NC-III
Contents
1. 2000 Singh D K 2009 Automobile Engineering Vol 1 Delhi Standard Publishers Distributors Sweeney T 2002 Teaching strategies to improve learning and comprehension RMC Research Corporation www autocorner ca 2013 Retrieved from www autocorner ca CHAPTER 4 Perform wheel balancing Lesson 4 1 Perform inspection of abnormal tire wear LEARNING GUIDE Read the Information Sheet4 1 on Function of tire types of tire construction of tire defects of tire wear pattern Information Sheet4 1 symptoms and causes of tire wear procedures of inspecting abnormal tire 2 Read and Perform Operation Sheet4 1 on Operation Sheet 4 1 perform inspection of abnormal tire wear 3 Answer Self Check 4 1 on perform inspection of abnormal tire wear 4 Compare to Model Answer 4 1 on perform Model Answer to Self Check4 1 inspection of abnormal tire wear If finished proceed to lesson 4 2 After completing the activities of this learning unit you should achieve the following Explain function of tire List the types of tire Explain the construction of tire State the defects of tire wear pattern Explain the symptoms and causes of tire wear Perform inspection on abnormal tire wear INFORMATION SHEET 4 1 Tire e 5 an external protective gear for the tube holding air which carries the load e 5 a cushion provided with an automobile mounted on the wheel rim in order to carry the load and provide the cushi2. MATERIALS PROCEDURE OPERATION SHEET 3 1 PURPOSE Brake 1s a basic element of automotive and because of its association with personnel safety dictates the requirement for particularly by performing test drive and evaluation of wheeled vehicle braking systems to assure dependability and effectiveness under all conditions CONDITIONS OR SITUATIONS When the following symptoms are observed Noisy brake Brake dragging Brake spongy Vehicle pull to one side Poor brake FOR THE OPERATION EQUIPMENT TOOLS AND Vehicle MATERIALS PROCEDURE 1 Note the customer complaint 2 Display the ON TEST plate 3 Start the engine 4 Move drive the vehicle 5 Trace the symptoms of brake system 6 Determine the defective parts 7 Recommend for repair replace PRECAUTIONS e Fastening Safety belt e Maintaining speed limit ASSESSMENT CRITERIA e Test drive is performed as required e Brake failure symptoms are identified e Faulty parts are identified JOB SHEET 3 1 MATERIALS REQUIRED TOOLS EQUIPMENT REQUIRED ASSESSMENT Trainer will use the following criteria during assessment CRITERIA v SAMPLE OF SELF CHECK 2 3 Self Check 1 1 SECTION A Short Answer type question 1 State driving tips SECTION B Multiple Choice question objective type question 1 Steering techniques is position your hands on the steering wheel on the 10 to 3 position 10 to 2 position 10 to 4 position 10
3. Teaching strategies to improve learning and comprehension RMC Research Corporation www autocorner ca 2013 Retrieved from www autocorner ca CHAPTER 3 Perform wheel alignment Lesson 3 1 perform pre alignment LEARNING GUIDE e Read the Information Sheet 3 1 on Specification of tire pressure e Read and Perform Skill Sheet 3 1 on Use of pressure gauge Wheel bearing Skill sheet3 1 adjustment Replacement of steering linkages 1 Read and Perform Operation Sheet 4 1 Operation Sheet 3 1 on perform pre alignment 2 Answer Self Check 3 1 on perform pre Sample Self Check 3 1 alignment Model Answer to Self Check3 1 3 Compare to Model Answer 3 1 of perform pre alignment If finished proceed to lesson 3 2 After completing the activities of this learning unit you should achieve the following e Interpret specification of tire pressure e Perform pre alignment INFORMATION SHEET 3 1 3 1 1 Tire pressure specification Tire pressure depends from vehicle to vehicle upon the size of tire Tire pressure can be measured using different unit like kg cm OR Psi Example For light vehicle tire the tire pressure is specified below Tire pressure Kg emW Psi Front 2 1 kg cm 30Psi Rs Tire size 15 80R12 745 Rim size 4 00BX12 79161M79G0 Example of tire pressure measurement conversion BAR Po BAR PA BAR PSI BAE 1 Whar Tf pe 1 5 har A pet fM bar 4 25 har 1 53 ber 18 pei 1
4. 3 lanes down to 2 and anything which might create a hazard When driving Follow Up keep your eyes on the Principal s car anticipate un signaled turns and stops stay close in heavy traffic drop back slightly in light traffic and keep alternate plan of action in mind Be considerate of the men working the Follow Up car since their lives depend on how well you operate the vehicle When the Principal s car signals a lane change open the lane for him by blocking oncoming traffic until the change has been made Turn wide on corners to protect the exposed side of the Principal s vehicle on turns DO NOT BLUFF OTHERS You may have the right of way but it is not worth the risk DO NOT leave you vehicle unless directed to do so by your supervisor DO NOT engage in conversations play commercial radios smoke DO NOT get of the car to open doors for either the Principal or guests DO NOT stare at the lane dividing lines or at the area directly in front of the car since this tends to promote Road Hypnosis DO NOT lull yourself into a false sense of security in the newer cars because they frequently break down at the most inopportune times If you are driving Follow Up DO NOT let another vehicle between you and the Principal s vehicle Starting procedure gt v V NW NN V v Check and ensure that hand brake is on Ensure that the gear lever is in neutral position Adjust seat mirror and steering wheel as appropriat
5. TITLE Perform pre driving check and driving skill EQUIPMENT TOOLS AND MATERIALS Pre driving check list PROCEDURE 1 Identify the vehicle that needs to perform dynamic test drive Collect the appropriate pre driving check list Park the vehicle on level ground Perform pre driving check Drive the vehicle A P OPERATION SHEET 4 3 PURPOSE Sometimes wheel tends to wobble and wanders So 1f we do not perform dynamic test of the wheel than 1t will shorten the tire life and becomes unbalanced wheel FOR THE OPERATION e Unbalanced wheel e Wheel wobbling e Abnormal tire wear CONDITIONS OR SITUATIONS When the following symptoms are observed e Unbalanced steering EQUIPMENT TOOLS AND le Vehicle MATERIALS e Hand tool 1 Perform pre driving checks 2 Drive the vehicle for ON TEST 3 Drive the vehicle at a speed of more than 60 km hr 4 Observe any abnormal vibration 5 Identify unbalanced wheel 6 Recommend for wheel balancing PRECAUTIONS e Ensuring appropriate use of PPE e Ensuring that all safety factors are followed while driving on high way ASSESSMENT CRITERIA e Safety precautions are followed PROCEDURE e Unbalanced wheel is identified v Self Check 4 3 SAMPLE OF SELF CHECK 4 3 SECTION A Short Answer type question 1 How many types of pre driving checks are there 2 List the types of pre driving check SECTION B Explanation type open ended type question L
6. lane changes turns and stops to assist the follow up Car Learn the conditions of your routes 1 e narrow bridges construction narrowing roadways e g 3 lanes down to 2 and anything which might create a hazard When driving Follow Up keep your eyes on the Principal s car anticipate un signaled turns and stops stay close in heavy traffic drop back slightly in light traffic and keep alternate plan of action in mind Be considerate of the men working the Follow Up car since their lives depend on how well you operate the vehicle When the Principal s car signals a lane change open the lane for him by blocking oncoming traffic until the change has been made Turn wide on corners to protect the exposed side of the Principal s vehicle on turns DO NOT BLUFF OTHERS You may have the right of way but it is not worth the risk DO NOT leave you vehicle unless directed to do so by your supervisor DO NOT engage in conversations play commercial radios smoke or skirt ogle DO NOT get of the car to open doors for either the Principal or guests DO NOT stare at the lane dividing lines or at the area directly in front of the car since this tends to promote Road Hypnosis DO NOT lull yourself into a false sense of security in the newer cars because they frequently break down at the most inopportune times If you are driving Follow Up DO NOT let another vehicle between you and the Principal s vehicle SKILL SHEET 4 3 SKILL
