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1. E The angle U is given by the distance X 500mm between detector on the right and light source and the radius of the circular source Rs 20mm where angle is given by the distance X and the radius of the illuminated surface Due to varying CCD dimensions a radius of sufficient size Rp 50mm for all 4k x 4k detectors in operation is considered for the calculations Figure 4 9 Oblique illuminance of the detector on the right from a self luminous disk output port of the integrating sphere 4 The ratio between the illuminance Eg and Eo 0 see figure 4 9 equals The CCD test bench 25 l tan tan U 4 2 2 4 gt Es a tan 2tan ae U 1 cosU ip _ 0 98 4 5 E 1 l tan U 1 1 cosu y p Therefore the deviation of the illuminance over the whole CCD theoretically varies by 2 where the deviation asymptotically approaches to zero from the outer diameter to the optical axis 4 5 Software configuration All test bench devices are exclusively operated by LabVIEW software LabVIEW is a graphical programming language from National Instruments which is most suitable for developing sophisticated measurement test and control systems Interactive or combined operation of the software modules allow among special and individual tests full automated CCD characterizations The CCD test bench 26 Automated data acquisition PRiSM script LightAc_All_030409_ muse _NGCPc012473_PT pgm Instru
2. 1011 5 1012 1012 5 1013 1013 5 1014 1014 5 1015 1015 5 Wavelength in nm Figure 5 5 Photocurrent in A measured in the integrating sphere versus monochromator wavelength in nm and expected intensity peak at 1013 976nm red line Measurements and results 54 All the obtained values for the deviation of the wavelength adjustments are well inside the specifications of Inm Therefore there is no need to perform a wavelength calibration of the MSH 301 Discussion 55 6 Discussion 6 1 Light performance It is obvious that the ND filters are not the only components in the light path that have an influence on the intensity of light reaching the detector but it is not necessary to accurately adjust the intensity level The transmittance of the coloured glass filters is limited and the monochromator and the integrating sphere reduce the light intensity as well The light performance provided by the existing configuration is sufficient for the tests to be done There are possibilities to tune the system but the necessary arrangements require new or at least modified components to be reassembled and the additional benefit remains limited As mentioned the acceptance angle of the monochromator is not completely filled as it is necessary to achieve best efficiency Considering the lamp housing and condenser remain the same this could be achieved by a new lens with a focal length of 125mm which is available and easy to replace But the r
3. defined in the Acquistion _Setup vi the image header is filled with necessary information like CCD temperature and the pressure predominating in the CCD head which is read from PULPO Finally the LabPrismout txt file is created containing the information that the required image is available PRiSM accesses the new image performs the necessary calculations and image processing and saves it lossless compressed CPA file format in the CCD type The CCD test bench 48 specific directory model as shown in figure 4 29 Depending on the read out mode read out speed the whole procedure takes around one or two minutes 4 5 5 Data reduction and results All the images acquired during the characterization process the test scripts used notes and other necessary data like specifications and the manufacturers test result for the respective detector are stored in a general CCD directory model see figure 4 29 A painstaking storage of the raw data is absolutely essential to be able to resort to it in the future Figure 4 29 Model_MUSE E CCD_Alignment ccpconfig ccpconfig bck S Convert Factor noise os0kpix 100kpix 140kpix 225kpix 625kpix eo Cosmetic osokpix 225kpix CosmeticDefect cte E Dark Bias High Gain 050kpix Bias DarkFifteenMinutes DarkOneHour a 225kpix 625kpix Dark Bias Low gain 050kpix 225kpix 625kpix 5 HTML f
4. 15 Front panel of the Keithley 2100 Series Read Single vi 4 5 3 7 ESP300_standalone vi Up to three linear stages attached to the Newport ESP 300 motion controller can be operated by this module Each axis is dedicated to a page on the front panel where absolute positions can be approached incremental steps of definable size and direction can be performed and axis specific settings namely velocity and acceleration equates to the deceleration as well are configurable At each point along the travel range the position of all axes can be reset to zero Define home button This zero point is approached when the Search for home button is pressed The CCD test bench 35 ESP300_standalone vi Front Panel EIER File Edit View Project Operate Tools Window Help 2 GPIBO 6 INSTR oom Figure 4 16 The user interface of the ESP300_standalone vi on the left and the window to set axis velocity acceleration and deceleration 4 5 3 8 Pulpol _standalone2 0 vi Using this software the temperature pressure and shutter controller PULPO can be actuated On the page Table the parameter and values of all connected sensors up to seven sensors and heaters all in all three heaters attached are displayed On page Chart the values are plotted with an update period specified on the Controls page where the user can also select to save the gathered data isochronous Furthermore it is possible to set the temperature trip point of all senso
5. Page one of the template for a CCD test report Annex III Detector test report 2 Quantum Efficiency Photo Response Non Uniformity PRNU Comparison QE Comparison PRNU rms 300 400 500 600 700 800 300 1000 1100 300 400 500 600 700 800 s00 1000 1100 QE ESO X QEESO average spec Wavelength nm GEESO min spec GE E2V 7 PRNUESO rms amp PRNU ESO max spec rms PRNU E2 rm23 Figure 1 Comparison between the GE measured by ESO the QE measured by E2 Eigure 2 Comparison between the PRNU measured by ESO the PRNU ESO specification and minimum specification measured by E2Y ESO specification and maximum specification Clockmode Conversion Factor e t RMS noise e QEESO QEESO PRNU average min spec ESO maz spec spec Figure II 2 Page two of the template for a CCD test report Is updated by macro TBD To Be Done Annex III Detector test report 3 Readout Noise Conversion Factor Linearity Charge Transfer Efficiency Fullwell Port eso ew eso ew eso ew eso ep 100 kpix s WIM WM WM WMA Readout Noise rms e at 500 kpix s Uy YG ty WY Readout Noise rms e at 50 k init AA WU WJ Wy Conversion Factor e pixhr at 100 kpix s Ly AUH HT Wj Linearity Deviation 1000 100ke rms 100 kpix s Readout Noise rms e at CTE 100 kpix s Ampilifi Fullwell ke 100 kpix sj Blooming Fullwell ke i
6. Telescope Virtual Machine Environment Acronyms ma vb Ss MI Illuminance Luminance Magnification F number F number of monochromator Focal length Aperture of lens Wavelength of incident light Order of diffraction Radius of integrating sphere output port Radius of illuminated area at the CCD position Grating constant Introduction 2 1 Introduction An important step in the process of implementing Charge Coupled Devices CCDs in optical instruments for astronomy is the characterization and optimization of the device after it is received from the manufacturer A number of measurements of CCD performance involve the uniform illumination of the chip in question with light of a certain intensity level at a specific wavelength and with a certain spectral bandwidth In 1996 the introduction of the detector controller FIERA Fast Imager Electronic Readout Assembly developed at ESO as well as the growing size of the optical detectors which could not be handled by the existing testing facility at that time has made the construction of new test bench named Test and Measurement Evaluation Rig TAMER Several improvements have been realized to optimize the turnaround time and the precision of the measurements New detector heads each accommodating two CCDs have been manufactured and put in use In actual state the new general detector controller NGC can also be used to operate the devices The design provides the po
7. adjusted to 630nm and the bandwidth to its maximum slit apertures at its maximum Black tape is affixed to critical areas like the junctions between light tight box the optical table and the cryostat holder to prevent light entering the light tight zone from outside 44 The light path The light emitted by a 100W quartz tungsten halogen lamp with a coiled filament of 2 3 x 4 2 mm width x height in vertical orientation is collimated by means of a condenser with an aperture of 33mm and a focal length f of 50mm A plano convex lens of the same aperture with a focal length of 150mm f images the filament of the light source magnified on the monochromator input slit The transmission can be adjusted and disruptive higher orders of light are blocked by the filters between the imaging optic and the monochromator The number of filters affecting the light path depends on the wavelength of the light order sorting filter and the light level neutral density filters needed Since both lenses have the same aperture the following equation gives a rough estimation of the magnification M of the filament where lens aberrations spherical The CCD test bench 21 aberrations deviations of the focal lengths effects of diffraction and variations in the focal length caused by the filters are ignored M r 4 2 Variables M Magnification f Focal length of lens 1 condenser Focal length of focusing lens 2 Linse
8. bench 23 The light entering the monochromator entrance is dispersed by means of a 600 I mm plan grating Depending of its position free to rotate in a given range light of a specific wavelength leaves the device either through the lateral exit or through the axial port conditioned by the positioning of the output mirror The input slit is imaged on the output slit In case the light leaves the monochromator at its lateral exit as shown in figure 4 7 it enters the integrating sphere and is reflected multiple times before it leaves the sphere in the direction to the detector A tilted baffle prevents light directly passing through the sphere from the input port to the output port as shown in figure 4 8 At the exit port homogenous diffuse and monochromatic light of a specific bandwidth is emitted where the aperture ratio of the light beam is limited by the maximum aperture 64mm of the shutter Figure 4 8 The test bench light path Assuming that the circular area of the exit port radiates according to Lambert s cosine law Lambertian emitter the deviation of the illuminance on the chip can theoretically be The CCD test bench 24 determined 4 The illuminance E depends on the luminance B of the light source exit port of integrating sphere and the angle and U see figure 4 9 and is calculated as follows 2 _ 2 1 _A B l tan tan U 4 4 2 Se eo 0 tan 2tan tan UN 1 cosU 2
