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Phase II Final Report - TransTech Systems Inc.

1. SDG Measured Volumetric Moisture Control Vol Moist Figure 1 Large Box Volumetric Moisture Results Page 51 of 137 Large Box Results Material GP GM 11 I f I x SDG Gravimetric Moisture x SDG fit to Grav Moist x 10 4 Control Oven Dry o SDG Calculated Gravimetric Moisture 9 x Eae X XOX e e MNS EC x 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 5 7 7 5 8 8 5 9 9 5 Oven Dry Control Gravimetric Moisture Figure 2 Large Box Gravimetric Moisture Results Small Box Moisture Results For the Small Box test five different soil classifications were tested One soil classification was tested at two different moisture levels therefore six small box compactions were completed The USCS soil classifications of the tested materials were 1 GP GM Poorly graded gravel with silt and sand 2 GW Well graded gravel with sand 3 SW Well graded sand 4 GW GM at 2 Moistures Well graded gravel with silt and sand 5 ML Silt The results of the SDG s volumetric moisture results from the small box compactions are shown in Figure 3 Table 1 below shows the average SDG volumetric moisture difference from the control volumetric calculation for each of the six tests The average SDG volumetric moisture difference from the control was 1 3 As in the Large Box compactions the control volum
2. ee eeee eere IA SPENT Ce Be ROSU se cn titm tute dtu matta Definitions Of Material Propertie 2 22 iei EE reote bun Es denas vue Page 101 of 137 Part 6 Standardization of the SDG Part 7 Explanation of Gradation and Compaction Reports SDG Beta Unit Warranty cccccccccsscsscssssssssssscsscccccsccssssees Page 102 of 137 Introduction TransTech s Soil Density Gauge SDG utilizes state of the art technology to get accurate soil density readings It s primary features are No special license or radioactive materials required Lightweight and easy to use 12 hours of portable operation Measures percent moisture Measurement Technology Bottom View T Transmit electrade Sense electrode Side Vigu AA P f eee A o Y Electric Field Lines Application Summary Stores 30 readings on internal data logger Data download via USB flash drive comma delimited text file format Measures density in common units pcf or kg m Using electrical impedance spectroscopy EIS the SDG s measurement permits separation of the effects of density and moisture content on the response of the soil to electromagnetic probing The density or compaction level 1s measured by the response of the SDG s electrical sensing field to changes in electrical impedance of the material matrix Since the dielectric constant of air is much lower than that of th
3. Hilhorst M A 1995 Dielectric Characterization of Soil Wageningen Netherlands 2 Topp G C Davis J L and Annan A P Electromagnetic Determination of Soil Water Content Water Resources Research 16 3 574 582 1980 Roth K Schulin R Fluhler H and Attinger W Calibration of Time Domain Reflectometry for Water Content Measurement Using a Composite Dielectric Approach Water Resources Research 26 10 2267 2273 1990 Rinaldi V et al Impedance Analysis of Soil Dielectric Dispersion 1 MHz 1 GHz Journal of Geotechnical amp Geoenvironmental Science Vol 125 No 2 1999 Hilhorst M A and Dirkson C 1994 Dielectric Water Content Sensors Time Domain Versus Frequency Domain Symposium and Workshop on Time domain Reflectometry Drnevich V P et al Real Time Determination of Soil Type Water Content and Density Using Electromagnetics FHWA IN JHRP 2000 20 Purdue University School of Civil Engineering Indiana Dept of Transportation Purdue University West Lafayette IN August 17 2001 Page 29 of 137 Appendix A Controlled Field Test Procedures Appendix B SDG Controlled Field Test Density Data Analysis and Summary Appendix C SDG Controlled Field Test Moisture Data Analysis and Summary Appendix D NDG Controlled Field Testing Procedures and Results Appendix E SDG Controlled Field Precision Test Procedure and Results Appendix F SDG Draft ASTM Standard Appendix G SDG User M
4. Moisture water content in percent of dry density Volumetric Moisture x 100 Wet Density Volumetric Moisture Dry Density Wet Density Volumetric Moisture in pcf or kg m Dry Density VN ODIDHCDIO NS Max Dry Density Definitions of Material Properties The following descriptions and material properties need to be entered in the gauge for measurement or data reporting purposes Description Typically a brief description of the soil that allows the operator to visually identify the material being tested Examples may include clayey sand red or light brown silt Descriptions are limited to 16 characters Soil ID A numeric entry that will associate the soil m being tested with the gradation and proctor test report Examples of soil ID s may include 33 1099 or 776632 Soil IDs are limited to 10 characters Do not enter letters or non numeric characters in the Soil ID Page 125 of 137 Max Dry Dens This is the maximum dry density or target density or Proctor number for the material being tested It is input in pcf or kg m This value can be found in a Proctor test report completed in accordance with ASTM D 1557 or ASTM D 698 This is used by the SDG as the value against which the measured dry density is compared to calculate percent compaction Opt Moisture This is the optimum moisture content for the material being tested This value can be found in a compaction test report in completed accordance with
5. Avg Vol Moisture 0 1 0 3 1 0 STD 96 Density 2 3 2 2 0 4 0 4 3 5 2 6 STD Ib ft Avg Percent Table 5 3 ASTM Test 3 Summary 1 instrument with 4 operators at 1 location Page 90 of 137 APPENDIX F SDG Draft ASTM Standard Page 91 of 137 Appendix F SDG Draft ASTM Standard Standard Test Method for In Place Determination of Density and Water Content of Soil By Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy This standard is issued under the fixed designation X XX XX the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or in the case of revision the year of last revision A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval A superscript epsilon indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval 1 Scope 1 1 This test method covers the procedures for determining the in place relative compaction density and gravimetric water content of unbound soil and soil aggregate mixtures by measuring changes in the electromagnetic properties resulting from the compaction process 1 2 The total or wet density and moisture of soil and soil aggregate is measured by an electrical impedance spectroscopy device The spectral analysis of the return signal is used to determine the total or wet density and moisture is based on the sensor design and hardware when the device is operated in contact with or in proximity to the soil surface 1 3 SI Units The values st
6. The Controlled National Field Tests were conducted at four locations throughout the United States two compactions were completed at each location with different materials Included in Table 3 is the USCS soil classification and common name for each of the eight materials tested In seven of the eight field tests 12 moisture samples were pulled from the marked test sites before testing began and after testing was completed 24 moisture samples were pulled one from each of the 24 test sites At the first test completed in Pattersonville NY due to the rain only four moisture samples were collected from the side area of the test pad Table 4 displays the average SDG volumetric moisture difference from the control volumetric moisture for each of the eight tests The average SDG volumetric moisture difference from the control volumetric moisture calculation for all eight soil tests was 1 3 Two of the tests both noted with an were conducted at or near freezing temperatures This may be one reason why the differences are high for these tests and will require further investigation incase a temperature correction is needed As the temperature of water decreases its dielectric constant increases Table 5 shows the eight materials tested with the SDG volumetric moisture versus the control volumetric moisture On the left of each figure is the location of the test material tested proctor information and average difference from the control volumetric
7. eo Wet Density Ib cu ft v eo c e Cc eo e o Po Co 4 5 6 7 8 9 Number of Compactor Passes Figure 3 Typical Compaction Density Profile While the prototype SDG unit stands off from the soil surface condition is still important The condition of the surface is also important to the accuracy of the NDG It is necessary for the soil surface to be free from any loose and disturbed material stones large air pockets or divots and other debris thus exposing the true surface of the material to be tested It is also important that the soil surface be flat If it is not flat flatten the surface with a rigid plate or other suitable tool or move the unit to a location where the surface is more flat before taking the measurements The SDG should not rock side to side when place in a location to take a measurement if it does move to a new location or remove the obstacle that is causing the rocking being careful to not measure on top of any divot left by removal of the object Again do not take SDG measurements over the NDG sensor hole When choosing a location the area should be appropriate for the SDG measurement and for the NDG measurements No large metal objects within three feet should be around or underneath the soil while taking measurements Measurements near buried power lines within ten feet should be avoided Also the NDG has a known edge vertical mass effect therefore 1f you are taking a mea
8. MT GP GM Poorly graded gravel with silt amp sand GP GM Gray 1 4 crushed CSBC S Sand with gravel 4 Gravel Borrow GP GM Poorly graded gravel with sand and silt GP GM Crushed stone sub base UU Georgia Red Clay LaFarge North America Buffalo NY LaFarge North America Buffalo NY LaFarge North America Buffalo NY Callanan Pattersonville NY Callanan Wynantskill NY ICON Materials Seattle WA ICON Materials Seattle WA Qore Properties Atlanta GA Qore Properties Atlanta GA Martin Marietta Dallas TX Clough Harbour Dallas TX TransTech Compaction Task 8 completed TransTech Callanan Pattersonville NY Callanan Wynantskill NY ICON Materials Seattle WA ICON Materials Seattle WA Qore Properties Atlanta GA Qore Properties Atlanta GA Martin Marietta Dallas TX Clough Harbour Dallas TX Table 3 3 Summary of Soil Testing 3 3 Development of Soil Properties Algorithm The objective was to develop an algorithm to convert the complex impedance spectra into soil Gradation Task 7 completed Gradation Task 7 completed Controlled Field Test Task 14 November 2007 Controlled Field Test Task 14 November 2007 Controlled Field Test Task 20 January 2008 Controlled Field Test Task 20 January 2008 Controlled Field Test Task 20 February 2008 Controlled Field Test Task 20 February 2008 Control
9. Model 100A Figure 2 4 were fabricated during March and April 2008 Some of these units were used in the field test in Texas The plan for these units is that five will remain with TransTech for continued testing and to support the beta testing and the first production run five will be provided to organizations such as NYS DOT WA DOT Texas Transportation Institute the University of Texas at Austin and KeySpan Energy National Grid all of whom have indicated that they would do additional field testing The balance of the twenty units will be provided to commercial beta testers who will be purchasing the units 1 Figure 2 5 First Production Design of the SDG All of the objectives of Phase II have been met with the commercial introduction of the non nuclear soil density gauge shown in Figure 2 5 Page 7 of 137 3 0 TEST PROGRAM In addition to design and the fabrication of the hardware described in Section 2 0 the major effort of the program was the securing and analyzing of data to develop algorithms to convert the complex impedance spectrum into measurements of soil density and moisture In this section the technical basis for the SDG 1s presented A description of the test programs to develop the data and the analytical approach used to develop the algorithms 1s also presented Detailed presentations of the data secured 1s presented in the Appendices 3 1 Technical Implementation of the SDG The SDG sh
10. NDG Wet Density Location Duluth GA Qore Material GP GM Common Name Graded Aggregate Base Proctor 136 9 Ib ft at 6 5 Average Difference 0 0 lb ft Specific Calibration 1 Open Graded Material SDG and NDG Wet Density Ib cu ft T T Avg Wet Density SDG Wet Density NDG Wet Density Location Texas Clough Harbour Material GW GM Common Name Reddish Yellow Sand with Rock Proctor 132 5 lb ft at 9 0 Average Difference 2 3 Ib ft 5 29 2 E E c jo a D 9 a Zz o oO 9 a n ll li 125 130 135 Average Wet Density lb cu ft Wet Density Clough Harbour Texas Day 2 Clayey Sand T T T T T T Avg Wet Density SDG Wet Density Oo NDG Wet Density A e C eo Location Texas Clough Harbour Material CL ML Common Name Clayey Sand Proctor 118 3 1b f at 12 5 Average Difference 0 1 Ib ft A A gt n2 o o T SDG and NDG Wet Density Ib cu ft o e il ii li I 105 110 115 120 125 130 Average Wet Density Ib cu ft Table B 3 Wet Density Results for the Four National Tests The resulting data can be summarizes by examining the average difference in the readings at each point between the SDG and the NDG This is shown in Table B 4 Given the state of the development of the SDG the results are very encouraging Additional improvements in the conv
11. volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture standard deviation on Red Sand with Rock USCS GW GM Table 2 5 of 1 3 lb ft 0 3 1 0 Ib ft3 and 0 2 respectively On the second material tested in Oklahoma Texas Red Sandy Clay USCS CL ML Table 2 6 the SDG had an average wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture standard deviation of 1 0 lb ft 0 2 0 8 lb ft and 0 1 respectively Summarized in Table 2 7 ASTM Test 1 for each of the six soil types measured upon the average wet density standard deviation was less than 2 0 lb ft the average volumetric moisture content standard deviation was less than 0 5 the average dry density standard deviation was less than 1 5 Ib ft and the average percent moisture content standard deviation was 0 3 or less Location Icon Materials Auburn Washington Material 4 Gravel Borrow USCS SP SNI SNA SN8 S16 Wet Density STD dw 1384 2 171 0 729 3 240 1 931 Vol Moist STD 96 0 372 0 571 0 171 0 827 0 485 Dry X Density STD bee bal 1 603 0 558 2 413 1 447 Percent Moist STD 0 261 0 373 0 111 0 519 0 316 Table 2 1 4 Gravel Borrow USCS SP Location Icon Materials Auburn Washington Page 73 of 137 Material 1 14 Crushed Base Course USCS GP GM Average Wet Density 1 667 STD Ib ft 0 431 0 506 4 043 1 689 1 060 Vol Moist 0 354 STD 0 081 0 102 0 886 0 346 0 214 Dry Density 1 313
12. D 422 Fines The percentage of material by mass passing a 200 75um sieve Fines can be taken from a particle size distribution report defined by ASTM D 422 Greater than 24 in The percentage of material by mass retained on a inch 19 0mm sieve Greater than inch can be taken from a particle size distribution report defined by ASTM D 422 Greater than 3 in The percentage of material by mass retained on a 3 inch 75 mm sieve Greater than 3 inches can be taken from a particle size distribution report defined by ASTM D 422 Page 126 of 137 Part 6 Standardization of the SDG To assure that the SDG s ability to make consistent measurements has not been compromised a daily measurement should be taken on a reference material and tracked day to day for any unacceptable variations A metallic plate has been installed in the bottom of the SDG carrying case that 1s suitable for this purpose Although this verification is referred to as a standardization of the gauge the results of the standardization in no way influence the measurement of the gauge they only serve to alert the user to a change in the way that the gauge is operating Unexpected changes in the standardization values should be noted and discussed with Product Service at TransTech From the Main Menu select option 4 to standardize the SDG Malmwent Standardize Measurement 1 Use Current Material DK BR SAND W GR 2 Material Selection Menu Pl
13. GA Qore Material CL Common Name Ga Red Clay Proctor 102 8 Ib ft at 19 7 Average Difference 0 096 Specific Calibration 1 Clay o w o o 8 aD OO oco coooo SDG and NDG Gravimetric Moisture X T N N l 21 5 Standard Gravimetric Moisture 75 Gravimetric Moisture Qore GA Day 2 Graded Aggregate Base T T T T T Location Duluth GA Qore EE Material GP GM Common Name Graded Aggregate Base Proctor 136 9 Ib ft at 6 5 Average Difference 0 0 Specific Calibration 1 Open Graded Material SDG and NDG Gravimetric Moisture 96 Gravimetric Moisture Clough Harbour Texas Day 1 Reddish Yellow Sand with Rock T T T T T T SDG Gravimetric Moisture O NDG Gravimetric Moisture Oven Dry Control Gravimetric Moisture Location Texas Clough Harbour Material GW GM Common Name Reddish Yellow Sand with Rock Proctor 132 5 Ib ft at 9 0 Average Difference 0 296 SDG and NDG Gravimetric Moisture 96 Gravimetric Moisture Cloug 9 SDGGravimetric Moisture Oo NDG Gravimetric Moisture Oven Dry Control Gravimetric Moisture o oo Location Texas Clough 8 o 98 o o o Harbour Material CL ML Common Name Clayey Sand Proctor 118 3 Ib ft at 12 5 Average Difference 1 3 SDG and NDG Gravimetric Moisture 1 1 L 11 6 11 8 12 Standard Gravimetric Moisture 76
14. SDG Controlled Field Test Moisture Data Analysis and Summary 51 Appendix D NDG Controlled Field Testing Procedures and Results 60 Appendix E SDG Controlled Field Precision Test Procedure and Results 71 Appendix F SDG Draft ASTM Standard eee ecce eee eee eee eee eese eese sess ee eee 92 Appendix G SDG User Manual ccscssccsccccccccssssssssssssssssccccccsssccccsssssssscsscccsssseses 100 Appendix H TransTech SDG Sales Brochure Front Page Only 135 Appendix I Earth Products China Sales Brochure Front Page Only 137 Page 2 of 137 1 0 SUMMARY This report provides the results of the DHS SBIR Phase II contract HSHQDC 07 C 00080 titled Development of a Non Nuclear Soil Density Gauge to Eliminate the Need for Nuclear Density Gauges The report also includes work that was performed under a concurrent and supporting contract from the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority NYSERDA The objective of these programs is to develop and commercialize a non nuclear replacement for the Nuclear Density Gauge NDG In the past few years Congress and various government agencies have recognized the problem of orphaned radioactive sources worldwide Such sources pose a security risk in the form of potential material for a dirty bomb or for other illicit applicati
15. Sclect Measurement Ulo 4c andusseasacernsdensmensestacaaestetanreecsmnacecsissavensunieds DUD UNS GEE e E E Defne or Edita Maternal seeserrneeesere virinneet teteh r errs EEEE EEEE a Part 2 Running a TeSt vossccccenccceccscecesactacsstscesesseessieeeveseecscetusrsaasccaceevessiseneeenes Measurement Patet citudacsanvorccuuchrvantasunalerenedveteimieoueliuoneisunancrasmuciveneoutnades Sur aice Propi INON sesasi ree ean EEEE ET TEE NS Measure DISTORTION E ea Select a Different Material to T 68tuseeeeseo teet reor tatnen rrt ete en teo be Edit a User Defined Material ccce eene Part 3 Data Storage and Downloading Data Measurement Data screenie nsi esM Rne deu EE ictum EENE MA MOST DA kena T ER EO AAC IN E E eetananecs DOW d Co Tul oS D AIA RR Ve atid Oe Ata DAS Ccunsqudeceteni ventrem tur e ERAN P S tRUdEEE Part 4 Instrumebt SUA US saceseeecsteccceaceeschnecsacenessszencnecesecacsacsseusuisseccmsselossecaess RIC i e A E E E E A E A TE O loris D3ta SOM DOLI eren OM EHE TER aiinesededstadehanantehattorn S Clo c M M RTA CR AUIS a bam rm Peau heb un ERU EHiDaNEUIE Serral INUSDDGD S occi eeu E EDEN PTUS D nace HERBARUM eet EUREN SOR SES VOSTON porreiro ee ee en PD PI SUPPE Part 5 Definitions and Calculations
16. Soil GP GM SP SP GP GM CL GP GM GW GM CL ML Classification Avg SDG Gravimetric Moisture 21 0 4 1 5 3 23 0 0 2 1 3 Difference 96 Avg NDG Gravimetric Moisture Difference 76 Table 6 Average Gravimetric Moisture Differences from Controlled National Field Tests Note Due to rain limited moisture samples were taken Note Temperature correction may be necessary for soil that is at or near freezing Location Albany NY Pattersonville Material GP GM ROC Common Name Crushed Stone Sub base Proctor 149 3 Ib ft at 4 496 Average Difference 2 190 Location Albany NY W ynantskill Material SP ROB Common Name Sand with gravel Proctor 137 6 Ib ft at 7 4 Average Difference 0 496 Location Seattle WA ICON Material GP GM ROB Common Name 4 Gravel borrow Proctor 132 0 Ib ft at 9 5 Average Difference 1 596 SDG and NDG Gravimetric Moisture 96 SDG and NDG Gravimetric Moisture Gravimetric Moisture Pattersonville NY T T I I I I SDG Gravimetric Moisture NDG Gravimetric Moisture Oven Dry Control Gravimetric Moisture r1 Note It rained most of the test day Water was running out of the test pad Four moisture samples were taken before testing started and four after testing was completed _ 1 1 L 54 5 6 Standard Gravimetric Moisture 95 Gravimetric Moisture Wynantskill NY T T SDG Gravimetric
17. Therefore the same instrument will be used to measure the same sample spot with four different operators Three operators will take one unit and replicate the twenty measurements at the same location as the original operator took in Test 1 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 i Pick up etc du du du measurement and place back measurement and place back measurement and place back measurement and place back in the same spot in the same spot cu MM in the same spot in th iino 5 4 Operator Operator Operator Operator s aep omoi Teni Aoo Hee HARE 2 0 Controlled Field Test ASTM Test 1 Four operators each with a different SDG unit took four sets of five measurements each at a different location only picking up in between each of the twenty measurements and placing it back 1n the same spot This test was designed to show the usual density and moisture spread of a measurement using several instruments operators and test locations for multiple soil types Tables 2 1 2 6 are the individual standard deviations seen by each unit for density and moisture at its test location for six different soil types Table 2 7 1s a summary of the materials tested and the average standard deviations seen by the four SDGs On the 4 Gravel Borrow USCS SP material tested in Washington State Table 2 1 the SDG had an average wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture standard deviation of 1 9 Ib ft 0 5 1 4 lb ft and 0
18. TransTech hopes that the Beta Tester will provide soil characteristics nuclear gauge readings and a SDG data file for any readings that appear anomalous It is expected that there will be soil variations that have not been accounted for The data provided would help extend the range of applicability of the unit While TransTech realistically expects limited data from the Beta Testers the placing of units in the hands of customers has the advantage of securing user inputs on the user interface the data they want to see or are required to provide to the regulatory agency and comments on its usability as well as helping to create a buzz t will help to springboard its commercialization The key information that is being sought during the Beta Testing is the suitability of the user interface Testing will continue after the completion of the formal DHS Phase II program A listing of all the units and their status is presented in Table 4 1 below Other units will be shipped later to the following Roadware Netherlands Distributor Engius 3 units US Distributor for Western US Milestone End Customer Levy Group End Customer NTS Europe SRI Italian Distributor Thus far the Beta Testers have provided some good data but 1t has not been as extensive as hoped for They have also identified a number of operational issues in the user interface These will be corrected and incorporated into the production units and into updates for
19. s frequency measurement response Finally the Controlled National Field Tests were used to verify the moisture algorithm During the field tests 1t was found that the temperature of the soil is likely to have an impact on the measurement of moisture While at the Icon facility in Washington State the testing was completed on soil at freezing temperatures This might be the reason for the higher moisture measurements on these two test days The dielectric constant of ice is higher that the dielectric constant of liquid water Further investigation of the field data will be necessary to verify this Large Box Moisture Results For the Large Box test one material with a USCS Soil Classification of GP GM Poorly graded gravel with silt and sand was compacted at five different moisture levels The results of the SDG s volumetric moisture results are shown in Figure 1 The average SDG volumetric moisture difference from the control was 0 6 The volumetric moisture control was calculated using the oven dry results 1 e gravimetric moisture and the NDG s wet density measurement The results of the SDG s gravimetric moisture results for the Large Box compactions are shown in Figure 2 The average SDG gravimetric moisture difference from the control 1 e oven dry results was 0 3 Large Box Results Material GP GM 20 SDG Volumetric Moisture SDG fit to Vol Moist Control Vol Moist
