declaring types and variables in the interface specification we can maintain the interface specification separately and change definitions and declarations without affecting the procedures TEST VERSION OF THE CLIMATE CONTROL SYSTEM Since our hardware designs are not yet firm we should put together a test version of our system that does not interact with any prototype hardware This version should include dummy procedures for the procedures that would normally rely on 8088 ports and other hardware 49 CHAPTER 4 PUBLIC MainControl section of interface specification CONST declarations declared publicly in this module 35 degrees Celsius 13 MinimumForExchanger MinimumForHeat Pump TYPE xdefinitions publicly defined in this module
132. lied for PL M and assembly language programs this library or set of libraries also acts as an interface between your programs the Series operating system By supplying your own interface you can also use these programs on other systems The Series Ill system was designed in this modular fashion to provide operating system sup port without necessarily binding programs to that particular system It was designed to be used as part of your application as the operating environment but it was also designed to be useful for the development of applications that do not need full blown operating system sup port With several layers of interfacing between the system and your program you can choose exactly how much system you want in your final application and you can preserve your soft ware investment with an eye to the future 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 BIBLIOGRAPHY Brooks Frederick P The Mythical Man Month Essays on Software Engineering Addison Wesley Pub Co Phillipines 1975 Brown P J Programming and Documenting Software Projects Computing Surveys Dec 1974 pp 213 220 Dahl O J Dijkstra E W and Hoare C A R Structured Programming Academic Press New York 1972 Dijkstra E W Humble Programmer 1972 Turing Award Lecture Communications of the ACM Vol 15 No 10 Oct 1972 Floyd Robert W Paradigms of Programming 1
133. m CurrentData 54 48 9 2 END Cewhile operating 56 49 0 1 Shut2ounSystem CurrentData 2 57 50 3 1 xMain Control Algorithm Figure 7 1 Climate Control Program Listing and Sample Run Cont d 86 DEBUGGING AND EXECUTING PROGRAMS Summary Information PROCEOURE JFFSET CODE 5175 DATA 5125 STACK SIZE DETERMINEMETHOO 39114 993 1830 0006H 60 Total 01474 3272 0016 229 004CH 760 96 Lines Read J Errors Detected 33 Utilization of Memory SERIES III Pascal 86 X031 Source Files F1 0UMDAT SRC Object File F1 0UMDAT 08J Controls Specified DEBUG 09 01 80 STMT LINE NESTING SOURCE TEXT 71 0UMDAT SRC 1 1 0 0 This is a dummy GetData modules with dummy GetData and StoreData procedures for use with MainControl module in testing phases It only performs console input to get Celsius temperatures the time of day and the amount of sunlight insolation for the solar collector Use PLM86 DATA module for real application MODULE GetData 2 10 0 0 x Interface specification common to all modules SINCLUDECSFISINSPEC SRC 1 PUBLIC MainControl section of interface specification 3 2 0 0 1 21 CONST declarations declared publicly this moduler 1 MinimumForExchanger 35 degrees Celsius 4 6 0 0 41 MinimumForHeatPump 13 5 7 0 0 1 1 definitions publicly defined in this modula z1 21 AirTemperature 2220 120 degrees Celsius 6 11 0 0 1 WaterTemperature z0
134. mperature of the heated tank water Celsius 0 lt cr gt Type the hour of day as in 04 or 24 13 cr Type the minute of the hour as in 01 or 59 25 lt cr gt Type the amount of sunlight any integer will do for now 1 lt cr gt dms hib eme cb aib Gum ams Ufo Gib he dh du que cum Gub che ae e dum e da dus enm cub c ai cub m ds m Thermostat Setting is 24C Inside temperature is 21C Temperature of collector water is 60C Temperature tank water is 60C Temperature of the heated tank water is 70C Time of day is 13 25 Amount of sunlight is 1 A um am aub dus que Gu am deb me am am ib dam Gus me ee cime hh um de de dup me GOD TUO ane Gub due cm Climate System is now operating The time is 13 25 The inside temperature is 21 The thermostat setting is 24C Method chosen to heat the building Solar Collector to Exchanger wa am
135. n Operation Module containing OperateSystem StartUpSystem and ShutDounSystem PROCEDURE StartJUpSystem PROCEDURE OperateSystem VAR Current Oata SystemData PROCEDURE Shut2ounSystem VAR CurrentDeata SystemData PROGRAM MainContrpiCINPUTsOUTPUT end of interface specification PROCEDURE DetermineMethod VAR Current2ata SystemData WITH Current2ata 02 3EGIN TF InsideTemp ThermostatSetting THEN BEGIN IF CollectorWaterTemp MinimumForExchanger THEN ChosenMethod zCollectorToExchanger ELSE IF CollectorWaterTemp MinimumForHeatPump THEN ChosenMethod zCollectorToHeatPump ELSE IF TankWaterTemp gt MinimumFortxchanger THEN ChosenMethod zTankToExchanger ELSE IF TankWaterTemp MinimumForHeatPump THEN ChosenMethod zTankToHeatPump ELSE IF HeatedTankTemp MinimumForHeatPump THEN ChosenMethod HeatedTankToHeatPump ELSE Panic zTRUE perating FALSE END ELSE no heating request ChosenMethod NoMethod xWith CurrentData END DetermineMethocd Figure 4 6 Listings of Our Test Modules PAGE 1 MAINCONTROL 57 4 Summary Information PROCEDURE DETERMINEMETHOD Total 94 Lines Read 0 Errors Detected 33 SERIES III Pascal 86 45 46 47 48 49 49 50 51 52 53 56 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Source File Qbject File Controls Specified 2A FJ 9 2 STMT
136. n 86 12A board by first using the OH86 utility described in the APX 86 88 Family Utilities User s Guide for 8086 Based Development Systems to convert the program to hexadecimal object format You would then use an appropriate tool to load the software into your execution board the ICE 86 In Circuit Emulator the SDK C86 Software and Cable Interface or the iSBC 957 Interface and Execution Package You can also use your Series lll development system as the environment for your final soft ware product The Series system has 8086 processor the 8086 or 8086 execution environment to run iAPX 86 88 applications software As soon as you have debugged your software it is ready to be used in any Series lll system Chapter 6 describes the run time libraries you use to run your Pascal 86 programs in the Series Ill environment you can also supply your own versions of these libraries to run these programs in another execution environment Chapter 6 also shows how you can link modules and locate them in Series Ill memory in one easy step to prepare them for execution in the Series Ill system Whatever environment you choose for your final product Intel provides the appropriate hard ware and software tools to develop debug and produce your final product The Intel environments that are suitable for final software products are excellent investments which can be upgraded for the software of the future CHAPTER 2 OPERATING TH
137. n fact we illustrate some typical prob lems in software development that occur as a result of changing hardware designs Chapter 1 gives an overall view of the Series Ill system and the application example It also describes top down design stepwise refinement modular programming design considera tions and how to choose the proper software language for each module Chapter 2 is a step by step tutorial on the Series 11 operating system showing typical operations Chapter 3 is a step by step tutorial on CREDIT and it incidently shows the process of stepwise refinement of the application s main control algorithm Chapter 4 describes Pascal 86 programming structured and modular design parameter pass ing data typing and the Pascal 86 compiler Chapter 5 describes PL M 86 programming and it shows a sample PL M 86 routine used in the application It also briefly describes the PL M 86 compiler and the 8086 8087 8088 Macro Assembler Chapter 7 describes program debugging with DEBUG 86 and hardware emulation with the ICE 88 emulator There is also a bibliography of related material and a list of Intel manuals supplied with the Intellec Series Ill Microcomputer Development System CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 THE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 1 Defining the Product s Software 3 Choosing the Software Development
138. n heater operation Figure 1 3 Nassi Schneiderman Chart for Our Climate Control Software 121632 3 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS CHOOSING THE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TOOLS It is unfortunate but common in this industry to find software development systems sorely lacking in the tools of the trade There are some systems that force you to put together a whole program in the limited space they allow and they don t provide the facility to create a library of canned routines that you could use with many different programs The Intellec Series Ill system provides both the ability to put together partial programs and the facilities to build libraries of routines that you can link to different programs The concept of module is inherent in this system Whenever you build a partial program it is a module and the module can refer to procedures functions and variables in other modules found in libraries For our application we do not have to decide on one programming language the Intellec Series Ill system supports several including the high level languages PL M 86 Pascal 86 and FORTRAN 86 We can however decide whether or not to use modules that already exist and design our application with that decision or change the decision later and create another module to replace it For example we already have a module written in PL M 86 that performs a routine to convert thermocouple voltage into degrees Celsius We can decide now to tentatively