7. test drive LEARNING GUIDE 1 Read the Information Sheet 3 1 1 on Symptoms causes and remedial measures Information Sheet 3 1 of brake failure 3 1 2 Driving skill 2 Read and Perform Skill Sheet 3 1 on Skill sheet3 1 3 Read and Perform Operation Sheet 3 1 Operation Sheet 3 1 On 4 Read and Perform Job Sheet 3 1 On Job Sheet 5 1 If finished proceed to lesson 1 2 After completing the activities of this learning unit you should achieve the following 1 List down the Symptoms causes and remedial measures of brake failure 2 Driving skill INFORMATION SHEET 3 1 Symptoms causes and remedial measures of brake failure Poor inefficient brakes Excessive clearance between brake shoes and drum Atr in hydraulic brake system Bleed out air i New linings not bedded in Reface iv Oil or grease on brake linings a Clean b Replace oil soaked linings v Badly scored brake drums Skim or replace vi Worn linings Replace vii Low fluid in master cylinder Fill in fluid vill Rubber cups in master and wheel Replace damaged cups cylinder damaged ix Worn pistons in wheel cylinder and Replace worn pistons master cylinder x Leakages in brake lines Remove leakage xi Binding cables and brake expanders Free up and lubricate Shoes incorrectly centered in brake drums Center properly xii Brake shoe not balanced Adjust xiv Excessive brake pedal free play Adjust xv Excessive brake play in w
8. 95 bar 23 pei 2 65 ber 38 3 3 bar 1 10 bu 18 pra 2 00 trar 29 2 70 br 38 pou 3 40 tar 1 4 har A pei 1 har 8 pet AJ Cr Al pea 5 il Par 1 50 bar 21 pei 2 15 bar 31 pei 2 20 ber 11 pa 3 55 bat 1 55 bur 22 pra 2 20 ar 31 pur 2 90 15a 42 3 60 bar i ithar F4 22 har 55 pet t AN har 25 pu 4 har 1 70 bar 24 2 39 bar 34 pei 3 05 ber I4 pei 3 75 bat 1 75 bar 25 pra 2 43 35 qu 3 10 bar AS 3 80 baa 1 80 26 pu 2 50 36 3 20 1a pra 3 82 taa Tire specification Css meurtre a e 165 This is the list bsec twn nominal section width of the theron seston a mE gp e 65 is tead capacity represents the height of the D _ sidewall as a percentage of irc EIA M nominal section EJ width aspect ratio eeuen E Radial ou st MIN e construction e 14This is the diameter of the tires inner rim in inches e 79 Load capacity of tire e T Indicates the maximum speed of the tire at full load e P Passenger cars SKILL SHEET 3 1 SKILL TITLE Perform pre alignment EQUIPMENT TOOLS AND MATERIALS Vehicle e Pressure gauge e Inflating nozzle e Air compressor e Pre load gauge PROCEDURE 1 Collect the required tools and materials 2 Park the vehicle on level ground 3 Measure the tire pressure 4 Inflate pressure to the specified level 5 Check the wheel bearing c
9. CHAPTER 2 Perform visual inspection of brake system Lesson 2 1 Perform visual inspection of brake system LEARNING GUIDE Learning Stes Resources 1 Read the Information Sheet Information Sheet 2 1 on ss If finished proceed to lesson 1 2 After completing the activities of this learning unit you should achieve the following EQUIPMENT TOOLS AND MATERIALS PROCEDURE OPERATION SHEET 2 1 PURPOSE Brakes are the most important part of the vehicle and keeping them in good shape should be a priority Regularly inspecting vehicle s brake can help identify potential problems that can be fixed before they turn into major issues Most visual inspections consist of looking at the condition of the brake pads and rotors as well as the brake lines and calipers Always inspect brakes at least twice a year to prevent problems and insure that they perform at their best FOR THE OPERATION CONDITIONS OR SITUATIONS When the following symptoms are observed e Brake noisy e Hard pedal e Brake dragging e Vehicle pulls to one side when applying when applying brake e Ineffective braking EQUIPMENT TOOLS AND Rag Vehicle Jack Lift Ramp wheel wedge MATERIALS PROCEDURE 1 Wedge the wheels 2 Jack up the vehicle or park the vehicle on the ramp or lift 3 Check the brake fluid level in the master cylinder 4 Inspect the signs of brake fluid leakages on the brake backing plate flexible brake hoses connections bra
10. able driving e To eliminate any vibration which might be caused by any mismatch between a tire and the wheel e Unbalanced tires when they are on the front wheels the vibrations are transferred through the steering wheel to the driver s hands 4 2 2 Types of wheel balancing test e Static balancing e Dynamic balancing a Static balancing Also known as bubble balancing uses a fairly inexpensive machine to balance the wheel tire assembly at rest using a bubble level as an indicator The wheel is taken off the car and put on a bubble balancer to detect any imbalance A wheel that is out of balance is heavier in section This wheel causes the bubble in the centre of the balancer to move off centre To balance the wheel weights are added to the wheel rim until the bubble returns to centre b Dynamic balancing Also known as spin balancing can be done either on or off the vehicle The majority of tires are probably balanced on computerized spin balancers Lack of balance shows up as a tendency for the wheel to move off from centre or out of line as it spins A magnet is attached to the brake backing plate Any movement of the magnet 15 sense through a short arm by a vibration pickup This causes the strobe light to flash indicating where to attach wheel weight If the wheel is out of balance one or more weights are installed on the wheel rim Another form of dynamic balancing involves shaving rubber from the tire
11. ake sure the way 15 clear front and back Put the gear into the reverse Check behind over both shoulders Press the accelerator lightly with your right foot and hold Allow clutch to come up slowly until it is engaged If you are going to look over your left shoulder while reversing hold the steering wheel with your right hand in the 12 o clockposition If you are going to look over your right shoulder while reversing hold the steering wheel with your left hand in the 12 o clockposition Release the hand brake and move slowly Maintain a slow speed by riding the clutch Point of turning techniques gt gt gt gt gt Indicate left and stop in a safe position as close as possible to the left gt Ensure that it is safe to turn by looking at mirrors and vehicles pedestrian and other objects gt Select first gear Release hand brake if it is on Right Corner gt Signal towards the right turn Turning Right o gt Move off slowly by slightly riding the clutch and apply full right Signal and move towards the left or right Select low gear Turn into parking space Apply hand brake Driving tips gt gt VV VV V Use horn at every bends Adapt to low beam driving at night especially in town areas and when passing another vehicle Give way to children elders animals and respect for zebra crossing Give way to vehicle in convoy and ceremonial procession At the road interactions give way t