20. that for a complete compaction level since some soil variation would be expected over the entire test mat On six of the eight tested materials the wet density standard deviation between the NDGs e Column 3 was less than the wet density standard deviation for a single location i e Column 1 However only four of the eight tested materials have a dry density standard deviation between the NDGs i e Column 3 that was less than the dry density standard deviation for a single location 1 e Column 1 And only two of the eight tested materials had a percent moisture standard deviation between the NDGs 1 e Column 3 that was less than the percent moisture standard deviation for a single location 1 e Column 1 From this study it was seen that the NDG unit to unit variability was three times greater for the measurement of percent moisture than for the measurement of wet density As a result of the increased variability in percent moisture from unit to unit the unit to unit variability of dry density is also affected For Red Sand w Rock material in Table 10 below it was not appropriate NA to calculate the Standard Deviation between NDGs since at the time of the test only one NDG was available The bottom line is that the average wet density standard deviation for all of the units on all of the soils is e 2 0 lbs ft for all NDGs on all soils at a single location e 4 4 lbs ft for a all NDGs on all soils at a single compactio
21. 101 8 108 1 105 2 113 6 119 0 Ib ft Wet Density B 1004 106 1 103 4 112 8 115 4 103 3 102 7 114 9 114 5 Page 13 of 137 0910340809 ne ea paces B 1153 1195 1232 1278 1312 D 1169 1205 1228 1320 1350 RRE D 1195 1236 1259 133 0 1371 B 114 1262 129 7 f 1315 1354 D 1220 1265 1283 1354 1389 B 1232 1290 1328 1340 1369 D 137 1300 1328 1382 1387 Table 3 2 Average of 8 NDG Wet Densities Around the Sensor Hole From Table 3 2 when comparing the 10 Feet average of eight NDG wet density measurements around each position it can be seen that with an increase in compactor passes for each of the five moisture levels the average wet density also increases at each of the four positions A B C amp D As expected much of the compaction approximately 65 is achieved with the first compactor pass The remaining 35 of the compaction is achieved with the additional compactor passes A conclusion that can be drawn from the above oven dry and NDG wet density analysis is that the completed compactions had consistent moisture levels during the compaction days and uniform density around each position As a result possible errors created from the soil mixing preparation and compaction process could be ruled out if any spectral anomalies arose during the investigation as the SQI data analysis pro
22. 112 118 4 92 89 92 84 104 105 112 116 abit 4 1248 1241 125 1223 1273 127 7 129 8 1312 Percent 1 1 69 69 72 73 78 82 82 86 Moist 2 1 66 72 83 64 7 84 82 9 4 3 73 7 73 79 79 81 86 9 4 74 72 74 69 82 83 8 amp 6 89 Table 4 1 SDG Data on 4 Gravel Borrow USCS SP Location X SN 4 Wet Density Ib ft Vol Moist 96 ERN a 9 Dry Density lb ft UpmeMeeisy 09 08 05 Percent Moist 406 Table 4 2 Standard Deviation Summary of SDG on 4 Gravel Borrow USCS SP Tables4 3 and 4 4 display the data and standard deviations of the SDG data on the 1 14 Crushed Base Course material Table 4 3 is the wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture of the sixteen measurements completed with both instrument at different locations Table 4 4 is the standard deviations of the two instruments and the computed average standard deviations for the wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture The average wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture standard deviations are 2 8 Ib ft 0 6 2 2 lb ft and 0 3 respectively Page 82 of 137 Location Icon Materials Auburn Washington Material 1 4 Crushed Base Course USCS GP GM Operator Location X SN 4 Location Y SN 16 aa bs te ale Be NEMIMES War Density ie
23. 3 Density The density determined by the electrical impedance spectroscopy measurement represents the average value in the measuring volume of the instrument 4 4 Water Content The water content determined by the electrical impedance spectroscopy measurement represents the average value in the measuring volume of the instrument 5 Interferences 5 1 Measurements may be affected by chemical and mineralogical composition of the material being tested 5 2 Measurements may be affected by non homogeneous soils and surface texture see 10 2 5 3 Measurements are influenced more by the density and water content of the material near the surface 5 4 Oversized particles in the measurement volume may cause higher or lower density results Where lack of uniformity in the soil is suspected due to layering aggregates or voids the test site should be excavated and visually examined to determine if the material 1s representative of the in situ material in general and if an oversize correction 1s required in accordance with Practice D 4718 5 5 The measured Volume is approximately 0 005 1m 0 18 ft The Actual measured volume is indeterminate and varies with the apparatus and the density of the material 6 Apparatus 6 1 Electronic Sensing Device While the exact details of construction of the apparatus may vary the device shall meet the outline below 6 1 1 An electronic measuring device capable of being seated on or above the s
24. 5 to enter the Data and Reports Menu Main Menu Data and Reports Menu 1 Use Current Material 1 Download Data to USB Drive DK BR SAND W GR 17 30 tests 2 Material Selection Menu 3 Setup Menu 4 Standardize Gauge 2 Clear Memory 5 Data Storage and Reporting 0 to Exit to Main Menu Press 1 to download the current diagnostic data Download Menu 1 Download Diagnostic Data 2 Download Measurement Data O Exit to Data and Reports Menu Page 121 of 137 There will be a prompt to insert a USB flash drive and press enter to continue Insert USB Flash Drive ENTER to Download 0 to Exit to Data and Reports Menu Press ENTER to initiate the download An audible indication will be given upon completion of the download and the display will return to the Data and Reports Menu Downloading 04251115 dat From the Data and Reports Menu press 1 to enter the Download Menu and download measurement data if required or press 2 to clear the memory Page 122 of 137 Clearing the Data Base Verify that the desired data files have been downloaded the proceed to clear the database From the Main Menu press 5 to enter the Data and Reports Menu Main Menu Data and Reports Menu 1 Use Current Material 1 Download Data to USB Drive DK BR SAND W GR 17 30 tests 2 Material Selection Menu 3 Setup Menu 4 Standardize Gauge 2 Clear Memory 5 Data Storage and Re
25. 50 0 30mm passing 000 0 100 0 15mm passing 000 0 200 0 075mm passing 000 0 Initialize memory This will delete all stored data 1 Proceed 4 Diagnose Unit not enabled a Test Run on Standard Block 5 Factory Settings password protected Page 40 of 137 APPENDIX B SDG Controlled Field Test Density Data Analysis and Summary Page 41 of 137 Appendix B SDG Controlled Field Test Density Data Analysis and Summary A series of controlled field tests were conducted in order to secure data on a number of soils across the US in order to develop the algorithms necessary to convert the measured electromagnetic spectra to soil density and moisture The listing of all the testing that was performed along with the location and soil type is presented in Table B 1 The soil type designation conforms to ASTM D 2487 Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes Unified Soil Classification System ASTM Common Soil Source Test Location Test Type neigen Deigudm ewe omm ee with silt NY completed NY with silt completed GP GM GP GM GW GW GM amp SW Poorly graded gravel with silt amp sand Poorly graded gravel with silt amp sand Well graded gravel with sand Well graded gravel with silt amp sand amp Well graded sand with silt Brown sandy silt Poorly graded gravel with silt amp sand sand with gravel Gray 144 crushed CSBC 4 Gravel B
26. ASTM D 1557 or ASTM D 698 PL Plastic Limit This property describes soils with a high clay and silt content It is defined as the moisture content in percent at which the sample begins to exhibit plastic behavior as it transitions from having semi solid properties This value is determined as outlined by ASTM D 4318 LL Liquid Limit This property describes soils with a high clay and silt content It is defined as the moisture content in percent at which a sample begins to exhibit liquid behavior as it transitions from having plastic properties This value is determined as outlined by ASTM D 4318 Cu Coefficient of Uniformity Cu is defined as the ratio of Doo Dio where Deo is the particle diameter of which 60 of the sample is smaller and Do 1s the particle diameter of which 10 of the sample is smaller Cu can be calculated from values taken from a particle size distribution plot defined by ASTM D 422 Ce Coefficient of Curvature Cc is defined as Ds Deo x Dio Cc can be calculated from values taken from a particle size distribution plot defined by ASTM D 422 Zo Gravel The percentage of material by mass passing a 3 in 75mm sieve but retained on a 4 4 75mm sieve 96 Gravel can be taken from a particle size distribution report defined by ASTM D 422 Sand The percentage of material by mass passing a 4 4 75mm sieve but retained on a 200 75um 9oSand can be taken from a particle size distribution report defined by ASTM
27. BR SAND W GR ENTER to Start Measurement O to Exit to Main Menu After Pressing ENTER there will be a momentary delay while the GPS collects data Average Measurements Soil type DK BR SAND W GR Location 1 of 5 1 30 Tests Soil type DK BR SAND W GR Please move gauge to location 1 ENTER to Take Measurement O to Exit to Start Measurements SS SS SS SS Move the gauge to locations 2 3 4 and 5 and continue to take measurements At the conclusion of a test the results are calculated and displayed as follows Compaction 107 0 Moisture 6 3 Wet Dens 152 2 Ib ft Dry Dens 148 2 lb ft Vol Moisture 9 0 Ib ft Latitude 42 47 1681N Longitude 73 54 7786W ENTER to Start Next Reading 0 to Exit to Main Menu View and or record the results and press ENTER to make another measurement on the same material or press 0 to return to the Main Menu Page 117 of 137 Select a Different Material to Test If the current material displayed on the Main Menu is different from the material being measured a different material needs to be designated as the current material From the Main Menu press 2 to enter the Material Selection Menu Main Menu 1 Use Current Material DK BR SAND W GR Material Selection Menu Setup Menu Standardize Gauge 2 3 4 5 Data Storage and Reporting The option to select a different previously defined material or edit a previously d
28. GM SP SP GP GM CL GP GM GW GM CL ML Classification Avg SDG Volumetric Moisture Difference Table 4 Average Volumetric Moisture Differences from Controlled National Field Tests Note Due to rain limited moisture samples were taken Note Temperature correction may be necessary for soil that is at or near freezing Location Albany NY Pattersonville Material GP GM ROC Common Name Crushed Stone Sub base Proctor 149 3 Ib ft at 4 4 Average Difference 2 696 Location Albany NY W ynantskill Material SP ROB Common Name Sand with gravel Proctor 137 6 Ib ft at 7 4 Average Difference 0 396 Location Seattle WA ICON Material GP GM ROB Common Name 4 Gravel borrow Proctor 132 0 lb ft at 9 5 Average Difference 2 190 Location Seattle WA ICON Material GW ROC Common Name Gray 1 4 CSBC crushed stone base course Proctor 138 0 Ib ft at 9 5 Average Difference 4 1 SDG Volumetric Moisture o Note It rained most of the test day Water was running out of the test pad Volumetric Moisture Pattersonville NY 9 T T T I I o 9 SDG Volumetric Moisture 9 Control Volumetric Moisture Four moisture samples were taken before testing started and four after testing was completed 9 6 5 5 5 6 7 75 8 8 5 9 9 5 Standard Volumetric Moisture Calculated from Oven Dry Results i e Gravimetric Moisture and NDG Wet Density
29. Menu On the Units Screen select 1 to alternate between pcf and kg m units of density Select 2 to alternate between degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius The units displayed on the screen are the current units that the gauge is configured to display measurements in 1 Density pcf Select Units 2 Temperature Celcius 0 Exit to Set Up Menu Note that changing between units of density will not change the value entered when defining a material Errors in Compaction reported at the end of a test are possible Page 110 of 137 Setup the GPS The GPS on the SDG is configured to output Latitude and Longitude in the WGS 84 World Geodetic System 1984 coordinate system The GPS also outputs UTC Coordinated Universal Time based time and date The SDG uses UTC in conjunction with GPS coordinates to validate the specific time and location that measurements are made The user input Local Time is used and displayed for all other purposes The SDG s GPS also outputs the number of satellites being tracked at a given time The GPS can be turned on or turned off depending on the measurement application Turning off the GPS when not in use will extend the battery life and allow a greater number of tests between battery charges To view the GPS output or to turn the GPS on or off select 3 on the Main Menu to enter the Setup Menu From the Setup Menu select 3 to view the GPS outputs there will be a momen
30. Model 1 units SN1 and SN3 and are shown in Tables 3 9 and 3 10 Se ma 8o c D Dry Passes 0 9810 9807 9971 10215 5 06 8 12250 12185 12294 12151 0 10593 9795 9060 10105 8 12660 12494 126 78 125880 0 f 10700 9564 9025 10610 8 135 13 13493 13278 13302 PO 1019 11357 11723 11940 pk 134 93 132 64 133 79 13163 0 12190 10762 115 14 12493 8 14061 13728 135 82 13667 Table 3 9 SDG Model 1 SN1 Wet Density Page 22 of 137 So Sree 4 e e A C Dry Passes 0 10396 9918 10378 10102 5 06 8 12170 12071 12454 12236 O 11123 f 10561 98 89 106 10 6 43 8 12595 123 60 12552 126 60 O 110 58 10598 10548 11063 8 13335 13305 133 135 13249 0 f 11883 12254 11943 11854 8 13401 13297 133 70 134 92 O 12175 11040 118 74 12648 8 13772 13715 13761 13662 Table 3 10 SDG Model 1 SN3 Wet Density The agreement between the two SDGs calculations of wet density and the standard 1 e NDG were assessed Table 3 11 below is a summary of the agreement assessment between the non contacting SDGs and the standard First the difference between the standard NDG and the SDG wet density was taken Then the daily average of the difference was reported Next the average difference of all five
31. STD lb ft 0 350 0 404 3 157 1 343 0 846 Percent Moist 0 174 STD 0 047 0 062 0 404 0 182 0 115 Table 2 2 1 4 Crushed Base Course USCS GP GM Location Qore Jefferson Georgia Red Silt Clay USCS CL se Table 2 3 Red Silt Clay USCS CL Location Qore Jefferson Georgia eee Graded Aggregate Base USCS GP GM Table 2 4 Graded Aggregate Base USCS GP GM Location Clough Harbour Oklahoma Texas Material Red Sand with Rock USCS GW GM 1 SN3 SNA SN5 SN8 Average Wet Density Vol Moist STD 96 0 125 0 291 0 643 0 146 0 301 Dry Density Percent Moist STD 96 0 087 0 223 0 470 0 120 0 225 Table 2 5 Red Sand with Rock USCS GW GM Page 74 of 137 Location Clough Harbour Oklahoma Texas Material Red Sandy Clay USCS CL ML Wet Density Vol Moist Dry Density Percent Moist Table 2 6 Red Sandy Clay USCS CL ML Location All Material All USCS SP GP GM CL GP GM GW GM CL ML w o SN 8 Wet Density 1 667 STD b f L 51 1 060 0 288 0 750 1 323 0 985 Vol Moist 0 354 STD 0485 on 0 080 0 319 0 301 0 219 Dry Density 1 313 STD lb ft 1 447 0 846 0 208 0 431 1 022 0 766 Percent ee Moist STD 0 316 0 033 0 222 0 225 0 123 0 115 Table 2 7 Summary of Six Soil Types and Average Standard Deviations Density and Moisture 3 0 Controlled Field Test ASTM Test 2 Four operators each with a differe
32. Some units have ended up in scrap heaps and have contaminated scrap processing plants at a cost of several million dollars in clean up costs per incident Even in cases where there is not an overt planned act to discharge the radioactive material from the NDG these devices are used on construction sites where they can be and are accidentally damaged On December 20 2006 a backhoe ran over a NDG at an Albany NY construction site The local newspaper reported Workers and members of the public streamed from the Albany County Judicial Center the state Court of Appeals City Hall and homes and businesses in the immediate vicinity during an evacuation around 3 p m County sheriff s deputies and Albany police directed traffic while firefighters readied hoses at hydrants near the affected buildings This accident in Albany highlights the real danger with these devices The economic and psychological effects can be out of proportion to the actual physical danger In the Albany accident the containers of the radioactive material were not damaged and there was no radioactive material released Yet there was significant disruption at a number of government buildings The actual release of radioactive material would cause a panic and result in people Page 3 of 137 avoiding the area A purposeful or accidental radiation discharge in key transportation or economic centers could cause serious economic disruptions Consequently these nuclear density
33. Volumetric Moisture Wynantskill NY T T SDG Volumetric Moisture Control Volumetric Moisture Volumetric Moisture Icon WA Day 1 4 Gravel Borrow T T I I 9 9 SDG Volumetric Moisture Control Volumetric Moisture 6 A temperature correction may be necessary when soil temperatures are at or freezing Volumetric Moisture Icon WA Day 2 1 25 CSBC T T T SDG Volumetric Moisture 96 oa T 4L o T T N T o T I I I o 9 SDG Volumetric Moisture 96 Control Volumetric Moisture Note A temperature correction may be nece amp sary when soil temperaturgs are at or freezing 4 1 1 l 1 l l 1 3 6 3 8 4 2 44 4 6 4 8 5 5 2 54 Standard Volumetric Moisture Calculated from Oven Dry Results i e Gravimetric Moisture and NDG Wet Density Page 55 of 137 Note It rained most of the test day Water was running out of the test pad Four moisture samples were taken before testing started and four after testing was competed Note A temperature correction may be necessary when soil temperatures are at or near freezing Note correction necessary temperatures are at or near freezing A temperature may be when soil Volumetric Moisture Qore GA Day 1 Red Clay Silt T T T T T 9 SDG Volumetric Moisture Control Volumetric Moisture Location Duluth GA Qore Material CL Common N
34. achieved by having the new non nuclear technology displace the existing nuclear products TransTech s objective is to produce and sell new non nuclear products As part of the effort to commercialize the SDG TransTech has been working to develop an ASTM standard covering its use TransTech initiated efforts to secure an ASTM standard for the SDG in mid 2005 This effort is ongoing TransTech learned in the product introduction of the Pavement Quality Indicator PQI the importance of having a standard governing its use by an appropriate standard agency and the time required to secure such a standard Therefore the effort to secure the standard for the SDG was initiated early in its development The current status is that a revised draft standard See Appendix F for the current draft of the standard is being submitted to a vote for acceptance by the cognizant ASTM subcommittee in 2009 There was a request for additional changes and data which were secured as part of the Phase II program Page 25 of 137 Once the ASTM standard for the SDG is ready for the final approval efforts will be initiated to secure standards in countries which are primary targets for product sales TransTech will work primarily through their international distributor in each country There is a requirement that instruments sold in Europe and C e other international markets be certified to meet the various directives of the European Union The securing of Figure 4 1 Th
35. be sufficient When taking the NDG measurements the NDG should not be slid across the soil s surface to the next measurement location it should be lifted up and set back down on the next measurement location Page 43 of 137 NOG placement for measurement T HDG placement for measurement 7 HDG Hole for Sensor Rod HDG Hole for Sensor Rod Figure B 2 NDG Data Collection Pattern While the prototype SDG unit stands off from the soil surface condition is still important The condition of the surface is also important to the accuracy of the NDG It is necessary for the soil surface to be free from any loose and disturbed material stones large air pockets or divots and other debris thus exposing the true surface of the material to be tested It is also important that the soil surface be flat If it is not flat flatten the surface with a rigid plate or other suitable tool or move the unit to a location where the surface is more flat before taking the measurements The SDG should not rock side to side when placed in a location to take a measurement if it does move to a new location or remove the obstacle that is causing the rocking being careful to not measure on top of any divot left by removal of the object When choosing a location the area should be appropriate for the SDG measurement and for the NDG measurements No large metal objects within three feet should be around or underneath the soil while taking measurements Me
36. days was computed and the wet density agreement between the SDG and the standard NDG for the twenty compaction levels and five moisture levels for SDG SNI and SN3 was 0 12 Ib ft and 0 03 Ib ft respectively The average wet density standard deviation STD for the completed compactions was 1 36 Ib ft for the NDG 1 14 Ib ft for SDG SNI and 1 15 lb ft for SDG SN3 The conclusion was that the agreement between the non contacting SDGs wet density calculation and the standard NDG wet density measurements was high A second test performed on the wet density data was the calculation of the correlation and p value between the non contacting SDG and the standard NDG wet density measurements the results of which are shown in Table 3 12 A correlation and p value were computed for each day of compaction 1 e each day was a different moisture level The correlation for each SDG was high i e greater than 0 90 and the corresponding p values were found to be less than 0 05 therefore the correlations between the NDG wet density measurements and the non contacting SDG wet density calculations are significant Page 23 of 137 Avg NDG Avg Diff Avg Diff NDG SDG NDG SDG SN3 SN1 Day 1 7 43 3 79 2 40 Day2 643 gt 83 gt a Dasso 04 QN Dw o35 04 os Dass 0 08 026 Awbi 6 amp 2 48 Table 3 11 Wet Density Agreement Assessment Between Standard NDG and SDG Model 1 SN1 amp
37. gauges pose a critical national security issue concern The number of NDGs in use 1s large The Nuclear Regulatory Commission NRC estimates the number of NDGs in use in the USA by the construction industry for asphalt and soil testing is 22 000 25 000 Security Requirements for Portable Gauges Containing Byproduct Material Federal Register August 1 2003 Volume 68 Number 148 The portable nuclear density gauges pose two very critical national issues security and environment Since the NDG is under limited control in the field each year approximately 300 of these units are reported lost or stolen to the NRC with only 150 eventually recovered GAO 03 804 entitled Nuclear Security Federal and State Action Needed to Improve Security of Sealed Radioactive Sources released September 09 2003 The mission to eliminate access to minimally controlled radiological devices through the development of alternative technology was assigned to the Department of Homeland Security s Domestic Nuclear Detection Office DNDO As part of the effort to address this mission the DNDO awarded Phase I and Phase II SBIR contracts to TransTech Any proposed alternative technology must achieve the NDG s full operational capability but without requiring the use of radioactive nuclear materials The alternative must be cost competitive and have size weight power and usability characteristics compatible with the application needs It must also be able to withstand t
38. moistures Table 6 displays the average SDG s gravimetric moisture difference from the oven dry moistures for each of the eight tests The average SDG gravimetric moisture difference from the control gravimetric moisture measurement 1 e oven dry moistures for all eight soil tests was 1 1 Also included in the table is the average NDG gravimetric moisture difference from the oven dry moistures for each of the eight materials tested The average NDG gravimetric moisture difference for all eight soll tests was 1 5 As before two of the tests both noted with an were conducted at or near freezing temperatures This may be one reason why the differences are high for these tests and will require further investigation Since the NDG does not measure soil properties in the same way as the SDG does it is less affected by soil temperature at or near freezing Table 7 shows the eight materials tested with the SDG gravimetric moisture versus the control gravimetric moisture In the table the SDG results are shown with the red diamonds and the NDG gravimetric moisture results are shown with the green circles On the left of each figure is the location of the test material tested proctor information and the SDG s average difference from the oven dry moistures USCS Soil Classifications 1 4 Crushed Base Course GW GM Well graded gravel with silt amp sand Table 3 Soil Classifications Page 54 of 137 Volumetric Moisture Soil GP