139. ng ICE 88 you can begin testing your software before any prototype hardware exists As portions of your prototype become available you can use them and still borrow resources like memory from your Series Ill system With in circuit emulation you control interrogate revise and completely debug your product in its own environment or in a stable environment that emulates the final product s environ ment Symbolic debugging is one of the key features of Intellec microcomputer development systems and in circuit emulators Symbolic debugging allows you to debug your program using its own symbols and line numbers you do not have to convert your symbols to physical memory addresses CHAPTER 1 USING YOUR FINAL PRODUCT Intel supplies other tools to help you put together your final product If you designed your product to have its software in ROM read only memory you can use Intel s Universal PROM Programmer UPP with its Universal PROM Mapper UPM software to create the PROM programmable read only memory device to hold the software You can then install your device in an SDK 86 or SDK 88 System Design Kit with an 8086 or 8088 processor or in an iSBC Single Board Computer system You can also run your software in other systems or in dedicated application environments For example you could transfer your software to RAM random access memory on an SDK 86 or SDK 88 or to RAM on an iSBC 86 12A Single Board Computer system with a
140. ngMethods In order to assign a value to ChosenMethod the program must assign one of the methods in the set of type HeatingMethods Any other assignment would cause a compiler error message to occur By enforcing this data typing mechanism the Pascal 86 compiler reduces the number of run time errors by flagging the data type errors early in the game There are several standard Pascal data types that are useful For example you can define a variable to be of type BOOLEAN which means that the only values that can be assigned to the variable are the values TRUE and FALSE The variables Operating and Panic are of type BOOLEAN they are either TRUE or FALSE Note that ChosenMethod and CHOSENMETHOD would refer to the same variable since lower case characters are treated as upper case This feature allows you to create long identifying names with combinations of upper and lower case characters that are easy to read and understand ANOTHER LOOK AT MODULARIZING AND HIDING INFORMATION The programming technique called information hiding is not an excuse for designers to withhold information from their documentors it is more akin to a technique we use to hold a lot of information in our minds When we have to interface with several different organizations within a company in order to get a job done we don t pay attention to the inner workings of an organization we simply assume that the organization will do its job and we define our inter face wi
141. nker must be able to find the external procedures LINK86 remembers the references to external procedures in the first module and looks in the subsequent modules for those external procedures If it cannot find the external procedures in subsequent modules maybe because you erroneously specified the library before specifying the program modules in the LINK86 command line LINK86 will generate an error message The built in procedures supplied with Pascal 86 READLN WRITELN etc are external pro cedures contained in the modules included with the run time support libraries LINK86 will first see the reference to these procedures in your program modules and then it will look in the libraries for the modules that will satisfy those references LINK86 will only link in those modules that are needed to satisfy external references it will not link in the entire library of modules unless your program modules refer to all of the library modules Since you do not need to use LIB86 to handle run time libraries supplied with Pascal 86 you only need LIB86 to handle your own libraries Why would you set up your own libraries To manage sets of repetitive modules In many software development labs modules useful to many different programs would either be lost or repeated Libraries are sets of modules that are easily maintained through use of the LIB86 librarian The LINK86 utility is capable of searching such a library and only checking out the modules needed
142. nless you ve read its description in the ntellec Series Microcomputer Development System Console Operating Instructions For example to turn on the write protected attribute for file CREDIT type the following command ATTRIB CREDIT 1 lt gt FILE CURRENT ATTRIBUTES FO CREDIT W To turn off the W attribute specify a 0 instead of a 1 ATTRIB CREDIT WO lt cr gt FILE CURRENT ATTRIBUTES FO CREDIT RENAMING AND DELETING FILES Occasionally you will have a file with a name that needs to be changed for some reason For example you could rename LIB86 86 to LIBRY 86 by using the RENAME command LIB86 86 TO LIBRY 86 lt cr gt The RENAME command always expects to see the original name first followed by a space then the keyword TO followed by another space and finally the new name Both names must be legal Series Ill filenames or pathnames You cannot RENAME a file in one directory to a name with a different directory specifier the new name must have the same directory specifier If you actually renamed LIB86 86 to LIBRY 86 you should rename it back to LIB86 86 the name used for itin future examples The DELETE command is very simple Since there are no files in your system disk that you can delete we ll use in this example a file that doesn t actually exist on your disk DELETE SAMPLE TXT lt cr gt SAMPLE TXT DELETED The DELETE command will irrevocably delete the fil
143. o use the word FOR in the DIR command when you are trying to get the directory information for one file For example you might type this command DIR 061 5 lt gt and get this error message F1 PROGT SRC UNRECOGNIZED SWITCH Since you forgot the word FOR ISIS II thinks you are trying to specify a switch to the DIR com mand and it doesn t recognize F1 PROG1 SRC asa switch Switches are usually only letter or number Valid switches are described with the DIR command in the Series lll Microcomputer Development System Console Operating Instructions 17 CHAPTER 2 18 ATTRIB command assigns attributes to files You use file attributes to protect your files from accidental deletions or modifications You use the ATTRIB command to turn on or off the file attributes that are described below W for write protected The file cannot be written to modified renamed or deleted unless this attribute is turned off e for invisible The file s name and information is only displayed when you execute the DIR command with the 4 switch e S for system files System files on a source disk are automatically copied to the output disk in a FORMAT operation with the 5 switch e for format files Format files are automatically copied by the FORMAT and IDISK commands to format disks Do not turn off this attribute nor use it with your own files u
144. od TankToHeat Pump ELSE IF HeatedTankTemp gt MinimumForHeatPump THEN ChosenMethod HeatedTankToHeat Pump ELSE Panic TRUE Operating FALSE END ELSE no heating request ChosenMethod NoMethod END With CurrentData END DetermineMethod Figure 4 5 Test Version of Our Climate Control System 51 CHAPTER 4 52 ce e e e x ex PROGRAM BEGIN StartUpSystem Operating TRUE Panic FALSE WHILE Operating DO while system is operating do BEGIN GetData CurrentData Get the temps time etc StoreData CurrentData Store this data as DetermineMethod CurrentData this detects panic OperateSystem CurrentData END while operating ShutDownSystem CurrentData END Main Control Algorithm This is a dummy GetData module with dummy GetData and StoreData procedures for use with MainControl module in testing phases It only performs console input to get Celsius temperatures the time of day and the amount of sunlight insolation for the solar collector Use PLMDATA module for real application MODULE GetData Interface specification common to all modules INCLUDEC F1 INSPEC SRC PRIVATE GetData end of interface specification PROCEDURE GetData VAR CurrentData SystemData BEGIN WITH CurrentData DO BEGIN WRITE Type the thermostat setting in degrees Celsi
145. on the disk in drive 1 We would type the following COPY com mand COPY PROG1 SRC TO 1 lt gt F1 PROG1 SRC FILE ALREADY EXISTS DELETE The COPY command found F1 PROG1 SRC and now it is asking us if we want to delete it in order to replace it with the newly modified F0 PROG1 SRC We type a or to delete the old one and replace it with the new one or type or or any other letter to keep the old one and abort the copy operation In this case we want to replace the old F1 PROGA1 SRC with the newly modified FO PROG1 SRC so we type a followed by the RETURN key DELETE Y lt cr gt F0 PROGT SRC COPIED TO F1 PROG1 SRC By using this feature of the COPY command you can selectively update existing files by typing Y or for the ones you want to update or n for the ones you don t want to update To send a file to a device like a line printer or a paper tape punch specify the device name as the destination device COPY PROG1 SRC TO LP lt cr gt FO PROGT SRC COPIED TO LP COPY PROG1 SRC TO HP lt cr gt 0 061 5 COPIED TO The device name LP is the name of the line printer The second example sends the file to the high speed paper tape punch whose device name is HP For other device names see the Intellec Series Ill Microcomputer Development System Console Operating Instructions OPERATING THE SERIES III Th
