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HEWLETT PACKARD 8569B SPECTRUM ANALYZER

1. OPERATION AND SERVICE MANUAL 8569B SPECTRUM ANALYZER Includes Options 001 and 002 SERIAL NUMBERS This manual applies directly to HP Model 8569B Spectrum Analyzers having serial prefix number 2244A For additional important information about serial numbers see INSTRUMENTS COVERED BY MANUAL in Section I volume 1 GENERAL INFORMATION INSTALLATION AND OPERATION VERIFICATION OPERATION Copyright 1982 HEWLETT PACKARD COMPANY 1424 FOUNTAIN GROVE PARKWAY SANTA ROSA CALIFORNIA 95404 U S A Printed December 1982 MANUAL PART NO 08569 90032 Scans by ARTEK MEDIA gt Model 8569B CONTENTS Section Page Section I GENERAL INFORMATION 1 1 2 3 Initial Inspection 11 Introduction 1 1 2 5 Preparation for Use 1 3 Description 1 1 2 25 Storage and Shipment 19 Manual Organization 1 1 2 31 Operation Verification 1 11 1 1 2 33 Operational 1 13 Safety Considerations 12 2 34 Tuning 1 18 Instruments Covered By Manual 1 3 2 35 Frequency Span Width and 127 Options 22 1 3 Resolution Bandwidth 140 Accessories Supplied 14 AcCCUIaCy i vus V durs 142 Equipment Available 14 2 36 Amplitude Accuracy 1 49 Recommended Te
2. eve mmm Pushing in the outer knob allows a selection of RF input attenuation blue numbers from 0 to 70 dB A reminder light is lit whenever 0 dB INPUT ATTEN is selected Except for noise measurements or when maximum sensitivity is required a minimum INPUT ATTEN setting of 10 dB should always be used to ensure a good SWR and to min imize uncertainties due to mismatches HP IB Code RL output REFERENCE LEVEL LG output AMPLITUDE SCALE AT output RF INPUT ATTENuation Video Filter eT The VIDEO FILTER control is useful for observation of low level signal that is close to the noise level Figure 17 illustrates how use of the VIDEO FILTER control allows measurement of low level signals that are close to the noise level A NOISE AVG position on the VIDEO FILTER control allows the analyzer to perform noise level measurements or to measure its own sensitivity for a given RESOLU TION BW setting The NOISE AVG position engages a 1 Hz low pass filter to average the noise displayed on the CRT The sweep time of the analyzer increases to facili tate noise level measurements Another method of mak ing noise and low level signal measurements easily and accurately is to use We Digital Averaging mode HP IB Code VF output VIDEO FILTER Because of detector and log amplifier characteristics 2 5 dB should be added to obtain the correct noise power reading Refer to Hewlett Pack
3. 17 APPENDIX uc sou Seed eS ev oe 43 3 SPECIAL 18 AMPLITUDE CONVERSIONS 43 Maximum Dynamic Range 18 Conversion Equations 43 Improving Amplitude Measurement Accuracy lu lu 22 APPENDIX D 44 CRT Photography and X Y Recording 22 OPTION STATUS INTERFACE 44 External Mixer Operation 23 APPENDIX E dh oda 45 4 TYPICAL MEASUREMENTS 26 SYNTAX REFERENCE GUIDE 45 Distortion goede a een 26 Modulation 27 gia sec a RES 50 Noise use 12 bh Se eee AE 31 CONTROL GLOSSARY 50 INTRODUCTION SIGNAL ANALYSIS The spectrum analyzer is a receiver that displays signals in the frequency domain The CRT on the analyzer dis plays signal amplitude A on the vertical axis and fre quency f on the horizontal axis A method of visualiz ing how a spectrum analyzer views the frequency domain is to picture a tunable bandpass filter that scans the fre quency axis see Figure 1 At any instant in time the analyzer views only the signal it is tuned to receive reject ing all others In this way all the individual components AMPLITUDE TIME PLANE of a signal are viewed separately In comparison an oscil loscope displays the signals in the time domain and the amplit
4. T7 L4 LEO SRO RLO PPO DC1 E2 480 975 CTR 2 4001 GHz 50 kHz RES BW 3 kHz VF OFF REF 27 dBm 10 dB ATTEN dB SWP AUTO SMPL 480 820 480 800 Figure 56 Display Coordinates APPENDIX A OPERATING PRECAUTIONS This instrument and any device con nected to it must be connected to power line ground Failure to ensure proper grounding may cause a shock hazard to personnel or damage to the instrument The spectrum analyzer is a sensitive measuring instru ment To avoid damage to the instrument do not exceed the following absolute maximum input levels Total RF power 30 dBm 1 watt dc or lt lt 500 source impedance OV with 0 dB input attenuation lt 1 amp 7V with gt 10 dB input attenuation 0 14 amp Peak pulse power 50 dBm 10 usec pulse width 0 01 duty cycle with 20 dB attenuation NOTE Overdriving the input with too much power either peak or dc voltages might damage the input circuit and require expensive repairs Step Attenuator 50A DC 210 dB Input Atten 87A DC 01 1 8 GHz If large dc components are present with ac signals a blocking capacitor should be used at the INPUT of the analyzer to eliminate the dc components LOW IMPEDANCE AC A source with much less than 502 nominal output impe dance can produce excessive current which might damage the input circuit of the analyzer DC
5. 2 01 1 8 TUNING eee ette HE Bites t ACTA ex RUNE roS Me P 0 100 GHz INPUT ATTEN an rix uere qud ua EE USED ne ees 10 dB REF LEVEL dBm 52 DAR Nath Ra uu v eR P ae DEREN T 10 REFERENCE LEVEL C ATE 0 AMPLITUDESGALE 5 e6ete esev ren vela used E ies 1 dBLOG DIV Measure CAL OUTPUT signal level with a power meter Specification 10 dBm 0 3 dB Connect 100 MHz CAL OUTPUT signal through 355D step attenuator set to 0 dB to INPUT 500 and tune spectrum analyzer to center signal on CRT display Position peak of signal at REFERENCE LEVEL line with front panel REF LEVEL CAL screwdriver adjustment To verify correct operation of the REFERENCE LEVEL FINE Vernier control set 355D step attenuator to 10 dB Set REFERENCE LEVEL FINE to 9 The peak of the signal on the CRT display should be one division below the REFERENCE LEVEL 0 5 division lt 0 5 dB Return 3550 step attenuator to OdB Set INPUT ATTEN to 70 dB REF LEVEL dBm to 0 REFERENCE LEVEL FINE to 8 RESOLU TION BW to 3 kHz FREQUENCY SPAN DIV to 1 kHz and VIDEO FILTER to 03 Center signal on CRT display with TUNING control Adjust REF LEVEL CAL to position signal peak two divisions below REFERENCE LEVEL line Step instrument INPUT ATTEN from 70 to 0 dB while stepping 355D step attenuator from 0 to 70 dB maintain a total attenuation of 70 d
6. General Information Model 8569B HP PART NO 08565 60100 Figure 1 3 Service Accessories Package 1 of 2 Model 8569B General Information Descrinti HP Part Senn Number oo ooocooo00oo0oQ Extender board 6 pin 12 conductors Extender board 15 pin 30 conductors Extender board 22 pin 44 conductors Wrench 15 64 inch open end Adapter SMA male to male Wrench 5 16 inch slotted box end open end Adapter BNC female to SMA male Alignment tool Test cable subminiature SMC female to BNC male 36 inches long Alignment tool non metallic Adapter BNC female to SMC female used to measure second LO output Connector extractor Tuning tool consists of modified 5 16 inch nut driver with modified No 10 Allen driver Extender board 40 pin 80 conductors Figure 1 3 Service Accessories Package 2 of 2 NO 9 CO CO 08505 60109 08505 60041 08565 60107 8710 0946 1250 1158 08555 20097 1250 1200 8710 0630 11592 60001 8710 0033 08565 60087 8710 0580 08555 60107 08569 60013 General Information Critical Specifications Recommended Model Digital Voltmeter Oscilloscope Probe Probe Probe Function Generator Comb Generator Signal Generator Synthesized Signal Generator Frequency Counter Electronic Counter Power Meter Power Meter Power Sensor Power Sensor Power Sensor Power Sensor Spectrum Analyzer Tracking Generator Sweep Oscillato
7. 3 kHz VF OFF SWP AUTO Figure 35 2 AM When the analyzer is used as a manually tuned receiver Zero Span the AM signal is demodulated and viewed in the time domain To demodulate an AM signal un couple the RESOLUTION BW and set it to a value at least twice the modulation frequency Then set the AMPLITUDE SCALE to LIN and center the signal 27 horizontally and vertically on the CRT Refer to Figure 38 By pressing ZERO SPAN and VIDEO trig gering and adjusting the TRIGGER LEVEL for a stable trace the modulation will be displayed in the time domain Refer to Figure 37 The time variation of the modulation signal can then be measured with the calibrated SWEEP TIME DIV control The example shown in Figure 37 demonstrates sinusoidal amplitude modulation which can be used for narrow band sine wave testing of components and systems When the modulation is not a pure sine wave use the HP 8569B to obtain signatures reference responses of ran dom modulation for comparison or listen to the VERTI CAL OUTPUT with headphones see Control Glossary The display can be output to a controller for statistical analysis of random amplitude modulation Figure 36 Linear Amplitude Display Figure 37 Demodulated AM Signal in ZERO SPAN 28 Frequency Modulation For frequency modulated signals parameters such as modulation frequency fm modulation index m peak freque
8. Reference Level Reference Level range 60 dBm to 112 dBm in 10 dB steps and continuous 0 to 12 dB calibrated vernier Reference Level accuracy With Sweep Time Division control in Auto setting the optimum sweep rate is selected automatically for any combination of Frequency Span Div Resolution Bandwidth and Video Filter settings Thus the Auto Sweep setting insures a calibrated amplitude display within the following limits Calibrator output 10 dBm 0 3 dB 100 MHz 10 kHz Reference Level variation Input Attenuator at 0 dB 10 dB steps 20 C to 30 10to 70 dBm lt 0 5 dB 10to 100 dBm lt 1 0 dB 1040 70 dBm lt 1 0 dB 0 C to 55 C l input leve not to exceed 30 dBm damage level Vernier 0 to 12 dB continuous Maximum error lt 0 5 dB when read from Reference Level Fine control input Attenuator at preselector input 70 dB range in 10 dB steps Step size variation 0 to 60 dB 0 01 18 GHz lt 1 0 dB 0 to 40 dB 0 01 22 GHz lt 1 5 dB Maximum cumulative error 0 to 60 dB 0 01 18 GHz lt 2 4 dB 0 to 40 dB 0 01 22 GHz lt 2 5 Frequency Response with 0 or 10 dB of Input Attenuation Frequency response includes input attenuator preselector and mixer frequency response plus mixing mode gain variation band to band and assumes preselector peaking Frequency Response dB MAX 1 2 1 5 2 5
9. 2 5 Frequency Band GH2 Switching between bandwidths 3 MHz to 300 kHz lt 0 5 dB 3 MHz to 0 1 kHz lt 1 0 dB Calibrated display range Log expanded from reterence level down 70 dB with 10 dB Div scale factor 40 dB with 5 dB Div scale factor 16 dB with 2 dB Div scale factor 8 dB with 1 dB Div scale factor Linear Full scale from 0 56 4V 112 dBm across 50 ohms to 224 volts 60 dBm in 10 dB steps and con tinuous 0 to 12 dB vernier Full scale signals in linear translate to approximately full scale signals in the log modes Display accuracy Log lt 20 1 dB dB but not more than 1 5 dB over 70 dB display range Linear lt 3 of reference level Residual responses no signal present at input With 0 dB input attenuation and fundamental mixing 0 01 to 4 1 GHz 90 4 Signal Identifier Provided over entire frequency range and in all Fre quency Span Div settings Correct response is a 2 MHz shift to left and approximately a 6 dB lower amplitude Reads incorrectly for 100 MHz CAL OUT PUT Signal Model 8569B General Information Table 1 1 HP Model 8569B Specifications 3 of 3 SWEEP SPECIFICATIONS DIMENSIONS SWEEP TIME 458 mm wide 188 mm high 565 mm deep 18 in x Auto Sweep time is automatically controlled by Fre 7 3 8 in x 22 1 4 in quency Span Div Resolution Bandwidth and Video Filter controls to maintai
10. 2f f and 2f f are below the two tone signals f and fj f SIGNAL SOURCE f SIGNAL SOURCE Mixers Mixers use the non linear characteristics of an active or passive device to achieve a desired frequency conversion As a result some distortion at the output is due to the inherent non linearity of the device Figure 33 illustrates the test setup and CRT plot of a typical mixer measure ment Once the RF input and LO input signals were mea sured on the spectrum analyzer from a single display the following information was determined Conversion loss SSB IF 25 34 9dB LO to IF isolation LO 5 38 43 dB RES BW 100 kHz VF OFF SWP AUTO CIR 1 0472 GHz REF 0 dBm 18 d8 SPAN 5 ATTEN 40 dB Figure 32 Two Tone Third Order Intermodulation Products SPECTRUM ANALYZER Figure 31 Two Tone Test Setup RF to IF isolation RFouar 725 54 29dB Third order distortion product 2 LO RF 74 dBm at 360 MHz CIR 262 0 MHz VF OFF REF 20 dBm SPAN 50 2 18 dB dB RES BW 300 kHz AUTO Mixer HF RF Input To HP 85698 RF LO 1 10 Figure 33 Mixer Measurement Oscillators Distortion in oscillators may be harmonically or non har monically related to the fundamental frequency Non harmonic oscillator out
11. INTRODUCTION 1 2 This Operation and Service manual contains information required to install operate test adjust and service the Hewlett Packard Model 8569B Spec trum Analyzer Figure 1 1 shows the instrument and accessories supplied This section covers instrument identification description options accessories specifications and other basic information 1 3 DESCRIPTION 1 4 The HP Model 8569B Spectrum Analyzer pro vides a visual display of RF and microwave signals in the frequency domain Input signal amplitude is plot ted on the CRT as a function of frequency 1 5 The HP Model 8569B is designed for simplic ity of operation Most measurements can be made using only three controls once the normal settings marked in green have been preset The HP Model 8569B has absolute amplitude and frequency calibra tion from 10 MHz to 22 GHz The frequency span bandwidth and video filter are all coupled with automatic sweep time to maintain a calibrated dis play and to simplify operation of the analyzer 1 6 Internal preselection eliminates most spurious images and multiple responses to simplify signal identification The preselector also extends dynamic range of the analyzer and provides some protection for the input mixer 1 7 The frequency range of the HP Model 8569B is 10 MHz to 22 GHz in direct coaxial input and 12 4 to 115 GHz when used with external mixers 1 8 The HP Model 8569B has a digital display with the s
12. RF attenuation must be set to 10 dB to maxi mize third order and 15 dB to maximize second order dynamic range IMPROVING AMPLITUDE MEASUREMENT RACY The technique known as IF substitution can be used to improve measurement accuracy on the HP 8569B The IF substitution method uses only the accurate IF gain of the analyzer to position the signal on the calibrated REFER ENCE LEVEL line In this way errors caused by CRT non linearity log amplifier input attenuator and band width filter will be eliminated The IF gain of the ana lyzer is controlled with the calibrated REFERENCE LEVEL dBm control Amplitude Measurement with IF Substitution The steps for achieving accurate amplitude measure ments with IF substitution are as follows 1 Set the INPUT ATTEN control to 10 dB or greater This ensures a good input SWR to minimize mis match errors 2 Set the FREQUENCY SPAN DIV and RESOLU TION BW controls to the desired settings 3 Connect the CAL OUTPUT signal to the analyzer to verify calibration 4 Disconnect the CAL OUTPUT signal and connect the signal to be measured 5 Press the desired FREQUENCY BAND push but ton and use only the TUNING control to center the signal on the CRT 6 In the 1 7 to 22 GHz frequency range adjust the PRESELECTOR PEAK control to maximize the signal level The best broadband tracking performance of the preselector is normally obtained with the PRESELECTOR PEAK control ce
13. and ZERO SPAN is used for time domain analysis The following text explains the various FREQUENCY SPAN MOD set tings in more detail r FREQUENCY ZERG i Ba HP IB Code SP output FREQUENCY SPAN DIV 8 Zero Span ZERO SPAN is used to recover the modulation on a car rier In this mode no sweep voltage is applied to the LO in the analyzer so it operates as a manually tuned nar rowband receiver Carrier modulation is displayed in the time domain and the calibrated SWEEP TIME DIV control can be set manually to read the time variation of the signal Selection of VIDEO trigger allows the sweep to be synchronized on the demodulated waveform Fig ure 10 illustrates a demodulated AM carrier that was obtained with the analyzer in ZERO SPAN RES LINEAR 10 dB 5 usec 10 1 Mer SPAH ZERO REF 20 dBm nn k B Figure 10 AM Carrier Demodulated in ZERO SPAN Since the analyzer remains calibrated in ZERO SPAN it is also possible to measure the amplitude and frequency of a CW signal In this case the CW signal appears as a horizontal line on the CRT See Figure 11 Use a wide RESOLUTION BW setting and disable the AUTO STABLIZER for ease of tuning the signal The PER DIV mode enables the FREQUENCY SPAN DIV control to set the horizontal frequency calibration of the CRT The calibrated FREQUENCY SPAN DIV con trol is adjustable from 1 kHz Div to 500 MHz Div in a 1 2 5 seque
14. 8 division deflection Output im pedance is 50 ohms Blank Peniift or Z axis Output A blanking output 15V from 10 kohms which occurs during CRT retrace or when sweeping beyond band edges Otherwise output is low at OV with a 10 ohm output impedance for a normal or unblanked trace pen down Blanking Input Permits remote Z axis control of CRT with TTL levels normal lt 0 5 or open circuit blank gt 2V Input impedance is 10 kohms Note that in Digital Storage mode Blanking input does not directly blank the CRT instead it sets blank bits in the trace memory So that the appropriate parts of the trace are blanked during the CRT refresh cycle Caution maximum input is 40V External Sweep Input When the front panel Sweep Source switch is set to the EXT mode a 0 to 10V ramp will sweep the analyzer through the frequency range determined by front panel Tuning and Frequency Span Div controis Input impedance is 100 kohms Caution maximum input 40V Retrace Input Required for operation in Digital Storage Display mode if External Sweep is used Normal level 0 5V blank retrace level gt 2 Input impedance is 10 kohms Caution maximum input is 40V External Trigger Input With the Sweep Trigger in EXT mode a signal will trigger a sweep on the signal s positive slope between 1 and 10 volts according to the setting of the Trigger Level control 100 kohms input impedance dc coupled Caution m
15. Frequency 2 to 22 GHz HP 86290A Opt H08 Residual FM 30 kHz in 10 kHz Bandwidth RF Plug in No Substitute HP 8709A Opt H10 Synchronizer HP 6214A 4 to 6 volts dc Floating DC Power Supply Frequency dc to 18 GHz HP 909A Opt 012 Impedance 50 ohms Connector Type N Male Termination Input Frequency 23 GHz HP 11517A Opt E03 Mixer Frequency 2 to 18 GHz HP 11667A Opt 002 Attenuation 6 dB each arm Connectors Type N Female Input APC 7 Outputs Power Splitter Crystal Detector Frequency 1 to 22 GHz HP 33330C Input Connector APC 3 5 Attenuator Attenuation 10 dB 0 5 dB HP 8491B Opt 010 Frequency 01 to 18 GHz Connectors Type N Attenuator Frequency Range 12 4 18 GHz HP P382C Attenuation O to 12 dB in 1 dB steps HP 355C Opt H80 Frequency 100 MHz Calibrated Step Attenuator Attenuator Frequency Range 18 0 26 5 GHz HP K382C Attenuation 0 to 120 dB in 10 dB steps HP 355D Opt H80 Frequency 100 MHz Calibrated Step Attenuator Narda 4608 Adapter Waveguide to SMA Jack 2 required Adapter Type N Female to BNC Male HP 1250 0077 Adapter 2 required Type N Male to BNC Female HP 1250 0780 Adapter Type N Plug to SMA Jack HP 1250 1250 General Information Table 1 3 Recommended Test Equipment 3 of 3 Model 8569B Cri
16. Intercept mixer level distortion dBc N 1 where N order or distortion These equations are used to compute the best dynamic range for either third or second order distortion prod ucts and noise The noise level is the displayed noise level for the resolution bandwidth and center frequency to be used assuming 0 dB input attenuation Example In measuring a 10 50 GHz signal and a 10 55 GHz signal in a 1 kHz resolution bandwidth the typical sensitivity of the analyzer is 100 dBm assuming 0 dB input attenuation The HP 8569B has a TOI of 5 dBm and SOI of 30 dBm for signal separations of 100 MHz What is the maximum dynamic range Solution 70 dB for third order and 65 dB for second order Third order 2 3 100dBm 5 dBm 70dB Second order 1 2 100dBm 30dBm 65 dB It is also possible to determine the value of total RF attenuation internal or external needed to obtain the maximum dynamic range for a given input power level from the following equations For third order Atten Input 2 3 TOI 1 3 Noise Level For second order Atten Input 1 2 SOI 1 2 Noise Level For the same conditions as in the previous example with total Input Signal Level of 20 dBm the RF attenuation should be set to Third order Atten 20 dBm 2 3 5 dBm 1 3 100 dBm 10dB 21 Second order Atten 20dBm 1 2 30 dBm 1 2 100 dBm 15 dB Therefore
17. PRECAUTIONS The HP 8569B cannot accept dc voltages in 0 dB INPUT ATTEN With 10 dB or greater INPUT ATTEN small dc voltages lt 7V can be accepted without damage if the total power ac and dc does not exceed watt The input is direct coupled and its dc input resistance var ies from 0 to 870 depending on the settings of INPUT ATTEN and FREQUENCY BAND GHz controls See Figure A 1 YIG Preselector Figure 1 DC Block Diagram APPENDIX B THEORY OF OPERATION SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The HP Model 8569B Spectrum Analyzer is basically an electronically swept superheterodyne receiver It has high sensitivity and selectivity a wide distortion free dynamic range and excellent flatness from 10 MHz to 22 GHz With external mixing frequency coverage can be extended up to 115 GHz The HP 8569B consists of an RF and an IF section an automatic stabilization and con trol section and a digital storage display section These sections will be discussed separately in this appendix Fig ure B 1 is a simplified block diagram of the instrument RF SECTION The RF section is composed of 0 70 dB step attenua tor an automatic preselector a tunable local oscillator LO and a broadband mixer The step attenuator at the input to the spectrum analyzer is used to control the sig nal level to the mixer for optimum dynamic range and signal to noise ratio The automatic preselector consists of a low pass filter from 0 01 to 1 8 GHz and a
