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Management of Wood-destroying Pests

1. Shape and Size Reinfests inches of Age of Wood Appearance of Structural Insect Type Exit Entry Hole Wood Type Attacked Frass in Tunnels Timber Ambrosia beetles Round 1 50 Softwood and New None present No to 1 8 hardwood Lyctid beetles Round 1 32 Hardwood New and old Fine flourlike to 1 16 loosely packed Yes Bark beetles Round 1 16 Bark sapwood New Fine to coarse No to 3 32 interface bark colored tightly packed Anobiid beetles Round 1 16 Softwood and New and old Fine powder and Yes to 1 8 hardwood pellets loosely packed pellets may be absent and frass tightly packed in some hardwoods Bostrichid beetles Round 3 32 Softwood and New Fine to coarse Rarely to 9 32 hardwood powder tightly bamboo packed Horntail or Round 1 6 Softwood New Coarse tightly No wood wasp to 1 4 packed Carpenter bee Round 1 2 Softwood New and old None present Yes Round headed Round oval Softwood New Coarse to fibrous No borer 1 8 to 3 8 and hardwood mostly absent Flat headed borer Oval 1 8 Softwood and New Sawdustlike No to 1 2 hardwood tightly packed Old house borer Oval 1 4 Softwood New and old Very fine powder Yes to 3 8 and tiny pellets tightly packed Round or Flat oval 1 2 Softwood and New Absent or No flat headed borer or more or hardwood sawdustlike wood machined irregular coarse to fibrous after attack surface groove tightly packed 1 8 to 1 2 New wood is defined as standing or freshly felled trees and unseasoned lumber
2. 46 Interior Treatment Methods 46 Vertical Drilling 46 Short Rodding 0 60 us l hu 46 Long Rodding 0 06 qaqaqa 47 Treatment Guidelines Slab Construction Special Cases u aka la A hei here ekg sity as 47 Floating Slab Construction with Concrete Block Foundation and Walls 47 Floating Slab Construction with Concrete Foundation and Brick Veneer on Wood Frame 47 Monolithic Slab with Tile or Terrazzo Finished Floor 48 Wood Over Slab 0 000 ccc eee nee 49 Treatment Guidelines for Crawl Space Construction 49 Treatment Guidelines for Basement Construction 50 Special Considerations Basements 50 Retreatments for Soil applied Termiticides 50 Termite Calculation Problems and Solutions 50 SUMMA Y lt a ey era os aon y e ee e a emia ee 51 Review Questions 52 CHAPTER 5 OTHER TREATMENTS FOR SUBTERRANEAN TERMITES 61 Plenum and Non plenum Crawl Spaces 61 Subslab Heating Ducts 62 Special Considerations for Treating Basements 63 Dirt filled Concrete Porch on a Frame House 64 Wooden Porches 64 Hollow Block Tile and Rubble Foundations 65 Wells Cisterns and Other Water Sources 65 Rigid Foam Insulation Board 6
3. Figure 5 1 Plenum houses use the area under the subfloor as a giant heating cooling air chamber Because of this use of conventional liquid termiticide is not recommended Chapter 5 In non plenum structures air ducts in the crawl area should be examined before treatment If breaks or leaks at joints are found they should be repaired before treat ment is made Some air handling units are located in crawl spaces and draw air from the crawl area They should be ducted to draw in air from outside the struc ture before treatment It is also recommended that all crawl areas have adequate ventilation to prevent the buildup of odor and airborne termiticide residues If a structure has inaccessible crawl areas within the foundation access will have to be created Visually inspect the area to determine the best method of treat ment If there is sufficient clearance treatment should be made as in any other crawl area If there is insufficient clearance between the floor joists and the soil remove sufficient soil for access and treat the area see Figure 5 2 It may also be acceptable to drill the floor and treat by rodding or to treat by horizontal drilling and rodding Vent the area if possible HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK WALL BRICK VENEER Ad SS gt So IT A a Figure 5 2 Where the superstructure of a building is masonry provide for adequate clearance between wood and ground both outside and inside the building
4. E Whether fungi seen on the wood surface are still actively growing The electric resistance of wood decreases as its mois ture content increases This is the basis for the operation of portable moisture meters They measure the resistance between two needles inserted into wood and give a direct readout of moisture content The higher the meter read ing decreasing electric resistance the higher the amount of moisture in the wood Moisture meter readings can be affected by the wood species involved moisture distrib ution grain direction chemicals in the wood weather conditions and temperature Thus directions and infor mation supplied with the meter must be understood and Management of Wood destr oying Pests 89 followed to ensure accurate readings Some common sources of moisture in structures are listed below These areas should be inspected for signs of wood decaying fungi and moisture above 20 percent E Water vapors from the combustion of natural gas that improperly vent into the attic or other enclosed areas E Condensation on windows flowing down onto and into sills E Moisture from crawl spaces and the dirt below up to 100 pounds day 1 000 square feet E Absent or improperly placed drain pipes down spouts etc E Leaking roofs E Poor side wall construction Improperly sealed foundations basement walls E Direct contact of wood with soil or concrete allow ing wick action that pulls water
5. 13 The affected wood is easily crushed to a brown powder 14 Includes a few fungi that can infect relatively dry wood because of water conducting strands 15 Breaks down cellulose but not lignin 16 What should the pest management professional do if white pocket rot is found in a home A Recommend treatment B Replace infested wood C Nothing D A amp B 17 Dry rot refers to brown rot fungi infecting completely dry wood A True B False 18 Which is NOT true of wood staining fungi A Often cause a bluish discoloration of wood B Significantly reduce the strength of wood C Their presence indicates favorable conditions for the growth of other fungi D Feed on wood at a very slow rate Chapter 7 92 19 26 Match the following to the appropriate description A Sapstaining fungi B Mold C Chemical stains D All of the above 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Discolor sapwood particularly of soft wood species Commonly produce a bluish threadlike fungus growth deep within wood First noticeable as green yellow brown or black fuzzy or powdery surface growths on the wood Blue or brown stain not caused by fungi Colored spores can usually be brushed washed or surfaced off Fungal stains can not be removed by brushing or staining Includes Penicillium species Can downgrade the value of lumber 27 When do chemical stains occur How might they b
6. 31 Which would be a treatment for drywood termites A Heat chamber for 4 hours at 140 degrees F B Soil treatment with insecticides C Expose termites to 15 degrees F for 4 days D Install metal termite shield E A amp C Management of Wood destr oying Pests 32 37 Match the following to the appropriate description A B C D E 32 33 34 35 36 37 Powderpost beetles Longhorned beetles Carpenter ants Carpenter bees Wood decay fungi Excavate tunnels in softwood black with yellow hair Occur only in wood having a moisture content greater than 20 percent Construct nests in wood but do not consume it live in colonies Damage usually limited to pine soft wood recognized by ripples on the surface of the galleries Consist of three families larvae not adults do most of the damage to wood Larvae are called roundheaded borers and feed on wood doing most of the damage Management of Wood destr oying Pests 21 38 39 The most common structural pest in the longhorned beetle family is the A Bronze birch borer B Old house borer C Cherry shelf borer D Powderpost beetle What is the best method for controlling wood decay fungi A Use fungicides B Eliminate moisture sources C Eliminate insect D Fumigate Chapter 2 Chapter 2 22 Management of Wood destr oying Pests ama S c EQUIPMENT AND METHODS LEARNING 0BJ ECTIVES After com
7. Management of Wood destroying Pests A Guide for Commercial Applicators Category 7B Academic Specialist Acknowledgements We would like to express our thanks for the advice and technical assistance of the following reviewers Mark Sheperdigian Rose Exterminator Co Val Smitter Smitter Pest Control Jeffrey Zimmer Michigan Department of Agriculture Mel Poplar Michigan Department of Agriculture and John Haslem former pest management supervisor at Michigan State University We also thank Rick Spencer of Master Pest Control and Bob Stoddard of EnviroSafe for sending in their comments We acknowledge the main sources of text and illustra tions for this manual the Texas Agricultural Extension Service manual Control of Termites and Other Wood Pests B 5075 Texas A amp M University 1999 and Truman s Scientific Guide to Pest Control Operations fifth edition G W Bennett J M Owens and R M Corrigan Purdue University Advantsar Communications Project 1997 1 Other publications that were helpful in producing this manual include Cutten G M 1988 Termite Control in Ontario Ministry of the Environment Ottawa Ontario Koehler P G and W H Kern Jr 1994 General Household Pest Control Applicator Training Manual University of Florida Florida Cooperative Extension Service Levy M P 1975 A Guide to the Inspection of Existing Homes for Wood inhabiting Fungi and Insects U S Department of Agriculture Fores
8. There are numerous sources of water vapor in build ings Mopping floors washing clothes cooking baking and so forth introduce an estimated 1 pound of water per day into the air of an average home A poorly ventilated crawl space may produce up to 100 pounds of water per day per 1 000 square feet These moist environments are favorable for the reproduction and survival of decay fungi termites and other moisture loving insects Chapter 7 Prevention Simply maintaining a building properly by fixing leaky pipes and faucets repairing a leaky roof etc is often all that is needed to control wood destroying fungi Simple repairs such as these will often save thousands of dollars by pre venting damage and expense from wood destroying fungi Prevention however begins even before the maintenance stages the structure must be built properly to begin with When wood is used in the construction of a building it should be well seasoned so that it does not contain enough natural moisture to support decay fungi Wood should not be used in those parts of construction where it can be moistened by wet soil In extremely wet or humid areas construction lumber is frequently treated with preservative chemicals to prevent fungus damage Water should drain away from a properly constructed building This is accomplished through proper grading and roof overhang and the use of gutters downspouts and drain tile Proper grading should be taken care
9. contains all nat ural ingredients among the least toxic chemicals known and pollution approved are strictly prohibited Rule 14 requires commercial applicator training in integrated pest management IPM To make certain types of pesticide applications in schools health care facilities and public buildings Category 7B commercial applicators must participate in a training program that includes the following IPM elements E Site evaluation description inspection and moni toring E The concept of threshold levels E The relationship between pest biology and pest management methods E Pest population reduction including mechanical biological and chemical techniques and pest pre vention including habitat modification E The development and implementation of an IPM program with consideration for reducing the possi ble impact of pesticide use on human health and the environment E The evaluation of an IPM program to determine its effectiveness E The record keeping requirements of the IPM program Chapter 1 Rule 14 also specifies the elements that should be included in IPM programs applied to schools public buildings and health care facilities and lists further details on evaluation and record keeping requirements Rule 15 specifies the provisions regarding pesticide applications made in and around schools including a provision that insecticide applications can not be made in school rooms un
10. 61 62 What subterranean termite characteristics enable baits to be spread throughout a colony A Social nature and foraging behaviors B Swarming and reproduction C Caste system and molting D Temperature and moisture sensitivity What are belowground monitoring stations used for A As stomach poisons B To establish a feeding site C As chitin synthesis inhibitors D To determine where primary reproductives are located What factors affect the number and placement of bait stations Management of Wood destr oying Pests 63 What is a recommended placement of belowground 66 Which is NOT true about termite baits monitoring stations i A It takes longer to eliminate a colony with baits than with liquid termiticides B Baits are a better choice for chemical or odor sensitive customers C Drilling of structural concrete is rarely required D They can be easily put under slabs or in wall voids where termites occur E Easy to use 67 Explain how baits fit into an IPM program 64 Describe the interceptive bating strategy What is the advantage of interceptive baiting over belowground placement of baits in the soil around the structure 65 Which is true about termite baits A They require less monitoring than soil termiticides B They act much faster than soil termiticides C They are more effective when used alone without soil treatments D Active ingredients are generally less
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12. Figure 4 14 Block foundation floating slab arrows indicate possible termite entry points E Treat interior foundation walls by vertical drilling short rodding and or long rodding E Vertically drill and treat adjacent to interior walls and partitions where necessary E Drill and treat foundation voids E Treat wood that has accessible termite galleries E Repair and plug all drilling holes Completion This composite diagram shows the total protection of the structure by thoroughly treating the voids in the con crete blocks the soil in the subslab area at the expansion joint and the soil around the outside perimeter of the building The wood should be treated whenever a need is indicated Figure 4 15 Completed treatment of block foundation floating slab showing treatment of 1 the voids in the concrete blocks 2 the soil in the subslab area at the expansion joint and 3 the soil around the out side perimeter of the building Floating Slab Constr uction with Concrete Foundation and Brick Veneer on Wood Frame In this type of construction treating brick veneer voids to prevent infestation of the wood frame is a primary concern Termite entry points A solid concrete foundation eliminates some of the voids that commonly permit termite entry but termites frequently will penetrate up through the slab expansion joint They also will move from the outside soil area through the brick veneer into th
13. How is it measured Chapter 3 12 13 14 15 List factors that will affect the output of a sprayer Which is NOT true of backflow preventers A There is no chance of backflow occurring when using a backflow preventer even when the outside pressure greatly exceeds that of the water system B They should be installed on the end of the hose connected to the faucet any time water is being used from private or public systems to fill pesticide tanks or equipment C Various types of backflow preventers differ in the level of protection offered Pest management professionals should check on what type of backflow preventer will meet local codes and standards Which statement is true regarding protection of water supplies during a pesticide application for control of subterranean termites A The discharge side of the pump should be connected to the water supply to prime it B The insecticide water hose or faucet should extend into the insecticide or rinse water when filling a spray tank C There is no danger of contamination from termite applications when unused and unfilled cisterns or wells are located on a property High water tables can result in contamination of wells after a termiticide application What is the most commonly reported cause of pesticide contamination to water supplies A Contamination of the public water supply from back pressure B Old cisterns or dug wells no longer in us
14. Old wood is seasoned or dried lumber Source M P Levy A Guide to the Inspection of Existing Homes for Wood inhabiting Fungi and Insects U S Department of Housing and Urban Development Washington D C 1975 Management of Wood destr oying Pests 109 Appendix C APPENDIX D STRUCTURAL AND HOUSING TERMS Diagrams Identifying Structural Members ridge board ard rt roof rafters ceiling joists bottom plate stud walls corner post usually anchor bolts made up of 3 studs plywood roof sheathing partition wall non load bearing center bearing wall and outside load bearing wall tty crawl space Appendix D 110 Management of Wood destr oying Pests Multiply By Acres 0 405 Acres 4 047 0 Acres 4 840 0 Acres feet 43 560 0 Acre feet 1 233 49 Acre feet 43 560 0 Acre feet 325 850 58 Bushels 0 0461 Bushels 1 2437 Bushels 4 0 Bushels 32 0 Bushels 35 24 Bushels 64 0 Bushels 2 150 42 Centimeters 0 3627 Centimeters 0 01 Centimeters 10 0 Cubic centimeters 0 0610 Cubic centimeters 0 03381 Cubic centimeters 1 0 Cubic centimeters 1 0 Cubic feet 0 0283 Cubic feet 0 0370 Cubic feet 0 8040 Cubic feet 7 4805 Cubic feet 25 71 Cubic feet 28 32 Cubic feet 29 92 Cubic feet 61 42 Cubic feet 59 84 Cubic feet 62 4 Cubic feet 1 728 0 Cubic feet 28 317 0 Cubic meters 1 308 Cubic meters 35 31 Cubic meters 264 2 Cubic meters 1 000 0 Cubic meters 1 057 0 Cubic meters 2 113 0 Cubic mete
15. The upper level of the water saturated zone in the ground WETTABLE POWDER A dry pesticide formulation in powder form that forms a suspension when added to water WORKERS The sexually underdeveloped caste of the termite colony that is responsible for most of the work of the colony foraging feeding and grooming of the other castes including the queen building and repairing the nest and making the tunnels They are the most numer ous and destructive members of the colony ZONE LINES A symptom of infestation in wood from white rot fungi thin dark lines form around the decayed areas For the further definition of terms consult Pesticide Applicator Core Training Manual E 2195 Michigan State University Extension The Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act as amended Public Law 92 516 October 21 1972 as amended by Public Law 94 140 November 28 1975 and Public Law 95 396 September 30 1978 Federal Register November 7 1990 Part II Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 171 Certification of Pesticide Applicator Proposed Rule Region V Office of the EPA Chicago Ill Michigan Department of Agriculture State Plan for Commercial and Private Applicators Local state and national pest control associations Management of Wood destr oying Pests APPENDIX C WOOD BORING INSECTS Table 1 Characteristics of damage caused by common wood boring insects
16. These barriers con sist of specific particle sizes that cannot be penetrated by termites when properly installed The particle size distri bution is such that the termites are unable to move through these spaces Many variables affect the effective ness of sand barriers but when used in conjunction with other methods they can be useful in preventing termite infestations Chemical Barriers Treated lumber Chemically treated lumber should be used for the foundation plate mudsill and all partition framing and furring strips used belowground For maxi mum protection the wood should be pressure impregnat ed with a preservative Brushing spraying or soaking the lumber with the chemical gives only limited protection The use of borates disodium octaborate tetrahydrate in several formulations to penetrate into wood for the local control of termites has shown potential in prevent ing infestations Results in eliminating existing infesta tions have been variable thus the use of borates for con trolling established infestations must be evaluated on a case by case basis Soil insecticides Treatment of the soil around and under the foundation with one of the recommended soil insecticides is a good method of preventing termite attack Soil treatment should be used as a supplement to good construction not as a substitute for it Treatment is needed in four areas during construction 1 The entire soil surface under any area to be c
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18. 0 48 0 236 5 0 3048 0 3333 12 0 30 48 0 01136 0 01667 0 01829 0 3048 0 3333 60 0 0 00378 0 1337 3 785 To Get Gallons dry Gallons liquid Quarts dry Liters Quarts liquid Pints dry Pints liquid Pounds of water Ounces liquid Cubic centimeters Cubic meters Bushels Cubic feet Gallons liquid Quarts liquid Pints liquid Liters Cubic inches Quarts liquid Pints liquid Ounces liquid Tablespoons Teaspoons Milliliters Meters Yards Inches Centimeters Miles per hour Feet per second Kilometers per hour Meters per minute Yards per minute Feet per hour Cubic meters Cubic feet Liters Quarts liquid Pints liquid Pounds Ounces liquid Cubic inches liquid Cubic inches dry Cubic centimeters Appendix E Multiply By Gallons of water 0 0038 Gallons of water 0 0049 Gallons of water 0 1337 Gallons of water 3 7853 Gallons of water 8 3453 Gallons of water 3 785 3446 Grains 0 0648 Grams 0 001 Grams 0 0022 Grams 0 0353 Grams 15 53 Grams 1 000 0 Grams per liter 10 0 Grams per liter 1 000 0 Hectares 2 47 Hectares 10 000 0 Hectares 11 954 8 Hectares 107 593 2 Inches 0 0254 Inches 0 02778 Inches 0 08333 Inches 2 54 Kilograms 0 0011 Kilograms 2 205 Kilograms 35 28 Kilograms 1 000 0 Kilometers 0 6214 Kilometers 1 000 0 Kilometers 1 093 611 Kilometers 3 280 833 Kilometers per hour 0 6214 Kilometers perhour 16 6667 Kilometers per hour 18 2268 Kilom
19. 19 Completed treatment of monolithic slab tile floor dark shading shows areas treated Special considerations monolithic slabs Treating soil next to the interior perimeter of the foun dation which is required in almost all other types of con struction may not be necessary in this case However soil treatment around the exterior is very important particu larly if there are veneers such as brick near the soil line Management of Wood destr oying Pests Trenching and treating is the most practical method Remember to treat any backfill Rodding does not need to be done because there is no advantage here in deep soil chemical treatment Wood treatment also is not required unless there is a reason for doing so No routine treatment of wood is done in mono lithic slab construction When drilling and rodding use caution around sewer pipes heating ducts plumbing plenums electrical wiring etc On monolithic slabs a very careful inspection needs to be made to determine exactly how termites have gained access and to find those areas where they might gain access The construction of access plates doors and pan els to permit inspection of the entry points of plumbing bath traps conduits etc constitutes the major part of treatment to this type of structure together with soil treatment around the outside perimeter Wood Over Slab To treat the soil under a slab covered by a wood floor both the wood and the slab
20. 95 Chapter 2 The Biology of Termites and Other Wood destr oying Pests 1 A DB 3 B HE 6C A DA 8 D 9 B 10 C DC 02A 13 D 14 B 15 B 16 C 17 A 18 C 19 C 20 E 21 C 22 A 23 Maintaining the proper levels of temperature and moisture is essential to the survival of the colony Warm moist conditions provide an ideal site for the growth of microorganisms particu larly fungi which are a source of protein and vitamins essential to the termite The accumula tion of termite fecal material in the nest in turn helps to promote the growth of fungi The type of soil will also affect the ability of the subter ranean termite to flourish Sand is preferred over clay 24 E 25 D 26 D 27 A 28 B 29 D 30 C 31 E 32 D 33 E 34 C 35 B 36 A 3 B 38 B_ 39 B Chapter 3 Equipment and Methods DC B A A HD OC 7 D 8 Because the smallest opening in the spray line determines the actual capacity for delivery regardless of the size of the hose If the diameter of the coupling is smaller than the diameter of the hose it will decrease the delivery rate and the desired volume of spray will not be delivered 9 B 10 Without accurate calibration of sprayers the amount of pesticide delivered will be incorrect Overdosage will contaminate the spray area or result in runoff Less than the recommended dosage might fail to control the pest 11 A flow meter and timer It is measured as the amount of time it takes
21. Appendix B 102 BIOMAGNIFICATION The process whereby one organism accumulates chemical residues in higher con centrations from organisms it consumes BRAND NAME The name or designation of a specific pesticide product or device made by a manufacturer or formulator a marketing name BRICK VENEER A facing of brick laid against and fas tened to sheathing of a frame wall or tile wall construction BUDDING Another means other than swarming for termites to form a new colony Budding occurs when a number of individuals including one or more wingless secondary reproductives leaves a well established colony to start a new one CALIBRATE CALIBRATION OF EQUIPMENT OR APPLICATION METHOD The measurement of dis persal or output and adjustments made to control the rate of dispersal of pesticides CARBAMATES N methyl carbamates A group of pes ticides containing nitrogen formulated as insecticides fungicides and herbicides The N methyl carbamates are insecticides and inhibit cholinesterase in animals CARCINOGENIC The ability of a substance or agent to induce malignant tumors cancer CARRIER An inert liquid solid or gas added to an active ingredient to make a pesticide dispense effectively A carrier is also the material usually water or oil used to dilute the formulated product for application CASTE A specialized form within the termite colony that carries out a particular function within the colony Te
22. Be able to identify the various types of termites and other wood destroying insects and pests E Understand the biology of termites i e their devel opment social order distribution and role in nature E Know the four categories of termites and how to dis tinguish between them E Know the various castes found among termites their role in the colony and how to distinguish one caste from another HM Understand how termite colonies are formed what environmental conditions a colony needs and how the colony maintains these conditions E Understand the basics behind termite communication within the colony E Be able to identify the type of wood destroying pest from the signs and symptoms on damaged wood Management of Wood destr oying Pests THE BIOLOGY OF INSECTS AND THEIR RELATIVES Living things are divided into the plant kingdom the animal kingdom and several smaller kingdoms of micro scopic life Insects are part of the largest group in the ani mal kingdom the phylum Arthropoda Arthropods include spiders mites ticks millipedes centipedes crabs shrimp and insects The class Insecta is distinguished from the other arthro pod classes by the three body regions head thorax and abdomen The head bears a single pair of antennae the thorax bears three pairs of legs and usually wings and the abdomen contains most of the digestive system and the reproductive organs THORAX INSECTS 3 pairs of
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24. Describe the elements that should be included in the basic training of a pest control technician Pest management can be complex It is a matter of using the right technologies and requires special equip ment and safety measures To be successful it must be effective and not adversely affect people or the environ ment The number and variety of pesticides have increased and pest management professionals need to know more about safety and proper use than ever before For these reasons among others many state and federal laws and regulations have been adopted to help protect the public the environment and pesticide handlers from the possible adverse effects caused by pesticide use In this chapter you will learn about the state and federal laws that regulate pesticide applicators particularly com mercial pesticide applicators certified in Category 7B Wood destroying Pests Applicators certified in this cate gory are responsible for pest management in and around structures including homes schools hospitals business es warehouses etc It is important that Category 7B pest Management of Wood destr oying Pests management professionals understand and keep up to date with the laws that affect pesticide application inside or around buildings Ignorance of the law is never an accepted excuse for a violation PROTECTION THE APPLICATOR S RESPONSIBILITY Ultimately responsibility for protecting the environ ment from the possi
25. E oil preparation or cream to the affected area Paresthesia is caused more by pyrethroids whose chemical makeup includes cyano groups fenvalerate cypermethrin and fluvalinate In addition to protecting themselves from future exposure persons who have experienced paresthesia should choose a pyrethroid with a different active ingredient as well as a wettable powder or microencapsulated formulation Borates Borate is a generic term for compounds containing the elements boron and oxygen Boron never occurs alone naturally but as calcium and sodium borate ores in several places in the world Chapter 3 Borax and other sodium borates are used in numerous products such as laundry additives eyedrops fertilizers and insecticides Though the mechanisms of toxicity are not fully understood boron is very toxic to insects and decay fungi that commonly damage wood in structures At low levels however boron is only minimally toxic and perhaps beneficial to humans other mammals and growing plants Use of borate treated wood for construc tion of homes and their wood based contents appears to offer many advantages to today s environmentally sensi tive world Unlike most other wood preservatives and organic insecticides that penetrate best in dry wood borates are diffusible chemicals they penetrate unseasoned wood by diffusion a natural process Wood moisture content and method and length of storage are the primary factors