9. device address before running the software A default value can be set to keep the operating expense in a limit There is no STOP button available because the software stops after having finished the measuring series Keythley_6514_standalone2 0 vi EBR File Edit View Project Operate Tools Window on GPIB port Measurements ho Busy a Standard deviation as EEE Figure 4 14 Front panel of the Keythley_6514_standalone2 0 vi 4 5 3 6 Keithley 2100 Series Read Single vi The need for determining the light level in the room where the test setup is located makes it necessary to read the voltage of a further photodiode attached to the Keithley 2100 Multimeter This device driver is basically intended to be integrated into the automated data acquisition software to immediately take action turns room light off in case of changing light levels But if manual measurements are done the voltage can at least be interactively The CCD test bench 34 read and compared to the value settable in the DeviceDriver_Setup vi which corresponds to the voltage read when the room light is turned off The USB port of the electrometer is set before the VI is started as well as the number of measurement to be done The user can select from a list Function what kind of reading to perform Keithley 2100 Series Read Single SEE File Edit View Project Operate Tools Window on USB port AUSBO Function foc Volts Figure 4
10. of these modules For the purpose of automated data acquisition a universal piece of LabVIEW software exists It combines the functionality of all standalone units including the initialization procedure and error handling reads an assignable text file for instructions and writes the required data into a definable output file This feature makes it universal because the text file can be created by any software that meets the requirements as they are described in 4 5 2 Operating two different kinds of software has its reason In order to acquire data at the existing test bench PRiSM scripts have already been developed to perform all the complex calculations and procedures that are necessary to extract the CCD specific parameters from the raw data An automated data acquisition at the test bench is based on a master slave principle where the PRiSM software acts as master that issues instructions to the LabVIEW software slave to actuate the hardware The LabVIEW programmes VI s are sort of interface between PRiSM and the controllers of the test bench devices 4 5 2 The PRiSM software PRiSM is astronomical software allowing to open and edit the FITS file format which is the format of the image files produced by the CCD controller and save it lossless compressed in the CPA format using unsigned 16 bit integer where the resulting file is only the half of the original file size of approximately 35 megabytes Furthermore this The CCD tes
11. the photocurrent of the diode attached to the integrating sphere at the monochromator output Therefore an ORIEL low pressure mercury penlight model 6036 and appropriate power supply model 6048 is placed at the input slit as shown in figure 5 1 and the monochromator bandwidth is set up to its minimum at 0 5nm Furthermore the room light is turned off and an aluminium bracket is placed behind the lamp to reduce stray light and to avoid intervisibility Figure 5 1 ORIEL low pressure mercury lamp placed at the input port of the MSH 301 Measurements and results 51 Figure 5 2 ORIEL low pressure Hg lamp and power supply The measurements are done interactively from a remote PC using the standalone ZabVIEW software modules for the monochromator and the Keithley 6514 electrometer The smallest possible step size is chosen to pace up and down the critical sections of the wavelength range where the photocurrent sharply increases see figures 5 3 5 4 and 5 5 According to the mercury lamp manual and the National Institute of Standards and Technology 6 strong emission lines can be found amongst others at 435 834nm and 546 074nm and a weak line at 1013 976nm These three lines are chosen to be able to make a statement about the accuracy of the monochromator in the wavelength range of interest The yellow curve corresponds to the measurements done in positive direction and the turquoise curve corresponds to the reverse measurements
12. to the first unit 4 5 3 10 USB Interface Board_standalone2 0 vi This software provides the features to operate the test bench warning light to turn the room light on and off to lock and unlock the test bench door and the determination if the door is opened or closed A dynamic link library DLL is provided by the manufacturer Velleman Inc to operate the USB interface board which is embedded into the ZabVIEW code The user selects the task from a list and runs the VI The circular indicator on the front panel shows if the door is opened dark green or closed light green after the Door closed task has been executed The CCD test bench 40 gt USB Interface Board_standalone2 0 vi EIER Eile Edit view Project Operate Tools Window Help on T ask Constant ON BEE m Constant Door closed Blink ON Blink OFF Q Lock door I Unlock door Door closed Room light ON OFF Figure 4 22 Front panel of the USB Interface Board _standalone2 0 vi 4 5 3 11 FIERA_standalone vi and NGC _standalone vi The functionality of the two pieces of software is almost the same they only differ in the syntax of the commands sent to the embedded UNIX based computer of the CCD controller Although the FIERA_standalone vi is mentioned only the following description can be applied to the NGC_standalone vi as well All necessary functions to interactively take exposures are combined within this module After having started the softwar
13. work I have not used any other resources than the ones stated Garching bei M nchen 13 07 2009 Signature Abstract Abstract Driven by the strong will to answer today s questions of astronomy ambitious projects in development at the European Southern Observatory ESO require the implementation of a large number of optical detectors in their instruments in the near future Therefore the Charge Coupled Devices CCDs have to be tested and qualified individually on a test bench against the contractual specifications A new testing facility is described designed to face the challenge of a rising number of detectors to be characterized in an automated way The miscellaneous requirements concerning the setup are highlighted and the functionality of hard and software as well as the interactions between are explained Finally a compact assembly is introduced providing the possibility to automatically determine all major CCD parameters like quantum efficiency conversion factor dark current charge transfer efficiency read out noise and cosmetic defects as well as specific interactive measurements that can be performed from a remote computer Keywords CCD characterization test bench automation optical detectors
14. 00_standalone vi Pulpol_standalone2 0 vi JUMO _standalone2 0 vi USB Interface Board_standalone2 0 vi FIERA_standalone vi and NGC _standalone vi Automated data acquisition Data reduction and results Measurements and results Wavelength accuracy Discussion Light performance Additional shutter Wavelength adjustments Uniformity of illuminance Conclusion Annex I Custom made products Annex II Characteristics of components Annex III Detector test report Declaration on autonomy Abstract 31 33 33 34 35 38 39 40 43 48 50 50 55 55 55 56 56 57 Acronyms Acronyms CAD CCD CPA DC ESO FIERA FITS GPIB GUI IFU MUSE NGC NI NPL OD ODT PC PSF PTB SPARC Telnet USB UV VI VLT VME MI Computer Aided Design Charge Coupled Device Image file format for lossless compression of FITS images Direct Current European Southern Observatory Fast Imager Electronic Readout Assembly Flexible Image Transport System General Purpose Interface Bus Graphical User Interface Integral Field Unit Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer New General detector Controller National Instruments National Physical Laboratory England Optical Density Optical Detector Team Personal Computer Point Source Spread function Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt Scalable Processor Architecture Telecommunication network Universal Serial Bus Ultraviolet Virtual Instrument a LabVIEW software module Very Large
15. 09 Keithley lt info Keithley com gt Unknown author Model 6514 System Electrometer Instruction Manual URL lt http www Keithley com products locurrhiresist electrometers mn 65 14 gt and lt http www Keithley com data asset 52529 gt available on 23 06 2009 Keithley lt info Keithley com gt Unknown author Model 2100 6 1 2 Digit Resolution Digital Multimeter User s Manual URL lt http www Keithley com products dmm dmms mn 2100120 gt and lt http www Keithley com data asset 50760 gt available on 23 06 2009 Newport lt oriel sales newport com gt Unknown author Motorized Filter Wheel System Model 74041 User Manual URL lt http search newport com sku 74041 gt available on 23 06 2009 Applicable documents 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Newport lt germany newport com gt Unknown author 1 4 M Monochromator Model MSH 301 User Manual URL lt http www LOT ORIEL com site site_down ms_101301_fren pdf gt and lt http search newport com sku 74100 gt available on 23 06 2009 Newport lt oriel sales newport com gt Unknown author 300W Radiometric Power Supply Model 69931 User Manual URL lt http search newport com sku 69931 gt available on 23 06 2009 Newport lt germany newport com gt Unknown author ESP300 Motion Controller Driver User s Manual URL lt http search newport com sku ESP300 111112 gt available on 23 06 2009 Newport lt oriel sale
16. 110 Velleman Inc allows to control the room light turning on and off the warning light at the entrance of the test bench room as well as the lock status of the door locked unlocked It is wired with the electronics of the door latch and the electronics of the lighting The CCD test bench 18 Finally there is the CCD cryostat which is linked to the CCD controller either the FIERA or the NGC The controller generally consists of the detector head electronics DC power supplies and the embedded computer provided with a VME SPARC station which allows reading the CCD ports in serial and parallel at low noise and various speeds and gains There are two temperature and pressure controller available to control the temperature and the vacuum inside the CCD head which is absolutely necessary due to differing behaviours of the CCD parameters at different ambient conditions The JUMO Imago 500 is acommercial product where PULPO is an ESO development as mentioned CCD head Shae a Sphere Monochromator Filter wheels Lamp TELNET Test bench pc RS232 ee GPG x USB Filter wheel controller Figure 4 4 CAD model of the test bench components with an impact on the light path including their controllers The CCD test bench 19 4 3 1 Additional components Several custom made products are installed at the test bench to align all devices on an optical axis number I VIII IX see figure 4 5 and to guarantee the par