18. RESOLUTION BW 1 REFERENCE LEVEL ector VIDEO FILTER 1E section Log Linear Fit Video ter FREQUENCY SPAN DIV DISPLAY SECTION Y Amplifier Y Data Digital Y Buffer Generator Analog to Digital DATA BUS Converter Control Gate Ampifier Stroke 2 d CPU Memory Counter Character a Modulation ps T Z intensity Program ROM Character Generator Blanking to CRT Memory Control ADDRESS BUS COUNTER BUS Logic X Amplifier Front Digital x Horizontal Panel Generator m Controls Vertical Wa Figure B 1 HP 85698 Block Diagram 4l 42 gt Etpa Tec tn kd seg EX pA ri se EXTERNAL MIXER PES 0 ESRB E E DRE y Pa fsznfio b EXTERNAL MIXING ee ESTEE d EI ug qae ER TRU udo m YIG TUNED FILTER 4 0 fio GHz fsznfio f ir a INTERNAL MIXING 1 03 38 ou LOW PASS FILTER Figure B 2 HP 8569B Tuning Curves APPENDIX C AMPLITUDE CONVERSIONS The HP Model 8569B Spectrum Analyzer reads signal levels in dBm The following equations allow conversion from dBm to dBmV or dBV in a 50Q system CONVERSION EQUATIONS dBm 107 dB dBuV dBm 47
19. Service Accessories 1 44 A Service Accessories Package is available for convenience in aligning and troubleshooting the spectrum analyzer The Service Accessories Package is shown in Figure 1 3 The package may be obtained from Hewlett Packard by ordering HP Part Number 08569 60035 1 45 Measurement Accessories 1 46 HP Model 11517A External Mixer This mixer extends the frequency range of the HP Model 8569B to 40 GHz Transition sections HP Models 11518 11519A and 11520A are available to adapt the HP Model 11517A External Mixer to standard waveguide sizes 1 47 HP Model 197B Option 006 Oscillo scope Camera This camera can be used with the Model 8569B to make a permanent record of mea surements 1 48 Transit Case A polyethylene transit case HP Part Number 1540 0654 is available for protec tion of the HP 8569B Spectrum Analyzer 1 49 RECOMMENDED TEST EQUIPMENT 1 50 Equipment required for operation verifica tion performance tests adjustments and trouble shooting of the HP Model 8569B is listed in Table 1 3 Other equipment may be substituted if it meets or exceeds the critical specifications listed in the table Model 8569B General Information Table 1 1 HP Model 8569B Specifications 1 of 3 SPECIFICATIONS FREQUENCY SPECIFICATIONS FREQUENCY RANGE Internal mixing 0 01 to 22 GHz Covered in six ranges selectable by Frequency Band push buttons in GHz 01 to 1 8 1 7 to 4 1 3 8 to 8 5 5 8
20. Signal in ZERO SPAN be OFF when measuring pulsed RF signals Adding video filtering or digital averaging will desensitize a pulsed signal and limit its displayed amplitude Therefore when monitoring pulsed signals in a full band mode it is important to use the F mode rather than the FULL BAND pushbutton mode The FULL BAND pushbutton mode automatically engages a 9 kHz video 0 003 x 3 MHz filter which will limit the displayed amplitude of the pulse bandwidth NOTE Consult AN 150 2 for more information on pulsed RF measurements NOISE Applications involving noise measurements include oscillator noise spectral purity signal to noise ratio and noise figure The NOISE AVG position of the VIDEO FILTER control and the digital averaging capability of the spectrum analyzer can be used to measure the analyzer sensitivity or noise power from 0 01 to 22 GHz The test setup in Figure 44 is used to make a swept noise figure measurement of an amplifier First the total gain of the amplifier under test and the pre amp is deter mined Then the input of the amplifier is terminated and TEST AMP Po Fa 9 _ r l its noise power is measured noise figure of the amplifier is the theoretical noise power KTB minus the total gain plus the amplifier noise power Figure 45 is a plot of an amplifier s noise power output Another technique called the Y Factor Technique refer to F
21. analyzer and provides some protection for the input mixer The HP 8569B has a digital storage display system All the information necessary to analyze a signal is displayed on the top portion of the CRT The trace information for both Trace A and Trace B resides in a digital storage buf fer which is updated at the sweep rate of the analyzer The information in this buffer is then displayed on the CRT and automatically refreshed at a flicker free rate Certain arithmetic and logical functions such as digital averaging and normalization can be performed on the trace values The graticule character and trace informa tion can be output directly to a digital plotter set for the listen only mode without the need for a controller A con troller connected via HP IB may control the output or input of display information e g trace values text con trol information The frequency range of the HP 8569B is 10 MHz to 22 GHz in direct coaxial input and 14 5 to 115 GHz when used with external mixers TID e TONE re cae e p3 wmm CHAPTER 1 OPERATING THE HP 8569B LINE POWER ON CAUTION Before connecting the line power cord make sure the proper line voltage and line fuse have been selected for the instru ment For complete information on power cords voltage and fuse selection refer to the HP 8569B Operation and Service Man ual Section Il When LINE is switched ON the ins
22. extra delimiters such as Cp carriage return and linefeed at several points in a command sequence to the analyzer On the other hand every byte indicated as output from the analyzer data which immediately follows an Enter block must be read by the controller or the analyzer will not be able to resume normal operation All commands which return values to the controller ex cept for the binary transfer commands BA BB and MS are terminated by transmitting an LF with the interface bus line EOI End or Identify pulled true The commands BA BB and MS send no terminating LF but the EOI line is pulled true during transmission of the final byte of the returned data sequence The final byte is the 962nd byte for BA and BB and is the only byte for MS Pressing RESET on HP IB controllers generates an interface clear IFC command on the bus which unaddresses the analyzer In case an illegal two character mnemonic is entered i e one which is not part of the analyzer s command set a message appears on the upper annotation line SYNTAX ERROR To remove the message send a command AU or press CLEAR RESET and hold it in until the annotation returns to the control setting mode AL AU Display lower line display upper line control settings Additional Commands Returns labeling above graticule on CRT to the control setting mode after an LL or LU command AU upper line AL lower
23. heavy paper or plastic If shipping to a Hewlett Packard office or serv ice center attach a tag indicating the type of Installation and Operation Verification service required return address model number and full serial number A supply of these tags is provided at the end of this section 2 Use a strong shipping container A double wall carton made of 350 pound test material is ade quate 3 Useenough shock absorbing material 3 inch to 4 inch layer around all sides of the instrument to provide firm cushion and prevent movement inside the container Protect the control panel with cardboard 4 Sealthe shipping container securely 5 Mark the shipping container FRAGILE to assure careful handling 2 31 OPERATION VERIFICATION 2 32 The Operation Verification is designed to test only the most critical specifications and operating features of the instrument It requires much less time and equipment than the complete performance tests listed in Section IV and is recommended for verifica tion of overall instrument operation either as part of incoming inspection or after repair The Operation Verification consists of the following tests Operational Check Tuning Accuracy Frequency Span Width with Resolution Band width Accuracy Amplitude Accuracy Installation and Operation Verification Model 8569B OPERATION VERIFICATION NOTE Allow at least 30 minutes warm up time EQUIPMENT Frequency Coun
24. in compliance Spectral Resolution and Stability with MID STD 461A Methods CEO3 and REO2 CISPR Resolution Bandwidths Resolution 3 dB band publication 11 1975 and Messempfaenger Postver widths from 1 kHz to 3 MHz in a 1 3 sequence fueg ng 526 529 Kennzeichnung Mit Tes N m Selectivity 60 dB 3 dB bandwidth ratio lt 15 1 for band mer Funkschutzzeichen widths 1 kHz to 3 MHz Stability POWER REQUIREMENTS Total Residual FM 48 66 Hz 100 120 220 or 240 volts 10 to 5 220 VA Stabilized lt 200 Hz in 0 1 sec 01 4 1 GHz maximum Fan cooled OPTION 400 Permits operation on 48 440 Hz mains WEIGHT All specifications identical to standard HP 8569B except Net 29 1 kg 64 Ibs Power requirements 48 to 440 Hz 100 120 220 or 240 Shipping 40 9 kg 90 Ibs volts 10 to 5 220 VA maximum Fan cooled Input level not to exceed 137 dBuV damage level 1 7 General Information Model 8569B Table 1 2 HP Model 8569B Supplemental Characteristics 1 of 4 SUPPLEMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS NOTE Values in this table are not specifications but are typical characteristics in cluded for user information FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY SPANS 1 7 to 22 GHz When this mode is selected the analyzer displays the entire spectrum from 1 7 to 22 GHz A 3 MHz Resolu tion Bandwidth 9 kHz Video Filter and 100 msec div Sweep Time are automatically selected Full
25. indicator is not displayed refer to Chapter 2 Three Knob Operation TUNING TUNING adjusts the center fre quency of the analyzer It also positions the marker in the full band and 1 7 to 22 GHz span modes gm FREQUENCY SPAM DIV RESOLUFON Bw FREQUENCY SPAN DIV sets ses the horizontal frequency calibra A IX tion on the CRT An optimum res olution bandwidth is automati cally selected for a given frequency span when two arrows are aligned The REFERENCE LEVEL sx mal trol sets the vertical amplitude cal p ibration on the CRT The REFER E ENCE LEVEL top graticule line on the CRT represents an absolute power level in dBm or Changes in RF INPUT ATTEN will also change the indicated REFERENCE LEVEL Simplified Signal Analysis The internal CAL OUTPUT signal is a convenient source to demonstrate how fast and easily the HP 8569B can measure fre quency and amplitude Mia 10 97 Cat OUTPUT Start by presetting the green normal settings listed in Table 1 This sets the analyzer in its normal three knob operation mode Now connect the CAL OUTPUT signal to the INPUT connector of the analyzer and begin the measurement procedure 1 Select the FREQUENCY BAND that includes the 100 MHz CAL OUTPUT signal 01 1 8 MICROWAVE SOURCE 01 TO 8 GHz AF OUTPUT 2 Use the TUNING control to tun
26. manual The manual for this newer instrument is accompanied by a yellow Manual Changes supplement This supplement con tains change information that explains how to adapt the manual to the newer instrument 1 23 In addition to change information the sup plement may contain information for correcting errors in the manual To keep this manual as current and accurate as possible Hewlett Packard recom mends that you periodically request the latest Man ual Changes supplement The supplement carries a manual identification block that includes the model number print date of the manual and manual part number Complimentary copies of the supplement are available from Hewlett Packard Addresses of Hewlett Packard offices are located at the back of this manual 1 24 Manual Backdating Changes 1 25 Instruments manufactured before the print ing of this manual have been assigned serial number prefixes other than those for which this manual was written directly Manual backdating information is provided in Section VII to adapt this manual to any such earlier assigned serial number prefix 1 26 This information should not be confused with information contained in the yellow Manual Changes supplement which is intended to adapt this manual to instruments manufactured after the print ing of this manual 1 27 OPTIONS 1 28 Option 001 1 29 Option 001 provides an internally connected 100 MHz comb generator that is switched in by a fr
27. of the opened instrument under voltage should be avoided as much as possi ble and when inevitable should be carried out only by a skilled person who is aware of the hazard involved Capacitors inside the instrument may still be charged even if the instrument has been disconnected from its source of supply Make sure that only fuses with the required rated current and of the specified type normal blow time delay etc are used for replacement The use of repaired fuses and the short circuiting of fuseholders must be avoided When it is likely that the protection has been impaired the instrument must be made inoperative and be secured against any unintended oper ation If this instrument is to be energized via an auto transformer for voltage reduction make sure the common ter minal is connected to the earthed pole of the power source BEFORE SWITCHING ON THE INSTRUMENT the protective earth terminals of the instrument must be connected to the protective conduc tor of the mains power cord The mains plug shall only be inserted in a socket outlet provided with a protect ive earth contact The protective action must not be negated by the use of an extension cord power cord Model 8569B without a protective conductor grounding Grounding one conduc tor of a two conductor outlet is not sufficient protection Any interruption of the protective grounding conductor inside or out side the instrument or di
28. outputting the new trace data to the controller and trig gering another sweep the analyzer may be interrogated repeatedly to test the MS flag the flag remains one for the duration of the sweep and then reverts to zero Recog nition of the zero condition leads to the End of Sweep branch command It should be understood clearly that for the duration of an SF triggered sweep i e so long as the MS flag 1 only the specific instruction MS should be sent to the analyzer any other command sent to the analyzer will be read and discarded Therefore resume sending other commands only after the MS flag has returned a zero For this discussion the analyzer is assumed to be in single sweep trigger mode while executing controller generated sweep instructions TS and SF EXAMPLE 2 The four remaining instructions requiring further explana tion are two pairs LL LU and AL AU As LL with AL and LU with AU perform identical functions for their respective lines lower and upper only LL and AL is discussed Two lines of annotation are displayed above the etched CRT graticule These may be the turn on state in which the instrument control settings are displayed or in a user enabled state where the labeling lines have been input through the use of LL and LU To reset the labels to the control setting mode AL and AU are provided Thus to place the label 8569A Spectrum Analyzer on the lower line use 8569B Spectrum Analyzer To
29. separately or simultaneously Error Detection UNCAL Uncalibrated display Gives indication of incompatible FREQUENCY SPAN RESOLUTION BW VIDEO FILTER or SWEEP TIME DIV settings when SWEEP TIME DIV is not set to AUTO nvalid trace asterisk indicates that the displayed trace data has not been updated to reflect changes in control settings Display Error Messages Provide feedback of incorrect control settings for the current measurement Display Error Messages are discussed later in this chapter Clear Reset CLEAR RESET clears trace data from the CRT and resets sweep when the instrument is in a write mode In o St modes the processed trace is cleared and the sequence restarted If a plot is in pro gress it is aborted During HP IB operation CLEAR RESET halts HP IB communication and returns the dis play to front panel control Trace Modes Four mutually exclusive modes for Trace A and Trace B determine the manner in which the traces of the input signal are displayed Write Modes There are two write modes in which the trace is updated for Trace A and Trace B e WRITE displays the input signal response MAX HOLD displays and holds the maximum responses of the input signal Store Modes There are two store modes in which the trace remains unchanged for Trace A and Trace B STORE VIEW stores the current trace and displays it on the CRT STORE BLANK stores the current trace and
30. subsequently reset the lower line to the control setting mode APPENDIX F CONTROL GLOSSARY Front Panel 1 LINE AC line switch Turns instrument primary power ON OFF FOCUS Adjusts sharpness of CRT trace TRACE ALIGN Rotates trace about center of CRT HORIZ POSN Adjusts horizontal position of CRT trace VERT POSN Adjusts vertical position of CRT trace CLEAR RESET Momentarily pressing CLEAR RESET clears trace data in WRITE and MAX HOLD operation and resets sweep Resets digital averaging routine to begin averaging of subsequent sweeps Also resets INP B gt A Aborts plot dur ing plot mode Clears display from HP IB control Holding CLEAR RESET push button for 2 sec onds returns control settings annotation to CRT TRACE A B Provides two independent digital traces in the following modes a WRITE Displays current input signal with each sweep b MAX HOLD Displays only the highest value of trace data over successive sweeps Process restarted by pressing STORE VIEW Stores current trace and dis plays it on CRT d STORE BLANK Stores current trace with out displaying it on CRT When both STORE BLANK buttons are pressed analog display appears SAMPLE Selects sample detection mode for ran dom noise measurements see Chapter 2 DGTL AVG Digitally averages trace data over suc cessive sweeps Maximum averaging achieved after 64 sweeps Sample detection mode au
31. varia tion is converted to amplitude variation In FM the reso lution bandwidth must be increased to yield a display similar to that shown in Figure 39 before switching to ZERO SPAN When ZERO SPAN is selected the ampli tude variation is detected by the analyzer and displayed in the time domain as shown in Figure 40 Figure 40 Demodulated FM Signal in ZERO SPAN Pulsed RF A pulsed RF signal is basically an RF signal which is turned on periodically for brief intervals of time Some parameters to be determined in measuring pulsed RF signals are pulse repetition frequency PRF pulse width duty cycle on off ratio of the modulator and pulse power Pulse power can refer to either the average power or to the peak power of the pulse The spectrum analyzer can display a pulsed RF signal in either of two modes the line mode or the pulse mode The factor that determines the display mode is the number of spectral components or lines that are in the passband of the spectrum analyzer at any one time In the line mode there is only one spectral component or line in the passband i e the resolution bandwidth is less than the PRF In the pulse mode there is more than one spectral line in the passband i e the resolution bandwidth of the analyzer is greater than about twice the PRF Since a spectrum analyzer does not display the actual peak pulse power of the signal a pulsed signal has its power distributed over a number of spectra
32. yttrium iron garnet YIG tuned filter YTF from 1 7 to 22 GHz Coaxial RF switches are used to switch to the proper filter depending on the selected frequency band The automatic preselector greatly reduces most image multi ple and spurious responses of the analyzer and thus enhances its dynamic range A transistorized YIG tuned oscillator Y TO with a fundamental tuning range of 2 05 to 4 46 GHz is used as the LO in this superheterodyne system The basic frequency conversion equation for a hetero dyne system is given in equation 1 F Fio Fr 1 where F signal frequency local oscillator frequency intermediate frequency The main JF in the HP 8569B is set at 321 4 MHz and the first LO sweeps from 2 0 to 4 46 GHz Therefore from equation 1 F would cover approximately 1 68 to 4 14 GHz in fundamental operation With harmonic mixing the frequency range is extended to 115 GHz as shown in equation 2 2 where N harmonic number 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 16 26 Each harmonic number creates a tuning curve illustrated in Figure B 2 Signal frequencies from 0 01 to 1 8 and 1 7 to 22 GHz are converted by the broadband internal mixer to a 2050 MHz IF and a 321 4 MHz IF respectively In the 1 7 to 22 GHz frequency range the YIG tuned filter tracks a particular tuning curve and thus eliminates spuri ous responses resulting from harmonic mixing From 14 5 to 115 GHz an external wa
33. 0 Hz BW 2nd Order Products 3rd Order Products 130 Qum GHID o o o OO OO GRED OO 0 eam eam eam 9 1 7 to 22 GHz 2nd and 3rd order Signal Separation 2100 MHz 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 Effective Input Level in dBm Signal Level Input Attenuation Mixer levels above 7 dBm cause gain compression 80 c Figure 26 Dynamic Range The distortion curves for the 1 7 22 GHz frequency range are represented by a horizontal line The line repre sents both the second and third order distortion curves which theoretically have the same slope as the distortion curves in the non preselected modes However the curves are represented as a horizontal line because the absolute levels of the internally generated distortion are generally well below the internally generated noise of the analyzer Example Measure the third order intermodulation products of a microwave amplifier The two output signals are 10 dBm at 5 9 and 6 1 GHz What is the maximum dynamic range of the analyzer Solution The maximum dynamic range is approximately 110 dB Note that the signal separation is 200 MHz therefore the second and third order distortion of the analyzer is rep resented by the distortion curve for the preselected band 1 7 to 22 GHz with signal separation gt 100 MHz Fora m