146. ou can check the symbol table by typing the SYMBOLS command SYMBOLS lt cr gt DEBUGGING AND EXECUTING PROGRAMS The symbol table contains each module name and symbol name with their addresses You can find the address of a single symbol by typing the name of the symbol For example we want to know the address of the call in module MainControl to the procedure OperateSystem which is in the module Operation MAINCONTROL OPERATESYSTEM cr MAINCONTROL OPERATESYSTEM 0481 06CCH DEBUG 86 knows where to start executing the program by looking at the contents of the CS and IP CS IP registers The CS register holds the starting address of the program s code seg ment and the IP register holds the address within the code segment where the program should start execution CS and IP change as the program executes therefore to preserve the starting location of the program we create a new symbol called START to hold the starting address DEFINE START CS IP lt cr gt We could also check the contents of CS IP CS lt cr gt CS 0481H lt gt 0 6 You should familiarize yourself with addresses 8086 and 8088 processors use 20 bit physical addresses separated into two words the segment base address and the offset value The CS register holds the code segment base address and the IP register holds the offset value All addresses are in hexadecimal notation the stands for hexadecimal All addres
147. pewriter CREDIT displays the carriage return operation as an uparrow t The carriage return operation is actually performed by two ASCII codes one for the carriage return character and one for the line feed character CREDIT uses one symbol the uparrow 1 for both characters This symbol is called the ine terminator There are several keys used often in editing The RPT Repeat repeats whatever key you hold down For example hold down both the key and a cursor movement key and the cursor will move faster Use the key with RUBOUT to erase a line e TPWR Typewriter key when in the down position displays every character in lower case like a typewriter When in the up position all characters are in upper case The ESC Escape key will cause a break an executing command If your keyboard seems to freeze and does not display characters you probably moved the cursor past the vertical line You cannot type any characters after the vertical line since the vertical line marks the end of the text You can move the cursor to the vertical line and type thereby moving the vertical line or you can move the cursor to any position before the vertical line and type over the previously typed characters The S S CREDIT CRT Based Text Editor User s Guide contains an interesting tutorial ses sion Before you learn how to use some of CREDIT s powerful editing commands you should learn how to end a CREDIT ses
148. plies two manuals for PL M 80 program development PL M 80 Programming Manual and 1515 PL M 80 Compiler Operator s Manual in the 8085 execution environment of the Series Ill For tutorial information on the PL M language see A Guide to PL M Programming For Microcomputer Applications by Daniel McCracken listed in the Bibliography PROGRAMMING IN 8086 8087 8088 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE far we have described high level languages that are translated by compilers into machine code namely Pascal 86 and PL M 86 Another high level language not described in this book is FORTRAN which is also translated by a compiler into machine code Other high level languages like BASIC 80 are translated by interpreters into machine code An assembly language program is translated into machine code by an assembler Intel pro vides the 8086 8087 8088 Macro Assembler which is described in this section to translate 8086 8087 8088 Assembly Language programs It is called a macro assembler because it will also translate macro definitions written in the Macro Processor Language which is described with the 8086 8087 8088 Assembly Language The common denominator of all these languages is the machine code which is the binary language of ones and zeros that only the processor can speak well The following is example of machine code with comments to explain what action each code performs Memory Address Memory Contents Comments Hexadecimal Bin
149. pose your own naming conventions Here are the extensions that mean something to Intel supplied programs e The extension denotes a backup of a text file created by CREDIT the text editor described in Chapter 3 For example LETTER BAK is the backup file for the text file LETTER TXT a text file does not need a particular extension but helps identify it e The extension denotes a file used with certain programs like CREDIT The files supplied with CREDIT enable you to use CREDIT on other non Intel con soles connected to Intel microcomputers e The 0 extension denotes an file used with certain programs e extension denotes an object module which is created by a compiler or assembler as described in Chapters 4 and 5 Compilers and assemblers also create files with the LST extension to denote program listings also described in Chapters 4 5 Examples are PROG1 OBJ and PROG1 LST e extension denotes a collection of object modules that were linked together by the linker utility program described in Chapter 6 When you run the locater utility pro gram on a file with the LNK extension the locater strips the LNK extension away leaving only the file s name without an extension e LIB extension denotes a library module that is maintained by the library utility
150. pplications In the previous chapter we used Pascal 86 for our main control algorithm but a modular strategy might take advantage of other languages for other modules ANOTHER LOOK AT CHOOSING LANGUAGES FOR MODULES In the best of all possible worlds would we all speak the same language Tower of Babel enthusiasts would have us coding our entire program in one language but which We do not want to return to the stone age and lose cultural variety and language diversity There are expressions that can only be expressed in Chinese characters and there are problem solving statements that are better expressed in PL M than in FORTRAN A good carpenter should have more tools than nails and a hammer a good programmer should be fluent in several pro gramming languages When you design an algorithm design it using a comfortable language You will find the algorithm easier to debug and you will notice the paradigm inherent in your design When you are ready to translate your algorithm into code for a computer use the language best suited for the paradigm If you have many algorithms that must work together you should keep the communication among them simple With simple interfaces you can code each algorithm in the language best suited for the algorithm In some cases you can use an algorithm that has already been developed for use in another application another reason for keeping your algorithms and interfaces simple With the Intellec Series
151. programming 6ff 41f 46f 49 63 76f modular structure See also modular programming 77 module absolute 79 concept of 5FF 41 46f 49 heading Pascal 86 45 49f LTL load time locatable 78f names 82f object See object module subordinate 41 77 modules binding 75ff 78f program 2ff 6ff 16 411 441 46f 491 63 76ff 85ff 921 monitor 9f moving around in text file 32ff naming conventions for files 15f Nassi Schneiderman chart 4 NDP 8087 78 NOEXTENSIONS control Pascal 86 55 non interactive execution mode 24f NOPRINT control Pascal 86 55 numeric data processor 8087 78 object format hexadecimal 8 95 object module also called object file 16 55f 68 75f OBJ extension 16 55 octal 83f offset value base address 83 86 utility 8 95 Operate System procedure 44 46ff 50 52ff 83f 89 operating environment Series Ill 77ff operating system procedures 25 78 95 Series IIl See also operating the Series Ill System 79 95 summary of 25 operating the Series system 9ff 12ff 15ff 18ff 21ff 241 78 OPERATION module 4ff 7 44 50 Soff 5811 77 82f 88ff operation of climate system 3ff 44 46f OR operation PL M 86 64 68 output disk or device 19ff overlay file 16 extension 16 P switch used with COPY 15 P86RNx LIB Pascal 86 run time libraries 771 panic condition in climate system 42 44 paper tape punch device 20 p
152. r people who need to know how to use the system This information is important to anyone using or programming the system but itis not burdened with details that a first time user does not need As we describe system commands and utility programs keep in mind that we swept the more complicated details under the rug to keep the chapter easy to read For more details on all of the system commands see the ntellec Series lll Micro computer Development System Console Operating Instructions TURNING ON YOUR SYSTEM Every microcomputer has something called an operating system which is sometimes called a supervisor or monitor It is usually the first piece of software you use the software that is con trolling your computer when you first turn it on and the software that responds to your first typed command Typically you type a command to ask the computer for a list of the files you have on disk or to execute a particular program When you turn on the Intellec Series Ill Microcomputer Development System the following message appears on your screen SERIES II MONITOR Vx y 2 10 This message tells you that the monitor is up and running the x represent version numbers The monitor is a piece of software that gives you direct control of the Series Ill hard ware Although you can use the monitor for debugging and other operations for your pur poses the monitor performs one quick activity it loads the operating s