39. new property as it 1s entered Once the new property is correctly entered press ENTER to accept the new property and return to the Edit Material screen which will reflect the change that was just made Press the up arrow to return to the Edit Material Menu without making any changes Edit Material Property ID 77 197 New ID 99 198 UP to Exit to Edit Material Menu ENTER to Accept and Continue When all of the material properties displayed on the Edit Material screen are correct press 0 to return to the Main menu The material that was just edited will now be the active material displayed on the Main Menu Note The sum of Greater the 3 inches Gravel Sand and Fines must add up to 100 The default values programmed in the SDG software add up to 100 As soon as one of those values is edited the sum will no longer add up to 100 and an error message will be displayed until all of those gradation values are entered such that the sum is 100 again Note that Max Dry Density must be entered in the same units in which the gauge is configured to output results If the gauge is configured to measure in pcf input Max Dry Density in pcf Page 114 of 137 Part 2 Running a Test After charging the battery configuring the gauge and defining a material to test the SDG 1s ready to make density measurements Measurement Pattern A complete test consists of five individual measurements taken in a clover
40. provide accurate wet density and moisture levels The output presented on the display of the prototype units provided for field testing will be data coefficient values interpreted from the information taken from the soil spectrum The output results will be proportional to the nuclear density gauge NDG which is the industry accepted method to measure wet density meaning that the SDG s outputs will increase decrease when the NDG s wet density outputs increase decrease within the accepted standard error of each device At this stage of the unit s development we certainly do not expect it to provide accurate readings of density moisture equivalent to a nuclear density gauge or other standards sand cone etc on any soil that it has Page 32 of 137 not been calibrated on The data that is collected during the field testing will be used to develop the algorithms necessary to enable it to provide accurate density and moisture readings when the product release occurs in mid to late 2008 We have found during our research that gradation of the material under test 1s important in adjusting the wet density and moisture algorithms For this reason we ask that you not only provide the gradation information of any material you test the instrument on but that you provide the Proctor information as well For each of the materials that you test the SDG unit on we ask that you provide as many of the following as possible 1 the Sieve Analysis Repo
41. that is commonly used in construction projects in New York the SDG can achieve precision equivalent to the NDG and provide readings that are statistically identical to the NDG The primary objectives of the Phase II program were first the development and fabrication of a pre production version of the non nuclear soil gauge and second the use of these units for testing and data collection in order to extend the algorithms to convert the electromagnetic impedance spectroscopy signal to provide soil density and moisture for soils that are typical of the engineering soils used throughout the country The program objectives that were achieved are 1 Designed fabricated and tested two generations of the SDG the Model 100 and Model 100A see Figures 2 3 and 2 4 which were used in laboratory field and beta testing and moved the design to a pre production design 2 The SDG Model 100A was used as the basis for the design of the production version of the SDG which is now in production and shown in Figure 2 5 3 Extended the verification of the algorithms to additional soils across the country through the conduct of field and beta testing and 4 Extended the understanding of the impact on the algorithm of soil gradation through laboratory testing There were ten units of the initial version of the SDG Model 100 Figure 2 3 that were used in testing at TransTech and at various field locations Thirty of the later version of the SDG
42. the MW and bound water relaxations For soil on the other hand both 7 and the volumetric moisture content 0 are unknown Obviously at least one other measurement and one other equation are required to solve for the two unknowns To find this second equation we exploit the fact that the dielectric constant is in fact a function of the applied electric field frequency 3 2 Soil Test Programs There were two types of test programs conducted laboratory and controlled field testing The laboratory tests were conducted to secure data with different soils having varying moisture and compaction levels and using reconstituted soil at different gradation levels Page 9 of 137 The soil testing was conducted on a soil with variable compactions at constant moisture These compaction tests were completed in a wooden frame structure 6 x 6 x 1 25 Soil was moisturized with de ionized water mixed and allowed to stand for 12 hours to fully equilibrate The moisture level was determined by using the oven dry test procedure as specified by ASTM D 2216 The soil was then placed into the compaction frame and compacted using an electric Wacker vibratory compacter The vibratory compactor fit the frame such that each compaction level had four vibratory passes with no compactor overlap thus ensuring each compaction level had the same compactive effort For the next compaction level the vibratory compactor was rotated 90 degrees and four vibra
43. the current Beta Units The production version of the SDG is shown in Figure 2 5 TransTech has presented the SDG at major trade shows in the United States as well as in China and Russia A sales brochure for US sales has been prepared see Appendix H and distributed TransTech s distributor in China Earth Products China has prepared a sales brochure see Appendix I that features the SDG for use in trade shows in China and for sales support TransTech is committed to bringing this technology as well as product enhancements to market Page 27 of 137 Uni SI Software Development roduction Not Finished SI Sales Rep North Carolina Highway Construction Insp Ontario BAV CONEXPO Russian Translation SI Sales Bangkok Mm By O N vs OO SI Sales Rep Texas aisei India HN F m m Penn State University UJ m NO TS Europe EPC China EN I8 SIRED j PmeiSpin 20 NYSDOT 21 KYS Fisher 22 ABUS Ingvald Norway 23 Rieth Riley Indiana 24 Global Road Equipment Australia 25 SERED 7 MSER D O S 23 JUSACEWES 2 Production Not Finished 30 Hillis Carnes Engineering Maryland Ww W W We CO A NN BY GO KeySpan New Jersey ve UJ UJ m ve N ve olverine Tractor Michigan UJ A ve N ON ve W O o0 ve roduction Not Finished Table 4 1 Status of Beta Units 5 0 CONCLUSIONS The DHS program bu
44. units are also shown Soil 4 1 Crushed Base Course USCS GP GM ICON Materials Auburn WA The material in Table 5 a 1 14 Crushed Base Course has a USCS classification of GP GM i e poorly graded gravel with silt and sand The material was from a quarry in Auburn WA and the testing was conducted at the quarry by ICON Personnel with ICON units Average values Standard Deviations 1013 1013 Std Compaction Troxl CPN Troxl CPN b roxler MD10506170 verage Troxler Wp10506170 between Bees 3450 3450 units DD 1 117075 113 8604 1154677 23 15 23 DD 4 1209146 1178438 119372 14 14 23 DD 10 1264813 1244229 125459001 26 15 19 Table 5 1 4 Crushed Base Course USCS GP GM The NDG measurement data in Table 5 show that the standard deviation of the individual units range from 1 4 to 2 5 for wet density 1 4 to 2 6 for dry density and 0 1 to 0 3 for per cent moisture The standard deviations between the two NDG units are also shown The wet density compaction increased about 5 Ibs over the three compaction levels Soil 5 Red Silt Clay USCS CL ore Jefferson GA The material in Table 6 a Red Silt Clay has a USCS classification of CL i e lean clay The material was from a quarry in Jefferson GA and the testing was conducted at the quarry by Qore Personnel with Qore units The NDG measurement data in Table 6 show that the standard deviation of the individual un
45. 0 296 respectively Location Qore Jefferson Georgia Material Graded Aggregate Base USCS GP GM Page 84 of 137 Operator Location X SN 5 Location Y SN 8 c CENE PEPEPEPE Em Density a sez pes iss os its tate liea 1415 abit 4 1389 138 6 139 8 139 0 140 1 141 6 1424 142 2 1 77 83 89 90 98 102 103 10 2 _ 2 85 85 89 90 100 101 104 10 0 _ L3 8e ee so 89 o8 102 104 102 4 88 86 91 88 94 101 104 103 abt 4 1302 1300 130 7 130 2 130 7 131 5 1320 1318 1 so e4 es es v4 77 r8 77 2385 068 69 0 7 79 49 1 aero se 70 68 72 T7 T9 78 Table 4 7 SDG Data on Graded Aggregate Base USCS GP GM lecatonX SNS Location Y SNS Average Standard Deviation Wer Density uu O Sae u e e Vol Moist Standard Deviation Dry Density lb ft i Standard Deviation m Table 4 8 Standard Deviation Summary of SDG Graded Aggregate Base USCS GP GM Tables 4 9 and 4 10 display the data and standard deviations of the SDG data on the Texas Red Sand with Rock material Table 4 9 is the wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture of the sixteen measurements completed with both instrument at different locations Table 4 10 is the standard deviations of the two instruments and the computed average standard deviations for the wet densi
46. 013 5 Troxler Serial Number 38379 6 Troxler Serial Number 39576 7 Humboldt 5001 EZ Serial Number 2523 8 Humboldt 5001 Serial Number 102 and 9 Troxler Serial Number 6964 The test procedure was to have the soil rough graded and then compacted with a vibrating roller The equipment was provided by the quarry operator Data were taken at three or four compaction levels depending on the soil type Data were taken after one pass of the roller and then after a number of passes until the soil was fully compacted The number of passes is noted in the data tables below Page 60 of 137 The data for each soil is presented and then a summary of the data from all the NDG units on all the soils is presented Soil 1 Run of bank ROB Gravel USCS SP Wynantskill NY The material in Tables 1 and 2 is a Run of Bank ROB Gravel with a USCS classification of SP 1 e poorly graded sand The material was from a quarry in Wynantskill NY and the testing was conducted at the quarry by TransTech Personnel with TransTech units For this material only the wet density data from all 48 readings are presented for a single compaction level full compaction 14 roller passes For the remainder only an average of the 48 readings for each compaction level is presented The variations observed in Table are similar to those observed on all the readings Difference Se R2 H 139 53 141 05 average 1A 1A std dev dev 2 12
47. 1007 BH Table 3 1 SDG Data on 4 Gravel Borrow USCS SP Location Location Location Location Location Location Avg 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wet STD Ib ft Vol STD 96 Dry Density STD Ib ft Percent ES e e e e e STD Table 3 2 Standard Deviation Summary of SDG on 4 Gravel Borrow USCS SP Tables 3 3 and 3 4 display the data and standard deviations of the SDG data on the 1 4 crushed base course material Table 3 3 displays the average wet density dry density volumetric moisture and percent moisture measurements taken by the instruments at the six locations Table 3 4 displays the standard deviations of the measurements at the six locations On this test day SDG SN 8 was measuring on average 15 to 20 Ib ft higher than the other instruments therefore the numbers in parentheses are the standard deviations of the measurements without SDG SN 8 data Once back at TransTech Systems it was found that a couple of the instruments were damaged during the shipping process this is thought to be the reason for the high reading with SDG SN 8 The seventh column in the table is the average standard deviation for the six locations for the density and moisture measurements The average wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture standard deviations without SDG SN 8 are 6 5 Ib ft 1 5 5 0 lb ft and 0 9 respectively SDG SN 8 data was used in ASTM Test 1 since the standard deviation within each uni
48. 200 gt than 3 inches 0 80 70 60 Gravel 1 3 5 1 6 4 50 40 PERCENT FINER Sand 8 1 31 3 48 2 87 6 30 20 10 Fines 6 0 0 0 10 1 0 1 0 01 001 GRAIN SIZE mm 9 3 Gravel Sand Fines Coarse Fine Coarse Medium Fine Silt Clay 0 0 1 3 5 1 8 1 31 3 48 2 6 0 SIEVE PERCENT SPEC PASS Soil Description SIZE FINER PERCENT X NO Dark Brown Sand P 3 100 0 Description Dark Brown Sand 2 100 0 2 s Atterberg Limits PL LL PI 25 94 4 4 93 6 Coefficients 10 85 5 Dg5 1 9198 Dgo 0 5058 D59 0 3798 40 54 2 D30 0 2328 D457 0 1488 D497 0 1140 100 15 2 Cy 4 44 Co 0 94 200 6 0 Classification USCS AASHTO Remarks Cu 4 44 no specification provided C 3 c 0 94 Sample No 08 0527 Source of Sample Example Data Date May 2008 Location Elev Depth QCQA La orato ries Inc Client Trans Tech Systems Inc Project Gradation Example Schenectady NY Project No 200805 Figure 1A Soil ID 08 0527 gt 3 4 inches 100 98 7 1 3 Note The sum of Greater the 3 inches Gravel Sand and Fines must add up to 100 The defau
49. 3 respectively On the second material tested in Washington State 1 14 Crushed Base Course USCS GP GM Table 2 2 the SDG had an average wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture standard deviation of 1 7 Ib ft 0 4 1 3 lb ft and 0 2 respectively On this test day Page 72 of 137 SDG SN 8 was measuring on average 15 to 20 lb ft higher than the other instruments therefore the numbers in parentheses are the standard deviations of the measurements without SDG SN 8 data Once back at TransTech Systems it was found that a couple of the instruments were damaged during the shipping process this is thought to be the reason for the high readings with SDG SN 8 The average wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture standard deviations without SDG SN 8 are 1 1 lb ft 0 2 0 8 lb ft and 0 1 respectively At the next test location in Jefferson Georgia Table 2 3 the SDG had an average wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture standard deviation on Silt Clay USCS CL of 0 3 Ib ft 0 1 0 2 lb ft and 0 03 respectively On the second material tested 1n Georgia Graded Aggregate Base USCS GP GM Table 2 4 the SDG had an average wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture standard deviation of 0 8 lb ft 0 3 0 4 Ib ft and 0 2 respectively At the final locations in Oklahoma and Texas the SDG had an average wet density
50. 46 752 0 f 66 710 694 80 8 53 oie este 4 88 90 907 909 p84 883 951 9710 0 787 782 80 800 J 1 906 850 919 913 9 22 Soa nego 8 888 917 895 953 Table 3 5 SDG Model 1 SN1 Moisture Page 20 of 137 coe met T Te gt oe oe Dry Passes 0 417 407 409 42 5 06 m a 56 0E e pO 483 S513 472 TSP l 600 609 615 616 6 43 em 4 621 663 666 640 8 j 56501 1689 653 3655 0 57 621 570 605 1 696 790 657 689 7 43 7 19 The agreement between the two SDGs calculation of moisture and the standard 1 e oven dry moisture results were assessed Table 3 7 below is a summary of the agreement assessment between the SDGs and the standard First using the moisture results from one to eight compactor passes each day s moisture average Avg was computed Then the SDG s average moisture was subtracted from the average oven dry results Next the five differences between the SDG and the oven dry results were averaged The average differences Avg Diff between the SDG and the standard for the SDG Model 1 units SN1 and SN3 were 0 03 and 0 05 respectively Both SDGs average differences were below the average standard deviation Avg STD of the oven dry result 0 22 The conclusion was that the agreement between the SDGs moi
51. 8 l 108 L9 p m 9 oo Lis 19 si 139 23 142 88 average l O ty 1B 1B std dev dev d 2588 ers qoe p 33s L3es ms us ae 1Cc4 172 O 141 5 43 33 142 75 Nou Cue 18 xm oo D4 4 142 M28 dl 85 143 SS average 1D std dev 2 13 Hibsdder 355 m Page 61 of 137 2A 1 145 7 145 1 0 6 joven average asa e 51 ee 293 Mes s os oem average 4 3 ws 19 os 0s 4e fwverge average sa 38 average 3 2 msa o2 a average 2 3 DAwds os os 3B 144 85 147 2 average 2 3 Page 62 of 137 3B std dev 0 66 1 78 3C 145 23 147 65 average 2 4 3C std dev Ial 2 41 3Cstddev 327 AT 29 3D 141 55 144 48 average 3D std dev 1 76 1 01 3Dstddev 176 1 Table 1 48 Individual NDG readings with Test Area Summaries after 14 Compaction Passes pf Average values Standard Deviations Compaction CPN Troxler Aaa CPN Troxler passes MC 3 23531 86 MC 3 23531 Mn DD 1 1203854 124 4521 122 4188 34 38 30 M 1 995881 7 990476 8 974643 06 0 5 14 DD 2 123225 127 4313 125 3282 32 33 18 DD 4 1256708 129 9333 127 8021 33 36 30 DD 14 1299563 134 6729 1323146 29 26 33 M 14 _ 9 907381 7 919048 8 913215 09 05 14 Table 2 ROB Gravel USCS SP In Table 1 the variation in the wet
52. FINAL PROJECT REPORT REPORT TITLE Development of a Non Nuclear Soil Density Gauge to Eliminate the Need for Nuclear Density Gauges REPORT DATE PERIOD COVERED REPORT NUMBER PREPARED FOR UNDER CONTRACT PREPARED BY October 31 2008 May 15 2007 through October 31 2008 Phase II Final Report US Dept of Homeland Security Domestic Nuclear Detection Office 245 Murray Lane SW Bldg 410 Attn John Zabko Washington DC 20528 HSHQDC 07 C 00080 TransTech Systems Inc 1594 State Street Schenectady NY 12304 1529 D D Colosimo 518 370 5558 Page 1 of 137 Table of Contents L0 SUIVEIVEA IY 225 Hive Ee iuis e 122 chou UO LEE o ha ra a E E 3 2 0 TRANSTECH S NON NUCLEAR DENSITY GAUGE ALTERNATIVES 5 30 OS 08 PROG RA 0 7 Beer 8 oL Technical Iriplenientation Of the SD onion hh Eict aig aa a eat 2 2 SOIL Test PLO Crain inore cioe I poe Oca ena eie betian nn d a aDo fuu o fed i dte toe se mitad ofa 3 3 Development of Soil Properties Algorithm eee 4 0 COMMERCIALIZATION EFFORTTS ecce eee eee eee eee eene eee eee eee eee eee ee eee 25 D0 CONC IU STON Seer HOTETEU 28 CUR LE Ss 1 d 09 13 Ld 03 Dv freenet sobeceusdeseoesuuevudsaslaeasasssuaaiuawiiuiossscasadesanicceeees 29 Appendix A TransTech Systems Soil Density Gauge SDG Testing Protocol 32 Appendix B SDG Controlled Field Test Density Data Analysis and Summary 42 Appendix C
53. M USCS Soil Designations Table B 3 presents the the wet density results of the four National Field Tests at each site two different commonly used local materials were tested In the following eight plots the x axis is the average wet density of the NDG and the SDG and the y axis is the SDG and NDG wet density results This method of evaluation was used since the actual wet density of the material under test was not known therefore we are comparing two measurement methods 1 e impedance spectroscopy and nuclear with no known truth The location material common name of the material Proctor information and average difference between the average wet density and the SDG wet density for each of the eight materials is listed on the left side of the corresponding wet density figure Page 46 of 137 Wet Density Pattersonville NY T T T Avg Wet Density SDG Wet Density NDG Wet Density Location Albany NY Pattersonville Material GP GM ROC Common Name Crushed Stone Sub base Proctor 149 3 Ib ft at 4 4 Average Difference 1 5 lb ft SDG and NDG Wet Density Ib cu ft Avg Wet Density SDG Wet Density NDG Wet Density Location Albany NY W ynantskill Material SP ROB Common Name Sand with gravel Proctor 137 6 lb ft at 7 4 Average Difference 1 3 lb ft ES A a a o SDG and NDG Wet Density Ib cu ft C li 145 150 Aver
54. Moisture O NDG Gravimetric Moisture Oven Dry Control Gravimetric Moisture G 0000 0 Se G O o 900900 SDG and NDG Gravimetric Moisture 96 Gravimetric Moisture Icon WA Day 1 4 Gravel Borrow T T T I I I SDG Gravimetric Moisture Oo NDG Gravimetric Moisture 9 Note A temperature correction may be necessary when soil temperatures are at or freezing Oven Dry Control Gravimetric Moisture 1 1 L z 5 6 5 8 6 Standard Gravimetric Moisture Page 57 of 137 Note It rained most of the test day Water was running out of the test pad Four moisture samples were taken before testing started and four after testing was competed Note A temperature correction may be necessary when soil temperatures are at near freezing aa Moisture Icon WA Day 2 1 E CSBC X Note A temp erature 9 SDG Gravimetric Moisture A c M correction may be necessary when soil temper atures are at or near o freezing Location Seattle WA ICON Material GW ROC Common Name Gray 1 4 CSBC crushed stone base course Proctor 138 0 Ib ft at 9 5 Average Difference 3 396 SDG and NDG Gravimetric Moisture 96 Gravimetric Moisture Qore GA Day 1 Red Clay Silt T T T SDG Gravimetric Moisture NDG Gravimetric Moisture Oven Dry Control Gravimetric Moisture o 8 o9 of o o o 8o o o o oo Location Duluth
55. SN3 NDG to SDG SN1 NDG to SDG SN3 5 06 6 43 7 43 8 53 9 22 Corr 0 9748 p value 0 0000 Corr 0 9668 p value 0 0000 Corr 0 9664 p value 0 0000 Corr 0 9526 p value 0 0000 Corr 0 9516 p value 0 0000 Corr 0 9506 p value 0 0000 Corr 0 9696 p value 0 0000 Corr 0 9799 p value 0 0000 Corr 0 9417 p value 0 0000 Corr 0 9399 p value 0 0000 Table 3 12 Correlation and p values Between NDG and SDG Measurements After the non contacting SDG algorithms were developed for moisture and wet density an additional compaction test was completed The average wet density results from zero compaction passes to eight compaction passes for two SDG units and two NDG units are reported in Table 3 13 below The instruments performed as expected with wet density measurements increasing with the number of vibratory compaction passes The standard deviations STD of the SDG were as expected for un calibrated prototype units The correlations shown in Table 3 14 for all four unit comparisons above were high e greater than 0 90 and the corresponding p values were all calculated to be less than 0 05 therefore the correlations between the NDG wet density measurements and the non contacting SDG wet density calculations are significant This compaction test was completed at one moisture level having an average oven dry result of 7 72 moisture The average non contacting SDG moisture resu
56. Table 7 Figures of Gravimetric Moisture Results from Controlled National Field Test Page 58 of 137 APPENDIX D NDG Controlled Field Testing Procedures and Results Page 59 of 137 Appendix D NDG Controlled Field Testing Procedures and Results Test Program Procedures During a field test program to evaluate soil density gauges TransTech secured data with a variety of Nuclear Density Gauges NDG on eight different soil types at various levels of compaction The test program was conducted at locations in New York Georgia Oklahoma Texas and Washington The tests were conducted by placing a 12 inch layer of the various types of soil over 10 foot by 40 foot area This area was typically divided into 12 test areas as shown in Figure 1 The NDG rod hole was located in 10 Feet approximately the center of each test area The test pattern for the NDG is each area is shown in Figure 2 Four Rod Hole _ 3 4 Figure 2 NDG Test Pattern readings were taken about a fixed rod hole location A total of nine NDG units from three manufactures were used in the testing The NDG units were owned by five different organizations and operated by personnel from the owner organization The NDGs used in 1 2 3 this study included 1 CPN MC l 3 2 Troxler 75 5594 Serial Figure 1 Test Area Designations on the Test Soil Number 23531 3 MD10506170 4 Troxler 3450 Serial Number 1
57. Test 3 for each of the six soil types measured upon the average wet density standard deviation with one instrument four operators each operator took four measurements was less than or equal to 3 5 lb ft The average volumetric moisture content standard deviation with one instrument and four operators was less than or equal to 1 0 The average dry density standard deviation with one instrument and four operators was less than or equal to 2 6 lb ft The average percent moisture standard deviation with one instrument and four operators was less than or equal to 0 6 Location All Material All Page 87 of 137 USCS GP GM GP GM GW GM CL ML Avg Wet Density 3 1 2 8 0 5 0 7 4 4 3 5 STD lb ft Avg Vol Moisture 0 1 0 3 1 0 STD 96 Avg Dry Density 2 3 2 2 0 4 0 4 3 5 2 6 STD Ib ft Avg Percent Siete fe le le la STD Table 4 13 Summary of Six Soil Types and Average Standard Deviations Density and Moisture 5 0 Controlled Field Test ASTM Test Summary Test 1 Four operators each with a different SDG unit took four sets of five measurements each at a different location only picking up in between each of the twenty measurements and placing it back in the same spot This test was designed to show the usual density and moisture spread of a measurement using several instruments operators and test locations for multiple soil types Summarized in Table 5 1 ASTM Test 1 for each of the six soil types measured