34. 2 GHz range Figure 14 illustrates a typical display with the 1 7 22 GHz SPAN selected The stair step baseline display in Figure 14 is the result of gain compensation applied to the higher frequency bands to maintain a calibrated amplitude display Gain compen sation is required because the higher frequency bands uti lize higher LO harmonics of lower amplitude yielding reduced sensitivity To obtain the highest sensitivity from the analyzer use the lowest FREQUENCY BAND GHz setting available when there is a frequency overlap For instance a 7 GHz signal can be measured in the 3 8 to 8 5 GHz band or the 5 8 to 12 9 GHz band The sensitivity however is better in the 3 8 to 8 5 GHz band The five frequency span modes available on the HP 8569B provide the user with maximum flexibility in mak ing measurements Table 2 summarizes the characteristics of each FREQUENCY SPAN MODE setting RES 3 MHz SWP AUTO SPAN FULL ATTEN B dB WAR 3 1467 GHz REF 38 18 d8 Figure 12 Identifying a Signal in FULL BAND 3 1468 GHz 2 MHz RES BW 100 kHz VF OFF REF 30 dBm 18 dB ATTEN dB SWP AUTO Figure 13 Analysis in PER DIV SPAN 1 7 22 GHz RES BW 3 MHz 10 dB 18 dB 58 AUTO MAR 11 6338 GHz REF 6 dBm Figure 14 1 7 22 GHz SPAN Mode RESOLUTION BANDWIDTH sum FREQUENCY BAM DN m RESOLU
35. B For each 10 dB step the signal amplitude should not change more than 1 dB from the previous step The total amplitude variation difference betwen maximum and minimum signal levels over entire 70 dB range should not exceed 2 4 dB Adjust REF LEVEL CAL to position signal peak two divisions below REFERENCE LEVEL line Step instrument REF LEVEL dBm from 70 to 10 while stepping 355D step attenuator from 70 dB to 10 dB maintain signal level approximately two divisions below REFERENCE LEVEL line 0 5 division x 0 5 dB 2 13 Installation and Operation Verification Model 8569B OPERATION VERIFICATION Table 2 3 Operational Check 1 of 3 Rotation of MANUAL SWEEP control varies position of trace on CRT display No sweep Bright dot on lower left edge of CRT display Sweep visible on CRT display SWEEP TRIGGER Sweep visible on CRT display Presence of CRT sweep is dependent on TRIGGER LEVEL setting No CRT trace is visible SINGLE One sweep is triggered when START RESET push button is pressed FREE RUN Sweep visible on CRT display SWEEP TIME DIV Slowly rotate con Sweep on CRT display becomes increasingly slower trol counterclockwise NOTE Select 1 7 4 1 FREQUENCY BAND GHz and adjust TUNING control to center signal on CRT display PRESELECTOR Rotate over full Signal amplitude varies Set control for maximum PEAK range signal amplitude NOTE Set FREQUENCY SPAN DIV to 100 kHz and adjust FINE t
36. Band When selected by panel pushbutton analyzer displays spectrum of Frequency Band chosen This automatically selects a 3 MHz Resolution bandwidth and a 9 kHz Video Filter Sweep Time Div varies from approximately 10 msec to 100 msec div depending on which Frequency Band is chosen Tuning marker fre quency position indicates where analyzer tuning will be centered if a Per Division span mode is chosen Per Division In F position full band the entire range of the Fre quency Band seiected is spanned thus allowing the use of Resolution Bandwidth and Video Filter set tings other than those chosen when the Full Band pushbutton is depressed Center frequency of the analyzer s display is set by the tuning control and in dicated by the LED readouts The Frequency CAL control to the right of the display window on the front panel is used to set the LED readout to agree with the actual center frequency of the CRT display normally set using the 100 MHz CAL OUTPUT as a 0 100 GHz frequency reference Out of range blanking The out of range portion of the CRT trace is auto matically blanked whenever the analyzer is swept beyond a band edge RESOLUTION Bandwidth Ranges See Figure 1 for curves of typical analyzer resolution using different IF bandwidths IF Bandwidth shape Approximately gaussian synchronously tuned 4 pole filter Frequency drift fundamental mixing 01 4 1 GHz long term At fixed center frequency aft
37. ENCE LEVEL graticule line 0 6 division Signal peak 5 divisions below REFERENCE LEVEL graticule line 1 2 divisions Signal peak 3 5 divisions belov REFERENCE LEVEL graticule line 1 0 division Return to 10 dB 2 15 Installation and Operation Verification Model 8569B OPERATION VERIFICATION Table 2 3 Operational Check 3 of 3 Increase and then decrease signal amplitude Maximum signal is held on CRT display STORE VIEW Trace is held on CRT display and is not affected by changes in control settings TRAEB B Set TRACE A to WRITE Set TRACE A to WRITE and repeat checks described for TRACE A Set TRACE A to WRITE and repeat checks described for TRACE A checks described for TRACE A TRACES A and B STORE BLANK Analog signal is displayed without CRT annotation TRACES A and B Set TRACE A to WRITE then to STORE BLANK With TRACE B set to WRITE STORE VIEW vary signal amplitude or position then set TRACE B to STORE VIEW Set TRACE A to STORE VIEW Both traces are displayed on CRT NOTE Set TRACE A to WRITE and TRACE B to STORE BLANK Set FREQUENCY SPAN DIV to 1 MHz and RESOLUTION BW to 30 kHz Center signal on CRT display with TUNING control SIG IDENT Depressed Two signals on CRT display Signal identifier signal is two divisions to left of comb tooth and is also lower in amplitude CRT Annotation TRACE A to WRITE Control settings are displayed on CRT and annotation changes as settings are cha
38. ER MODULE INSERT CORRECT FUSE IN FUSEHOLDER Figure 2 1 Line Voltage Selection with Power Module PC Board 24 Model 8569B Installation and Operation Verification OPTION 908 RACK MOUNTING KIT WITHOUT FRONT LEFT SIDE OF HANDLES INSTRUMENT HP 5061 0078 FRONT OF INSTRUMENT TRIM STRIP PAN HEAD P d Each side of Machine Screw instrument Remove 8 32 x 0 375 from instrument HP 2510 0193 before attaching 4 places on each RACK FLANGE flange side of instrument HP 5020 8863 Attach 1 on each side of instrument OPTION 913 RACK MOUNTING KIT WITH FRONT LEFT SIDE OF HP 5061 0084 Machine Screw FRONT OF 8 32 x 0 375 INSTRUMENT HP 2510 0195 FRONT HANDLE Trim Strip HP 5020 8897 RACK FLANGE HP 5020 8875 _ P on each side of instrument FRONT HANDLE ASSEMBLY HP 5060 9900 PAN HEAD Machine Screw THESE ITEMS SUPPLIED WITH NT HANDLES KIT IF REMOVE TRIM STRIPS AND INSTRUMENT AURELDV AS side of instrument FLAT HEAD MACHINE SCREWS HANDLES ORDER IF HANDLES ALREADY ON INE SCREWS 2510 0194 AND FLANGES 5020 8875 Figure 2 2 Attaching Rack Mounting Hardware and Handles 2 5 Installation and Operation Verification Model 8569B 1 8 PLACES 6 2 PLACES 4 PLACES 7 8 9220 2733 FOAM PADS TOP CORNER BOTTOM CORNER 1 9211 2622 CARTON INNER 4 4040 1738 BARS SHIPPING PLASTIC 2510 0103 SCREW FOR ATTACHING SHIPPING BAR
39. NT push button and note whether the response resembles that shown in Figure 30 If the RES 30 kHz SWP AUTO SPAN 1 MHz ATTEN 28 dB CTR 29 279 GHz REF 35 dBm 18 dB Figure 30 Signal Identifier response moves to the left 2 MHz and drops in ampli tude it is the correct signal and its frequency is indicated on the display When a signal cannot be identified in any of the EXT MIXER frequency bands one of two condi tions applies 1 The signal is not in the 12 4 to 115 GHz frequency range 2 The displayed response is a product generated by a harmonic of the Local Oscillator not utilized by the analyzer in displaying amplitude calibrated signals However there is a displayed response on one or more of the frequency bands which will identify the signal correctly In either case the signal frequency can be approximated from the following equation F Fy where F input signal N mixing mode first local oscillator frequency Fir first intermediate frequency The first step in calculating the input frequency is to cal culate the actual mixing mode N using the following equation ___2 gt ___ xNof frequency 2 Signal Shift MHz band selected where N harmonic mixing mode N actual mixing mode Signal Shift signal shift on CRT in MHz with ON The next step in the determination of F the actual input signal is to calculate the local osci
40. P 11517A must be used with the appropriate waveguide adapter listed in Table 4 The external mixer connects to the IF INPUT port on the front panel of the HP 8569B by means of a coaxial cable that has male SMA connec tors Selection of the EXT MIXING MODE and the cor responding FREQUENCY BAND allows frequency cov erage in four ranges 12 4 to 26 5 GHz 21 to 44 GHz 33 to 71 GHz and 53 to 115 GHz 23 Table 4 External Mixer Components HP Model Number p Designation 11517A 12 4 40 GHz Mixer 11518A 12 4 18 GHz Adapter 11519A 18 26 5 GHz Adapter 11520A 26 5 40 GHz Adapter External mixers are used whenever the signal of interest is higher in frequency than the design limits of the coaxial input and internal mixer of the spectrum analyzer Con sider these four signals when using external mixers the RF input the spectrum analyzer first LO the bias cur rent for the mixer diode and the IF output of the mixer Some mixers have separate ports for each signal One port is for the RF input The other port is shared by the LO power and DC bias current inputs and IF output The HP 11517A is a two port device A diplexer HP Part Number 5086 7721 must be used to separate the DC current from the LO power A test setup of the HP 8569B with the HP 11517A External Mixer and adapter and the diplexer is illustrated in Figure 29 SPECTRUM ANALYZER TEST SOURCE Figure 29 External Mixer Test
41. Plug Description Length AC Source End Part Number Instrument End cm inches 250V 8120 1351 Straight 229 90 Mint Gray United Kingdom 8120 1703 90 229 90 Mint Gray Cyprus Nigeria Rhodesia Singapore South Africa India BS1363A ui Straight 201 79 Australia New 4 90 D 8120 0696 221 87 Zealand 255198 5 112 8120 1689 7 Straight 201 79 Mint Gray East and West 8120 1692 2 90 201 79 Mint Gray Europe Saudi Arabia Egypt South Africa India unpol arized in many nations 8120 1348 Straight 293 80 Black United States 8120 1398 90 203 80 Black Canada Japan 8120 1754 Straight 91 36 Black 100V or 200V 8120 1378 Straight 203 80 Jade Gray Mexico Philip 8120 1521 90 203 80 Jade Gray pines Taiwan 8120 1676 Straight 91 36 Jade Gray NEMAS 15P 8120 2104 Straight 201 79 Switzerland SEV1011 1959 24507 Type 12 8120 1957 Straight 201 79 Denmark 8120 2956 90 201 79 Part number shown for source end plug is industry identifier for plug only Number shown for cable is HP Part Number for complete cable including plugs E Earth Ground L Line N Neutral Model 8569B WARNING If this instrument is to be energized through an autotransformer make sure the common terminal of the autotransformer is connected to the protective earth contact of the power source outlet socket Any interruption of the protective ground inside or outside the instr
42. S REMOVE HANDLES FOR SHIPMENT 9211 2623 CARTON OUTER 9220 2735 SIDE PADS CORRUGATED CARDBOARD 9222 0069 BAG PLASTIC 6000 Figure 2 3 Packaging for Shipment Using Factory Packaging Materials 2 6 Model 8569B 2 25 STORAGE AND SHIPMENT 2 26 Environment 2 27 The instrument may be stored or shipped in environments within the following limits Temperature 40 C to 75 C Humidity 5 to 95 at 0 C to 40 C Altitude Up to 15 240 meters 50 000 feet The instrument should also be protected from tem perature extremes that cause internal condensation 2 28 Packaging 2 29 Original Packaging Containers and materials identical to those used in factory packaging are available through Hewlett Packard offices Fig ure 2 3 illustrates the proper method of packaging the instrument for shipment using factory packaging materials If the instrument is being returned to Hewlett Packard for servicing attach a tag indica ting the type of service required return address model number and full serial number A supply of these tags is provided at the end of this section Also mark the container FRAGILE to assure careful han dling In any correspondence refer to the instrument by model number and full serial number 2 30 Other Packaging The following general instructions should be used for repackaging with commercially available materials 1 Wrap the instrument in
43. Setup A DC bias is to optimize single diode mixers for minimum conversion loss at the frequency of the RF input signal The HP 8569B can supply negative or posi tive DC bias For positive polarity mixers such as the HP 11517A the bias can vary from 0 to 5 mA For nega tive polarity mixers the bias can vary from 5 to 0 mA 24 In operation the HP 11517A External Mixer bypasses the input attenuator preselector and the internal mixer of the analyzer Three things must be remembered when using the external mixer 1 The INPUT ATTEN has no effect on the input sig nals 2 Harmonic mixing responses must be properly iden tified since there is no preselection in the EXT MIXER bands With a FREQUENCY SPAN DIV of 100 MHz the HP 8569B displays mixing prod uct pairs The correct pair is 642 8 MHz apart The lower frequency product of the pair is the correct one To check this center this signal on the display Select FREQUENCY SPAN DIV of 1 MHz and press the SIG IDENT button The display should show two signals with 2 MHz separation 3 Amplitude measurements are uncalibrated unless steps are taken to calibrate the analyzer Refer to Section V paragraph 5 31 in the HP 8569B Opera tion and Service Manual Signal Identification To properly identify a signal on the CRT the SIG IDENT push button on the HP 8569B is used To use the SIG IDENT center the unknown response on the CRT Then press the SIG IDE
44. T pws OPTIMUM setting the RESO LUTION BW is coupled to the FREQUENCY SPAN DIV by aligning the green markers and pushing the controls in Once the controls are coupled at OPTI MUM the best RESOLUTION BW setting will be automatically chosen for any fre quency span selected The RESOLUTION BW control can also be coupled at a position other than OPTIMUM without loss of calibration of the spectrum analyzer Cali bration is always ensured when the UNCAL indication on the CRT annotation is not present For certain applications independent control of the RESOLUTION BW control may be desirable When either control knob is pulled out the RESOLUTION BW control is decoupled allowing different RESOLUTION BW settings to be selected Figure 15 illustrates how an AM signal with 200 kHz sidebands is displayed at various RESOLUTION BW control settings Note that the nar rower resolution BW will yield increased sensitivity since random noise decreases 10 dB for every reduction of Res olution BW by a factor of 10 The SWEEP TIME DIV control when in AUTO posi tion will automatically select the proper sweep speed whether the RESOLUTION BW control is coupled or uncoupled HP IB Code RB output RESOLUTION BW REFERENCE LEVEL ers Leve The main purpose of the REFER LEVEL control is to set the absolute power at ENCE LEVEL top graticule line on the CRT When the p
45. TRACE ALIGN so that the dis played line is parallel to top graticule line 4 Adjust VERT POSN to place display line on top graticule line REFERENCE LEVEL 5 Adjust HORIZ POSN 2 to place center cross tick of displayed line at center of top graticule line 6 Press c eAR REser tO return normal display Frequency Adjustment 1 Connect 100 MHz CAL OUTPUT signal to INPUT 2 Center signal on CRT with TUNING control 3 Uncouple the RESOLUTION BW and set it to 10 kHz 4 Adjust FREQ CAL 2 to indicate 0 100 GHz on FREQUENCY GHz readout Amplitude Adjustment 1 Center signal on CRT with TUNING control 2 While keeping signal centered on the CRT reduce FREQUENCY SPAN DIV to 50 kHz 3 Set AMPLITUDE SCALE to s 4 Adjust REF LEVEL CAL to position the peak of the signal on the REFERENCE LEVEL top graticule line of the CRT Once the Front Panel Adjustment Procedure is completed the CRT display should be similar to that shown in Fig ure 4 5 Reset the AMPLITUDE SCALE to Bl The HP 8569B is now calibrated for absolute frequency and amplitude measurement RES 10 kHz VF OFF SVP AUTO SPAN 58 kHz ATTEN 8 CIR 188 0 Miz REF 18 dB 1 dB Figure 4 CAL OUTPUT Signal GETTING STARTED The HP 8569B Spectrum Analyzer is a sensitive measur ing instrument To avoid damage to the instrument do not exceed the following Absolute Maximum Inputs T
46. UM auum or Selectable RESOLUTION BANDWIDTH Selectable VIDEO Selectable FILTER Selectable Full Band Modes 7 1 7 22 On Freq Span Div hn GHz Control SPAN TUNING Depends on Depends on 1 7 to 22 GHz FREQUENCY FREQUENCY BAND selected BAND selected Fixed at 3 MHz Fixed at 3 MHz Selectable Fixed at 0 003 x 3 MHz 9 kHz Fixed at 0 003 x 3 MHz 9 kHz Selectable the REFERENCE LEVEL line to read its power level directly on the CRT annotation The signal f in Figure 16 is positioned on the REFERENCE LEVEL line to read 80 dBm directly CTR 105 6 MHz 200 kHz REF 10 dBm 10 dB ATTEN 0 dB RES BW 100 kHz VF OFF SWP AUTO a 100 kHz RBW CTR 105 6 MHz 200 kH2 REF 10 dBm 10 dB ATTEN dB RES BW 30 kHz VF OFF SWP AUTO b 30 kHz RBW CIR 105 8 MHz 200 kHz REF 10 dBm 10 dB ATTEN dB RES BW 10 kHz VF OFF SWP AUTO c 10kHz RBW Figure 15 Resolving Modulation Sidebands The REFERENCE LEVEL line on the CRT is deter mined by a combination of IF gain REFERENCE LEVEL control and RF attenuation INPUT ATTEN The outer control knob adjusts the IF gain in 10 dB steps A fine vernier knob provides continuous control from 0 to 12 dB
47. a 3 MHz resolution BW which enables it to effectively display pulsed RF signals in the pulse mode The 3 MHz bandwidth along with fast sweep times also enables narrow pulse widths to be measured in the time domain The demodulated pulse signal of Figure 42 is shown in Figure 43 Few operating pulsed RF systems have ideal spectra Measurements can still be made regardless of the asym metry of the spectrum Examples of non ideal spectra are found in digital communications and radar Since most radar systems do not have ideal spectra the spectrum of a properly operating system is often stored 30 away for future reference This reference or spectral sig nature can then be used to determine changes that would indicate potential problems The HP 8569B has the capa bility of storing display information onto magnetic tape via HP IB or by directly plotting the information hard copy for use later refer to Chapter 2 In digital communications one major concern is the lim its placed on transmissions by regulatory agencies When the HP 8569B is used with a controller specification lim its can be written directly on the CRT making conform ance testing less tedious An additional factor to consider when measuring pulsed RF signals is the VIDEO FILTER control and the digital averaging capability of the spectrum analyzer In general the VIDEO FILTER and ave should Figure 42 Pulse Spectrum Figure 43 Demodulated Pulsed RF
48. able of contents is provided at the begin ning of this section 3 4 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE 3 5 Fuses 3 6 The HP 8569B has nine fuses eight of which are internal Only the ac line fuse located at the back of the instrument may be replaced by the operator The ac line cord should be disconnected from the power source then the other end disconnected from the instrument With the power cord removed access the fuse compartment by sliding open the clear plas tic cover on the power module Remove the fuse by pulling the lever inside the fuse compartment Replace the blown fuse with a fuse of the correct rating and type for the ac line voltage selected Fuse ratings for different voltages are indicated below the power module Access to the other eight fuses requires removal of the covers of the instrument The internal fuses should be replaced by a qualified serv ice technician 3 7 AirFilter 3 8 Inspect the air filter frequently and if neces sary remove and clean it To clean the filter wash it in warm water and detergent Thoroughly dry the filter before reinstalling it 3 9 Unrestricted air flow within the instrument lengthens component life Keep the air filter clean 3 10 Calibration 3 11 Performance tests Section IV should be per formed every six months to ensure that the instru ment meets the specifications listed in Section I 3 1 3 2 HEWLETT PACKARD 8569B SPECTRUM ANALYZER OPERATION Copyr
49. analyzer with a flexible coaxial cable Refer to Figure 50 SPECTRUM ANALYZER Figure 50 Loop Probe Various parts of the circuit can be probed to identify the location as well as the frequencies and relative amplitudes of spurious signals Once the spurious signal has been identified design techniques can be im plemented to reduce or eliminate the cause of in terference When testing to detailed specifications i e MIL STD it is the worst case limits or the peaks of the signals that are of concern Holo be used to store the maximum amplitudes of these signals for later com parison to specified limits With interface to a desktop computer the HP 8569B spectrum analyzer automatically reformats the display to reflect such test limits as impulse bandwidth normaliza tions antenna factor or current probe corrections NOTE Consult AN 150 10 and AN 142 for more information on EMI measurements SWEPT FREQUENCY RESPONSE Frequency response measurements are a common requirement for many system components such as filters amplifiers and mixers The addition of an appropriate source to the spectrum analyzer makes a powerful system for stimulus response swept frequency measurements The HP 8444A Option 059 is a tracking generator whose RF output frequency follows tracks the tuning of the HP 8569B Spectrum Analyzer over the frequency range of 010 to 1 5 GHz Since the first local oscillator from the spectr
50. ard Application Notes 150 4 and 150 9 for details 11 REFERENCE LEVEL INPUT ATTEN Maximum rer te 20 AMPLITUDE 10 dB DIV REFERENCE LEVEL RANGE b REFERENCE LEVEL INPUT ATTEN AMPLITUDE 110 SCALE 10 dB DIV 120 SENSITIVITY a Figure 16 Reference Level CIR 2 4007 GHz 18 MHz RES 388 kHz CTR 2 4007 SPAN 18 2 RES BW 300 kHz REF 40 dBm 18 dB ATTEN dB SWP AUTO 19 dB ATTEN dB SWP AUTO a Video Filter OFF b Video Filter BW 003 x 300 kHz 900 Hz Figure 17 Video Filtering Sweep Time fem voto futer em When SWEEP TIME DIV 15 set to AUTO the sweep time is automatically adjusted for all FREQUENCY SPAN DIV RESOLUTION BW and VIDEO FILTER settings to maintain a cali brated amplitude display The effect of the AUTO SWEEP TIME DIV setting may be observed by decreasing the VIDEO FILTER bandwidth setting The sweep rate slows automatically to allow the narrow video filter bandwidths more time to respond Calibrated sweep times from 2 psec Div to 10 sec Div are available when the SWEEP TIME DIV con trol is not in AUTO The faster sweep times 2 usec Div to 1 msec Div are used only to display fast signal varia tions in the time domain ZERO SPAN selected At sweep speeds of 2 msec Div and faster a mixed mode is enabled in which the display characters and the illumina tion for the graticule remain digitally controlled while the displ