12. alid Horn wipers and washer container are working Seat belts are working and undamaged Brake is working Steering wheel is working Under the bonnet check Check for cleanliness and leakages Engine oil level water transmission oil brake fluid and battery electrolyte are full to correct level Fan and generator belts for wear and damage Main electrical leads for wear and damage Check air filter and other engine components Importance of performing pre driving check Be satisfied that the motor vehicle 1s in safe operating condition Review the last driver s vehicle inspection report Sign the report only if defects or deficiencies were notes by the driver who prepared the report to acknowledge that the driver has reviewed it and that there is a certification that the required repairs have been performed The signature requirement does not apply to listed defects on a towed unit which is no longer part of the vehicle combination 4 3 2 Basic Driving Procedures E 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Become familiar with the operation of the vehicle and its accessories Adjust all equipment to your comfort seat seatbelts mirrors etc Always fasten your seatbelt Keep your car clean and keep fire extinguishers and first aid kits readily available Pay attention to driving and traffic conditions Accelerate decelerate and turn smoothly When driving the Principal Signal
13. des of the tire which point in the same direction Advantages of directional tread patterns are good driving force and braking performance In particular directional patterns provide good water dispersal meaning stability on wet roads Directional tires must be mounted in the direction of the tread pattern 4 1 4 Symptoms and causes of tire wear Following are the causes of tire wear Incorrect inflation Unequal tires Incorrect rotation of tire Misalignment Wrong loading Toe out incorrect on turn Incorrect caster camber or toe in Excessive braking or violet acceleration Over loading Defective brakes Out of balance wheel Wrong steering mechanism Wrong kingpins Factors affecting tire life Inflation Maintenance of vehicle Manner of driving Miscellaneous factors 1 Heat 11 Position which tire 1s fitted 111 Road conditions iV Seasons Incorrect pressure leads to e Over heating e Unsafe steering e Rapid tire wear Over inflation An inflation pressure above the specification level can lead to the following problems 11 111 iV Under inflation 11 111 1 Vl Vil The narrower tread width reduces driving stability and braking performance Driving comforts surfers The middle part of the tread wears more quickly The tires ply cord layers extremely tense and prone to damage due to external impacts Tread rubber layers are more likely to separate due to frictional heat conce
14. e Ensure that the door is closed Check position controls and switches Fasten seat belt and adjust so that hand can positioned comfortably between the chest and the belt and ensure passenger do the same Check clutch and brake pedal movement for the tension and play Depress clutch and switch on the ignition note that warning lights allow time for pre heating in case of diesel vehicle and use choke in patrol vehicle to start the cold engine Check that revel vent warning lights are off indicate safe Check instrument reading Check that there is sufficient fuel for the journey Moving off procedure gt gt VV VV NON Depress the clutch with the left foot Engage first gear without forcing if gear 1s not engaged releasing the clutch and try again Ensure that it is safe to move the vehicle by checking mirrors for vehicles pedestrians and other objects around your vehicles Signal your intention to move off Depress the accelerator gently with right foot and hold in this position Ease clutch paddle slowly and smoothly until sound of engine change and drive has Just engaged and hold clutch steady Look in the mirrors again and over the right shoulder to check blind sports Ensure that the road ahead is clear Release hand brake slowly and returned hand to steering wheel Depress accelerator slightly to increase the engine speed and at the same time ease the clutch gradually holding for the second placing foot o
15. el is taken off the car and put on a bubble balancer to detect any imbalance A wheel that is out of balance is heavier in section This wheel causes the bubble in the centre of the balancer to move off centre To balance the wheel weights are added to the wheel rim until the bubble returns to centre 1 b Dynamic balancing Also known as spin balancing can be done either on or off the vehicle The majority of tires are probably balanced on computerized spin balancers Lack of balance shows up as a tendency for the wheel to move off from centre or out of line as it spins A magnet is attached to the brake backing plate Any movement of the magnet is sense through a short arm by a vibration pickup This causes the strobe light to flash indicating where to attach wheel weight If the wheel is out of balance one or more weights are installed on the wheel rim Another form of dynamic balancing involves shaving rubber from the tire to achieve balance Bibliography Anglin W 2007 Automotive Mechanics New Delhi Tata McGraw Hill Anglin W H 2009 Automotive Mechanics New Delhi tata Mcgraw Hill Education Corporation M M 2002 Automatic Transmission Mitsubishi Motor Cor poration Max Bohner et al 1989 Wuppertal GTZ Ontario Q P 2005 CooperatParrott P 2000 Singh D K 2009 Automobile Engineering Vol 1 Delhi Standard Publishers Distributors Sweeney T 2002 Teaching strategies to improve learn
16. el rim for damage 5 Repeat the step no 2 to 4 and inspect the remaining tire and wheel rim 6 Determine the faults of the tire wear 7 Recommend the customer for wheel balancing PROCEDURE PRECAUTIONS e Ensuring appropriate use of PPE Ensuring that vehicle is supported with safety stands in the correct position ASSESSMENT CRITERIA e All steps are followed in correct sequence e Safety precautions are followed e Abnormal tire wear is inspected and identified as per standard procedure v Self Check 4 1 SAMPLE OF SELF CHECK 4 1 SECTION A Short Answer type question 1 State the function of tire 2 Last the types of tire 3 Last all the types of tire according to construction 4 Last all the types of tire tread pattern SECTION C True false or matching type question 1 A tube tire has a separate rubber inner tube to retain keep pressurized air inside the tire T F Tube tire can be repaired but tubeless tire cannot be repaired T F 3 The diagram of radial construction is given in column A and the parts in column B respectively Match the correct parts from column B against the number of diagram given in column A Column A Column B 1 Liner 2 Body ply Radial construction 1 3 Side wall 4 Nylon belt 5 Chafer 6 Tread 7 Steel belts 8 Plies 9 Bead SECTION D Explanation type open ended type question 1 List the causes of tire wear 2 List the causes of
17. g that vehicle is jack up in correct position ASSESSMENT CRITERIA Safety precautions are followed Static test drive is performed as per standard procedures Wheel balancing fault 1s determined v Self Check 4 2 SAMPLE OF SELF CHECK 4 2 SECTION A Short Answer type question 1 State the purposes of wheel balancing 2 Last the types of wheel balancing test SECTION D Explanation type open ended type question 1 Explain static balancing and dynamic balancing gt Model Answer 4 2 MODEL ANSWER TO A SELF CHECK 4 2 SECTION A Short Answer type question 1 Purposes of wheel balancing e Proper wheel balance ensures that the wheels while spinning do not have a heavy spot that can cause vibration and premature wear of tires struts shocks and other steering and suspension components When combined with proper wheel alignment balanced wheels ensure smooth and enjoyable driving e To eliminate any vibration which might be caused by any mismatch between a tire and the wheel e Unbalanced tires when they are on the front wheels the vibrations are transferred through the steering wheel to the driver s hands 2 Types of balancing are a Static balancing b Dynamic balancing SECTION C Explanation type open ended type question 1 a Static balancing Also known as bubble balancing uses a fairly inexpensive machine to balance the wheel tire assembly at rest using a bubble level as an indicator The whe