17. 2 F f D Linse 1 F f D Figure 4 6 Magnified imaging of the filament onto the monochromator input slit by means of the condenser optic Filters not drawn 17 The maximum area of aperture of the MSH 301 input slit is 3mm x 15mm a x b see figure 4 6 but depends on the bandwidth adjusted Considering the magnification M the magnified filament theoretically covers an area of approximately 7 mm x 12 6 mm mw x mh see figure 4 6 in the focal plane The measured size of the filament image is 10 mm x 18 mm mw x mh which is sufficient to completely illuminate the slit The holder of the first filter wheel in the light path reduces the useful aperture D of the lenses to 30mm and The CCD test bench 22 therefore reduces the opening of the beam coupled into the monochromator to approximately f _150_ 4 3 D 30 Variables k F number of imaging optic h Focal length of focusing lens 2 D Useful aperture of lens 1 and 2 The monochromators acceptance angle for light coupled into the device is given by the F number manufacturer information k 3 9 Thus the acceptance angle of the MSH 301 is not completely filled Its asymmetrical in plane Czerny Turner optical configuration is shown in figure 4 7 ENTRANCE gt H LATERAL EXIT al x a OPTIONAL OUTPUT MIRROR Figure 4 7 The asymmetrical in plane Czerny Turner optical configuration of the Newport MSH 301 monochromator 25 The CCD test
18. 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 Wavelength nm Figure I 1 Internal transmittance versus wavelength of order sorting filter 305FGO1 25 equates to type of filter WG 305 0 98 0 97 0 96 0 95 0 90 er SUNSSSSSESSCHEE J3 f 0 70 0 60 0 50 0 40 0 30 0 20 0 10 0 05 0 01 108 4 18 200 300 400 1100 Wowslenih at Internal transmittance Figure I 2 Internal transmittance versus wavelength of order sorting filter 550FG05 25 equates to type of filter OG 550 Annex II Characteristics of components 2 Internal Transmission Seine TAN a2 L TT NZ HHA Hi FR we ru 0 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 Wavelength nm Figure II 3 Internal transmittance versus wavelength of order sorting filter FSR RG1000 equates to type of filter RG 1000 Thickness in Transmission in Type of glass mm 70 79 NGil 1 2 70 79 NGil 1 2 50 11 NGil 25 25 11 NG4 1 2 10 00 NG4 2 0 5 01 NG4 23 2 51 NG9 1 1 0 5 NG9 1 6 0 1 NG9 2 1 0 025 NG9 25 Figure II 4 List of the ND filters mounted in the filter wheels Annex II Characteristics of components 3 200 30 400 500 600 700 800 00 10090 1100 Figure II 5 Figure II 6 Transmittance of SCHOTT neutral density filters of type NG4 NG9 and NG11 EFFICIENCY 600 WAVELENGTH nm Typical efficiency of ruled gratings with 350nm blaze wavelength Annex II Charac
19. Bachelor thesis Automation of a test setup to characterize from Date Place of birth Matriculation number Course of studies Department supervised by scientific CCDs Eric M ller 17 09 1985 Jena 374118 Precision Engineering Ba SciTec Dipl Ing FH Sebastian Deiries European Southern Observatory Karl Schwarzschild Strasse 2 D 85748 Garching bei M nchen and Prof Dr Martin Schroeck University of Applied Sciences Jena Carl Zeiss Promenade 2 07745 Jena July 2009 Outline I During the forthcoming years the Optical Detector Team ODT will implement a large number of CCDs in optical instruments for the Paranal and La Silla observatories An important step in this process is the CCD characterization and optimization that is done after the device is received from the manufacturer In order to accommodate the new CDDs and to decrease the workload of the existing test bench a new testing facility is build The chosen concept is the result of years of experience in detector testing at ESO Nevertheless new hardware and software is introduced and the opportunity is provided to measure fundamental detector parameters namely quantum efficiency conversion factor dark current charge transfer efficiency read out noise and cosmetic quality in fully automated modes It is possible to uniformly illuminate the optical detector over a 100mm diameter with monochromatic light in the wavelength range fr
20. CCD cryostats can be exchanged in few steps without touching critical components of the test setup Except few custom made parts standard lab components where used This provides the opportunity for modifications and upgrades in the future The functionality of the software can easily be enlarged by editing the existing modules or embedding new pieces of software Both available CCD controllers are supported by the software PSF experiments are virtually possible but the necessary hardware is currently not installed because it is used at another measurement setup Applicable documents Applicable documents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 REISS Roland MUSE IDS Detectors Technical Specification VLT SPE ESO 14679 4377 Garching bei M nchen European Southern Observatory April 2008 AMICO P B HM T In Beletic J and Amico P Optical Detectors for Astronomy Vol 1 Kluwer Academic Publishers 1998 CAVADORE C Christen F and Darbon S New Testbench Software User s Manual Garching bei Miinchen European Southern Observatory 2002 KINGSLAKE Rudolf Applied Optics and Optical Engineering Vol 2 Academic Press Inc 1965 MULLER Eric lt emueller eso org gt DEIRIES Sebastian lt sdeiries eso org gt MULLER E Deiries S ODT Test bench LabVIEW Modules User Manual GEN MAN ESO 21110 0028 URL lt http www eso org projects odt ODTnew index html gt available on 23 06 2009 National Institut
21. Taking the exposure ends as soon as the readout has finished The resulting image is divided into three parts the bias area at the bottom where the output register is located the area where the luminous gradient is present and the saturated area at the top of the image The CCD test bench 9 Figure 4 1 Time delayed integration TDI image of a 4096x2048 pixel detector 4 1 2 The illumination system The requirements mainly depend on the chosen monochromator The aperture ratio and the size of its slits determine the parameters of the optic and the size of the light source The essential wavelength range of the broad band light source needed is given by the sensitivity of the CCDs to be tested The lower wavelength limit is 300nm and the upper limit is 1100nm Furthermore a temporally and spatial stability of light intensity and a smooth continuum without spectral lines is required as well as a sufficient light output especially in the UV range to be able to illuminate the detector over the whole range from a few ADU to saturation at acceptable low exposure times In addition the size of the light source needs to be big enough to have an image of sufficient size in the plane of the monochromator input slit when it is imaged by an additional optic The CCD test bench 10 The imaging optic must efficiently collect the light emitted by the source and image the source e g filament magnified onto the monochromator input slit Also the
22. The blue green and red line in the figures 5 3 5 4 and 5 5 demonstrate the wavelength of the expected intensity peak according to the emission lines of mercury Measurements and results 52 The outcome of the evaluation of the emission line in the UV part of the spectrum is a deviation of 0 086nm in positive direction which approximately corresponds to the minimum steps size limit 0 08nm of the MSH 301 1 61E 11 1 41E 11 1 21E 11 1 01E 11 8 1E 12 Photocurrent in A 6 1E 12 4 1E 12 2 1E 12 1E 13 433 433 5 434 4345 435 435 5 436 436 5 437 437 5 438 438 5 Wavelength in nm Figure 5 3 Photocurrent in A measured in the integrating sphere versus monochromator wavelength in nm and expected intensity peak at 435 834nm blue line A deviation of 0 123nm is observed between the measured value and the expected value of 546 074nm The largest aberration is obtained at the third emission line and amounts to 0 677nm Measurements and results 53 1 8E 11 1 6E 11 1 4E 11 1 2E 11 1E 11 8E 12 Photocurrent in A 6E 12 4E 12 2E 12 543 5 544 544 5 545 545 5 546 546 5 547 547 5 548 Wavelength in nm Figure 5 4 Photocurrent in A measured in the integrating sphere versus monochromator wavelength in nm and expected intensity peak at 546 074nm green line 1 9E 12 1 7E 12 1 5E 12 1 3E 12 1 1E 12 8 5E 13 Photocurrentin A 6 5E 13 4 5E 13 2 5E 13
23. alogen lamp is turned off Afterwards the VI opens a telnet connection to the embedded computer of the NGC system and logs in by applying the login parameters specified in the DeviceDriver_Setup vi The operational state of the system is read and displayed on the front panel of the application software The CCD test bench 46 The following example intends to demonstrate the proceedings when the PRiSM software requests a flat field exposure of 1 second exposure time Assuming that wavelength bandwidth and optical density has already been set the following steps take place At first the LabPrismin txt file is created by the PRiSM software containing the command to set the read out mode or rather the clock mode CCDF CL 10 The LabVIEW software reads and deletes the file interprets the command and temporarily saves this setting A new LabPrismin txt file created by PRiSM contains the command to take a flat field image of one second exposure time CCDF FF 1000 From this point on the LabVIEW software carries out the requested actions At first the lamp controller of the QTH lamp is queried if the lamp is still turned on The procedure is aborted and a dialog box appears in case it is turned off lamp is most likely broken Otherwise the KE 2100 electrometer is triggered to read the voltage at the attached photodiode to make sure the room light level is below the preset limit settable in the Acquistion Setup vi There are two possible reasons f
24. alogen lamp is turned off Commands sent and responses received via telnet connection when a light exposure is taken Directory model where the raw data the results of the characterization and all other necessary data concerning the detector are stored ORIEL low pressure mercury lamp placed at the input port of the MSH 301 ORIEL low pressure Hg lamp and power supply Photocurrent in A measured in the integrating sphere versus monochromator wavelength in nm and expected intensity peak at 435 834nm blue line Photocurrent in A measured in the integrating sphere versus monochromator wavelength in nm and expected intensity peak at 546 074nm green line Photocurrent in A measured in the integrating sphere versus monochromator wavelength in nm and expected intensity peak at 1013 976nm red line 37 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 47 48 50 51 52 53 53 Annex I Custom made products 1 Al Figure I 1 CAD model of plate and rod all in all four rods for uplifting the lamp housing onto the optical axis Part I in figure 4 5 gt Figure I 2 CAD model of plate and rod all in all four rods for uplifting the monochromator onto the optical axis Part I in figure 4 5 Annex I Custom made products 2 Figure I 3 CAD model of plate and rod for uplifting the integrating sphere onto the optical axis Part I in figure 4 5 Figure I 4 CAD model of the bracket all in all two that holds the p