51. aximum input 40V 21 4 MHz IF Output A 50 ohm 21 4 MHz output linearly related to the RF input to the analyzer Bandwidth con trolled by the analyzer s Resolution Bandwidth setting amplitude controlled by the Input Attenuator IF gain ver nier and first 6 IF Reference Level step gain positions 10 through 60 dBm level with 0 dB input attenua tion Output is approximately 10 dBm from 50 ohms for full scale signals on the CRT First LO Output Connector is SMA Female 50 ohms Terminate in a 50 ohm load when not in use Frequency 2 00 to 4 46 GHz Power Level typically 8 dBm minimum Stability Typical residual FM Stabilized 30 Hz p p Unstabilized 2 kHz p p External Mixing Bias 5 mA to 5 mA into 500 Qs out put from the EXT MIXING IF INPUT port Maximum short circuit current limits 9 mA maximum open circuit voltage limits 3 volts Aux B Used during factory calibration CATHODE RAY TUBE Type Post deflection accelerator approximately 11 5 kV accelerating potential aluminized P31 phosphor electrostatic focus and deflection Graticule Internal 8 x 10 division 1 division vertically is 1 centimeter 1 division horizontally is 1 2 centimeters There are 5 subdivisions per each major division Annotation Major control settings are annotated on CRT Viewing Area Approximately 9 6 centimeters vertically by 11 centimeters horizontally 3 8 inches by 4 7 inches
52. ay not be used when analyzer is in analog or mixed sweep mode During the sweep triggered by SF the MS command may be used to test whether the sweep is in progress or complete All other analyzer commands sent by the controller during the sweep for which the MS flag 1 will be accepted and ig nored by the analyzer The MS command is the only command that has meaning during an SF triggered sweep See the example at the end of this appendix SP Output Frequency Span Div ere C mH 1000 to 500000000 for Span in Hz division 0 for Zero Span for Full Span 2 for 1 7 22 GHz Span Span See Appendix D for conversion from dBm readout to dBuV 47 ST TA TB TB TS VF Video Filter Output Sweep Time Div oes CS rn See 2 to 10000000 for Sweeptime in us division for AUTO sweep 2 for MANual sweep 3 for EXTernal sweep Sweeptime Output trace A output trace B integer values Sore Cr s Hen Ci 481 values in the range 000 to 820 3 digits each including leading zeros each value followed by a comma except the last value 1923 total bytes or ASCII characters TA trace A TB trace B Trace out TOT Vj value number 1 2 480 481 where 3 digits See TA Take Sweep p Additional Commands Triggers the analyzer to sweep and inhibits subsequent commands to the analyzer until that sweep is complete Upon completion of the sweep t
53. ayed trace information is analog At a sweep speed of 5 msec Div a mixed mode is enabled if the O 55 5 8 or O M push button is pressed When the mixed mode is enabled the trace information cannot be transferred digitally When the SWEEP TIME DIV control is operated manu ally not in AUTO or in any full band mode care must be taken to ensure that amplitude calibration is main tained An uncalibrated display can easily be verified by the presence of the UNCAL readout in the CRT annota tion The SWEEP TIME DIV control AUTO or man ual operation will operate with any SWEEP TRIGGER setting as long as INT SWEEP SOURCE is selected HP IB Code ST output SWEEP TIME DIV or AUTO flag TS take sweep SF start sweep and set sweep flag MS output value of sweep flag DIGITAL STORAGE DISPLAY The spectrum analyzer CRT displays the signal response trace and all pertinent measurement data The display information provided at a flicker free rate can be stored for later reference Certain arithmetic and signal process ing functions such as MAX HOLD and digital averaging can be performed on the trace values The analyzer can output character information Figure 18 or messages can be sent to the display via HP IB HP IB Code LU LL input lower upper line messages AU AL display lower upper line control settings CS output annotation TRACES Two independent traces A and B may be stored and then displayed either
54. blanks it from the CRT display When both Trace A and Trace B are in STORE BLANK a single analog trace is displayed HP IB Code TA TB output Trace A Trace B integer values BA BB output Trace A Trace B byte values output Trace A Trace B peak signal coordinates IA IB input Trace A Trace B integer values 13 9 3449 GHz SPAN ZERO 18 dB 9 3451 GHz REF 10 dBm MID dB ATTEN 18 dB p VF OFF SMPL RES BW 100 kHz SWP AUTO NOTE ITEMS 11 THROUGH 15 ARE ALTERNATE ANNOTATIONS ny ts Center Frequency FREQUENCY SPAN DIV setting RESOLUTION Bandwidth setting Video Filter setting Reference Level setting Amplitude Scale factor setting Input Attenuator setting Sweep Source Sweep Time DIV setting Sample mode indication Trace invalid indication Uncalibrated display indication ANALOG DISPLAY mode indication Marker Frequency in Full and 1 7 22 GHz Span modes Reference Level dB at center graticule line Digital Averaging indication Figure 18 CRT Annotation TRACE MEMORY An understanding of the trace modes requires a descrip tion of trace memory and trace data transfer within the analyzer Display traces are not written directly to the CRT using the IF section video output Figure 19 Instead the video response is converted to digital information and stored in atrace memory which can then be transferred to the CRT display The way i
55. container or cushioning material is dam aged it should be kept until the contents of the ship ment have been checked for completeness and the instrument has been checked mechanically and elec trically The contents of the shipment should be as shown in Figure 1 1 The electrical performance is checked by the operation verification procedure in this section If the contents are incomplete if there is mechanical damage or defect or if the instrument does not pass the operation verification test notify the nearest Hewlett Packard office Keep the ship ping materials for inspection by the carrier The HP office will arrange for repair or replacement without waiting for a claim settlement 2 5 PREPARATION FOR USE 2 6 Power Requirements 2 7 The HP Model 8569B requires a power source of 100 120 220 or 240 Vac 5 10 48 66 Hz Power consumption is less than 220 volt amperes The Option 400 permits operation on line frequen cies of 50 60 and 400 Hz at the voltages specified above 2 8 Line Voltage and Fuse Selection WARNING BEFORE THIS INSTRUMENT 15 TURNED ON its protective earth ter minals must be connected to the pro tective conductor of the main power cable The main power cable plug shall be inserted only in a socket out let that is provided with a protective earth contact DO NOT negate the earth grounding protection by using an extension cable a power cable or an autotransformer without a protect ive
56. curacy Individual resolution bandwidth 3 dB points lt 15 DESCRIPTION A comb generator is used to check the span width and the CAL OUTPUT signal is used to check resolution bandwidth accuracy at different positions of the FREQUENCY SPAN DIV and RESOLUTION BW controls By verifying the calibration of these controls proper operation of the sweep circuits is also verified PROCEDURE 1 Connect comb generator to instrument INPUT 500 2 10 Model 8569B Installation and Operation Verification OPERATION VERIFICATION 2 35 FREQUENCY SPAN WIDTH AND RESOLUTION BANDWIDTH ACCURACY Cont d 2 Setall normal green settings and other controls as follows Spectrum Analyzer xdg ok NUTS ELE WRITE TRACE B us ehe a MP UU era E nee STORE BLANK FREQUENCY BAND 2 1 01 1 8 FREQUENCY SPAN DIV Sa e este eere Redde we ne Pee Le ews 100 MHz RESOLUTION BW ed exe E th E SEE RE RA S 1 MHz coupled nerui ater erret ed d 10 dB REF E EVEIdBtiin ueber MEE Ru UA mI BD NN E UA BRE 0 vu piane uten ect eost eee 0 500 GHz Comb Generator Comb frequency EE SS 100 MHz Output amplitude i desee RE EEIEVE NER Optimum 3 Tune spectrum analyzer to position one comb tooth at graticul
57. dB dBmV dBmV 60dB If it is desired to convert from logarithmic units to linear units then the equations given below will be useful Keep in mind that the logarithmic levels are all referenced to linear units That is 0 dBm referenced to 1 mw 0 dBmV referenced to 1 mV 0 dBuV referenced to 1 pV To calculate a linear level simply take the antilog of the logarithmic level dBm to P mW dBm 10 log P log 23m dBmV to V mV dBmV 20 log 1 V log oo dB V to V aV dBuV 20 log 1 A log M Figure C 1 be used to convert from dBm to voltage in a 500 system Conversion from dBm to volts can be made whether the AMPLITUDE SCALE is in LOG or LINear To read voltage on the HP 8569B position the signal on the REF ERENCE LEVEL line of the CRT Read the REF LEVEL in dBm and find its equivalent voltage from the conversion chart Figure C 1 The REF LEVEL calibra tion can be changed from dBm to dByV by means of internal jumper Appendix D Figure C 1 Converison Chart Converts from dBm to Voltage 500 43 APPENDIX D OPTION STATUS INTERFACE Certain options on the HP 8569B can be enabled by means of a single jumper per option The jumper socket J2 is part of the Option Status Inter face located on the A7 Input Output Assembly A dia gram showing the location of J2 is shown in Figure D 1 Figure D 1 Option Status Jumpers Positioning of the opt
58. dB division 0 for LINEAR scale LL LU Input lower line input upper line message Seg e dditional Commands Text Up to 63 ASCII characters to appear on upper line LU or lower line LL of labeling above graticule on CRT Term An ASCII terminating character ETX Le Cy or any byte in the range O to 31 decimal 8569B Display Character Set 32 63 W z amp 0o 0123456789 14257 6495 GRBCDEFGHIJIKLMNOPORSTUVMAZ YZL 1 96 127 abcdef ghi jkImnopqrstuuuxezilivk Character 32 is a blank LU See LL MS Output value of sweep flag e C u Flag 0 for sweep completed 7 for sweep in progress The MS mid sweep flag should be used only following an SF command and refers only to the single sweep triggered by that command If the MS flag is tested when there has been no SF command the flag has no meaning and a zero value is returned NS Output INP B 4A state ca Cr Hr HO Flag 0 for INP B gt A OFF 1 for INP B gt A ON RB Output Resolution Bandwidth C ren ee C Res BW 100 to 3000000 for Resolution Bandwidth in Hz RL Output Reference Level GO eS Ref Level 60 to 112 for Reference Level in dBm 167 to 5 for Reference Level in dBuV 172 to 172 for relative level of center graticule in dB with SF Start sweep and set sweep flag Gr Additional Commands Triggers sweep sets MS flag 1 At completion of sweep MS flag 0 SF m
59. e of 0 125 18 dB Hence the peak pulse power in Figure 43 is 20 dBm Pulse Mode To obtain a pulse spectrum on the analyzer the resolu tion bandwidth of the analyzer must be set to greater than about twice the PRF to ensure that more than one spectral line is within the passband of the analyzer To find the peak pulse power in the pulse mode add the pulse desensitization which is a function of pulse width and spectrum analyzer impulse bandwidth to the main lobe power Figure 44 illustrates a signal in the pulse spectrum mode As with the line spectrum the pulse width can be deter mined from the main lobe width while the impulse bandwidth is a characteristic of the analyzer 20 log pulse width x Impulse BW For a pulse width of 2 5usec and an impulse bandwidth of 150 kHz ap 8 dB The peak pulse power of the signal shown in Figure 44 then is 20 dBm A wider resolution bandwidth results when in pulse spec trum mode The wider resolution bandwidth provides two advantages First the signal to noise ratio is increased because the pulse amplitude increases linearly with the resolution bandwidth BW The random noise increases proportionally to the square root of the band width VBW The only limitation is that the band width should be no greater than about 5 percent of the main lobe width Secondly faster sweep times can be used because of the wider resolution bandwidths The HP 8569B has
60. e offset of the YTF YIG driver circuit It is adjusted to eliminate any amplitude uncertainty due to nonlinear tracking between the YTF and the YTO The Frequency Display Unit dis plays the frequency represented by the center of the CRT display RF SECTION RF Attenuator Input 500 01 22 GHz INPUT ATTEN SIGNAL PATHS 1 7 22 GHz 01 18 GHE 2 12 4 115 GHZ Coupler Tuning Stabilizer YIG Oriver YTO PEICEERETINIIUIFISIXIIT External Mixing input E YIG Driver SECOND CONVERTER 2 05 GHz LPF PRESELECTOR PEAK BPF Frequency Display Unit Frequency Control Unit C TUNING 2 05 GHz External Mixing Input IF SECTION treimi ECON E SECOND CONVERTER THIRD CONVERTER REFERENCE LEVEL Variable Gain Amplifier Detector 321 4 MHz Amplifier 321 1 MHz jam CE LO Log Linear BPF Amplifier RESOLUTION BW Coupler T __ 1 1 7286 GHz 300 MHz 1 Frequency TS FREQUENCY SPAN DIV uning YTO Display tabilizer Unit Driver e Frequency Control Unit eee 25 _ NO ER Sweep weep x zu ENS Attenuator Generator PRESELECTOR PEAK TUNING SWEEP riME DIV fier IF Filter Amplifier
61. e reference line far left 4 Note position of ninth spectral line comb tooth It must be on eighth graticule line 0 4 division See Figure 2 5 5 Set FREQUENCY SPAN DIV to 10 MHz with RESOLUTION BW coupled and comb generator to 10 MHz Repeat steps 3 and 4 6 Set FREQUENCY SPAN DIV to 1 MHz and comb generator to 1 MHz Repeat steps 3 and 4 CTR 604 0 MHz 100 2 RES BW 1 MHz VF OFF REF dBm 10 48 7 10 dB SWP AUTO d GRATICULE GRATICULE LINE TT ILL A COMB seas Fo I Tv ses FIRST nes 224 adis bad pem Figure 2 5 Span Width Accuracy Measurement 2 11 Installation and Operation Verification Model 8569B OPERATION VERIFICATION 2 35 FREQUENCY SPAN WIDTH AND RESOLUTION BANDWIDTH ACCURACY Cont d NOTE The wider FREQUENCY SPANIDIV settings are checked using a comb gen erator The narrow FREQUENCY SPANIDIV settings are checked by observ ing RESOLUTION BW accuracy as follows 7 Set FREQUENCY SPAN DIV to 2 MHz RESOLUTION BW to 1 MHz and AMPLITUDE SCALE to 1 dB 8 Connect spectrum analyzer CAL OUTPUT to INPUT 50Q and tune spectrum analyzer to 0 100 GHz Center signal on display and use REFERENCE LEVEL controls to position peak of signal to REFER ENCE LEVEL line 9 Note width of signal three divisions below REFERENCE LEVEL line Sp
62. e second exposure To set up the initial focusing of the camera the user is referred to the Operation Section of the 197B Operation and Service Manual HP Part Number 00197 90915 Analog X Y Recording The HP 8569B is directly compatible with the HP line of X Y recorders as well as strip chart and magnetic tape recorders The VERTICAL OUTPUT BLANK OUT PUT and HORIZONTAL SWEEP OUTPUT are avail able from the rear panel of the analyzer As with digital plotters X Y recorders can provide full size high resolu tion copies up to 11 by 14 inches approximately 279 to 356 mm that are more convenient than photographs for laboratory report folders Figure 28 iilustrates a typi cal setup used for X Y recording The bandwidth of most X Y recorders is very narrow typically 1 to 2 Hz This narrow bandwidth requires a sweep rate that is slow enough for the recorder to fully respond to a signal In general a sweep rate of 2 sec div is sufficient for most X Y recorders The SINGLE or the MANUAL sweep mode on the HP 8569B can be used to control the sweep X Y RECORDER BLANK OUTPUT PENLIFT VERTICAL OUTPUT HORIZONTAL SWEEP OUTPUT SPECTRUM ANALYZER SIGNAL INPUT Figure 28 X Y Recorder EXTERNAL MIXER OPERATION Calibrated frequency coverage from 12 4 to 40 GHz can be achieved by using the HP 11517A Option E03 Exter nal Mixer Coverage above 40 GHz can be accomplished with a variety of commercially available mixers The H
63. e the 100 MHz sig nal to the center of the display The FREQUENCY SPAN DIV control may be increased to facilitate tuning 3 Adjust the FREQUENCY SPAN DIV control to achieve the desired resolution Since there is no modulation on the CAL OUTPUT signal a 1 MHz Div span is sufficient Retune the signal to the center of the display if necessary 4 Position the peak of the signal on the REFER ENCE LEVEL top graticule line of the CRT using the REFERENCE LEVEL control Since the CAL OUTPUT signal is the calibration refer ence for the analyzer FREQUENCY GHz should read 0 100 GHz and the REFERENCE LEVEL should read 10 dBm Figure 5 If not adjust the FREQ CAL and the REF LEVEL CAL to obtain the correct reading For this next example let us suppose that the microwave source in the test setup Figure 6 operates in C band 4 to complete front panel adjustment procedure is included this chapter RES BW 100 kHz OFF SWP AUTO CIR 180 0 MHz REF 18 dBm 10 dB SPAN 1 MHz ATTEN 0 dB L 4 Figure 6 Microwave Source Test Setup 8 GHz However we do not know its exact output fre quency What then is the best way to locate a signal By using the full band feature of the HP 8569B we can sweep an entire frequency band to search for a signal To view the microwave source in Figure 6 that operates in C band select the 3 8 to 8 5 GHz Fre
64. eak of a signal is at the REFERENCE LEVEL its absolute level in dBm or dByV is indicated on the CRT annotation as well as on the REF ERENCE LEVEL control knob This characteristic of the analyzer is used to improve the amplitude measurement accuracy using IF substitution refer to Chapter 3 The REFERENCE LEVEL control combined with the INPUT ATTEN control has a range of 172 dB from 112 dBm to 60 dBm as shown in Figure 16a Although the REFERENCE LEVEL control is calibrated from 30 dBm to 60 dBm signal levels should never exceed 30 dBm since that is the maximum power the analyzer can withstand without damage In Figure 16b the REFERENCE LEVEL control was adjusted to posi tion the peak of f on the REFERENCE LEVEL line of the CRT The absolute power of f then is 30 dBm The level at f can be read from the calibrated CRT dis play as 20 dBm that is 50 dB below 30 dBm assum ing a 10 dB Div Amplitude Scale factor The Amplitude Scale factor can be set for 10 dB 5 dB 2 dB or 1 dB per division with respect to the REFERENCE LEVEL top graticule line The LIN scale factor sets the vertical cali bration to volts with the bottom graticule line represent ing OV If desired a low level signal can be positioned at Table 2 Frequency Span Modes ZERO SPAN o Time Domain PER DIV a Close Analysis FREQUENCY ZERO Selectable SPAN Manual Tune from 1 kHz DIV to 500 MHz DIV OPTIM
65. ecessary hardware with installation instructions for the addition of front handles and mounting the instrument on a rack whose spacing is 482 6 mm 19 inches Installation instructions are also given in Fig ure 2 2 See Table 2 2 for HP part numbers 2 23 Front Handles 2 24 Instruments are shipped with a Front Handle Kit which supplies necesary hardware with installa tion instructions for mounting front handles on the instrument See Figure 2 2 for installation instruc tions Table 2 2 Rack Mounting Kits for HP 8569B OPTION 908 Rack Flange Machine Screw Pan Head 8 32 x 0 375 inch OPTION 913 Handle Assembly Rack Flange Machine Screw Pan Head 8 32 x 0 625 inch 5020 8863 2510 0193 5060 9900 5020 8875 2510 0194 Installation and Operation Verification Model 8569B RECEPTACLE FOR PRIMARY POWER CORD PC SELECTOR BOARD SHOWN POSITIONED FOR 115 120 VAC POWER LINE SELECTION OF OPERATING VOLTAGE OPERATING VOLTAGE APPEARS IN MODULE wiNDOw 1 SLIDE OPEN POWER MODULE COVER DOOR AND PUSH FUSE PULL LEVER TO LEFT TO REMOVE FUSE PULL OUT VOLTAGE SELECTOR PC BOARD POSITION PC BOARD SO THAT VOLTAGE NEAREST ACTUAL LINE VOLTAGE LEVEL WILL APPEAR IN MODULE WINDOW PUSH BOARD BACK INTO ITS SLOT PUSH FUSE PULL LEVER INTO ITS NORMAL RIGHT HAND POSITION CHECK FUSE TO MAKE SURE IT IS OF COR RECT RATING AND TYPE FOR INPUT AC LINE VOLTAGE FUSE RATINGS FOR DIF FERENT LINE VOLTAGES ARE INDICATED BELOW POW
66. ecification 5 divisions 0 75 division Verification of the 1 MHz RESOLUTION BW setting verifies proper operation of the LC band width filters 10 Set FREQUENCY SPAN DIV to 10 KHz and RESOLUTION BW to 30 kHz 11 Repeat step 8 and note width of signal three divisions below REFERENCE LEVEL line Specification 3 divisions 0 45 division Verification of the 30 kHz RESOLUTION BW setting verifies proper operation of the crystal bandwidth filters 2 36 AMPLITUDE ACCURACY SPECIFICATIONS Calibrator Output 10 dBm 0 3 dB Reference Level variation Input Attenuator at 0 dB 10 dB steps 20 to 30 C Oto 60 dBm lt 0 5 dB Oto 90 dBm lt x 1 0 dB Vernier 0to 12 dB continuous Maximum error lt 0 5 dB when read from REFERENCE LEVEL FINE control Input Attenuator at preselector input 70 dB range in 10 dB steps Step size variation for steps from 0 to 60 dB 0to 60 dB 0 01 18 GHz lt 1 0 dB 0 to 40 dB 0 01 22 GHz lt 1 5 dB Maximum cumulative error 0 to 60 dB 0 01 18 GHz lt 2 4 dB 0 to 40 dB 0 01 22 GHz lt 2 5 dB 2 12 Model 8569B Installation and Operation Verification OPERATION VERIFICATION 2 36 AMPLITUDE ACCURACY Cont d PROCEDURE 1 Set all normal green settings and other controls as follows FREQUENCY SPAN DIV ccs p a a 1 MHz RESOLUTION BW iet RV rur Rees s d de 30 kHz coupled FREQUENCY BAND
67. el signal Since the preselector tracks the tuning of the analyzer it allows a signal to pass to the mixer when both preselector and analyzer are tuned to receive it When the analyzer is tuned to the low level harmonic the preselector rejects the high level fundamental thus preventing internal dis tortion products from affecting the measurement This condition is illustrated in Figure 24 In the preselected frequency bands 1 7 to 22 GHz the tracking bandpass filter has a nominal 50 MHz band width and a worst case rejection of gt 60 dB 60 dB 18 to 22 GHz 70 dB 1 7 to 18 GHz For signal separation gt 100 MHz the tracking filter will allow only one signal to pass to the mixer while simultaneously rejecting the other signal This is illustrated in Figure 25 Since only one signal is seen at the mixer at any instant of time the third order distortion products of the analyzer are signif icantly reduced Also for larger signal separation the preselector has more rejection and hence the dynamic range is greater YIG Preselector At time 11 the YIG preselector will allow f1 to pass while rejecting f2 since f2 f1 gt 100 MHz Figure 25 YIG Preselector Passband DISTORTION FREE DYNAMIC RANGE DISTORTION FREE DYNAMIC RANGE MIXER LEVEL 3 10 5 22 0 GHz X lt 8 5 18 0 GHz 5 8 12 9 GHz 3 8 8 5 GHz Spurious Free Dynamic Range dB Sensitivity in 10