153. r will do for now 1 lt cr gt un m am Thermostat Setting is 24 Inside temperature is 21C Temperature of collector water is 60C Temperature of tank water is 60C Temperature of the heated tank water is 70 Time of day is 15 25 Amount of sunlight is 1 Figure 7 1 Climate Control Program Listing and Sample Run Cont d DEBUGGING AND EXECUTING PROGRAMS The Climate System is now operating The time is 13 25 The inside temperature is 21C The thermostat setting is 24C Method chosen to heat the building Solar Collector to Exchanger Type the thermostat setting in degrees Celsius 24 lt cr gt Type the inside temperature reading in Celsius 22 lt cr gt Type the temperature of the collector water in Celsius 10 lt cr gt Type the temperature of the tank water in Celsius 10 lt cr gt Type the temperature of the heated tank water in Celsius 10 lt cr gt Type the hour of day as in 04 or 24 13 lt cr gt Type the minute of the hour as in 01 or 59 30 lt cr gt Type the amount of sunlight any integer will do for now 0 lt cr gt Thermostat Setting is 24C Inside temperature is 22C Temperature of collector water is 10C Temperature of tank water is 10 Temperature of the heated tank water is 10C Time of day is 13 30 Amount of sunlight is 0 ee we ED www ew ws ww waa
154. re data Data other than temperature data will come from ports via port input output procedures in this Pascal 86 module NOTE for our testing purposes a dummy GetData procedure will obtain all from the console Figure 4 2 First Try at Coding the Main Program Cont d PROGRAMING IN PASCAL 86 PROCEDURE StoreData CurrentData This procedure will store the data record CurrentData in a file the file would probably reside in non volatile bubble memory NOTE for our testing purposes a dummy StoreData procedure will simply output the data to the console This is the last Line of comments Figure 4 2 First Try at Coding the Main Program Cont d This guide cannot possibly explain Pascal syntax there are several books mentioned in the Bibliography that can give you the background you need and the Pascal 86 User s Guide pro vides all the information you need to use Intel s extensions to standard Pascal PASCAL 86 DATATYPES A major advantage that Pascal has over other high level languages is its strong type checking mechanisms that enforce data typing By using Pascal s data types you avoid some of the classic causes of errors in programs the ambiguities involved with using simple X and Y variables to hold truly non numeric data the mistakes that occur when you attach arbitrary meanings to numeric data and the complexities that are magnified by ambiguous variable names An example is worth a thousand explan
155. rentData SystemData PROCEDURE ShutDounSystem VAR CurrentData SystemData 2 PRIVATE SetData 25 16 0 0 end of interface specification PROCEDURE GetData VAR CurrentDatas SystemData 26 21 1 0 BEGIN 26 22 1 1 WITH CurrentData DO 27 23 1 2 WRITE Type the thermostat setting in degrees Celsius 28 24 1 2 REAOLN ThermostatSetting s WRITELN 30 25 1 2 the inside temperature reading in Celsius 31 26 1 2 READLNCInsideTemp s WRITELN 33 27 1 2 WRITEC Type the temperature of the collector water Celsius 34 28 1 2 READLN ColiectorWaterTemp WRITELN 36 29 1 2 WRITE Type the temperature of the tank water Celsius 37 30 1 2 READLN TankWaterTemp WRITELN 39 31 1 2 WRITE Type the temperature of the heated tank water in Celsius 40 32 1 2 REAO0LN HeatedTankTemp2 WRITELN 42 33 1 2 the hour of days as 04 or 24 43 34 1 2 WRITELN 45 35 1 2 WRITEC Type the minute of the hour as 01 or 59 7 46 36 1 2 READLN Minute2 MRITELN 48 37 1 2 the amount of sunlight any integer will do for now 49 38 1 2 READLN AmountOfSunlight WRITELN 51 39 1 2 uith CurrentDatax 53 40 1 1 END 54 41 0 0 PROCEDURE StoreData VAR CurrentData SystemData 55 43 0 55 44 1 Dummy procedures eventually will store CurrentData in a file WITH CurrentOata DO BEGIN 56 46 1 2
156. ribed in several Intel documents McCracken s Guide to Intellec Microcomputer Development Systems and the ntellec Series Ill Microcomputer Development System Console Operating Instructions we will devote this chapter to describing DEBUG 86 and the ICE 88 emulator a version of the ICE 86 emulator for debugging programs in the 8086 execution mode for iAPX 86 88 applications 281 CHAPTER 7 82 USING DEBUG 86 FOR SYMBOLIC DEBUGGING Debuggers are useful because they load and execute a program for you and they allow you to stop execution at any point you specify If you are an assembly language programmer your program directly uses registers and memory locations you would want to check the contents of these registers and memory locations If you are a high level language programmer PL M Pascal FORTRAN etc you do not directly refer to registers and memory locations you would rather check the values of your variables or symbols For example we know we have a problem with our program the variable Operating should always have the boolean value of TRUE as long as Panic is FALSE If Panic is set to TRUE Operating should then become FALSE however Operating is somehow set to FALSE while Panic remains FALSE During the execution of our program we should be able to stop execu tion and check the value of Operating One way to do this is to find the address of Operating and check its contents A better way Would be to simply ask
157. rs in macros and to make sure that the last two lines would not be indented We also chose to use the symbol to delimit the entire macro but you can use any symbol that is not used within the macro Obviously there are more details you should learn before using macros and other advanced editing features However you do not need these features to perform simple editing opera tions They exist only to make your text editing sessions easier if you first learn how to use them 37 Chapter 3 38 ENDING A TEXT EDITING SESSION AND MANAGING BACKUP FILES When you are editing text the edited text is in the computer s memory but it is not yet on disk To update the text file with the edited text you have to end your text editing session properly The EX command properly replaces the old text in the file with the newly edited text and it also saves the old version of the file in another file called a backup file When the edit session ends control of the system returns to the operating system ISIS II If you have been following the examples this chapter you are now in CREDIT with your edited text and you are ready to end your edit session If you are not in command mode with the asterisk prompt use the HOME key to get into command mode When you are in com mand mode type the following command EX lt cr gt The text on the screen should disappear and another message should appear EDITED TO FO PIDGIN TXT
158. rue or to DO UNTIL something is done IF something is true or false THEN do one thing ELSE do another thing In the CASE of several different problems solve each one accordingly Occasionally we might need a disaster bail out GO TO a panic routine but we should be planning our algorithm to take care of disasters elegantly The point is we should think about control structures of a system as structures not as individual branch statements Pascal is one language that was designed to express control structures PL M is another and some new versions of FORTRAN can be structured accordingly Another point should now be obvious you should choose the language best suited for the algorithm For example our module that operates the climate system has to manipulate pumps and valves to implement a chosen heating or cooling method This operation module receives the data from the decision making main module written in Pascal The operation module might use bits in a word as control signals to send to the procedure that actually interfaces to the hardware of the climate system We can code this operation module in assembly language or PL M since both languages can easily manipulate bits in a byte or word and respond with appropriate actions based on the pattern of bits Our final decision will be made later in the meantime we will use a test version of the operation module until prototype hardware for the climate system is ready Our test ver sion
159. s FOR ISIS H USERS 121662 9800642 L 4 8089 MACRO ASSEMBLER USER S GUIDE 9800938 b od LEGEND WITH SERIES III 8089 MACRO ASSEMBLER POCKET REFERENCE MANUAL SUPPLIED WITH 9800936 OPTIONAL PACKAGE L _ 121632 _ ee 1 9 The Intellec Series III Publications Library