26. IF important that e9 2 E the holes be fff ef Ae drilled at a ioe height that is as tee close to the out fee side grade level Aff Po as possible but PPEP not above the d top of the slab a Tit m ane ara fon Figure 4 9 Foundation void treatment dark shading shows area treated Chapter 4 inside Every void should be treated in the block In the event of spillage the area around all leaky drill holes must be cleaned After cleaning fill all holes to prevent exposure to the occupants Caution Special care must be taken to ensure that the chemical does not puddle and flow out over the inside slab floor If the soil line is above the slab line it may be necessary to trench below the slab line to safely treat block voids at a point of entry below the inside slab line Treatment of Brick or Stone Veneer Drill and chemically treat brick veneer voids only where the brick ledge is below grade level Holes mea suring approximately 1 4 or 3 8 inch in size must be drilled from the outside into the masonry between bricks and the void chemically treated Generally these holes should be drilled in every other brick Introduce enough termiti cide to completely flood the void to the footing or base The holes should not be drilled above the top of the founda tion for basements or above the level of the interior slab in slab construc tion unless the slab is at exterior grade level or lower Use enou
27. a few hours After the molting process which usually takes place in hiding the arthropod resumes its normal activities Development Most arthropods hatch as tiny individuals and grow by molting usually keeping the same appearance until they become adults However a spectacular and very important exception occurs in the class Insecta The insect class is divided into groups according to the way insects change during their development This change is called by the technical term metamorphosis which means change in form Three main types of metamorphosis have been identified Group 1 Simple Metamorphosis This group including the order of silverfish makes no drastic change in form from juvenile to adult They sim ply hatch and grow larger by molting periodically Only a few orders are in this group Group 2 Gradual Metamorphosis In this group e g termites cockroaches crickets grasshoppers boxelder bugs earwigs etc individuals hatch from the egg only partially resembling the adults The immatures or nymphs do not have wings Winged insects are always adults Insects in 14 orders develop in this way Some of these orders have many species and include many pests Nymphs and adults are often found together and usually eat the same food Chapter 2 10 SIMPLE METAMORPHOSIS Figure 2 2 Development with simple metamorphosis example silverfish Provonsha Figure 2 3 Development with gradual meta
28. above Aon Ss 2 Which is true about non plenum crawl spaces A Air vents should be ducted to draw in air from outside the structure before treatment B Air vents should be ducted to draw in air from inside the structure before treatment C There is no danger of termiticide odor problems D Never treat non plenum crawl spaces with liquid termiticide E All of the above 3 When treating slabs containing or covering heating ducts you should reconsider treating if the ducts A Are made of material containing cellulose B Have soil or sand bottoms C Have standing water D All the above 4 What is true concerning application of termiticide under or around subslab heating ducts A Use high pressure to keep termiticide from backing up into the duct B Use of a subslab injector is highly recommended C Rodding from outside may be the best treatment procedure D Vertical drilling through the duct may be the best treatment procedure Management of Wood destr oying Pests 5 In treating under and around subslab heating ducts what should be done after drilling is completed but before treatment 6 After treating a structure with subslab heating ducts what should be done if a strong odor persists 7 Which is true about controlling termites in basements with French drains and sump pumps A It is best to treat when the soil is wet B There is no danger of draining contaminated water into the
29. adapted from USDA SUBSLAB HEATING DUCTS Another common type of construction that requires special consideration in treating for termites is houses with heating systems under or imbedded within the con crete slab of the structure see Figure 5 3 The accidental introduction of a termiticide into ducts can result in a serious contamination of the air that flows through these ducts and into living quarters Termite baits might be a useful alternative in these situations Chapter 5 alternate angle for rodding heat duct 1 stud wall 1 angle for rodding Figure 5 3 Rod treating adjacent to a perimeter heat duct Inspect the ducts as much as possible using a mirror and flashlight If it appears that the ducts are made of material containing cellulose that they have soil or sand bottoms that they contain standing water or that they are not properly sealed reconsider treatment Such ducts should be sealed with concrete and an alternative air handling system installed before treatment To locate ducts in slabs turn on the heating system and place damp newspapers over the suspected location of the ducts The newspapers will begin drying in the areas immediately over the ductwork This will not work on carpeted floors Applying termiticide under or around the ducts must be done carefully Greatly reduced pressure less than 30 pounds at the nozzle tip or gravity percolation meth ods should be used The use of a s
30. affecting penetration by diffusion Properly done diffusion treatments permit deep pen etration of large timbers and refractory difficult to treat wood species that cannot be treated well by pressure The diffusible property of borates can be manipulated in many ways suitable application methods range from complex automated industrial processes to simple brush or injection treatments Application methods include momentary immersion by bulk dipping pressure or combination pressure diffusion treatment treatment of composite boards and laminated products by treatment of the wood finish hot and cold dip treatments and long soaking periods spray or brush on treatments with borate slurries or pastes and placement of fused borate rods in holes drilled in wood already in use Or ganophosphates and Car bamates These are two very large families of insecticides Indeed they have been the primary insecticides for the past 25 to 30 years They range in toxicity from slightly to highly toxic They are formulated in all kinds of ways from highly concentrated emulsifiable concentrates ECs to very dilute granular G formulations These insecticide families are similar in their modes of action they are all nervous system poisons Insects and all other animals including humans have nervous sys tems that are susceptible Both insecticide families are efficiently absorbed by inhalation ingestion and skin penetration To a degree the extent
31. and below the grade level to allow for proper treatment and future inspection Control may be achieved by trenching and treating soil and backfill where insulation board has been removed to below grade This will create a soil barrier that interrupts termite access through the insulation 19 True 20 A 15 18 wo a 21 C 22 A Appendix A Chapter 6 Other Wood destr oying Insects C 2 Inspect wood prior to purchase Use properly kiln or air dried wood Seal wood surfaces Use chemically treated wood Ensure good building design True a A Q wea Use good building design and practices such as proper ventilation drainage and clearance between wood and soil to reduce the moisture content of wood in a structure Central heating and cooling systems also speed up the wood drying process 5 B 6A D 12 D 13 A 14 A 17 C 18 C 19 B 20 Shot hole exit holes in unfinished wood about the size of a pencil lead powder sifts from holes frass fresh frass from active infestations is the color of newly sawed wood larvae or adults live insects indicate active infestation 8 C QC 10 A B 15 B 16 C 21 False All exposed surfaces of wood painted and unpainted should be examined 22 True 23 B 24 C 25 A 26 True 27 Oil solutions present a possible fire hazard greater expense greater hazard and discomfort to the applicator and danger of damaging plants near the treatment are
32. ate volumes of liquid 8 to 30 gallons per minute gpm at low to moderate pressures 10 to 300 psi Roller pumps are available equipped with five to eight rollers The more rollers the more power to the pump The smaller roller pump models are often used for termite control because they produce the desired low pressures they are economical and they are easily repaired The recommended operating pressure for termite operations is between 25 and 50 psi at the nozzle Management of Wood destr oying Pests Piston pumps are the most durable of the various power pumps they are also more expensive than other types They deliver low to medium volumes 2 to 25 gpm at low to high pressures 20 to 600 psi Piston pumps are used for high pressure sprayers or when both low and high pressures are needed The smaller models such as the twin piston pump are commonly used in ter mite control operations piston outlet inlet Figure 3 2 Piston pump Piston pump cylinders are made of materials such as iron or stainless steel or are lined with porcelain The pump casing is usually iron The piston cups are replace able and are made of leather neoprene or nylon fabric These materials make the pump abrasion resistant and capable of handling various types of pesticides including wettable powders for many years However when pis ton pumps do fail they tend to do so rapidly Therefore it is wise to carry a spare pump on th
33. be advised of alternative methods Management of Wood destr oying Pests mama BoP am ap Review Questions Chapter 3 Equipment and Methods Write the answers to the following questions and then check your answers with those in the back of the manual 1 6 Match the following parts of a power sprayer to the appropriate description A IN 1 Tank Pump Hose Applicator Usually made of PVC and capable of with standing 600 psi or more Used to generate hydraulic pressure to the pesticide directly in the line rather than pressurizing the tank Should be made of fiberglass or polyethylene to be resistant to the corrosive properties of pesticides Should have a gauge to show the liquid level Various types including rods and subslab injectors Usually has an inside diameter of 3 8 or 1 2 inch 7 A typical tank on a power sprayer rig used in termite control has a capacity A 5 liter B 5 gallon mon 100 liter 100 gallon 500 gallon Management of Wood destr oying Pests 35 8 Why is it important to match the diameter of hoses to the diameter of couplings 9 What length of hose is recommended for use in most termite control operations A 100 to 150 feet B 150 to 300 feet C 300 to 450 feet D 450 to 500 feet 10 Why is proper calibration of sprayers important 11 What device is used to determine the application or delivery rate of a sprayer
34. below up to 100 pounds day 1 000 square feet Absent or improperly placed drain pipes drain spouts etc Leaking roofs Poor side wall construction Improperly sealed foundations basement walls Direct contact of wood with soil or concrete allowing wicking action to pull water into wood Improper drainage of water away from structure or out of crawl spaces Improperly fitted flashing at roof lines or shingles with improper overhang Improper moisture barriers under stucco shingles Sweating water pipes Improper exterior grade that allows water to drain toward the structure and remain in contact with it Dripping air conditioners or swamp coolers Leaking plumbing appliances toilets shower stall pans Improper seals or caulk around bathtubs and showers Management of Wood destr oying Pests 101 Lack of vents or windows in bathrooms that allows moisture from baths and showers to accumulate Plugged or leaking downspouts from roof gutters 35 False More airtight buildings have increased water condensation and moisture problems 36 True 37 Proper grading roof overhangs the use of gutters downspouts and drain tile 38 A 39 B 40 To cause moisture to condense on the barrier and return to the soil rather than condensing on the floor and joists above in the subareas of buildings 41 False Some area of the soil surface should be left uncovered to allow wood in the crawl space to
35. but tunnel through the insulation to get to wood in the structure This allows them to avoid contact with soil treatment barriers Termite infestations in foam insulation board often are not visible during an inspection The property owner should remove outside foam to 6 inches above and below grade level to allow for proper treatment and future inspec tion In crawl spaces remove the insulation from the inside foundations in the same manner Control may be achieved by trenching and treating soil and backfilling where insulation board has been removed to below grade This will create a soil barrier that interrupts termite access through the insulation Soil treatments will not prevent termite entry into struc tures that contain foam filled hollow block foundations because voids cannot be properly treated Termites can enter through a crack in the footing in this type of con struction The best treatment method for structures with in ground foam insulation is to use termite baits WOOD TREATMENT Since the advent of soil treatment for termites there has been little need for extensive wood treatment of structures however soil treatment is not possible for all structures and in such cases the following wood treat ment techniques provide some protection from termite attack Chapter 5 Bor ates Borates are applied to wooden structural components in a water based dilution that is absorbed into the wood fibers They are applied
36. do the actual damage Note the complete lack of wing pads Middle row center The soldier is great ly modified in head structure and serves a completely spe cialized function in the division of labor within the colony It works solely in the defense of the colony and cannot feed itself Middle row bottom A developing supplementary reproductive Note the lengthened wing pads which are usually the first indication of the development of these reproductives Left A functional supplementary reproduc tive Female supplementary reproductives are thought to be the most important of the reproductive individuals in the subterranean termite colony Eastern Subterranean Ter mites The colonies of eastern subterranean termites are located in the soil Their food consists of wood or wood products and other dry plant material They will also feed within the stems of some of the woody annual plants such as sunflower dahlia etc They attack woody material in contact with the soil They construct shelter tubes often referred to as mud tubes over concrete and other inorganic material to reach wood that is not nor mally in contact with soil Primary reproductives of subterranean termites are the male and female swarmers or alates that started the original colony This is the caste most often seen by home owners The winged adults are usually much darker than the other members of the colony Their bodies are flat tened and they have large eyes All
37. down product s that remain in or on the target after treatment RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE A pesticide that can be purchased and used only by certified applicators or persons under their direct supervision A pesticide classi fied for restricted use under FIFRA Section 3 d 1 C RHIZOMORPH A thread or rootlike fungal structure made up of hyphae RISK A probability that a given pesticide will have an adverse effect on humans or the environment in a given situation RODDING A method of applying termiticide Long rods may be used to apply termiticide into the soil next to the foundation wall Shorter rods are used to inject ter miticide into the voids of walls and through concrete slabs Management of Wood destr oying Pests RODENTICIDE A pesticide used to control rodents RUNOFF The movement of water and associated mate rials on the soil surface Runoff usually proceeds to bod ies of surface water SAPWOOD A lighter colored ring of wood surround ing the heartwood of the tree that consists of cells that are actively conducting water and sap SEASONED Lumber that has been chemically treated with wood preservatives and prepared for use See also unseasoned SHEATHING The structural covering usually wood boards or plywood used over studs or rafters of a struc ture Structural building board is normally used only as a wall sheathing SHELTER TUBES Tubes constructed by subterranean termites to hel
38. ePPIIW1e pDp ltuu l Jo yunowe er dordde PPV asoy y3nory Uone MOTTE 0 Juez UT oo Sur JeaI Jo pu derd pue uoyeyse ssedAq ur3 q 0 dund PUIS TMF T OF F T Ue MMA uueur Sumoo ayy UI uonnrrtp pionturs ay XTN NOLLOTAIA ONIXIN sayel p s 39tgp ds sn qe ay uo s s d 19440 104 s lrurr ULIULI qns IO uotslntu 0 SN LWA NOLLVOTId4V DAND SLINRALL NVENVeRALIL TS Chapter 4 59 Management of Wood destr oying Pests Chapter 4 60 Management of Wood destr oying Pests mma S gt c OTHER IREATMENTS FOR SUBTERRANEAN TERMITES LEARNING OB ECTIVES After completely studying this chapter you should E Know the difference between plenum and non plenum crawl spaces and how they should be treated for termite control E Know how to locate subslab heating ducts and how to prevent termiticide contamination of the air flowing through the ducts E Be familiar with situations in basements that require special consideration when applying termiticide and know how to treat each E Know the avenues of termite entry for a dirt filled concrete porch on a frame house and how to control termites in that area E Know what should be done to prevent and control ter mite entry in the case of wooden porches E Know how to prevent leaking of termiticide through hollow block tile and rubble foundations E Know how to apply termiticide safely to soil when wells cisterns and oth
39. fungi wood rotting fungi E Wood staining fungi sapstaining fungi molds All fungi produce spores which are like tiny seeds that are distributed by wind and water The spores can infect moist wood during storage processing and use All fungi have certain basic requirements E Favorable temperatures usually ranging between 50 and 90 degrees F The optimum is about 70 to 85 degrees F Wood is basically safe from decay at temperatures below 35 and above 100 degrees F E Adequate moisture fungi will not attack dry wood i e with a moisture content of 19 percent or less Decay fungi require a wood moisture content M C of about 30 percent the generally accepted fiber sat uration point of wood Thus air dried wood usu ally with an M C not exceeding 19 percent and kiln dried wood with an M C of 15 percent or less may be considered safe from fungal damage Chapter 7 E Adequate oxygen most fungi cannot live in water saturated wood E Food source wood substance cellulose hemicel lulose lignin WOOD DECAYING FUNGI The sapwood and heartwood of most tree species are susceptible to decay Decay fungi grow in the interior of the wood or appear on wood surfaces as fan shaped patches of fine threadlike cottony growths or as rootlike shapes The color of these growths may range from white through light brown bright yellow and dark brown The spore producing bodies are the fruiting bod ies of the fungus and m
40. ice makers etc The many nesting sites foraging entrances and food and moisture sources offer clues for inspection and loca tion of the nest The area where the majority of ant activ ity is seen may identify a nest site if entry from the out side can be ruled out Carpenter ants are more active at night and inspection at that time may be helpful Habitat Modification E Where nests are located inside remove and replace infested structural wood E Stop the intrusion of moisture E Caulk and screen actual and potential ant entry ways E Ventilate areas where moisture accumulates regrade where necessary and repair roofing gut tering etc E Recommend trimming trees where branches touch a structure or overhang roofs Tree removal may be necessary Management of Wood destr oying Pests 79 Pesticide Application E Eliminating colonies and nesting sites is a primary way to eliminate carpenter ant infestation E Use pesticidal dust or pressurized canned aerosols when nests are in wall voids Sprays are less effec tive E When indirect treatment is required liberal place ment of acceptable bait stations can be used Dust spray or bait can be used on outside colonies e g in tree rot E Professionals should evaluate trees with rotted places E Honeydew producing insects involved in feeding carpenter ants should be treated with pesticides e g oils and pesticidal soaps that will not elimi nate parasites
41. infes tations of wood boring beetles No wood destroying bee tles in buildings develop rapidly in dry wood If the use of vapor barriers ventilation and central heat can dry wood and keep it dry the use of other control measures may not be necessary Here are some techniques to reduce favorable habitat for wood destroying beetles E Moisture meters can be used to determine the moisture level in the wood Every effort should be made to reduce the moisture content of the wood to be protected to below 20 percent E Where economical and practical infested wood should be removed and replaced E Electric current treatment and heat control may be used in some wood boring beetle infestations Every situation of wood boring beetle infestation needs to be evaluated before you decide on the treatment method or combination of methods to be used Pesticide Application There are certain similarities in control measures rec ommended for the control of wood boring beetles but in many instances specialized techniques are required If it can be determined that the damage in a particular instance was caused by one of the true powderpost bee tles it will be necessary to concentrate control activities on articles made of hardwoods In most cases this will involve a thorough application of insecticide to all exposed hardwood surfaces If the infestation involves bostrichid or anobiid bee tles the scope of the treatment is altered to some ext
42. is advanced White rot fungi usually attack hardwoods but several species can also cause softwood decay Figure 7 4 White rot with black zone lines sometimes found in the early stages of decay One species of white rot fungi called white pocket rot attacks the heartwood of living trees The decayed wood contains numerous small spindle shaped white pockets filled with the fungus These pockets are generally 1 8 to 1 2 inch long When wood from infected trees is sea soned the fungus dies Therefore no control is necessary White pocket rot generally is found in softwood lumber 7 5 White pocket rot Management of Wood destr oying Pests Soft Rot Chaetomium globosum Soft rot fungi usually attack green high moisture wood causing a gradual and shallow softening from the surface inward that resembles brown rot The affected wood surface darkens and this superficial layer up to 3 to 4 mm deep becomes very soft giving the decay its name WOOD STAINING FUNGI Stain fungi are usually visible as a discoloration of the wood often bluish and are of little importance as destroy ers of wood Sometimes lumber stores will even sell wood with blue stains for a higher price because of its decorative value Though the stain fungi are feeding on the wood in their active stage they do so at a very slow rate and do not cause much damage Their presence as an active growth indicates that conditions are right for potential growt
43. naked eye Figure 6 18 Ant vs termite reproductives Management of Wood destr oying Pests Control and Management of Carpenter Ants Inspection It is important to discover whether carpenter ants are nesting inside or outside If nesting inside E Their presence usually indicates a moisture prob lem in the building E They may have excavated galleries for harborage in structural wood Black carpenter ants are often associated with mois ture problems In the majority of cases carpenter ants make their nests in wood that has been wet and infested by a brown rot fungus Dark fungus stains on the wood indicate the presence of such moisture Moisture in wood can be caused by E Improper attachment of wooden additions dorm ers and hollow wooden columns that absorb moisture E Patios or porch floors door sills downspouts or grading where water collects or drains toward the structure E Regular gutter overflow that pours rainwater down the side of the building as well as back onto roof boards fascia soffits etc Leaking roof valleys E Improper flashing around chimneys vents and skylights Improper roofing or holes in the roof E Window sills directly exposed to rain E Lack of ventilation in any area where moisture accumulates Inside moisture accumulates E Around any leaking plumbing or drains especial ly shower drains E Unvented attics and crawl spaces E Unvented dishwashers washing machines
44. of a few may be dull red pronotum antenna Figure 6 16 Identifying features of ants A carpenter ant colony begins in isolation but not nec essarily in wood This first brood may be under a stone in a roll of tarpaper or in innumerable other secretive spots but the colony soon moves into wood such as a fallen log tree hole stump or structure wall When car penter ant workers excavate nest galleries they use their jaws as gouges and make tunnels by shaving out small pieces Unlike termites they do not eat the wood It has Chapter 6 no nutritional value to them and they discard it by drop ping it out of the nest area or by piling in one place and discarding the whole pile later This pile of carpenter ant shavings called sawdust is very soft and is made up of pieces like those a fine chisel would make Gritty con struction sawdust in attics or on sills can be left over from construction or repairs and might suggest carpenter ant shavings to those who do not know the difference The process of ant gallery excavation results in galleries with very smooth sides No mud is involved like that in the tunnels of subterranean termites and there is no dust or pellets like those produced by wood borers or dry wood termites only numerous large smooth brown stained tunnels that provide harborage for the carpenter ant colony see Table 6 3 A nest or colony might harbor sev eral thousand inhabitants Large colonies of
45. of poisoning depends on the rate at which the pesticide is absorbed Organophosphates break down chiefly by hydrolysis in the liver rates of hydrolysis vary widely from one com pound to another With certain organophosphates whose breakdown is relatively slow significant amounts may be temporarily stored in body fat The organophosphates and carbamates replaced the chlorinated hydrocarbons e g chlordane aldrin and heptachlor for all uses including termite control Examples of organophosphates are chlorpyrifos for ter mite control and diazinon for other household pests An example of a carbamate is carbaryl also used for house hold and lawn pests Chapter 3 32 Insect Growth Regulators An insect growth regulator IGR is a synthetic chemi cal that mimics insect hormones Hormones regulate a wide array of body and growth physiological functions IGRs may interfere with molting pupal emergence or body wall formation IGRs are often specific for an insect species or a group of very closely related species They often have delayed effects because they are taken into the insect and stored until the insect reaches the right growth stage This may range from days to weeks or even months For example if the IGR stops the insect from molting and a given insect is exposed just after a molt it would continue to function normally until the next molt before dying In the case of termite control the slow action of the IGR all
46. pellets C Galleries with very smooth sides presence of dust or pellets D Smooth brown stained mud lined tunnels Carpenter ants forage for to sustain themselves and the colony A Honeydew sugars and insects B Wood C Honeydew alone D Pheromones Indicate whether the following statements are characteristic of ants or termites A Ant B Termite Front pair of wings is wider and longer than the back pair _Have petiole between thorax and abdomen _ Young are nymphs Undergo complete metamorphosis Thorax and abdomen blend together not narrow Wing veins not visible with the naked eye Leave many broken wings in swarm area Have elbowed antennae Management of Wood destr oying Pests 36 If the carpenter ant colony is found outside but the ants are a problem inside the building advise the client to A Use pressurized canned aerosols in wall voids B Trim trees where branches overhang or touch roofs C Use electric current and heat treatment D Caulk and or screen to prevent ant entryways E B amp D What areas should be inspected for the presence of moisture to prevent carpenter ant infestations Which is NOT true about control of carpenter ant infestations A Inspecting during the day when carpenter ants are more active may be helpful B Dust spray or bait can be used on outside colonies e g in tree rot C Use pesticidal dust or pressurized
47. powderpost beetle is more robust than that of the true powderpost beetle Its body is cylindrical with a roughened thorax surface Its head usually is not visible from above Color varies from dark brown to black and length ranges from 1 8 to 3 8 inch Like the true powderpost beetles it digests the starch in the wood but not the cellulose However false powder post beetles will attack softwoods as well as hardwoods Unlike lyctid and anobiid beetles female bostrichid bee tles bore directly into wood to lay eggs Figure 6 6 False powderpost beetle adult Bostrichidae redshouldered shothole borer Xylobiops basilaris H Russell Michigan State University Diagnostics Services are j 1 A lt zt a Per as SS i F spg a ae Figure 6 9 Anobiid beetle larva E peltatum Note frass and damaged wood USDA Forest Service f Within this group the furniture beetle will infest structural wood as well as furniture The deathwatch 4 beetle prefers structural timbers in damp areas Its name comes from the ticking sound made by the adult which can be heard in the quiet of the night Joists subflooring hardwood flooring sills plates and interior trim are the parts of buildings that deathwatch beetles most frequent ly attack In addition they may damage furniture and k other products Figure 6 7 False powderpost beetle adult Bostrichidae bamboo powderposi beetle Dinoderu
48. recorded as a partial or spot treat ment on the statement of services TERMITE CALCULATION PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS Use of a termiticide involves determining the area to be treated in linear feet or square feet In some cases both measures must be determined depending on the type of treatment pre or postconstruction and con struction features At the end of this chapter you will find examples that illustrate methods of calculating area and linear measure as well as linear measure per foot of depth The examples are illustrations only and are not given as values to be used in determining the volume of water emulsion or solution needed to treat a structure of similar shape and dimension because construction fea tures may vary from site to site These samples are pro vided to assist with interpretation of real pesticide labels and with calculation of the right amount of pesticide to be applied to a given area These problems can be solved using the Termite Icide label following the problems Management of Wood destr oying Pests SUMMARY Whenever possible preconstruction treatment to pre vent termite infestations is the best method for control ling termite problems Whenever pre or postconstruc tion treatment is needed the pest management profes sional must be aware of the various aspects of building Management of Wood destr oying Pests 51 construction to apply termiticide to the appropriate places The goal is t