68. equal to the Resolution BW times the factor indicated on the control knob The NOISE AVG position is a fixed 1 Hz low pass filter used for noise measurements only FREQUENCY GHz Displays the tuned center fre quency of analyzer in PER DIV and ZERO SPAN In Full Band modes displays frequency of the tun ing marker
69. er 1 hour warm up Stabilized lt 3 0 2 10 minutes Unstabilized lt 25 2 10 minutes AMPLITUDE DIFFERENCE dB With Temperature Changes Stabilized 10 kH2 C Unstabilized lt 200 2 Auto stabilizer may be disabled in narrow spans lt 100 kHz Div by depressing front panel pushbutton switch to position VIDEO FILTER Video Filter bandwidths typically 20 of nominal value Post detection low pass filter used to average displayed noise for a smooth trace Nominal settings are given as decimal fractions of the Resolution Bandwidth OFF 3 1 03 01 and 003 A 1 Hz NOISE AVG noise averaging setting is provided for noise level measurement m SIGNAL SEPARATION Figure 1 Typical Spectrum Analyzer Resolution INTERNAL PRESELECTOR 0 01 to 1 8 GHz Low pass filter gt 50 dB above 2 05 GHz Tracking YIG gt dB greater tuned filter than 642 8 MHz from center of pass band 1 7 to 18 GHz gt 60 dB from 18 to 22 GHz TRACKING PRESELECTOR Preselector skirt roll off Characteristics of a three pole filter nominally 18 dB octave 3 dB bandwidth typically varies from 25 MHz at 1 7 GHz to 70 MHz at 22 GHz Model 8569B General Information Table 1 2 HP Model 8569B Supplemental Characteristics 2 of 4 SUPPLEMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS NOTE Values in this table are not specifications but are typical characteristics in cluded for user inf
70. f 10 bit value For example to represent 820 1A IB Input trace A input trace B integer values the pair of 8 bit bytes would be c a 00000011 b 00110100 Trace in Up to 481 values in the range 0 975 Only the integer portion of the num ber is used Values will be displayed at Therefore when a BA or BB command initiates the appropriate levels on the CRT a byte transfer over the interface the resulting except negative values which will be pairs of bytes must be recombined in the blanked The trace values are to be controller to yield meaningful data Normally separated by commas the last value the first byte is either shifted or rotated 8 bits followed by a semi colon except when to the left or multiplied by 256 28 and a full 481 values are sent in which case added to the second byte to effect the re the final semi colon is optional For combination example an input of 300 values would look like this BB See BA E E PET Vj value number p 2 Shes 299 300 BP See AP where v 1 to 3 digits CF Output Center Frequency A carriage return before the terminating en CoP ine Hrs C Frequency 50000000 to 22600000000 for Center Frequency in Hz linefeed is optional and is ignored If the trace values and commas are sent as a string do not attempt to send addi tional commands following in the same Output statement IB See lA LG Output Amplitude Scale Ampl Scale 10 5 2 or 1 for LOG scale
71. ground conductor Failure to ground the instrument properly can result in personal injury CAUTION BEFORE TURNING ON THIS INSTRU MENT make sure it is adapted to the voltage of the ac power source The voltage selector card must be cor rectly set to adapt the HP Model 8569B to the power source Failure to set the ac power input of the instru ment for the correct voltage level could cause damage to the instru ment when it is turned on 2 9 Select the line voltage and fuse as follows 1 Measure the ac line voltage 2 See Figure 2 1 At the power line module rear panel select the line voltage 100V 120V 220V or 240V closest to the voltage measured in step 1 Line voltage must be within 5 or 10 of the voltage setting If it is not use an auto transformer between the ac source and the instrument 3 Make sure the correct fuse is installed in the fuse holder The required fuse rating for each line voltage is indicated below the power line module 2 10 Cable Connections 2 11 Power Cable accordance with interna tional safety standards this instrument is equipped with a three wire power cable When connected to the appropriate power line outlet this cable grounds the instrument cabinet Table 2 1 shows the styles of plugs available on power cables supplied with HP instruments 2 1 Installation and Operation Verification Model 8569B Table 2 1 AC Power Cables Available Plug Type Cable HP
72. he analyzer resumes accepting commands normally TS may not be used when analyzer is in analog or mixed sweep mode Output Video Filter Ce ese sera Cu 3 to 003 for ratio of VF to Res BW for VF 1 Hz noise average 2 for VF OFF An understanding of the interaction among six of the commands will facilitate their proper utilization in a user s program 48 EXAMPLE 1 Two of these are SF and MS which provide the user with additional flexibility in sweep control over that provided by the simpler TS command When the analyzer receives the ASCII mnemonic TS a sweep is triggered and no further commands are accepted until the sweep is finished This allows a programmer to in struct the analyzer to obtain trace data for the current control settings and input signal conditions without in terference from any subsequent commands To permit parallel usage of the controller and other HP IB equipment while the analyzer is sweeping followed by end of sweep program branching use SF and MS Tes Flag Enter Enter utput End of Sweep branch In the flow diagram the SF instruction triggers a sweep and sets the MS flag 1 The block Additional Code might represent digital processing of trace data from a previous sweep or the execution of a separate measurement involving the controller and other instruments on the interface bus If branching is desired at the end of the sweep such as
73. iate frequency Therefore 38 OGHz 10xf 321 4 MHz Fio 3 77 GHz NOTE F o can also be obtained from Tuning Curves on Figure B 2 25 CHAPTER 4 TYPICAL MEASUREMENTS DISTORTION Distortion measurement is an area in which the spec trum analyzer makes a significant contribution Two basic types of distortion are usually specified by the manufacturer harmonic distortion and two tone third order intermodulation distortion The third order inter modulation products are represented by 2f and 2f5 f where f and f are the two tone input signals The HP 8569B is capable of making a wide variety of distortion measurements with speed and precision The instrument can measure harmonic distortion products greater than 100 dB down in the 1 7 to 22 GHz frequency range Third order intermodulation products can also be measured greater than 100 dB down depending on signal separation and frequency range Amplifiers All amplifiers generate some distortion at the output and these distortion products can be significant if the amplifier is overdriven with a high level input signal The test setup in Figure 31 was used to measure the third order intermodulation products of a microwave field effect transistor FET amplifier Directional couplers and attenuators were used to provide isolation between Sources Figure 32 is a CRT plot of a two tone third order inter modulation measurement The third order products
74. ight 1982 HEWLETT PACKARD COMPANY 1424 FOUNTAIN GROVE PARKWAY SANTA ROSA CALIFORNIA 95404 U S A HP Part No 08569 90034 Printed December 1982 CONTENTS Chapter Page Chapter Page INTRODUCTION 1 Electromagnetic Interference EMI 31 Signal 1 Swept Frequency Response 33 BASIC DESCRIPTION 2 5 REMOTE 35 1 OPERATING THE 8569 3 APPENDIX A 38 Line Power 3 OPERATING PRECAUTIONS 38 Front Panel Adjustment Procedure 3 Low Impedance 38 Getting 4 DC 38 2 FRONT PANEL OPERATION 8 APPENDIX B cg si n ee ERAN RR Rn 39 a Shee ceed re EUR 8 THEORY OF OPERATION 39 Frequency Span Mode 8 System Description 39 Resolution Bandwidth 10 RE Sections uoo ERES SEG 39 Reference Level 10 Automatic Stabilization Section 39 Digital Storage Display 13 IF 2 e mulos 40 Blok ES Rund 13 Digital Storage 40 Trace Memory 14 Tuning Control Section 40 Direct Plotter
75. igure 46 overcomes the problems associated with the analyzer s absolute accuracy by using a calibrated noise power standard such as the HP 346B excess noise source By measuring the ratio of P with the noise source on to P with noise source off the test amplifier input terminated in Z impedance we can determine Noise Figure to a much greater accuracy Spectrum analyzer instrument errors in the measurement of P On P Off are typically less than a few tenths of a dB leading to measurement accuracies approaching those of a noise fig ure meter Figure 47 shows the results of a Y Factor mea surement NOTE Consult AN 150 4 AN 150 7 and AN 150 9 for more information on noise measurements ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE EMI The objective of EMI measurements is to ensure com patibility between devices operating in the same vicinity 10 Log Po 10 Log KT 10 Log B 10 Log GA 10 Log 10 Log Po disp 10 Log Gore If 10 Log gt System Sensitivity 10 08 NFA qg 10 Log Po disp 174 dBm 10 Log B Figure 44 Measuring Noise Figure Absolute Power Technique 31 The HP 8569B along with an appropriate transducer is MKR 1 5985 SPAN FULL RES MHz capable of measuring either conducted or radiated EMI REF 39 dB 19 887 ATIENB dB AUTO and can also be used as calibration tool for EMI suscep tability testing Figure 48 illustrate
76. ing each description the relevant HP IB code is given For additional HP IB information refer to Chapter 5 and Appendix E TUNING The TUNING control adjusts the center frequency of the analyzer In the full band modes the TUN ING control is used to locate an inverted marker on a particular Signal The FREQUENCY GHz readout on the front panel and the we m o CTR readout on the display indi e 5 cate the center frequency of the analyzer or the frequency at the tuning marker By pulling out the outer control rapid tuning is enabled Rapid tuning is especially useful when moving the tuning marker in full band modes Normal tuning resumes when the knob is pushed in When the analyzer is stabilized frequency spans lt 100 kHz Div only FINE TUNING should be used to tune the analyzer If coarse tuning is desired the AUTO STABILIZER can be disabled with the push button switch Code CF output center frequency FREQUENCY SPAN MODE Four push button span modes are G8 Bj available on the 85698 ZERO SPAN PER DIV FULL BAND and 1 7 22 GHz SPAN An additional full band setting is available on the FREQUENCY SPAN DIV control knob The full band modes FULL BAND and 1 7 22 GHz enable the analyzer to monitor the various frequency bands or to provide multiband cover age from 1 7 to 22 GHz PER DIV mode is generally used for detailed signal analysis
77. ion for stabilized spans 100 kHz Div and less the error is less than 1596 Center Frequency The center frequency represented by the CRT is in dicated by the digital frequency displays on the front panel and the CRT Zero Span Analyzer becomes a manually tuned receiver for the time domain display of signal modulation set to the frequency indicated by the digital frequency displays SPECTRAL RESOLUTION AND STABILITY Resolution Bandwidths Resolution 3 dB bandwidths from 1 kHz to 3 MHz in 1 3 sequence Bandwidth be varied independent ly or coupled to Frequency Span Div control Op timum coupling convenient ratio of Frequency Span Div to Resolution Bandwidth is indicated by alignment of markers gt 4 on both controls Uncoupled the controls for Frequency Span Div and Resolution Bandwidth may be independently set so any resolution bandwidth 3 MHz to 1 kHz may be used with any span width F and 500 MHz to 1 kHz Div Analyzer is calibrated if UNCAL is not displayed Resolution Bandwidth accuracy individual resolution bandwidth 3 dB points lt x1596 Selectivity 60 dB 3 dB bandwidth ratio 15 1 for band widths 3 kHz to 3 MHz 11 1 for bandwidths 1 kHz to 1 kHz Stability Total residual FM Stabilized lt 100 Hz in 0 1 sec 01 4 1 GHz Unstabilized lt 10 kHz in 0 1 sec 01 4 1 GHz Fundamental mixing Stabilization range First LO automatically stabilized unless auto
78. ion and display of X and Y signals Secondary functions performed by the CPU with the Input Output Interface include response to display con trol push buttons interpretation of instrument control switches and operation of the HP IB Interface The CPU also plays a major role in the performance of an automatic internal instrument check routine as well as other test routines that are used to adjust verify correct operation and troubleshoot the digital storage circuitry Refer to the HP 8569B Operation and Service Manual Section VIII TUNING CONTROL SECTION The Tuning Control Section contains the Frequency Con trol YIG Driver Frequency Display Unit Sweep Attenu ator and Sweep Generator The Sweep Generator provides a sweep voltage that is simultaneously applied to the horizontal X deflection amplifier data converter and sweep attenuator The sweep attenuator controlled by the FREQUENCY SPAN DIV control reduces the sweep voltage to the Fre quency Control Unit to maintain a calibrated horizontal scale on the CRT In addition the tuning control voltage which sets the center frequency of the analyzer is also applied to the Frequency Control Unit where it is summed with the attenuated sweep The resultant signal is then applied to the YIG oscillator drivers Both the YTF and the YTO have separate YIG oscillator drivers which are basically voltage to current converters A pre selector peak adjustment is used to control th
79. ion jumpers requires working on the instrument with protective covers removed and should be done only by a qualified service techni cian who is aware of the potential shock hazard To avoid electrical shock the line mains power cable should be discon nected before removing the protective covers from the spectrum analyzer Four 4 options are available on the OPTION STATUS INTERFACE 1 Minimum Resolution Bandwidth Pin A to Pin 1 100 Hz Bandwidth Pin B to Pin 2 1 kHz Bandwidth NOTE The Minimum Resolution Bandwidth option is not usable with Option 002 instruments Display Units Reference Level Pin C to Pin 3 dBm Pin D to Pin 4 dBuV Display Resolution Center Frequency Pin E to Pin 5 100 kHz Pin F to Pin 6 1 MHz Reference Position for Normalized Response INP B gt A Pin G to Pin 7 Center Horizontal Graticule Line Pin H to Pin 8 Top Horizontal Graticule Line No connection needed default condition APPENDIX E SYNTAX REFERENCE GUIDE This Syntax Reference Guide is intended to provide in detail the required forms of command to be used when addressing the analyzer from an external HP IB con troller and to describe precisely the resulting HP IB output from the analyzer It is important to keep in mind that this guide is written from a controller point of view as user generated programs will always be ex ecuted in the controller not in the spectrum analyzer A pictorial f
80. irect plot rou tine is executed Digital plotters can provide full size copies up to 11 by 16 inches approximately 279 by 406 mm with the HP 9872B that are ideal for lab reports and that can be reproduced more easily than photographs The HP 7225A and HP 9872B are among the plotters that are directly compatible with the HP 8569B Most of the CRT illustrations in this manual were directly plotted with the HP 7225A To generate a plot 1 Attach cable from the HP IB connector the rear panel of the HP 8569B to the plotter rear panel HP IB connector as shown in Figure 25 2 Establish the lower left and upper right limits on the plotter 3 Press and release 10 plot graticu le J cmar to plot characters and raaceto plot trace data The plots may be run individually or all three push buttons may be pressed immediately to run a complete plot of the total CRT display To stop the direct plot routine depress creansneser SPECTRUM ANALYZER RF Signa Figure 23 Digital Plotter Setup 17 CHAPTER 3 SPECIAL TOPICS MAXIMUM DYNAMIC RANGE Dynamic range is defined as the ratio of the largest to the smallest signal that can be measured without any interfer ence from analyzer distortion products or internal noise The maximum dynamic range occurs when the internally generated distortion of the analyzer is equal to its noise level thus the dynamic range is limited equally b
81. ixer input level of 7 dBm 10 dBm for each signal the distortion curve is below the sensitivity curve of the analyzer therefore the dynamic range is determined by the intersection of the 3 8 8 5 GHz sensitivity curve with the 7 dBm mixer level The dynamic range of the analyzer is approximately 110 dB see Figure 26b Other constraints When measuring distortion prod ucts associated with low level input signals the noise floor of the analyzer is the limitation In this case find the input signal level on the Mixer Level horizontal axis assuming INPUT ATTEN is set to O dB and go verti cally to the appropriate sensitivity curve The maximum obtainable dynamic range is read from the Signal to Noise ratio vertical axis Dynamic Range Equations The dynamic range chart shown in Figure 26 is based on the following equations for third and second order max imum dynamic range For third order 2 3 average noise level TOD in dB For second order 1 2 average noise level SOI in dB The third order intercept TOI is theoretically defined as the mixer level at which third order distortion equals the fundamental signal level a condition which never occurs because compression in the mixer occurs first The sec ond order intercept SOI is theoretically defined as the mixer level at which second order distortion equals the fundamental signal level The intercept is calculated from the following equation
82. l com ponents and each component represents a fraction of the peak pulse power a correction or a desensitization factor must be added to the displayed main lobe power of the pulsed RF signal to obtain the peak pulse power The calculation of the desensitization factor depends on whether the analyzer is displaying the signal in the line or pulse mode RES BW 18 kHz VF OFF SWP AUTO SPAN 200 kHz ATTEN 10 dB CTR 6 0400 GHz REF 10 dBm 10 En WOES cud AAA Ud UI FEL LLLI Figure 41 Line Spectrum Line Mode To obtain a ine spectrum on the analyzer the resolution bandwidth must be less than the This ensures that individual spectral lines will be resolved From the line spectrum shown in Figure 41 it is possible to measure the following parameters PRF 50 kHz spacing between spectral lines Main lobe width 800 kHz Main lobe power 38 dBm Then from the above measurement the following data can be calculated Pulse width ER Main Lobe width 2 2 2 Sysec 800 kHz Duty cycle 2 PRF Main Lobe width 2 50 kH2 0 125 800 kHz To determine the peak pulse power in a line spectrum a pulse desensitization factor must be added to the measured main lobe power The desensitization factor is a function of the duty cycle and is represented by the following equation oj 20 log x duty cycle For duty cycl
83. l for detailed safety notation concerning the use of the instrument as described in those individual sections 1 15 Safety Symbols Instruction manual symbol the apparatus will A be marked with this symbol when it is neces sary for the user to refer to the instruction manual in order to protect the apparatus against damage Indicates dangerous voltages i Earth terminal The WARNING sign denotes a haz ard It calls attention to a proce dure practice or the like which if not correctly performed or adhered to could result in injury or loss of life Do not proceed beyond a WARNING sign until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met The CAUTION sign denotes a haz ard It calls attention to an operat ing procedure practice or the like which if not correctly peformed or adhered to could result in damage to or destruction of part or all of the equipment Do not proceed beyond a CAUTION sign until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met CAUTION 8569 1 16 Service 1 17 Although this instrument has been manufac tured in accordance with international safety stand ards this manual contains information cautions and warnings which must be followed to insure safe operation and to keep the instrument safe Service should be performed only by qualified service per sonnel and the following warnings should be observed Any maintenance or repair
84. line AP BP Output coordinates of trace A trace B peak ou CaP Xy X y coordinates 0 480 0 820 of peak response on trace AP trace A BP trace B Format is two 3 digit numbers separated by a comma ddd ddd CL x y If the peak value occurs at two or more horizontal positions the leftmost point is returned 45 AT Output RF Input Attenuation cs Output annotation Hn Atten 0 to 70 for Attenuation in dB Ctrl settings 126 character string represents two 63 character lines of control setting labels or LL or LU generated AU See AL labels as they are displayed above the graticule on the analyzer CRT Refer to LL LU for a table of the character BA BB Output trace A output trace B byte values t Output display mode Trace out 481 trace values 962 bytes in double byte format BA trace A BB trace 0 for normal mode ab ab ab ab ab 1 for Digital Average mode value number 1 2 3 ends 480 481 DM Output detection mode where a and b are 8 bit bytes Ten bits are required to specify trace values from 0 to 820 display units 800 represents full scale deflec tion 801 820 are overrange values The first Flag 0 for Peak Detection mode byte in each number a represents the most E Ee for Sample mode significant two bits The second byte b rep resents the least significant eight bits of this