160. s happened the hidden glitch struck We now have to debug our program find all of the hidden glitches and fix them Debugging is so essential to programming that in most software efforts more time is alotted to than to any other activity _ Debuggers are programs that monitor a program s execution and allow you to stop execution and check details Usually a debugger is part of an execution vehicle a piece of hardware your program executes on or a piece of software your program executes in The debugger monitors the activity in the execution environment For example the Series Ill provides two execution environments or execution vehicles the 8085 execution mode and the 8086 execution mode To debug programs that run in the 8085 execution mode you type the DEBUG command on the 8085 side 8085 execution mode to start the Monitor To debug programs that run in the 8086 execution mode you RUN the DEBUG command the 8086 side 8086 execution mode to start the DEBUG 86 debugger Both debuggers reside in ROM With a debugger you can load and execute a program rather than using RUN and stop the execution to check the values of variables the contents of registers and other details You can also change such values and perform other activities that monitor a program s execution You can even execute your program one step ata time Since the Monitor for 8085 execution mode is desc
161. s problem therefore you must define the entire purpose of the software with an eye to the future of your product Keep it modular so that you can replace modules easily without rewriting modules that already work For our climate control system we defined the software to be a set of modules that receive and store data decide heating or cooling methods based on that data and decide how to operate the hardware associated with the climate system At this time we do not need a more detailed definition in fact more detail would hinder our process of step by step refinement It is important to realize the order for these actions first the software has to start up the climate system Once started the software has to do several things over and over unless the system shuts down 1 read the various temperatures 2 store the data for future reference 3 decide on a heating or cooling method to use and 4 operate the climate system to provide heating or cooling to maintain the system 0 maintain heat gain DATA CONTROLLING SOFTWARE CLIMATE SYSTEM THERMOSTAT SOLAR COLLECTOR WATER TANKS AIR TEMPERATURE gt MINIMUM SETTINGS TEMPERATURE COMPARISONS TO DETERMINE METHODS OF HEATING AND COOLING INTERACTIVE CONSOLE AND FILE TO STORE ALL DATA EXCHANGER WATER TEMPERATURE 3 HEAT PUMP AMOUNT OF SUNLIGHT CIRCULATION VALUES AND PUMPS TIME OF DAY INDICATOR LIGHTS
162. ses are displayed with the segment base followed by acolon followed by the offset The EVALUATE abbreviated EVA command is useful for evaluating numeric and character values and addresses For example the number 4142H can be represented in several ways EVA 4142 cr 1000001010000 40502Q 167061 4142H When you type a number by itself DEBUG 86 assumes the number hexadecimal notation The number 4142H is equivalent to the decimal number 16706 denotes decimal notation the octal number 405020 Q denotes octal notation the binary number 1000001010000Y denotes binary notation and the ASCII characters 41H is the ASCII code for and 42H is the ASCII code for The EVA command will also find the closest symbol that has the address you specify The keyword SYM tells the EVA command to evaluate the address symbolically EVA 481 6CC SYM lt cr gt MAINCONTROL OPERATESYSTEM We will now execute our program and stop its execution before it executes the OperateSystem procedure The GO command will start executing at the beginning of the program which it knows by looking at the CS and IP registers CS IP You could specify an actual address with GO to start from or the line number of a program statement or a statement label however we do not use statement labels in our program We want our program to stop while it is executing the main WHILE
163. settings are useful for everyday compiling that is there is no need to learn how to use the compiler controls unless you want to do something special For example if you want the compiler to issue a warning message whenever it sees a non standard Pascal statement an Intel extension to the standard Pascal language use the NOEXTENSIONS control 55 CHAPTER 4 56 We used the DEBUG control for good reason we want to do symbolic debugging while the program is running using DEBUG 86 described in Chapter 7 You will want to do symbolic debugging during the first run of your program Use the DEBUG control to prepare your pro gram for symbolic debugging unless your program is extremely large Most compiler controls can be specified in the invocation line as we show above Most com piler controls can also be imbedded in the source file as control lines For example we used the INCLUDE control in a control line INCLUDEC F1 INSPEC SRC The INCLUDE control allows you to insert source statements from another file into this com pilation In this case we wanted to insert the common interface specification in F1 INSPEC SRO into our compilation The INCLUDE control saved us from typing the same interface specification for all three source files We also need to compile the other modules separately The following invocation line compiles our GetData module in DUMDAT SRC RUN F1 PASC86 F1 DUMDAT SRC DEBUG lt cr gt SERIES III
164. sion properly without losing the edits you have made Figure 3 1 shows the layout of the screen in the Command Area you ll find an asterisk To move the cursor to this asterisk press the HOME key CURSOR ESCAPE CONTROL ESC CONTROL REPEAT HOME ss TYPEWRITER CNTL RPT c MODE JP i TPWR Figure 3 2 The Series II Keyboard 121632 5 29 Chapter 3 30 When the cursor appears after the asterisk you can type a CREDIT command The EX exit command terminates a CREDIT session properly Type followed by RETURN EX lt cr gt CREDIT will clear the screen and display the following message EDITED TO FO PIDGIN TXT By using the DIR command you can see that the directory listing for F0 now contains a new file called PIDGIN TXT You can use CREDIT to edit PIDGIN TXT by invoking CREDIT again CREDIT PIDGIN TXT lt cr gt This time CREDIT does not have to create the file because it already exists in the directory for the disk in drive 0 CREDIT responds with ISIS II CRT BASED TEXT EDITOR V2 0 OLD FILE SIZE 2 1980 FREE DISK BLOCKS The text you typed during the last example appears under this message The message tells you that PIDGIN TXT is an old file its size is 2 blocks a block is 128 bytes and you have 1980 free disk blocks in which to expand the file these numbers vary depending on the space taken up by files on your disk If you do not have enough
165. spaces aren t introduced into the file The SQ Substitute after Query command finds the old string you specify then asks you for a yes or no answer a yes tells CREDIT to substitute the new string you specified and a no tells CREDIT not to substitute the new string If you executed the SQ command iteratively see next section CREDIT would con tinue looking for more instances of the old string To show examples of these commands we ll return to our Pidgin Pascal text file to add some new text and word tor an old one Use the F command to find the string simply continue F simply continue lt cr gt When the F command finishes it displays the asterisk once again To see where it put the character pointer type CNTL V The cursor should be under the space after the last letter of continue We want to rewrite the sentence so that method is of the methods used to operate the climate system At this point it is easy to move the cursor to the appropriate place to insert new text You can type over the old text and use the RETURN key to continue typing a line You can also use the CNTL A combination to insert a lot of text After inserting the new text the sentences should read as follows If there is no demand choose no method as the method t and operate the system with this method If there is a demand for heat determine the heating method and operate the system with this method t
166. ssfully executed Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe You must do three things to prepare and execute programs successfully link program modules to resolve external references locate the linked modules by binding them to memory addresses and run the program in the appropriate operating environment These things are easy to do for most high level language programs Easy to use utility pro grams perform these operations for you They are also flexible enough to allow you to perform more complicated linking and locating operations for programs that refer to physical memory addresses The compilers for high level languages usually produce programs that do not refer to physical memory addresses these programs can be linked and located in one easy step The diagram in figure 6 1 shows the process of linking and locating binding to addresses modules to prepare a program that can be RUN on the Series Ill system or debugged via DEBUG 86 described in Chapter 7 MODULES CONTAINED IN RUN TIME OBJECT MODULES FROM COMPILERS OR ASSEMBLERS USER S LIBRARIES LINK86 BIND DEFAULT WITH BIND CONTROL MEN DEBUG 86 RUN Figure 6 1 Using Utilities to Prepare Executable Programs 121632 6 75 6 76 PREPARING A LIBRARY OF PROGRAM MODULES A library is any collection of public modules modules that contain public procedures that can be used by programs Some libraries are supplied by Intel for example the run time sy