25. aperture ratio of the imaging beam should meet the requirements of the chosen monochromator in order to maximize the efficiency The material of the lenses must transmit the whole spectrum especially the weak UV light as already mentioned Furthermore the transmission needs to be adjustable in preferably small and equidistant steps from 100 to 1 to keep the exposure times in a reasonable range and disruptive orders of light of certain wavelengths have to be disabled by optical filters in case a diffraction grating is used to produce monochromatic light Moreover the selected filter glass must not delimit the wavelength range from 300nm to 1100nm The core of the test assembly a monochromator must have input port and output port aligned to ensure to have a compact test setup which can be mounted on a preferably small optical bench In addition a second output port is required to provide the opportunity to couple light into a fibre that allows to illuminate the detector punctual with monochromatic light PSF experiment The gratings efficiency has to be optimized for the UV part of the spectrum A wavelength accuracy of 1nm and a bandwidth adjustable to a minimum of 4nm is sufficient for the measurements to be done An uniform illumination over the whole chip 4kpix x 4kpix of 15um size equals an diameter of 100mm is intended to be achieved by an integrating sphere attached to the monochromator output slit where the uniformity should not vary
26. as a 600 I mm plan grating mounted with a blaze wavelength of 400nm for increased efficiency in the UV range see figure II 6 in the annex for typical efficiency of ruled gratings with similar blaze wavelength The device is set up for a wavelength range from 250 to 1300 nm with 0 35 nm accuracy and a minimum band pass of approximately 0 5nm and houses an internal shutter at its input port A motorized slit is mounted at each of the three ports Newport models 74115 74117 74118 The device is linked to the PC via GPIB interface The LOT ORIEL K 200W SP integrating sphere has a diameter of 200mm with two aligned 40mm diameter main ports and an integrated stray light shield avoiding the light going directly from the input to the output The internal BaSO coating ensures a reflectance better than 96 in the range from 400nm to 1100nm and better than 95 in the UV range from 320nm to 400nm see figure II 7 and figure II 8 in the annex A Hamamatsu lcm silicon photo diode calibrated by reference to NPL and PTB standards is connected to the first Keithley electrometer KE 6514 used as ammeter by a low noise triax cable and mounted to an additional port near the output port to measure the flux in the sphere In the lower measurement range of 2nA the resolution of the KE 65 4 is 10fA The CCD test bench 17 The Prontor Magnetic E 64 iris shutter has a custom made shutter housing and shutter driver and is controlled by PULPO via TTL signal a temp
27. aths that are directed to each integral field unit IFU Within each IFU the field of view is again spilt into 48 slices by the image slicer and finally a detector records the light signal that has been dispersed by a spectrograph Each exposure taken by MUSE will have all in all 370 millions of pixels ESO is in charge of delivering 24 detector systems that fulfil the high technological requirements of this ambitious project To assure highest instrument efficiency and best image quality each detector system needs to be tested to verify its usability reliability and stability The MUSE instrument CCDs are back illuminated deep depletion devices with a graduated anti reflection coating and manufactured by E2V These science grade detectors of type CCD231 84 4 D76 are customer specific grade chips that meet the ESO requirements described in 1 The MUSE instrument project 6 Figure 3 1 The first science grade CCD named CERES for MUSE Due to the increasing number of optical detectors to be characterized and optimized using the existing ODT test bench the necessity arose to build a new testing facility and the MUSE detectors are only a few of a large number of devices to be tested in the future Therefore a design is chosen which is based on the test bench concept introduced after a long but fruitful process of considerations and tests by Paolo Amico and Thorsten B hm in 1998 2 The concept foresees a monochromator with int
28. by more than 3 Moreover there must be an opportunity to measure the photocurrent in the sphere e g for QE measurements In order to illuminate the CCD for a definable period of time an electronic shutter is suitable As mentioned above the opportunity is required to illuminate the CCD with a point light source at arbitrary positions and wavelengths within the mentioned range For this purpose a light tight work area between integrating sphere and detector is needed which also has the advantage to be able to mount an image projector in front of the chip For the purpose of absolute flux calibration of the system 3 or in other words to be able to monitor the photon flux at the CCD surface during a series of measurements necessary for QE measurements for example you have to know the ratio between the flux at the The CCD test bench 11 CCD surface position can not be measured in this place when the detector is mounted and another location in the light path preferably inside the integrating sphere This requires two photodiodes 3 one permanently mounted to the integrating sphere and a further one which is only used for the test bench calibration Therefore the CCD cryostat is replaced by this diode which is attached to a special flange already exists for the duration of this procedure 4 2 Considerations concerning the setup 4 2 1 Light source In order to get light into a monochromator and considering the spectrum to be cov
29. cal data will be a key element to understand the formation and evolution of galaxies In the case of unpredictable events such as the apparition of anew comet and unlike space missions which need to be programmed well in advance MUSE shall be able to observe the object without delay Furthermore its spectrographic capabilities will be crucial to study the complex chemical and physical evolution of the comets when they approach our sun The MUSE instrument project 5 3 2 Technical challenges In contrast to classical spectrographs which provide a spectral information of one spatial direction an integral field spectrograph is designed to give a spectral information of a two dimensional field of view In order to preferably have a wide field of view MUSE uses 24 integral field spectrographs that allow to observe an area of 1 x 1 arcmin Each unit is equipped with its own cryogenically cooled CCD head accommodating a detector with a size of 4096x4096 pixels of 15 microns The VLT secondary mirror is equipped with more than one thousand actuators to remove the distortion due to the atmosphere in real time Therefore four artificial stars are created by the smaller auxiliary telescopes to have a reference This system is part of the VLT adaptive optics facility developed separately from MUSE by ESO The light gathered by the 8 2m mirror is focused on a field splitter and separator by the adaptive secondary mirror resulting in 24 different light p
30. ch is required for the measurements It is linked to the test bench PC via RS 232 interface to allow remote control There are three identical Newport filter wheels model 74041 one linked to and operated by the monochromator and two of them operated by their own controller unit Each wheel can hold up to six filters of 25 4 mm diameter but there is always one holder without a The CCD test bench 16 filter aperture stays the same mounted to afford unfiltered light throughput The first two filter wheels hold neutral density filters ND filters from SCHOTT with transmissions of 71 mounted twice 50 25 10 5 2 5 0 5 0 1 and 0 025 to allow the adjustment of the transmission from 100 to 0 00126 in 28 steps see figure II 5 for transmission curves and figure II 4 in the annex for detailed information about the mounted filters This is done by combining adding the optical densities of two filters that are put into the light path one after another The software automatically adjusts the filter wheel position according to the chosen density In the third filter wheel the SCHOTT order sorting filters 305FGO0I 25 550FG05 25 and FSR RG1000 are mounted having cut off wavelengths at 305nm 550nm and 1000nm see figures II 1 II 2 and H 3 in the annex for transmission curves The monochromator as well as the filter wheel control units are connected to the test bench PC via GPIB interface The Newport MSH 301 4 M monochromator h
31. ctions amp feedback Universal Interface to LabVIEW driver software NGC_LabVIEWPRiSM_New testbench vi or LabVIEWPRiSM New testbench2 0 vi Operation Standalone modules PET Combined functionality RE NGC _standalone vi FIERA_standalone v i PowerSupply_stand Keithley 2100 alone vi Series Read Pulpol_standalone2 Single vi OVI USB interface board JUMO_standalone2 0 vi Filter_wheel_standa lone vi MSH 301_standalone2 1 v i Keythley_6514_stan dalone2 0 vi ESP300_standalone Setup Acquistion Setup vi amp DeviceDriver Setup vi Interface GPIB RS 232 USB Telnet Hardware 2 filter wheel controller 74041 Lamp controller Electrometer KE CCD controller 69931 2100 Monochromator PULPO USB interface MSH 301 ODN board VM110 FAHIH two ammeter KE JUMO Imago 500 6514 Motion controller ESP 300 Figure 4 10 Software hierarchy The CCD test bench 27 4 5 1 Functional principle Each hardware unit can be operated separately by its standalone LabVIEW software module as shown in figure 4 10 Two software units the Acquistion Setup vi and the DeviceDriver_Setup vi allow the user to configure the several interface and device specific parameters such as the device address the number of the sensor to be read out or the password for a remote login as well as basic settings like default directories The user is asked to refer to the LabVIEW modules user manual 5 for a detailed description
32. e filter label which is done by pressing the Change label button In a further dialog box the user can select any label with a maximum number of eight characters for each filter position However it is recommended to use the MSH 301_standalone2 1 vi where the functionality of the Filter_wheel_standalone vi is integrated If the user intends to set a specific density The CCD test bench 31 both filter wheels are operated in combination and the position of both wheels is automatically chosen by the software assuming that the settings made in the DeviceDriver_Setup vi are well defined Filter_wheel_standalone vi E Figure 4 12 Front panel of the Filter_wheel_standalone vi 4 5 3 4 MSH 301_standalone2 1 vi The monochromator can exclusively be operated by driver software The programme allows to read and adjust the wavelength bandwidth order sorting filter optical density OD output port grating parameters and operating the internal shutter as well Normally there is no need to set the colour filter because it is done by the routine depending on the selected wavelength and the settings made in the DeviceDriver_Setup vi According to the current hardware configuration see 4 3 the filter 305FG01 25 is inserted into the light path at wavelengths greater or equal to 350nm filter 550FG05 25 is inserted at 580nm and The CCD test bench 32 filter FSR RG1000 is inserted at 1050nm for the purpose of blocking the second order of dif