85. llator fundamental fre quency Referring to equation 1 the LO fundamental frequency can be calculated from the value of F obtained from CRT or LED center FREQUENCY GHz display N determined from the FREQUENCY BAND selected and F first Intermediate frequency of the HP 8569B which equals 321 4 MHz The or sign is determined by the polarity of the mixing mode of the frequency band selected For example If s 34 5 GHz N 10 321 4 MHz From equation 1 Fe 34 5 GHz 10 x Fio 321 4 MHz F 3 42 GHz The final step is to calculate F the actual input signal using equation 1 and the value of Fio and The or sign in this final calculation is determined by the direction of the signal shift A shift to the left requires the sign while a shift to the right requires the sign Example A signal displayed on the HP 8569B has a center FRE QUENCY GHz readout of 38 00 GHz When the button is pressed a second signal appears offset to the left by 4 MHz What is the actual frequency of the signal Solution 1 Calculate N using equation 2 while noting that 38 00 GHz is within the 21 44 GHz band which has 10 N 2MHz 4 MHz x 10 5 2 Calculate F using equation 1 using F 38 00 GHz center FREQUENCY GHz readout N 10 corresponding to 21 44 GHz band 321 4 MHz EXT MIXER Ist Intermed
86. low representation is used to delineate the sequence of bytes or blocks of traffic across the bus Literal ASCII characters are bold and shown in rounded envelopes These are transmitted exactly as shown Items enclosed by rectangular boxes are blocks of bus traffic which require further explanation Those used repeatedly are described immediately below others are dealt with on a command by command basis UNL TA21 LA18 UNListen Talk Address 21 Listen Address 18 analyzer factory set select code 18 ASCII code U2 UNL LA21 TA18 UNListen Listen Address 21 Talk Address 18 ASCII code 5 Additional Commands Additional analyzer commands two letter mnemonics may follow within the same Output statement Note that data bytes passed across the bus originate from the controller controller is talker until an Enter block 15 transmitted at which time the analyzer generates any suc ceeding data analyzer is talker In several cases two commands are used in an identical fashion and are listed together Each pair performs the same function either on lower or upper lines of text e g AL and AU or on Trace A or Trace B e g AP and BP Only the usage of the first command listed is described the second command may simply in substituted in its place A reference in a command description to a digit should be understood to be the ASCII code for the character 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 The analyzer is able to ignore
87. ly eliminated Also interference between trace and charac ters is not a problem because the character annotation is located on the upper portion of the display outside the graticule refer to Figure 27 Figure 27 CRT Display with Character Annotation The photo in Figure 27 was taken with a camera that has variable shutter speed and f stop A step by step proce dure for photography is given below These steps are applicable with the HP 197B Option 006 or other com patible scope cameras Photography Procedure 1 Set the HP 8569B SCALE INTEN and INTEN to the calibrated blue markings 2 Set the camera shutter to 2 seconds and the f stop to 8 3 Push the D View button on the analyzer to store the trace This ensures the trace and the CRT fre quency readout on the display will not change while the camera shutter is opened Press shutter on cam era to take picture In the mixed display mode refer to Appendix B a dou ble exposure is needed to provide the best contrast between signal trace graticule lines and CRT annota tion Double Exposure Photography 1 Set INTEN fully counter clockwise 2 Set SCALE INTEN to calibrated blue markings 3 Set SWEEP TIME DIV to AUTO 4 Set shutter speed to 2 sec and f stop to 8 5 Press shutter on camera to take first exposure 6 Return SWEEP TIME DIV to original setting 7 Set INTEN to the calibrated blue markings 8 Press C Sew 9 Press shutter on camera to tak
88. mic Range left side The maximum dynamic range occurs at the intersection of the particular sensitivity curve and distortion curve under consideration This point is obtained on the spec trum analyzer by adjusting the RF input attenuzi on to achieve the appropriate signal amplitude at the mixer Two major factors determine the maximum achievable dynamic range of the HP 8569B They are 1 Signal level at the Input Mixer 18 2 Sensitivity of the analyzer dependent on frequency band and resolution bandwidth These two factors are examined separately in the follow ing paragraphs Mixer Level The Mixer Level is simply the signal at the input minus the analyzer INPUT ATTEN setting In equation form Mixer Level Input Signal INPUT ATTEN The horizontal axis on the dynamic range chart repre sents the Mixer Level Dynamic range varies as a function of Mixer Level In the 0 01 to 1 8 GHz range the Mixer Level for maximum dynamic range should be approximately 47 dBm when second order distortion products are measured Beyond this level second order distortion will increase 20 dB for every 10 dB increase in Input Signal For third order dis tortion measurements the Mixer Level should be approximately 37 dBm In the preselected 1 7 to 22 GHz frequency range dynamic range variation as a func tion of Mixer Level is not as critical The maximum dynamic range in the preselected bands is achieved at a Mixer Level of a
89. n an absolute amplitude calibrated display Calibrated Sweep times 21 internal sweep times from 2usec Div to 10 sec Div in 1 2 5 sequence Sweep time accuracy 10 except for 2 5 and 10 sec Div which are 20 Swept frequency modes use sweep times 2 msec Div through 10 sec Div When operated as a fixed tuned receiver Zero Span the full range of sweep times 2 usec to 10 sec Div may be used to display modulation waveforms Sweep times that are too fast or too slow for the Resolution Bandwidth Frequency Span Div and Video Filter settings producing an uncalibrated display are indicated by an UNCAL warning on the CRT Sweep times lt 2 msec Div x 5 msec Div when in Max Hold Digi tal Averaging or INP B 4A Normalization produce mixed mode display with analog traces and CRT control readouts on the CRT GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS LO OUTPUT 2 00 to 4 46 GHz ia 2 STANDARD OPTIONS AVAILABLE 7 dBm minimum 0 to 35 C 5 dBm minimum 35 to 55 C OPTION 001 Internal 100 MHz Comb Generator Frequency Range 0 01 to 22 GHz Frequency Accuracy lt 0 007 OPTION 002 TEMPERATURE RANGE Operating 0 C to 55 C Storage 40 C to 75 C HUMIDITY RANGE Operating lt 95 R H 0 C to 40 Deletes 3 kHz and 1 kHz resolution BW settings EMI All specifications identical to standard HP 8569B except Conducted and radiated interference is
90. n which the information is displayed depends upon the trace mode selected NOTE It is important to understand the differ ence between sweep and refresh l4 In sweep the spectrum analyzer sweeps across a frequency span and stores measured amplitude data in a trace memory In refresh display memory data is trans ferred to the CRT The video response is transferred into the trace memory at the sweep rate of the analyzer selected sweep time The trace memory is written to the CRT display at a refresh rate of about 55 Hz This is rapid enough to pre vent flickering of the trace on the CRT Thus trace inten sities remain constant as analyzer sweep times are changed For write modes the analyzer signal response is written into trace memory during the sweep and the memory ANALYZER VIDEO RESPONSE ANALOG TO DIGITAL RF IF SECTIONS DATA UPDATED AT CRT DISPLAY DISPLAY RESPONSE DIGITAL TO ANALOG DATA DISPLAYED AT Figure 19 Data Acquisition and Transfer contents are displayed on the CRT In store modes the trace memory is not updated The current memory data is saved and is either displayed 5708 or blanked Signal Processing One of two detection techniques can be selected for dis playing trace information Normal or Sample Table 3 Table 3 Detection Techniques Default Mode Most measurements when Always selected peak amplitude of respon
91. nce of steps An F full band position allows the entire frequency band selected to be scanned Nor mally the RESOLUTION BW is coupled to the FREQUENCY SPAN DIV so that the optimum RESO LUTION BW setting is automatically selected as the FREQUENCY SPAN DIV is adjusted RES BW 3 MHz VF OFF SWP AUTO SPAN ZERO ATTEN 20 dB CIR 2 3500 GHz REF B dBm 18 48 Figure 11 CW Measurement in ZERO SPAN Full Band The FULL BAND mode scans in one sweep the entire selected frequency band A tuning marker 3 MHz RES OLUTION BW and 0 003 VIDEO FILTER are automat ically set in FULL BAND mode Different frequency bands can be selected to look for unknown signals Once a signal is located in a particular frequency band the tun ing marker can be positioned under the signal to identify its frequency Figure 12 Then by pushing PER DIV the signal that was at the marker will be displayed at the cen ter frequency on the CRT Figure 13 The F position on the FREQUENCY SPAN DIV control differs from the FULL BAND push button in that it allows independent adjustment of the RESOLUTION BW and VIDEO FILTER controls 1 7 22 GHz Span A multiband sweep available when the 1 7 22 GHz SPAN push button is depressed is useful for observing Signal activity within a broad frequency range A tuning marker can be used with rapid tuning to quickly identify the frequency of any signal in the 1 7 2
92. ncy deviation of carrier all easily measured with the HP 8569B The FM signal in Figure 38 was adjusted for the carrier null which corresponds to m 2 4 on the Bessel function The modulation fre quency fm is 100 kHz the frequency separation of the sidebands The peak frequency deviation of the carrier Af peak can be calculated using the following equation m Af peak m Afpeak 2 4 x 100 kHz 240 kHz CIR 90 0 MHz 200 REF 10 dBm 10 dB ATTEN 10 dB RES BW 3 kHz VF OFF SWP AUTO MI Figure 38 FM Signal If the FM signal displayed does not correspond to a spe cific carrier or sideband null then determination of the modulation index m and final calculation of the peak frequency deviation Af becomes much more complex and tedious As with amplitude modulation the display output can pass to a controller then by storing in the controller memory the values of certain analyzer charac teristics such as slope non linearities of bandwidth filt ers and by prompting the user to set certain controls can be measured directly or calculated Although the HP 8569B does not have a built in discrimi nator FM signals can be demodulated by slope detection Rather than tuning the signal to the center of the CRT as in AM the slope of the IF filter is tuned to the center of the CRT At the slope of the IF filter the frequency
93. nformation necessary to order parts and or assemblies for the instrument SECTION VII MANUAL BACKDATING CHANGES contains backdating information to make this manual compatible with earlier equipment configurations SECTION VII SERVICE contains schematic dia grams block diagrams component location illustra tions circuit descriptions and troubleshooting infor mation to aid in repair of the instrument 111 SPECIFICATIONS 1 12 Instrument specifications are listed in Table 1 1 These specifications are the performance stand ards or limits against which the instrument is tested 1 1 General Information Table 1 2 lists supplemental characteristics Supple mental characteristics are not specifications but are typical characteristics included as additional infor mation for the user NOTE To ensure that the HP Model 8569B meets the specifications listed in Table 1 1 performance tests Section IV should be performed every six months 1 13 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS 1 14 Before operating this instrument you should familiarize yourself with the safety markings on the instrument and safety instructions in this manual This instrument has been manufactured and tested according to international safety standards How ever to ensure safe operation of the instrument and personal safety of the user and service personnel the cautions and warnings in this manual must be fol lowed Refer to individual sections of this manua
94. nged VIDEO FILTER Step through each Each step decreases baseline noise level and decreases switch position sweep speed Sweep speed increases when switching to NOISE AVG position and CRT trace is virtually a straight line 2 16 Model 8569B Installation and Operation Verification Table 2 4 Operation Verification Test Record Tested Date CU Verc Hewlett Packard Company Model 8569B Serial Number Test Description Calibrator Output Accuracy 2 100 MHz Tuning Accuracy 4b 1 8 GHz 4d 3 0 GHz 4f 4 0 GHz Span Width Accuracy 4 100 MHz FREQUENCY SPAN DIV 5 10 MHz FREQUENCY SPAN DIV 6 1 MHz FREQUENCY SPAN DIV Resolution Bandwidth Accuracy 9 1 MHz RESOLUTION BW 11 30 kHz RESOLUTION BW Calibrator Output Power 2 CAL OUTPUT Signal Vernier 0 12 dB 4 Vernier Accuracy Input Attenuator Accuracy 7 Error Between Adjacent Settings 8 Error Over 60 dB Range Reference Level Variation 9 Reference Level Variation in LOG 0 to 60 dB 2 17 2 18 Model 8569B Operation SECTION III OPERATION 3 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 This section is published separately as 8569B Spectrum Analyzer Operation HP Part Number 08569 90034 It describes typical applications of sig nal analysis and provides detailed instructions for both local front panel and remote HP IB opera tion 3 3 A t
95. ntered in the green area However for accurate power mea surement the PRESELECTOR PEAK control should be adjusted to maximize signal level every time an amplitude mea surement is made 22 7 Now using only the REFERENCE LEVEL dBm control and vernier position the peak of the signal on the REFERENCE LEVEL line of the CRT The signal amplitude is indicated by the REF on the CRT annotation When the IF substitution technique is used for amplitude measurements the only remaining measurement uncer tainties are due to the CAL OUTPUT signal flatness and REFERENCE LEVEL control accuracy of the ana lyzer Uncertainties caused by log amplifier fidelity CRT non linearities and RESOLUTION BW and INPUT ATTEN switching errors have been eliminated because they were left unchanged throughout the measurement Further improvement in accuracy can be achieved by cal ibrating the analyzer at the same frequency to which the measurement will be made This would eliminate any flatness uncertainties and the measurement accuracy would be dependent only upon the accuracy of the cali bration signal and the REFERENCE LEVEL control CRT PHOTOGRAPHY AND X Y RECORDING CRT Photography The CRT annotation on the HP 8569B display provides an excellent means of information retention with the use of any compatible scope camera Since the display has readouts for all major spectrum analyzer settings the need for additional writing on the photograph is large
96. ont panel push button 1 30 Option 002 1 31 Option 002 deletes the two most narrow RES OLUTION BW settings 3 kHz and 1 kHz pro vided on the standard instrument 1 3 General Information 1 32 Option 400 1 33 Option 400 permits operation on 50 60 and 400 Hz mains All specifications are identical to those of the standard HP Model 8569B except for operating temperature range and power require ments see Table 1 1 1 34 Option 908 Rack Flange Kit 1 35 Option 908 HP Part Number 5061 0078 includes flanges and hardware required to mount the HP Model 8569B in an equipment rack with horizon tal spacing of 482 6 mm 19 in See Figure 2 2 for installation procedure 1 36 Option 910 Additional Operation and Service Manual 1 37 additional Operation and Service Man ual is provided for each Option 910 ordered To obtain Option 910 after shipment of the instru ment specify the manual part number printed on the title page of the manual 1 38 Option 913 Rack Flange Front Handle Kit 1 39 Option 913 HP Part Number 5061 0084 combines a Front Handle Kit with Option 908 Rack Flange Kit See Figure 2 2 for installation procedure 1 40 ACCESSORIES SUPPLIED 1 41 Figure 1 1 shows the HP Model 8569B Spec trum Analyzer and line power cord One 50 ohm ter mination HP 1810 01180 connected to the front panel IST LO OUTPUT port is also supplied Model 8569B 1 42 EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE 1 43
97. ontal X value determines the memory address at which the vertical Y value is stored The counter accesses Stroke Memory and transfers the acquired data into the Y Data Buffer Control logic deter mines the time at which the Y Data Buffer will transfer its data to the Digital Y Generator which converts the retrieved data to an analog voltage that is applied through the Y Amplifier to the vertical deflection plates of the CRT The horizontal X signal is generated by the Digital X Generator The Digital X Generator receives control signals derived from the counter and generates an appropriate ramp voltage that is amplified and applied to the horizontal deflection plates of the CRT 40 The Z Axis signal controls both the brightness and the blanking of the trace The Digital Y Generator outputs stroke length information which is then converted to a brightness signal The signal is used so that long strokes will not be dimmer than short ones All remaining blank ing inputs and control logic inputs are combined to pro duce one blanking signal that controls the blanking of the CRT Generation of the display characters seen on the top portion of the CRT is accomplished by the Character Generator addresed by the Counter and Data Bus and by the blanking circuitry The Digital Storage Display section also performs sec ondary functions that are integral to the operation of the instrument but are not necessarily involved with acquisi t
98. ormation AMPLITUDE CHARACTERISTICS DYNAMIC RANGE Maximum power ratio of two signals simultaneously present at the input that may be measured within the limits of specified accuracy sensitivity and distortion i e spurious responses 0 01 to 22 GHz 70 dB Spurious responses Input attenuator set to 0 dB Second harmonic distortion lt 130 dB Third order intermodulation Frequency For Two input Signals With Relative Range Signal Sep Distortion 0 01 22GHz 30dBm 50kHz 70dB 17129GHz 10dBm z70MHz amp 722GHz 10dBm e 100 MHz lt 130dB May be below average noise level For typical harmonic and third order intermodulation distortion see Figure 2 Image and Multiple Responses q out of band n band 0 01 1 8 GHz 17 18 GHz TO dB lt 70 dB 18 227GHz lt 648 lt 10 5 22 0 GHz 8 5 18 0 GHz 5 8 12 9 GHz 3 8 8 5 GHz Spurious Free Dynamic Range dB Sensitivity in 100 Hz BW 2nd Order Products 3rd Order Products eee 3rd order Signal Separation 2 100 MHz 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 Effective input Level in dBm Signal Level Input Attenuation Mixer levels above 7 dBm cause gain compression Figure 2 Optimum Dynamic Range Chart AMPLITUDE ACCURACY The overall amplitude accuracy of a measurement depends on an analyzer s performance and the measure ment technique used A
99. otal RF Power 30 dBm 1 watt dc or ac lt lt 50 0 source impedance OV with 0 dB RF input attenuation lt amp 7V with z10 dB RF input attenuation 0 14 amp Peak Pulse Power 50 dBm 10 psec pulse width 0 01 duty cycle with 2 20 dB INPUT ATTEN For more detailed information regarding Operating Precau tions refer to Appendix A 4 This instrument and any device con nected to it must be connected to power line ground Failure to ensure proper grounding could cause a shock hazard to personnel or damage to the instrument Normal Settings The normal settings listed in Table 1 are used for the majority of measurements For instance 10 dB division INT sweep and AUTO sweep time positions are most often used and so are classified as normal settings All normal settings on the HP 8569B are colored green so the user can easily identify and set them initially Table 1 Normal Settings TRACE A B B WRITE SAMPLE DGTL AVG our INP B gt A FREQUENCY SPAN DIV OPTIMUM Push in RESOLUTION BW mnm to couple FREQUENCY SPAN MODE PER DIV MIXING MODE INT AMPLITUDE SCALE 10 dB VIDEO FILTER OFF SWEEP SOURCE INT SWEEP TRIGGER SWEEP TIME DIV AUTO Center in green area PRESELECTOR PEAK With normal settings most measurements can be made using only the TUNING FREQUENCY SPAN DIV and REFERENCE LEVEL controls The analyzer is cali brated for any combination of control settings as long as the UNCAL
100. pectral information contained in either of two independent traces Major control settings are annotated on the CRT above the graticule area Sig nal processing controls for the digital display include trace normalization a maximum hold function digi tal averaging and trace storage A hard copy record of the display may be obtained through direct instru ment control of listen only plotters The HP Model 8569B has an HP IB capability that allows controller interrogation of display information or controller entry of messages and trace data 1 9 MANUAL ORGANIZATION 1 10 This manual is divided into eight sections as follows SECTION I GENERAL INFORMATION con tains the instrument description and specifications explains accessories and options and lists recom mended test equipment SECTION II INSTALLATION AND OPERA TION VERIFICATION contains information con cerning initial mechanical inspection preparation for use operating environment packaging and shipping and operation verification SECTION III OPERATION contains detailed operating instructions for operation of the instru ment SECTION IV PERFORMANCE TESTS contains the necessary tests to verify that the electrical opera tion of the instrument is in accordance with pub lished specifications SECTION V ADJUSTMENTS contains the neces sary adjustment procedures to properly adjust the instrument after repair SECTION VI REPLACEABLE PARTS contains the i