58. The seventh column in the table is the average standard deviation for the six locations for the density and moisture measurements The average wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture standard deviations are 0 6 lb ft 0 2 0 4 lb ft and 0 1 respectively Page 77 of 137 Location Qore Jefferson Georgia Material Red Silt Clay USCS CL Location Location2 Location3 Location4 Location5 Location6 a Ib f va cnni aAA Table 3 5 SDG Data on Red Silt Clay USCS CL Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 Location Avg Wet Density STD Ib ft EE eee eee STD Dry Density STD Ib ft Percent Moisture STD 96 Table 3 6 Standard Deviation Summary of SDG on Red Silt Clay USCS CL Tables 3 7 and 3 8 display the data and standard deviations of the SDG data on the Georgia eraded aggregate base material Table 3 7 displays the average wet density dry density volumetric moisture and percent moisture measurements taken by the instruments at the six locations Table 3 8 displays the standard deviations of the measurements at the six locations The seventh column in the table is the average standard deviation for the six locations for the density and moisture measurements The average wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture standard deviations are 0 9 lb ft 0 5 0 5 Ib ft and 0 3 resp
59. Unauthorized disassembly of the unit will void the warranty Page 104 of 137 Controls and Components Contents The SDG is packaged and shipped with the following components Contact TransTech Systems Inc Customer Service if any of the parts are missing Storage shipping case Operators handbook SDG Unit SDG handle 120 220V AC to 12V DC battery charger 12V DC Car Charger External Components 12V DC Charger Keypad USB Port Handle Charger Connection 120 24V AC Charger External Controls Page 105 of 137 External controls on the SDG consist of an ON OFF switch and a sixteen key keypad for navigating through the user interface and entering alpha numeric data The keypad on this beta unit is not laid out exactly as intended Please refer to the following illustration when using the keypad to enter text on the SDG Note that the CAL key on the keypad is linked directly to the SDG Status Screen Key pad on SDG Reference illustration for alpha numeric entry Function For alpha numeric entries the 0 The number keys are used to select specific menu functions and to enter alpha numeric text Executes a command or terminates an operation such as editing text Links directly to the instrument Status Screen When in the Main Menu Adds a space when entering text Returns to the Main Menu or acts a backspace when entering data Use as a decimal point Part 1 Setting up the SDG Pag
60. Z Serial Number 2523 8 Humboldt 5001 Serial Number 102 and 9 Troxler Serial Number 6964 The test procedure called for having the soil rough graded and then compacted with a vibrating roller The equipment was provided by the quarry operator Data were taken at three or four compaction levels depending on the soil type Data were taken after one pass of the roller and then after a number of passes until the soil was fully compacted The number of passes is noted in the data tables below Figure 3 10 shows the data being taken in Washington A Tun Xr We E A ee S DU Figure 3 10 Data Being Taken During a The soils and type of testing that was Controlled Field Test in Washington performed are presented below in Table 3 3 The soil classifications are specified according to ASTM D 2487 Standard Practice for the Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes Unified Soil Classification System The data from these tests are presented in Appendices B C and D Also during these tests data were taken for an ASTM precision and bias statement The test procedures and results are presented in Appendix E Page 15 of 137 Designation with silt NY completed with silt NY completed GP GM Poorly graded gravel with silt amp sand GP GM GW GW GM amp SW Poorly graded gravel with silt amp sand Well graded gravel with sand Well graded gravel with silt amp sand amp Well graded sand with silt
61. a 1s saved at the conclusion of a complete measurement Data from partial measurements are not logged in memory The diagnostic data is saved to a file that is automatically named by the SDG at the time of download The following naming format is used month month day day hour hour minute minute dat 03061510 dat for March 6 3 10 PM During the Beta test these files will be sent to TransTech on a regular basis Storage Capacity The SDG is designed to store 30 complete tests 30 sets of five measurements Upon completion of a set of five measurements the average densities and moisture content as well as time date and location information will automatically be written to a file and saved on the instrument On occasions that operators do not complete the series of five tests that make up a measurement and either exit out of the measurement routine or turn off the instrument that incomplete record will not be stored Page 120 of 137 As the maximum storage capacity is approached at 25 measurements the SDG will issue a warning that the operator will need to download records from the data base At this time it is advised that users download the data then clear the database If the user continues to log 30 measurements after the 30 measurement the SDG will alert them that no more data is being saved The gauge will continue to operate as usual but will repeat the message before each measurement Downloading Data From the Main Menu press
62. aboratories for each material in TransTech s case it would be six instruments on each material tested In this test four non TransTech employees are to participate in the necessary data collection for the ASTM specification The three ASTM tests which will be conducted are covered below The data collection work sheets for the three ASTM tests are also attached Test 1 Instrument Repeatability Since there is no standard for soils this test is designed to determine instrument precision or repeatability only Each operator unit will take four sets of five measurements each 20 total all in the same location only picking up in between each measurement and placing it back in the same spot Each of the four operators units can conduct this test at a different location 1 5 Pick up in betweenjeach measurement and place back in the same spot eee A coeff B coeff A coeff B coeff A coeff B coeff A coeff B coeff Test 2 Instrument Variation This test 1s designed to determine the instrument variation in readings at different locations samples with the same operator At six locations designated each operator unit will take two sets of pattern of five measurements for a total of twelve sets The two sets at each individual location will be taken on the same measurement volume Page 71 of 137 Test 3 Operator Variation This test is designed to investigate variation introduced by operator operation
63. age Wet Density Ib cu ft Wet Density Icon WA Day 1 4 Gravel Borrow T T T Avg Wet Density SDG Wet Density o NDG Wet Density a e T Location Seattle WA ICON Material SP ROB Common Name 4 Gravel borrow Proctor 132 0 Ib ft at 9 5 Average Difference 1 9 Ib ft SDG and NDG Wet Density Ib cu ft yb og oc E R ol eo c eo oa E N o 130 13 Average Wet Density Ib cu ft Wet Density Icon WA Day 2 1 25 CSBC T T T T I jS Avg Wet Density SDG Wet Density o NDG Wet Density Location Seattle WA ICON Material GP GM ROC Common Name Gray 1 4 CSBC crushed stone base course Proctor 138 0 Ib ft at 9 5 Average Difference 2 5 lb ft SDG and NDG Wet Density Ib cu ft I I I 120 125 130 135 140 Average Wet Density Ib cu ft Wet Density Qore GA Day 1 Red Clay Silt T T T T T T Avg Wet Density SDG Wet Density O NDG Wet Density Location Duluth GA Qore Material CL Common Name Ga Red Clay Proctor 102 8 Ib ft at 19 7 Average Difference 0 0 lb ft Specific Calibration 1 Clay SDG and NDG Wet Density Ib cu ft li ll I 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 Average Wet Density Ib cu ft Page 47 of 137 Wet Density Qore GA Day 2 Graded Aggregate Base T T T T T Avg Wet Density SDG Wet Density
64. ame Ga Red Clay Proctor 102 8 Ib ft at 19 7 Average Difference 0 0 Specific Calibration 1 Clay N N T SDG Volumetric Moisture L 1 1 19 5 20 20 5 21 21 5 22 5 23 5 Standard Volumetric Moisture C alculated from Oven Dry Results i e Gravimetric Moisture and NDG Wet Density Volumetric Moisture Qore GA Day 2 Graded Aggregate Base T T T T SDG Volumetric Moisture Location Duluth GA Qore Cort Volumetie Mois Material GP GM Common Name Graded Aggregate Base Proctor 136 9 Ib ft at 6 5 Average Difference 0 096 Specific Calibration 1 Open Graded Material Location Texas Clough Harbour Material GW GM Common Name Reddish Yellow Sand with Rock Proctor 132 5 Ib ft at 9 0 Average Difference 0 496 gt Conil Veneri Moe Volumetric Moisture Clough Harbour Texas Day 2 Clayey Sand T T T T SDG Volumetric Moisture Control Volumetric Moisture Location Texas Clough Harbour Material CL ML Common Name Clayey Sand Proctor 118 3 lb ft at 12 5 Average Difference 1 1 SDG Volumetric Moisture L 1 1 1 L 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Standard Volumetric Moisture Calculated from Oven Dry Results i e Gravimetric Moisture and NDG Wet Density Table 5 Figures of Volumetric Moisture Results from Controlled National Field Test Page 56 of 137 Gravimetric Moisture
65. and a densities were calculated NDG For the calibration compactions great care was taken to achieve the targeted moisture levels During the drying or moisturizing process of the soil oven dries were completed to monitor the process On the morning of each compaction oven dries were completed to determine the starting percent gravimetric moisture Then at the end of each compaction day soil samples were taken from each of the four positions and oven dries were completed calculating the gravimetric percent moisture The oven dry results from the end of the day and their computed standard deviations are in Table 3 1 below The results from the morning oven dries in increasing moisture order were 4 87 6 51 7 57 8 74 and 9 31 Therefore four out of five oven dries completed in the morning before the compaction were within one standard deviation of the oven dries completed after the compactions Deviation 660 618 655 629 643 023399 Table 3 1 Oven Dry Results After Compaction and Standard Deviation Table 3 2 below details the average of the eight NDG wet density measurements around each of the four measurement positions A B C and D for each of the five compaction levels 0 1 2 4 and 8 The average percent moistures calculated in Table 3 1 are used to distinguish between the five columns of averaged wet densities as measured by the NDG Oven Dry Moisture 46 NDG
66. anual Appendix H TransTech SDG Sales Brochure Front Page Only Appendix I Earth Products China Sales Brochure Featuring the SDG Front Page Only Page 30 of 137 APPENDIX A Controlled Field Test Procedures Page 31 of 137 Appendix A TransTech Systems Soil Density Gauge SDG Testing Protocol Project History The Soil Density Gauge SDG prototype units are scheduled to begin field testing in New York State in early September 2007 and in other States in early December 2007 TransTech Systems is under contract to the Department of Homeland Security DHS to develop a non nuclear soil density and moisture gauge The current objective of the program is to use prototype units which were developed under funding from DHS New York State Energy and Research Development Authority NYSERDA Keyspan Energy ConEd and TransTech Systems Inc to collect data on the wide variety of soil types and mineralogies that are used on construction sites throughout the U S This will verify the ability of our technology approach of using electromagnetic impedance spectroscopy to function as well as the current industry standard the Nuclear Density Gauge NDG Currently the unit has been verified to be equivalent to the NDG on two soil types secured from suppliers in New York State an SW well graded sand and a GP GM poorly graded gravel with silt and sand At this time we are working with the second calibration GP GM material to continue our
67. approved XXX XX XXXX Published XX XXXX For Referenced ASTM Standards visit the ASM TM Website at www astm otg or contact ASTM Customer Service at service astm org for Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information refer to the standard s Document Summary Page on the ASTM Website Page 92 of 137 D653 Terminology Relating to Soil Rock and Contained Fluids D698 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort 12 400 ft lbf ft 600 kN m m D1556 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the Sand Cone Method D1557 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort 56 000 ft lbf ft 2 700 kN m m D2167 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the Rubber Balloon Method D2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water Moisture Content of Soils and Rock by Mass D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes Unified Soil Classification System D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils Visual Manual Method D2937 Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock by the Drive Cylinder Method D3740 Practice for Minimum requirements for Agencies Engaged in the Testing and or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction D4253 Test Methods for the Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table D4254 Test Methods for the M
68. asurements near buried power lines within ten feet should be avoided If unavoidable it should be documented in the margin of the notes as to the distance to the object or power line Also the NDG has a known edge vertical mass effect therefore if there is a measurement with the units near an edge the NDG needs to be calibrated for that If that NDG edge calibration cannot take place it should be noted with the measurements on the data collection sheet The SDG does not have a large known edge vertical mass effect If measurements are taken with an SDG near an edge if possible the SDG should to be three inches from the edge When placing the SDG at a location for a measurement do not push down on the unit to seat the unit in place especially at the lower compaction levels Set the unit down on the surface and check to see if it rocks side to side When moving the unit around to each of the five locations in the clover leaf pattern pick it up and set it down each time again not pushing down on the unit If it is dragged or pushed around while in contact with the surface ridges may develop that may results in loose soil touching the sensor plate The protocol for the controlled field tests is designed to collect as much data on each compaction level with the SDG and NDG as possible The test pad will be approximately 10 ft x 40 ft This will allow for the test pad to be broken up into four sections each with an approxima
69. ated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard The value stated in inch pound units ft lb units are provided for information only 1 4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the Guide for Significant Digits and Rounding established in Practice D6026 1 4 1 The procedures used to specify how data is collected recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard In addition they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained The procedures used do not consider material variation purpose for obtaining the data special purpose studies or any considerations for the users objectives and it is common practice to increase or decrease the number of significant digits of reported data commensurate with these considerations It 1s beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in the analysis methods for engineering design 1 5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns if any associated with its use It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use 2 Referenced Documents 2 1 ASTM Standards 1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D 6 Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D 8 08 on Special and Construction Control Tests Current edition
70. ater with water acting to help bind the stone matrix together Some researchers have shown that the matrix bulk dielectric constant may be derived from the volume fractions and dielectric constants of the constituents according to the following empirically derived soil dielectric mixing equation k ok I0 0 Here k is the bulk dielectric constant k k k are the respective dielectric constants of water stone and air 0 is the volume fraction of water 7 is the porosity so that 1 7 is the volume fraction of stone and 7 0 is the volume fraction of air and is an empirically determined constant different for each soil matrix References 1 and 2 For sandy type soil matrices 0 46 has been found to be typical Reference 2 Typical values for the component permittivity are k 3 5 k 280 and k 1 As compaction increases porosity decreases the k term drives k upward while the k term drives k downward but because k gt k the net Page 8 of 137 effect is an increase in k regardless of the value ofa and even ifa 0 The mathematics confirms that when you remove the component with the lowest dielectric constant air the bulk dielectric constant goes up Asphalt too is a mixture of essentially three components air stone and bituminous binder A corresponding asphalt dielectric mixing equation would be k bk 1 n k n v k with v and k respectively the volume fraction a
71. ation 200 to 500 grams Page 45 of 137 should be placed in a clearly labeled container 1 e zip lock baggie for transport back to TransTech Systems Inc or a designated testing facility If the material for the controlled test is dry enough to allow it completing the same tests at a second moisture level for example in test areas C and D will be done Material from each field calibration site needs to be sent back to TransTech Systems Inc or a designated testing facility for a gradation analysis and Proctor Test i e approx 50 to 60 Ibs If the same material that will be used during the field calibration compaction test is available before the compactions take place a sample should be sent to TransTech Systems Inc for a pre controlled compaction gradation analysis and Proctor Test 1 e if material is available beforehand gradation analysis and Proctor Test will be performed before as well as after the controlled ol Fidel i LIEN dec s a ri mee Be SS eee Figure D 4 Field 5 in Georgia Figure D 5 Field Testing In Washington Figures B 4 and B 5 show the field testing in Georgia and Washington The ASTM USCS designation nomenclature and the common name for the soils tested are presented in Table B 2 USCS CommonNam 2 SP RunofBankSand 3 SP 4 GP GM l 4 CrushedBase Course 5 CL RedSitCly 6 GP GM_ Graded Aggregate Base 8 CL ML RedSandyClay Table B 2 AST
72. can be seen in the figure and is mentioned in the above paragraph the non contacting SDG has a lower signal level than the surface SDG unit and also has less visual signal separation between the five compaction level curves While the non contacting SDG appears to have a small if any variation between compaction levels the completed curve fitting analysis shows that the non contacting SDG does distinguish a change in signal based on a change in the compaction level Further the data from the non contacting unit had less variance than that of the contacting unit The breaks in the frequency spectrum seen at 500 kHz and again at 10 MHz are due to the sensor switching The sense resistor switching is required to insure adequate performance of the unit over the large frequency range As a result the sense resistor regions are broken up into three regions low mid and high frequency regions Real and Imaginary Parts of all 5 compaction 0 1 2 4 8 levels at 5 06 M for both Surface and NonContacting Units 4 ae ee ta cese ee 0 Compactor Passes 1CompactorPass 2 Compactor Passes 4 Compactor Passes 8 Compactor Passes data taken with 25 Surface Unit data taken with Non Contacting Unit Real N J data taken with 2 5b Surface Unit 2L u data taken with Imaginary Frequency Hz Figure 3 12 Real and Imaginary versus Freq
73. cription should be a used to describe the material and help make a visual association with the material being tested Dark Brown Sand is used for this example The Max Dry Density is the maximum practically achievable density a soil can have This value is determined experimentally by performing a Proctor Test ASTM D 1557 129 9 pounds per cubic foot is taken directly from the example compaction test report Page 129 of 137 The Optimum Moisture Content is the water content at which the material can be compacted to its maximum dry density This is determined experimentally by performing a Proctor Test ASTM D 1557 7 6 is taken directly from the example compaction test report PL and LL are the plastic and liquid limits used to describe the plasticity of materials with a high silt and clay content They are determined by following the test procedure outlined by ASTM D 4318 This example is a sandy material so PL and LL are input as 0 0 If plasticity tests had been performed on this material the results would be given on the gradation report Cu and Cc are the Coefficient of Uniformity and Coefficient of Curvature of the material They are calculated values that are typically used describe the particle size distribution a soil In this example Cu 4 4 and Cc 0 94 Gravel is the summation of the coarse and fine gravel in a sample of material Some gradation test results will report this as a single value while others will br
74. cting the Edit User Defined Material option on the Material Selection Menu Follow the steps outlined on page 12 in the section entitled Define or Edit a Material Page 119 of 137 Part 3 Data Storage and Downloading Data The SDG saves two types of data files One file contains information that is referred to as diagnostic data the other file contains information that is referred to as measurement data Data files can be removed from the SDG via a USB flash drive Measurement Data The measurement data is an electronic record of all complete tests performed with the instrument complete being the average of 5 individual measurements taken in a cloverleaf pattern It is a comma delimited text file containing the following information Test Number Dry Density Wet Density Moisture Content Volumetric Moisture o Compaction Material Name Time Date Latitude Longitude UTC Time UTC Date The measurement data is saved to a file that is automatically named by the SDG at the time of download The following naming format 1s used month month day day hour hour minute minute mnt 03061510 mnt for March 6 3 10 PM Diagnostic Data The diagnostic data contains all of the measurement data as well as information that indicates how the SDG is performing This data is of little interest to gauge owners and operators but will be very helpful to TransTech in the event of an instrument malfunction Similar to the measurement data the diagnostic dat
75. ction levels The Troxler gauge ceased functioning during the testing preventing data being obtained at the final compaction level Averagevalus Standard Deviations Compaction Troxler eee CPN Troxler passes 75 5594 86 MC3 75 5594 DD 1 122 1667 121 1792 121 673 27 30 16 DD 5 1348833 1354167 1355 24 31 14 DD 1l 139 1896 138 5857 138 8877 22 NA NA Table 3 Crushed Stone USCS GP GM Soil 3 4 Gravel Borrow USCS SP ICON Materials Auburn WA The material in Table 4 a 4 Gravel Borrow has a USCS classification of SP i e poorly graded sand The material was from a quarry in Auburn WA and the testing was conducted at the quarry by ICON Personnel with ICON units Average values Standard Deviations Compaction iei E Average Eod ual oet passes 3450 MD10506170 3450 MD10506170 Pn DD 1 12035 1189813 1196657 19 21 15 DD 4 1231104 121 1479 12212922 21 22 17 PWD 8 132 0313 130 6875 131 3594 20 16 13 DD 8 125 1667 1234813 124 324 22 15 16 M 8 5262143 5 922143 5 592143 02 04 05 Table 4 4 Gravel Borrow USCS SP Page 64 of 137 The NDG measurement data in Table 4 show that the standard deviation of the individual units range from 1 6 to 2 2 for wet density 1 5 to 2 1 for dry density and 0 2 to 0 4 for per cent moisture The standard deviations between the two NDG
76. currently in storage When the storage indicator reaches 25 30 the gauge will display a warning that the data base 1s almost full Once the data base 1s full the gauge will continue to operate but will not save any additional data until the data base 1s cleared GPS The Status screen only indicates that the GPS is on or off If the GPS 1s on it will display the number of satellites in range If it is off it will display OFF Accessing the GPS functions form the Setup menu will display the current GPS outputs Temperature The temperature displayed on the status screen is measured by an infrared sensor situated to measure the surface temperature of the material being tested Note that this temperature 1s Page 124 of 137 not the ambient temperature and in some cases the material s surface temperature will be noticeably different from the ambient temperature Serial Number The gauges six digit serial number is displayed here This is entered at the factory before the gauge is shipped and cannot be edited by the user Software Version The current version number of the software installed on the SDG 1s displayed here Part 5 Definitions and Calculations Measurement Results The following values are reported at the end of a measurement Wet Density is measured in Pounds per Cubic Foot pcf or Kilograms per Cubic Meter kg m by the SDG Volumetric Moisture is the mass of water per unit volume in pcf or kg m measured by the SDG