167. st reside in actual memory before it can run The ocating process assigns actual physical memory addresses to a program There are two ways to accomplish the locating process 1 Using LINK86 with the BIND control to produce an LTL module discussed in the next paragraph which be located loaded and executed automatically by the RUN command 2 Using LINK86 without the BIND control to produce a linked module then LOC86 to locate the module in an area of memory you specify and finally RUN to load and execute the program The simplest locating operation involves using the LINK86 utility with the BIND control as shown in the previous example This simpler process called binding binds modules to logical segments which can be located in actual memory by the RUN command in one fast step Modules produced by the LINK86 utility with the BIND control are called oad time locatable modules LTL modules An LTL module is a module that can be located almost anywhere in memory and so the RUN loader can easily locate it in the Series environment for you The DEBUG 86 debugger can also locate an LTL module for you as we will show in the next chapter For example our LINK86 example in the previous section bound the modules properly to form the program PROGRM 86 Now in one step you can locate this bound program in actual memory load it into memory and execute it in the 8086 8086 execution mode of the Series Ill
168. stem used with Pascal 86 programs is supplied as several library files Pascal 86 has a number of built in procedures that you can use in any Pascal 86 program these procedures can be found in the supplied run time libraries To use any of the built in procedures you must link the run time libraries to your program modules using the LINK86 utility You can also build your own library files using the LIB86 utility With the LIB86 utility you can create a library add modules from another library add new modules delete modules library and list the names of modules ina library The following example shows a session with LIB86 We create a new library called TONY LIB and then we ADD to it some of the modules from a supplied run time library called P86RN2 LIB We then LIST the modules in TONY LIB and EXIT from the LIB86 utility RUN LIB amp 86 lt cr gt SERIES III 8086 LIBRARIAN V1 0 CREATE F1 TONY LIB cr ADD F1 P86RN2 LIB MODT MOD TO FI TONY LIB lt cr gt LIST FI TONY LIB lt cr gt TONY LIB MOD1 MODA MOD EXITXcr The linker LINK86 treats library files in a special way As shown in the next section you specify your program modules first in the LINK86 command line then you specify the appropriate libraries You must be sure to link these modules in the proper sequence Why Remember that your program s main module refers to procedures that exist only in other modules external procedures The li
169. stem we will use them for examples in subsequent chapters The Main Control module can remain unchanged even in our final application The final application will probably use an 8088 processor In Chapter 5 we show PL M 86 pro cedures we can use to obtain data from thermocouples via the input output ports on the 8088 Since you probably do not have prototype climate control hardware with an 8088 we will not include these procedures in our test versions for execution on a Series Ill system never theless they are good examples of PL M 86 procedures Our Pascal 86 modules cannot run by themselves on a Series Ill Certain built in procedures like WRITELN and READLN rely on run time support software which consists of public modules that contain the software needed to perform console input output and other opera tions In Chapter 6 we ll show you how to link the run time support libraries to these Pascal 86 modules to make them executable on a Series 111 system 61 CHAPTER 5 PROGRAMMING IN OTHER LANGUAGES It is possible by ingenuity and at the expense of clarity to do almost anything in any language However the fact that it is possible to push a pea up a mountain with your nose does not mean that this is a sensible way of getting it there Christopher Strachey NATO Summer School in Programming The Intellec Series Ill system also supports PL M FORTRAN and assembly language pro gramming for iAPX 86 88 and 8080 8085 a
170. system by using the RUN command RUN F1 PROGRM cr USING UTILITIES Note that we did not type PROGRM 86 only PROGRM The RUN loader looks for the 86 extension automatically unless you specify another extension or a period at the end of the name the period signifies no extension High level language programmers usually do not burden themselves with more details about locating programs However assembly language programs and some PL M programs fre quently refer to physical addresses rather than symbolic logical addresses These program modules are called absolute modules because they use absolute physical addresses Absolute modules cannot be located automatically by the RUN must be relocated first by the LOC86 utility There is a case when even the simplest program must be located by LOC86 if you intend to debug your program using an ICE 86 or ICE 88 emulator you must locate the program with LOC86 to make it an absolute module The ICE In Circuit Emulation loaders can only load absolute modules For an example we will link our new PL M 86 module PLMDAT OBJ to our program along with another version of our GetData module in DATA OBJ and produce the linked module MAIN LNK RUN LINK86 F1 MAIN 0BJ F1 DATA 0BJ F1 PLMDAT OBJ amp cr gt gt 1 00 F1 PB6RNO LIB F1 P86RN1 LIB F1 P86RN2 LIB amp gt gt F1 P86RN3 LIB F1 87NULL LIB F1 LARGE LIB lt cr gt Since
171. t types SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS of routines will be separated into which modules We have several design criteria for making these decisions We must be able to 1 write the routines of one module with little knowledge of the code in other modules and 2 reassemble and replace any module without affecting other modules Each module of our climate control system will contain design decisions that are hidden from the other modules so that the decisions are not binding With these criteria in mind we designed our system to have several modules the GetData module gets and stores our data the Operation module performs the actual climate system operation turning pumps and valves on and off etc and the Main module makes the high level decisions The only binding decisions to be made at this time concern the data passed between modules We try to keep data passing to a minimum or we try to enforce a data passing standard that is easy to comply with In our climate system we only need to pass a reference to a data record to the other modules the other modules must know what to do with the reference This data passing technique is one of the two we can use pass by reference and pass by value which are described in more detail in Chapter 4 With the Intellec Series Ill system capabilities we can design different versions of the same module test each version and decide at a later time which version to link with the other modules We
172. th the organization Their organization is one module and ours is another module the job gets done because the modules know how to communicate to each other without interfer ing in each other s details Most logical algorithms are designed with assumptions about working modules In our algorithm in figure 4 2 we assume that the procedures StartUpSystem GetData StoreData OperateSystem and ShutDownSystem will work as planned even though they are not yet writ ten We also assume that another group may write them We can make these assumptions because we designed our main module to hide most of the details about choosing heating methods So far the main module s algorithm decides the appropriate heating method based on a set of data Once the algorithm is written it may never change and if it had to change its change should not affect the other modules However we could change the control algorithm so that changes to the heating methods or additional heating methods would not even affect the main control algorithm A simple way to do this would be to turn the heating method determina PROGRAMING PASCAL 86 tion algorithm into an independent procedure called DetermineMethod extract from this algorithm the calls to OperateSystem and put the call to OperateSystem in the control algorithm The resulting main module is shown in figure 4 3 We added the module heading but we still need the interface specification and variable declar
173. that is you cannot write to or delete overwrite the file If a 11 CHAPTER 2 12 has the 5 attribute it is a system file that occurs most system disks You use the ATTRIB command and file attributes to protect your files from inadvertant delete or write operations and to designate certain files as system files as shown in the next section There are other files not displayed through normal use of the DIR command These files are invisible that is they have the attribute You can see them if you use a special form of the DIR command DIR lt gt DIRECTORY OF F0 970002 06 NAME EXT BLKS LENGTH ATTR NAME EXT BLKS LENGTH ISIS DIR 26 3200 IF 1515 5 512 IF ISIS 0 24 2944 ISIS LAB 54 6785 1 ISIS 94 11740 SIF ISIS CLI 20 2407 SIF ATTRIB 40 4909 WSI COPY 69 8489 WSI DELETE 39 4824 WSI DIR 55 6815 WSI EDIT 58 7240 WSI FIXMAP 52 6498 WSI HDCOPY 48 5994 WSI HEXOBJ 34 4133 WSI IDISK 63 7895 WSI FORMAT 62 7794 WSI LIB 82 10227 WSI LINK 105 13074 WSI LINK OVL 37 4578 WSI LOCATE 120 15021 WSI OBJHEX 28 3337 WSI RENAME 20 2346 WSI SUBMIT 39 4821 WSI SYSTEM LIB 24 2849 WS LIB 74 9125 W PLM80 LIB 45 5615 W 1317 1317 4004 BLOCKS USED The I is called a switch and it displays files that have the invisible attribute When you specify the 1 switch a DIR command the DIR command displays all of the filenames including ones that are invisible