101. ponse is that of device not of sys tem plus device refer to Appendix D concerning position of reference line 33 NOTE Errors due to mismatch uncertainty are not removed from measurement by nor malization The 8444A Option 059 can be used with a counter to make accurate highly sensitive and very selective fre quency measurements of unknown signals Providing a signal can be resolved on the spectrum analyzer it can 500 MHz OSC OUT REAR PANEL TRACKING l GENERATOR CTR 157 2 Wiz SPAN 20 MHz REF B dB 18 RES BY 1 kHz VF gl ATTEN 1848 SWP 5 sec CR 753 SPAN 18 MHz REF 5 dB 1 RES BW 18 kHz VF Bl ATTEN 28 dB 10 meec a Calibration System Response be counted The system can count signals down to the sensitivity of the analyzer with the frequency accuracy several orders of magnitude better than the spectrum analyzer accuracy NOTE Consult AN 150 3 and AN 150 13 for more information on Swept Frequency Response measurements 3RD LO IN REAR PANEL CTR 157 2 MHz SPAN 20 MHz REF 58 1B dB 10 dB RES BW 1 kHz VF gl SWP CR 75 3 MHz SPAN 18 2 RES BY 18 kHz v g 1 B ATTEN 20 dB SWP 18 meec b Measurement Normalized Response Figure 53 Normalization of Frequency Response CHAPTER 5 HP IB REMOTE OPERATION This chapter discusses the requirements for remote oper ation of the spectrum analyzer using an HP IB con
102. pplying IF substitution eliminates errors caused by the display bandwidth gain variation scale factor and input attenuator step size Only IF gain variation reference level change with input attenuation constant lt 0 5 dB calibrator amplitude 0 3 dB and frequency response remain In brief IF substitution minimizes error by minimizing control changes from the reference measurement e g calibration For measurements in the Frequency Bands covering 1 7 to 22 GHz that don t require the best possible accuracy the front panel preselector peak may be left centered in General Information i E 8 Model 8569B Table 1 2 HP Model 8569B Supplemental Characteristics 3 of 4 SUPPLEMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS NOTE Values in this table are not specifications but are typical characteristics in cluded for user information its green setting Best amplitude accuracy is obtained by peaking the preselector at the frequency of interest Reference Level Variation For any change of scale fac tor lt 1dB FREQUENCY RESPONSE AND AVERAGE NOISE LEVEL For typical frequency response and average noise level versus input frequency see Figure 3 TYPICAL FREQUENCY RESPONSE EXCURSION LIMITS FREQUENCY GHz Figure 3 Typical Frequency Response and Average Noise Level Versus Input Frequency SIGNAL INPUT CHARACTERISTICS INPUT 500 0 01 TO 22 GHz Input connector Precision type N female Input impedance Input a
103. pproximately 7 dBm which is the 1 dB gain compression level of the spectrum analyzer This applies for both second and third order distortion prod ucts Example see Figure 26 Measure the third order intermodulation distortion products of a device The spectrum analyzer input signals are 1146 MHz and 1156 MHz and have an amplitude of 10 dBm Find the Mixer Level to obtain the maximum dynamic range insuring that the distortion of the spec trum analyzer does not interfere with measuring the dis tortion products of the device Solution The Mixer Level to achieve the maximum dynamic range is approximately 37 dBm about 40 dBm for each signal Since this is a third order measurement use the small dashed third order distortion curve applicable to the frequency range Intersect this curve with the sensitiv ity curve that cover 0 01 to 1 8 GHz The maximum dynamic range and optimum Mixer Level for a 100 Hz resolution bandwidth occurs at the intersection of the curves The INPUT ATTEN control must therefore be set at 30dB for a total power level at the mixer of 37 dBm to achieve this dynamic range see Figure 26a Sensitivity Spectrum analyzer sensitivity has been traditionally defined as the average noise level displayed on the ana lyzer The average noise level of the HP 8569B is depen dent on the resolution bandwidth and on the frequency band selected Since the noise displayed on the analyzer is random it i
104. puts are usually termed spurious Both harmonic and spurious outputs of an oscillator can be minimized with proper biasing and filtering tech niques The HP 8569B can monitor changes in distortion levels while modifications to the oscillator are made In the full band modes a tuning marker can be located under any signal response to determine its frequency and hence its relationship to the fundamental frequency of the oscillator Figure 34 is a CRT plot of the fundamental and second harmonic of an S band 2 to 4 GHz YIG oscillator The internal preselector of the HP 8569B enables the analyzer to measure a low level harmonic in the presence of a high level fundamental The plot was obtained using the M capability of the analyzer to allow storage of the maximum deviations of the signals RES BW 3 MHz VF OFF SWP AUTO MKR 2 8818 GHz REF 10 dBm 10 dB SPAN FULL ATTEN 20 dB Figure 34 Oscillator Fundamental and Second Harmonic NOTE Consult AN 150 11 for more information on distortion measurements MODULATION Amplitude Modulation The wide dynamic range of the spectrum analyzer allows accurate measurement of modulation levels A 0 06 per cent modulation is a logarithmic ratio of 70 dB which is easily measured with the HP 8569B Figure 35 shows a signal with 2 percent AM displayed a log ratio of 40 dB CTR 98 3 MHz REF 15 dBm 10 dB SPAN 100 kHz ATTEN 18 48 RES
105. quency Band Posi RES BW 3 MHz VF OFF SWP AUTO MKR 5 0200 GHz REF 9 dBm 10 dB SPAN FULL ATTEN 20 dB i Figure 7 Tuning Marker in FULL BAND tion the tuning marker which appears in the full band modes under the signal to identify its frequency Figure 7 Then by pushing the green PER DIV button the sig nal at the marker will become the center frequency of the analyzer Figure 8 In PER DIV mode the desired fre quency span can be adjusted with the FREQUENCY SPAN DIV control Figure 9 illustrates the procedure for locating a signal CTR 5 0000 GHz 100 kHz RES BW 18 kHz VF OFF REF 9 dBm 10 dB 20 dB SWP AUTO Aaa m YA al a ue M Figure 8 PER DIV Mode 1 Set desired FREQUENCY BAND while in FULL BAND Frequency Span Mode FREQUENCY SPAN DIV num REFERENCE LEVEL RESOLUTION BW o MET ATTEN PUSH i LOG 5 2 TUNING Control sets Reset to PER DIV and 4 Position signal on marker which will be adjust FREQUENCY top REFERENCE center frequency in SPAN DIV LEVEL line PER DIV MODE Figure 9 Locating a Signal CHAPTER 2 FRONT PANEL OPERATION This chapter provides detailed descriptions of all front panel controls Follow
106. r Model 8569B Table 1 3 Recommended Test Equipment 1 of 3 Range 1000V to 1000V Accuracy 0 004 of reading pluse 0 001 of range Input Impedance 10 Meg ohms Frequency 100 MHz 10 1 Divider 1 1 Divider High Voltage 4 kV Amplitude 0 to 10V p p sine wave with dc offset Frequency 1 to 5 kHz Frequency Markers 10 and 100 MHz Increments up to 5 GHz Frequency 50 to 500 MHz Modulation Frequency 100 kHz Modulation Deviation 1 of lowest frequency in range Frequency Resolution 2 Hz Range 01 to 24 5 GHz Time Interval Counter Function Range 20 to 10 dBm Recorder Output 1V full scale Frequency Range 05 to 26 5 GHz Frequency Range 12 4 18 0 GHz Frequency Range 01 18 GHz Frequency Range 18 0 26 5 GHz Frequency 300 MHz Frequency 300 MHz Mainframe for RF Plug in HP 3455A HP 1741A HP 10004D HP 10007D HP 34111A HP 3312A HP 8406A HP 8640B Opt 001 HP 8662A HP 5342A Opt 005 HP 5300A 5302A HP 435B HP 432A HP 8485A HP P486C HP 8481A Opt C03 HP K486C 140T 8552B 8554B HP 84444 Opt 059 HP 8350A Model 8569B General Information Table 1 3 Recommended Test Equipment 2 of 3 Critical Specifications Recommended Model Sweep Oscillator Mainframe for RF Plug in HP 8620C Alternate for HP 8350A RF Plug in Frequency 01 to 26 5 GHz HP 83595A Frequency 01 to 2 4 GHz HP 86222A RF Plug in
107. ress switch Figure 55 on the rear panel of the analyzer is used to set the analyzer address The instrument address is the binary number represented by the on 1 or off 0 states of the five switch segments A1 through A5 For example the address 18 is set when A2 and AS are on 1 and the other switch segments are off 0 Digital CRT Display Coordinates References to the CRT display coordinates specifically commands AP BP BA BB IA IB and TA TB as listed in Table 5 will follow the layout in Figure 56 Within the range of the graticule there are a total of 481 X axis values 0 to 480 with 48 points per division and 801 Y axis values 0 to 800 with 100 points per division Table 5 HP IB Programming Codes HP IB Commands Alphabetical Listing Display lower line control settings Output trace A peak signal coordinates Output RF Input Attenuation Display upper line control settings Output trace A byte values Output trace B byte values Output trace B peak signal coordinates Output Center Frequency Output annotation Output display mode Output detection mode Input trace A integer values Input trace B integer values Output Amplitude Scale Input lower line message Input upper line message Output value of sweep flag Output INP B 4A state Output Resolution Bandwidth Output Reference Level Start sweep and set sweep flag Output Frequency Span Div Output Sweep Time Output trace A integer values Outp
108. s Signals at 321 4 MHz bypass the second converter whereas a 2050 MHz signal would mix with the second LO at 1 7286 GHz to also produce a 321 4 MHz IF At the third converter the 321 4 MHz IF is amplified filtered and mixed with the third LO at 300 MHz to produce a final IF of 21 4 MHz The output of the third converter goes to a variable gain amplifier selectable bandpass filters variable gain logarithmic amplifiers and linear amplifiers It is then detected The detected video signal goes through a selectable video filter before it is sent to the display for digital processing The IF bandpass filter log and linear amplifiers and video filter are all controllable from the front panel of the spectrum analyzer DIGITAL STORAGE DISPLAY The Digital Storage Display section performs two major functions The first which is controlled by the CPU Central Processing Unit is to acquire process and store display data in memory referred to as Stroke Mem ory The second which is controlled by the counter is to retrieve data from stroke memory and to display it on the CRT Since the CPU can process only digital information an Analog to Digital Converter is provided to convert ana log signals to digital information The rate at which data is acquired varies with the instrument sweep speed which is set by the Sweep Generator During normal operation the CPU alternately takes samples of the horizontal and vertical signals the horiz
109. s an equipment setup used for measuring radiated field strength The antenna in Figure 48 is used to convert the radiated field to a voltage for the analyzer to measure The field strength is the analyzer reading plus the antenna correc tion factor Figure 49 illustrates radiated interference as displayed on the HP 8569B Compatibility is also important for high frequency cir cuits which are in close proximity to each other In a multi stage circuit parasitic oscillation from one stage Figure 45 Noise Power Measurement can couple to a nearby stage and cause unpredictable 4 J SPECTRUM ANALYZER 45 Ga Pp disp On yeas ENR 10 LOG aT E Where disp is Power Out in Watts Figure 46 Measuring Noise Figure Factor Technique CIR 108 0 MHz SPAN 20 RES 388 kHz VF BI REF 58 dBm 5 d8 ATTEN 8 8 SWP AUTO Se SPECTRUM ANALYZER ANTENNA ig Figure 47 Y Factor Measurement Figure 48 Field Strength Test Setup 32 CTR 475 4 MHz REF 10 dBm SPAN 100 MHz 10 dB dB RES 1 MHz AUTO VF OFF Figure 49 Radiated Interference behavior A popular technique used to search for spuri ous radiation utilizes an inductive loop probe The loop probe is a few turns of wire that attaches to the spectrum
110. s dependent on bandwidth therefore for every decade increase decrease in resolution bandwidth the average noise level increases decreases by 10 dB The HP 8569B uses harmonic mixing to achieve 22 GHz internal mixing and 115 GHz external mixing fre quency ranges Thus higher harmonic mixing modes corresponding to higher frequency bands have higher average noise levels causing spectrum analyzer sensitivity to decrease Therefore the best sensitivities are achieved on the lower frequency bands Figure 26c shows how the Signal to Noise Ratio is degraded with the higher fre quency bands Preselection Another factor to consider in determining maximum dynamic range besides mixer level and sensitivity is pre selection In comparing the distortion curves for the 1 7 YIG Preselector At time tz the analyzer is tuned to receive 2f1 The preselector also rejects f1 thereby eliminating this source of distortion Figure 24 YIG Preselector Tuning to 22 GHz frequency range to the 0 01 to 1 8 GHz fre quency range in Figure 26c it can be seen that the dynamic range for the preselected band 1 7 to 22 GHz is generally much greater when the signal separation is z 100 MHz This benefit is due to the tracking preselec tor a tunable bandpass filter that tracks the tuning of the analyzer The preselector extends the dynamic range of the analyzer to measure a low level signal in the presence of a potentially interfering high lev
111. s then connected to the INPUT 500 connector of the HP 8569B and the tuning accuracy is checked 2 8 Model 8569B Installation and Operation Verification OPERATION VERIFICATION 2 34 TUNING ACCURACY Cont d PROCEDURE 1 Connect frequency counter to spectrum analyzer CAL OUTPUT as shown in Figure 2 4 Set all normal green settings and other controls as follows TRACE A xc eter es dA Mc Ie CR CA NOVA SENATE wa CIR WRITE 2522 5 CEA io edd GR RU ER STORE BLANK FREQUENCY BAND GH 555569 wen car bl ee ste CUN S 01 1 8 TUNING ucc qi nte aule Metis a Ta EC Uo Ex cA daa acie 0 100 GHz INPUT ATTEN 5 es 10 dB KEFEEVELdBm does Soo E hoo eaa x RR aW Vies de eee ee ay 10 REFERENCE LEVEL FINE 5555955 ETERNA eos 0 FREQUENCY SPAN DIV cides Excess Kanu er VERI A ERR E xa 1 MHz RESOLUTION BW 2 10 OR ROS I Re 30 kHz MIXING EUER Re aa due ro ec INT POWER METER SPECTRUM ANALYZER FREQUENCY COUNTER 10 Hz 250 MHz Figure 2 4 Operation Verification Test Setup 2 9 Installation and Operation Verification Model 8569B OPERATION VERIFICATION 2 34 TUNING ACCURACY Cont d 2 Measure spectrum analyzer CAL OUTPUT frequency using frequency co
112. sconnecting the protective earth terminal is likely to make this instrument dangerous CAUTION BEFORE SWITCHING ON THIS INSTRUMENT make sure instru ment s ac input is set to the voltage of the ac power source see Figure 2 1 BEFORE SWITCHING ON THIS INSTRUMENT make sure the ac line fuse is of the required current rating and type normal blow time delay etc 1 18 INSTRUMENTS COVERED BY MANUAL 1 19 Serial Numbers 1 20 Attached to the rear of each section of your instrument is a serial number plate Figure 1 2 The serial number is in two parts The first four digits and letter are the serial number prefix the last five digits are the suffix The prefix is the same for all identical instruments it changes only when a change is made to the instrument The suffix however is assigned sequentially and is different for each instru ment The contents of this manual apply to instru ments with the serial number prefix es listed under SERIAL NUMBERS on the title page SERIAL NUMBER PREFIX ser 2203201726 SUFFIX pauta MN LETI MADE ite Figure 1 2 Typical Serial Number Plate General Information 1 24 Manual Changes Supplement 1 22 An instrument manufactured after the print ing of this manual may have a serial number prefix that is not listed on the title page This unlisted serial number prefix indicates the instrument is different from those described in this
113. se if not in sample is desired mode or in analog display SAMPLE pushed in Random Noise Level measurements Digital Averaging auto matically selected Zero Frequency Spans for sweeptimes 22 msec DIV for most time domain analysis During a sweep only a specified amount of time is avail able for writing data into each of the 481 trace memory addresses In each one of these time periods the positive peak detector obtains the maximum video signal excur sions and stores this value into the trace memory address In the sample mode samece the instantaneous signal value of the final analog to digital conversion for the time period is placed in memory Figure 20 In Figures 21 and 22 the same signal response is dis played with each trace detection mode HP IB Code DM output SAMPLE state Digital Averaging Ne is a trace display routine that averages trace responses from sweep to sweep thus averaging random noise without requiring a narrow video bandwidth Maxi mum averaging is achieved after 64 sweeps Both digital averaging and reduced video bandwidth are primarily used to improve the ability of the analyzer to measure low level signals by smoothing the noise response The advantage of digital averaging over narrowing the video filter is the ability for the user to view changes made to the amplitude or frequency scaling of the display while smoothing the noise response For example to dis pla
114. st Equipment 14 Il INSTALLATION AND OPERATION HI Figure Page Figure 1 1 HP Model 8569B Spectrum Analyzer with 2 2 Attaching Rack Mounting Hardware Accessories Supplied 1 0 and 5 1 2 Typical Serial Number Plate 1 3 2 3 Packaging for Shipment Using Factory 1 3 Service Accessories 1 12 Packaging Materials 2 1 Line Voltage Selection with Power 24 Operation Verification Test Setup Module PC Board 24 2 5 Span Width Accuracy Measurement LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 1 1 HP Model 8569B Specifications 1 5 2 1 AC Power Cables Available 1 2 HP Model 8569B Supplemental 22 Rack Mounting Kits for HP 8569B Characteristics 1 8 2 3 Operational 1 3 Recommended Test Equipment 1 14 24 Operation Verification Test Record 2 1 21 2 1 3 5 Introduction 34 Routine Maintenance LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Contents General Information Model 8569B HP 8569B LINE POWER CABLE SEE TABLE 2 1 FOR HP PART NUMBER Figure 1 1 HP Model 8569B Spectrum Analyzer with Accessories Supplied 1 0 Model 8569B General Information SECTION GENERAL INFORMATION 1 1
115. st recent measurement Therefore the average follows only a slowly changing signal response HP IB Code DG output DGTL AVG state CTR 2 3799 GHz SPAN 180 2 REF 10 dB 1g dB ATTEN 10 dB RES BW 1 MHz VF OFF SWP 1 sec SMPL a ahah dE TAA iT aA Figure 22 Sample Detection Mode Trace Arithmetic Trace arithmetic can be used either for comparison of two traces or for normalization in swept frequency mea surements B Trace B amplitude measured in divisions from the bottom graticule is subtracted from the input trace Trace A and the result is written into Trace A from sweep to sweep Trace B must be in one of the STORE modes Display If Trace B is not in view OF Oo BLANK 5 Error an error message is displayed in the upper Message portion of the CRT Trace arithmetic can be used to correct for the frequency response characteristics flatness of a swept measure ment system Refer to Chapter 3 for more detail HP IB Code NS output INP B gt A state DIRECT PLOTTER OUTPUT Graticule o character CHAR and trace trace information can output directly to a digital plotter through an HP IB cable without the need for a controller DIGITAL PLOTTER NOTE If an HP IB controller is connected to the HP IB output of the HP 8569B place con troller in reset state terminate any run ning program before the d
116. stabilizer is OFF for frequency spans 100 kHz Div or less Noise sidebands At least 75 dB down greater than 30 kHz from center of CW signal when set to a 1 kHz Resolution Bandwidth and a 10 Hz 01 Video Filter fundamental mixing AMPLITUDE SPECIFICATIONS AMPLITUDE RANGE Internal mixer Measurement range Damage levels Total RF power 30 dBm 1 watt dc or ac lt 500 source impedance OV with 0 dB input attenuation 1 amp 7V with 10 dB input attenuation 0 14 amp General Information Model 8569B Table 1 1 HP Model 8569B Specifications 2 of 3 Peak pulse power 50 dBm 10 usec pulse width 0 01 duty cycle 20 dB attentuation Gain compression lt 1dB for 7 dBm input level with 0 dB attenuation Average Noise Level Sensitivity minimum discernible signal is given by the signal level which is equal to the average noise level caus ing approximately a 3 dB peak above the noise Maximum average noise level with 1 kHz Resolution Bandwidth 0 dB attenuation and 0 003 3 Hz video filter is given in the table below Sensitivity in the external mixing bands har monic modes 6 10 16 and 26 assumes an exter nal mixer conversion loss of 30 dB Frequency Harmonic Avg Noise Level Band TH Mode dBm sans 3 8518 32141 4 e5 ana 5 9 30141 6 104 2144 3214 10 3 amp 1 30141 16 104
117. ter osiris caine eva dele eene ea C RO he Vae EAR HP 5340A Comb Generator col I AED KE E ie Se Es HP 8406A Power aee adesse eb b ik Cru P nie c Refs HP 435B POWerSensor livers es aie n ans RT GU E es HP 8481A Step Attenuator 10 dB Step HP 355D If substitution is necessary for any of the above listed equipment the alter nate models must meet or exceed the critical specifications listed in Table 1 3 2 33 OPERATIONAL CHECK PROCEDURE 1 Perform front panel adjustment procedure provided on pull out card 2 Connect comb generator 100 MHz comb to HP 8569B INPUT 500 connector Set all normal green settings except set TRACE A and TRACE B to STORE BLANK Set FREQUENCY SPAN DIV to 1 MHz and TUNING to 0 100 GHz Verify indication noted in Table 2 3 for each setting shown NOTE In checking some functions first press CLEAR RESET to clear digital trace from CRT display 2 34 TUNING ACCURACY SPECIFICATION Overall tuning accuracy of the digital frequency readout in any span mode Internal Mixing 5 MHz or 0 2 of center frequency whichever is greater plus 20 of frequency span per division DESCRIPTION The tuning accuracy of the HP 8569B is verified by means of a comb generator at the first two FREQUENCY BAND GHz settings The CAL OUTPUT frequency is measured and the HP 8569B is calibrated at 100 MHz The comb generator i