18. he rib and lug patterns to provide stable driving performance on both paved and unpaved roads Characteristics e The rib pattern running along the center of the tire stabilizers the vehicle by minimizing tire side slipping while the lug pattern on the edges of the tire enhances driving and braking performance e The lug portion of the pattern is more susceptible to uneven wear 4 Block pattern In this pattern the tread is divided into independent blocks Used on most snow tires the block tread pattern is now used on some radial ply tires for passenger cars as well Characteristics e The block pattern provides better driving and braking performance e The block pattern reduces slipping and skidding on muddy or snow covered roads e The tire tends to wear faster than those with the rib and lug patterns Rolling resistance 1s slightly greater The tread is susceptible to unusual wear especially on hard surface 5 Asymmetric pattern Tread patterns which differ on either side of the tire Asymmetric tires have been designed to optimize the opposing requirements of dry grip and water dispersal They are good for high speed cornering due to the greater contact area which helps reduce tread wear on outside of tire Asymmetric tires must be positioned them right way around Application High performance and motorsport tires 6 Directional pattern Tread patterns characterized by lateral grooves on both si
19. heel adjust bearing Brake dragging Causes Remedies i Improper adjustment of brake Adjust properly linkages Weak pedal return spring Replace Mineral oil in the system Flush out system and use correct grade of fluid Weak or broken brake shoe return Replace return spring spring in case of one wheel dragging Replace v Weak return spring in master 1 Clean and lubricate cylinder 11 Replace defective parts vi Tight brake shoe anchoring pins Adjust properly vii Improper adjustment of brake shoes Adjust properly vill Improper adjustment of wheel bearing Replace ix Swollen or distorted piston cups Replace x Restricted or damaged brake hoses or brake pipes Replace x1 Oil or grease soaked linings Clean xii Chocked air vent in master cylinder filler caps Adjust xii No free play in brake pedal Brake judder or squeal Causes Remedies Grease or oil on linings Leading edge of lining picking up Improper fitting of brake lining Clean or replace oil soaked linings Chamfer the edge Fit in properly If damaged replace lining iv A Brake shoe out of line Align v Rivets on shoes touching the brake drum Replace lining vi Worn shoe anchor pins vil Loose back plate vill Weak brake drums due to excessive Replace erinding Tighten Replace Brake spongy i Atrin the hydraulic brake system Improper brake fluid 11 Misadjusted brake shoes i Bent or distorted brake plate Bent or distorted brake sh
20. hi Motor Cor poration Corporation 2002 Fundamentals of Serviicing Vol 2 Toyota city Toyota Motor Corporation James D H 1991 Diagnosis and rrouble Shooting of Automotive Electrical Electronic and Computer System London Prentice Hall International Singh D K 2009 Automobile Engineering Vol 1 Delhi Standard Publishers Distributors CHAPTER 8 Perform wheel alignment Lesson 4 2 Perform static test drive LEARNING GUIDE e Read the Information Sheet4 2 on purpose of wheel balancing types of wheel Information Sheet4 2 balancing test procedures of performing static test drive e Read and Perform Operation Sheet4 2 on Operation Sheet 4 2 perform static test drive e Answer Self Check 4 2 on perform test Sample Self Check 4 2 drive Model Answer to Self Check4 2 e Compare to Model Answer 4 2 on perform test drive If finished proceed to lesson 4 3 After completing the activities of this learning unit you should achieve the following e Explain the purpose of wheel balancing e State types of wheel balancing test e Perform static test drive INFORMATION SHEET 4 2 4 2 1 Purpose of wheel balancing e Proper wheel balance ensures that the wheels while spinning do not have a heavy spot that can cause vibration and premature wear of tires struts shocks and other steering and suspension components When combined with proper wheel alignment balanced wheels ensure smooth and enjoy
21. hold Allow clutch to come up slowly until it is engaged If you are going to look over your left shoulder while reversing hold the steering wheel with your right hand in the 12 o clockposition If you are going to look over your right shoulder while reversing hold the steering wheel with your left hand in the 12 o clockposition Release the hand brake and move slowly Maintain a slow speed by riding the clutch Point of turning techniques gt gt gt gt gt Indicate left and stop in a safe position as close as possible to the left gt Ensure that it is safe to turn by looking at mirrors and vehicles pedestrian and other objects gt Select first gear Release hand brake if it is on Right Corner gt Signal towards the right turn Turning Right o gt Move off slowly by slightly riding the clutch and apply full right Signal and move towards the left or right Select low gear Turn into parking space Apply hand brake Driving tips gt gt VV VV V Use horn at every bends Adapt to low beam driving at night especially in town areas and when passing another vehicle Give way to children elders animals and respect for zebra crossing Give way to vehicle in convoy and ceremonial procession At the road interactions give way to the vehicles approaching from the right Give way to emergency vehicle When stopped by authorized person park your vehicle properly EQUIPMENT TOOLS AND
22. ing and comprehension RMC Research Corporation www autocorner ca 2013 Retrieved from www autocorner ca CHAPTER 3 Perform test drive Lesson 3 1 Perform test drive LEARNING GUIDE 1 Read the Information Sheet 3 1 1 on Symptoms causes and remedial measures Information Sheet 3 1 of brake failure 3 1 2 Driving skill 2 Read and Perform Skill Sheet 3 1 on Skill sheet3 1 3 Read and Perform Operation Sheet 3 1 Operation Sheet 3 1 On 4 Read and Perform Job Sheet 3 1 On Job Sheet 5 1 If finished proceed to lesson 1 2 After completing the activities of this learning unit you should achieve the following 1 List down the Symptoms causes and remedial measures of brake failure 2 Driving skill INFORMATION SHEET 3 1 Symptoms causes and remedial measures of brake failure Poor inefficient brakes Excessive clearance between brake shoes and drum Atr in hydraulic brake system Bleed out air i New linings not bedded in Reface iv Oil or grease on brake linings a Clean b Replace oil soaked linings v Badly scored brake drums Skim or replace vi Worn linings Replace vii Low fluid in master cylinder Fill in fluid vill Rubber cups in master and wheel Replace damaged cups cylinder damaged ix Worn pistons in wheel cylinder and Replace worn pistons master cylinder x Leakages in brake lines Remove leakage xi Binding cables and brake expanders Free up and lubricate Shoes inco