33. e it opens a telecommunication network telnet connection to the mentioned UNIX based computer logs in automatically using the parameters specified in the DeviceDriver_Setup vi and reads its operational state which is either online ready to use standby or off The buttons in the lower section of the GUI are used to exert influence on the operational state On page Setup essential parameters to take an exposure at the test bench can be set namely the type of exposure see 4 1 1 the exposure time the readout mode see 4 1 1 the number of exposures and their name in case they are intended to be saved If desired the image can be displayed and edited in a window appearing after the exposure has been taken see figure 4 25 In addition PULPO can be read out and the temperature as well as the pressure The CCD test bench 41 predominating in the detector system is displayed on page Indicators Commands sent to and responses received from the embedded computer are logged in the Telnet log Figure 4 23 Page Setup of the FIERA_standalone vi The CCD test bench 42 FIERA_standalone vi File Edit View Project Operate Tools Window Help Temp CCD 1 K 140 7 Temp CCD 2 K 140 0 Vacuum mbar 1 1e 05 i Temp FIERA K 288 7 wurd LuuL 310 4 SUNU Ff 0 P odtal root 517 gt msgSend n RTAPENV fcdpServer 1 TT 2 Figure 4 24 Page Indicators of the FIERA standalone vi Not only the image can be di
34. e of Standards and Technology Unknown author Basic Atomic Spectroscopic Data Strong Lines of Mercury Hg URL lt http physics nist gov PhysRefData Handbook Tables mercurytable2 htm gt available on 23 06 2009 BALESTRA Andrea lt andrea balestra eso org gt CUMANI Claudio lt ccumani eso org gt Balestra A Cumani C FIERA CCD Controller Software User Manual Doc No VLT MAN ESO 13640 1388 URL lt http www eso org projects vlt sw dev wwwdoc J AN2006 VLT MAN ESO 13640 1388 Output fro_ html gt available on 23 06 2009 Applicable documents 8 9 10 11 12 13 BALESTRA Andrea lt andrea balestra eso org gt CUMANI Claudio lt ccumani eso org gt Balestra A Cumani C Next Generation detector Controller Optical DCS User Manual Doc No VLT MAN ESO 13660 4086 URL lt http www eso org projects odt ODTnew index html gt available on 23 06 2009 GEIMER C lt cgeimer eso org gt CUMANI Claudio lt ccumani eso org gt Geimer C Cumani C PULPO 2 manual VLT TRE ESO 13630 3490 URL lt http www eso org tecarch Documents VLT 13000_optical_instruments 13600_vlt_scientific_CCD_system 13630 pulpo VLT TRE ESO 13630 3490 2 0 pdf gt available on 23 06 2009 WICHER Carola lt Carola Wicher fh jena de gt Wicher C Hinweise zur Gestaltung von Bachelorarbeiten an der Fachhochschule Jena im Studiengang Augenoptik URL lt http www fh jena de wicher gt available on 23 06 20
35. eplacement would only make sense in case the filter wheels are removed from this part of the light path because firstly the length of the wheels along the optical axis is larger than the focal length of the lens and secondly the aperture of the first filter holder would again reduce the opening ratio and stop down the light beam In this case one has to think about where to place the filter wheels If they are placed at the output port of the monochromator the amount of light that reaches the integrating sphere would again decrease due to the a limited opening angle by the filter holder Furthermore the light tight zone will minimize to an unacceptable small size because the XYZ linear stage is intended to be placed there to perform the PSF measurements 6 2 Additional shutter The internal monochromator shutter is not suitable for the number of open close procedures that are foreseen For example during a quantum efficiency measurement which takes about two hours to complete the shutter is operated around 200 times because quite often Discussion 56 an exposures is taken twice until integration time and optical density are adjusted in the way that the flat field exposures taken at different wavelengths have approximately the same light level Moreover the photocurrent has to be measured at each wavelength of interest and therefore the shutter needs to be opened once again in case the monochromator shutter is used Experience has shown tha
36. erature and pressure controller developed at ESO The maximum aperture of the shutter is 64mm and the minimum exposure time 30ms A customized wooden light tight box with the mentioned shutter mounted inside allows to operate a XYZ linear stage in a light tight environment and to have direct access to the entrance window of the CCD head e g for cleaning purposes An image projector can be mounted onto the CCD head easily in this configuration The XYZ linear stage holds a point light source light coming from second output port of monochromator via fibre cable and consists of three linear stages from Newport M ILS50CC M ILSI50CC and M ILS250CC only differing in their travel range which is 50mm 150mm and 250mm The guaranteed accuracy of each translation stage is five microns and all axes are controlled by the Newport ESP 300 motion controller which is connected to the test bench PC via GPIB interface The translation stage and the point light source are currently in use at another test setup and therefore not available at present A photo diode linked to a Keithley electrometer of the type KE 2100 is used to make a statement about the room light conditions from a remote site by reading the voltage and comparing it with a predefined voltage which is obtained at the light level limit In the 100mV range the resolution of the KE 2 00 is 0 1uV and it is linked to the test bench PC via USB interface Using the USB interface board VM
37. ered by the source halogen lamps and arc lamps come into consideration Halogen lamps have a more stable intensity considered over time compared to arc lamps and an appropriate power supply should allow to keep the power of the source constant which contributes to improve the stability Furthermore halogen lamps are continuum radiation sources with a relatively small spectral variance of intensity The minimum size of the light source can roughly be calculated if the magnification of the optic and the size of the monochromator input slit are known 4 2 2 Imaging optic Quality and quantity of the light leaving the monochromator tremendously depends on how the light is coupled into the device A maximum efficiency can be achieved by magnified imaging input port area is generally larger than the area of the spiral wound filament of the filament onto the input slit by a condenser optic and a collective lens which provide a light beam with an opening ratio equal to the required opening ratio of the monochromator The ratio is usually described by the F number of the device The CCD test bench 12 Several manufacturers offer completely assembled kits for that purpose but it is preferred to have a modular and therefore easy expandable and modifiable assembly of commercial products that meet the requirements soonest The relative aperture of a condenser is a good measure for its efficiency to collect light and it equates to the focal over diam
38. ernal shutter lighted by means of a halogen light source and imaging optic two filter wheels and an integrating sphere for a uniform monochromatic illumination of adjustable intensity and exposure time A monochromator is chosen instead of filters to provide narrow band measurements The CCD test bench 7 4 4 1 4 1 1 The CCD test bench Requirements General Apart from an acceptable price of all components the general requirements can be summarized as follows The whole test assembly is foreseen to be mounted on an optical bench in a small laboratory of 5 x 6 m area To guarantee full automated data acquisition using appropriate software each device or rather controller needs a connection to the test bench PC via a common interface e g GPIB Serial USB Uniform control software needs to be developed and existing software modules have to be integrated All devices have to be operable in combination and by standalone software modules It must be guaranteed that the light path is isolated from the lighting conditions in the test bench room as good as possible and that these conditions do not change e g by turning on the room light during the measurements Both available CCD controllers must be supported In order to test the fundamental CCD parameters it must be possible to take three different types of exposures at different read out modes The readout mode defines the way the CCD is read out including the speed in
39. et the current and power level Front panel of the Filter_wheel_standalone vi Front panel of the MSH 301_standalone2 1 vi with page Basic located on the left and page Expert wrong settings can cause malfunction of the device on the right Front panel of the Keythley_6514_standalone2 0 vi Front panel of the Keithley 2100 Series Read Single vi The user interface of the ESP300_standalone vi on the left and the window to set axis velocity acceleration and deceleration Page Table of the front panel of the Pulpol_standalone2 0 vi Page 13 15 18 19 21 22 23 24 26 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Table of figures Figure 4 18 Figure 4 19 Figure 4 20 Figure 4 21 Figure 4 22 Figure 4 23 Figure 4 24 Figure 4 25 Figure 4 26 Figure 4 27 Figure 4 28 Figure 4 29 Figure 5 1 Figure 5 2 Figure 5 3 Figure 5 4 Figure 5 5 Page Controls of the front panel of the Pulpol_standalone2 0 vi Page Chart of the front panel of the Pulpol_standalone2 0 vi Page Controls of the JUMO_standalone2 0 vi front panel Page JUMO 1 of the JUMO standalone2 0 vi front panel which displays the values of the sensors connected to the first JUMO Front panel of the USB Interface Board_standalone2 0 vi Page Setup of the FIERA standalone vi Page Indicators of the FIERA_standalone vi Window to display and process the FITS image GUI of the LabVIEWPRiSM_New testbench2 0 vi Appearing dialog box if the test bench h