118. tical Specifications Recommended Model Adapter Adapter Adapter Adapter Adapter Adapter Adapter 2 required Cable Assembly Cable Assembly BNC Short BNC Tee Test Cable Diplexer Directional Coupler Directional Coupler P Performance Test A Adjustment T Troubleshooting BNC Female to SMC Female K Band to R Band for use with HP 11517A Mixer APC 7 to Type N Female APC 7 to Type N Male APC 7 to SMA Female Type N Female to SMA Female Type N Male to SMA Female SMA Plug both ends Type N Connector both ends Impedance 50 ohms Connectors BNC Jack and Plug SMA Female to BNC Male No Substitute Frequency Range 12 4 18 0 GHz Frequency Range 18 0 26 5 GHz HP 08565 60087 HP 11519A HP 11524A HP 11525A HP 11534A HP 86290 60005 HP 1250 1404 HP 8120 1578 HP 11500A HP 1250 0774 HP 1250 0781 HP 11592 60001 HP 5086 7721 HP P752C HP K752C These parts are included in Service Accessories Package HP Part Number 08565 60100 Only one required if HP 86290A Opt used Model 8569B Installation and Operation Verification SECTION Il INSTALLATION AND OPERATION VERIFICATION 2 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 This section includes information about the initial inspection preparation for use storage and shipment and operation verification for the HP Model 8569B 2 3 INITIAL INSPECTION 2 4 Inspect the shipping container for damage If the shipping
119. to peak required on CRT display Trigger Level Sets the level of the sweep trigger signal whether it is the displayed trace Video mode or an ex ternal trigger input Ext mode External Trigger Sweep triggering determined by signal input between 1 and 10 volts to rear panel BNC connector Single Sweep triggered or reset by front panel Start Reset pushbutton Start Reset Triggers sweep in Single sweep mode Can also reset any internal sweep to left edge of display Model 8569B General Information Table 1 2 HP Model 8569B Supplemental Characteristics 4 of 4 SUPPLEMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS NOTE Values in this table are not specifications but are typical characteristics in cluded for user information INPUT OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS Plotter Interface Log 0 1 dB dB max error 1 dB Linear 0 1 division X Y and Z Axis Outputs These outputs are compatible with and may be used to drive all current HP XY recorders using positive pencoils or pentlift input and CRT monitors Horizontal Sweep Output X axis A voltage proportional to the horizontal sweep of the CRT trace which ranges from 5V for the left graticule edge to 5V for the right graticule edge Output impedance is 5 kohms Vertical Output Y axis Detected video output propor tional to vertical deflection of the CRT trace Output in creases 100 mV div from 0 to 800 mV from a 50 ohm source for a full
120. to 12 9 8 5 to 18 10 5 to 22 External mixing 12 4 to 115 GHz Covered in four ranges selectable by Frequency Band push buttons in GHz 12 4 26 5 6 harmonic mode 21 44 10 harmonic mode 33 71 16 harmonic mode and 53 115 26 harmonic mode FREQUENCY ACCURACY Tuning Accuracy The overall tuning accuracy of the digital frequency readout in any span mode 01 to 115 GHz 5 MHz or 0 2 of center frequency whichever is greater 20 of frequency span per division CRT digita readout resolution included in tuning accuracy Internal mixing 100 kHz external mixing 1 MHz FREQUENCY SPANS on a 10 division CRT horizontal axis 1 7 to 22 GHz Multiband span of spectrum from 1 7 to 22 GHz in one sweep The frequency position corresponding to the tuning marker is set by the Tuning control and in dicated by the digital frequency displays on the front panel and the CRT Full Band Displays spectrum of entire Frequency Band selected Tuning marker displayed in Full Band mode becomes center frequency when Per Divison mode is selected Marker frequency is given on the digital displays Per Division Eighteen calibrated spans from 1 kHz Div to 500 MHz Div a 1 2 5 10 sequence In position the entire Frequency Band selected is spanned Span width accuracy The frequency error for any two points on the display for spans from 500 MHz to 20 kHz Div unstabilized is less than 5 of the indicated separat
121. tomatically selected 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 INP B gt A Subtracts trace data stored in TRACE B from input signal data and displays resulting data in Trace A Normalized trace is at the center hori zontal graticule line when input signal is equal to stored Trace B see Chapter 2 Center line refer ence level MID changes to dB for relative mea surements PLOT Provides control of HP IB plotter set for Listen Only mode Display information is frozen on screen during plot Use CLEAR RESET to abort plot and return to local control a GRAT plots graticule b CHAR plots CRT control readouts or HP IB entered message c TRACE plots displayed trace s SCALE INTEN Adjusts background illumination for photography Set to blue area for CRT photo graphs Does not operate in ANALOG DSPL mode INTEN Adjusts brightness of CRT trace and char acters Set to the blue region for CRT photographs IST LO OUTPUT A 2 0 to 4 46 GHz 7 dBm nominal output coupled from first local oscillator Terminate with 500 load when not in use Refer to Appendix B for information on LO for each Fre quency Band CAL OUTPUT An internal 100 MHz 10 dBm 97 dByV calibration signal SIG IDENT Used to verify frequency of unknown signals Especially useful in External Mixing bands VIDEO FILTER Selects post detection low pass filters which smooth the trace by averaging random noise The Video Filter bandwidth is
122. trol ler General Description The HP 8569B digital storage display and sweep control can be accessed through HP IB The HP IB connector is located on the rear panel see Figure 54 An HP IB inter connection cable often supplied with the HP IB Inter face is required to connect the analyzer to the controller HP IB interface Programming codes are summarized on the pull out information card and in Table 5 of this section A more detailed syntax summary can be found in Appendix E Programming information dealing with specific HP IB controllers can be found in the Introductory Operating Guide addressing that specific controller HP IB Compatibility The complete bus capability of the spectrum analyzer as defined in IEEE STD 488 or the identical ANSI Stand ard MC 1 1 is presented following Table 6 The pro Hewlett Packard Interface Bus the Hewlett Packard imple mentation of IEEE STD 488 1975 and ANSI STD MC 1 1 Digital Interface for Programmable Instrumentation gramming capability of the instrument is further described by the three HP IB messages in Table 6 Fore most among these messages is the data message which is the primary method of communication between the ana lyzer and the controller The responses of the analyzer to other messages are shown as well Addressing the Spectrum Analyzer Communication between instruments on the HP IB requires that a unique address be assigned to each instru ment The add
123. trument performs an automatic internal instrument check This routine checks the operation of the system memory RAM system pro gram memory ROM and the stroke memory RAM located in the analyzer s display section If the test rou tine fails partially or if the routine will not run at all refer to the HP 8569B Operation and Service Manual Sections V and VIII Contained in the HP 8569B program memory firmware is a series of test patterns which aid in troubleshooting and in the adjustment of the analyzer Refer to HP 8569B Operation and Service Manual Sections V and VIII FRONT PANEL ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURE The front panel adjustment optimizes the performance of the HP 8569B Spectrum Analyzer to obtain its speci fied accuracy The following step by step procedure is recommended for adjusting the HP 8569B A condensed procedure is also located on a pull out INFORMATION CARD attached to the analyzer Pre adjustment Settings 1 Set normal green settings on analyzer Table 1 2 Set FREQUENCY BAND GHz to 0 01 1 8 3 Set FREQUENCY SPAN DIV to 1 MHz 4 Set INPUT ATTEN to 1O dB 5 Set REF LEVEL dBm to 10 and REFERENCE LEVEL FINE to 0 dB Display Adjustments 1 Adjust FOCUS for clearest control readout characters 2 Press and hold in the while pressing the C cieanreser to activate the Display Adjust line at top of screen as shown in Figure 3 Figure 3 Display Line Adjustment 3 Adjust
124. ttenuator at 0 dB 50 ohms nominal SWR 1 5 0 0110 1 8 GHz 2 0 1 7to 22 GHz at analyzer tuned frequency Input attenuator at 10 dB or more 50 ohms nominal SWR 13 0 01to 1 8GHz 2 0 1 7t022 GHz LO Emission 2 00 to 4 46 GHz 60 dBm 0 01 to 1 8 GHz 80 dBm 1 7 to 22 GHz AMPLITUDE dB Input Protection For input signals from 01 to 22 GHz 0 01 to 1 8 GHz Frequency Band Internal diode limiter 1 7 to 22 GHz Frequency Bands Saturation of YIG filter preselector occurs at total input signal power levels below input mixer damage EXTERNAL MIXING IF INPUT SMA female connector is a port for 321 4 MHz IF input signals and bias current Internal gain adjustments have a range of 10 to 45 dB SWEEP CHARACTERISTICS SWEEP SOURCE Manual Sweep determined by front panel control con tinuously settable across CRT in either direction External Sweep determined by 0 to 10V external signal applied to External Sweep input on rear panel Blanking is controlled by signal at Blanking Input Operation in Digital Storage Display mode with External sweep requires a Retrace signal input to rear panel Retrace Input connector from internal Sweep generated sweep Internal generator SWEEP TRIGGER Free Run Sweep triggered repetitively by internal source Line Sweep triggered by power line frequency Video Sweep internally triggered by detected waveform of input signal signal amplitude of 0 5 division peak
125. u ment can make it a shock hazard 2 12 Mating Connectors 2 13 All mating connectors on the HP Model 8569B Spectrum Analyzer have standard Hewlett Packard part numbers and are readily available 2 14 Operating Environment 2 15 Temperature The instrument may be operated in tempertures from to 55 C 2 16 Humidity The instrument may be oper ated in environments with humidity from 5 to 95 at 0 C to 40 C However the instrument should also be protected from temperature extremes that cause internal condensation 2 17 Altitude The instrument may be operated at altitudes up to 4572 meters 15 000 feet Installation and Operation Verification 2 18 Bench Operation 2 19 The cabinet of the instrument has plastic feet and foldaway tilt stands for convenience in bench operation The tilt stands raise the front of the instrument for easier viewing of the control panel The plastic feet are shaped to make full width modu lar instruments self aligning when stacked 2 20 Rack Mounting Options 908 and 913 2 21 Instruments with Option 908 are shipped with a Rack Flange Kit which supplies necessary hard ware with installation instructions for mounting the instrument on a rack whose spacing is 482 6 mm 19 inches Installation instructions are also given in Fig ure 2 2 See Table 2 2 for HP part numbers 2 22 Instruments with Option 913 are shipped with a Rack Flange Front Handle Kit which supplies n
126. ude displayed represents the vector sum of all sig nal components The purpose of this section is to acquaint the reader with the operation of the HP Model 8569B Spectrum Ana lyzer Rather than discussing specific topics in detail the reader is referred to existing application notes which may be obtained by contacting your local Hewlett Packard Sales Office TUNABLE FILTER PASSBAND Me AMPLITUDE FREQUENCY gt fy t 24 THE FREQUENCY TIME DOMAINS a Three dimensional coordinates showing time frequency and amplitude The addition of a fundamental and its second harmonic is shown as an example b View seen in the t A plane On an oscilloscope only the composite f 2f would be seen c View seen in the f A plane Note how the components of the composite signal sre clearly seen here Figure 1 Frequency and Time Domain BASIC DESCRIPTION The HP 8569B Figure 2 is a high performance spectrum analyzer designed for ease of use Most measurements can be made with just three controls once the normal green settings are preset The HP 8569B has absolute amplitude and frequency calibration from 0 01 to 22 GHz The frequency span bandwidth and video filter are all coupled with automatic sweep to maintain a cali brated display and simplify use of the analyzer Internal preselection eliminates most spurious responses to sim plify signal identification The preselector also extends the dynamic range of the
127. um analyzer is used as a reference by the track ing generator the low residual FM of the spectrum ana lyzer is transferred to the tracking generator The fre quency spans of the two instruments are matched and synchronous providing precise tracking between the two instruments The equipment setup for this measurement is shown in Figure 51 A significant advantage of the spectrum analyzer track ing generator combination for swept measurements is the large dynamic range The noise is bandwidth limited in the spectrum analyzer and harmonics and spurious prod ucts are not limiting factors since the spectrum analyzer is always tuned to the fundamental of the tracking genera tor The dynamic range for the tracking generator and spectrum analyzer extends from the output available on the tracking generator to the noise floor on the analyzer For the HP 8569B 8444A Option 059 system the dynamic range is generally greater than 100 dB Figure 52 illustrates the large dynamic range that is possible using the HP 8444A Option 059 and the HP 8569B The system frequency response can be eliminated from the measurement results by using the C 77 mode First calibrate the system with a known standard i e a through line for transmission measurements Then store the displayed response in Trace B by using either C 57988 or D STORE see Figure 53a Next insert device under test press INP B gt A see Figure 53b The displayed frequency res
128. uning control to center signal on CRT display AUTO STABILIZER Tuning of signal with coarse TUNING control is Blue FREQUENCY continuous SPAN DIV settings Tuning of signal with coarse TUNING control causes signal to jump off CRT display Model 8569B Installation and Operation Verification FREQUENCY SPAN MODE AMPLITUDE SCALE Center signal on CRT display Table 2 3 Operational Check 2 of 3 Setting NOTE Set TRACE A to WRITE and FREQUENCY SPAN DIV to 100 MHz PER DIV Signals are displayed at one division intervals NOTE Set FREQUENCY SPAN DIV to 2 MHz and adjust TUNING control to center signal on CRT display ZERO SPAN FULL BAND 1 7 22 GHz SPAN 10 dB LOG DIV CRT trace is a straight line and FINE TUNING control affects signal amplitude Twenty five comb teeth are visible and baseline marker position is determined by coarse TUNING control Baseline is displayed from left to right in five steps see Section IIT Return to PER DIV 10 dB change in REF LEVEL dBm changes signal amplitude by one division 0 1 division NOTE Set REF LEVEL dBm and REFERENCE LEVEL FINE to position signal peak 0 5 division below REFERENCE LEVEL graticule line Center signal on CRT display with TUNING control 5 dB LOG DIV 2 dB LOG DIV 1 dB LOG DIV LIN Signal peak one division below REFERENCE LEVEL graticule line 0 25 division Signal peak 2 5 divisions below REFER
129. unter Reading should be 100 MHz 0 01 MHz 3 Calibration of FREQUENCY GHz display is initially adjusted at 100 MHz Connect CAL OUTPUT to INPUT 500 and tune instrument to center signal on CRT display FREQUENCY GHz readout should be 0 100 If necessary adjust FREQ CAL screwdriver adjustment for 0 100 on FREQUENCY GHz display Check that CTR annotation on CRT reads 100 0 MHz 4 Verify calibration of FREQUENCY GHz display in other frequency bands as follows a Tune instrument for an indication of 1 800 GHz on FREQUENCY GHz digital readout b Connect comb generator to spectrum analyzer INPUT 50 and tune instrument to center 1 8 GHz comb tooth on CRT display FREQUENCY GHz readout must be 1 800 0 005 GHz Select 1 7 4 1 FREQUENCY BAND GHz and set TUNING control for an indication of 3 000 GHz on FREQUENCY GHz readout d Center 3 0 GHz comb tooth on CRT display FREQUENCY GHz readout must be 3 000 0 006 GHz e Set TUNING control for an indication of 4 000 GHz on FREQUENCY GHz readout f Center 4 0 GHz comb tooth on CRT display FREQUENCY GHz readout must be 4 000 0 008 GHz 2 35 FREQUENCY SPAN WIDTH AND RESOLUTION BANDWIDTH ACCURACY SPECIFICATION Span width accuracy The frequency error for any two points on the display for spans from 500 MHz to 20 kHz Div unstabilized is less than 5 of the indicated separation for stabilized spans 100 kHz Div and less the error is less than 15 Resolution bandwidth ac
130. ut trace B integer values Take sweep Output Video Filter HP IB INTERCONNECTION CABLE SUPPLIED WITH THE HP CONTROLLER HP IB INTERFACE OPTION HP IB CONNECTOR ADDRESS SWITCH Figure 54 HP 8569B with HP IB Interconnect Cable The Y axis overrange values displayed above the top of the graticule are 801 to 820 for the trace output com mands AP BP BA BB and TA TB and 801 to 975 for the trace input commands IA IB Values above 950 may be deflected off the top of the screen ADDRESS Two lines of annotation near the top of the CRT display controlled by the labeling commands CS LL LU AL AU 16 2 18 Table 5 is summary of the 8569B HP IB Program ming Codes For more detailed information concerning the front panel controls of the analyzer refer to Chapter 2 For information on syntax requirements refer to Appendix E Figure 55 HP IB Address Switch 36 Table 6 HP IB Message Reference Table Response Related Commands interface j and Controls Functions Information pertaining to the digital storage display is available to the bus Trace data and display messages can be sent to the analyzer via HP IB Program instructions can initiate sweeps Device clear clear active traces and reset sweep Interface clear unaddress instrument Commands Control lines and Interface Functions are defined in IEEE STD 488 and the identical ANSI Standard MC1 1 Complete HP IB capability is SH1
131. veguide mixer is used to convert the input signals to a 321 4 MHz IF which is then further processed by the analyzer AUTOMATIC STABILIZATION SECTION Many factors can limit the resolution of the spectrum analyzer Among these are the stability and spectral purity of the local oscillator and the bandwidth and shape factor of the IF filter Of these limitations the most significant for microwave analyzers is usually the stability residual FM or drift of an oscillator For this reason the HP 8569B utilizes an automatic stabilization circuit that locks the YTO to a 1 MHz crystal reference oscillator The lock is automatically engaged when fre quency spans of 100 kHz Div or less are selected The AUTO STABILIZER can be disabled by a push button switch located on the front panel An added feature of the automatic stabilization circuit is the use of offset compensation to keep the signal of interest fixed on the CRT during stabilization The circuit is designed so that the YTO is not moved when it is locked to the reference oscillator Since there is no frequency shift in the YTO there is no shift in the displayed signal This eliminates the need for the user to retune the signal on the CRT once the instrument has been stabilized 39 IF SECTION The IF section consists of components in the signal path after the first mixer The output from the first mixer is either 2050 MHz for the 01 to 1 8 GHz band or 321 4 for all other band
132. y both Mixer distortion caused by a large signal at the mixer changes non linearly as the fundamental signal amplitude is changed That is for example a 10 dB change in amplitude causes a 20 dB change in second order distor tion level and a 30 dB change in third order distortion Therefore the objective of the following discussion is to show that maximum dynamic range can be achieved by the judicious use of RF attenuation The maximum dynamic range of the HP 8569B can be determined by referring to Figure 26 Three types of curves are presented on the chart sensitivity solid line second order distortion large dashed line and third order distortion small dashed line The sensitivity curves for the six internal frequency bands 0 01 22 GHz are given for a 100 Hz bandwidth To use the sensi tivity curves for other resolution bandwidths simply sub tract 10 dB from the signal to noise reading for an increase in resolution bandwidth by a factor of 10 For example a signal to noise ratio of 70 dB for a 100 Hz bandwidth would be 60 dB for a 1 kHz bandwidth The second and third order distortion curves are dependent on whether the 0 01 to 1 8 GHz band or one of the prese lected internal mixing bands is used When more than one signal is at the RF input to the mixer the distortion curves are also dependent on signal separation Two ver tical axes are used in Figure 26 Signal to Noise Ratio right side and Spurious Free Dyna
133. y very low level signal responses very narrow resolu tion and video bandwidths are required The accompany ing increase in sweep time can make measurements cumbersome Digital averaging allows the display of low level signals without long sweep times Any change to control settings will cause the digital averaging process to be restarted Display If either Trace A or Trace B is in the Error mode an error message is dis Message played on the upper portion of the CRT 15 POSITIVE PE AK DETECTOR SAMPLE ATOD ONVERTER MEMORY DISPLAY Figure 20 Detection Signal Flow Digital Averaging Algorithm The average of each amplitude point depends on the number of samples already taken and the last amplitude average The exponentially weighted algorithm is expressed pce YN gt Ypap svo NE where Yn the latest measurement average 1 the previous measurement average SN 7 the current measurement N sweep number F 2INT 1 LOG N CTR 2 3799 GHz 188 REF 10 dBm 10 dB ATTEN 18 dB RES BW MHz SWP AUTO Figure 21 Normal Detection Mode 16 In other words the difference between the previous aver age and the current measurement is divided The result is then added to the previous average to obtain the new average For each sweep when n gt 64 F now 64 remains constant and all new data is weighted by 1 64 and added to the average amplitude after the mo

HEWLETT PACKARD 8569B SPECTRUM ANALYZER

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