49. sets Remove form boards and wood scraps from soil before filling or backfilling Appendix A 96 Do not bury wood in the backfill under porches or under steps this may attract termites 26 D 27 A 28 True 29 B 30 D 31 C 32 False Soil treatment should be used as a supple ment to good construction not as a substitute for it 33 Treatment of the entire soil surface under any area to be covered with concrete including garage and basement floors entrance platforms and filled porches Treatment with additional amounts of chemical to the soil beneath those areas that lie adjacent to foundation walls beneath interior walls around sewer and utility openings and at other possible points of entry Treatment of footings and backfill outside foun dation walls and inside walled areas where there is a crawl space Accessible areas such as these could be treated later but it s easier to do it at construction time Treatment of empty spaces or voids in concrete blocks 34 A 35 True 36 B 37 D 38 D 39 E 40 C 41 A 42 A BJA 44 B 45 C 46 D 47 F 48 Momentary immersion by bulk dipping pressure or combination pressure diffusion treatment treatment of composite boards and laminated products by treatment of the wood finish hot and cold dip treatments and long soaking periods spray or brush on treatments with borate slurries or pastes and placement of fused borate rods in holes drilled in wood already in
50. should be drilled and treated in a checkerboard pattern to ensure adequate coverage It may also be advisable to treat the wood with borates The wooden floor may also need to be removed to facilitate treatment After treatment all holes in both the slab and wood floor must be plugged and filled oP rere AAA FIN GRADE TREATMENT GUIDELINES FOR CRAWL SPACE CONSTRUCTION All cellulose containing trash and debris must be removed from the crawl space to aid in proper treat ment reduce chances of future attack and aid in future inspections Treat the soil adjacent to both sides of foun dation and support walls and around piers plumbing lines or other points of access by trenching and or rod ding If the foundations or piers have hollow voids these areas also must be treated to prevent termite access through a crack in the footing The soil beneath exterior porches next to the foundation should be treated by ver tical drilling horizontal rodding or excavation to gain access for treatment To control infestations occurring along interior walls or around supporting piers of houses with crawl spaces dig a trench 6 to 8 inches wide and a few inches deep next to the walls or piers taking care not to go below the top of the footing When the top of the footing is exposed the commercial pesticide applicator must treat the soil adja cent to the footing to a depth not to exceed the bottom of the footing If the land slopes or
51. spraying or soaking the lumber with the chemical gives the maximum protection C Chemically treated lumber should be used for the foundation plate mudsill and all lumber uses belowground D A amp C E B amp C Treating soil with insecticides to prevent termite infestations will substitute for faulty construction methods A True B False List places where soil insecticides should be used to prevent termite infestations Management of Wood destr oying Pests 34 35 Which is NOT true about use of biotermiticides in preventing termite infestations A Used alone they have been shown to be more effective than soil insecticides B Biotermiticides include fungi nematodes and bacteria C Nematodes may be applied to the soil or directly into mud tubes D A fungus Metarhizium anisopliae can be injected into galleries and infested walls E A amp D Borates injected into wood for the local control of termites have shown some potential in preventing termite infestations A True B False 36 47 Match the following to the appropriate 37 38 39 40 41 42 45 44 45 46 47 description A Pyrethroids B Borates C Organophosphates and carbamates D Insect growth regulators E Biotermiticides F Foaming agents A class of compounds containing boron and oxygen A synthetic chemical that mimics insect hormones Examples include hexaflumuron difluben
52. sufficient space and ventilation outlets for air movement to keep soil dry beneath houses and crawl spaces B Wooden steps should rest on a concrete base that extends 6 inches above grade C In the final grading allow at least 6 inches of clearance between the top of the soil and the top of the foundation D The finished grade outside the building should slope toward the foundation E None of the above Which type of slab on ground construction is most susceptible to termite attack A Floating slab on ground B Monolithic slab on ground C Suspended slab on ground D None of the above Termites can go through cracks in foundations as small as 1 32 inch A True B False Chapter 3 29 30 31 32 33 Which would be an effective barrier against subterranean termite infestations A Hollow block foundation B Stainless steel mesh termite shield C Floating slab D A amp B Which is true about sand barriers used in termite prevention A It is best to use only large particles of sand B They have no utility in preventing termite infestations C They are more effective than metal termite shields D They are best when used in conjunction with other methods E It is best to use only small particles of sand Which is true about the use of treated lumber to prevent termite infestations A For maximum protection the wood should be pressure impregnated with creosote B Brushing
53. surface will cause soil moisture to condense on the barrier and return to the soil rather than condense on the floor and joists above Covering the soil with roofing paper or 4 mil to 6 mil polyethylene sheets can make adequate barriers Proper installation of these barriers is essential a small portion of the soil sur face should be left uncovered Leaving spaces between strips for example allows the subarea to breathe better and any standing water will have a place to go This is particularly important if the subarea is very wet prior to installation This will also allow wood in the crawl space to dry slowly minimizing warping and cracking Inspection 1 to 3 weeks after installation will allow for proper adjustments of the vapor barrier so that the wood can slowly recover from excess moisture Chapter 7 90 Habitat Modification The first step in correcting a fungus condition is to determine the source of moisture and eliminate it if pos sible All badly rotted wood should be removed and replaced with sound dry lumber When it is not possible to eliminate the source of moisture entirely the replace ment lumber should be pressure treated with a wood preservative before installation Wood should not be allowed to remain in contact with the soil Chemical Contr ol In most cases spraying chemicals will not control wood decaying fungi Eliminating moisture sources and replacing decayed wood with pressure treated wood is
54. termites usual ly remove only the soft layers spring wood within the annual rings of the wood grain penetrating the hard lay ers only to get from one soft layer to another This fre quently leaves a damaged piece of wood looking very much like pages of a book The most distinctive feature of subterranean termite damage is the presence of a brown mudlike material that lines the galleries in an irregular pattern Subterranean termites travel constantly from their nests in the ground to the wood or to other cellulose con taining material upon which they feed They make these ca n b aki i Figure 3 11 To reach wood in buildings termite workers often make mud tubes up the outside or inside of founda tion walls These tubes protect the workers from natural enemies and help provide the moist environment they need Management of Wood destr oying Pests 29 trips only inside wood or in the mud tubes that they con struct Single tubes when built in the open are about the diameter of an ordinary lead pencil Termites may excavate the wood so that only a very thin layer of wood is left on the surface between their cavities and the outside When this layer is broken they will cover the hole with the same material used to make their tubes This mixture of soil feces and saliva is also frequently used to cover the crack between two boards so that the ter mites can move about in a protected environment k y Ea M
55. that all containers of hazardous materials are properly labeled Management of Wood destr oying Pests Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act Act No 451 Part 83 Pesticide Control This legislation gives the director of the MDA authori ty to register or certify private and commercial applica tors and to prescribe standards for certification and regis tration Category 7B applicators are considered commer cial applicators Commercial applicators can be divided into two subclasses Subclass A Any person including homeowners who uses or supervises the use of restricted use pesti cides RUPs for a non agricultural purpose Subclass B Any person who either 1 applies pesti cides other than ready to use pesticides in the course of his or her employment or 2 applies a pesticide for a commercial purpose for hire Ready to use pesticides are those used from the man ufacturer s original container aerosols pump sprays strips baits with no need to mix or load into application equipment Regulation 636 Pesticide Applicators This establishes the types of certified applicators and expands the pesticide record keeping requirements All commercial applicators shall maintain records of pesti cide use for a time period not less than the following General use pesticides One year following applica tion Restricted use pesticides Three years following appli cation All records shall contain t
56. the outside walls and foun dations are made e g concrete block stone etc and whether the exterior covering extends below grade E The places where it will be necessary to drill through the concrete floor such as in doorways and driveways Chapter 3 30 E Whether the building has a basement or a crawl space or is a concrete slab on grade E Recommendations for locations where ventilators should be installed E The conditions that may be conducive to termite attack such as improper grade E Other pertinent information Individual companies may prefer to include addition al items or may find that local conditions are such that additional information is necessary PREVENTION Structures can be pretreated at time of construction to protect them from termite attack Pretreatment is highly desirable especially in buildings constructed on concrete slabs which are very susceptible to termite attack There are three major considerations when preventing termites from invading a new building 1 Sanitation of the building site 2 Structural and construction defects 3 Barriers mechanical or chemical Sanitation Remove all tree roots and stumps from the building site before starting construction Remove spreader boards and grade stakes before concrete sets Remove form boards and wood scraps from soil before filling or backfilling Do not bury wood in the backfill under porches or steps this may attract
57. the surface of the wood they are infesting Termites must maintain this closed system to have a cer tain level of humidity and to protect themselves from natural enemies Occasionally a subterranean termite workers travel to wood feed and then bring back ingested wood to the colony Management of Wood destr oying Pests 13 colony may find a source of moisture in the wood from a leaking pipe or roof for example so contact with the soil is no longer necessary Soldier termites serve specifically to protect the colony from its enemies Their heads are large quite hard and reddish brown and have much larger mandibles than are found in the other forms When openings are made in ter mite structures the soldiers gather with their large heads and strong mandibles facing outward and protect the colony from invaders primarily ants Like workers they mature within a few months and may live 2 to 3 years as Figure 2 11 Subterrranean soldier termites have enlarged heads with large mandibles Colony For mation A termite swarm is a dispersal flight that contains both male and female reproductives As the termites fall to the ground after a short fluttering flight their wings break off Males and females pair off and begin excavating a new nest Subterranean termites usually burrow under trees or decaying wood or in soil that is in contact with wood They rarely use crevices in trees to initiate a colony Many termite
58. the use of a flow meter and a timer The application rate or delivery rate is generally measured as the amount of time it takes to deliver 1 gallon of liquid per unit area Delivery rates will vary considerably in termite control operations depending on several factors such as the type of soil ter miticides are being injected into i e its composition compaction etc the method used to inject the insecti cide and the type of construction being treated Equipment may need to be calibrated for each special ized situation Flow meters are preferred because they provide the operator with a constant and accurate read ing of the delivery rate PREVENTING CONTAMINATION OF DRINK ING WATER SYSTEMS Liquids can be drawn into water pipes by siphon action or back pressure Accidental contamination of entire residential districts has occurred when the drink ing water line had a sudden drop in pressure while a sprayer or tank of termiticide was being filled with water from a hose connected to a resident s faucet The drop in water pressure siphoned the termiticide into the public water supply system The basic precautions to aid in avoiding this kind of mishap include 1 Never permit a water hose or faucet to extend into the insecticide or the rinse water when filling a spray tank or rinsing insecticide application equipment Figure 3 6 Keep hoses out of contaminated water Management of Wood destr oying Pests 2 Water should alw
59. tile and rubble foundations and how can it be prevented 15 Which is true about termite control around wells cisterns and other water sources A The closer a water source is to the foundation the smaller the likelihood of contamination with liquid termiticides B Sandy soils increase the potential for contamina tion with liquid termiticide C In dry weather temiticides cannot move great distances in the soil D Mechanical alteration and direct wood treatment should be relied on as much as possible Management of Wood destr oying Pests 16 17 18 19 What is the best treatment method for structures with If soil treatment is to be made near foundation walls near wells or cisterns a good general practice is to A Trench only B Short rod only C Remove the soil to the footing place it on plastic sheeting and treat then replace it D Treat the soil surface with a light spray and cover with bark chips Rigid foam insulation board below grade A Repels termites 100 percent B Allows termites to avoid soil treatment barriers C Provides a good food source for termites D Is never a factor in termite control What should be done to allow proper inspection and control of termites around rigid foam insulation board in ground foam insulation i e foam filled hollow block foundations A Termite baits B Long rodding C Trenching D Short rodding Management of Wood destr oying
60. to deliver 1 gallon of liquid per unit area 12 The type of soil that termiticides are being inject ed into i e its composition compaction etc the method used to inject the insecticide and the type of construction being treated 13 A 4D 15 C 16 The well s location from the foundation the depth of the well where the supply line enters the structure and the depth to water 17 True Appendix A 18 19 x 20 w 21 w 22 23 wm 24 wa 25 Flashlight steel tape folding rule rolling measuring device penknife etc Wear coveralls bump hat and gloves for inspecting crawl spaces and other non basement areas The presence of swarmers or their shed wings live or dead termites damaged wood brown mudlike material lining galleries mud tubes out in the open or mudlike material covering cracks between boards and other areas Termites construct mud tubes so that they can travel from one feeding site to another in a pro tected environment maintaining proper condi tions of temperature and moisture Single mud tubes out in the open are about the diameter of an ordinary lead pencil Termites remove only the soft layers spring wood within the annual rings of the wood grain penetrating the hard layers only to get from one soft layer to another This frequently leaves a damaged piece of wood looking very much like pages of a book Also they line their galleries with a bro
61. to the discharge side of a pump These devices might prevent such backflow for a short period of time but must not be relied on for this protection They do protect from back siphonage or low backflow pressure such as might occur if a hose accidentally gets into a spray tank and the tank is above the water system Continuous pressure in line backflow preventers meeting ASSE Standard 1012 will prevent backflow even if the back pressure is high However they are designed for permanent installations Some newer homes outside spigots have backflow preventers built into the spigots Management of Wood destr oying Pests 27 atmospheric port Preventer in closed position Figure 3 8 Backflow preventer in open and closed positions Backflow preventers can be obtained from some pest control suppliers or from plumping supply houses Advice on local codes and requirements can be obtained from plumbing or health inspectors In the event of water contamination contact your city county or state health officials immediately Inspection of Wells Many termiticide labels refer to applications near wells Labels of the termiticides contain statements that warn against contamination of public and private water supplies The necessity of preventing any termiticide or other pesticide from reaching these water supplies must be clearly understood by those making inspections and recommendations It is also essential for the technici
62. untreated areas because the rod may veer away from the foundation down into the soil 19 N Termites may come from 1 the subslab area 2 up through the expansion joint at the edge of the slab and 3 up though a crack in the floor beneath a wood partition A fourth possible termite entry point would be through concrete block voids 20 x A sharp bit and steady pressure are required when drilling terrazzo to prevent chipping around the edge of the drill hole One method is to apply light pressure on the drill while quickly hitting and releasing the trigger This prevents the bit from jumping about and damaging the surface of the floor Terrazzo may be patched by saving the drilling dust so that a portion of the dust can be mixed with cement and made to match the origi nal floor If this method is not acceptable to the property owner a professional terrazzo floor company can be contacted to patch the drill holes Management of Wood destr oying Pests 97 21 The main problem areas are limited to the open ings for pipes plumbing soil lines etc any faults or cracks in the slab and any grading stakes or embedded articles that termites might use to gain access through the slab 22 When there is a veneer of brick stone or stucco that extends below grade 23 B 24 A 25 False No routine treatment of wood is done in monolithic slab construction Wood treatment is done only when there is a specific reason f
63. use 49 A 50 C 51 Foams penetrate into hard to reach cavities and voids and improve termiticide distribution in soils Liquid termiticide is combined with air to create uniform small diameter bubbles The foam carries the liquid termiticide in the spaces between the bubbles As the foam breaks down it leaves a thin residue on the surfaces it had contact with The fact that foam is less dense than liquid enables it to dispense uniformly The foaming agent delays collapse of the bubbles providing more time for the insecticide to reach desired areas Surfactants in the foam improve penetration of the chemical into the soil thus a more uniform and continuous residual barrier is established 52 C 53 E 54 C 55 B 56 A 57 C 58 They must be non repellent slow acting and readily consumed by termites 59 The toxic material in the bait must kill slowly enough to allow foraging termites to return to the colony and spread the bait through food sharing trophallaxis Other factors include dose dependency learned avoidance e g dead termites accumulating around the toxic material and repelling other termites from feeding suitable temperature and moisture and early detection Management of Wood destr oying Pests 60 A 61 B 62 Bait placement and number depend on the prod uct used the characteristics of the site and the amount of termite activity 63 Often placed every 10 to 20 feet around the perimeter of th
64. while the foundation wall can be a variety of materials such as solid block hollow block or concrete FLOW METER Used to measure the application or delivery rate of a chemical i e the amount of chemi cal delivered per unit area Flow meters are useful when calibrating large volume sprayers These meters can also measure the amount of termiticide injected into each hole for subslab applications FLOWABLE A pesticide formulation in which a very finely ground solid particle is suspended not dissolved in a liquid carrier FOOTING A masonry section usually concrete in a rectangular form wider than the bottom of the foun dation wall or pier it supports FORMULATION The pesticide product as purchased containing a mixture of one or more active ingredients carriers inert ingredients and other additives making it easy to store dilute and apply FOUNDATION The supporting portion of a structure below the first floor construction or below grade down to and including the footings FRASS Solid larval insect excrement mixed with wood fragments in wood boring and bark boring insects Appendix B 104 FRUITING BODY The part of the fungi from which the reproductive spores are produced e g conks mush rooms etc FUMIGANT A pesticide formulation that volatilizes forming a toxic vapor or gas that kills in the gaseous state Usually it penetrates voids to kill pests FUNGICIDE A chemical used to co
65. wood substance can be crushed to a brown powder Brown rot fungi are probably the most important cause of decay of softwoods used in aboveground con struction in the United States Brown rot decayed wood when dry is sometimes called dry rot This is a poor term because wood must have moisture and will not decay when it is dry Figure 7 2 Wood damaged by Poria with apparently sound surface and severe rot below surface A few fungi that can decay relatively dry wood have water conducting strands rootlike structures called rhizomorphs that can carry water from damp soil to wood in lumber piles or buildings These fungi can decay wood that otherwise would be too dry for decay to occur They are sometimes called the dry rot fungi or water conducting fungi el re ie ea sk gh a Z A Figure 7 3 Rhizomorphs of Poria growing from earth filled porch Management of Wood destr oying Pests White Rot Phellinus megaloporus Poria contigua White rot fungi which break down both lignin and cellulose have a bleaching effect that may make the dam aged wood appear whiter than normal Affected wood shows normal shrinkage and usually does not collapse or crack across the grain as with brown rot damage It loses its strength gradually until it becomes spongy to the touch Sometimes white rot fungi cause thin dark lines to form around decayed areas referred to as zone lines The wood does not shrink until decay
66. woods eating only the sapwood which contains the starch required in their diet Once hatched young larvae bore into the wood Unlike termites they are unable to digest cellulose Consequently most of the wood eaten passes through the larvae and is left behind as a powdery frass Thus lyctid damage is characterized by the fine powder falling from the surface holes in hardwoods errs a i T sz Vi ih af s K il wi Figure 6 3 True powerderpost beelte adults Lyctidae Lyctus spp H Russell Michigan State University Diagnostics Services 1 f Figure 6 4 True powderpost beetle adult Lyctidae Lyctus brunneus laying eggs between a glass slide and a cardboard USDA Forest Service Management of Wood destr oying Pests Furniture and Deathwatch Beetles Family Anobiidae Anobiid beetles are usually slightly less than 1 3 inch long and red to brown to black They deposit their eggs in cracks and crevices of all types of seasoned wood though these beetles seem to prefer the sapwood of soft wood trees Unlike the other powderpost beetles anobi ids have a digestive enzyme that allows them to digest cellulose An infestation is characterized by a coarse powdery frass containing bun shaped fecal pellets Figure 6 5 True powderpost beetle adult and larva Lyctus brunneus by an exit hole USDA Forest Service False Pow der post Beetles Family Bostrichidae The adult of the false
67. 5 Wood Treatment 66 BOrateS u see eked oe eRe A o u n 66 Wood Injection erri mone e aede T eee 66 SUMM ALY 3 5 sede ceeds ake AN T a BE Meee eu eS 66 Review Questions 67 CHAPTER 6 OTHER WOOD DESTROYING INSECTS 71 Prevention of Wood boring Beetles 71 Powderpost Beetles 72 True Powderpost Beetles 72 False Powderpost Beetles 73 Furniture and Deathwatch Beetles 73 Control and Management of Powderpost Beetles 74 INSPeCHON sce cele he eed ald haha ana Sahaya 74 Habitat Modification 75 Pesticide Application 75 Follow Upes croton esaer ebreos na sasaqa 76 Contents Wood boring Weevils 76 Longhorned Beetles 76 Control and Management of Longhorned Beetles 77 INSPOCHON sy Ss te bes su thuta qupa olde me 77 Habitat Modification 77 Pesticide Application 77 Follows sec faete ridin 5 sad a e aed 77 Carpenter Ants ua u a a ea E oan 77 Black Carpenter Ants 77 Ant and Termite Swarmers 78 Control and Management of Carpenter Ants 79 Inspecfi ir vies au ook i EE eed ease 79 Habitat Modification 79 Pesticide Application 79 Follow Up 5 ses oidie
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69. Budding occurs when primary reproductives are isolated from a well established colony to start a new colony Subterranean termites cannot survive without A Adequate moisture B Clay soils C Light D Clean air E All of the above Describe why the termite nest system must be well balanced Which are means of communication within the termite colony A Pheromone signals B Head banging C Trophallaxis D A amp C E All of the above Chapter 2 25 How are chemical pheromones used within the termite colony A To indicate the location of food sources B To mobilize colony defenses C To transfer new supplies of cellulose digesting protozoans D A amp B E All of the above How is trophallaxis used within the termite colony A To regulate the number of members of a particular caste within the colony B To transfer new supplies of cellulose digesting protozoans C To mobilize colony defenses D A amp B E All of the above 27 30 Match the following to the appropriate description A Drywood termite B Dampwood termite C Powderpost termite D Subterranean termite 27 Make nests by boring into wood fecal pellets have six distinct concave surfaces on sides 28 Require wood with a high moisture content but do not require contact with the soil 29 Usually require contact with the soil for moisture 30 Live in dry wood and produce tiny dust like fecal pellets
70. DATION The process by which a chemical compound or pesticide is reduced to simpler compounds by the action of microorganisms water air sunlight or other agents Degradation products are usually but not always less toxic than the original compound DEPOSIT The amount of pesticide on treated surfaces after application Management of Wood destr oying Pests 103 DERMAL TOXICITY The ability of a pesticide to cause acute illness or injury to a human or animal when absorbed through the skin See exposure route DETOXIFY To render a pesticide s active ingredient or other poisonous chemical harmless DIAGNOSIS The positive identification of a problem and its cause DILUENT Any liquid gas or solid material used to dilute or weaken a concentrated pesticide DISINFECTANT A chemical or other agent that kills or inactivates disease producing microorganisms Chemicals used to clean or surface sterilize inanimate objects DOSE DOSAGE Quantity amount or rate of pesticide applied to a given area or target DRIFT The airborne movement of a pesticide spray or dust beyond the intended target area DUCTS In a house usually round or rectangular metal pipes for distributing warm air from the heating plant to rooms or cold air from a conditioning device or as cold air returns May be embedded in or placed beneath con crete slabs Ducts are also made of asbestos and composi tion material DUST A finely gro
71. EN Wi Figure 3 12 Termite damage to wood galleries may be hidden by only a thin layer of wood top the presence of soil feces and saliva is a typical sign of termite damage in wood bottom As a general rule subterranean termites are found at or near ground level They occasionally occur above the level of first floor windows especially in the warmer areas of the country An inspector must thoroughly exam ine all of the underparts of a house including the base ment and crawl space wall supporting piers and beams sill plates floor joists and subfloors Particular attention must be paid to all places where concrete steps porches or concrete slabs join with the structure Tapping on the wood and listening for the hollow sound of damaged wood referred to as sounding can detect cavities in the wood that are not visible from the surface Occasionally it is possible to detect a ticking sound made by the disturbed soldiers within the wood Tapping does not usually require a heavy object but can be done by using a small hammer or even by thumping the surface of the wood with the knuckles Chapter 3 Cavities can also be detected by probing the wood with a tool such as a screwdriver awl or pocketknife The small blade of a penknife can be used to probe the wood leaving scarcely visible marks in it In some cases such as certain areas or types of construction it may be necessary to use heavier tools and or to probe more dee