40. eter ratio k f D in a good approximation One should not forget that it is essential to find a compromise between a preferably small F number allowing to collect a bigger amount of light and little spherical aberration which increases by smaller F numbers The minimum aperture of the additional collective lens equates the aperture of the condenser or contrariwise and the focal length of the focusing lens is given by the monochromators maximum angle of aperture f D k UV grade fused silica is suitable as a material for the lenses in order to not limit the desired spectrum 4 2 3 Optical filters An advantageous solution to remotely control the intensity level is the use of neutral density filters with different transmissions optical densities that are put into the light path by means of a filter wheel with an appropriate controller Very low light levels can be achieved at respectable exposure times The aperture must always remain the same independent from the filter position also in case there is no filter mounted for a transmission of 100 to not additionally adjust the intensity by differing fading Since a reflexion grating mounted to a monochromator is intended to be used to produce monochromatic light it is possible that the light at the output slit is not monochromatic but a mixture of the desired wavelength first order of diffraction and a further second order wavelength and higher orders This must be avoided and
41. fraction and higher of half the desired wavelength see also 4 2 3 All in all 29 different densities from OD 0 to OD 4 9 can be selected from a pull down menu The two motorized filter wheels that hold the density filters are then put in the correct position by the routine The grating parameters are usually set by the manufacturer but in case of a memory error caused by a power outage for example these parameters including the number of lines and the offset position of the grating need to be set to their default values stated in the technical data sheet delivered with the device Furthermore it is possible to set the label of the colour filters if they are replaced or after a data loss MSH301_standalone2 1 vi m FR MSH301_standalone2 1 vi Front Panel Ex Eile Edit View Project Operate Tools Window Help em z gt lm 2 fi E m sd lt Iel gt b gt Figure 4 13 Front panel of the MSH 301_standalone2 1 vi with page Basic located on the left and page Expert wrong settings can cause malfunction of the device on the right The CCD test bench 33 4 5 3 5 Keythley_6514_standalone2 0 vi This VI is used to measure the photocurrent of the diode attached to the integrating sphere Therefore the Keithley 6514 electrometer is triggered to take a specified number of measurements in series The mean and its standard deviation are then displayed on the interface in scientific notation The user has to specify the GPIB
42. functions of the controls and the values displayed 4 5 3 2 PowerSupply_standalone vi This module is used to operate the test bench lamp controller Newport model 69931 and therefore the power stability of the halogen lamp Starting the lamp means to initiate a gradual ramp up to the preset current or power level Set level button A gradual ramp down from the preset current or power level is initiated by pressing the Stop lamp button The lamp status on or off is indicated by a bright yellow or dark black circular indicator on the front panel There is the opportunity to select between two modes the constant power mode and the constant current mode All indicators are updated isochronous if the control Update is enabled The CCD test bench 30 PowerSupply_standalone vi a Set_currenttpower vi Front P EIER Figure 4 11 The front panel of the PowerSupply_standalone vi on the left and the dialog box to set the current and power level 4 5 3 3 Filter_wheel_standalone vi This VI provides the opportunity to move the two motorized Newport filter wheels the third is operated by the monochromator user interface A filter is positioned in the light path by pressing the buttons one to six The Zabel indicators display the density of the filter mounted at each position Control and indicator turn into light green when the move is done A replacement of a density filter of different transmission makes it necessary to change th
43. iles Images ImagesMeasurement Linearity LowGainFlat Observations Pocket pumping PSFFile ce a ges E Scriptprism CalibrationFile ScriptToCalibrateTestBench Spreadsheet VoltTable Directory model where the raw data the results of the characterization and all other necessary data concerning the detector are stored The CCD test bench 49 The results of quantum efficiency photo response non uniformity PRNU readout noise RON linearity dark current charge transfer efficiency CTE and cosmetic defects are summarized in an Excel file which gathers the necessary data and summarizes and visualizes the outcome in a structured and well arranged way using the visual basic script function in Excel See the annex figure II 1 III 2 III 3 and III 4 for the template of a detector test report The blue fields in the template are filled with data which is read from several directories in the directory model Measurements and results 50 5 Measurements and results 5 1 Wavelength accuracy In order to verify if the wavelength accuracy of the monochromator still meets the requirements after having replaced the standard slit assembly by the motorized slit assembly a random test is performed before the final assembly of the light source including imaging optic and the monochromator The intention is to detect strong emission lines of a spectral lamp placed at the input by measuring
44. ined in the two existing setup modules DeviceDriver_Setup vi and Acquistion_Setup vi When standalone modules are intended to be used it is necessary to specify the GPIB RS232 or USB port depending on the interface of the device to be operated Therefore the port is selected from a list of available ports located on the respective graphical user interface GUI This has only to be done once if the selection is saved by default and the device address is not changed The CCD test bench 29 A VI is started by pressing the Run button in the upper left see GUT s In the following either the GPIB RS232 or USB interface is configured automatically by applying bus specific parameters like baud rate or parity for RS232 connections for example Furthermore the software tries to talk to the addressed controller to verify it is well configured and initializes the device In case of errors a dialog box appears providing reasons for the malfunction otherwise the software is ready to operate The red Abort Execution button next to the Run button should not be used to stop a VI because it interrupts any action and stops the routine immediately In order to stop it properly the user is asked to press the STOP button usually located in the lower right of the front panel GUI of a LabVIEW programme A red busy indicator is displayed if the programme is busy A help window appears when the question mark button is pressed providing information on the
45. kpix s the ports used the gain 0 5 e ADU for the high gain and 2 5 e ADU for the low gain and in some cases the number of lines to be read The CCD test bench 8 Flat field exposures require the CCD to be illuminated with uniform light of a specific wavelength for a definable exposure time Therefore a monochromatic and homogeneous light source is needed as well as a shutter to exactly adjust the time of exposure The detector is intentionally not illuminated if a bias exposure is taken For this purpose the integration time is set to zero seconds and the CCD read out procedure starts immediately Roughly speaking this type of image is also a flat field image without having an exposure time The noise due to the temperature in the resulting image is insignificant The only recorded signal is the noise of the readout amplifier For the purpose of taking a dark acquisition dark image a cover has to be mounted onto the CCD head to make sure that no light reaches the CCD After a specific integration time the detector is read out This image contains information about the noise due to the temperature as well as the readout noise of the amplifier In addition disruptive events like cosmic rays are detected A time delayed integration exposure starts by reading out the CCD with the shutter closed During the readout the shutter is opened to illuminate the CCD with uniform monochromatic light as if a flat field image is taken
46. late see figure I 5 in a rectangular position to the optical table Part IX in figure 4 5 Annex I Custom made products 3 Figure I 5 CAD model of plate for uplifting the CCD cryostat onto the optical axis Part VIII in figure 4 5 Figure I 6 CAD model of the cover of the shutter housing The shutter is mounted to this cover before cover and housing see figure I 7 are assembled Part V in figure 4 5 Annex I Custom made products 4 Figure I 7 CAD model of the shutter housing Part V in figure 4 5 Figure I 8 CAD model of the flange where the image projector is attached to It is then mounted onto the CCD head Part VII in figure 4 5 Annex I Custom made products 5 Figure I 9 CAD model of the metallic cover which is attached to the CCD head when dark exposures are taken Part VI in figure 4 5 29 q Figure I 10 CAD model of the two rings that keep the photodiode attached to the integrating sphere Part IV in figure 4 5 Annex I Custom made products 6 Figure I 11 CAD model of the flange between integrating sphere and monochromator Part II in figure 4 5 Figure I 12 CAD model of the ring which mounted to the output port of the integrating sphere It allows to attach an opaque tissue which connects the sphere and the wooden light tight box Part III in figure 4 5 Annex II Characteristics of components 1 Internal transmittance _L_ 9 990000000 222 2 So besys a 200
47. nto this file are located In addition the The CCD test bench 45 directory for a further file is settable namely the Constant txt file and the Blink txt file which triggers LabVIEW to operate the test bench warning light indicates that tests are in progress placed above the entrance door On page Indicators the commands sent and received from the PRiSM software the Operational state of the CCD controller the Exposure status and the Readout mode used to take the exposure are displayed The two telnet log windows allow to monitor the data traffic between the detector controller and the LabVIEW software After having started the LabVIEWPRiSM_New testbench2 0 vi an initialization of the test bench devices is initiated Depending on the shutter to be used settable in the Acquistion_Setup vi either the Prontor shutter or the internal monochromator shutter is opened where the other one is closed In case the Prontor shutter is chosen it would be closed and the second one would be opened to allow unhindered light throughput to the point of the Prontor shutter housing In a further step the status of the test bench lamp is queried and a dialog box appears if it is turned off It seems to be a trivial or even questionable step but experience has shown that it is most useful The message can be ignored if only dark exposures are intended to be taken Testbench lamp is turned OFF Figure 4 27 Appearing dialog box if the test bench h