77. d to reflect the material properties of the new material The properties of the new material will need to be input by editing the properties of a previously defined material Once the old material properties are overwritten with new information the old information is gone and the new information is saved in the gauge A new SDG will not have any defined materials stored in memory The following sequence explains how to input material properties and how to edit previously input material definitions See Part 5 for explanations of the Material Properties See Part 6 for explanations of gradation and Proctor test reports Press 2 to view the Material Selection Menu Main Menu 1 Use Current Material DK BR SAND W GR 2 Material Selection Menu 3 Setup Menu 4 Standardize Gauge 5 Data Storage and Reporting Press 2 to Edit a User Defined Material Material Selection Menu 1 Select User Defined Material 2 Edit User Defined Material O to Exit to Main Menu Page 112 of 137 A list of the first 6 of 12 available user defined materials will be shown If twelve materials have not been defined unused positions will be shown and named SOIL 2 SOIL3 etc Use the up and down arrow keys to select the material you want to edit As you scroll up and down the active soil will be highlighted Edit User Defined Material DK BR SAND W GR SOIL 2 SOIL 3 SOIL 4 SOIL 5 SOIL 6 UP DOWN to Scroll ENTER to P
78. density readings between the two NDG units at the same data location varied from 0 5 Ibs to 5 4 lbs The wet density readings with the same NDG around the same rod location showed variations of up to 4 Ibs Given that there were only four data points per test location the computed standard deviation varied from 0 58 to 3 27 Ibs The standard deviation of all 48 readings at this compaction level is presented in Table 2 as 2 8 for each gauge The NDG measurement data in Table 2 show that the standard deviation of the individual units range from 2 8 to 3 6 for wet density 2 6 to 3 8 for dry density and 0 4 to 0 9 for per cent moisture The standard deviations between the two NDG units are also shown The wet density compaction increased about 10 Ibs over the four compaction levels Page 63 of 137 Soil 2 Crushed Stone USCS GP GM Pattersonville NY The material in Table 3 a Crushed Stone has a USCS classification of GP GM i e poorly graded gravel with silt and sand The material was from a quarry in Pattersonville NY and the testing was conducted at the quarry by TransTech Personnel with TransTech units The NDG measurement data in Table 3 show that the standard deviation of the individual units range from 2 3 to 3 3 for wet density 2 2 to 3 3 for dry density and 0 2 to 0 4 for per cent moisture The standard deviations between the two NDG units are also shown The wet density compaction increased about 10 Ibs over the three compa
79. e 4 0 Controlled Field Test ASTM Test 3 Four operators each with a same SDG unit took four sets of measurements at a single location thus sixteen measurement sets were completed with each unit For each measurement set the standard clover leaf pattern of five was used This test was designed to show the density and moisture spread of a single instrument with four operators on several soll types Tables 4 1 and 4 2 display the data and standard deviations of the SDG data on the 4 Gravel Borrow material Table 4 1 is the wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture of the sixteen measurements completed with both instrument at different locations Table 4 2 1s the standard deviations of the two instruments and the computed average standard deviations for the wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent Page 81 of 137 moisture The average wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture standard deviations are 3 1 lb ft 0 8 2 3 lb ft and 0 5 respectively Location Icon Materials Auburn Washington Material 4 Gravel Borrow USCS SP Operator Location X SN 4 Location Y SN 16 LE CERNI NEMPE T Density 19s es 19 3575 o1 1393 1979 195 bite 4 133 9 133 1343 130 7 1378 138 2 141 1428 UE W 91 98 106 104 _ 11 2 8 89 107 77 85 108 105 11 8 3 92 86 91 10 10 103
80. e 106 of 137 Prior to using the SDG for the first time the gauge will need to be configured to make measurements and record data correctly The following steps must be completed before operating the SDG Charge the Battery Set the Local Time Set the Date Select Units of Measurement Set up the GPS Define the material being tested a edic Charge the Battery Before the first use and after discharging the battery pack a minimum of 5 hours should be allowed for charging To charge the unit proceed as follows 1 Turn the SDG unit OFF 2 Connect the charger to the charger connector located on the side of the SDG 3 Plug the charger into a standard AC outlet 4 The red indicator lamp will turn off to indicate that the battery 1s charged 5 Unplug the charger from the power source before disconnecting the charger from the SDG Battery voltage can be viewed on the Status Screen by pressing the CAL button on the keypad A fully charged battery will display about 8 volts The battery voltage will decrease as the SDG is used A low battery warning will be displayed at about 7 volts The gauge will continue to operate until the battery can not supply enough voltage to complete a measurement Depending on the condition of the batteries once the voltage drops below 7 volts the gauge may be able to take about 12 to 15 additional readings It is important to re charge the battery after each use Page 107 of 137 Set the Local Ti
81. e CE Logo certification under these directives permits the product to Mark carry the CE Mark see Figure 4 1 The specific directives that the gauges will require are EN 61326 1 IAW CISPR 11 EN 61326 1 IAW EN 61000 4 2 EN 61326 1 IAW EN 61000 4 3 EN 61326 1IAW EN 61000 4 8 and IAW EN 61010 1 Based on past experience there will be two certification tests required in order for the production version of the SDG to be sold internationally It 1s typical that the first certification test identifies a design shortcoming that will need to be modified in order to have the unit pass the testing The modified unit will have to be re tested The thirty SDG Model 100A units fabricated in Task 19 of Phase II are being used as part of a Beta Test Program Five of the units will be retained by TransTech for continued testing and development Some of these Beta Units have been loaned to preferred testers as follows NYS DOT KeySpan National Grid PS amp S LLC Texas Transportation Institute at Texas A amp M Hillis Carnes Engineering in Maryland US Army Corps of Engineers ERDC WES Kentucky Transportation Center Pennsylvania State University Highway Construction Inspection Ontario ue n c o The unit at ERDC WES is scheduled to go to Afghanistan since the Army Corps of Engineers has extreme difficulty in shipping any nuclear based device overseas The unit for the Kentucky Transportation Center went out in August to be part of a two
82. e and Time 2 Units 3 GPS Setup 4 Factory Settings O to Exit to Main Menu Date and Time Menu 1 Set Time 13 20 2 Set Date 03 10 2008 O Exit to Setup Menu Set Date 1 Date Format MDY 2 Date 03 10 2008 O Exit to Date and Time Menu From the Set Date screen select 2 to enter the new date Set Date Enter Date MM DD Y Y XXIXXIXX UP Exit to Set Date Menu ENTER to Accept New Date Enter the new date and select ENTER to accept it Page 109 of 137 Select Measurement Units The SDG can measure density in either Pounds per Cubic Foot pcf or Kilograms per Cubic Meter kg m The SDG also measures the surface temperature of the material being compacted using an infrared temperature sensor The sensor can be configured to report temperature in degrees Fahrenheit or degrees Celsius Note that the temperature displayed is not ambient temperature At times the temperature of the material being compacted can vary greatly from the current air temperature To change units select 3 from the Main Menu to enter the Setup Menu From the Setup Menu select 2 to change the measurement units Main Menu 1 Use Current Material DK BR SAND W GR 2 Material Selection Menu 3 Setup Menu 4 Standardize Gauge 5 Data Storage and Reporting uuum Um Um A oetup Menu 1 Date and Time 2 Units 3 GPS Setup 4 Factory Settings O to Exit to Main
83. e other soil constituents as density compaction increases the combined dielectric constant increases because the percentage of air in the soil matrix decreases The SDG performs a calculation on the measurement data that enables the device to report the soil s density and moisture content The SDG is intended primarily for making density measurements on a standard 12 inch lift of soil during or after compaction It is designed to measure coarse and fine grained materials common in standard soils used in civil construction projects After configuring the gauge with soil properties from a standard particle size distribution report ASTM D422 and Proctor test ASTM D698 and D1557 the gauge will provide reliable and consistent measurements Page 103 of 137 Safety Every effort has been made to make the Soil Density Gauge convenient to use and inherently safe The SDG uses no nuclear elements it 1s based on safe low voltage direct current electrical measurement techniques Like any instrument however the user should exercise care and common sense in its use to prevent mishaps Warning Do not use the unit on or near electrical wiring A potential shock hazard exists if contact is made with the exposed wiring Warning Use care in handling the unit Personal injury can occur through improper handling Take proper care to avoid accidentally dropping the unit Caution Turn the unit off when not in use and during transport Caution
84. e percent finer for the 3 inch sieve is 100 so 0 of the sample is retained on the 3 inch sieve Greater than 3 4 inch is the percentage of the sample that is retained on the 3 4 inch sieve Typical gradation tests report the percent finer or percentage that passes a particular sieve In this example the percent finer for the 3 4 inch sieve is 98 7 so 1 3 of the sample is retained on the 3 4 inch sieve Page 130 of 137 COMPACTION TEST REPORT 135 130 125 Dry density pcf 120 Max Dry Density 129 9 115 110 1 3 5 7 Water content Test specification ASTM D 1557 00 Method A Modified 11 13 Opt Moisture 7 6 Elev Classification Nat b gt lt Sp G LL P Depth USCS AASHTO Oist No 4 No 200 6 4 6 0 TEST LTS MATERIAL DESCRIPTION Maximum dry density 129 9 pcf Optimum moisture 7 6 Project No 200805 Client Trans Tech Systems Inc Project Gradation Example e Source Example Data Sample No 08 0527 QCQA Laboratories Inc Schenectady NY Dark Brown Sand Remarks Figure 1A Soil ID 08 0527 Description Dark Brown Sand Page 131 of 137 6 in i i 175 in 1 in 3A in in 13 8 in 100 i a o Oo o oc o N 0 sx 90 TN Particle Size Distribution Report 100 140
85. eak it down into the coarse and fine fractions The SDG only recognizes the total percentage of gravel so the coarse and fine fractions will need to be added together before entering them The gradation report shown breaks the gravel content out into Fine and Coarse fractions so those will need to be added together 1 3 5 1 6 4 Sand is the summation of the coarse medium and fine sand in a sample of material Some gradation test results will report this as a single value while others will break it down into the coarse medium and fine fractions The SDG only recognizes the total percentage of sand so the coarse medium and fine fractions will need to be added together before entering them The gradation report shown breaks the sand down into coarse medium and fine fractions so the percent sand in the example shown is 8 1 31 3 48 2 87 6 Fines is the summation of the silt and clay in a sample of material Some gradation test results will report this as a single value while others will break it down into the fractions of silt and clay The SDG only recognizes the total percentage of fines so the coarse silt and clay fractions will need to be added together before entering them In this example the percent fines is 6 0 Greater than 3 inches is the percentage of the sample that is retained on the 3 inch sieve Typical gradation tests report the percent finer or percentage that passes a particular sieve In this example th
86. ease move gauge to location 3 Setup Menu 4 Standardize Gauge 5 Data Storage and Reporting ENTER to Take Measurements Menu to Abort Make sure the SDG 1s sitting properly in its carrying case and select ENTER to begin the standardization The SDG s base plate should be wiped clean of debris with a dry cloth and placed in the case such that the white plastic standoff ring is in uniform contact with the standardization plate Your SDG and its carrying case standardization plate are a matched set The standardization should only be done if the SDG is with its original carrying case The SDG will take 5 consecutive measurements on the standardization plate and display an A and B value when it is finished Page 127 of 137 Location 1 of 5 Standardize Gauge A 0 8100 B 0 0398 ENTER to Start Next Reading 0 to Exit to Main Menu gt gt gt gt gt gt gt gt gt gt gt gt gt gt gt gt gt gt gt gt The A and B values should be recorded and compared to previous values to ensure that the electronics in the SDG have not drifted over time You will be provided with specific calibration standards for your SDG Expect typical variations in the A value of 0 04 and typical variations in the B value of 0 02 If standardization values fall outside of the specified range call TransTech to discuss this with Product Service Page 128 of 137 Part 7 Explanation of Gradat
87. ectively Tables 3 9 and 3 10 display the data and standard deviations of the SDG data on the Texas red sand with rock material Table 3 9 displays the average wet density dry density volumetric moisture and percent moisture measurements taken by the instruments at the six locations Table 3 10 displays the standard deviations of the measurements at the six locations The seventh column in the table is the average standard deviation for the six locations for the density and moisture measurements The average wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture standard deviations are 1 9 Ib ft 0 4 1 5 Ib ft and 0 3 respectively Page 78 of 137 Location Qore Jefferson Georgia Material Graded Aggregate Base USCS GP GM Loeatioi Location2 Location3 Location 4 Location 5 Location 6 ee Ib f y n USNS 15 I 99 JD9 2099 186 3098 3 Moisture ESNA 1 83 92 105 100 90 101 SNS 72 83 A RO SN8S 81 92 104 99 88 99 UPS lb ft SNI 59 69 175 73 e 74 arcent SNA oa o Mo ma a9 r 7 o ME B Table 3 7 SDG Data on Graded Aggregate Base USCS GP GM Locationl Location2 Location3 Location 4 Location 5 Location 6 Avg Wet Density 1 1 1 0 1 1 STD Ib ft eme ie STD Density STD Ib ft Perc
88. ee if it rocks side to side Do not touch the SDG while it is taking a measurement Page 115 of 137 Measure Density Turn the SDG on by pressing the ON button After a few seconds the TransTech boot up screen will appear followed by the Main Menu screen TransTech Systems Schenectady NY USA Soil Density Gauge Patents 5 900 736 6 414 497 7 219 024 Copyrighted 2008 SDG Model 1 2 Initializing The Main Menu screen will display five options as shown Main Menu 1 Use Current Material DK BR SAND W GR 2 Material Selection Menu 3 Setup Menu 4 Standardize Gauge 5 Data Storage and Reporting The Main Menu will display the currently selected material If you wish to make a density measurement on that material press the 1 key to display and verify its properties Preview Material ES INI Soil ID 77 197 Jo Gravel 15 4 Description DK BR SAND W GR OES 8 1 Max Dry Dens 133 90 Sand 76 5 Opt Moisture 6 60 Greater than 3 in 0 0 PL Greater than in 7 3 LL Cu 7 57 UP DOWN to Scroll Cd 0 89 O to Exit to Main Menu UP DOWN to Scroll ENTER to Accept Material Use the arrow keys to view all of the user defined material properties Page 116 of 137 Verify that the properties of the current material are correct for the material being measured and press ENTER to accept it and proceed to make a measurement Start Measurement Current Material DK
89. efined material is available on the Material Selection Menu Press 1 to select a different material Material Selection Menu 1 Select User Defined Material 2 Edit User Defined Material O to Exit to Main Menu Page 118 of 137 On the User Defined Materials Screen use the arrow keys to select the previously defined material to be measured Press ENTER to preview the highlighted material Sect Material DK BR SAND W GR SOIL 2 SOIL 3 SOIL 4 SOIL 5 SOIL 6 UP DOWN to Select Material ENTER to Preview Material O to Exit to Main Menu lc View atera Preview Material Soil ID 77 197 Gravel 15 4 Description DK BR SAND W GR ene 8 1 Max Dry Dens 133 90 YoSand 76 5 Opt Moisture 6 60 Greater than 3 in 0 0 PL Greater than 34 in 7 3 LL Cu 7 57 UP DOWN to Scroll Cc 0 89 O to Exit to Material Menu UP DOWN to Scroll ENTER to Accept Material Preview the material and confirm the accuracy of the information displayed then press ENTER to make this the current material If the properties of the previewed material are not accurate press 0 to return to the User Defined Materials screen and either select a different material or return to the Material Selection Screen to edit a previously defined material or define a new material Edit a User Defined Material If one or more properties of a user defined material are incorrect those properties can be edited or modified by sele
90. ent STD 46 Table 3 8 Standard Deviation Summary of SDG Graded Aggregate Base USCS GP GM Location Clough Harbour Oklahoma Texas Material Red Sand with Rock USCS GW GM Locationl Location2 Location3 Location 4 Location5 Location6 een lb ft Mee M byte SA Table 3 9 SDG Data on Red Sand with Rock USCS GW GM Page 79 of 137 Location 1 Location 2 Location3 Location4 Location5 Location6 Avg Wet Density 12 12 2 4 3 0 1 5 2 3 1 9 STD Ib ft Vol Moisture Dry STD Ib ft Percent STD Table 3 10 Standard Deviation Summary of Red Sand with Rock USCS GW GM Tables 3 11 and 3 12 display the data and standard deviations of the SDG data on the Texas red sandy clay material The battery died for SDG SN 4 during the ASTM testing therefore it was not included in the analysis Table 3 11 displays the average wet density dry density volumetric moisture and percent moisture measurements taken by the instruments at the six locations Table 3 12 displays the standard deviations of the measurements at the six locations The seventh column in the table is the average standard deviation for the six locations for the density and moisture measurements The average wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture standard deviations are 4 0 Ib ft 1 0 3 0 lb ft and 0 7 respectively Location Clough Harbour Oklahoma Te
91. ersion algorithms will be made as further data 1s obtained during Beta testing and other testing oil GP GM GP GM GP GM GWGM GM CLM ML CIS CALOR Wo Moisture Difference 2 1 4 between an SDG and an NDG 96 26 38 50 00 00 Page 48 of 137 Density Difference between an SDG and an NDG Ib cu ft Table B 4 Average Volumetric Moisture Differences and Wet Density Differences from Controlled National Field Tests Note Due to rain limited moisture samples were taken Note Temperature correction may be necessary for soil that is at or near freezing Page 49 of 137 APPENDIX C SDG Controlled Field Test Moisture Data Analysis and Summary Page 50 of 137 Appendix C SDG Controlled Field Test Moisture Data Analysis and Summary Moisture Summary Large Box Small Box amp Controlled National Field Tests The SDG measures volumetric moisture and calculates gravimetric moisture using the measured volumetric moisture and wet density The basic volumetric moisture algorithm was developed using the data collected during the five Large Box compactions and modified with the six Small Box compactions due to gradation As with the wet density a material s gradation also has an effect on the unit s moisture measurement Therefore the six Small Box gradation tests were designed to determine which aspect of a materials gradation was the controlling aspect of the SDG
92. etric moisture values were calculated using the oven dry results and the NDG s wet density measurements The results of the SDG s gravimetric moisture results for the Small Box compactions are shown in Figure 4 Below in Table 2 the average SDG gravimetric moisture difference from the control 1 e oven dry results was 0 6 Volumetric Moisture Soil GW GM GW GM Avg SDG Volumetric 1A 0 3 0 5 0 3 1 3 Moisture Difference Table 1 Small Box Volumetric Moisture Results Page 52 of 137 Small Box Results Gradation tests F T x x x X X X Q O 2 Control Volumetric Moisture SDG Volumetric Moisture 96 6 5 7 7 5 8 8 5 9 9 5 10 10 5 Control Volumetric Moisture 96 Calculated with NDG Wet Density and Oven Dry Results Figure 3 Small Box Volumetric Moisture Results Gravimetric Moisture Avg SDG Gravimetric Moisture Difference 96 Table 2 Small Box Gravimetric Moisture Results Small Box Results Gradation tests x x xxx 6p ook x x E x 8 Control Gravimetric Moisture Ei gy xx x x mixx x xx SDG Gravimetric Moisture x x 5 x 4 5 5 6 6 5 7 7 5 8 8 5 Oven Dry Results Control Gravimetric Moisture Figure 4 Small Box Gravimetric Moisture Results Page 53 of 137 Controlled National Field Tests
93. f Compaction Passes Infonuston N A DG B l Gradation Information Liquid l Limit LL Number of Compaction Passes Plastic Index PD mme 0 1 1 1 DIET 75mm 2 00 MMomwe 0 pm o m o 38 1mm Number of Compaction Passes w ed E NEN Dmm o 0 375 d Number of Compaction Passes em uae em TOE Lee Number of Compaction Passes E P Page 39 of 137 SDG Software Layout 1 Measure a Choose Material 1 12 i Check gradation info proctor info il Enter Select Measure 1 Move unit to location 1 to 5 2 Soil Setup a Maximum Dry Density 000 0 b Optimum Percent Moisture 00 0 c Lift Thickness 00 0 d Soil Characteristics Gradation Information N e pes oe A E 3 Upload data to PC a b Upload data to PC a Display data coefficients A and B 111 Menu Exit i Fine Grained Soil 5096 or more passes No 200 Sieve Liquid Limit LL 000 0 Plastic Index PI 00 0 ii Coarse Grained Soil 50 Retained on No 200 Sieve 3 00 75mm passing 000 0 2 00 50mm passing 000 0 1 50 38 1 mm passing 000 0 1 00 25 4mm passing 000 0 0 75 19mm passing 000 0 0 50 12 67mm passing 000 0 0 375 9 5mm passing 000 0 4 4 75mm passing 000 0 8 2 36mm passing 000 0 10 2 00mm passing 000 0 16 1 12mm passing 000 0 20 0 85mm passing 000 0 30 0 60mm passing 000 0
94. field and should have been in for its Factory Calibration within the last six months The NDG data collection pattern of two or three measurements over the SDG data collection area is shown below in Figure 2 Ideally we would prefer the three point measurements pattern for the NDG readings but if there are time constraints the two points will be sufficient Do not take SDG measurements over the NDG sensor hole NOG placement for measurement NDG placement for measurement NDG Hole for Sensor Rod NDG Hole for Sensor Rod Figure 2 NDG Data Collection Pattern When collecting data with the prototype Soil Density Gauge during the field test program it is important to see or monitor the slope of compaction for that reason when collecting data with the SDG the data needs to be collected during the compaction process Figure 3 shows a typical compaction density profile from zero compaction passes to eight compaction passes where one compaction pass is considered one roller pass or one vibratory compactor pass While it is too tedious to measure the density after each compactor pass we ask that you take three to four sets of data after three or four different compaction passes For example we ask that you take three to four data sets after one two four and eight compaction passes for a total of 12 16 data sets per complete compaction Page 34 of 137 Practice Compaction Density Profile d N Cc ol a
95. ge in compaction level and moisture level The data from the non contacting units were more consistent than those from the contacting units Therefore all subsequent work and unit designs in the remainder of Phase I and all of Phase II dealt with a non contacting SDG Figures 3 11 and 3 12 below show a typical magnitude phase plot and real imaginary plot respectively at one moisture level and five compaction levels 0 1 2 4 and 8 Compactor Magnitude and Phase of and all 5 compaction 0 1 2 4 8 levels at 5 06 M for both Surface and NonContacting Units 15 Ecce deciperet Te E ae ae ciens i 0 Compactor Passes 1 Compactor Pass data taken with Z 5 Surface Unit 4 2 Compactor Passes 4 Compactor Passes 8 Compactor Passes Magnitude dB Cc 10 7 gata taken with al Non Contacting uie rd 20 qum ue ed 25 L1 10 10 10 10 10 60 data taken with Non Contacting Unit Phase degree data taken with 30 Surface Unit Frequency Hz Figure 3 11 Magnitude and Phase versus Frequency for Contacting and Non Contacting SDG Page 17 of 137 Passes taken with a Contacting Model 1 SDG Unit and a Non Contacting Model 1 SDG Unit on soil The solid lines represent data taken with a contacting unit while the dashed lines represent data taken with a non contacting unit The five colors represent the five compaction levels As