72. IX G Termites and Other Wood destroying Pests 115 Management of Wood destr oying Pests INTRODUCTION How to Use This Manual This manual contains the information needed to become a certified commercial applicator in Category 7B Wood destroying Pests This manual is intended for use in combination with the Pesticide Applicator Core Training Manual Extension Bulletin E 2195 available through the Michigan State University Bulletin Office However this manual would also be useful to anyone interested in learning more about the management of wood destroying pests Category 7B Wood destroying Pests covers the man agement and control of wood destroying pests that become problems in and around buildings The chapters contain basic scientific information as well as guidelines for practical solutions to pest control problems The Category 7B certification exam will be based on information found in this booklet Each chapter begins with a set of learning objectives that will help you focus on what you should get out of the chapter The table of contents will help you identify important topics and understand how they relate to one another through the Management of Wood destr oying Pests organization of headings and subheadings As you pre pare for the exam read each chapter and answer the review questions located at the end These questions are not on the certification exam They are provided to help you prepare for th
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74. Pests 69 20 21 22 Soil treatment to control termites is not always possible in all structures A True B False Which is true about the use of borates to control termites A Borates are contact poisons that are absorbed through the skin B They prevent termites from tubing across treated wood to reach untreated portions of the structure C They are highly soluble in water and can leach out of treated wood D They have a residual effect E A amp D Which is true about wood injection of aerosol or liquid emulsion formulations of insecticides to control termites A They can be injected directly into termite galleries and have some extended residual effect B Treating the wood surface will provide a long term effect as in soil treatment It is commonly used as a replacement for soil treatment Aerosol insecticides easily achieve complete saturation of all wood fibers when injected into holes E A amp D Chapter 5 Chapter 5 70 Management of Wood destr oying Pests olnu bas SD gt ee a OTHER WOOQD DESTROYING INSECTS LEARNING OBJ ECTIVES After completely studying this chapter you should E Know what to advise lumber and construction com panies and consumers to do to prevent wood boring beetle infestations E Know the various families of wood boring beetles and their characteristics E Know inspection management and control methods for wood boring beetle infesta
75. Which pesticide application method is the most effective at penetrating into tunnels for wood boring beetle control but is also the most dangerous to handle A Fumigation B Residual sprays C Baiting D Oil based emulsion In most cases residual sprays provide effective control of wood boring beetle infestations A True B False Why are oil based insecticide solutions considered more dangerous to use than water based solutions In treating finished wood such as furniture or flooring it is best to use an oil solution to avoid spotting or in any way changing the appearance of the finish A True B False What are some precautions to take when treating wood flooring with oil based insecticide solutions Management of Wood destr oying Pests 30 31 32 33 34 3 Ol The old house borer is a member of which beetle family A Powderpost B Longhorned C Anobiid D Bostrichid Which is NOT a characteristic of the old house borer A Oval exit holes 1 4 to 3 8 inch in diameter B Infest softwood C Long lived 3 to 12 years D Damage appears shortly after infestation The old house borer is frequently a pest of new structures though it is found in older buildings A True B False What distinguishes a carpenter ant infestation from a termite or wood boring beetle infestation A Galleries with very smooth sides brown stained tunnels B Mud lined tunnels presence of dust or
76. a 28 True 29 To be certain it will not damage the finish apply only a small amount of an oil based solution to an out of the way area and allow it to dry before making a complete treatment Insecticide should be applied to the entire surface of the infested wood using a flat fan nozzle at low pressure or a soft bristled paintbrush If there are only scat tered patches of infestation treat only the infested boards Avoid overtreating i e if the solution runs off or puddles particularly on hardwood floors laid over asphalt paper or asphalt based mastic The asphalt will be dissolved by excess oil and may bleed through the finished floor Any excess solution should be wiped up immediately Be careful not to mar the surface if the spray has temporarily softened the finish An oil carrier may have a solvent action on some wood finishes Therefore keep all objects off treated areas for about 24 hours or until all stickiness has disappeared 30 B 31 D 32 True 33 A 34 A 35 A A B A B B B A 36 E Improper attachment of wooden additions dormers and hollow wooden columns that absorb moisture Patios or porch floors door sills downspouts or grading where water col lects or drains toward the structure Regular gut ter overflow pouring rainwater down the side of the building as well as back onto roof boards fascia soffits etc Leaking roof valleys Improper 87 xs Appendix A 100 flashing around chimneys ven
77. adur x arayM 1d ox erz l1eur repus 10 Sun us onse d ym Ao q s 5eJIns 19409 IM S2nzs Jo se re peayIaao 0 uonsorldde Aue Surg p 1e n aq o1 JOU st pooma yuaudinbe 3UI330 ur UOTS NWe 10 jequ 5uo2o asn jou oq ponp sey Avids ayy yun sjedied se yons sadejIns p 1e n uo sjad 10 jdo d moje you oq AYDOLIpaTe JO saomos 10 sdosd s d 0 ATdde you oq OLE sqels STU TJOUOU Jo JajauNTIed pue sjem uonepunoj punose p ust qe1s aq pmous SPH POR EY Sutuado Jo 400 arenbs sad uors nuu 0 Jo suo e3 Addy desu lou Tp sed UOTSTNUId 0 Jo suoTTes Z T ATdde pue uonen u d ay punore paoeds ATuaAa Joaray UOTIIeI IO 19J urerp ur sapu 9 euonrppe yea sed s afoy euoyIppe MIp l urerp UT SIPUT 9 JO ss 5x UT suoneT u sd 104 uorsmw 0 Jo suoTTes Z T 1 A dde pue apts auo uo qe s y uSnonu jou L p Iayewerp ur ss 10 sayouT 9 s inpuod pue sodid 10 1 111 q TEONA L YSITqe Sa OL Lope Ped MPO pe Add 4294 IeauT 01 1 d suo e3 JO aye1 ay ye ATUAAa uorsmw 0 e ATdde pue yurol JO JPLI u JO apis suo eau Zupeds ubur zI L ye qe s ayy YSnomy s l ou tp qels ev ut syutol uorsuedx pue sper Suo e 1 ttreq eNA V ust qe1s ol supf uoa ede pe SD JAUJ PYY SuoTTes g g suol e3 ggz suoyes op 34 UY or uormwa suoT es eond A Suore szo suoyes g o suoyes o q 4 bs O uorsmnuos suol e9 eyUOZLIOP pemoyye um oA 0 T S0 JED FRA
78. ae the false powerderpost beetles of the family Bostrichidae and the furniture and deathwatch beetles of the family Anobiidae 14 mclual size T actual siza Figure 6 1 Two of the insects referred to as powderpost beeltes Left Lyctus planicollis one of the true powder post beetles of the family Lyctidae Note the two segment ed antennal club typical of the members of the family Right Scobicia declivis a false powderpost beetle of the family Bostrichidae Note the more cylindrical body shape and the three segmented antennae characteristic of most members of this family Provonsha They all damage wood in about the same manner and require the same control measures The surface of infest ed wood is perforated with numerous small shot holes each about the size of a pencil lead Any jarring of the wood causes powder to sift from these holes Cutting or breaking infested wood may reveal masses of packed powder that is produced by the feeding of grublike lar vae and to a lesser extent by the adult beetles Figure 6 2 Anobiid beetle damage in pine floor joist note frass being pushed out of old exit holes USDA Forest Service Chapter 6 72 True Powder post Beetles Family Lyctidae The true powderpost beetle is small slender flat tened and reddish brown to black It varies in length from about 1 8 to 1 4 inch long The female lays her eggs in the pores of the wood These beetles attack only hard
79. al elimination may or may not be satisfactory to the customer The decision to use baits will depend on Chapter 3 34 whether the customer will tolerate some level of continu ing damage rather than extensive soil treatment Baits fit well into an integrated pest management IPM program along with eliminating conditions con ducive to termite infestation judicious use of liquid soil products and use of wood treatment products An IPM program will require more frequent visits to the site for monitoring and on going service Pest management pro fessionals are strongly encouraged to familiarize them selves with bait technology and future products Baits are a useful innovative tool for termite control They should be viewed as an addition to existing termite control meth ods not necessarily a replacement for them SUMMARY Selecting and using the right type of equipment are essential to the success of any termite control program The equipment must be in good repair appropriate for the size and nature of the job durable and resistant to corrosion by pesticides Pest management professionals are responsible for protecting themselves and the envi ronment by preventing accidents and spills harm to non target organisms and contamination of water sources and by wearing personal protective equipment PPE The pest management professional must be familiar with the types of equipment available and their proper use to apply pestici
80. ams rafters etc Advantages of Fumigation Fumigation has several advantages over other pest control procedures E Fumigants are usually quick acting and eradicate the pest E Fumigants diffuse through all parts of the structure or commodity being treated and thus reach pest harborages that cannot be reached with convention al pest control materials or techniques E For certain pests commodities fumigation is the only practical method of control Disadvantages of Fumigation For several reasons fumigation may not be the best means of pest control E The control achieved through fumigation is tempo rary There is no residual action from fumigants and as soon as the fumigation is completed the structure or commodity is susceptible to reinfestation E Fumigants are toxic to humans and special precau tions must be taken to protect fumigators and the occupants of fumigated structures E Fumigants must be applied in enclosed areas so application requires additional labor E Fumigation must not be attempted by one person Additional labor is required E Some commodities or pieces of equipment may be damaged by certain fumigants and must be either removed or protected E The special training required for all members of the fumigation crew adds to fumigation costs E Occupants of the structure being fumigated usually must vacate the building for a number of hours This may be inconvenient E Fumigation requires special li
81. an s Scientific Guide to Pest Control Operations 5th ed Purdue University Advanstar Communications Cleveland Ohio Cutten G M 1988 Termite Control in Ontario Ministry of the Environment Ottawa Ontario Koehler P G and W H Kern Jr 1994 General Household Pest Control Applicator Training Manual University of Florida Florida Cooperative Extension Service Levy M P 1975 A Guide to the Inspection of Existing Homes for Wood inhabiting Fungi and Insects U S Department of Agriculture Forest Service and the Department of Housing and Urban Development IAA 25 75 Mallis A 1997 1997 Handbook of Pest Control Mallis Handbook amp Technical Training Co Cleveland Ohio Moore H 1979 Wood inhabiting Insects in Houses Their Identification Biology Prevention and Control U S Department of Agriculture Forest Service and the Department of Housing and Urban Development IAA 25 75 New York State Cooperative Extension 1987 Preservation and Treatment of Lumber and Wood Products Pesticide Applicator Training Manual Category 7 New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Cornell University Ithaca N Y Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service 1998 Structural Pest Control Oklahoma State University Sanders D 1987 Termite Pest Control Including Other Wood damaging Pests Manual 96 University Extension University of Missouri Columbia Smith E H and R C Whitman 1996 NPCA Field Guid
82. and predators Follow up Carpenter ant infestations often cannot be controlled in one visit Painstaking inspection is needed to make management effective CARPENTER BEES Xylocopa spp Carpenter bees are solitary insects that live only one year The most common carpenter bee Xylocopa virginica is distributed throughout the eastern half of North America This bee is a large insect with a hairy yellow thorax and a shiny black abdomen Superficially it resembles yellow and black female bumblebees which are social and more closely related to honeybees Western carpenter bees are also large shiny sometimes metallic and shaped like bumblebees Figure 6 19 Carpenter bee Xylocopa spp Carpenter bees bore in wood and make a long tunnel provisioned with pollen for their eggs They prefer to enter unpainted wood and commonly tunnel in redwood and unpainted deck timbers They will also go into paint ed wood especially if any type of start hole is present New females reuse old tunnels year after year They are also attracted to areas where other females are tunneling Egg laying and tunnel provisioning occur in the spring Chapter 6 Males hover around the tunnel entrance while the female provisions the nest and lays eggs Figure 6 20 Carpenter bee damage Males dart at intruders belligerently but they can do no harm they have no stingers Because these bees are not social there is no worker caste to protect the ne
83. anobiid beetles Bostrichid beetles will rarely reinfest structural timbers WOOD BORING WEEVILS Family Curculionidae Though they are not particularly common several species of weevils will infest structural timbers Because they are found in wet and rotting wood they are consid ered a secondary problem to the wood rot They are capa ble of extensive tunneling and will make a wood rot problem far worse Weevils are easily recognized by the presence of an elongated snout The wood boring weevils are small insects about 1 8 inch long They leave small tunnels about 1 16 inch in diameter in the heartwood or sap wood of softwoods hardwoods or even plywood Control is usually restricted to the removal and replacement of damaged wood The wood is frequently already damaged by moisture by the time the weevils arrive It may be appropriate to lower the moisture of the wood in conjunction with an application of borate insec ticides but these decisions will need to be made on a case by case basis Figure 6 12 Wood boring weevil Cossonus spp H Russell Michigan State University Diagnostics Services LONGHORNED BEETLES Family Cerambycidae Species in this family more than 1 200 species record ed in the United States feed as larvae on living trees recently felled trees and logs and seasoned lumber Indoors the only species of major economic importance that can reinfest dry seasoned wood is the old house Chapter 6 b
84. ans actually doing the applications to understand the impor tance of their work around the structure If a well is present on a property it is important for the person making an inspection to be aware of several prob lems that could lead to introduction of the termiticide into the water supply Chapter 3 1 Faulty wells are the most common cause of pesticide contamination reported to the National Pest Management Association NPMA Faults in the seal ing of the well permit surface water to enter the well usually along the pipes leading to the building This type of well is also susceptible to biological bacterial contamination 2 Old cisterns or dug wells that are no longer in use but have not been properly filled are susceptible to conta mination from termite applications Chemicals can accumulate in them and seep into wells or cisterns in use or into groundwater 3 Cisterns or wells within the structure can become con taminated Adequate inspection should reveal this potential problem Note Many termiticide labels have specific instructions on treatment of structures that contain wells or cisterns 4 Unusual fill problems or change in surface grade may permit liquid chemical to move by concealed routes to the well 5 Tree roots often reach water sources These may also be direct channels for termiticides to follow especially after the tree or root dies decays and leaves an open channel through the soil 6 Hi
85. are large 1 2 to 3 inches long conspicuous beetles with long thin antennae that may be longer than their bodies They usually lay their eggs on unseasoned rough sawn timbers or logs The larvae called roundheaded borers feed in the wood boring large oval shaped holes as they move through it Infestation usually takes place before the timber is used in structures The larvae of some species take more than one year to complete their development so they may still be feeding in the wood after it becomes part of a struc ture Damage is usually limited to pine sapwood and can be recognized by the ripples on the surface of the gal leries The adult beetle will not lay eggs for reinfestation on this type of wood so control is rarely called for However the exception to this is a species known as the old house borer Hylotrupes bajulus see Fig 2 18 Old house borers will attack timbers in a building so they are the only longhorned beetles requiring control measures The adult is about 3 4 inch long and grayish brown to black with two white patches on its wing covers Management of Wood destr oying Pests 4Anoblid Beetles adut eatin Lyrica nag in in wood apirior e powderlike material hence their name This illustration shows an adult and a larva from the Anobiidae family Shuster and Provonsha 2 5x actual size Figure 2 18 The old house borer Hylotrupes bajulus is one of the longhorned bee
86. atment outside the structure may involve trenching and treating or rodding to treat the soil on the outside of the foundation rodding beneath slabs or vertical drilling and treating of outside slabs stoops or porches Treatments inside may involve trenching and treating the soil along foundation walls in crawl spaces vertical drilling and treating slab foundations rodding around bath traps and other utility openings or treating wood directly The examples that follow will outline the procedures to use in controlling subterranean termites for these and other elements of construction FOUNDATION TYPES There are three basic foundation types pest manage ment professionals may encounter in termite control oper ations slab on ground crawl space including plenum AN a SA 5 Monolithic slab Supported slab Floating slab Crawl space basement Figure 4 1 Foundation types Mallis Handbook of Pest Control 7th Edition Management of Wood destr oying Pests Chapter 4 crawl space and basement Treatment procedures for each foundation type will differ somewhat Slab on ground construction consists of three types floating monolithic and suspended slab Termite entry points vary in each slab type thus different treatment procedures are required Plenum crawl space construction will be encountered more rarely and
87. ay take the form of mushrooms shelflike brackets or flattened crustlike structures Fine threadlike fungal strands called mycelia grow through out the wood and digest parts of the wood as food In time the strength and other properties of the wood are destroyed Once decay has started in a piece of wood the rate and extent of deterioration depend on the duration of favor able conditions for fungal growth Decay will stop when the temperature of the wood is either too low or too high or when the moisture content is lower than the fungi s requirements Decay can resume when the temperature and moisture content become favorable again Early decay is more easily noted on freshly exposed surfaces of unseasoned wood than on wood that has been exposed and discolored by the weather Wood decay fungi can be grouped into three major cat egories brown rot white rot and soft rot Brown Rot Poria monticola Serpula lacrymans Fungi that cause brown rot are able to break down primarily the cellulose component of wood for food leaving a brown residue of lignin Wood infested with brown rot can be greatly weakened even before decay is Fiam ka Pie al w Figure 7 1 Brown rot with characteristic cracks along the grain Chapter 7 visible The final stage of wood decay by the brown rots can be identified by E The dark brown color of the wood E Excessive shrinkage E Cross grain cracking E The ease with which the dry
88. ays be poured into priming pumps Never connect the discharge side of a pump to a water supply 3 Backflow preventers should be used to prevent the contamination of water supplies A backflow preventer should be installed on the end of the hose connected to the faucet anytime water is being used from private or public systems to fill pesticide tanks or equipment It must be located between the water source and the pesticide tanks Backflow preventers vary substantially in the level of protection offered select pre venters that meet your particular needs Figure 3 7 A backflow preventer should be installed on the end of the hose connected to the faucet This helps ensure against accidental contact with contaminated water in spray tanks and contamination of the water supply Figure 3 8 shows a backflow preventer in the open and closed positions When the water is turned off the valve clos es and prevents backflow or back siphonage If backflow occurs through the hose the liquid exits through the atmos pheric ports holes in the device as shown in Figure 3 8 Backflow preventers for hose connection installations should meet the American Society of Sanitary Engineers ASSE Standard 1011 Hose Connection Vacuum Breakers Backflow preventers for hose connections meeting ASSE Standard 1011 are not designed to prevent backflow if the back pressure greatly exceeds that of the water system such as might occur if the hose is connect ed
89. bits are more expensive than steel drills but cut faster and require much less sharpening Air hammers have the advantage of rapid drilling speed even with large diameter drills and the hammer itself is usually relatively lightweight making work less tiring for the pest management professional Electric ham mers of comparable specification usually are heavier and drill more slowly than air hammers Because they do not require the use of a heavy air compressor they are more portable than air hammers and they create less dust FW wy Figure 3 5 Slabs are drilled so that termiticide can be injected through holes to treat the soil beneath Chapter 3 CALIBRATION OF SPRAYERS Calibration is the process of measuring and adjusting the amount of pesticide your equipment will apply to a specific area In structural pest management much is up to the judgment of the pest control operator A pest man agement professional should know that the proper con centration of pesticide is being applied Without accurate calibration of sprayers the amount of pesticide delivered will be incorrect Concentrations exceeding label direc tions will contaminate the spray area or result in runoff Less than the recommended dosage might fail to control the pest Technicians need to look regularly at the output of their equipment Flow meters are very helpful for determining the output of the sprayer over time Application rates can be determined with
90. ble adverse effects of pesticide use rests on the pesticide applicator Preserving the biological diversity of our planet by protecting the environment contributes to the overall quality of life Each plant and animal is part of a complex food chain break one of the links and others are adversely affected One disappearing plant can take with it up to 30 other species that depend on it including insects higher animals and even other plants Pest management technicians may see their nor mal work as unlikely to affect the environment but spills and leaks during mixing loading and transporting or incorrect disposal can lead to pesticides in groundwater or surface water or in the habitat of non target organisms Pest management professionals often service national parks schools and other sensitive areas Category 7B pro fessionals have an even greater responsibility toward the public because they often work in or around buildings where there is increased risk of exposing people to pesti cides All efforts should be made to achieve pest manage ment goals through minimal use of pesticides in and around buildings When pesticides are used they should be applied in a manner that will prevent human contact MORE THAN J UST PESTICIDE APPLICATION To control pests pest management professionals use many other activities besides pesticide application These other practices increase the effectiveness of the control Chapter 1 program and
91. canned aerosols when nests are in wall voids D When indirect treatment is required liberal placement of bait stations can be used E Use oils and pesticidal soaps to help control honeydew producing insects involved in feeding carpenter ants Which is NOT a characteristic of carpenter bees A Prefer unpainted wood B Females reuse tunnels year after year C Males have no stingers D Frass found in tunnels E Pollen and eggs placed in long tunnels Describe the procedure for managing carpenter bee infestations Chapter 6 Chapter 6 84 Management of Wood destr oying Pests mama S o WOOD DAMAGING FUNGI LEARNING 0BJ ECTIVES After completely studying this chapter you should E Know the characteristics of fungi that invade wood i e their classification reproduction appearance etc E Know the environmental conditions in wood that favor fungal growth E Know the two main groups of wood damaging fungi the types of fungi found in each and the signs and symptoms of the damage they cause E Know which insects are associated with wood destroying fungi and the environmental conditions that favor them E Know where and how to inspect for evidence of wood damaging fungi E Be familiar with the techniques needed to prevent infestations by wood destroying fungi E Be familiar with habitat modification techniques for controlling wood destroying fungi E Know which chemicals are used to trea
92. carpenter ants in critical areas of structures can cause structural damage but the colony more likely resides partially in structural wood and partially in void spaces e g between roof boards between studs under windows or between subflooring and shower bases Figure 6 17 Carpenter ant shavings The most common outdoor harborage is a living tree with a rotted spot inside Other common sites are stumps or firewood The carpenter ant is a valuable link in the reduction of plant cellulose It is not surprising that mature wooded neighborhoods often have structural car penter ant problems New neighborhoods or develop ments built on cleared woodlots can inherit ant colonies from trees Some colonies are brought in with building materials Rustic cabins summer homes and park struc tures will likely become infested sooner or later Black carpenter ant workers forage for food such as honeydew insects and juices from ripe fruit Indoors they like sweets meats fruit juices and moist kitchen refuse Carpenter ants always prefer a humid atmos phere Vines on building walls branches and telephone wires provide a bridgelike access into structures Carpenter ants will invade both decayed and new wood inside structures Chapter 6 ANT AND TERMITE SWARM ERS The swarming of small dark insects near or inside a structure panics people who fear their homes are infested by termites Pest management professionals must be able to di
93. ce with the label 5 Common sense precautionary measures to the cus tomer regarding pesticides 6 General information on the environmental fate of pesticides 7 Instructions to the customer to discuss site prepara tion and precautionary measures with the pesticide applicator 8 Instructions to the customer to consult with a physi cian if an unusual reaction occurs Rule 12 also specifies that the duration of a service contract cannot exceed 12 months unless either written notification of continuation of service is provided annu ally or the service agreement is a signed contract that specifies a definite period of time during which the con tract is valid The written notification of continuation of service must provide information to the customer on how to discontinue service Further Rule 12 of Regulation 637 requires a commer cial applicator to provide all of the following documents to the customer if requested E Pesticide product labels E Material safety data sheets MSDS E Environmental Protection Agency fact sheets if available E A document that specifies the rate of application of the active ingredients of the products applied Rule 13 prohibits misrepresentation of pesticide safety Such claims or statements that would imply that the pesti cide is recommended or endorsed by a federal or state agency that the pesticide is absolutely safe or compara tive statements of pesticide safety such as
94. censes and certification BAIT TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATION There are several termite baits on the market that add to the arsenal of tools available for managing termite populations and protecting structures Baits work on the principle that foraging termites will feed on a treated cel lulose material which eventually kills the termites and Management of Wood destr oying Pests 33 possibly the colony The toxic material in the bait must kill slowly enough to allow foraging termites to return to the colony and spread the bait through food sharing trophallaxis Because dead termites repel other termites the toxic material also must kill slowly enough so that dead termites do not accumulate near the bait Baits control a colony locally either eliminating it or suppressing it to the point that it no longer damages a structure To be successful the products must be non repellent slow acting and readily consumed by termites Three main types of bait products are available E Ingested toxicants or stomach poisons E Biotermiticides or microbes E Insect growth regulators IGRs Each type has unique features and is used differently in termite control programs Ingested toxicants have the quickest effect though dose dependency and learned avoidance may limit this type of product to termite reduction in localized areas Biotermiticides derived from fungi bacteria or nematodes are injected into active gallery sites They then dev