23. ion objective type question 1 Steering techniques is position your hands on the steering wheel on the 10 to 3 position 10 to 2 position 10 to 4 position 10 to 5 position SECTION True false or matching type question 1 Brake dragging is causes by improper adjustment of brake shoes True False 2 Spongy braking is cause by dirty lining True False SECTION D Explanation type open ended type question 1 List down the gear changing procedure with help of diagram Sy MODEL ANSWER TO A SELF CHECK 2 3 Model Answer 1 1 Section A Use horn at every bends Adapt to low beam driving at night especially in town areas and when passing another vehicle e Give way to children elders animals and respect for zebra crossing e Give way to vehicle in convoy and ceremonial procession e At the road interactions give way to the vehicles approaching from the right e Give way to emergency vehicle e When stopped by authorized person park your vehicle properly Section B 1 10 to 2 position Section C 1 True 2 False Section D 1 Know the position of gears without reference to the diagram usually imprinted on the gear lever knob or elsewhere 2 Hold the gear lever with the knob cupped the palm of hand with the palm facing left for 1 and 2 gear and to the right for 3rd 4 and 5 gears 3 Return hand to the steering wheel on completing the gear change Baras CHAPTER 3 Perform test drive Lesson 3 1 Perform
24. ired repairs have been performed The signature requirement does not apply to listed defects on a towed unit which is no longer part of the vehicle combination Become familiar with the operation of the vehicle and its accessories Adjust all equipment to your comfort seat seatbelts mirrors etc Always fasten your seatbelt Keep your car clean and keep fire extinguishers and first aid kits readily available Pay attention to driving and traffic conditions vi Accelerate decelerate and turn smoothly vil When driving the Principal Signal lane changes turns and stops to assist the follow up car Learn the conditions of your routes 1 e narrow bridges construction narrowing roadways e g 3 lanes down to 2 and anything which might create a hazard ix When driving Follow Up keep your eyes on the Principal s car anticipate un signaled turns and stops stay close in heavy traffic drop back slightly in light traffic and keep alternate plan of action in mind x Be considerate of the men working the Follow Up car since their lives depend on how well you operate the vehicle Bibliography Anglin W H 2007 Automotive Mechanics New Delhi Tata McGraw Hill Anglin W H 2009 Automotive Mechanics New Delhi tata Mcgraw Hill Education Corporation M M 2002 Automatic Transmission Mitsubishi Motor Cor poration Max Bohner et al 1989 Wuppertal GTZ Ontario Q P 2005 CooperatParrott P
25. ist all steps exterrior check List all the steps of underbonnet check Explain the importance of performing pre driving check List first ten procedure of basic driving 209 qe D Model Answer 4 3 MODEL ANSWER TO A SELF CHECK 4 3 SECTION A Short Answer type question 1 There are three types of pre driving checks 2 Exterior check Interior check and under bonnet checks SECTION B Explanation type open ended type question l Number plates are secure and clearly visible Body for damaged and defects Tire for correct pressure safe tread and damage object in thread Wheel nuts are secure Lights are working high and low beam indicators stop light and number plate reversing light Wind screen windows and mirrors are cleaned and undamaged e Wiper blades are clean and undamaged e No oil or water under the vehicle e Check for cleanliness and leakages e Engine oil level water transmission oil brake fluid and battery electrolyte are full to correct level e Fan and generator belts for wear and damage e Main electrical leads for wear and damage e Check air filter and other engine components Be satisfied that the motor vehicle 1s in safe operating condition Review the last driver s vehicle inspection report sign the report only if defects or deficiencies were notes by the driver who prepared the report to acknowledge that the driver has reviewed it and that there is a certification that the requ
26. ke tubes proportioning valves and master cylinder 5 Determine the faults and recommend for repair 6 Jack down the vehicle lift down the vehicle PRECAUTIONS e Ensuring that vehicle is lifted on the car lift and locked the lift e Always set the vehicle s parking brake ON ASSESSMENT CRITERIA e Fault in brake system is determined through visual inspection JOB SHEET 2 1 JOB TITLE Perform visual inspection of brake system READING Service manual information sheet and operation sheets OBJECTIVE Perform visual inspection of brake system according to periodic maintenance MATERIALS Rag REQUIRED EQUIPMENT REQUIRED 2 Inspect the brake system visually Refer the repair manual PROCEDURE 1 Park the vehicle on the ramp or on the level ground 3 Follow safety precautions ASSESSMENT Trainer will use the following criteria during assessment CRITERIA e Fault in brake system is determined through visual inspection SAMPLE OF SELF CHECK 2 3 SECTION A Short Answer type question SECTION B Multiple Choice question objective type question SECTION C True false or matching type question SECTION D Explanation type open ended type question MODEL ANSWER TO A SELF CHECK 2 3 Section A Section B Section Section D CHAPTER 4 Perform wheel alignment _ Lesson 4 3 Perform dynamic test drive LEARNING GUIDE e Read the Information Sheet4 3 on pre driving checks proced
27. n the floor beside clutch Gear changing procedure Know the position of gears without reference to the diagram usually imprinted on the gear lever knob or elsewhere Hold the gear lever with the knob cupped the palm of hand with the palm facing left for 1 and 2 gear and to the right for 3rd 4 and 5 gears Return hand to the steering wheel on completing the gear change For changing the gear up you should follow the following sequence gt gt gt Ease the accelerator pedal and with the left foot depress the clutch pedal Move gear lever to next higher gear Left foot ease the clutch pedal right foot depress the accelerator For changing gear down you should follow the following sequence ey ey 44 Right foot ease the accelerator pedal Move gear lever to the required lower gear Left foot ease clutch pedal right foot depress accelerator 1f acceleration 1s required Steering techniques VV NW V 6 9 Position your hands on the steering wheel on the 10 to 2 position Keep your thumbs pointing upward don t lock them around the wheel Don t grip the wheel tightly with your hands but be ready to do so in an emergency Always keep both the hands on the steering wheel unless you need one hand for another essential purpose such as changing gear indicating signal etc Moving off in reverse gt V NW NO NN ON v Press the clutch with the left foot Check all around to m
28. nd the belt and ensure passenger do the same Check clutch and brake pedal movement for the tension and play Depress clutch and switch on the ignition note that warning lights allow time for pre heating in case of diesel vehicle and use choke in patrol vehicle to start the cold engine Check that revel vent warning lights are off indicate safe Check instrument reading Check that there is sufficient fuel for the journey Moving off procedure gt gt VV VV NON Depress the clutch with the left foot Engage first gear without forcing if gear 1s not engaged releasing the clutch and try again Ensure that it is safe to move the vehicle by checking mirrors for vehicles pedestrians and other objects around your vehicles Signal your intention to move off Depress the accelerator gently with right foot and hold in this position Ease clutch paddle slowly and smoothly until sound of engine change and drive has Just engaged and hold clutch steady Look in the mirrors again and over the right shoulder to check blind sports Ensure that the road ahead is clear Release hand brake slowly and returned hand to steering wheel Depress accelerator slightly to increase the engine speed and at the same time ease the clutch gradually holding for the second placing foot on the floor beside clutch Gear changing procedure Know the position of gears without reference to the diagram usually imprinted on the gear lever k