96. gradation testing It is expected that this gradation testing will allow for a better understanding of any field calibration based on gradation that may be necessary While the unit is only calibrated to read moisture and density for these specific soil types in our laboratory the field unit s readings 1 e coefficient values are expected to show an increase for density and or moisture with increasing compaction for any of the soils being tested As we proceed with the massive amount of data collection we have planned for NYS and locations in other states we will continue to fine tune the instrument and its algorithms as well as develop a quick and easy field calibration procedure so that at the end of the DHS Phase II program in August 2008 we will be ready to introduce the finished product We feel it 1s important to test not only on different soil types gradations but on ones with different mineralogies as well hence our desire for the geographically spread out testing Working together we intend to develop an easier and faster soil testing instrument Soil Calibration This unit has only been verified to work on two materials an SW soil and a GP GM soil Currently the unit has algorithms to convert the electromagnetic impedance readings to provide wet density and moisture values on GP GM material While the SDG unit will measure and collect data on material that is not classified as GP GM algorithms have not been verified to
97. gressed 1 2 3 Figure 3 5 Test Area Designations on the With this stage of the lab testing completed Test Soil the testing moved to controlled field testing The directions and procedures that were Page 14 of 137 followed during the field tests are presented in Appendix A During this field test program to evaluate soil density gauges TransTech secured data with a variety of Nuclear Density Rod Hole Gauges NDG on eight different soil types at various levels of compaction The test program was conducted at locations in New York Georgia Oklahoma Texas and Washington The tests were conducted by placing a 12 inch layer of the various types of soil over 10 foot by 40 foot area This area was typically divided into 12 test areas as shown in Figure 3 8 above The NDG rod hole was located in approximately 3 4 the center of each test area The test pattern for the NDG in Figure 3 9 NDG Test Pattern each area is shown in Figure 3 9 Four readings were taken about a fixed rod hole location A total of nine NDG units from three manufactures were used in the testing The NDG units were owned by five different organizations and operated by personnel from the owner organization The NDGs used in this study included 1 CPN MC 3 2 Troxler 75 5594 Serial Number 23531 3 MD10506170 4 Troxler 3450 Serial Number 1013 5 Troxler Serial Number 38379 6 Troxler Serial Number 39576 7 Humboldt 5001 E
98. he temperatures humidity vibration and shock encountered in construction applications The objective of the DHS SBIR Phase I and Phase II programs is to develop a non nuclear alternative for measuring soil density compaction and moisture During the programs an electromagnetic based soil density gauge has been developed and is moving toward market introduction The TransTech Soil Density Gauge SDG is based on TransTech s proprietary electromagnetic impedance spectroscopy technology The SDG is designed specifically and solely for the determination of soil wet density and moisture TransTech already markets a non nuclear gauge to determine the density of hot mix asphalt the TransTech Pavement Quality Indicator PQI The PQI is also based on an electromagnetic impedance technology but due to the simpler problem with asphalt it does not use or require impedance spectroscopy to make the measurements This report describes the overall program to develop a non nuclear soil density gauge and the results Page 4 of 137 2 0 TRANSTECH S NON NUCLEAR DENSITY GAUGE ALTERNATIVES Since 1998 TransTech s Pavement Quality Indicator POI has provided a non nuclear alternative to the NDG for asphalt testing Shown in Figure 2 1 the POI performs a single frequency electrical impedance measurement from which asphalt density is calculated ASTM and AASHTO standards now cover its use Compared to typical NDGs the PQI is lighter weight faste
99. hown The wet density compaction increased over 18 Ibs over the three compaction levels Average values Standard Deviations Compaction CPN Troxler Reece CPN Troxler passes 39576 38379 WEES 39576 38379 DD 1 119 1042 119 8521 119 4782 3 7 34 24 WD WD DD 23535 IAM WD DD Table 7 Graded Aggregate Base USCS GP GM Page 66 of 137 Soil 7 Red Sand with Rock USCS GW GM Oklahoma The material in Table 8 a Red Sand with Rock has a USCS classification of GW GM i e well graded gravel with silt and sand The material was from a quarry in Oklahoma and the testing was conducted at the quarry by xxx a local soil testing contractor WD PH 117798 DD X XJ J 1103708 mM 1 6547619 06 Wb 3 8 910 DD 3 lI58M6 l7 IM 3 AJJJ 6818 XJ 04 WD 9 4 9 10833 J B 19 0 D X9 O9 X JlJ243 JA 24 J WM 39 698095 J 2 04 Table 8 Red Sand with Rock USCS GW GM For this test sequence only one NDG was available The NDG measurement data in Table 8 show that the standard deviation of the individual unit range from 1 9 to 2 1 for wet density 1 7 to 1 9 for dry density and 0 4 to 0 6 for per cent moisture The standard deviations between the two NDG units are also shown The wet density compac
100. ilt on four years of development work that was funded by a consortium of NYSERDA Northeast Gas Association Consolidated Edison and KeySpan now National Grid plus a significant commitment of TransTech s own resources This work resulted in the development through three generations of a gauge that could reliably and accurately generate and record the complex impedance spectra of soil samples It also demonstrated that information as to the density and moisture levels of the soil could be extracted from the complex impedance spectra During Phase I of the program TransTech demonstrated that using the hardware from the previous work soil density and moisture could be determined on a typical soil found in construction The objects of Phase II were to extend the development of the hardware to a pre Page 28 of 137 production level and use this hardware to extend the demonstrated applicability of the gauge to different soil classification and in different geographic locations TransTech has accomplished the technical objectives of the program and has also moved the gauge toward commercial production This will now provide the user with the choice of two non nuclear gauges for the evaluation of asphalt and of soils TransTech plans on moving to the next step to combine both functions in a single gauge which will provide a complete suite of non nuclear density gauges for asphalt only soil only and asphalt and soil combined 6 0 REFERENCES l
101. inimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density D4494 Test Method for Field Determination of Water Moisture Content of Soil by the Calcium Carbide Gas Pressure Tester D4643 Test Method for Determination of Water Moisture Content of Soil by Microwave Oven Method D4716 Practice for the Correction of Unit Weight and Water Content for Soils Containing Oversize Particles D4959 Test Method for Determination of Water Moisture Content of Soil by Direct Heating Method D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data D6780 05 Standard Test Method for Water Content and Density of Soil in Place by Time Domain Reflectometry TDR D6938 07b Standard Test Method for In Place Density and Water Content of Soil and Soil Aggregate by Nuclear Methods Shallow Depth 3 Terminology 3 Definitions See Terminology D653 for General Definitions 4 Significance and Use Page 93 of 137 4 1 The Test Method Described is useful as a rapid non destructive technique for determining the in place density total density and water content of soil and soil aggregate mixtures and the determination of Dry Density 4 2 This Method is used for Quality Control and acceptance of compacted soil and soil ageregate mixtures as used in construction and also for research and development The non destructive nature allows for repetitive measurements at a single test location and statistical analysis of the results 4
102. ion and Compaction Reports All of the information needed to configure an SDG to measure the density and moisture content of a material 1s available on Compaction Test Reports Proctor Test and Particle Size Distribution Reports Gradation Sieve Analysis completed as outlined by ASTM D 422 and ASTM D 1557 In order to configure the gauge to operate on materials that have high clay and silt contents results from an Atterberg limits test ASTM D 4318 will be needed as well Preview Material Preview Material Gravel 6 4 Fines 6 0 Sand 87 6 VoGreater than 3 in 0 0 Jo Greater than in 1 3 Soil ID 08 0527 Description Dark Brown Sand Max Dry Dens 129 9 Opt Moisture 7 6 PL 0 0 cns UP DOWN to Scroll lear 0 to Exit to Material M CG 0 94 O EXIT tO IViateria enu UP DOWN to Scroll ENTER to Edit Material The thirteen properties that will need to be entered through the SDG s user interface are shown on the Preview Material Screens above and defined below Further definitions of these properties can be found in Part 5 of the SDG Operators Handbook Examples of a gradation report and compaction test are on the following pages The Soil ID is any identifier that can associate the material being evaluated with its test report A report number or sample number should be entered here For the example shown 08 0527 is the Soil ID Do not enter letters or characters as part of the Soil ID The Des
103. is exclusive and in lieu of all other warranties whether written oral implied or statutory No warranty of merchantability or of fitness for proposed shall apply Unauthorized service shall void this warranty Factory authorized service and replacement items may be obtained directly from TransTech s factory or through an authorized representative For further information contact TransTech Customer Service Telephone 518 370 5558 or Toll Free in the US 1 800 724 6306 FAX 518 370 5538 E mail sales transtechsys com Address TransTech Systems Inc 1594 State Street Schenectady New York 12304 Page 133 of 137 APPENDIX H TransTech SDG Sales Brochure Front Page Only Page 134 of 137 Appendix H TransTech SDG Sales Brochure Front Page Only Trans LAU SDG Soil Density Gauge Eliminates unit licensing and certification associated with nuclear materials usage No special operator training certification or radiation monitoring requirements No special storage or transport problems User friendly in process cost effective tool for any crew member Fast reliable rugged accurate and repeatable readings in real time Provides GPS logging for database management Helps ensure solid foundations for structures such as buildings bridges roads and dams ibd Gub ddubld coor rer instinct tl e dl tte Page 135 of 137 APPENDIX H Earth Products China Sales Brochure Featuring the SDG Front Page On
104. its range from 0 6 to 2 5 for wet density 0 8to 2 1 for dry density and 0 6 to 1 0 for per cent moisture The standard deviations between the two NDG units are also shown The wet density compaction increased about 7 Ibs over the three compaction levels Page 65 of 137 Averagevalues Standard Deviations Humbolt Humbolt Std Compaction 102 Troxler Avera 102 Troxler T ENN passes Model 6964 Model 6964 5001 5001 TAMS DD 1 92 51458 93 03958 92 77708 1 8 WD 4 _ 123 0333 123 7438 123 3886 0 9 DD 4 _ 95 69167 96 26667 95 97917 09 M 4 2853571 28 49286 28 51429 0 6 WD 12 124 8438 125 8563 125 3501 0 6 DD 12 96 91667 97 83125 97 37396 08 M 12 28 72857 28 62143 28 675 06 Table 6 Red Silt Clay USCS CL 08 08 07 06 05 06 08 08 08 06 05 Soil 6 Graded Aggregate Base USCS GP GM ore Jefferson GA The material in Table 7 a Graded Aggregate Base has a USCS classification of GP GM e poorly graded gravel with silt and sand The material was from a quarry in Jefferson GA and the testing was conducted at the quarry by Qore Personnel with Qore units The NDG measurement data in Table 7 show that the standard deviation of the individual units range from 1 1 to 3 6 for wet density 1 5 to 2 1 for dry density and 0 2 to 0 4 for per cent moisture The standard deviations between the two NDG units are also s
105. leaf pattern at the test location Each of the five measurements takes about 15 seconds The SDG is placed in position for the first measurement and moved counterclockwise around position 1 as indicated in the illustration below Upon completion of each reading the SDG will prompt the operator to move to the next location Surface Preparation While the SDG unit stands off from the soil surface condition is still important It is necessary for the soil surface to be free from any loose and disturbed material stones large air pockets or divots and other debris It is also important that the soil surface be flat If 1t is not flat flatten the surface or move the unit to a location where the surface is flatter The SDG should not rock side to side when placed in a location to take a measurement if it does move to a new location or remove the obstacle that is causing the rocking being careful to not measure on top of any divot left by removal of the object Large metal objects should not be within three feet of the gauge or underneath the soil while taking measurements Measurements within ten feet of buried power lines should be avoided When possible measurements taken with an SDG near an edge or vertical obstruction should be taken at least three inches from that edge When placing the SDG at a location for a measurement do not push down on the unit to seat the unit in place Set the unit down on the surface and check to s
106. led Field Test Task 20 March 2008 Controlled Field Test Task 20 March 2008 properties by identifying those features and feature processing methods that provide the most Page 16 of 137 information about density and moisture Spectral features can be found using several processing techniques In this case curve fitting and statistical analyses were performed on the data to locate and identify wet density and moisture features The presentation in this section discusses the general approach but does not discuss the actual algorithms that were developed and implemented as this is considered proprietary information and is key to the functionality of the final version of the SDG Data taken in Phase I and early in Phase II are used to provide an illustration of the process The application of the final algorithms to actual field data with the later versions of the hardware is presented in Appendices B C and E All data used in the following analysis were obtained during laboratory testing From previous work it was observed that in a contacting mode the SDG Model 1 is sensitive to surface irregularities Therefore during the Phase I program measurements were taken with two contacting and two non contacting units The advantages and disadvantages of the non contacting SDG unit were thoroughly investigated The completed curve fitting analysis showed that the non contacting SDG can distinguish a change in signal based on a chan
107. lt values programmed in the SDG software add up to 100 As soon as one of those values is edited the sum will no longer add up to 100 and an error message will be displayed until all of those gradation values are entered such that the sum is 100 again Page 132 of 137 SDG Beta Unit Warranty The Company warrants to the Purchaser that the product delivered hereunder will be free from defects in material or workmanship and to be the kind and quality designated or specified in the contract or purchase order This warranty shall apply only to defects appearing within one 1 years from the date of shipment by the Company If the product delivered hereunder does not meet the above warranty and if the Purchaser promptly notifies the Company the Company shall thereupon correct any defect including nonconformance with the specification either at the Company s option by repairing any defective or damaged parts of the product replacing the product or by making available the necessary repaired or replacement parts The liability of the Company under this warranty for any loss whether the claim is based on contract or negligence shall not in any case exceed the cost of correcting defects in the product as herein provided and upon the expiration of the warranty period all such liability shall terminate The foregoing shall constitute the exclusive remedy of the Purchaser and the exclusive liability of the Company The foregoing warranty
108. lts were 8 08 and the average NDG moisture results were 6 91 Page 24 of 137 Compactor NDG 1 NDG 2 SDG SN 1 SDG SN 2 Passes Ib ft3 Ib ft3 Ib ft3 Ib ft3 0 er 10 amp 10 9751 121 09 128 85 121 94 121 85 4 1538 09s 797 13035 L s sos sso 13135 132 Table 3 13 Additional Compaction Wet Density and Standard Deviation Results Correlation p value NDG 1 to NDG 2 0 9781 0 0039 NDG 1 to SDG SN1 0 9903 0 0011 NDG 1 to SDG SN 2 0 9869 0 0018 SDG SN 1 to SDG SN 0 9983 0 0001 2 Table 3 14 Additional Compaction Correlation and p value Results As the program progressed through Phase II the algorithms were further developed based upon the data acquired during Phase II The final form of the algorithms has been improved and is installed in the current versions of the test units as well as the production unit The final form of these algorithms is not provided as it is being treated as proprietary information and a trade secret as part of the effort to commercialize the technology 4 0 COMMERCIALIZATION EFFORTS The technical progress in the development of a Non Nuclear Soil Density Gauge serves only part of the objectives of DHS and TransTech A technical success without a market success does not serve anyone s interests DHS DNDO s mission to eliminate access to minimally controlled radiological devices through the development of alternative technology can be
109. ly Page 136 of 137 Appendix I Earth Products China Sales Brochure Front Page Only Re SLR AMR RE Cielo d 2 205 ARIRE EN IL CEN X NET L3 MAAM bk EA hbi TERM EEIE YERZEAECAPITAL Ei WX XS K Hb ups PS I nh gs 2S PR KEZAR 3E EME EU ABEL y Pr Mi hr 3s dE RERE E gg Jon gi e BE i p p i JI AAPA RPEN RSMA EA PE SF IR E x NL nn jr AFG2CS 0 ii TRAIR SUPERPAVE lit 23 L DA ele iz fi PH ABE i Trans Tech SDG kig eh E 3 Js Ars yt ty L R1 o Z Er X A oH dk c o i3 FR ZN 3 25 FP Page 137 of 137
110. me From the Main Menu select 3 to enter the Setup Menu From the Setup Menu select 1 to set the date and time Main Menu Setup Menu 1 Use Current Material DK BR SAND W GR 2 Material Selection Menu 3 Setup Menu 4 Standardize Gauge 5 Data Storage and Reporting 1 Date and Time 2 Units 3 GPS Setup 4 Factory Settings O to Exit to Main Menu The current time and date are displayed on the Date and Time Menu To change the time select Time is only displayed in the 24 hour format The Set Time screen will display the new time as it is entered Date and Time Menu Set Time Enter Time 24h 1 Set Time HH MM 13 20 XX XX 2 Set Date 03 10 08 UP Exit to Date and Time Menu ENTER to Accept New Time O Exit to Setup Menu Select ENTER to accept the new time Page 108 of 137 Set the Date From the Main Menu select 3 to enter the Setup Menu From the Setup Menu select 1 to set the date and time Main Menu 1 Use Current Material DK BR SAND W GR 2 Material Selection Menu 3 Setup Menu 4 Standardize Gauge 5 Data Storage and Reporting The current time and date are displayed on the Time and Date Menu To change the date select 2 The date can be displayed in one of two formats Month Day Year MDY or Day Month Year DMY On the Set Date screen select 1 to alternate between the two date formats oetup Menu 1 Dat
111. measurement is taken in the center and the remaining four picking up the unit in between measurements are moved 1 to 2 inches in a counter clockwise circle around the first measurement The SDG will prompt the user to move the unit to the next location when it has completed a measurement After the fifth measurement the SDG will display the average coefficient values computed from the spectrum information of the five measurements just taken The spectra information from each reading will be stored in the unit and can be uploaded to a computer The unit can currently hold 500 individual measurements or 100 average of five measurements Figure B 1 SDG Data Collection Pattern For NDG testing in conjunction the SDG testing the NDG needs to be operated in the one minute measurement mode with a rod depth of four inches Industry experience has shown that the most accurate readings from the NDG are obtained with a rod depth of two to four inches mainly because the moisture measurement is taken from the surface in backscatter mode The NDG should be standardized as specified in its manual before use in the field and should have been in for its Factory Calibration within the last six months The NDG data collection pattern of two or three measurements over the SDG data collection area is shown below in Figure B 2 Ideally we would prefer the three point measurements pattern for the NDG readings but if there are time constraints the two points will
112. n level e 1 6 lbs ft for between NDG pairs on all soils at a single location Page 68 of 137 Average NDG Average NDG Standard Standard Standard Deviation for Deviation between Deviation for Compaction Level NDGs at a Single Single Location Location Crushed Stone ROB Gravel 4 Gravel Borrow Wet Density 1 4 Crushed Base Deviation Red Silt Clay 3 Ib ft Graded Aggregate 2 25 1 5 Base Crushed Stone 2 6 e 13 Dry Density 1 4 Crushed Base Deviation Red Silt Clay 3 lb ft Graded Aggregate 22 24 1 5 Base Crushed Stone 03 09 Lll Percent Moisture 1 44 Crushed Base Deviation Red Sit Clay 07 Ll 06 ot 7 asc Red Sand w Rock Red Sandy Clay 07 09 16 Table 10 NDG Data Summary Page 69 of 137 APPENDIX E SDG Controlled Field Precision Test Procedure and Results Page 70 of 137 Appendix E SDG Controlled Field Precision Test Procedure and Results As part of the ASTM standard requirement test instruments have to have a precision and bias statement Since there is not an absolute standard for soils only an instrument precision test and statement can be provided for the SDG The procedure used in the testing 1s provided below The SDG precision testing is to be completed after all of the data has been collected on each the controlled compaction test beds In the ASTM Spec E691 99 it calls for no less than six l
113. nd moisture spread of a single instrument with four operators on several soil types Summarized in Table 5 3 ASTM Test 3 for each of the six soil types measured upon the average wet density standard deviation with one instrument four operators each operator took four measurements was less than or equal to 3 5 lb ft The average volumetric moisture content standard deviation with one instrument and four operators was less than or equal to 1 0 The average dry density standard deviation with one instrument and four operators was less than or equal to 2 6 lb ft The average percent moisture standard deviation with one instrument and four operators was less than or equal to 0 6 Page 88 of 137 Materials Tested 1 USCS Common Name 1 SP Poorygradedsand with gravel Gravel Borrow GP GM Poorly graded gravel with silt amp sand 1 14 Crushed Base Course CL Lean clay 6 CLML ityclay RedSandyClay VN w o SN 8 Percent 0 174 Moist STD 0 316 0 033 0 222 0 225 0 123 9b 0 115 Table 5 1 ASTM Test 1 Summary 1 instrument with 1 operator each at 1 location Avg Wet Density STD Ib ft Avg Vol Moisture STD Avg Dry Density STD Ib ft Avg Percent Moisture STD 96 Table 5 2 ASTM Test 2 Summary 4 instruments with 4 operators at 6 locations Page 89 of 137 USCS GP GM GP GM GW GM CL ML Avg Wet Density 3 1 2 8 0 5 0 7 4 4 3 5 STD lb ft
114. nd dielectric constant of the bituminous binder Here now the essential difference between soil and asphalt becomes apparent For asphalt the contractor specifies and rather closely controls the value of v In the asphalt mixing equation therefore with k being the measurement the only unknown is the porosity n A single measurement at a single frequency 1 MHz in the current model of the PQI is sufficient to determine the porosity or equivalently the density However soil is not a manufactured product So there is a significant variability in the constituency of soil Further while asphalt is produced at a high temperature which eliminates water in the mix soil must have an amount of water in order for it to be compacted Maxwell Wagner relaxation bound water relaxation In soil there are three primary mechanisms that lend richness to the dielectric spectrum the free water relaxation the bound water relaxation PERMITTIVITY and the Maxwell Wagner MW relaxation MEL 0 1 1 10 100 1 000 10 000 Figure 3 1 1s a sketch of a typical soil dielectric FREQUENCY MHz spectrum Here e is the permittivity is the total conductivity divided by the frequency and Figure 3 1 Dielectric spectrum of soil the dotted envelope is the static conductivity adapted from Hilhorst and Dirkson divided by the frequency It has been shown References 1 to 5 that the mixing equation should hold in the frequency range between