95. ces A thorough discussion of wood decaying fungi and methods for control can be found in Chapter 7 KEY TO INSECT DAMAGE OF WOOD DESTROYING PESTS 1 In processed wood numerous small holes less than 3 8 inch in diameter If the piece is split open many frass filled tunnels can be seen most of them running with the grain TEATE fate atid ots igus RO Powderpost beetles E Exit holes 1 16 to 1 8 inch in diameter More advanced galleries running across the grain Frass consists in part of distinct elongate or bun shaped pellets In hard and softwoods EE EATE Family Anobiidae E Exit holes vary from 1 8 to 3 8 inch in diameter Occasional tunnels go across the grain but mostly with the grain Fine or coarse frass that tends to stick together few if any pellets In hardwoods such as ash oak and hickory sometimes in softwoods PE TN S Family Bostrichidae E Exit holes 1 32 to 1 16 inch in diameter in newer or poorly seasoned hardwood lumber Common in poorly seasoned lumber Frass in tunnels is loose and powdery and contains NO Pellets srera Family Lyctidae 2 In either processed wood or rough timber occa sional holes round or elliptical 1 4 to 1 2 inch in diameter Irregular and rather extensive tun nels in the sapwood with usually coarse packed FASS ls ans asa aant Longhorned beetles E Usually heavy damage of this sort in finished wood Often the only external evidence of damage is one or two oval exit holes SSES Saya
96. cide into the voids of walls and through concrete slabs Figure 3 3 Pest management professional applying termiti cide to the soil by long rodding the exterior of a house Subslab injectors are used to force termiticide into holes through concrete slabs to the fill underneath This device is essential because it seals the hole around the application rod considerable back pressure is frequently encountered making it difficult to inject a sufficient quantity of chemical A tapered rubber stopper around the applicator rod can also be used It is frequently necessary to drill holes through mason ry construction Small holes can be drilled with carbide tipped rotary bits in an ordinary electric hand drill Chapter 3 Application tools are continually being developed and improved Better soil injection equipment especially injection tips and flow meters more practical for termite control is being produced More versatile foam applica tion equipment is now available Figure 3 4 A slab injector used to inject termiticide under pressure into an area beneath a slab Dr ills Various sized drills and rotary hammers are used to facilitate application of termiticide by drilling holes through concrete Large holes are drilled using electric or compressed air hammers As a general rule rotary ham mers drill faster than the non rotation types because dust is removed from the hole mechanically as it is drilled Carbide tipped drill
97. cide to soil is by trenching In this method soil is removed to within about 1 foot above the footing As the soil is replaced it is treated with termiticide at the rate of 4 gallons per 10 lin ear feet for each foot of depth from grade level to footing Whenever possible and practical the soil should be satu rated with termiticide to the footing If treatment of the exterior soil to the top of the footing is not possible it will be necessary to indicate clearly to the customer that your Management of Wood destr oying Pests 45 treatment is considered either a spot treatment or lim ited treatment Many pest management professionals use a combination of trenching and rodding especially if the footing is very far below grade level Figure 4 7 A typical basement treatment will also include trenching and rodding the outside perimeter of the foundation Exterior Slab Treatment An exterior concrete slab that abuts the structure complicates outside treatment Poured slabs such as sidewalks patios and car ports should be vertically drilled and treated no more than 12 inches apart It may be neces sary to vary the concentration and volume as allowed by the termiticide label Exterior slab treatment to treat thor Figure 4 8 oughly under dark shading shows area treated slabs Treatment of Foundation Voids in Slab Construction Drill and treat concrete block foundation voids It is very
98. d or threatened plant and animal species are protect ed from pesticides This act requires each pesticide label to limit its use in areas where these species could be harmed Category 7B applica tors must consider the possibility that endangered or threatened species may be affected by pesticides applied in and around buildings The Michigan Department of Natural Resources MDNR Land and Water Management Division administers the Michigan Endangered Species Act Act 451 Part 365 and main tains the federal and state endan gered or threatened species lists Michigan applicators who want to be sure they are complying with the act must take the ini tiative and consult with the MDNR to be sure that there are no endangered or threatened species in their area One of the goals of pest management is to protect off target plants and ani mals from pesticides whether they are endangered or not OSHA OSHA is administered by the U S Department of Labor DOL OSHA governs the record keeping and reporting requirements of all work related deaths injuries and ill nesses of businesses with 10 or more workers STATE LAWS Michigan Occupational Safety and Health Act MIOSHA The MIOSHA Right to Know act requires employers to E Obtain and retain material safety data sheets MSDS on all hazardous chemicals including pes ticides for employee review E Develop and implement a written employee train ing program E Ensure
99. d out An industrial wet vac is usually the best method to get liquid material out of the ducts Charcoal filters should be used over heat registers Check and follow the termiticide label for instructions on chemical deactivation Contact the termiticide manufacturer for up to date information 7 D Cut the wooden members at least 4 inches above floor level then remove the portion that extends through the floor The soil underneath should be thoroughly treated with termiticide and then concrete poured into the hole and into a form extending to the remaining portion of the wood en members for support C 10 Ideally wooden sills should be replaced with concrete If not walls and voids in wooden sills should be treated with termiticide starting as close as possible beneath the window to ensure thorough coverage The ground outside the window should also be treated 11 D 12 B 13 Wooden porches with outside ground contact should have all wood cut off above ground level and supporting concrete placed under it 14 Sometimes termiticide will leak through hollow block tile and rubble foundations or vapor will escape from the uncapped tops of hollow blocks causing residue problems To prevent this make sure all cracks and openings are sealed If the mortar joins of rubble walls are in poor condi tion the wall should be sealed with concrete D 16 C 17 B The outside foam should be removed to 6 inches above
100. des safely and effectively Keeping up to date with improvements and innovations in pest control equipment and methods will help ensure successful ter mite control operations Pest management professionals must know where and how to look for the presence of termite infestations Each termite control operation must start with a thorough inspection of the structure and surrounding area The inspection report should include an accurate drawing of the structure details on the type of construction and other features locations for treating termite infestations areas where water contamination might occur and other pertinent data To fill out an inspection report effectively the pest management professional must have a thorough understanding of building construction and terminology and should have the knowledge to advise building contractors on preconstruction methods for preventing termite infestations Finally the pest management professional must be familiar with the various classes of chemicals used in ter mite control and know the advantages and disadvan tages of each For every termite control situation the pest management professional must determine what if any pesticide should be applied The least amount of pesti cide should be used that will control the pest to the cus tomer s satisfaction If use of the pesticide poses a signif icant risk to people or the environment e g contamina tion of well water the customer should
101. destr oying Insects Write the answers to the following questions and then check your answers with those in the back of the manual 1 Who is most responsible for ensuring that the proce dures for preventing attack on wood before it is used are done A Homeowners and pest management professionals B Building inspectors and construction workers C People who harvest mill or store wood D All of the above 2 What can the pest management professional advise lumber and construction industries and consumers to do to prevent wood boring beetle infestations 3 There are a few beetle species that can survive and reinfest wood even after it has been properly kiln dried A True B False Management of Wood destr oying Pests 4 What aspects of building construction will help keep wood dry 5 18 Match the following families of powderpost beetles with the appropriate description A Lyctidae B Bostrichidae C Anobiidae D All of the above Also known as false powderpost beetles Also known as true powderpost beetles Small shot hole openings in wood surfaces are an indication of infestation 8 Includes furniture and deathwatch beetles 9 Reddish brown 1 8 to 1 3 inch long oval shaped and compact body 10 Deposits eggs in pores of hardwoods 11 Brown to black 1 8 to 1 4 inch long cylindrical body with roughened pronotum 12 When infested wood is cut or broken the interior may reveal ma
102. ding to Rule 12 not later than at the time of each pesticide application the commercial pesticide applicator must provide all of the following written infor mation to the customer 1 The name address and telephone number of the company providing the pesticide application service 2 The full name of the applicator who is making the pesticide application 3 A general description of the target pest or pests to be controlled 4 A list of pesticides applied including the common name of the active ingredient 5 The time and date of the application 6 Precautionary warnings that are pertinent to the protection of humans animals or the environment at the application site and that appear on the label of the pesticide s applied More information must be provided to the customer according to Regulation 637 Rule 12 Not later than at the time of the initial pesticide application a commercial applicator must provide risk and benefit information to the customer Risk and benefit information contains but is not limited to 1 Definition of a pesticide 2 A general description of how a pesticide works 3 Why pesticides are used 4 General toxicity information related to the following E The type of compound used E The environment where the pesticide is applied E General exposure information Management of Wood destr oying Pests E The amount or rate of pesticide applied E Proper pesticide applications in complian
103. ditions that prevail within the closed system of the nest provide an ideal site for the growth of microorganisms particularly fungi which provide a source of protein and vitamins essential to the termite The accumulation of termite fecal material in the nest helps to promote the growth of the fungi The termite system is an extremely delicate and well balanced system Maintaining the proper levels of tem perature and moisture is essential to the survival of the colony The type of soil also has a great effect on the abil ity of subterranean termites to flourish They generally prefer a sandy soil over a clay soil though they will sur vive in many types of soil Communication in the Colony Among social insects communication is needed to maintain efficient social integration and division of labor The most basic means of communication among termites is chemical pheromone communication In fact each colony develops its own characteristic odor Any intrud er be it a termite from another colony an ant or any other natural enemy is instantly recognized as foreign when it enters the colony An alarm pheromone secreted by the colony triggers the soldier termites to attack and kill the intruder The intruder is then walled off from the colony with fecal matter If a hole in the termite workings occurs it is immediately patched by the workers Sound is another means of communication Termite soldiers and workers bang their heads rapi
104. dly on the sur face of their mud tunnels or wood galleries when the colony is disturbed The vibration of the surrounding surface is perceived by others in the colony and they too take up the banging activity Like the alarm pheromones this activity serves to mobilize the colony defenses One of the primary means of communication is trophallaxis which is the mutual exchange of nutrients and the transfer of food between colony members Trophallaxis permits the efficient use of nutrients within the colony enhances recognition of colony members dis tributes chemicals involved in caste regulation and transfers cellulose digesting protozoans Termites exchange food from both the mouth and the hind gut When termites shed their skin during moltings they also lose their hind gut contents including the protozoans they need for digesting wood To get a new supply they must feed from the hind gut of other colony members The feeding of the queens and soldiers by the workers is also a form of trophallaxis Worker termites forage continuously for new sources of food They also forage randomly in many locations throughout their foraging territory looking for food When a foraging termite worker finds a source of food it recruits others to the food source by laying a chemical pheromone trail The more foragers that find the food and return with it to the colony the more intense the pheromone trail becomes As the food source is depleted and
105. dry slowly 42 B 43 Wear rubber gloves and long sleeved clothing and wash thoroughly after handling Never dis pose of preservative treated wood by domestic incineration or use as a fuel in fireplaces or wood burning stoves 44 x False Only by eliminating the moisture source can wood decay be completely controlled 45 S Borates are low hazard easy to apply long lasting and quite effective They are easy to mix in a water carrier and are available in a variety of formulations that allow spraying brush on gel and foam applications For wood with a high moisture content that cannot be easily dried a formulation is available that consists of solid rods that are inserted into holes drilled into the wood Appendix A APPENDIX B GLOSSARY Glossary of Terms for Management of Wood destroying Pests ABSORPTION The movement of a chemical into plants animals including humans and or microorganisms ACTIVE INGREDIENT The chemical or chemicals in a pesticide responsible for killing poisoning or repelling the pest Listed separately in the ingredient statement ACUTE TOXICITY The capacity of a pesticide to cause injury within 24 hours following exposure LDs and LC are common indicators of the degree of acute toxicity See also chronic toxicity ADJUVANT A substance added to a pesticide to improve its effectiveness or safety Same as additive Examples penetrants spreader stickers and wett
106. dults do not occur in very large numbers until the infestation has been established for several years This along with the fact that larvae will do extensive feeding without breaking through the surface of the wood make it necessary to inspect infested wood very carefully to detect old house borer damage Refer to Table 1 in Appendix C for a comparison of old house borers with other wood boring insects Control and Management of Longhor ned Beetles Inspection Rough wood should be probed or struck to detect weaknesses or the presence of boring dust If exit holes are present they will be broadly oval and about 1 4 to 3 8 inch in diameter Habitat Modification Acommon source of these beetles is firewood brought indoors Thus firewood should be brought indoors only when it will be used soon after Keeping wood dry will slow down larval develop ment larvae grow faster in wood that provides a pro tein source in the form of wood decaying fungi Pesticide Application Control programs involve only the treatment of soft woods to which this pest is restricted Infestations of this beetle often involve extensive excavations and larvae may be considerable distances from the obvious points of infestation If the infestation is too widespread for spot treating with residual sprays fumigation may be neces sary Other long horned beetles require no control Follow up Careful and thorough inspection is necessary to deter mine t
107. dust as you proceed After treatment be sure to plug the holes and finish the surface in a manner that the cus tomer has previously agreed upon Caution Take special care to identify the location of any heating ducts water lines or electrical conduits embedded in the slab before beginning treatment to pre vent damage injury or contamination Figure 4 11 Treatment under concrete with vertical drilling at joints cracks and openings and around plumbing Short Rodding Short rodding refers to a procedure conducted from outside a structure Short rodding from the outside may be preferable when no access is available inside Floor cov erings plumbing such as bathtubs sinks or showers cab inets or other furnishings may obstruct access to drilling from the inside Damage to finished flooring inside the structure may prevent drilling through the slab To reach the subslab soil area drill a series of holes through the foundation about 12 inches apart Drill through both sides of the concrete into the area precisely below the expansion joint at the edge of the slab Then insert the rod into the area to receive treatment Apply the chemical under low pressure Saturate as much as possible all of the soil around the expansion joint area This will cause treatment to overlap in the spaces between the holes and produce a con tinuous barrier If you have properly spaced the holes all important parts of t
108. e C Faults in the sealing of the well D Open channels to wells from decayed tree roots Chapter 3 36 16 17 18 What questions should you ask the homeowner about a well located on the property If the homeowner with a well tells you that he intends to hook up to the public water supply you should wait until he fills and caps the private well before applying termiticide A True B False List the tools needed to perform inspections for subterranean termite infestations Management of Wood destr oying Pests 19 What are the signs of a termite infestation 22 Where would be logical places to inspect for subter ranean termite infestations A Places where concrete steps porches or concrete slabs join the structure B Basement and crawl space walls C Sill plates floor joists and subfloors D All of the above 23 What are the components of a well designed termite inspection report 20 Why do termites construct shelter tubes What do they look like 24 What are the three areas to consider when preventing termites from invading a new building 21 Describe how termite damage differs from that of other wood destroying organisms Management of Wood destr oying Pests 37 Chapter 3 25 26 27 28 List some sanitation practices to prevent termite infestations on a construction site Which is NOT true about proper structure and construction aspects at a building site A Allow
109. e prevented 28 Describe the interdependent relationship between fungi and termite colonies 29 Termite colonies may be crowded out by rapid fungal growth A True B False Management of Wood destr oying Pests 30 31 Which of the following fungus associated insects actually feeds on wood A Anobiid beetle B Carpenter ant C Fungus beetle D Millipede Describe the pick test as a diagnostic tool of wood decay To what level percent does the pick test indicate wood decay 32 What important factors about wood can be indicated with the use of a moisture meter 33 List factors that can affect moisture meter readings Management of Wood destr oying Pests 93 34 35 36 37 38 List at least 5 common sources of moisture in structures The shift in recent years to larger houses that are more airtight has decreased condensation and moisture problems in homes A True B False A poorly ventilated crawl space may produce up to 100 pounds of water per day per 1 000 square feet A True B False What methods can be used to move water away from foundation walls Which is the appropriate spacing of openings for proper ventilation in crawl spaces A 1 square foot of opening per 25 feet of wall B 1 square foot of opening per 50 feet of wall C 1 square foot of opening per 75 feet of wall D 1 square foot of opening per 100 feet of wall Chapter 7 39 Which in an appro
110. e to Structural Pests National Pest Control Association Dunn Loring Virginia Smith J A and N R Ehmann Pest Control Library Vol IX Wood destroying Organisms Other than Termites Van Waters amp Rogers Inc San Jose California Texas Agricultural Extension Service 1999 Control of Termites and Other Wood Pests B 5075 The Texas A amp M University System Management of Wood destr oying Pests Verrall A F and T L Amburgey 1979 Prevention and Control of Decay in Homes U S Department of Agriculture Forest Service and the Department of Housing and Urban Development IA A 25 75 Wixted D R Flashinski P Pellitteri and S Craven 1997 Pest Management Principles for the Commercial Applicator Termite Control 2nd ed University of Wisconsin Extension Wood E and L Pinto 1992 Urban Integrated Pest Management A Guide for Commercial Applicators U S Environmental Protection Agency 735 B 92 001 DUAL amp Associates Arlington Virginia Selected Subject References subjects are in bold print Bennett G W and J M Owens eds 1986 Advances in Urban Pest Management Van Nostrand Reinhold Company New York Furman D P and E P Catts 1982 Manual of Medical Entomology 4th ed Cambridge University Press National Pest Management Association 1982 Encyclopedia of Structural Pest Control 7 volumes Dunn Loring Virginia National Pest Management Association Pest Control Publicati
111. e 5 7 An example of a concrete block foundation with basement window Avenues of termite access are indicated by the heavy arrows in the soil NPMA Chapter 5 DIRT FILLED CONCRETE PORCH ON A FRAME HOUSE This is a common type of construction throughout the country and the principles involved apply to stoops and poured outside slabs at ground level such as sidewalks and driveways see Figure 5 8 y p 1 siding j 15 felt air space formed i sheathing by shrinkage stud of dirt fill finish floor iH A i concrete subfloor i sole reinforcement rods porch slab porch i foundation ioist box sill fl jois inside grade level PSSA E Z lt 7A ZS WHF ASS SS ROM A e S 2 SPO main concrete foundation reinforcement rods Figure 5 8 A common type of construction that involves a dirt filled concrete porch attached to a frame house Avenues of termite access are indicated by the heavy areas in the soil NPMA Soil contact where the porch joins the house should be eliminated by tunneling along the foundation wall and removing the dirt This is usually done by removing a portion of the porch wall at either or both ends and installing an access door Soil removal can also be accom plished by knocking out portions of the foundation wall from inside the crawl space and then excavating soil from beneath the porch Where the tunneling leaves the porch poorly support ed it is necessary to install suppl
112. e bar rier They have been modified to increase their stability in the natural environment They are widely used in agri culture homes and gardens Some examples are bifen thrin cyfluthrin cypermethrin deltamethrin and per methrin They may be applied alone or in combination with other insecticides Pyrethroids are formulated as emusifi able concentrates EC wettable powders WP granu lars G and aerosols Certain pyrethroids exhibit striking neurotoxicity in laboratory animals when administered by intravenous injection and some are toxic by the oral route Systemic toxicity by inhalation and dermal absorption are low however there have been very few systemic poisonings of humans by pyrethroids Though limited absorption may account for the low toxicity of some pyrethroids rapid biodegradation by mammalian liver enzymes ester hydrolysis and oxidation is probably the major factor responsible Most pyrethroid metabolites are promptly excreted at least in part by the kidney In response to dermal exposure some persons may experience a skin sensitivity called paresthesia The symptoms are similar to sunburn sensation of the face and especially the eyelids Sweating exposure to sun or heat and application of water aggravate the disagreeable sensations This is a temporary effect that dissipates with in 24 hours For first aid wash with soap and water to remove as much residue as possible and then apply a vit amin
113. e building 2 feet out from the foundation 64 Aboveground bait systems are placed in the path of the termites in mud tubes or in areas of wood damage and termite presence so that the termites come in direct contact with the bait More imme diate colony elimination can be obtained than by placing baits in the soil around the structure D 66 D Baits fit well into an IPM program as an addition to existing termite control methods such as eliminat ing conditions conducive to termite infestation judi cious use of liquid soil products as a spot or limited barrier application and use of wood treatment products 65 67 VY a Chapter 4 Soil Treatment for Subterranean Ter mites O B D C AA B 60 C 7 B 8 Rodding is the injection of termiticide into the soil through a long pipe inserted at appropriate inter vals so that insecticide can be carried to the level of the footing Trenching is removing soil to with in about 1 foot above the footing and treating the soil with insecticide as it is replaced The soil is saturated with chemical to the top of the footing 9 C 10 True IA 12 D 13 A 4C 15 When floor covering plumbing bathtubs sinks showers cabinets or other furnishings obstruct access to drilling from the inside 16 A 17 A 18 It has the added advantage over short rodding of possible access behind concrete porches A disad vantage is that long rodding for any significant distance may leave
114. e easy to mix in a water carri er and are carried along by water diffusing through the wood They are available in a variety of formulations that allow spraying brush on gel and foam applications There is also a formulation available consisting of solid Review Questions Chapter 7 Wood damaging Fungi amos S gt Write the answers to the following questions and then check your answers with those in the back of the manual 1 What are the two main groups of wood damaging fungi 2 Which is NOT true about fungi A Reproduce by spores B May discolor wood C Include mushrooms and conks D Belong to the plant kingdom Management of Wood destr oying Pests rods that are inserted into holes drilled into the wood These are designed for use in wood with high moisture content that cannot be easily dried SUMMARY The pest management professional must be able to dis tinguish the signs and symptoms of wood damaging fungi from insect damage Damage from fungi is often more easily controlled than insect damage with less dependence on pesticides Prevention by controlling moisture sources limiting soil to wood contact and replacing damaged wood with chemically treated wood offer the best control 3 Which environmental conditions would favor the growth of fungi A Temperature below 35 degrees F moisture content of air dried wood less than 19 percent B Temperature between 35 and 100 degrees F water satu
115. e exam Questions on the exam will per tain directly to the learning objectives The appendices and glossary including an answer key Appendix A at the end of this manual provide supple mental information that will help you understand the top ics covered in the chapters Terms throughout the manual text that are bold and italicized can also be found in the glossary This certification manual benefits the applicator and the general public By learning how to handle pesticides correctly applicators will be able to protect themselves others and the environment from pesticide misuse For more specific information on how to become a certified applicator in Michigan refer to the beginning of the core manual E 2195 or to the Michigan Department of Agriculture s Web site at lt http www mda state mi us gt Intoduction Contents vi Management of Wood destr oying Pests mama S c LAWS CONCERNING CONTROL OF WOOD DESTROYING PESTS LEARNING OB ECTIVES After completely studying this chapter you should E Understand why protecting the public and the envi ronment from exposure to pesticides is the applica tor s responsibility E Know the role of a technician working in the pest con trol industry E Understand the various state and federal laws that govern pesticide use handling and storage E Be able to explain the legal responsibilities of a pesti cide applicator according to the rules of Regulation 637 E
116. e most responsible for causing damage to wood in structures 12 Leave the colony in swarms usually in the spring or fall 13 Gather at openings to protect the colony 14 May establish a new colony without swarming 15 Usually become the most important source of eggs for the colony 16 The most responsible for making tunnels and repairs and for foraging feeding and grooming other castes 17 The first batch of eggs laid by the queen in a new subterranean termite colony contains A 6 to12 eggs B 50 to 75 eggs C 100 to 150 eggs D 200 to 300 eggs 18 How long before a newly established termite colony will seriously damage structural wood A 1 to 2 weeks B 4 to 6 months C 2 to 3 years D 5 to 10 years 19 Termites are more prevalent in soils A Clay B Silty C Sandy D Gravel Chapter 2 20 21 22 23 24 Termites can enter structures through A Cracks in concrete B Utility openings C Expansion joints D Wood below soil level E All of the above Which is true about termite colony formation by budding A Budding occurs when primary reproductives leave a newly formed colony in swarms to establish a new colony B Budding occurs when termite workers and soldiers leave a well established colony in swarms to establish a new colony C Budding occurs when a number of individuals including some supplementary reproductives leave a well established colony to start a new one D
117. e nodes may be helpful in identifying ant species most ant species have one node others have two NON RESIDUAL PESTICIDE Pesticides applied to obtain effects only during the time of treatment NON TARGET ORGANISM Any plant or animal other than the intended target s of a pesticide application ORAL TOXICITY The ability of a pesticide to cause injury or acute illness when taken by mouth One of the common exposure routes ORGANOPHOSPHATES A large group of pesticides that contain the element phosphorus and inhibit cholinesterase in animals PARASITE A plant animal or microorganism living in on or with another living organism for the purpose of obtaining all or part of its food PARESTHESIA A reaction to dermal exposure to some pesticides especially pyrethroids with symptoms simi lar to sunburn sensation of the face and especially the eyelids Sweating exposure to sun or heat and applica tion of water aggravate the disagreeable sensations This is a temporary effect that dissipates within 24 hours For first aid wash with soap and water to remove as much residue as possible and then apply a vitamin E oil prepa ration or cream to the affected area Persons susceptible to paresthesia should choose a pesticide with a different active ingredient and or formulation PATHOGEN A disease causing organism Appendix B PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT PPE Devices and clothing intended to protect a person from