29. nob or elsewhere Hold the gear lever with the knob cupped the palm of hand with the palm facing left for 1 and 2 gear and to the right for 3rd 4 and 5 gears Return hand to the steering wheel on completing the gear change For changing the gear up you should follow the following sequence gt gt gt Ease the accelerator pedal and with the left foot depress the clutch pedal Move gear lever to next higher gear Left foot ease the clutch pedal right foot depress the accelerator For changing gear down you should follow the following sequence ey ey 44 Right foot ease the accelerator pedal Move gear lever to the required lower gear Left foot ease clutch pedal right foot depress accelerator 1f acceleration 1s required Steering techniques VV NW V 6 9 Position your hands on the steering wheel on the 10 to 2 position Keep your thumbs pointing upward don t lock them around the wheel Don t grip the wheel tightly with your hands but be ready to do so in an emergency Always keep both the hands on the steering wheel unless you need one hand for another essential purpose such as changing gear indicating signal etc Moving off in reverse gt V NW NO NN ON v Press the clutch with the left foot Check all around to make sure the way 15 clear front and back Put the gear into the reverse Check behind over both shoulders Press the accelerator lightly with your right foot and
30. ntrating in the center part of the tread Insufficient pressure can lead to its own special LR ZR AERE d ha 7 fe HM ee ee or A A e er vis TEA RUM n ORTAM s D A ET problems WIR ETUR Increase friction between the tread and the road OWERINFLATION id NNN wastes energy and consumes more fuel Front tires become harder to steer The tread shoulders wears more quickly When the motion the tire is subjected to greater flexure which sharply increases the tires internal temperature When the inflation pressure extremely low and the vehicle is running high speeds the tire may burst which can be very dangerous At high speed the tire is more likely to generate a standing wave and experience hydroplaning The valve may be ripped out due to tire puncture OPERATION SHEET 4 1 PURPOSE Sometimes wheel tends to unbalanced wobble and wanders So 1f we do not inspect the tire than 1t will shorten the tire life and also give poor performance while driving and taking turn CONDITIONS OR SITUATIONS When the following symptoms are observed FOR THE OPERATION e Wheel wobbling e Wheel wander e Abnormal tire wear e Unbalanced steering EQUIPMENT TOOLS AND e Jack MATERIALS e Wheel wedge e Vehicle pa Safetystands 1 Wedge the wheels 2 Jack up the vehicle and support with stands 3 Rotate the wheel and inspect the tire for abnormal wear 4 Inspect the whe
31. o construction 1 Bias Ply tire bet Steel hell Plis 2 Radial Ply tire i Liner Sidewal 3 Belted bias tire b Hiller 1 Bias Ply tire These tires have the plies criss crossed One layer runs diagonally one way and the other layer runs diagonally the other way This arrangement makes a carcass that is strong in all directions because of the over lapping plies The tread of the bias ply tire is flexible enough to absorb shock transmitted from the road thus providing greater driving comfort Radial construction 2 Radial Plv tire Radial ure Tead In the radial tire all piles run parallel to each other and vertical to the tire bead Belts are applied on the top of the piles to provide added strength parallel to the bead The innermost plies on a radial tire are not angled as much as bias ply tires The belts in a radial ply tire are normally steel Radial ply tires more flexible than bias ply tires which allow Fa the tread and sidewall of the tire to conform to the contour of the Bead 7 Chater road better especially during cornering 3 Belted bias tire The bias belted tires have a carcass wound in a manner which is a combination of the above two types Breaker plies are arranged bellow the tread Such tire has advantage of both bias and radial ply tire Bias belted 4 1 3 Defects of tire wear pattern Tread The portion of the tire that comes in contact with the road s
32. o the vehicles approaching from the right Give way to emergency vehicle When stopped by authorized person park your vehicle properly EQUIPMENT TOOLS AND MATERIALS PROCEDURE OPERATION SHEET 3 1 PURPOSE Brake 1s a basic element of automotive and because of its association with personnel safety dictates the requirement for particularly by performing test drive and evaluation of wheeled vehicle braking systems to assure dependability and effectiveness under all conditions CONDITIONS OR SITUATIONS When the following symptoms are observed Noisy brake Brake dragging Brake spongy Vehicle pull to one side Poor brake FOR THE OPERATION EQUIPMENT TOOLS AND Vehicle MATERIALS PROCEDURE 1 Note the customer complaint 2 Display the ON TEST plate 3 Start the engine 4 Move drive the vehicle 5 Trace the symptoms of brake system 6 Determine the defective parts 7 Recommend for repair replace PRECAUTIONS e Fastening Safety belt e Maintaining speed limit ASSESSMENT CRITERIA e Test drive is performed as required e Brake failure symptoms are identified e Faulty parts are identified JOB SHEET 3 1 MATERIALS REQUIRED TOOLS EQUIPMENT REQUIRED ASSESSMENT Trainer will use the following criteria during assessment CRITERIA v SAMPLE OF SELF CHECK 2 3 Self Check 1 1 SECTION A Short Answer type question 1 State driving tips SECTION B Multiple Choice quest
33. oes ii Dirty linings iv Loose lining rivets v Improper linings vi Worn drums i Unequal adjustment of brake shoes Oil or grease soaked linings of one wheel or one side ii Loose bake plate on one side iv Wheel bearing improperly adjusted v Improper linings vi Dust and grit in drums vii Oval or scored drums Bleed out air Flush out brake system and use proper grade of fluid Adjust properly Repair or replace Replace Clean Replace Replace with genuine ones Skim or replace Adjust evenly Reolace Tighten Adjust properly Replace with genuine ones Clean Skim or replace Driving skill Basic Driving Procedures A EL cuc wer det ue 10 11 12 15 14 15 16 L7 18 19 Become familiar with the operation of the vehicle and its accessories Adjust all equipment to your comfort seat seatbelts mirrors etc Always fasten your seatbelt Keep your car clean and keep fire extinguishers and first aid kits readily available Pay attention to driving and traffic conditions Accelerate decelerate and turn smoothly When driving the Principal Signal lane changes turns and stops to assist the follow up car Learn the conditions of your routes i e narrow bridges construction narrowing roadways e g 3 lanes down to 2 and anything which might create a hazard When driving Follow Up keep your eyes on the Principal s car anticipate un signaled turns and stop
34. ondition 6 Adjust wheel bearing if it is defective 7 Check all the steering linkages 8 Tighten the steering linkages securely if it is faulty OPERATION SHEET 3 1 OPERATION TITLE PURPOSE CONDITIONS OR SITUATIONS FOR THE OPERATION EQUIPMENT TOOLS AND MATERIALES Perform pre alignment defective linkages or worn out kingpin bearing So 1f we do not perform pre alignment then the tire tends to wear Sometimes tire tends to wear due to unequal pressure unevenly When the following symptoms are observed e Uneven tire wear e Short tire life e Defective steering linkages e Hard steering e Steering dragging to one side e Pressure gauge e Inflating nozzle e Air compressor Vehicle Pre load gauge 1 Park the vehicle in a leveled ground Check and correct tire pressure Check and adjust wheel bearings 2 3 4 Check for wheel run out 5 Check ball joints and if they are too loose replace them 6 Check steering linkages and make any necessary corrections 7 Check rear leaf springs for cracks broken leaves and loose U bolts Make any necessary corrections 8 Check shock absorbers and replace them PROCEDURE if they are defective PRECAUTIONS e Ensuring that compressed air 15 used for the right job e Ensuring that the tire pressure is checked in time to avoid over inflation e All steps are followed in correct sequence e Safety precautions are followed e Comp