174. there are two routines whose paradigms lend themselves easily to PL M the routine to get BCD digits from a thermostat device and convert them to a Celsius temperature and the routine to get voltage data from a thermocouple and convert the voltages to Celsius temperatures Figure 5 1 shows the algorithm and the actual PL M 86 code for the routine to retrieve data from a thermostat device You are already familiar with comments in Pascal programs that occur between the and symbols in PL M comments occur between the and symbols A PL M typed procedure is like a Pascal or FORTRAN function it is called in an assignment statement as X FUNCTION Y and it returns a value X receives the value of FUNCTION Y In figure 5 1 the typed procedure THERMOSTATS SETTINGSFROM PORTS returns the value of THERMOSSETTING which it computes by accessing the two ports HIGH and LOW and converting the BCD digits to a Celsius temperature The value of THERMOSSETTING is assigned to ThermostatSetting in the GetData procedure s assignment statement ThermostatSetting THERMOSTATSSETTINGSFROMSPORTS StatPort1 Stat Port2 PLMDATA DO x This module holds the procedures THERMOSTATSSETTINGSFROMSPORTS TEMPSDATASFROMSPORTS and INTERPOLATE a procedure used by TEMPSDATASFROMSPORTS These will be used in the final testing phase of the climate control system when prototype hardware is available For intermediate testing and examples in this book do
175. time system libraries P86RNO LIB and P86RN1 LIB are required for any Pascal 86 pro gram that needs run time support The libraries P86RN2 LIB and P86RN3 LIB are required for any Pascal 86 program that uses the file input output procedures and other operations per formed by the operating system The 87NULL LIB is needed for programs that do not use either the 8087 processor or emulator to perform real arithmetic Since our program has no REAL data types it does not perform real arithmetic therefore it needs the 87NULL LIB library if it did perform real arithmetic it would need other libraries Finally to run any Pascal 86 program on the Series system you need to link the LARGE LIB library to the pro gram The LARGE LIB library contains the primitives service routines used to perform opera tions in the Series Ill environment The run time system is separated into several libraries so that you can customize your run time environment if you so wish The libraries described above are the default libraries used to run programs on the Series Ill system if your programs do not use REAL data types If your programs use REAL data types you would not use 87NULL LIB instead you would use the 8087 processor with the library 8087 LIB or the 8087 software emulator with the libraries E8087 and E8087 LIB Consult the Pascal 86 User s Guide for specific information about the run time system libraries LOCATING AND RUNNING PROGRAMS A program mu
176. ting do and repeat the following t Get the needed for each pass the time the temperatures t the weather the state of the solar collector etc t Store this 4 Based on temperature data see if there is a request t and determine the type of request t If there is no request choose no method as the method t and operate the system with this method t If there is a request for heat determine the heating method t and operate the system with this method t If there is a request for cold determine the cooling method t and operate the system with this 7 4 If no method is possible abnormal conditions t shut down the climate 7 1 35 Chapter 3 36 MACROS AND COMMAND ITERATION Our Pidgin Pascal program still needs a modification that will vastly improve its readability We need to indent all of the sentences that occur after the sentence While the system is operating do and repeat the following This will improve the readability since it will then be obvious that the indented sentences are the actions that have to be repeated make this improvement we will define a macro to hold several editing commands that will be executed iteratively Rather than explain the process of defining macros and the syntax for command iteration we ll show you the steps to take to make this improvement to our text file and then we ll explain them begin mov
177. tingMethods InsideTemp ThermostatSetting AirTemperature CollectorwWaterTemp TankWaterTemp s HeatedTankTemp 2 WaterTemperatures Amount2fSunlight Integer Hour 00 22 Minute 00 59 SystemSatax VAR xvariables publicly defined in this module CurrentData SystemData 2Jperetincg Panic 1 BOOLEAN PUBLIC Get2ata GetOata Module containing Getdata amp StoreData PRO PRI avo DURE Getdata VAR CurrentData System2ata DURE StoreData VAR CurrentDate SystemData PUBLIC Operations Jperetion Module containing OperateSystem StartUpSystem and ShutDounSystem PROCEDURE StartupSystem PROCEDURE OperateSystem VAR CurrentOata SystemData PROCEDURE ShutDounSystem VAR CurrentData SystemData PRIVATE Operation end of interface specification PROCEDURE StartUpSystem BEGIN WRITELN Climate system is nou WRITELN WRITELN END PROCEDURE OperateSystem VAR CurrentData SystemData BEGIN WITH CurrentData 00 BEGIN WRITSLN zzzz2zzzzzzzzczzzzzz2zz22zzzz2zz2zz2z2z2z2zzzz2zzzzzzzz WRITELN C The Climate System is now operating WRITELN WRITELN The Time is sHours sMinute s WRITELN Ths inside temperature is InsideTemp C WRITELN The thermostat setting is ThermostatSetting C 2 WRITE Method chosen to heat the building 7 Figure 4 6 Listings of Our Test Modules Cont d 09 01 80 PAGE 1 PROGRAMI
178. tion file 19 2 20 In the example above the file RENAME was copied to the disk drive 1 and the drive 1 sion has the same name When you make copies of files for other disks you will probably want the files on the other disks to have the same name To keep the same name for the copy specify only the destination directory without a new filename as we did in the above example To change the name for the copy specify a different name with the destination directory For example if you want to use RNAM as the name of the new copy in drive 1 use this command COPY RENAME TO F1 RNAM lt cr gt FO RENAME COPIED TO F1 RNAM the last two examples the RENAME file was copied from drive 0 to drive 1 To demonstrate another feature of the COPY command we will first copy a file from drive 1 to drive 0 you should also try this COPY 1 061 5 TO lt gt F1 PROGT SRC COPIED TO FO PROG1 SRC Let s suppose that we used CREDIT described in the next chapter to modify the new copy of PROG1 SRC on the disk in drive 0 F0 PROG1 SRC and that we want to copy the newly modified PROG1 SRC to the disk in drive 1 Since we already have a PROG1 SRC on the disk in drive 1 we might want to DELETE that one first then COPY the newly modified one to the disk in drive 1 However let s suppose that we forgot to DELETE the old one first or that we don t even know the old one exists
179. to other procedures If we were to change the data fields in the record we would only have to change the definition of SystemData we would not have to change any of the calls that pass the variable CurrentData If the data fields kept the same names ChosenMethod ThermostatSetting etc we would not have to change the routines that use those data fields THE INTERFACE SPECIFICATION A module that calls a procedure in another module must have some information about where the other procedure is and it must provide some information to the other procedure about the data being passed Intel s Pascal 86 provides a mechanism for supplying the appropriate information to all modules that are to be linked to form a program it is called an interface specification The interface specification typically holds the type definitions and variable declarations that are needed by all modules and it also contains the names of procedures with their parameters that are public to other modules that is they can be called from other modules Each module of the entire program contains this information Figure 4 4 shows the interface specification for our program In addition to PUBLIC definitions in the interface specification a module can have PRIVATE type definitions and variable declarations for variables used only within the module Our Operation module will have a PRIVATE section for all variables that are only used within the module but our MainContro
180. u are thinking a language that is high level A language is high level for a given application if you use it to define the overall structure of the software You usea lower level language to express in great detail each piece of code With a high level language you gain a clear understanding of the control structures of the system at the highest level and you expose logical flaws in the structure that would have led to subtle bugs in the code With these advantages in mind it makes sense to start your programming with the highest level language English After you have defined the software in English you can usea high level programming language like Pascal which allows you to express more detailed code in alanguage that resembles English 1 Chapter 3 we refine our climate control algorithm step by step We use as a language something called Pidgin Pascal which is really a language of concise declarative English sentences Since our control structures can be translated easily from English into Pascal we decided to use Pascal 86 for our main climate control module this decision does not have to be final We do not start the translation into Pascal 86 until after we have tested the logic of our Pidgin Pascal algorithm Pascal is a language that resembles the control structures of human thought We don t think in terms of GO TO branches normally we consider a job to be a set of tasks to DO WHILE something is t