115. ng placed and minimize potential interferences 8 1 2 Remove all loose and disturbed material and additional material to as necessary to expose the true surface of the material to be tested 8 1 3 Prepare a horizontal area of sufficient size to accommodate the device by scraping or grading the surface to a smooth condition as recommended by the manufacturer 8 2 Power the device on sufficiently in advance of performing measurements to allow the device to stabilize as recommended by the manufacturer 8 3 Place the device on the surface of the material to be tested 8 4 If the device is so equipped set the depth of test 8 5 Secure and record one or more density and water content measurements 9 Calculation or Interpretation of Results Page 95 of 137 9 1 Wet Density 9 1 1 Read and Record the density value to the nearest 1 kg m 0 1 Ibm ft 9 2 Dry Density 9 3 Read and Record the density value to the nearest 1 kg m 0 1 Ibm ft 9 4 Water Content 9 4 1 Read and Record water content to the nearest 0 1 46 9 5 Determine Percent Compaction 9 5 It may be desired to express the in place dry density as a percentage of a laboratory density such as Test Methods D698 D1557 D4253 or D4254 This relationship can be calculated by dividing the In Place Dry Density by the Laboratory Maximum Dry Density and multiplying by 100 Procedures for calculating relative density are provided in Test Method D4254 which requires that Test Me
116. nt SDG unit took two sets of measurements at six locations For each measurement set the standard clover leave pattern of five was used This test was designed to show the density and moisture spread of four instruments with four operators on several soil types This test was repeated at three different locations and two soil types at each location The results are presented below Tables 3 1 and 3 2 display the data and standard deviations of the SDG data on the 4 gravel borrow material Table 3 1 displays the average wet density dry density volumetric moisture and percent moisture measurements taken by the instruments at the six locations Table 3 2 displays the standard deviations of the four measurements at the six locations The seventh column in the table is the average standard deviations for the six locations for the density and moisture measurements The average wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture standard deviations are 5 3 lb ft 1 4 3 9 lb ft and 1 0 respectively Location Icon Materials Auburn Washington Page 75 of 137 Material 4 Gravel Borrow USCS SP pC i Location Location2 Location3 Location 4 Location5 Location 6 ae Ib f Vi Moisture SN4 76 83 74 71 81 deo SNI16 94110066 99 102 J 94 SNI 53 60 J 3156 154 X 53 54 PER SN4 63 68 62 60 OT 66 SN8 6
117. of 137 features were found to be significant The identified moisture features from which it may be possible to identify a moisture relationship and calculate the moisture content are listed below Non Contacting SDG Possible Moisture Features 1 Imaginary part frequency region three A coefficient 2 Imaginary part frequency region three B coefficient 3 Imaginary part frequency region three C coefficient Each possible moisture feature was investigated and their level of dependence on density was determined Since at this point in the program the SDG wet density calculation is moisture dependent it was important to find a moisture feature with repeatability Based upon this approach two inversion models were developed one for wet density and one for moisture Using the moisture inversion model the moisture content was calculated for both SDG Model 1 units SN1 and SN3 and reported in Tables 3 5 and 3 6 below Since the SDG is designed to be used on compacted soil the average AVG and standard deviation STD columns of Tables 3 5 and 3 6 were computed using the moisture calculations from one to eight compactor passes ORT M Dry Passes 506 448 463 426 ta 311 49 8 3564 542 523 556 0 494 477 4235 500 J 1 60 649 594 619 6 43 m pk 6336656265 0 550 548 539 5935 1 666 728 661 676 7 4396 a6 ET 8 733 758 7
118. ons Non nuclear sources or techniques are sought to replace the many radiological sources now in use for commercial applications The Department of Homeland Security s DHS goal is to dramatically reduce the amount of radioactive material in common use in order to improve public security and prevent the diversion of nuclear material The nuclear density and moisture gauge NDG is widely used in the construction industry to measure the wet density and moisture of soils This measurement is used as a quality control to assure that the soil 1s properly compacted to support various kinds of structures While NDGs are under control when in the laboratory they are routinely taken to construction sites where they can be lost stolen or damaged The NDG provides a potential source for radioactive material which can result in a radiological event either through intent or accident Even though there is the theoretical potential for numerous fatalities from radiation exposure from an NDG the difficulty of achieving optimal dispersion of the radioactive material would probably result in few if any serious injuries due to radiation However the economic and psychological effects can be out of proportion to the actual physical danger There are however demonstrated serious environmental impacts due to the improper disposal of the NDG Since there is a cost associated with the proper disposal of NDGs there is an incentive for some users to lose the units
119. ons instead of three is more realistic With two NDG measurements at each location it will take a minimum of 48 minutes to complete the NDG data collection on each compaction level If more than one NDG is being used at the test site they should be kept at a minimum of 20 ft apart during measurements ASTM recommendation is 30 ft For example NDG 1 can start its measurement and data collection process in area AJ while NDG 2 can start measurement and data collection in area C7 In this way NDG 1 can take measurements on A A3 and then B B3 while NDG 2 is taking measurements on areas C7 C3 and then D D3 After completing the two rows the NDG units can switch positions and NDG 2 will measure areas A A3 and B B3 while NDG 1 measures C C3 and D D3 SL readings Moisture Level X Top E U 7 a 7M A d Fi a i NDG Rod hole Rod hole p 1 l z M HD 3ireadings E d B Top WE PU RD e RN NET NSPE i L g b a bu ae f s z Bottom C X p 2 amp A P V a i B 4b i A i 1 EU i i MEINEM _ Do J Y F Y S h y E p T f uu 230 E CM ET m P i Lu S 1 D i PR 4 v dug 4 E j v A wan ekb aF i I 3 Bottom ori Figure B 3 SDG NDG Data Collection Pattern Figure not drawn to scale Material for oven dries needs to be taken from the same areas as the SDG NDG measurement areas before the testing begins and after the compaction tests are finished The material from each loc
120. orrow Poorly graded gravel with sand and silt Georgia Red Clay Crushed stone sub base Sandy Clay LaFarge North America Buffalo NY LaFarge North America Buffalo NY LaFarge North America Buffalo NY Callanan Pattersonville NY Callanan Wynantskill NY ICON Materials Seattle WA ICON Materials Seattle WA Qore Properties Atlanta GA Qore Properties Atlanta GA Martin Marietta Dallas TX Clough Harbour Dallas TX TransTech Callanan Pattersonville NY Callanan Wynantskill NY ICON Materials Seattle WA ICON Materials Seattle WA Qore Properties Atlanta GA Qore Properties Atlanta GA Martin Marietta Dallas TX Clough Harbour Dallas TX Table B 1 Summary of Soil Testing Page 42 of 137 Compaction Task 8 completed Gradation Task 7 completed Gradation Task 7 completed Controlled Field Test Task 14 November 2007 Controlled Field Test Task 14 November 2007 Controlled Field Test Task 20 January 2008 Controlled Field Test Task 20 January 2008 Controlled Field Test Task 20 February 2008 Controlled Field Test Task 20 February 2008 Controlled Field Test Task 20 March 2008 Controlled Field Test Task 20 March 2008 The major part of the Department of Homeland Security DHS Phase II contract is to collect as much carefully taken data side by side with the Soil Density Gauge SDG and the Nuclear Densi
121. own in Figures 2 2 to 2 5 is externally similar in appearance to the PQI but has major differences in functionality and capability The key difference is the ability to take a spectrographic reading of the impedance over a range of frequencies up to 31MHz The use of spectrographic impedance permits the SDG to separate the effects of the variations of density and moisture Prior to the initiation of Phase I TransTech successfully addressed the significant challenge of developing an instrument that can provide the necessary range of frequencies offer the required precision in the readings and meet the commercial cost goals This unit the SDG Model 1 was used in Phase I to demonstrate the ability to extract density and moisture measurements comparable toa NDG The theoretical basis for achieving this is described below The macroscopic interaction of electromagnetic fields with materials is described by Maxwell s equations Solution of Maxwell s equations requires knowledge of three constitutive properties of the material the magnetic permeability the dielectric permittivity and the electrical conductivity In general these parameters are dependent upon material composition temperature and the frequency of the applied field As the permeability of typical soils is nearly that of free space the soil electromagnetic response is usually dominated by the dielectric properties Soil is a mixture of essentially three components air stone and w
122. porting O to Exit to Main Menu Press 2 to clear the data base Press ENTER on the Delete Data screen and the data base will be cleared Delete Data You Are About To Clear the Memory 0 Exit to Data and Reports Menu ENTER to Clear Memory Page 123 of 137 Part 4 Instrument Status Settings and Status of the SDG can be viewed by pressing the CAL button when viewing the Main Menu Status Date 03 17 08 Time 10 35 Battery 7 6 Data Storage 15 30 GPS Satellites 2 Temperature 22 88 C Serial Number 000004 Software Version 1 4 3 O To Update ENTER To Return The Status screen displays date time battery voltage number of data records saved status of the GPS surface temperature of the material being tested and the gauge s serial number After viewing the gauge status select ENTER to return to the Main Menu The Status screen does not update automatically press 0 to update the screen if necessary Time and Date The time and date displayed on the status screen are the local time set by the user The time displayed can be updated by pressing 0 Battery A fully charged battery will be operating at about 8 volts At 7 volts a warning screen will indicate that the gauge should be recharged soon The battery life remaining will vary with battery condition and gauge usage Data Storage The SDG can store 30 readings in memory The data storage indicator shows how many measurements are
123. r operating just as durable and comparably priced With over 2 000 units sold in the U S and in over 40 countries worldwide the PQI has good marketplace acceptance with current sales running over 250 units per year as a practical NDG replacement on asphalt As discussed previously NDGs are also used on soil which due to moisture content presents a significantly more difficult measurement challenge Figure 2 1 TransTech s Non nuclear Pavement Quality Indicator PQI Model 301 The PQI cannot be used on soil and therefore is not a complete replacement for the NDG The development of a replacement for the NDG in soil applications is very difficult due to the non uniformity of soils the presence of water and other characteristics In 2002 TransTech initiated an effort to develop a spectrographic electrical impedance based Soil Density Gauge SDG as a non nuclear alternative for soils testing The initial objective was to develop a non nuclear gauge for use in utility road cuts and repairs At this time the objective was not to develop a complete replacement for the NDG Funding for that effort was provided by a consortium of NYSERDA Northeast Gas Association Consolidated Edison and KeySpan now National Grid plus a significant commitment of TransTech s own resources SQI MoD Ty cre 11 6 Figure 2 2 TransTech Soil Quality Indicator SDG Page 5 of 137 Under this initial funding TransTech
124. r the Calibration Compactions Given the size of the frame it was determined that four positions would be used to collect data on each of the five compaction levels The four measurement positions seen in Figure 3 5 labeled A B C and D were used to mark the center around which each of the SQIs and the NDG would take measurements The NDG was used in direct transmission mode with its rod at a depth of four inches Each of the five SDG units took a total of eight measurements around each of the four positions As a result a total of 32 measurements were taken on each of the Page 11 of 137 compaction levels with each unit Within each moisture level five compaction levels were completed thus 160 measurements were taken at each moisture level with each unit Therefore with five moisture levels each individual unit took a total of 800 measurements HOG Sensor Hole Figure 3 5 Sensor Hole Placement in Frame Both a Proctor test ASTM D 698 and a sieve analysis ASTM C 136 were completed on the material used in the practice preliminary compaction and the material to be used in the five calibration compactions To illustrate the selection of moisture levels the Proctor peak for the material used in the one test compaction occurred at 128 lb ft and 8 25 moisture Based upon the optimum moisture content for the calibration material 8 25 and the associated maximum dry density 128 lb ft as determined from the Proctor test five ta
125. review Material O to Exit to Main Menu Highlight the material to be edited and then press ENTER to view the first page of material properties Press the Up or Down arrow key to view the second page of material properties Tete eise Preview Material Soil ID 77 197 Gravel 15 4 Description DK BR SAND WGR Fines 8 1 Max Dry Dens 133 90 YeSand 76 5 Opt Moisture 6 60 Greater than 3 in 0 0 PL 0 00 Greater than 94 in 7 3 LL 0 00 Cu 7 57 UP DOWN to Scroll Cc 0 89 0 to Exit to Material Menu UP DOWN to Scroll ENTER to Edit Material Confirm that the material displayed 1s the material to be edited then press ENTER The Edit Material Screen will now be visible on the display Use the arrow keys to scroll through the material properties and highlight the property to be edited The active material property will be highlighted Page 113 of 137 Edit Material 1 of 12 Edit Material 1 of 12 Description DK BR SAND W GR Soil ID 77 197 Soil ID 77 197 MAX Dry Dens 133 90 MAX Dry Dens 133 90 Opt Moisture 6 60 Opt Moisture 6 60 PL 0 00 PL 0 00 LL 0 00 LL 0 00 Cu 7 57 UP DOWN to Select Property UP DOWN to Select Property Press ENTER to Edit Property Press ENTER to Edit Property 0 to Exit to Main Menu 0 to Exit to Main Menu Press ENTER to select the active material property and open an edit screen The edit screen will display the current material property and display the
126. rget test moisture values were determined 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 and 9 5 The five moisture levels spanned the working range for the material and each was used with five different compaction levels Each moisture level was prepared using a pre calculated amount of de ionized water that was mixed into soil and allowed to equilibrate at Figure 3 6 Compaction of Test Soil least overnight A calibrated NDG was used to determine the wet density of the compaction levels and oven drying of several small samples before the compaction and after the compaction was used to determine the gravimetric moisture content in accordance with ASTM D 2216 For this task the five calibration compactions were completed each at a different moisture level Each of the compactions had five compaction levels and data was collected using a NDG and four SQIs Figure 3 6 shows the use of the vibratory compactor on the test soil Page 12 of 137 Figure 3 7 shows data being taken with a SQI and a NDG on a test compaction It was necessary for great care and control to be taken during these compactions in order to ensure overall SQI data workability and reliability in algorithm development Oven dry results were used as the percent gravimetric moisture standard and the NDG was used as the wet density standard for the five calibration compactions From the oven dries and aie Du s p me a NDG wet densities the achieved dry Figure 3 Taking Data with a SQI
127. rt the Proctor Test Report 3 the NDG wet density and moisture readings see below 4 secondary moisture measurements from the material tested in the field such as oven dry result Moisture Meter etc and 5 any other relevant information that is available Directions for Field Use The SDG data collection pattern is shown in Figure 1 below The SDG operates using a cloverleaf pattern of five The first measurement is taken in the center and the remaining four picking up the unit in between measurements are moved 1 to 2 inches in a counter clockwise circle around the first measurement The SDG will prompt the user to move the unit to the next location when it has completed a measurement After the fifth measurement the SDG will display the average coefficient values computed from the spectrum information of the five measurements just taken The spectra information from each reading will be stored in the unit and can be uploaded to a computer The unit can currently hold 500 individual measurements or 100 average of five measurements Figure 1 SDG Data Collection Pattern Page 33 of 137 For NDG testing in conjunction the SDG testing the NDG needs to be operated in the one minute measurement mode with a rod depth of four inches Industry experience has shown that the most accurate readings from the NDG are obtained with a rod depth of two to four inches The NDG should be standardized as specified in its manual before use in the
128. s 1 02 192 193 tase to ars Med 3 Ib f 4 1296 1312 1312 1278 141 8 1457 1473 1486 1 81i 80 96 82 108 106 121 125 3 81 80 81 81 103 119 124 12 5 L b T 84 87 J 87 9 nA J 120 J 123 126 bite 4 1213 1225 1226 119 9 130 7 133 7 135 0 136 0_ 1 68 67 76 68 83 82 90 92 2 68 70 71 68 82 86 91 92 3 68 67 67 67 81 89 92 92 4 1 69 71 71 66 85 90 91 93 Table 4 3 SDG Data on 1 4 Crushed Base Course USCS GP GM lecaonX SN4 locaion Y SN 16 Average Wer Densiy ub T Wet Density Ib ft SESERM ee Vol Moist Standard Deviation Dry Density lb ft Standard Deviation ume rir Table 4 4 Standard Deviation Summary of SDG on 1 14 Crushed Base Course USCS GP GM Tables 4 5 and 4 6 display the data and standard deviations of the SDG data on the Red Silt Clay material Table 4 5 is the wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture of the sixteen measurements completed with both instrument at different locations Table 4 6 is the standard deviations of the two instruments and the computed average standard deviations for the wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture The average wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture standard deviations are 0 5 lb f
129. se frequency region two A coefficient Phase frequency region two B coefficient Phase frequency region two C coefficient Imaginary part frequency region two A coefficient Imaginary part frequency region two B coefficient Imaginary part frequency region two C coefficient Imaginary part frequency region three A coefficient Imaginary part frequency region three B coefficient Table 3 4 Non Contacting Possible Wet Density Features A careful analysis of the identified possible features above was necessary in order to determine each feature s ability to be used in the calculation of wet density and equally as important for use in the field 1 e real world robustness Some of the characteristics that were used to determine if an identified possible feature could be used in the calculation of wet density were 1 the strength of the relationship between the SDG wet density feature and the measured NDG wet density 2 the comparability of the standard deviations between the calculated SDG wet densities and the measured NDG wet densities and 3 the possible relationship between the SDG s wet density and moisture measurements A similar approach was used to identify possible moisture features Before moisture features could be identified the data was reorganized such that the wet density was held constant and moisture varied Then using the curve fitting feature identification process three possible Page 19
130. sture calculation and the standard oven dry moisture results was high L8 767 7376 745 764 0 73 746 675 788 8 896 87 94l 906 0 799 831 7035 774 3 99 8 944 906 858 962 Table 3 6 SDG Model 1 SN3 Moisture A second test performed on the moisture data was the calculation of the correlation and p value between the SDG and the standard oven dry moisture results shown in Table 3 8 The correlation for each non contacting SDG was high i e greater than 0 90 and the corresponding p values were found to be less than 0 05 therefore the correlations between the oven dry moisture results and the SDG moisture calculations are significant Page 21 of 137 As Oven Dry Avg SDG SNI Diff Oven SNT Avg SDG SN3 Diff Oven SN3 _ 30 S535 45 359 O04 68 639 983 3 096 8 78 94 73 99 855 89 40 88 028 9 90 0i 89 023 Caes 2 934 294 Awbi B 1 AS Table 3 7 Moisture Agreement Assessment Between Standard Oven Dry and SDG Model 1 SN1 amp SN3 NENNEN Oven Dry and SDG SN1 Oven Dry and SDG SN3 0 9839 0 9928 0 0025 0 0007 Table 3 8 Correlation and p values Between Oven Dry Results and SDG Measurements Using the above moisture and wet density inversion methods for the SDG the wet densities for the five compaction calibrations were calculated for both SDG
131. surement with the units near an edge the NDG needs to be calibrated for that If that NDG edge calibration cannot take place it should be noted with the measurements on the data collection sheet The SDG does not have a large known edge vertical mass effect If measurements are taken with an SDG near an edge if possible the SDG should to be three inches from the edge When placing the SDG at a location for a measurement do not push down on the unit to seat the unit in place Set the unit down on the surface and check to see if 1t rocks side to side Do not touch unit while it is taking a measurement 35 Rev 03 Battery Charging After each day of testing place the unit on the charger provided Each unit will have a wall charger and a car charger in the case When the unit s battery is charging the charger light located on the right side of the unit will be red The charger light will turn off when the unit s battery is completely charged If it remains plugged in after the light turns off the battery will not be damaged 1 e it is safe to leave it plugged in overnight For your convenience if needed the unit can also be charged via the car charger while on the job site Please keep in mind that the unit will not operate when it is charging Other Information For Sample Data Collection Sheets see Appendix A 1 and Appendix A 2 Use which ever data collection recording sheet your technician s feel comfortable wi
132. t 0 1 0 4 Ib ft and 0 1 respectively Page 83 of 137 Location Qore Jefferson Georgia Material Red Silt Clay USCS CL Operator Location X SN 5 Location Y SN 8 aa CERNI mMEMMIEFE m Density i9 i93 1908 toa ars 1989 1277 ter abit 4 129 1 128 8 128 4 129 6 127 5 127 9 1278 1277 4 287 236 235 238 23 4 235 294 294 m onan bite 4 1054 1052 105 0 105 8 1042 104 5 1044 104 3 T Mo 4 225 224 223 225 224 225 225 224 Table 4 5 SDG Data on Red Silt Clay USCS CL location X SNS Location Y SN8 Average Wer Densiy ame 8 Wet Density Ib ft SESERM e o Vol Moist Standard Deviation Dry Density lb ft i Standard Deviation Tar Table 4 6 Standard Deviation Summary of SDG on Red Silt Clay USCS CL Tables 4 7 and 4 8 display the data and standard deviations of the SDG data on the Georgia Graded Aggregate Base material Table 4 7 is the wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture of the sixteen measurements completed with both instrument at different locations Table 4 8 is the standard deviations of the two instruments and the computed average standard deviations for the wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture The average wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture standard deviations are 0 7 Ib ft 0 3 0 4 lb ft and