118. e truck Piston pumps also create a pulsating or throbbing action that can be damaging to gauges valves hose fit tings and other parts When pulsation is a problem it is necessary to have a surge tank in the line to reduce the force of the pulsation A surge tank is a small chamber containing air It is placed in the discharge line between the pump and the control valve and serves to cushion the peak of the pulses produced by the pump so that a more even and regular flow is available at the nozzle Diaphragm pumps are used when most of the work involves only low volume low pressure applications because diaphragm pumps deliver low volume 1 4 to 10 gpm at low to moderate pressure 10 to 100 psi They withstand abrasion from wettable powder mixtures much better than roller pumps because the spray mixture does not contact any moving parts except the vales Some solvents may damage the rubber or neoprene diaphragm The small diaphragm pumps are often used with new portable systems in treating crawl spaces and attics Hoses The hose of a large volume sprayer is a vital part of the system The hose must be long enough for the purpose intended wide enough to carry an adequate flow of liq uid and made of materials that will not be deteriorated by the pesticides It is important to use only quality hose and to maintain the hose in good condition Cheap or worn hoses may Management of Wood destr oying Pests 25 suddenly burst on
119. e void space and direct ly into the wood framing Less commonly termites may build tubes up over the exterior brick veneer surface find openings through the Chapter 4 masonry and gain access to the void space and wood structural members Treatment procedures MTrench and or rod exterior soil E Drill and treat beneath exte rior slabs adjacent to foundation LL Figure 4 16 Poured foundation brick veneer arrows indicate possi I ble termite entry points E Treat interior foundation walls by vertical drilling and or long rodding E Vertically drill and treat adjacent to interior walls and partitions E Drill and treat brick veneer voids E Treat wood that has accessible termite galleries E Repair and plug all drilling holes Completion This composite dia gram shows the total protection afforded to the structure by thor oughly treating the voids in the brick veneer the subslab soil area along the expansion joint and the soil around the outside perimeter of the building to a point lower than the bottom of the veneer Figure 4 17 Completed treatment of poured foundation brick veneer showing treatment of 1 the voids in the brick veneer 2 the subslab soil area along the expansion joint and 3 the out side perimeter of the building Monolithic Slab with Tile or Terrazzo Finish
120. e within the foundation wall of the drawing above Section A 18 ft x 58 ft Section B 10 ft x 10 ft Section C 40 ft x 28 ft 1 044 sq ft 100 sq ft 1120 sq ft 2 264 sq ft 38 How many gallons of spray mix would be need ed to treat the horizontal surface square feet using the standard volume for a 0 5 percent rate if the substrate is fill sand 2 264 sq ft x 1 gal 10 sq ft gal 226 4 gallons Solutions for Example 2 Monolithic Slab Monolithic slab with 1 foot from grade to bottom of perimeter beam Seclion B Section B 55 Section A 39 How many square feet are in the monolithic slab surface Section A 30 ft x 55 ft Section B 10 ft x 25 ft 1 900 sq ft or Section A1 30 x 30 Section B1 40 x 25 40 How many linear feet would be treated for a perimeter treatment 30 ft 30 ft 10 ft 25 ft 40 ft 55 ft 190 ft 41 If Termite Icide costs 97 for a 2 5 gallon jug how much will the chemical cost to treat the hor izontal surface of the monolithic slab at the 0 5 percent rate 97 2 5 gal concentrate X 1 25 gal concentrate 96 gal solution X 1 gal solution 10 sq ft X 1 900 sq ft 95 99 Management of Wood destr oying Pests 42 How much would it cost to treat the perimeter at the 0 5 percent rate 97 2 5 gal concentrate X 1 25 gal concentrate 96 gal solution X 4 gal solution 10 linear ft X 190 linea
121. ed Floor Terrazzo consists of white or colored grout with orna mental stones divided into sections with brass strips and ground to a smooth finish This type of floor is common in commercial and institutional buildings and is consid ered high quality flooring The property owner must thoroughly understand the necessity of drilling the ter razzo and the various methods of repairing the drill holes A sharp bit and steady pressure are required when drilling terrazzo to prevent chipping around the edge of the drill hole One method is to apply light pressure on the drill while quickly hitting and releasing the trigger This prevents the bit from jumping about and damaging the surface of the floor Terrazzo may be patched by saving the drilling dust so that a portion of the dust can be mixed with quality cement With experience the mixture can be made to closely match the original floor If this method of repair is not acceptable to the property owner then a professional Chapter 4 48 terrazzo floor company can be contacted to patch the drill holes How the patching will be done should be estab lished before any drilling is started Termite entry points The arrows indicate the very few possible entry points for termites under a perfectly formed monolithic slab The figure shows how termites might travel up the outside wall and into the brick veneer particularly if the brick veneer extends down below the soil line With concrete bl
122. ed as needed and quickly replace a primary queen who is injured or dies They usu ally develop in addition to the primary queen and Management of Wood destr oying Pests TERMITE Compare These Features antennae not elbowed 1 antennae elbowed two pairs of wings of equal length 2 two pairs of wings of un equal length eyes absent 3 eyes present waist thick wingless worker 4 waist thin wingless worker Differences between ants and termites Figure 2 9 Comparison of termites and ants become the most important source of eggs in the colony Supplementary reproductives with a group of males and workers may become isolated from the colony and estab lish a new colony thus spreading the original infestation without having to swarm Workers are the most numerous individuals in a ter mite colony They perform all of the work of the colony foraging feeding and grooming of the other castes including the queen building and repairing the nest and making the tunnels In the process of making nests and tunnels and ingesting food they chew and eat wood thus causing the destruction that makes termites economically important Workers are creamy white wingless eyeless and soft bodied with chewing mouthparts Workers are sometimes mistaken for white ants They mature within a few months and may live 2 to 3 years Workers maintain the shelter tubes and close any breaks in
123. ed in IPM and other meth ods that limit the use of pesticides while still achieving pest management goals Regulation 637 outlines the details of this training and other details pertaining to the safe and legal use of pesticides Proper communication notification representation and record keeping are essential whenever pesticides are used 2 When technicians use other practices in addition to pesticide use for controlling pests A It may decrease the effectiveness of the control program B These practices often reduce pesticide use or make such use a secondary operation of the program C It is not a legal procedure D They must describe these tactics in writing for the customer 3 Which Michigan regulation requires that pesticide applications be made in a manner that prevents off target discharges of pesticides and that pesticide application equipment be properly calibrated and in sound mechanical condition A Regulation 636 B Regulation 637 C FIFRA D Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act OSHA m Management of Wood destr oying Pests 4 Which Michigan legislation gives the MDA authority to certify commercial applicators and to prescribe standards for certification A Regulation 636 B Regulation 637 C FIFRA D Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act E OSHA Which federal legislation specifies that all pesticides be classified as either general use or restrict
124. ed slab Figures 4 1 4 3 SOUNDING A method of detecting damaged wood by tapping on the wood and listening for a hollow sound which indicates cavities that are non visible from the surface SPACE SPRAY A pesticide that is applied as a fine spray or mist to a confined area SPOT TREATMENT Application of a pesticide to limit ed areas where pests are likely to be found A method used to avoid contact of pesticides with food utensils or people Management of Wood destr oying Pests 107 SPRINGWOOD The wood produced early in the sea son that is of lower density than wood produced later in the season STOMACH POISON A pesticide that must be eaten by an animal to be effective it will not kill on contact SUBFLOOR Boards of plywood laid on joists over which a finished floor is laid SUMP A pit well or the like in which water or other liquid is collected SURFACE WATER Water on the earth s surface rivers lakes ponds streams etc See also groundwater SUSPENDED SLAB A type of foundation construction in which the slab floor and the foundation wall are sepa rate units with the slab floor extending over the top of the foundation wall The slab floor is concrete the mate rial used for the foundation wall may vary SUSPENSION Pesticide mixtures consisting of fine particles dispersed or floating in a liquid usually water or oil Example wettable powders in water SWARMERS The winged primary
125. ed use A Regulation 636 B Regulation 637 C FIFRA D Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act E OSHA Which Michigan legislation establishes the types of certified applicators and expands the pesticide record keeping requirements A Regulation 636 B Regulation 637 C FIFRA D Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act E OSHA Category 7B technicians do not have to concern them selves with the possibility of harming endangered species A True B False In Michigan a vehicle used to transport pesticides for a pesticide application business must A Be yellow or red B Have the name of the pesticide s being carried posted in an appropriate location in the vehicle C Have the name of the pesticide applicator firm business phone number address or U S Dept of Transportation census number printed on the exterior D Be registered with the MDA and the MDEQ Management of Wood destr oying Pests 9 10 11 12 13 In Michigan commercial pesticide applicators must provide their customer written information in the Applicator Service Agreement including A The time and date of application B A general description of the target pest or pests to be controlled C A list of pesticides applied D All of the above Describe what type of pesticide information should be a part of the risk and benefit information provided to customers If requested a co
126. elop on the infected foraging termites and spread among the colony Suitable temperature and moisture early detection and avoid ance are factors that determine this treatment s success It may provide localized area control or with optimum conditions may suppress a colony Among the insect growth regulators are juvenile hor mone analogs JHA juvenile hormone mimics JHM and chitin synthesis inhibitors CSI These products dis rupt the termites by causing a specific response or behav ior within the colony or by blocking the molting process Remember that all insects including termites have an exoskeleton made primarily of chitin To grow they must periodically shed their chitinous exoskeletons and form new ones This process is called molting A chitin synthe sis inhibitor slowly builds up in the termite and the next time a molt occurs prevents proper formation of the cuti cle IGRs are the slowest acting of the bait types but have greater impact on the colony Bait Placement Baits take advantage of the social nature and foraging behaviors of subterranean termites Foraging worker ter mites consume the bait and then share it with the rest of the colony resulting in a slow colony decline and depending on the active ingredient eventual elimination Belowground monitoring stations without any active insecticide are sometime used to establish a feeding site for the foraging termite workers and then the baited sta tion
127. ementary support such as masonry piers The soil along the outside of the foun dation wall is then treated at the rate of 4 gallons of chem ical per 10 linear feet and the remainder of the accessible soil under the slab is flooded at the rate of 1 gallon of chemical per 10 square feet Some recommend that the entire area under the porch should be flooded sufficiently to treat all the soil under the porch Others do not think this is necessary If all of the soil is treated termiticide is applied by drilling verti cally through the porch slab at intervals along the porch foundation and at sufficient other points to ensure all the soil under the porch is reached Foam applications may be of the most value in these situations WOODEN PORCHES Wooden porches with outside ground contact should have all wood cut off above ground level and supporting concrete placed under it Wherever possible wooden piers should be removed and replaced with concrete or Management of Wood destr oying Pests set on a concrete footing that extends at least 4 inches above grade level Where this is not possible treat the soil according to termiticide label directions The soil all around the base of the pier should also be treated REINFORCED CONCRETE POURED CONCRETE STEP SUPPORT OPTIONAL p gt ee WHERE SUPPORT S USED ALLOW 2 BETWEEN WALL AND SUPPORT Figure 5 9 Construction of wooden steps of porch to prevent hidden ter
128. emulsions Oil solutions present a possible fire hazard greater expense greater hazard and discomfort to the applicator and danger of damag ing plants near the treatment area E Do not allow any treated surface to be walked on or handled until it is thoroughly dry In treating finished wood such as furniture or floor ing it is best to use an oil solution to avoid spotting or in any way changing the appearance of the finish To be cer tain the oil based solution will not damage the finish apply only a small amount to an out of the way area and allow it to dry before making a complete treatment Insecticide should be applied to the entire surface of the infested wood using a flat fan nozzle at low pressure or by using a soft bristled paintbrush If there are only scat tered patches of infestation treat only the infested boards Avoid overtreating i e until the solution runs off or puddles particularly on hardwood floors laid over asphalt paper or asphalt based mastic The asphalt will be dissolved by excess oil and may bleed through the fin ished floor Any excess solution should be wiped up Chapter 6 immediately Be careful not to mar the surface if the spray has temporarily softened the finish An oil carrier may have a solvent action on some wood finishes Therefore keep all objects off treated areas for about 24 hours or until all stickiness has disappeared Follow up Check for signs of reinfestations of lyctid and
129. enclosed runways In some cases subterranean termites may be found separated from soil contact when sufficient moisture in the form of water leaks is found inside a structure The retention of moisture is not the only important water related factor in the life of the termite The warm moist conditions that prevail within the closed system of the nest provide an ideal site for the growth of microor ganisms particularly fungi which provide a source of protein and vitamins essential to the termite The accu mulation of termite fecal material in the nest in turn helps to promote the growth of the fungi The most striking fact of this intricately interdependent system is the delicacy with which it is balanced It is not uncommon to discover the remains of a termite colony that is slowly being crowded out by the growth of fungi that has for some reason progressed at such a rate that the termites could not keep up with it If sudden temperature shifts or other factors result in the accumulation of water within the galleries the termites may drown A number of beetles are associated with excessive moisture and fungus problems in structures The furni ture beetle an anobiid beetle is commonly attracted to moisture and fungus Anobiid larvae eat the wood and the beetle may reinfest over many generations reducing the wood to little more than powder Anobiid larvae will not survive in wood with a moisture content below 12 percent The drie
130. ent Unless the professional can make a definite species deter mination and thereby establish the various woods subject to attack it must be assumed that the pest endangers both softwoods and hardwoods In addition to determin ing the type of wood being attacked each problem must Management of Wood destr oying Pests Note means yes means occasionally Source M P Levy A Guide to the Inspection of Existing Homes for Wood inhabiting Fungi and Insects U S Department of Housing and Urban Development Washington D C 1975 75 be analyzed in light of the severity of infestation the pos sibility of reinfestation the area of the structure being attacked the speed of control needed and the cost the property owner can bear Some guidelines follow E Residual sprays provide effective control in most cases Sprays should be applied at low pressure to reduce splashing using a flat fan nozzle to obtain thorough coverage E The best penetration to tunnels is provided by a fumigant but the danger in handling these materi als and the fact that they have no effective residual life limit their desirability Fumigation may be nec essary when it is impossible to control powderpost beetles via insecticidal sprays An example is when the beetles have moved into walls and other inac cessible areas E Water based insecticide emulsions in most cases are considered safer and more effective than oil based
131. entify beetles Table 6 1 Comparative biological information on the three families of powderpost beetles Characteristic Lyctidae Size 1 12 to 1 5 inch Anobiidae 1 8 to 1 3 inch Bostrichidae 1 8 to 1 4 inch Shape Flattened Cylindrical roughened pronotum Oval compact Color Brown to black Brown to black Reddish brown Head visible from above Yes No No Antennal club 2 segmented 3 to 4 segmented None Egg placement of hardwoods Deposited in pores of hardwoods Required moisture content 6 to 30 percent of wood Laid in cracks or old exit holes in wood Female bores into wood to lay eggs 6 to 30 percent 13 to 30 percent Average life cycle 1 year 1 year 1 to 3 years Wood found in structures is considered dry with a moisture content less than 20 percent Source M P Levy A Guide to the Inspection of Existing Homes for Wood inhabiting Fungi and Insects U S Department of Housing and Urban Development Washington D C 1975 Chapter 6 Management of Wood destr oying Pests Table 6 2 Timbers attacked by common wood boring insects Unseasoned Seasoned Lyctids Softwood Timbers Attacked apes Bostrichids Anobiids Round headed borers Old house borers Flat headed borers Wharf borers Scolytids Habitat Modification Alteration of environmental conditions might one day be the only procedure necessary to eliminate some
132. er water sources are located on a property E Know how to control termite infestations when rigid foam insulation board is present E Know what wood treatments are available when soil treatment is not possible in a structure Certain features of building construction require spe cial consideration when you are attempting to control ter mites In some situations it may be advisable not to treat with liquid termiticides but to use some other method such as termite baiting borates or mechanical alteration This is particularly true when liquid termiticides might Management of Wood destr oying Pests 61 cause contamination of air handling systems or water sources If a structure or an area may pose problems in treatment it is advisable to have one person inside to monitor the application while another performs exterior treatment of the soil brick veneer hollow block or rub ble foundation PLENUM AND NON PLENUM CRAWL SPACES Several types of construction are extremely difficult and occasionally impossible to treat with termiticides The plenum concept uses the area under the subfloor crawl space as a giant heating cooling duct There are no vents or access doors in the foundation thus termiti cide odor can be circulated with heated or cooled air through the structure Therefore conventional liquid ter miticide treatment is not recommended Termite baits may be an option for treating plenum housing PLENUM STRUCTURE
133. erm colony elimination Advantages and Disadvantages As with any technology there are advantages and dis advantages to the use of termite baits compared to the use of liquid termiticides Advantages of Termite Baits E They are easy to use E Drilling of structural concrete is rarely required E Baits are more environmentally friendly than soil drenching with liquid termiticides E Active ingredients are generally less toxic than those in soil insecticides E Termite baits are a better choice for chemical or odor sensitive customers or for customers who have ducts beneath or within slab foundations have wells beneath or close to foundations or have rubble foundations Disadvantages of Termite Baits E Bait programs may be more expensive in some cases and may require continual monitoring after colony elimination or suppression has been attained H It takes longer to eliminate a colony with baits than with liquid termiticides Baiting programs may take several months to a year to control infestations depending on a number of factors that limit termite foraging E Baits cannot easily be put under slabs or in wall voids where termites often occur Thus damage may continue until the entire colony is eliminated Pest management professionals should explain the advantages and disadvantages of termite baiting pro grams to their customers Total elimination of the colony may not be achieved Colony suppression rather than tot
134. ersists there is probably a termiticide deposit in a duct This must be cleaned out An industri al wet vac is the best method to get any liquid material out of the ducts and charcoal filters should be used over Management of Wood destr oying Pests heat registers Removal of the deposit may require exper tise in chemical deactivation Termiticide manufacturers all have deactivation and odor control information avail able and they should be contacted for up to date recom mendations SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR TREATING BASEMENTS French drains in basements can be a problem French drains are used to drain water into a sump storm sewer or other area They are usually found around the perime ter of a finished basement You may want to drill test holes before proceeding with treatment If there is a sump pump turn it off and inspect the sump If water is pre sent remove some and observe the water level for 15 Figure 5 4 A French drain is a below grade drainage sys tem that is level with or beneath the basement floor and usually runs around its perimeter When water gets into the basement it goes through the French drain and runs into a sump or sometimes outdoors BASEMENT a Figure 5 5 If the basement has a sump pump care should be taken to avoid getting chemical into the sump or pit in which the pump sits This is important because sump pumps usually discharge into non target areas such as a drive
135. es It consists of covering the struc ture i e furniture or seasoned wood with a tight tar paulin or using a fumigation chamber and fumigating with a toxic gas In minor infestations a toxic liquid or dust may be introduced through holes drilled into the excavated chambers Drywood termites may be killed by holding the infested furniture for 4 hours at 140 degrees F in a heat chamber Exposing infested wood to 15 degrees F for 4 days will also kill these termites Dampw ood Ter mites Dampwood termites also do not require contact with the soil to obtain moisture but they do require wood with a high water content Dampwood termites excavate large galleries as do drywood termites But unlike dry wood termites they do not keep these galleries clean of their fecal pellets Species of dampwood termites are found along the Pacific Coast in the southwestern United States and along the Gulf Coast to Florida Occasionally colonies may be carried to other parts of the United States including Michigan in shipments of lumber However dampwood termites are unable to become established in these areas Figure 2 16 Dampwood termites Chapter 2 OTHER WOOQD DESTROYING INSECTS AND PESTS Many other insects infest and seriously damage wood Many of these such as the various bark beetles and round and flatheaded borers are found alive most fre quently in seasoned wood The pest management profes sional is usually most concerned wi
136. eters per hour 54 6806 Liters 0 001 Liters 0 0353 Liters 0 2642 Liters 1 0 Liters 1 057 Liters 2 113 Liters 33 8143 Liters 61 02 Liters 1 000 0 Liters 1 000 0 Meters 0 001 Meters 1 094 Meters 3 281 Meters 39 37 Meters 100 0 Meters 1 000 0 Appendix E To Get Cubic meters Cubic yards Cubic feet Kilograms Pounds of water Grams Grams Kilograms Pounds Ounces Grains Milligrams Percent Parts per million Acres Square meters Square yards Square feet Meters Yards Feet Centimeters Tons Pounds Ounces Grams Miles Meters Yards Feet Miles per hour Meters per minute Yards per minute Feet per minute Cubic meters Cubic feet Gallons liquid Kilograms of water Quarts liquid Pints liquid Ounces Cubic inches Cubic centimeters Grams of water Kilometers Yards Feet Inches Centimeters Millimeters 112 Multiply By Metric tons 1 1 Metric tons 1 000 0 Metric tons 2 204 6 Metric tons 1 000 000 0 Miles 1 6093 Miles 1 609 3 Miles 1 760 0 Miles 5 280 0 Miles per hour 1 467 Miles per hour 1 6093 Miles per hour 26 8217 Miles per hour 29 3333 Miles per hour 88 0 Miles per minute 26 82 Miles per minute 29 333 Miles per minute 88 0 Milliliters 0 00105 Milliliters 0 0021 Milliliters 0 0042 Milliliters 0 0338 Milliliters 0 0676 Milliliters 0 2029 Milliliters 1 0 Milliliters 1 0 Ounces liquid 0 00781 Ounces liquid 0 03125 Ounces liquid 0 0625 Ounces dry 0 0625 Ounces liq
137. exposure to pesticides Includes such items as long sleeved shirts long trousers coveralls suitable hats gloves shoes respirators and other safety items as needed PEST MANAGEMENT The reduction of pest popula tions to tolerable numbers by changing practices making habitat or structural alterations and carefully using pes ticides to kill pests only when indicated PEST An undesirable organism plant animal bacteri um etc any organism that competes with people for food feed or fiber causes structural damage is a public health concern reduces aesthetic qualities or impedes industrial or recreational activities PESTICIDE A chemical or other agent used to kill repel or otherwise control pests or to protect from a pest pH A measure of the acidity alkalinity of a liquid acid below pH7 basic or alkaline above pH7 up to 14 PHEROMONE A substance emitted by an animal to influence the behavior of other animals of the same species Examples are sex pheromones to attract mates and aggregation pheromones to keep members of the same species together in a group Some pheromones are synthetically produced for use in insect traps PHOTODEGRADATION Breakdown of chemicals by the action of light PHYSICAL CONTROL Altering habitat or changing the infested physical structure e g caulking holes cracks tightening around doors windows moisture reduction ventilation etc PHYTOTOXICITY Injury to
138. f these other termite groups and control recommendations are given in case the pest control oper ator encounters them Dr yw ood termites Drywood termites differ from subterranean termites in three ways E Unlike subterranean termites drywood termites bore directly into wood and make their nests in the wood rather than belowground E As drywood termites feed they cut across the grain of wood excavating large chambers that are con nected by small tunnels E Drywood termites produce hard fecal pellets These hard pellets have six distinct concave surfaces on the sides These pellets are often pushed out of the colony through small holes in the wood i i lt i d P j Figure 2 15 Drywood termite fecal pellets approximate length 1 25 inch Chapter 2 Powderpost termites are drywood termites that pro duce tiny fecal pellets resembling powder The ejection of this material from the gallery is usually the first indica tion of the presence of powderpost termites Powderpost termites are smaller than other drywood termites but excavate similar galleries and can be controlled by the same methods Drywood termites seldom infest buildings in Michigan Furniture or other seasoned wood shipped from the western or southwestern parts of the United States may be infested with these termites Because drywood termites do not require any contact with the ground treatment is quite different from that for subterranean termit
139. faced off On open pored hardwoods however the surface molds may cause stains too deep to be easily removed Freshly cut or sea soned wood stockpiled during warm humid weather may be noticeably discolored with mold in less than a week Molds do not reduce wood strength but they can increase the capacity of wood to absorb moisture thus increasing the potential of attack by decay fungi Figure 7 8 Surface molds on plywood attic Chemical Stains Chemical stains may resemble blue or brown stains but are not caused by fungi These stains result from chemical changes in the wood of both softwoods and hardwoods Staining usually occurs in logs or in lumber during seasoning and may be confused with a brown sapstain caused by fungi The most important chemical Chapter 7 88 stains are brown stains that can downgrade lumber for some uses They usually can be prevented by rapid air drying or by using relatively low temperatures during kiln drying INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH WOOD DESTROY ING FUNGI Many insect pests are encouraged to take up residence in wooden structures by excessive moisture conditions Termites particularly the dampwood termites and sub terranean termites require moisture in their living quar ters Subterranean termites provide moisture for them selves by bringing moisture and soil up from their sub surface colonies and placing it within the wood as they feed on it or around the outside of wood to form their