35. onents for pre alignment are checked as per standard procedure ASSESSMENT CRITERIA Y SAMPLE OF SELF CHECK 3 1 Self Check 3 1 SECTION A Multiple Choice question objective type questions 1 Tire pressure is measured in a Kg m Psi b Keg cm Psi C Keg cm Psi d Kg cm Psi 2 As per the tire specification 165 65R14 79T 14 stands for a Inner rim diameter in inches b Outer diameter of tire in inches c Overall height of the tire d Overall diameter of tire SECTION B Explanation type open ended type question 1 As per example of tire 165 65R14 79T state all notes of the tire specification D MODEL ANSWER TO A SELF CHECK 3 1 Model Answer 3 1 ll SECTION A Multiple Choice question objective type questions Ans 1 Ans 2 a SECTION B Explanation type open ended type question Ans 1 165 This 1s the nominal section width of the tire 65 This mark represents the height of the sidewall as a percentage of the nominal section width aspect ratio R Radial construction 14This 1s the diameter of the tires inner rim in inches 79 Load capacity of tire T Indicates the maximum speed of the tire at full load Reference angelin 1985 Automotive Mechanics New Delhi Tata McGraw Hill Anglin W 2007 Automotive Mechanics New Delhi Tata McGraw Hill Anglin W H 2009 Automotive Mechanics New Delhi tata Mcgraw Hill Education Corporation M M 2002 Automatic Transmission Mitsubis
36. oning effect absorbing flexing actions e A tire 15 a device covering the circumference of a wheel They re round black made of rubber 4 1 1 Function of tire 1 The tires support the overall weight of the vehicle The tire directly contacts the road surface and transmits the vehicles driving and braking forces to the road 3 Provides for cornering turning and directional stability strength 4 The tires attenuate absorb the shock cause by irregularities in the road surface 5 It gives maximum grip on the road surface Er d 4 1 2 Types of tire 1 Conventional tube tires 2 Tubeless tires 1 Conventional tube tires A tube tire has a separate rubber inner tube to retain keep pressurized air inside the tire The tire valve or air valve which protrudes through a hole in the wheel rim is bonded to the inner tube If punctured a tube tire deflates quickly The inner tubes of tube radial ply tires are more durable than those of bias ply tires Sri hee ram 2 Tubeless tires The tubeless tire as the name indicates has no inner tube The pressurized air e Hiero Wii is held in by an inner liner a special formulated thick rubber lining with high sealing effectiveness The air pressure is filled in the tire itself for which purpose a non return valve 1s fitted to the rim Since the tubeless tire does away with the inner tube the air valve is secured directly to the wheel rim Types of tire according t
37. over inflation and under inflation D Model Answer 4 1 MODEL ANSWER TO A SELF CHECK 4 1 SECTION A Short Answer type question 1 Function of tire e The tires support the overall weight of the vehicle e The tire directly contacts the road surface and transmits the vehicles driving and braking forces to the road e Provides for cornering turning and directional stability strength e The tires attenuate absorb the shock cause by irregularities in the road surface e It gives maximum grip on the road surface 2 Types of tire are e Conventional tube tire e Tubeless tire 3 Tire patterns Rib pattern Lug pattern Block pattern Asymmetric pattern Directional pattern Rib and lug pattern 4 Types of tire according to construction are e Bias ply tire e Radial ply tire e Belted bias tire SECTION B True false or matching type question 1 T 2 F 3 Tread 2 Side wall 3 Chafer 4 Bead 5 Body Ply 6 Liner 7 Steel belts SECTION C Explanation type open ended type question Following are the causes of tire wear Incorrect inflation 2 Unequal tires 3 Incorrect rotation of tire 111 iV yi Vil Misalignment Wrong loading Toe out incorrect on turn Incorrect caster camber or toe in Excessive braking or violet acceleration Over loading 10 Defective brakes 11 Out of balance wheel 12 Wrong steering mechanism 13 Wrong kingpins 3 Causes of over inflation CONAN i narrower tread
38. rrectly centered in brake drums Center properly xii Brake shoe not balanced Adjust xiv Excessive brake pedal free play Adjust xv Excessive brake play in wheel adjust bearing Brake dragging Causes Remedies i Improper adjustment of brake Adjust properly linkages Weak pedal return spring Replace Mineral oil in the system Flush out system and use correct grade of fluid Weak or broken brake shoe return Replace return spring spring in case of one wheel dragging Replace v Weak return spring in master 1 Clean and lubricate cylinder 11 Replace defective parts vi Tight brake shoe anchoring pins Adjust properly vii Improper adjustment of brake shoes Adjust properly vill Improper adjustment of wheel bearing Replace ix Swollen or distorted piston cups Replace x Restricted or damaged brake hoses or brake pipes Replace x1 Oil or grease soaked linings Clean xii Chocked air vent in master cylinder filler caps Adjust xii No free play in brake pedal Brake judder or squeal Causes Remedies Grease or oil on linings Leading edge of lining picking up Improper fitting of brake lining Clean or replace oil soaked linings Chamfer the edge Fit in properly If damaged replace lining iv A Brake shoe out of line Align v Rivets on shoes touching the brake drum Replace lining vi Worn shoe anchor pins vil Loose back plate vill Weak brake drums due to excessive Replace erinding Tighten Replace Brake spong
39. s stay close in heavy traffic drop back slightly in light traffic and keep alternate plan of action in mind Be considerate of the men working the Follow Up car since their lives depend on how well you operate the vehicle When the Principal s car signals a lane change open the lane for him by blocking oncoming traffic until the change has been made Turn wide on corners to protect the exposed side of the Principal s vehicle on turns DO NOT BLUFF OTHERS You may have the right of way but it is not worth the risk DO NOT leave you vehicle unless directed to do so by your supervisor DO NOT engage in conversations play commercial radios smoke DO NOT get of the car to open doors for either the Principal or guests DO NOT stare at the lane dividing lines or at the area directly in front of the car since this tends to promote Road Hypnosis DO NOT lull yourself into a false sense of security in the newer cars because they frequently break down at the most inopportune times If you are driving Follow Up DO NOT let another vehicle between you and the Principal s vehicle Starting procedure gt v V NW NN V v Check and ensure that hand brake is on Ensure that the gear lever is in neutral position Adjust seat mirror and steering wheel as appropriate Ensure that the door is closed Check position controls and switches Fasten seat belt and adjust so that hand can positioned comfortably between the chest a