48. om 300nm to 1100nm Accessible parameters are amongst others exposure time shutter control light intensity control and measurement wavelength bandwidth and several clock modes to control the charge coupled devices Number of pages 57 Number of figures 34 Number of applicable documents 25 Table of contents Numbering Outline Table of contents Acronyms 1 2 3 3 1 32 4 4 1 4 1 1 4 1 2 4 2 4 2 1 4 2 2 4 2 3 4 2 4 4 3 4 3 1 4 3 2 4 4 4 5 4 5 1 4 5 2 4 5 3 4 5 3 1 4 5 3 2 4 5 3 3 I Topic Introduction Goal The MUSE instrument project Scientific goals Technical challenges The CCD test bench Requirements General The illumination system Considerations concerning the setup Light source Imaging optic Optical filters Monochromatic light Hardware configuration Additional components Completion and fine adjustments The light path Software configuration Functional principle The PRiSM software The LabVIEW software modules General annotations PowerSupply_standalone vi Filter_wheel_standalone vi Page T a m SS N un A A QU N 11 11 12 14 14 19 20 20 25 27 27 28 28 29 30 Table of contents 4 5 3 4 4 5 3 5 4 5 3 6 4 5 3 7 4 5 3 8 4 5 3 9 4 5 3 10 4 5 3 11 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 1 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 Applicable documents Table of figures I MSH 301_standalone2 1 vi Keythley_6514_standalone2 0 vi Keithley 2100 Series Read Single vi ESP3
49. or an increased room light level either the light is turned on or the test bench door is opened The software automatically turns off the room light and brings up a window in case the door is opened If the door is closed and the light level is ok the necessary commands are finally sent to the embedded computer of the CCD controller The CCD controller FIERA CCDF is requested to set the clock mode CL to 10 and to take a flat filed exposure FF of 1000ms exposure time by sending the appropriate commands via telnet connection see figure 4 28 for the commands sent The CCD test bench 47 LabViewPrism_New testbench2 0 vi DSR plal elm A N ij b DNA send RTAPE redcon_ v UP FRAM FITSUNC LabviewPRiSM fits DET FR echo msgsend RTAPENV fcdcon_ CCDNAME SETUP function JET WINL UITL 1 000 ESSAGEBUFFER echo msgsend RTAPENV fcdcon_ CCDNAME SETUP Function echo msgsend RTAPENV fcdcon_ CCDNAME START echo msgsend RTAPENY fcdcon_ CCDNAME WAIT 0 INT32 UINT32 value 64 odta root 23036 gt dbRead Appl_data uvesr exposures exposure_1 expStatus INT32 UINT32 value 64 odta root 23037 gt dbRead Appl_data uvesr exposures exposure_1 expStatus INT32 UINT32 value 64 Figure 4 28 Commands sent and responses received via telnet connection when a light exposure is taken After the image named LabViewPRiSM fits is saved in the specified directory
50. pi WME kn rad KKKKQQC amp cizc Parallel Specification eso ev eso exv Readout Noise rms e at 100 kpi xt Wy 2 WY max Readout Noise rms e at 500 kpix s Yj Wy WL max Readout Noise rms e at 50 kpix s Yj Wy WU max Conversion Factor e pichr at 100 kpix s YY Wy os Gf ea HArecommended Linearity Deviation 1000 100ke rms 100 kpix s Yj Wy 50e max CTE 100 kpi mi 100 kpix si WA TR ae ZZ Port Amplifier Fullwell ke Blooming Fullwell ke pix Comment Readout Noise Error rms e ESO 02 Conversion Factor Error e ADU ESO 05 CTE Method used EPER Is updated by macro 7 Not measured TBD To Be Done Figure III 3 Page three of the template for a CCD test report Annex III Detector test report 4 Dark Current Cosmetic Defects Dark Current Exposure time s 3600 Readout mode 100 kpixis CCD Temperature TBD Maximum spec Dark Current Error MMM 3 VALUE WHY Cosmetic defects EV ESO ESO max spec oint Defects a YY right Columns b ark Points c Defects in Darkness PR Defects ark Columns d right Columns e Total Columns b d e Enter Value Is updated by macro 7 Not measured TBD To Be Done Figure III 4 Page four of the template for a CCD test report Declaration on autonomy Declaration on autonomy I declare that this bachelor thesis is the result of my own and independent
51. quisition data reduction and evaluation as well its clear summary For this purpose routines that have been used at the existing test facility needs to be adapted in the way that they can be used to operate the new hardware This requires to develop driver software for the several controllers which should also provide the opportunity to access the test assembly interactively from a remote computer Furthermore the thesis should serve as documentation about the hardware and the software modules in use The MUSE instrument project 4 3 The MUSE instrument project The Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer MUSE is a panoramic integral field spectrograph in development for one of ESOs Very Large Telescopes VLT on Cero Paranal in Chile It combines a wide field of view with an improved spatial resolution assisted by adaptive optics and operates in the visible wavelength range 3 1 Scientific goals Using the unique capability to obtain up to ten thousands of spectra in one single exposure scientists aim to study the evolution of massive stars and intend to answer a number of key questions about super massive black holes and their impact on the galaxy evolution Thanks to their strong hydrogen emission lines MUSE will be able to detect and study progenitor of galaxies similar to the Milky Way at a distance of more than 10 billion light years It is expected to discover around 15000 of all types of galaxies The unique homogeneous set of physi
52. res are combined in a monochromator An integrating sphere mounted at the monochromator output port affords to have diffuse light output and a uniform intensity contribution in the plane where the detector is placed An iris shutter with a proper aperture in case of dazzling effect is suitable for the task to accurately determine the exposure time A constant low light level inside the test bench room can be achieved by reading and regulating the room light level using a further photodiode in combination with an electrometer and appropriate hardware and software to control the room light 4 3 Hardware configuration All devices that have an impact on the light path are mounted on a Thorlabs 1800mm x 750mm optical table Additional components allow to uplift the mentioned devices onto the optical axis in 235mm height see 4 3 1 The CCD test bench 15 Figure 4 3 The new CCD test bench All main components along the light path are described in the following The light source system consists of a Newport 60000 Series O Housing air cooled by a fan wheel and a horizontal mounted 100W quartz tungsten halogen lamp OTH model 6333 see figure II 9 in the annex for spectral irradiance An along the optical axis adjustable condenser F 1 5 and an additional collective lens made of standard quartz are used to image the filament on the vertical monochromator slit The Newport model 69931 power supply provides constant power operation whi
53. rs for the alarm audio signal in case temperature exceeds this point and the set point for the attached heaters An initialisation of the controller comparable to power cycle the device is performed when the nit button is pressed The CCD test bench 36 Pulpo1_standalone2 0 vi Figure 4 17 Page Table of the front panel of the Pulpol_standalone2 0 vi The CCD test bench 37 Pulpo1_standalone2 0 vi Eile Edit View Project Operate Tools Window Help Press Ctel H for context help Table Controls chart Serial port comi g Save data Basepath to data file file name Ye fi F Test default RealTime plot Delay between readout 15 sec Shutter Figure 4 18 Page Controls of the front panel of the Pulpol_standalone2 0 vi Pulpo1_standalone2 0 vi Ele Edit view Project Operate Tools window Hep 0 on Press Ctrl H for context help Table Controls Chart Tempi Temp2 Temp3 Temp4 Temps Temp Temp Vacuum Heateri e 4 oa a oF gs on N 1E 6 14 54 10 04 11 02 2008 11 02 2008 Bam Ton Figure 4 19 Page Chart of the front panel of the Pulpol_standalone2 0 vi 4 5 3 9 JUMO standalone2 0 vi The CCD test bench 38 Up to two JUMO Imago 500 multi channel process and profile controller can be operated in parallel using this piece of software The data namely the vacuum and the temperature inside
54. s newport com gt Unknown author Unknown title URL lt http www newport com images webclickthru GR images 2282 gif gt available on 23 06 2009 Velleman Inc lt export Velleman Inc be gt Unknown author Introduction to the DLL for the USB experiment interface board K8055 URL lt http www Velleman Inc be downloads O0 user usermanual_k8055_dll_uk pdf gt available on 23 06 2009 Velleman Inc lt export Velleman Inc be gt Unknown author USB Experiment interface board K8055 URL lt http www VellemanInc be downloads 0 illustrated illustrated_assembly_manual_k8055_uk_rev3 pdf gt available on 23 06 2009 LOT ORIEL lt mentges LOT ORIEL de gt Unknown author Standard Ulbrichtkugeln BaSO4 URL lt http www LOT ORIEL com site site_down ul_baso4_dede pdf gt available on 23 06 2009 Applicable documents 21 22 23 24 25 RUPPRECHT G lt grupprec eso org gt Rupprecht G CCD Characterization Procedure Doc No VLT PRO ESO 13600 4686 URL lt http www eso org tecarch Documents VLT 13000_optical_instruments 13600_vlt_scientific_CCD_system VLT PRO ESO 13600 4686_il pdf gt available on 23 06 2009 CHRISTEN F 2003 Characterization of the OmegaCAM CCDs with the ESO test bench URL lt http www eso org projects odt ODTnew index html gt available on 23 06 2009 PRONTOR lt robra prontor de gt Unknown author PRONTOR MAGNETIC SHUTTER E 64 Specifications URL lt http ww
55. splayed but also the pixel table containing the values of each pixel and the FITS image header contains image specific information like exposure time number of pixels and recording time Therefore an open source LabVIEW library named GFITSIO developed at the U S Naval Research Laboratory was implemented into the FIERA_standalone vi The CCD test bench 43 Figure 4 25 Window to display and process the FITS image 4 5 4 Automated data acquisition Depending on the CCD controller in use one has to choose between the two programmes NGC_LabVIEWPRiSM_New testbench vi and LabVIEWPRiSM_New testbench2 0 vi where the first one is the right one if the New General Detector Controller is operated and the second one if the FIERA system is operated The main difference between both is the syntax that causes the controller to work Thus the following description regards to both modules The CCD test bench 44 LabYiewPrism_New testbench2 0 vi Cl Eile Edit View Project Operate Tools Window Help IP ble ajn F Labview_Comm F Lamp of test bench door LabViewPrism_New testbench2 0 vi File Edit View Project Operate Tools Window Help Figure 4 26 GUI of the LabVIEWPRiSM_New testbench2 0 vi On page Setup in the LabVIEWPRiSM_New testbench2 0 vi see 4 26 the user can specify where the input file LabPrismin txt the instructions are read from this file and the output file LabPrismout txt the results are written i