181. uage routine in assembly language For example we used the CODE control in the previous section when we compiled the PL M 86 program PLMDAT SRC The CODE control produced the listing shown in figure 5 3 PROGRAMMING FOR THE SERIES ENVIRONMENT Assembly language and PL M give you more direct control over the processor s operation however the Series system gives you a set of operating system procedures called primitives or service routines that your programs can use to perform standard operations By using these primitives you save development time in two ways first you save time by not implementing the standard operations yourself and second you save time in the future by writing programs that will always be compatible with future Intel operating systems In Pascal 86 you are supplied with built in procedures that automatically call these primitives You link the run time libraries that contain the primitives to your Pascal 86 modules and you re all set to run the program on a Series system The program will also run on future Intel operating systems since the only changes it would need would be contained in the run time libraries that is you would have a different set of run time libraries for each system but your basic program modules would remain unchanged To have this modularity in PL M or assembly language you simply use the set of primitives describad in the ntellec Series Microcomputer Development Syst
182. us READLN ThermostatSetting WRITELN WRITE Type the inside temperature reading in Celsius READLN InsideTemp WRITELN WRITE Type the temperature of the collector water in Celsius READLN CollectorWaterTemp WRITELN WRITE Type the temperature of the tank water in Celsius 2 READLN TankWaterTemp WRITELN WRITE Type the temperature of the heated tank water in Celsius READLN HeatedTankTemp WRITELN WRITE Type the hour of day as in 04 or 24 READLN Hour WRITELN Figure 4 5 Test Version of Our Climate Control System Cont d PROGRAMING PASCAL 86 WRITEC Type the minute of the hour as in 01 or 59 READLN Minute WRITELN WRITE Type the amount of sunlight any integer will do for now READLNCAmountOfSunlight WRITELN END with CurrentData END PROCEDURE StoreData VAR CurrentData SystemData BEGIN Dummy procedure eventually will store CurrentData in a file WITH CurrentData DO BEGIN WRITELN WRITELN CURRENT DATA IS AS FOLLOWS WRITELN WRITELN Thermostat Setting is ThermostatSetting C WRITELN Inside temperature is InsideTemp C WRITELN Temperature of collector water is CollectorWaterTemp C WRITELN Temperature of tank water is TankWaterTemp C WRITELN Temperature of the heated tank water is HeatedTankTemp C WRITELN Time of day is Hour Minute WRITELN
183. we did not specify a new filename with a clause the LINK86 utility directed the linked output to the file F1 MAIN LNK LINK86 takes the name of the first object module MAIN OBJ and changes its extension to LNK to make MAIN LNK Now we are ready to locate F MAIN LNK with the LOC86 utility RUN LOC86 F1 MAIN LNK F1 PROGRM 86 RESERVE 200H TO 77FFH lt cr gt We used the RESERVE control with LOC86 to reserve an area of memory for the Series Ill operating system LOC86 will not locate any program segments in the area between addresses 200 and 77FFH is for hexadecimal You must leave room for the Series operating 2 System to execute programs the Series Ill environment The LINK86 LOC86 and LIB86 utilities are described in detail in the 86 88 Family Utilities User s Guide for 8086 Based Development Systems This manual describes all of the utilities for iAPX 86 or iAPX 88 applications development These utilities are designed to be used 8086 based development systems like the Series Ill We can now RUN our program onthe Series Ill system RUN PROGRM lt cr gt Climate system is now on Type the thermostat setting in degrees Celsius 24 lt cr gt Type the inside temperature reading in Celsius 21 lt cr gt Type the temperature of the collector water Celsius 50 lt cr gt Type the temperature of the tank water in Celsius 60 lt cr gt 79 6 80 Type the te
184. will be written in Pascal and it will simply display appropriate test information at the console Itis most likely that the final version of the operation module will not be written in Pascal since Pascal does not provide bit manipulation operations We can also guess that the module will not be written in FORTRAN the advantage FORTRAN has over PL M is its ability to express complex mathematical formulas Our climate control system has no complex mathematical formulas We would code the final version of the operation module in assembly language if the applica tion required the most efficient use of processor time and memory however PL M program ming saves development and maintenance time since it is easier to learn and the programs are easier to read and maintain The only drawback to PL M is that it is not as efficient in time or memory and it cannot compute decimal or real arithmetic These are not drawbacks in our application since we do not need decimal or real arithmetic nor do we have severe speed and memory constraints The advantage of saving development time and maintenance costs with PL M far outweigh the advantages of using assembly language MODULAR PROGRAMMING The Intellec Series Ill system has the linking and locating tools to support modular pro gramming and the library utility to maintain libraries of canned routines The decisions we make at this time are not binding but they can be very helpful we can decide now wha
185. with several programming languages The preceding chapters give you the background you need to use this system wisely and this and the following chapters help you decide the criteria for decomposing your application into modules and picking the appropriate language to use for each module One popular approach to programming is the top down approach where you define the prob lem completely design an abstract algorithm to solve the problem and refine this algorithm into self supporting modules that can be coded and compiled separately Typically the main module would contain the most abstract algorithm the control algorithm at the top of the design that solves the entire problem The subordinate modules perform the procedures dictated by the main module Pascal 86 is a language that is ideal for the main module of such a modular solution Using Intel s Pascal 86 compiler you can decompose a program into modules that can be compiled separately whereas other Pascal compilers only compile whole programs which have to be tailored to fit into microprocessor environments Perhaps the most important reason for Pascal s wide acceptance is the fact that it is a language that closely resembles English In the past programmers had to keep their algorithm designs well within the constraints of programming languages that were designed to express mathematical equations In other words at the outset they had to think in terms of the pro gramming language
186. ystem from the system disk in drive 0 into the computer when you push the RESET button To load or boot the system you need a system disk a disk that holds the operating system files Intel supplies a flexible disk labeled ISIS II Operating System which is your system disk One of the first operations you will perform is a formatting operation to create another copy of the system disk a copy designed to be used with the examples in this book You insert the ISIS II Operating System disk into flexible disk drive 0 and push the RESET button for more detailed instructions see the Series Microcomputer Development System Console Operating Instructions The following message should appear on your screen ISIS II Vx y The operating system for the Intellec Series Ill Microcomputer Development System is called 5 5 4616 stands for Intel Systems Implementation Supervisor The x y represent ver sion numbers ISIS Il is actually a version of the ISIS operating system that runs on older Intellec systems the Intellec Microcomputer Development System and the Intellec Series Il Microcomputer Development System ISIS II manages your use of the software tools supplied with the system Using ISIS Il you can run utility programs like CREDIT a text editor to write programs or LINK86 to link program modules into a final program You also use 1515 11 to run compilers like the Pascal 86 and PL
187. zzzzzzzz WRITELN write a blank line END END OperateSystemx PROCEDURE ShutDownSystem VAR CurrentData SystemData BEGIN WRITE EN eorr oe fg Panic THEN WRITELN PANIC occurred NORMAL shutdown ELSE WRITELN No panic occurred ABNORMAL shutdown WRITELN G S Se TU I inia fs eia ee WITH CurrentData 00 BEGIN WRITE Last chosen heating method was CASE ChosenMethod OF CollectorToExchanger MRITE Solar Collector to Exchanger CollectorToHeatPump WRITE Solar Collector to Heat Pump TankToExchanger WRITE Tank to Exchanger TankToHeat Pump WRITE Tank to Heat Pump HeatedTankToHeatPump WRITE Heated Tank to Heat Pump NoMethod WRITE No heat required END WRITELN WRITELN Thermostat Setting is ThermostatSetting C WRITELN Inside temperature is InsideTemp C WRITELN Temperature of collector water is CollectorWaterTemp C WRITELN Temperature of tank water is TankWaterTemp C WRITELN Temperature of the heated tank water is HeatedTankTemp C WRITELN Time of day is Hour Minute WRITELN Amount of sunlight is AmountOfSunlight END with CurrentData Pcr e iA E ie PV dp EP Pas RE pa E Rs WRITELN WRITELN Goodnight Irene END ShutDownSystem Figure 4 5 Test Version of Our Climate Control System Cont d

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