40. to 5 position SECTION True false or matching type question 1 Brake dragging is causes by improper adjustment of brake shoes True False 2 Spongy braking is cause by dirty lining True False SECTION D Explanation type open ended type question 1 List down the gear changing procedure with help of diagram Sy MODEL ANSWER TO A SELF CHECK 2 3 Model Answer 1 1 Section A Use horn at every bends Adapt to low beam driving at night especially in town areas and when passing another vehicle e Give way to children elders animals and respect for zebra crossing e Give way to vehicle in convoy and ceremonial procession e At the road interactions give way to the vehicles approaching from the right e Give way to emergency vehicle e When stopped by authorized person park your vehicle properly Section B 1 10 to 2 position Section C 1 True 2 False Section D 1 Know the position of gears without reference to the diagram usually imprinted on the gear lever knob or elsewhere 2 Hold the gear lever with the knob cupped the palm of hand with the palm facing left for 1 and 2 gear and to the right for 3rd 4 and 5 gears 3 Return hand to the steering wheel on completing the gear change Baras
41. to achieve balance This is very helpful in cases where tires are physically out of round However it can involve the removal of significant amounts of tread and is more expensive than balancing with weights Some tire chain stores offer this service but only up to about 31 diameter tires SKILL SHEET 4 2 SKILL TITLE Driving skill EQUIPMENT TOOLS AND MATERIALS Pre driving check list PROCEDURE Identify the vehicle that needs to test drive Collect the appropriate pre driving check list Park the vehicle on level ground Perform pre driving check Drive the vehicle We du OPERATION SHEET 4 2 we do not perform static test of the wheel than 1t will shorten the tire life and becomes unbalanced wheel PURPOSE Sometimes wheel tends to wobble and wanders So 1f repeat step no 2 to 7 CONDITIONS OR SITUATIONS When the following symptoms are observed FOR THE OPERATION e Wheel wobbling e Abnormal tire wear e Unbalanced steering EQUIPMENT TOOLS AND e Vehicle MATERIALES e tools e Jack PROCEDURE 1 Jack up one of the drive wheels 2 Choke wedge other three wheels 3 Select gear lever in neutral position 4 Start the engine 5 Engage the gear 2 3 4 6 Accelerate the engine to attain speed of 80km hr 7 Observe for abnormal vibration 8 Repeat the process 2 to 7 for other drive wheel 9 Change the dead axle wheels to drive axle and PRECAUTIONS e Ensuring appropriate use of PPE e Ensurin
42. ures of performing Information Sheet4 3 dynamic test drive ae and Perform skill Dee 4 3 pre Skill sheet 4 3 driving checks and driving skill e Read and Perform Operation Sheet4 3 on Operation Sheet 4 3 perform dynamic test e Answer Self Check 4 3 on perform dynamic test Model Answer to Self Check4 3 e Compare to Model Answer 4 3 on perform dynamic test If finished proceed to lesson 4 4 After completing the activities of this learning unit you should achieve the following e Perform pre driving checks e Performing dynamic test drive INFORMATION SHEET 4 3 ii 4 3 1 Types pre driving check Exterior check Interior check Under the bonnet check Exterior check Number plates are secure and clearly visible Body for damaged and defects Tire for correct pressure safe tread and damage object in thread Wheel nuts are secure Lights are working high and low beam indicators stop light and number plate reversing light Wind screen windows and mirrors are cleaned and undamaged Wiper blades are clean and undamaged No oil or water under the vehicle Interior check Tools are present and functional wheel brace jack jack handle spanners screw drivers etc Fire extinguisher 1f fitted Hand brake 1s on and gear is on neutral position All documents including registration certificate road worthiness certificate Emission certificate and insurance certificate are in place and v
43. urface 15 known as the tread The primary function of a tread is to improve the tires ability to transmit driving and braking torques The tread is bonded directly to the casing The materials used are natural or synthetic rubber the former helps the tire to remain cool during running Certain fillers such as carbon black make it hard and abrasion resistant Types of tread pattern Characteristics 1 Rib Pattern In the rib pattern parallel zigzag grooves run along the circumference of the tire This pattern is best suited for traveling on paved surfaces at high speed and is used for a wide variety of automobiles from passenger cars to buses and trucks The rib pattern minimizes the resistance of tire to rolling Greater resistance to side slipping provides good vehicle controllability Tire noise 1s reduced Traction is somewhat inferior to that of tires with the lug pattern O 2 Lug Pattern The grooves in the lug pattern run at roughly right angles to the tire circumference Frequently used on construction machinery and truck tires this tread patterns 1s suited for driving on unpaved roads Characteristics e The lug pattern provides good tractions e Tire rolling resistance is somewhat high e Resistance to side slipping 1s smaller e Tread in lug area is susceptible to uneven wear e Tire noise greater 3 Rib and Lug pattern This pattern commonly used on bus and truck tires combines t
44. width reduces driving stability and braking performance 11 Driving comforts surfers 111 The middle part of the tread wears more quickly iv The tires ply cord layers extremely tense and prone to damage due to external impacts V Tread rubber layers are more likely to separate due to frictional heat concentrating in the center part of the tread Causes of under inflation Insufficient pressure can lead to 1ts own special problems Increase friction between the tread and the road wastes energy and consumes more fuel Front tires become harder to steer The tread shoulders wears more quickly When the motion the tire is subjected to greater flexure which sharply increases the tires internal temperature When the inflation pressure extremely low and the vehicle is running high speeds the tire may burst which can be very dangerous At high speed the tire 1s more likely to generate a standing wave and experience hydroplaning The valve may be ripped out due to tire puncture Bibliography Anglin W H 2007 Automotive Mechanics New Delhi Tata McGraw Hill Anglin W H 2009 Automotive Mechanics New Delhi tata Mcgraw Hill Education Corporation M M 2002 Automatic Transmission Mitsubishi Motor Cor poration Max Bohner et al 1989 Wuppertal GTZ Ontario Q P 2005 CooperatParrott P 2000 Singh D K 2009 Automobile Engineering Vol 1 Delhi Standard Publishers Distributors Sweeney T 2002
45. y i Atrin the hydraulic brake system Improper brake fluid 11 Misadjusted brake shoes i Bent or distorted brake plate Bent or distorted brake shoes ii Dirty linings iv Loose lining rivets v Improper linings vi Worn drums i Unequal adjustment of brake shoes Oil or grease soaked linings of one wheel or one side ii Loose bake plate on one side iv Wheel bearing improperly adjusted v Improper linings vi Dust and grit in drums vii Oval or scored drums Bleed out air Flush out brake system and use proper grade of fluid Adjust properly Repair or replace Replace Clean Replace Replace with genuine ones Skim or replace Adjust evenly Reolace Tighten Adjust properly Replace with genuine ones Clean Skim or replace Driving skill Basic Driving Procedures A EL cuc wer det ue 10 11 12 15 14 15 16 L7 18 19 Become familiar with the operation of the vehicle and its accessories Adjust all equipment to your comfort seat seatbelts mirrors etc Always fasten your seatbelt Keep your car clean and keep fire extinguishers and first aid kits readily available Pay attention to driving and traffic conditions Accelerate decelerate and turn smoothly When driving the Principal Signal lane changes turns and stops to assist the follow up car Learn the conditions of your routes i e narrow bridges construction narrowing roadways e g
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