56. ssibility to test large detector sizes of 8k x 8k pixels 15um pixels size or around 200mm diameter All major CCD parameters namely quantum efficiency photo response non uniformity PRNU readout noise RON linearity dark current charge transfer efficiency CTE and cosmetic defects can be tested in fully automated modes for the most part The detector is mounted in the cryostat head and placed behind a quartz window see figure 3 1 A vacuum pump generates a vacuum of approximately 10 mbar and the cryogenic system cools the head down to a temperature of around 120 C A constant temperature is achieved by heaters operated by a control unit linked to the CCD controller Once the device is tested and qualified against the contractual specifications the configuration of detector and cryostat remains exactly the same and is mounted to the foreseen optical instrument CCDs are the essential sensors for almost all astronomical instruments that operate in the visible wavelength range today An ambitious project requiring all in all 24 CCD cryostats should serve as an example and is briefly described in 4 Goal 3 2 Goal The intention of this thesis is the assembly and the automation of a test setup that allows to characterize scientific CCDs Therefore the elected hardware needs to be aligned and several components have to be constructed and manufactured The determination of fundamental detector parameters requires the automated data ac
57. t bench 28 software allows to run scripts written in PRiSM syntax with the opportunity to take advantage of all the software s features like image processing and statistical calculations The script which is used at the existing CCD test bench has been modified in the way that all the time a test bench device Filter wheel monochromator ammeter etc is to be addressed a text file LabPrismin txt containing an appropriate command is created in a defined directory to access the devices via the LabVIEW driver software After the execution of a command another text file LabPrismout txt containing a feedback of the success of the operation and the requested information is created by the LabVIEW module In case an exposure is requested the resulting image is saved in the location specified in the Acquistion_Setup vi The types of exposures to be taken by the test bench are mentioned in 4 1 1 4 5 3 The LabVIEW software modules The standalone modules enable the user to operate each device interactively by remotely connecting to the desktop of the test bench PC The following description summarizes the functionality of these modules and the way they work A detailed description of how to use these modules can be found in the LabVIEW modules user manual 5 4 5 3 1 General annotations Before making use of any software module the user has to make sure that the parameters concerning the device which is intended to be used are well def
58. t these shutters break after a short period of time they remain open for some reason or they simply stop working According to the manufacturers specifications the Prontor magnetic shutter has a guaranteed life time of one million exposures and is designed to be incorporated into scientific cameras 6 3 Wavelength adjustments The monochromator could be tuned to the wavelength accuracy specification of 0 35nm stated by the manufacturer by calibrating the device with a spectral lamp and a photo detector but the measured wavelength deviations are well inside the required accuracy of 1nm For this reason it is not necessary to perform a calibration 6 4 Uniformity of illuminance The calculated deviation of illuminance over the whole detector area is an acceptable value but needs to be verified by measuring An imaginable measurement setup is a photodiode mounted onto the XYZ linear stage as close as possible to the chip position Then the light intensity could be measured at predefined positions of a raster which covers the area of the detector Conclusion 57 7 Conclusion The test assembly provides a diffuse uniform and monochromatic illumination of 4k x 4k pixel detectors with up to 100mm diameter mainly in the visible wavelength range Detectors can be illuminated at adjustable intensity bandwidth and wavelength where all necessary devices can be operated interactively or in fully automated procedures from a remote location The
59. teristics of components 4 ne ae Bl Be A Wellenl nge nm Figure II 7 Integrating sphere coating BaSO reflectance as a function of wavelength 320nm to 400nm 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Wellenl nge nm Figure II 8 Integrating sphere coating BaSO reflectance as a function of wavelength 400nm to 2000nm 5 Annex II Characteristics of components wu u AAW w g o uoa punysay w SyanyssBunjypyseg Sp apjadg 700 900 600 Wellenl nge nm 500 200 Spectral irradiance of a 100 W halogen lamp in 0 5m distance Figure II 9 Wavelength pm 300 350 400 Wavelength nm 250 9 s gt uoptwsun Figure II 10 Transmittance of 10mm thick standard quartz material of lenses Annex III Detector test report 1 ESO CCD Test Report Summary CCD Type Serial Number Grade Tested bi Data reduced b Setup on on CCDName Special observations Cosmetic CCD Temperature TBO QE QE 800 Conversion Factor e fADU Port E TBD PotF TED Port G TBD PortH TBD Linearity Deviation ike to 100ke rms Port E TED PotF TED Port G TED Port H_ TED Dark Current e pizthr VALUE Charge Transfer PortE PortF PortG PortH Parallel Efficienc TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Decision Accepted vest No Enter Yalue Is updated by macro Out of specification TBD To Be Done Figure III 1
60. the cryostat head is read plotted and written to a data file if desired On page Controls the serial port and the slave address has to be specified before the software is started The update period of the indicators located on page JUMO I and JUMO 2 and therefore the period of time between to sets of data are saved to the specified file is also configurable If required the device dependent set point parameters can be set on the pages JUMO 1 and JUMO 2 Figure 4 20 Page Controls of the JUMO_standalone2 0 vi front panel The CCD test bench 39 Eile Edit View Project Operate Tools Window Help Iumo anc gt u Jle a Press Ctrl H for context help a 4 l oie oie Analog Input Set Point Intern Ptioo c J Joo CcDtempilk BBM loco CcDtemp2 k II 163 15 Coldplate k QM oo No 140 00 163 175 1 180 00 163 125 LN2exh oas k MM oo 15 00 163 17 Sorp pump k MEN 110 00 200 00 163 075 3 Pressure mbar 7 S 163 05 Z Emm 163 025 Em Controller output 162 95 Detector 0 162 925 Cold plate I fo 162 98 i i i i Maes 2 20 14 PM 2 25 14 PM 2 30 14 PM 2 35 14PM_ 2 40 14PM_ 2 45 44 PM LHZ exhaust gas I a 2f27j2009 2 27 2009 2 27 2009 227 2009 2 27 2009 2 27 2009 Fer mi Baio al rl Figure 4 21 Page JUMO 1 of the JUMO_standalone2 0 vi front panel which displays the values of the sensors connected
61. the disruptive wavelength must be blocked by coloured glass filters used as order sorting filters According to the equation of reflexion gratings 24 The CCD test bench 13 sin a sin s 4 1 8 Variables Angle of reflexion with respect to the grating normal E Angle of incidence with respect to the grating normal A Wavelength of incident light m Order of diffraction 8 Grating constant the angle of reflexion remains the same for different wavelengths of the incident light and other orders of diffraction The zeroth order corresponds to the reflected light where the first order of diffraction corresponds to the desired wavelength WHITE LIGHT m 0 amp SHORTEST WAVELENGTH TRANSMITTED m 1 4 INCREASING WAVELENGTHS x 360 nm 1st ORDER AND 180 nm 2nd ORDER ORDERS OVERLAP ees SHORT WAVE CUT OFF FILTER IS INSERTED IN BEAM Figure 4 2 Polychromatic light diffracted by a grating 14 The outcome of this consideration is the following It has to be verified that half the desired wavelength is blocked either by the system spectrum of light source or by proper optical filters The CCD test bench 14 4 2 4 Monochromatic light Narrow band measurements at low stray light and adjustable bandwidth are intended to be done in an automated way different light paths axial and lateral are foreseen and the complete setup needs to be isolated from the room light conditions All these featu
62. tition of the light path from outside number II III see figure 4 5 Furthermore a metallic cover number VI see figure 4 5 mounted onto the CCD head for dark exposures a flange to mount an image projector number VI see figure 4 5 and a wooden light tight box number X see figure 4 5 was built Figure 4 5 Custom made components at the test bench Part IV in figure 4 5 consists of an outer ring which is attached to the integrating sphere and an inner ring holding the photodiode in position Part VIII is designed to hold different types of cryostats with varying positions of the screw threads A CAD model of the The CCD test bench 20 constructions showing more details can be found in the annex I The incomplete dimensioning of the CAD models should only reflect the proportions of the models 4 3 2 Completion and fine adjustments The light source system is preliminary adjusted in the way that the filament is imaged on the monochromator input slit by means of the collective lens and the adjustable condenser where the lateral positioning of the image in the plane of the slit is done using the appropriate fine tuning screws at the housing of the light source In assembled state see figure 4 3 the photocurrent is measured inside the integrating sphere and the condensers position along the optical axis is varied to find the intensity maximum and therefore the optimal filament image position For this purpose the monochromator is
63. w schneideroptics com pdfs industrial Prontor_magnetic_shutter_E64 pdf gt available on 23 06 2009 SCHRODER Gottfried Technische Optik Vol 7 Vogel Wiirzburg 1990 Newport lt oriel sales newport com gt Unknown author Unknown title URL lt http www newport com images webclickthru EN images 1216 gif gt available on 23 06 2009 Table of figures Numbering Figure 3 1 Figure 4 1 Figure 4 2 Figure 4 3 Figure 4 4 Figure 4 5 Figure 4 6 Figure 4 7 Figure 4 8 Figure 4 9 Figure 4 10 Figure 4 11 Figure 4 12 Figure 4 13 Figure 4 14 Figure 4 15 Figure 4 16 Figure 4 17 Title The first science grade CCD named CERES for MUSE Time delayed integration TDI image of a 4096x2048 pixel detector Polychromatic light diffracted by a grating 14 The new CCD test bench CAD model of the test bench components with an impact on the light path including their controllers Custom made components at the test bench Magnified imaging of the filament onto the monochromator input slit by means of the condenser optic Filters not drawn 17 The asymmetrical in plane Czerny Turner optical configuration of the Newport MSH 301 monochromator 25 The test bench light path Oblique illuminance of the detector on the right from a self luminous disk output port of the integrating sphere 4 Software hierarchy The front panel of the PowerSupply_standalone vi on the left and the dialog box to s

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