133. t was being investigated In ASTM Test 2 the absolute answers of the four instruments are being compared therefore SN 8 is no longer comparable to other instruments Page 76 of 137 Location Icon Materials Auburn Washington Material 1 14 Crushed Base Course USCS GP GM Locationl Location2 Location3 Location4 Location 5 Location 6 Doi lb ft SNI 7100 6G BS os SNA 84 482 85 J92 88 96 O Bae lb ft es SN4 16900 687A SNe 96 192 X Wor X J94 XJ 86 X OT SNIE 82 11 78 3 1 80 86 o 7 82 AJ 85 Table 3 3 SDG Data on 1 4 Crushed Base Course USCS GP GM Locationi1 Location2 Location 3 Location 4 Location5 Location6 Avg w o8 Wet STD Ib ft Vol 2 7 1 7 2 5 1 5 2 6 1 4 2 3 1 8 1 6 1 4 2 2 1 3 2 3 1 5 Moisture Dry Density STD Ib ft Percent Moisture 1 6 1 1 1 5 1 0 1 5 0 9 3 1 1 0 9 0 8 1 2 0 8 1 3 0 9 STD 46 STD Table 3 4 Standard Deviation Summary of SDG on 1 4 Crushed Base Course USCS GP GM Tables 3 5 and 3 6 display the data and standard deviations of the SDG data on the red silt clay material Table 3 5 displays the average wet density dry density volumetric moisture and percent moisture measurements taken by the instruments at the six locations Table 3 6 displays the standard deviations of the measurements at the six locations
134. tary pause after entering the GPS screen while the GPS receives satellite updates Main Menu Seno et 1 Use Current Material DK BR SAND W GR 2 Material Selection Menu 3 Setup Menu 4 Standardize Gauge 5 Data Storage and Reporting 1 Date and Time 2 Units 3 GPS Setup 4 Factory Settings uuum Um Um A O to Exit to Main Menu GPS Output 1 Turn GPS Off Latitude 42 47 1681N Longitude 73 54 7786W GPS Time 00 01 43 Date 04 24 08 Satellites 3 0 Exit to Set Up Menu ENTER to Update Current readings can be viewed on the GPS Output screen Select to turn the GPS On or Off If the GPS is off the command to turn the GPS on will be displayed as 1 Turn GPS On When the GPS is off or not receiving satellite signals no GPS information will be logged with density measurements in the data files Selecting ENTER on the GPS screen will refresh the screen and update the data that is displayed Page 111 of 137 Define or Edit a Material The density determined by the SDG is highly material dependent so it is extremely important that the material properties from the Proctor Test and Gradation Report for the soil being tested are input accurately into the gauge The SDG is configured to store 12 unique materials that are identified by user selected descriptions If 12 materials have been defined in the SDG and a 13 material is required one of the original 12 will need to be modifie
135. te size of 10 ft x 10 ft With a test pad area of 400 sq ft and a minimum lift thickness of 12 inches the approximate volume is 14 8 cubic yards After the material is placed 12 minimum lift the data collection process will usually begin after one roller pass has been completed One roller pass is defined as a single pass in one direction The uncompacted level should only be measured with the SDG and NDG if the material being compacted can be walked on without sinking into the material to a substantial degree Then following each additional roller pass sets of SDG and NDG data will be taken until the soil is fully compacted For example data will be collected at 1 roller pass 2 roller passes 3 roller passes and 4 roller passes If the material is expected to take more than 3 or 4 roller Page 44 of 137 passes the data collection pattern should be something similar to this 1 roller pass 2 roller passes 4 roller passes and 6 roller passes The data collection pattern to be followed by the SDG and NDG is shown in Figure B 3 Depending on the size of the test pad and any time constraints the amount of data taken with the SDGs and NDG may vary However no less than two NDG measurements should be taken for each pattern of five SDG measurement For example if there is enough space for all four testing areas 1 e A B C and D and three test points in each area 1 e 1 2 and 3 then two NDG measurements at each of the 12 locati
136. th For the SDG Software Layout see Appendix B Upload Data to Computer To upload SDG data to the computer use VBTerm 1 e Visual Basic Terminal VBTerm is free software available for all computers to download TransTech Systems Inc has mailed or given a CD copy of the software for your use with the SDG The software can easily be placed on any computer that is available to upload SDG data by copying and pasting the files TransTech Systems Inc sent to the computer s desktop To keep all the files in one place it is a good idea to create a folder for example SDG_VBTerm_data and place the files inside This only needs to be done once for each computer that the SDG is going to upload data too Once on the desktop open the folder and click on the yellow phone icon this opens the VBTerm 1 Open VBTerm yellow phone icon a CommPort Port Open b CommPort Properties i Port COM 1 if this does not work try COM 2 ii Maximum Speed 115200 ii Data Bits 8 iv Parity None v Stop Bit 1 vi Echo Off vii Flow Control None viii Click OK c File Open Log File i Look in select folder SDG VBTerm data ii Type File name OrganizationName Date year month date 1 Example file name TransTechSys 070824 in Select Files of type Log Files LOG iv Click OPEN 2 Connect SDG to Computer use RS232 cable Page 36 of 137 3 With SDG ON press button 3 Upload data to PC press button 1 Upload data The data will no
137. thod D4253 also be performed Corrections for oversize material if required shall be performed in accordance with Practice D4718 10 Report 10 1 The Test Report shall include the following 10 1 1 Make Model and Serial Number of the device 10 1 2 Operators name 10 1 3 Date of last calibration or calibration verification or on file with the testing agency 10 1 4 Test Site Identification 10 1 5 Visual description of the material being tested 10 1 6 Dry Density in kg m or Ibm ft 10 1 7 Wet density in kg m or Ibm ft 10 1 8 Water Content in percent 10 1 9 Any Correction to the report values and the reason for these changes 1 e oversized particles water content 11 Precision and Bias 11 1 Precision 11 1 1 Complete test data on precision in accordance E691 1s not presented due to the nature of this test method It 1s either not feasible or too costly at this time to have ten or more agencies participate in an in situ testing program at a given site The Subcommittee D18 08 1s seeking any data from the users of this test method that might be used to make a limited statement on precision Task group D18 08 03 1s looking into an ASTM sponsored ILS to generate data on a variety of soils for a precision statement 11 2 Bias 11 3 There are no accepted reference values for these test methods therefore bias cannot be determined Page 96 of 137 12 Keywords 12 1 Compaction Test acceptance testing cons
138. tion increased a little over 10 Ibs for the three compaction levels Soil 8 Red Sandy Clay USCS CL ML Clough Harbour Texas The material in Table 9 a Red Sandy Clay has a USCS classification of CL ML i e silty clay The NDG measurement data in Table 8 show that the standard deviation of the individual units range from 1 6 to 2 6 for wet density 1 5 to 2 6 for dry density and 0 5 to 0 9 for per cent moisture The standard deviations between the two NDG units are also shown The wet density compaction increased about 20 lbs over the three compaction levels During the third compaction level i e Compaction Passes 4 one of the NDGs broke hence it was not appropriate to calculate the standard deviation between the NDGs for this compaction level Page 67 of 137 Average values Standard Deviations Compaction Humbolt Troxler ec ence Humbolt Troxler Eod passes 102 6964 8 102 6964 re DD 1 86 12313 88 58333 87 35323 25 26 24 M 1 1401262 11 70476 12 85869 07 09 17 DD 2 10436 106 2021 105 2811 18 16 16 9M 2 141769 12 16667 13 17179 05 08 14 DD 4 1122438 114925 1135844 15 NA NA Table 9 Red Sandy Clay USCS CL ML Conclusion Table 10 is a summary of the average NDG data standard deviations discussed above It would be expected that the standard deviation at a single location see Table 1 for example would be less than
139. tory passes were completed again with no compactor overlap In total eight compactor passes for each of the five compaction levels were completed The compaction pattern is shown in Figure 3 2 Eug NENNEN A es Eu Figure 3 2 Vibratory Compactor Pattern for Compaction Tests Page 10 of 137 The density compaction profile is seen in Figure 3 3 below As can be seen approximately 65 of the compaction is achieved after one compactor pass The remaining 35 of the compaction is achieved with the additional compactor passes Test data were taken on the uncompacted soil but the data was not used due to the scattering of data from the instruments and the difficulty in having an appropriate surface on which either gauge could take data Therefore as shown in Figure 3 3 compaction levels of one two four and eight were selected for data Practice Compaction Density Profile 140 135 Wet Density Ib cu ft e eo Number of Compactor Passes Figure 3 3 Density Compaction Profile It was determined that eight SDG measurements would be taken around the NDG sensor hole as shown in Figure 3 4 For each of the SDG measurements one NDG measurement would also be taken While this is a time consuming method of collecting data it is necessary for obtaining relevant and useful data and proved very effective Figure 3 4 Measurement Pattern fo
140. truction control quality control field density in place density wet density dry density electromagnetic impedance spectroscopy electronic density gauge non nuclear test method non destructive measurement Page 97 of 137 ANNEX Mandatory Information Al CALIBRATION AND VERIFICATION A1 1 Calibration and Verification of Density Al 1 1 A1 2 Calibration and Verification of Water Content Al 2 1 Page 98 of 137 APPENDIX G SDG User Manual Page 99 of 137 Appendix G SDG User Manual Soil Density Gauge Beta Unit Operator s Handbook TransTech Systems Inc Telephone 518 370 5558 or Toll Free in the US 1 800 724 6306 FAX 518 370 5538 E mail sales transtechsys com TransTech Systems Inc Page 100 of 137 1594 State Street Schenectady New York 12304 Table of Contents Inicie Ee Measurement Technology srczpctts ssosaiacecessasesassathoossssadaansacuvomnndadieanszenscvanancs Applicaton SUMINALY seacte naaa saioa Sy HO Controls and ConmponeHls ies oer ee Ene Lipa H8 Io PEE PE EN vNE FEIN eT EErE QUE Le ve NE Rer edis Guns External C OmpOLe DES oooosssiutoasemud 6 pus ed E dE la dua ipis ei esiseina Oireesi Extermab C OHBEOIS eeen mei oret tesa E EEE TEAN OE NNER Part 1 Setting up the SDG acs osc c Charce TMCV aey raie e e ENE RM Rui EE wie GS EAC E E A N OAE E s MAD ane T
141. ts completed with both instrument at different locations Table 4 12 is the standard deviations of the two instruments and the computed average standard deviations for the wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture The average wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture standard deviations are 3 5 lb ft 0 9 2 6 lb ft and 0 6 respectively Location Clough Harbour Oklahoma Texas Material Red Sandy Clay USCS CL ML Page 86 of 137 Operator Location X SN 5 Location Y SN 3 c m dre ica PEPEPEPE a a afar ss es nas 87 i126 toss 1091 a es iso iso moa i89 1089 1101 1063 ais n ns me mi so 96 a es ns 183 ia i7 90 93 84 1 1059 103 3 104 0 106 4 1083 996 100 8 100 9 _ 3 1073 104 1 106 0 106 5 106 4 100 0 101 0 999 4 1075 1044 109 7 1072 1072 99 9 1008 980 1 112 107 109 113 112 90 95 93 3 114 109 112 113 108 90 92 90 4 114 110 121 114 109 90 93 86 Table 4 11 SDG Data on Red Sandy Clay USCS CL ML lLecatonX SNS Location Y SN3 Average Standard Deviation Wapas 25 S 38 pe e Vol Moist Deestyam t8 a Dry Density lb ft UpmewMeeus 4 8 e Percent Moist 406 Table 4 12 Standard Deviation Summary of Red Sandy Clay USCS CL ML Summarized in Table 4 13 ASTM
142. ty volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture The average wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture standard deviations are 4 4 Ib ft 1 096 3 5 lb ft and 0 696 respectively Location Clough Harbour Oklahoma Texas Material Red Sand with Rock USCS GW GM Page 85 of 137 Operator Location X SN 5 Location Y SN 3 c DENIM NEMMEI Wet Bs a mes pane prz paees irs v9 1192 Ve95 bite 4 1206 126 1 1302 123 8 120 6 128 5 1243 1311 4 63 75 84 70 62 79 70 84 1 1098 1127 1203 1196 115 1 119 0 1141 120 2 _ abt po 4 1143 1186 121 8 116 8 114 5 1206 1173 122 7 _ 1 271 46 52 66 65 55 62 53 65 L 12 Jp 47 35 1 65 66 S96 069 ba 67 3 54 60 67 61 54 64 60 69 4 55 63 69 60 54 65 59 69 Table 4 9 SDG Data on Red Sand with Rock USCS GW GM LecatonX SNS Location Y SN3 Average Standard Deviation Wapas 48 40 4M Peace ef t Vol Moist Lr e se e Dry Density lb ft eeel v 0 e o Percent Moist l Table 4 10 Standard Deviation Summary of Red Sand with Rock USCS GW GM Tables 4 11 and 4 12 display the data and standard deviations of the SDG data on the Texas Red Sandy Clay material Table 4 11 is the wet density volumetric moisture dry density and percent moisture of the sixteen measuremen
143. ty Gauge NDG as possible The goal is to complete testing in four or five different geographic locations throughout the US to test on a variety of soil types and mineralogies In addition to having the SDG units in the hands of various agencies utilities contractors etc to collect data on their actual job sites as part of our beta field testing program a series of controlled test sites throughout the country is also being setup The controlled test sites will utilize the contractor s own equipment and personnel to build a test bed and compact it one pass at a time so that side by side data on the full range of compaction levels from uncompacted to fully compacted can be secured In addition to taking extensive data with the NDGs and the SDGs a number of soil samples will be taken for oven dry testing for moisture determination In this way real world data is collected as if it was on an actual construction site with the same equipment and personnel but with the advantage of taking extensive and controlled data as opposed to actual job sites where the contractor is not willing to allow the time necessary to take the amount and quality of data that is required The large amount of data taken throughout the country will be used to upgrade the SDG s algorithms i e make them as robust as possible for product use The SDG data collection pattern is shown in Figure B 1 below The SDG operates using a clover leaf pattern of five The first
144. uency for Contacting and Non Contacting SDG A second order polynomial was used to characterize the SDG data sets at each compaction level 0 1 2 4 and 8 Compactor Passes and each moisture level 5 06 6 43 7 43 8 53 and 9 22 in each of the three frequency regions for each of the four data representations magnitude phase real and imaginary A second order polynomial 1s given by y Ax Bx C where A B and C are the coefficients used to characterize the data Next linear fits were completed using the calculated second order polynomial coefficients and the measured nuclear Page 18 of 137 density gauge NDG wet density through the five compaction levels for each of the four measurement positions A B C and D and for each of the five moisture levels 5 06 6 43 7 43 8 53 and 9 22 If the linear fits of the coefficient versus NDG wet density around each of the four positions and for each of the five moisture levels were considered significant R gt 0 80 then the coefficient may be significant in extracting the density information from the frequency spectrum and ultimately calculating wet density Using the curve fitting feature identification process outlined above nine possible features were found to be significant The identified curve fitting features from which it may be possible to calculate wet density are listed in Table 3 4 below Non Contacting SDG Phase frequency region one A coefficient Pha
145. upon the average wet density standard deviation was less than 2 0 lb ft the average volumetric moisture content standard deviation was less than 0 5 the average dry density standard deviation was less than 1 5 lb ft and the average percent moisture content standard deviation was 0 3 or less Test 2 Four operators each with a different SDG unit took two sets of measurements at six locations For each measurement set the standard clover leaf pattern of five was used This test was designed to show the density and moisture spread of four instruments with four operators on several soil types Summarized in Table 5 2 ASTM Test 2 for each of the six soil types measured upon the average wet density standard deviation with four instruments and four operators was less than or equal to 6 5 lb ft The average volumetric moisture content standard deviation with four instruments and four operators was less than or equal to 1 5 The average dry density standard deviation with four instruments and four operators was less than or equal to 5 0 Ib ft The average percent moisture standard deviation with four instruments and four operators was less than or equal to 1 0 Test 3 Four operators each with a same SDG unit took four sets of measurements at a single location thus sixteen measurement sets were completed with each unit For each measurement set the standard clover leaf pattern of five was used This test was designed to show the density a
146. urface of the material under test 6 1 2 The device shall be housed in an enclosure of heavy duty construction and designed for taking in situ density and water content measurements of soil and soil aggregate mixtures The quality of the result produced by this standard test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used Agencies that meet the requirements of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective Sampling Testing Inspection and the like Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results Reliable results depend on many factors Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluation some of those factots The volume of field compacted material represented by a test can effectively be increased by repeating the test at adjacent locations and averaging the results Page 94 of 137 6 1 3 The device shall function at the normal temperatures and environmental conditions experienced during earthwork operations 6 1 4 The device shall include the internal circuitry suitable for displaying individual measurements to allow operators to record the readings 6 1 5 The device shall employ suitable electronic circuitry to provide power and signal conditioning to the sensor to provide the data acquisition and readout function and allow calibration of the unit over the e
147. w upload to the computer When the unit has finished uploading the data the data will stop streaming 4 Disconnect the SDG from the computer 5 Close the VBTerm Window A Run time error may appear when you close out just click OK 6 If you did not save the file in the SDG_VBTerm_data folder remember where you uploaded the data so it can be located and emailed to TransTech Systems Inc 7 Email the data file to Sarah Pluta at TransTech Systems Inc email spluta transtechsys com Contact Information Field Operation Logistical Contact Ron Berube Office 518 370 5558 x 249 Cell 518 528 529 email rberube qcqalabs com Technical Contact Sarah Pluta Office 518 370 5558 x 231 email spluta transtechsys com Program Coordination John Hewitt Office 518 370 5558 x 228 email jhewitt transtechsys com Page 37 of 137 Number of Compaction Passes 5G Ave 5 NDG Material Moisture ion Proctor Test Location 1 Information Gradation Limit LL Test Location 2 Plastic Index PI mee I I L E 3 00 2 00 ewan ae 1 50 FTN war LI px Paaa d o Ls 0 375 www 3 3 4 n Test Location 4 uA mund 1 P lj x om ir a N E amem 400 moive e 0 mm Test Location 5 P t op 15 AED I II A Page 38 of 137 Test Location T Material poc NEO a 23 I oe ior Proctor Number o
148. was successful in fabricating three generations of the SDG culminating with the SDG Model 1 Figure 2 2 Upon learning of the DNDO s objectives this unit and work provided the basis for a successful proposal to DNDO for the extension of the program to develop a complete replacement of the NDG The SDG Model 1 achieved the level of reliability and consistency among the units to permit the development of algorithms to extract density and moisture data from the impedance spectrum from 30kHz to 31MHz This was demonstrated on a well graded sandy soil that met the ASTM United Soil Classification System erade SW Figure 2 3 SDG Model 100 Designed During Phase I advances were made Fabricated and Tested in Phase II in the development of the algorithms for determining moisture and wet density When these algorithms were applied to the data taken for the twenty compaction levels and five moisture levels that were done in the lab the standard deviation was computed for wet density agreement between the non contacting SDG and the standard NDG It was concluded that not only was the agreement between the non contacting SDG s wet density calculation and the standard NDG wet density measurements high but that statistically the readings were identical Figure 2 4 SDG Model 100A Designed Fabricated and Tested in Phase II Page 6 of 137 This work demonstrated that on one specific class of soil
149. xas Material Red Sandy Clay USCS CL ML Location 1 Location2 Location3 Location 4 Location5 Location6 um lb ft SN3 120 123 90 8B OR c NS Ib f SNI JU JS yor 3359 jq98 Mos ERN SN5 pui ES 0300 Br J96 MoS i Table 3 11 SDG Data on Red Sandy Clay USCS CL ML Page 80 of 137 A lt STD dit STD 96 Dry Density 1 6 STD Ib ft Percent CEN CNN CNN CNN CNN CN Moisture STD 46 Table 3 12 Standard Deviation Summary of Red Sandy Clay USCS CL ML ASTM Test 2 1s summarized in Table 3 13 for each of the six soil types measured upon the average wet density standard deviation with four instruments and four operators was less than or equal to 6 5 Ib ft The average volumetric moisture content standard deviation with four instruments and four operators was less than or equal to 1 5 The average dry density standard deviation with four instruments and four operators was less than or equal to 5 0 lb ft The average percent moisture standard deviation with four instruments and four operators was less than or equal to 1 0 Location All Material All USCS SP GP GM GP GM GW GM CL ML Avg Wet Density 10 1 6 5 STD Ib ft Avg Vol Moisture STD Avg Dry Density STD Ib ft Avg Percent Moisture STD 46 Table 3 13 Summary of Six Soil Types and Average Standard Deviations Density and Moistur
150. xpected range of application conditions and materials 6 2 Surface Preparation Plate A rigid plate of suitable size and material that may be used to flatten and prepare the testing surface before density and water content measurements are made 6 3 Standard Reference Block a block of material used for checking device operation and to establish conditions before actual measurements are made 7 Calibration and Standardization 7 1 Calibration of the device shall be performed by the device manufacturer or a certified repair and calibration facility 7 2 Standardization 7 2 1 The standardization for this device is performed on a reference block provided by the manufacturer The standardization procedure verifies the operability of the device 7 2 2 Standardization of the gauge shall be performed and recorded as required by Local State Federal requirements or as recommended by the manufacturer 7 2 3 Standardization shall be in accordance with the procedure recommended by the device manufacturer to establish the compliance with the standard measurement to the accepted range 7 2 4 If for any reason the measured density or moisture content becomes suspect during the day s use perform another standardization check to verify the operability of the device 8 Procedure 8 1 Preparation of test site 8 1 1 Select a test location in accordance with the contract documents located to be representative of the total material bei
151. year soil gauge evaluation program funded by the Kentucky DOT The unit at Penn State s Crop and Soil Science Department will ship in the next two weeks and be used to measure density in un compacted materials with about 5 organic material They are looking for a practical replacement for the nuclear gauge Agricultural applications for measuring soil density include predicting irrigation and drainage patterns fertilizer nutrient delivery and plant root development The SDG was not designed for agriculture uses Therefore the ability to use it for agriculture applications will significantly increase its ability to fully replace the NDG Two units have been placed with TransTech sales representatives in North Carolina and Texas An additional unit will go to KeySpan Energy now National Grid as part of an agreement for their support on the original program Page 26 of 137 The balance will go or have gone to commercial customers who have agreed to provide results from their normal testing The Beta Testers have been provided a developmental SDG Model 100A unit see Figure 2 4 an operator s manual see Appendix G a Beta Testing protocol and unlimited phone support They will also receive any hardware and or software updates to keep the unit comparable to the then current commercial offerings for a period of two years They are asked to provide feedback on the user interface and the operation of the unit As part of the operational feedback

Phase II Final Report - TransTech Systems Inc.

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