140. four wings are the Chapter 2 12 same length and extend more than the length of the body beyond the tip of the abdomen Both male and female reproductives leave the colony in great numbers swarms usually in the spring or fall These swarms are often the first visible indication that termites are present As a general rule swarmers emerge on warm sunny days when the humidity is high e g often on days fol lowing rain showers Primary reproductives are pro duced in mature colonies 3 to 5 years old and older Figure 2 7 The queen subterranean termite is a primary reproductive who resides in the soil Her only function is to lay eggs Swarmer termites are often confused with flying or swarmer ants Ants are often seen swarming in and around buildings so it is important to be able to distin guish between the two so that appropriate control rec ommendations can be made There are three ways to sep arate termites from ants First ants have a very thin waist between the thorax and the abdomen termites are broad waisted Second termite wings are all the same size and shape whereas the forewings of the ant are larger longer and of a different shape than the hindwings And third termite antennae are straight ant antennae are elbowed Supplementary reproductives sometimes referred to as secondary reproductives of both sexes are wingless or have only very short non functional wings These reproductives are develop
141. g operation See the complete regu lation for more details The above specifications do not apply to pesticide applicators using only hand held equipment Rule 7 of Regulation 637 requires that washing and rinsing of pesticide equipment be performed on a pad designed similarly to the mixing and loading pads The requirements do not apply to applicators that use just hand held equipment See the complete regulation for details Regulation 637 Rule 8 discusses the most acceptable manner in which to handle excess pesticides and pesti cide containing material Pesticide containing materials are any materials that contain a mixture of active pest controlling and inactive non pest controlling ingredi ents These materials should be used in accordance with the label instructions Both of the following uses of pesti cides or pesticide containing material are considered to be in accordance with label directions E Apply the pesticide or pesticide containing materi als to a site that is specified on the label in a manner so that the total rate of application of the active ingredient is not more than the rate allowed on the label Chapter 1 E Pesticide containing materials may be used as dilu ents in subsequent mixtures of pesticides and dilu ents if the next application of such mixtures is in compliance with the above Refer to a complete copy of Regulation 637 for further details Regulation 637 Rule 9 Personal P
142. ge caused by these pests to properly identify them Management of Wood destr oying Pests Review Questions Chapter 2 The Biology of Termites and Other Wood destroying Insects mamas BoP am Ep Write the answers to the following questions and then check your answers with those in the back of the manual 1 On which segment of an insect s body are the legs and often the wings attached A Thorax B Head C Abdomen D Antennae 2 Termites develop by A Simple metamorphosis B Gradual metamorphosis C Complete metamorphosis D Parthenogenesis 3 What are the stages of development for insects that undergo complete metamorphosis A Egg nymph adult Egg larva pupa adult Egg nymph larva adult Egg larva adult muons Egg nymph pupa adult 4 Which is the most commonly found termite in Michigan A Dampwood termite Drywood termite Formosan subterranean termite Powderpost termite mono Eastern subterranean termite Management of Wood destr oying Pests 5 16 Match the following to the appropriate description for each termite caste A Primary reproductives B Supplementary reproductives C Workers D Soldiers 5 The most numerous in the termite colony 6 Have functional wings 7 Started the original colony 8 Have large reddish brown heads 9 May have short non functional wings 10 Creamy white wingless eyeless and soft bodied 11 Th
143. gh pres sure to spread the chemical and completely cover the voids Holes drilled in outside brick walls should be sealed after treatment IT T T T m T L Ni 1 ia Figure 4 10 Treatment of brick or stone veneer arrow points to treatment of void Where it is not possible to drill and treat below the top of the foundation or interior slab level it may be neces sary to trench and treat the soil to below the brick ledge This method will eliminate the need to drill and treat the void and also reduce the risk of accidental spillage into the interior of the structure Interior Treatment Methods Soil treatment of the inside perimeter of a slab adjacent to the foundation can be accomplished by any one of three methods vertical drilling short rodding or long rodding Ver tical drilling Vertical drilling is the most common method of interi or slab treatment Vertically drill through the slab floor adjacent to the perimeter foundation with holes no more than 12 inches apart Inject the termiticide under low pressure so that it will overlap in the soil between holes adjacent to the foundation In addition treat along each support wall and wood partition within the structure In the case of a masonry support foundation that extends through the floor and Chapter 4 46 rests on a footing it will be necessary to drill and treat soil adjacent to both sides of the wall Clean up the drill
144. gh water tables can result in contamination of wells after a termiticide application In most of these situations adequate inspection can uncover a potential problem The pest management pro fessional must be extremely careful and use expert judg ment when performing control procedures In cases where chemicals have been introduced into wells even after removal procedures health departments have sometimes ordered new wells drilled The cost to the pest management professional can be great in increased insur ance premiums time spent in removal procedures and tests and loss of customers because of adverse publicity As previously noted inspection is the first and most important step in designing a safe treatment procedure The owner should be questioned about E The well s location from the foundation E The depth of the well E Where the supply line enters the structure E Depth to water After obtaining this information its accuracy should be checked by observation If the homeowner intends to hook up to a public water supply the termite treatment should be delayed until after that occurs The inspector should note any factors that may influ ence the decision on type of method to use or feasibility of performing treatment The common problems listed previously are of particular importance Also note par ticularly E The slope of the land or paved surfaces around the house E The runoff patterns E The type of soi
145. h which any water lines run If the well is extremely close to the foundation consider not treating that wall with Management of Wood destr oying Pests 65 the written permission and understanding of the owner When wells are in the vicinity be sure to check with the local authorities and comply with any special distance requirements A good general practice for treating soil next to foun dation walls near wells and cisterns is to remove the soil from the grade to the footing and place it on plastic sheet ing Treat this soil outside of the foundation and let it dry thoroughly Return the treated soil to the trench If the soil around a water pipe is to be treated remove the soil completely from around the pipe and treat as above Be sure that the treated backfill is completely dry before placing it in the trench If the pipe is leaking post pone the treatment until the leak is repaired Alternative treatments to consider when well water contamination is a concern include the use of borate wood treatments and or termite baiting systems RIGID FOAM INSULATION BOARD When buildings contain foam insulation that directly contacts the soil it is virtually impossible to eliminate termites with a soil treatment Building methods that cause problems include E Concrete foundations between insulation boards E Rigid foam insulation board extending below grade level E Foam filled concrete blocks Termites do not eat the foam
146. h of other fungi that may be a problem however Sapstaining Fungi Ceratostomella spp Diplodia spp These fungi penetrate and discolor sapwood particu larly of softwood species Typical sapstain unlike stain ing by mold fungi cannot be removed by brushing or planing Sapstain fungi may become established in the sapwood of standing trees sawlogs lumber and timbers soon after they are cut and before they can be adequately dried The strength of the wood is not greatly affected but the wood may not be fit for use where appearance is important such as siding trim furniture and exterior millwork that is to be clear finished LETT Sapstaining fungi include several fungus types Some of the most common are called blue stain fungi They commonly produce a bluish threadlike fungal growth deep within the wood that gives it a bluish color The blue color may completely cover the sapwood or it may be visible as specks streaks or patches in varying shades of blue Chapter 7 The color of the stain depends on the kind of fungus and the species and moisture content of the wood Other stains may be yellow orange purple or red Figure 7 7 Blue stain fungi Michigan State University Mold Fungi Fusarium spp Penicillium spp These fungi first become noticeable as green yellow brown or black fuzzy or powdery surface growths on the wood surface The colored spores they produce can usually be brushed washed or sur
147. h wood So cracks in concrete continuous openings in building blocks utility openings expansion joints and wood below soil level offer the best and easiest access for termites The Ter mite and its Environment Termites require specific environmental conditions to survive see Figure 2 13 Most times moist soil or other moist environments provide these conditions Moisture is critical to termite survival because all castes except the swarmers are soft bodied insects that lose water rapidly upon exposure to dry air Thus an available moisture source is critical to termites This is why termites con struct shelter tubes when they pass over exposed areas Subterranean termites must maintain contact with the soil unless they have a constant aboveground source of moisture Chapter 2 14 On occasion free standing shelter tubes will be built straight down from the infested wood toward the ground if they are in a protected area such as a crawl space under a house This usually occurs after a colony has become well established and feeding has progressed some dis tance from the initial shelter tunnel In this way the colony can obtain the necessary moisture without having to travel great distances 5 ss F sha Figure 2 14 Free standing shelter tubes Management of Wood destr oying Pests The retention of moisture is not the only important fac tor associated with water in the life of the termite The warm moist con
148. he extent of a newly found infestation Old house borers are the only longhorned beetles that will reinfest structural timbers and damage may not be noticed for several years CARPENTER ANTS Camponotus spp There are many species of carpenter ants in North America few enter structures to forage and fewer nest in structures But these two habits foraging and nesting inside coupled with their large size and vigorous activ ity make these invaders impossible to ignore In Michigan the black carpenter ant is the primary pest species As their name implies carpenter ants work in wood but do not digest it Management of Wood destr oying Pests 7 2 Y t x N Pa ra aE Figure 6 15 Carpenter ant Camponotus pennsylvanicus BLACK CARPENTER ANT Camponotus pennsylvanicus The workers range in size from 1 4 to almost 1 2 inch the queen is 3 4 inch Outside workers can be confused with field ants Formica which do not enter structures Carpenter ants have an even smooth arching profile beginning just behind the head and descending to the waist or petiole which has one node Field ants and most other ants have bumps or spines along the profile of the thorax particularly near the petiole The black carpenter ant s abdomen is covered with gray or yellowish hairs but the basic black color is still obvious The head and thorax are black in the majority of individuals but the sides of the thorax and parts of the legs
149. he floor and wall expansion joint Why is it important to be extremely cautious when treating exterior soil and voids in basements with block rubble or other masonry foundation wall construction with interior finished walls Routine soil retreatments for termite control should A Never be made B Be applied every 2 years C Be applied every 3 years D Be applied every 4 years Management of Wood destr oying Pests 55 TERMITE CALCULATION PROBLEMS for solutions refer to Appendix A Solve the problems below by using the sample termiticide label at the end of this chapter Example 1 Pier and Beam Foundation Foundation wall is 1 foot thick Piers are 3 feet in circumference Depth from grade to footing is 2 feet for piers and foundation wall 34 How many linear feet are there in the structure above including interior exterior and piers 35 How many gallons of spray mix would be needed to treat the linear feet in this structure using the standard rate of mixture 4 gal 10 linear ft ft of depth for vertical treatment Chapter 4 36 How many gallons of Termit Icide would be needed to treat the linear feet at the 0 5 percent rate 37 How many square feet are within the foundation wall of the drawing above 38 How many gallons of spray mix would be needed to treat the horizontal surface square feet using the standard volume for a 0 5 percent rate if the substrate is fill sa
150. he following E The name and concentration of the pesticide applied E The amount of pesticide applied E The target pest or purpose E The date the pesticide was applied E The address or location of pesticide application E Where applicable the method and rate of application The records must be made available to the MDA upon request Regulation 637 Pesticide Use Requirements One of the pertinent state laws that Category 7B com mercial applicators must be familiar with and under stand is Regulation 637 titled Pesticide Use Regulation Management of Wood destr oying Pests 637 establishes several legal standards for pesticide use It requires that pesticides be used in a manner consistent with their labels that applications be made in a manner that prevents off target discharges of pesticides and that pesticide application equipment be properly calibrated and in sound mechanical condition The following dis cussion highlights some of the primary responsibilities of Category 7B pesticide applicators according to Regulation 637 Obtain a copy of the entire regulation to understand the components of each rule and how your pest management business and practices must comply Rules 1 3 of Regulation 637 establish the definitions and terms used throughout the regulation Rule 4 out lines several activities surrounding the safe and legal use of pesticides It states that a pesticide application must be made in compliance w
151. he structure and the soil interface will Figure 4 12 Short rodding dark receive treatment shading shows area treated tt eH ert el Hi Management of Wood destr oying Pests Long Rodding Long rodding horizontally through the exterior foun dation just below the slab level and under the slab adja cent to the foundation is another treatment method for slab construction where the bottom of the interior slab can be accessed As in short rodding it is necessary to determine the precise location of the bottom of the slab to ensure that no untreated soil layer remains above the treatment zone and to allow for easier insertion of the rod for the length of the treatment to be achieved This method has similar benefits to the short rod method with the added advan A tage of possible access behind con crete porches However long rodding for any significant dis tance may leave untreated areas if the rod veers away from the founda tion down into the soil Figure 4 13 Long rodding dark shading shows area treated TREATMENT GUIDELINES SLAB CONSTRUCTION SPECIAL CASES Termite treatment guidelines will vary depending on factors such as the type of slab construction the founda tion type the materials used for the frame walls or floor ing and the termite entry points under certain elements of construction Described below are some building con struction situations that affect treatment guidelines F
152. hemical and bio logical surroundings such as climate soil water and air and all species of plants animals and microorganisms ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY OR EPA The federal agency responsible for ensuring the protection of humans and the environment from potentially adverse effects of pesticides EPA ESTABLISHMENT NUMBER A number assigned to each pesticide production plant by the EPA The number indicates the plant at which the pesticide product was produced and must appear on all labels of that product EPA REGISTRATION NUMBER An identification number assigned to a pesticide product when the prod uct is registered by the EPA for use The number must appear on all labels for a particular product ERADICATION The complete elimination of a pest population from a designated area EXPOSURE ROUTE OR COMMON EXPOSURE ROUTE The manner dermal oral or inhalation respiratory by which a pesticide may enter an organism FIFRA The Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act a federal law and its amendments that control pesticide registration and use FLASHING Strips of aluminum lead tin or copper that are worked into the slates or shingles around dorm ers chimneys and other rising parts of buildings to pre vent leaking FLOATING SLAB A type of foundation construction in which the foundation wall and footing are separated from the slab floor by an expansion joint The slab floor is concrete
153. her detail because of its particular relevance to Category 7B Refer to the core manual to learn more about other laws affecting pesticide use and for further details on laws discussed in this chapter Pest management profes sionals should keep up to date copies of the laws and review their contents periodically Copies of these laws can be obtained from MDA regional offices FEDERAL LAWS FIFRA This is the basic federal law administered by the Environmental Protection Agency EPA that regulates pesticides their use handling storage transportation sale disposal etc FIFRA defines a pesticide as a substance or mixture of substances intended to kill repel or mitigate a pest The Michigan Department of Agriculture MDA has a cooperative agreement with the EPA to enforce some provisions of FIFRA in Michigan Some of the provisions of FIFRA are that the EPA must register all pesticides before they can be sold or used The pesticides must be classified as either general use or restricted use Chapter 1 General use pesticides are those that anyone can purchase without restriction Restricted use pesticides can be used only by or under the direct supervision of a certified appli cator FIFRA also stipulates that persons who misuse pes ticides in a manner that is inconsistent with the pesticide labeling are subject to penalties Endangered Species Act This act requires the U S EPA to ensure that endan gere
154. her example of foundation treating PRECONSTRUCTION TREATMENT The easiest time to apply a chemical barrier is before construction and pretreatment should be encouraged whenever possible The soil below all slabs should be treated before they are poured Treatment should be both under horizontal surfaces and adjacent to vertical sur faces The concentration and rate specified on the prod uct label must be strictly followed It is illegal to use less than or more than any rate or concentration specified on the label for preconstruction treatment Termite baiting systems also may be used to detect and treat termites entering buildings under construction espe cially where groundwater contamination is a concern POSTCONSTRUCTION TREATM ENT Depending on the type of construction a treatment will include one or more of the following mechanical alteration soil treatment foundation void treatment wood treatment and baiting GENERAL TREATMENT GUIDELINES The following general treating specifications apply to all slab types and may also apply to crawl space and basement construction Exterior Soil Treatment Soil may be treated by rodding or trenching Rodding is the injection of termiticide into the soil through a long pipe inserted at appropriate intervals 4 to 12 inches apart depending on the soil type and other factors In this way termiticide can be carried to the level of the foot ing Another method for applying termiti
155. ientation marital status or family status eens SE ssued in furtherance of MSU Extension work acts of May 8 and June 30 1914 in cooperation with the U S Department of Agriculture Arlen EXTENSION Leholm Extension Director Michigan State University E Lansing MI 48824 This information is for educational purposes only Reference to commercial products or trade names does not imply endorsement by MSU Extension or bias against those not mentioned This bulletin becomes public property upon publication and may be reprinted verbatim as a separate or within another publication with credit to MSU Reprinting cannot be used to endorse or advertise a commercial product or company Produced by Pesticide Education Program and printed using vegetable based inks Major revision destroy old 12 00 3M KMF Mb Price 10 00 for sale only Pesticide Applicator Certification
156. ientific Guide to Pest Control 5th ed copyright by Advanstar Communications Inc Figures some original drawings by Arwin Provonsha Purdue University Figures 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 6 2 9 2 13 2 17 2 18 2 19 3 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 5 3 5 7 5 8 and 6 1 2The following illustrations were reproduced from A Guide to the Inspection of Existing Homes for Wood inhabiting Fungi and Insects U S Department of Agriculture Forest Service and the Department of Housing and Urban Development IAA 25 75 2 15 2 16 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 7 6 and 7 8 The following illustrations were reproduced from slides from the Dow Chemical Corporation Figures 2 7 2 8 2 10 2 11 2 12 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 10 3 11 3 13 4 7 5 1 5 4 5 5 4The following illustrations were reproduced from the slide set Subterranean Termites The Unwelcome Guests 1981 West Virginia Cooperative Extension Service in Cooperation with USDA and USEPA Figures 2 14 3 9 3 12 and 3 14 Management of Wood destr oying Pests Management of Wood destr oying Pests INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 LAWS CONCERNING CONTROL OF WOOD DESTROYING PESTS Protection The Applicator s Responsibility More Than Just Pesticide Application State and Federal Laws Federal Laws FIFRA Endangered Species Act OSHA State Laws Michigan Occupational Safety and Health Act MIOSHA Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act Regulation 636 Regulation 637 Requirements Summary Review Ques
157. if the footing is more than 12 inches deep make crowbar pipe or rod holes about 1 inch in diameter and a foot apart in the bottom of the trench The holes should go to the footing this will help distribute the chemical evenly along the wall The trench along the exterior foundation wall is also made 6 to 8 inches wide and up to a foot deep If need ed holes are also made in the trench bottom as described for the trench along the interior wall Figure 4 20 Application of chemical to crawl space construction Soil treatment 1 along outside and 2 inside foundation wall 3 around pier and 4 plumbing adapted from USDA Management of Wood destr oying Pests Chapter 4 TREATMENT GUIDELINES FOR BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION Where termites are coming from beneath the concrete floor in the basement remove any wood that may extend into the ground treat the soil and then seal cracks or holes with a dense cement mortar When the infestation is located between the floor and wall expansion joint or around a furnace make a series of holes spaced about 1 foot apart through which a chemical can be poured or injected Holes along a wall should be made about 6 to 8 inches from it so as to clear the footing and reach the soil beneath When the infestation occurs along the exterior founda tion wall in houses having full basements it is necessary to treat the soil to a greater depth than is required for other types of houses The tre
158. impor tance in the United States include the light southeastern subterranean termite Reticulitermes hageni the south eastern subterranean termite Reticulitermes virginicus the Pacific Coast subterranean termite Reticulitermes hes perus and the arid land subterranean termite Reticulitermes tibialis None of these termites have become established in Michigan The most common type of subterranean termite found in Michigan is the eastern subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes It is thought to be the most com mon and widely distributed termite in North America Figure 2 5 Geographic distribution of subterranean termites Chapter 2 SUBTERRANEAN TERMITES Subterranean termites nest in the soil from which they obtain most of their moisture and feed on any wood in contact with the soil To reach wood that is separated from the soil these termites must build a connecting mud tube or tunnel Four castes can develop from the nymphs of subterranean termites workers soldiers winged pri mary reproductives and supplementary reproductives see Figure 2 6 Figure 2 6 Representatives of the castes of the eastern subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes Right The winged alate primary reproductive These alate forms are the familiar swarmers that often give the first indication that a structure is infested Middle row top The sexually undeveloped worker The members of this caste are the individuals that
159. ing agents ADSORPTION The process by which chemicals are held or bound to a surface by physical or chemical attrac tion Clay and high organic soils tend to adsorb pesticides AEROSOL A material stored in a container under pres sure Fine droplets are produced when the material dis solved in a liquid carrier is released into the air from the pressurized container ALATES The winged primary reproductives both male and female of the termite colony alate winged See also swarmers ANTI SIPHONING DEVICE A device attached to the filling hose that prevents backflow or back siphoning from a spray tank into a water source ANTIDOTE A treatment used to counteract the effects of pesticide poisoning or some other poison in the body ATTRACTANT A substance or device that will lure pests to a trap or poison bait BACK SIPHONING The movement of liquid pesticide mixture back through the filling hose and into the water source BACTERIA Microscopic organisms some of which are capable of producing diseases in plants and animals Others are beneficial BAIT A food or other substance used to attract a pest to a pesticide or to a trap BARRIER APPLICATION Application of a pesticide in a strip alongside or around a structure a portion of a structure or any object BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Control of pests using predators parasites and and or disease causing organ isms May be naturally occurring or introduced
160. into wood Improper drainage of water away from structure or out of crawl spaces E Improperly fitted flashings at roof lines or shingles with improper overhang Improper moisture barriers under stucco shingles E Sweating water pipes E Improper exterior grade that allows water to drain toward the structure and remain in contact with it Dripping air conditioners or swamp coolers E Leaking plumbing appliances toilets shower stall pans E Improper seals or caulk around bathtubs and showers Lack of vents or windows in bathrooms that allow moisture from baths and showers to accumulate E Plugged or leaking downspouts from roof gutters Condensation is free water or ice extracted from the atmosphere and deposited on any cold surface The term relative humidity is a means of describing the amount of water vapor held by air If more water vapor is injected into air than the air can hold at that temperature the excess condenses into visible droplets In recent years the shift in building practices to larger homes that are more airtight has led to additional con densation problems Energy conservation practices have increased the airtightness of buildings Also emphasis has been placed on the installation of humidifiers in heat ing units to create a more comfortable environment The also increase the likelihood of moisture problems in wood Finally improperly installed insulation may con tribute to moisture problems
161. is covered in Chapter 5 Finally basement construction is common in Michigan and requires special consideration especially where there is a French drain or a sump pump see Chapter 5 Slab on gr ound This type of construction is used extensively Because of the hazard of drilling through heat pipes or ducts elec tric conduits and plumbing imbedded in the floor it may be advisable to treat from the outside by drilling through the foundation wall Mechanical alteration is not usually necessary with this type of construction The three basic types of slab on ground construction are floating slab monolithic slab and suspended slab Figures 4 1 4 3 In floating slab construction the foundation wall and footing are separated from the slab floor by an expansion joint The slab floor is concrete the foundation wall can be a vari ety of materials such as solid block hollow block or concrete finished wall expansion joint slab Sea ee ENZO SES SI fill Figure 4 2 Floating slab construction In monolithic slab construc tion the founda tion footing and the slab floor are formed as one continuous unit Concrete is the material used _ Ah 1 in this type of Figure 4 3 Monolithic slab construction T stud wall Or exterior grade beam grade Wr WE slab foundation In suspended slab construction the slab floor and the foundation wall are separate units with the
162. is usually 100 gallon capacity Some rigs are set up with two 50 gallon tanks dual systems Most modern day tanks are made of fiberglass or polyethylene which are resistant to the corrosive properties of pesticides They are usually translucent to allow the applicator to view the level of liquid in the tank The tank should have large openings for easy filling and cleaning as well as provision for straining during filling Similarly it should have large drains and other outlets sized to the pump capacity If a dual tank system is used the plumbing should provide for agitation and adequate withdrawal rates in both tanks All tanks should have a gauge to show the liquid level External gauges should be protected to prevent breakage Most tanks contain a shutoff valve for holding liquid pesticide temporarily while other sprayer parts are being serviced Pumps The pump is used to generate hydraulic pressure i e pressure created by fluids to the pesticide directly in the line rather than pressurizing the tank The liquid is entrapped and pushed out of the line rapidly There are many types of pumps varying in size and capabilities Gasoline or electric motors ranging in power from 3 4 to 7 horsepower are used to drive the pumps The types of pumps most commonly used in pest man agement operations are roller piston and diaphragm Roller pumps are among the least expensive and most widely used pumps in the industry They pump moder
163. ith the following provisions A pesticide must be used in a manner consistent with its label E Applications must be made so that off target direct discharges are prevented E Pesticide application equipment will be in sound mechanical condition and be free of leaks and other defects that might cause a pesticide to be deposited off target or in a way inconsistent with its label E Application equipment must be properly calibrated E Pesticide application or loading equipment that is designed to draw water must have an antisiphon ing device E Applications shall not occur when conditions favor off target drift of pesticides or prevent the proper deposition of pesticide to the target area E Before applying a pesticide the applicator will identify any sensitive areas that are located adjacent to the target area and will use appropriate precau tionary measures to prevent the direct discharge of pesticides to those areas E Each vehicle that is used to transport pesticides must have the following information printed on its exterior E Name of the pesticide applicator firm E Business telephone number address or U S Department of Transportation cen sus number of the applicator firm B Any person who mixes loads or oth erwise uses pesti cides must have immediate access to a spill kit The spill kit requirement does not apply to a person using single contain ers of use dilution pesticides in a quan tity les
164. l and moisture The depth of foundation footings Chapter 3 28 METHODS Every termite control operation must start with a thor ough inspection Once the nature and extent of the prob lem have been identified and a thorough inspection report has been filled out the pest management profes sional must decide on the appropriate methods required to control the pest problem The pest management pro fessional must also consult with the client to determine the level of control desired In many cases non chemical methods or less toxic means such as using termite baits may control the problem to an acceptable level If total pest elimination is desired it may be necessary to use chemicals In some cases e g likelihood of well contam ination it may not be practical to solve the customer s problem safely by use of chemicals Mechanical alter ations to the structure if economically feasible may be recommended INSPECTION When called to a building in which a subterranean ter mite infestation is suspected a pest control specialist must be able to determine whether termites are actually present Sometimes an active infestation is obvious Other times the problem may be difficult to see requiring a great deal of effort and the use of specialized techniques and information to reach the correct diagnosis It is important that termite control specialists know and understand building terms such as crawl space footing joist and s
165. l spores to prevent reinfestations It is most impor tant to point out that the application of fungicides or insecticides to fungus infested wood or soil will not stop the wood decay Only by eliminating the moisture source can wood decay be completely controlled Therefore the application of chemicals by pest management profession als is of minor importance in fungus control work Before the application of toxic chemicals for wood destroying fungus control as is true for any aspect of pest control all physical sanitary and other means of control must be implemented Not only will the control be more effective in the end but fewer chemicals or none at all will be placed into the environment where humans and animals may come into contact with them Removal of all sources of excessive moisture and replacement of obviously fungus infested wood with sound timber are the keys to fungus control in structures Management of Wood destr oying Pests Borates as fungicides A number of boron containing products are available and referred to generically as borates The borate known as disodium octaborate tetrahydrate DOT is actually a combination of several borates Borates are well suited to fungus control because they are low haz ard easy to apply long lasting and quite effective against both fungi and wood destroying insects Part of their suc cess as a wood treatment can be attributed to their high solubility in water They ar
166. l treatment or termite baiting because of the difficulty in treating all wooden components Wood treatment can however provide limited control where soil cannot be treated because of the risk of groundwater contamination or subslab heating duct con tamination SUM MARY To apply termiticides safely and effectively you need to understand and recognize situations where applica tion of liquid termiticides could lead to contamination of airflow systems or water sources These situations include plenum crawl spaces air ducts in non plenum crawl spaces subslab heating ducts drains leading into basement sumps and wells cisterns or other water sources located on a property The pest management pro fessional must be trained in methods for preventing ter miticide contamination and leaks In some situations use of liquid termiticides may not be possible and the pest management professional may need to rely on alternative methods such as termite baits mechanical alteration and or wood treatment for control Management of Wood destr oying Pests Review Questions Chapter 5 Other Treatments for Subterranean Ter mites Write the answers to the following questions and then check your answers with those in the back of the manual 1 Soil treatment with most termiticides should NOT be done A As a subslab injection In a crawl space used as a plenum Under a hollow block foundation Under a poured foundation All of the
167. legs 3 body regions Most have wings ABDOMEN Figure 2 1 The three principal regions and parts of an insect s body as shown on the paper wasp Provonsha Chapter 2 Other Divisions Used in Classification Classes of arthropods insects for example are divided into orders These are distinct groups whose members look very much alike e g the order of moths and butterflies or the order of beetles Orders are subdivided into families made up of relat ed species Species of animals can be thought of as spe cific kinds of animals Very closely related species are grouped together in a genus Species or types of animals and plants are given scientific names that always con sist of two words the first word is the genus name the first letter is always a capital the second is the species name always lower case Both are written in italics or underlined e g Musca domestica Well known species also usually have non scientific names called common names e g housefly GROWTH AND DEVELOPM ENT Gr ow th The arthropod body is confined in its exoskeleton This outer covering can expand only a little at pliable or soft places It does not grow continuously Arthropods grow in stages They form a new soft exoskeleton under the old one then shed or molt the old one The new skele ton is larger and allows the animal to grow The new exoskeleton is white at first but it hardens and darkens in
168. less the room s will be unoccupied for at least four hours a longer time period may be required if specified by the product label It is the Review Questions Chapter 1 Laws Concerning Control of Wood destr oying Pests Damo S gt Write the answers to the following questions and then check your answers with those in the back of the manual 1 To control pests of structures pesticide application is the only means for suppressing pests A True B False Chapter1 pesticide applicator s responsibility to notify the school s building manager of the time period for reentry The school district administrator or designee must pro vide notification to parents before any pesticides are applied except in the case of emergencies in which case notification is provided after the pesticide is applied Finally Rule 16 establishes a registry of certified organic farms and Rule 17 details the penalties for viola tion of local pesticide ordinances SUM MARY A number of state and federal laws are designed to protect the public and the environment from the improp er use of pesticides It is the pest control technician s responsibility to understand and to comply with these laws Category 7B pest management professionals often apply pesticides in public areas Therefore they must be particularly sensitive about preventing contact between people and pesticides Category 7B pest management professionals should be train
169. loating Slab Construction with Concr ete Block Foundation and Walls When the walls and foundation are made of concrete blocks preventing termite entry through block voids is a primary concern The block voids need to be treated with termiticide below the soil line Termite entry points In this type of construction there are three major entry points Termites may come from the subslab area up through the expansion joint at the edge of the slab and into the furred wall as shown and up through a crack in the floor beneath a wood partition They may proceed up this space to feed on door jambs window frames and even the roof Termites can gain access into the concrete block voids and travel upwards into the same areas This allows them access to nearly all of the wood structural members in the house as well as to any framing and molding Another less common method of termite entry is from the outside soil up over the block surface into a crack or void in the masonry and upward through the concrete block voids or directly over into the furred wall This is more common when there is an attached outside slab Management of Wood destr oying Pests 41 such as a side walk or carport that abuts the exterior struc ture leaving an expansion joint as well as a pro tected cover for termite activity Treatment procedures MTrench and or rod exterior soil E Drill and treat beneath exterior slabs adjacent to foundation
170. lometers Sq kilometers Sq kilometers Sq kilometers Sq kilometers Sq kilometers Square meters Square meters Square meters Square meters Square miles Square miles Square miles Square miles Square miles Square miles Square yards Square yards Square yards Square yards Square yards Tablespoons Tablespoons Tablespoons Tablespoons Teaspoons Teaspoons Teaspoons Teaspoons Tons Tons Tons Tons Yards Yards Yards Yards By To Get 0 000009 Hectares 0 000023 Acres 0 0929 Square meters 0 1111 Square yards 144 0 Square inches 0 00064 Square meters 0 00077 Square yards 0 00694 Square feet 0 3861 Square miles 100 0 Hectares 247 104 Acres 1 000 000 0 Square meters 1 195 982 7 Square yards 10 763 865 0 Square feet 0 0001 Hectares 1 308 Square yards 10 765 Square yards 1 549 9669 Square feet 2 5899 Square kilometers 258 99 Hectares 640 0 Acres 2 589 735 5 Square meters 3 097 600 0 Square yards 27 878 400 0 Square feet 0 00008 Hectares 0 00021 Acres 0 8361 Square meters 9 0 Square feet 1 296 0 Square inches 0 0625 Cups 0 5 Ounces 3 0 Teaspoons 15 0 Milliliters 0 0208 Cups 0 1667 Ounces 0 3333 Tablespoons 5 0 Milliliters 0 907 Metric ton 907 1849 Kilograms 2 000 0 Pounds 32 000 0 Ounces 0 000568 Miles 0 9144 Meters 3 0 Feet 36 0 Inches Appendix E APPENDIX F BIBLIOGRAPHY Wood destroying and General Pest Control References Bennett G W J M Owens and R M Corrigan 1997 Trum
171. ment procedures Special Consider ations Basements The soil treatment techniques for basements are the same as described for floating slab construction on the exterior and interior of the structure If treatment of the exterior soil to the top of the footing is not possible or practical it will be necessary to indicate clearly to the customer that your treatment is considered either a spot treatment or limited treatment Brick and stone veneer should be drilled and treated only if it extends below grade level and then treatment should be made only below the top of the foundation wall to prevent acci dental contamination of the interior Treat hollow foun dations from the interior in the case of unfinished walls and then only at the bottom course of block just above basement floor level In the case of a block rubble or other masonry foundation wall construction with interi or finished walls use extreme caution in treating exterior soil and voids in the foundation the termiticide may seep into and contaminate the structure RETREATMENTS FOR SOIL APPLIED TERM ITICIDES Never make routine or annual _ retreatments Retreatments are generally made only if there is evidence of reinfestation if the initial treatment was inadequate or if the chemical barrier has been broken by moving soil around the structure The retreatment is normally a par tial treatment in the areas of infestation or soil distur bance and should be
172. metimes not achievable without major structural alterations excessive control measures unacceptable disruption unacceptable cost etc Pest levels that depend on pest observations vary The tolerable level in some situations will be zero e g termites Structural pest management programs usually have lower tolerable levels of pests than agricul tural programs Appendix B TOXIC Poisonous to living organisms TOXICANT A poisonous substance such as the active ingredient in a pesticide formulation TOXICITY The ability of a pesticide to cause harmful acute delayed or allergic effects The degree or extent to which a chemical or substance is poisonous TOXIN A naturally occurring poison produced by plants animals or microorganisms Examples the poi son produced by the black widow spider the venom pro duced by poisonous snakes and the botulism toxin pro duced by a bacterium TRENCHING A method for applying termiticide to soil Soil is removed by digging a trench to within about 1 foot above the footing As the soil is replaced it is treat ed with termiticide TROPHALLAXIS A form of communication within the termite colony that involves the mutual exchange of nutrients and the transfer of food between colony mem bers Trophallaxis permits the efficient use of nutrients within the colony enhances recognition of colony mem bers distributes chemicals involved in caste regulation and transfers cellulose dige
173. mite entry adapted from USDA HOLLOW BLOCK TILE AND RUBBLE FOUNDATIONS Sometimes termiticide will leak through these types of construction materials or vapor will escape from the uncapped tops of hollow blocks causing residue prob lems If this may be a problem make sure all cracks and openings are sealed If the mortar joints of rubble walls are in poor condition the wall should be sealed with con crete Low pressure or gravity should be used whenever treating the voids WELLS CISTERNS AND OTHER WATER SOURCES It is often difficult to control termites effectively where cisterns or wells exist without contaminating the water supply Mechanical alteration baiting and direct wood treatment should be relied on as much as possible even though the cost may be high If soil treating is done it should be done only sparingly and carefully Do not treat the soil beneath structures that contain wells cisterns or springs within the foundation walls Unused wells should be filled not just capped The clos er a water source is to the foundation the greater the potential for contamination In very dry weather termiti cides can move considerable distances along cracks and fissures in the soil They also can move through small void areas between the soil pipes and casings Swimming pools might be contaminated in the same manner Sandy soils lessen the potential for these prob lems Treat with extreme care adjacent to walls throug
174. mmercial pesticide applicator must provide the customer with pesticide product labels and MSDS sheets A True B False Pesticide drift is not a concern to Category 7B applicators A True B False Notification and posting requirements for schools public buildings and health care facilities include A Posting a sign for at least 48 hours after insecticide application B Posting a sign for at least 24 hours after insecticide application C The sign must comply with certain size minimums and dating procedures and contain certain illustrations D A amp C E B amp C Chapter 1 14 List the minimum PPE requirements for commercial 16 List the elements that should be included in IPM applicators training of commercial applicators 17 What is the time interval for reentry after insecticides have been applied in a school room 15 Commercial pesticide applicators may represent A A minimum of 4 hours pesticides as being endorsed by federal or state B A minimum of 6 hours agencies C It depends on the product label A True D A amp C B False E B amp C Chapter 1 8 Management of Wood destr oying Pests mama So THE BIOLOGY OF TERMITES AND OTHER WOQD DESTROYING PESTS LEARNING OB ECTIVES After completely studying this chapter you should E Know the stages of insect growth and development E Understand why knowledge of insect growth and development is an important pest management con sideration E
175. morphosis example cockroach Provonsha Group 3 Complete Metamorphosis Insects that develop by complete metamorphosis make a complete change in appearance from juvenile to adult These nine orders contain the majority of insect species In fact they number more than all of the other species in the entire animal kingdom This major group Management of Wood destr oying Pests includes beetles moths and butterflies flies fleas and stinging insects ants bees and wasps Insects with complete metamorphosis hatch from eggs as larvae grubs maggots and caterpillars The mission of the larval stage is to feed and grow Larvae continue their development through a number of molts until they become mature then they change into pupae The pur pose of the inactive pupal stage is one of change or body rearrangement resulting in a complete change into the adult stage Reproduction occurs during the adult stage larvae Figure 2 4 Development with complete metamorphosis example flea Provonsha THE BIOLOGY OF TERMITES The insect order Isoptera consists entirely of termites There are more than 2 000 termite species living throughout the world but only about 50 occur in the United States In nature termites are considered to be beneficial insects because they help to con vert dead wood and other cellulose material to soil Termites are considered pests however when they feed on wooden structures Termites harb
176. n dation under slabs and around utility entrances Figure 4 6 Basement construction Traditionally soil is treated with chemicals to establish a barrier that is lethal or repellent to termites The chem ical must be adequately dispersed in the soil to provide a barrier to all routes of termite entry A thorough and uni form barrier also prevents the termites that are feeding in the structure from returning to the soil for moisture This causes their death by either dehydration or contact with residual termiticide Effective soil treatment depends on dispensing a suffi cient amount of chemical to establish a barrier wherever Management of Wood destr oying Pests there are termite entry points in each type of construc tion The amount of chemical applied is determined by the concentration of the formulation used and the rate of application specified on the product label Proper uniform soil treatment eliminates the need for wood treatment except where there is a moisture source that could sustain the termite colony above the soil level However additional wood treatment may accelerate the elimination of infestations Foundation treating is the application of termiticide to a foundation to make it impervious to termites The objective is to place termiticide in all cracks at the footing as well as through cracks in the foundation wall that may lead to the ground outside Treating the inside of hollow concrete block walls is anot
177. n wall contains cracks or void areas or if inspection cannot be made a second staff member should be in the basement to watch for any leakage through the wall while the soil outside is being treated Also check the basement wall when treating the front and back porches to be sure that the termiticide does not seep over the sill plate If the basement has an exposed soil floor cover the treated area with 2 to 4 inches of untreated soil or other impervious barrier after treatment is completed Concrete block foundation walls that extend down through the basement floor present a special problem The usual practice is to drill holes through the floor on both sides of the wall and treat the soil underneath Basement windows with or without outside window wells are another problem see Figure 5 7 Normally the windowsills are close to the ground If the sills are made of wood they provide a good source of food for termites as well as being subject to rot Ideally wooden sills should be replaced with concrete Walls with voids in them should be treated with termiticide starting as close as possible beneath the window to ensure thorough cov erage The ground outside the window should also be treated Ideally window wells should be floored solidly with concrete but they may be treated with termiticide by rodding next to the foundation sheathing siding header cellar window hollow tile foundation basement floor Figur
178. nch is prepared in the same way but the pipe or rod holes should extend down to the top of the footing to aid in proper distribution of the chemical to all parts of the wall This is especially impor tant in masonry foundations with numerous mortar joints below grade that may be susceptible to termite attack Termite entry points Typical entry points to basements are marked These will be the same as in a floating slab construc tion i e up through the slab expansion joint or from the outside soil area through the brick veneer They may also come up from cracks in concrete slabs and into wooden support members construction arrows indicate possible termite entry points Treatment Procedures E Trench and or rod exterior soil E Drill and treat beneath exterior slabs adjacent to the foundation E Treat adjacent to interior foundation walls by verti cal drilling E Vertically drill and treat adjacent to inte rior partition walls where necessary E Drill and treat any brick veneer voids E Drill and treat any foundation voids E Treat wood that has ZESSSSSSSSSSNS accessible termite lt v v A VJ galleries Z Z Yi Wy Z E Repair and plug all Z drilling holes Figure 4 22 Completed treat ment of basement construction dark shading indicates areas treated Chapter 4 Completion The composite diagram Fig 4 22 shows the total protection afforded by completing the recommended treat
179. nd Example 2 Monolithic Slab Monolithic slab with 1 foot from grade to bottom of perimeter beam 25 30 Chapter 4 39 How many square feet are in the monolithic slab sur face 40 How many linear feet would be treated for a perimeter treatment 41 If Termite Icide costs 97 for a 2 5 gallon jug what will be the chemical cost to treat the horizontal surface of the monolithic slab at the 0 5 percent rate 42 How much would it cost to treat the perimeter at the 0 5 percent rate Management of Wood destr oying Pests Example 3 Monolithic Slab with a Patio Depth from soil grade to bottom of slab is 2 feet Bath trap is 2 square feet Seven pipe penetrations are less than 6 inches in diameter One pipe penetration is 8 inches in diameter pipe penetrations cracks 4 20 seam pipe penetrations 15 15 43 Using the label instructions how many holes would be drilled in the slab to treat cracks seam and pipe penetrations in the drawing above Management of Wood destr oying Pests 57 44 How many gallons of 0 5 percent emulsion would be required to treat the cracks seam pipe penetrations and bath trap 45 How many gallons of emulsion would be needed to treat the building perimeter Chapter 4 ayours Jo mo xs pauinq JI Suruinq Aq mnnoune edo pue le s Aq pamoye ft to uoyerautout Aq 10 ypu Areytues e ut Jo asodstp pue amyound 10 Sut uonrpuo2 1 IO
180. nds Pounds Pounds of water Pounds of water Pounds of water Pounds of water Quarts liquid Quarts liquid Quarts dry Quarts liquid Quarts dry Quarts dry Quarts liquid Quarts liquid Quarts liquid Quarts dry Quarts liquid Quarts liquid Quarts liquid Quarts liquid Quarts dry By 2 7181 8 345 0 25 16 0 537 605 1 33 8 34 10 00 10 00 10 000 00 0 0156 0 0625 0 125 0 4735 16 0 28 875 33 6003 0 0005 0 4535 16 0 453 5924 7 000 0 0 0160 0 1198 0 4536 27 693 0 00094 0 0012 0 03125 0 0334 0 0389 0 125 Management of Wood destr oying Pests To Get Pounds per acre foot of water Pounds per million gallons of water Bushels Quarts dry Pints dry Cubic inches Ounces dry per gallon of water Pounds per 100 gallons of water Grams per kilogram Grams per liter Parts per million Bushels Pecks Gallons Liters Quarts liquid Quarts dry Cups Ounces liquid Cubic inches liquid Cubic inches dry Tons Kilograms Ounces Grams Grains Cubic feet Gallons Liters Cubic inches Cubic meters Cubic yards Bushels Cubic feet liquid Cubic feet dry Pecks Gallons liquid Liters Pints liquid Pints dry Pounds of water Cups Ounces liquid Cubic inches liquid Cubic inches dry 113 Multiply Square feet Square feet Square feet Square feet Square feet Square inches Square inches Square inches Sq ki
181. neer only when the brick ledge is A 2 feet above grade B 11 2 feet above grade C 1 foot above grade D Below grade 13 The most common method of interior slab treatment is A Vertical drilling B Short rodding C Long rodding D Trenching 14 A preferred option to vertical drilling when no access is available from inside is A Direct wood treatment B Trenching C Short rodding D Subslab fumigation 1 gi When might vertical drilling from inside not be possible 1 lon Vertically drilled holes should be no more than apart and injected under pressure A 12 inches low B 12 inches high C 18 inches low D 18 inches high Management of Wood destr oying Pests 53 17 Long rodding has similar advantages to for treating under interior slab construction A Short rodding B Vertical drilling C Subslab fumigation D Trenching 18 List an advantage and a disadvantage of long rodding 19 What are three major termite entry points in floating slab construction with concrete block foundation and walls What is a fourth possible entry point 20 What precautions must be taken when drilling terrazzo flooring How can drill holes be repaired Chapter 4 21 What are the main problem areas for termite entry in 26 Postconstruction treatment of a crawl space should monolithic slab construction include treating the foundation around the piers support walls and A Flo
182. ng to insect devel opment METATHORAX The third segment of an insect s thorax One pair of legs and often one pair of wings are attached MICROBIAL PESTICIDE Bacteria viruses fungi and other microorganisms used to control pests Also called biorationals Management of Wood destr oying Pests 105 MICROORGANISM An organism so small it can be seen only with the aid of a microscope MODE OF ACTION The way in which a pesticide exerts a toxic effect on the target plant or animal MOISTURE METER A device used to measure mois ture content in wood A moisture content greater than 20 percent indicates conditions that will lead to decay MOLT Periodic shedding of the outer layer e g an insect s exoskeleton is shed periodically MONITORING On going surveillance Monitoring includes inspection and record keeping Monitoring records allows technicians to evaluate pest population sup pression identify infested or non infested sites and man age the progress of the management or control program MONOLITHIC SLAB A type of foundation construct ing in which the foundation footing and the slab floor are formed as one continuous unit Concrete is the material used in this type of slab foundation MUD TUBES See shelter tubes MYCELIUM plural mycelia An aggregation of hyphae of a fungus NODE Nodes are swollen segments found at the nar row connection between the thorax and abdomen of ant species Th
183. ntrol fungi FUNGUS plural fungi A group of small often micro scopic organisms that cause rot mold and disease Fungi need moisture or a damp environment wood rots require at least 19 percent moisture Fungi are extremely important in the diet of many insects GENERAL USE UNCLASSIFIED PESTICIDE A pesticide that can be purchased and used by the general public See also restricted use pesticide GRANULE A dry pesticide formulation The active ingredient is either mixed with or coated onto an inert carrier to form a small ready to use low concentrate particle that normally does not present a drift hazard Pellets differ from granules only in their precise unifor mity larger size and shape GROUNDWATER Water sources located beneath the soil surface from which spring water well water etc are obtained See also surface water HARBORAGE Arny place or site that shelters and pro vides other elements i e food water required for sur vival of a particular organism HARDWOOD Wood from non evergreen trees such as maple oak ash etc HAZARD See risk HEARTWOOD A cylinder of dark colored dead wood in the center of the tree that is no longer active in con ducting sap or water HERBICIDE A pesticide used to kill plants or inhibit plant growth HOST Any animal or plant on or in which another lives for nourishment development or protection HYPHA plural hyphae usually one of the
184. o acute toxicity COMMERCIAL APPLICATOR A certified applicator who uses or supervises the use of any pesticide classified for restricted use for any purpose or on any property other than that producing an agricultural commodity COMMON NAME A name given to a pesticide s active ingredient by a recognized committee on pesticide nomenclature Many pesticides are known by a number of trade or brand names but each active ingredient has only one recognized common name COMMUNITY The various populations of animal species or plants that exist together in an ecosystem See also population and ecosystem CONCENTRATION Refers to the amount of active ingredient in a given volume or weight of formulated product CONTAMINATION The presence of an unwanted substance sometimes pesticides in or on plants ani mals soil water air or structures CRAWL SPACE A shallow space below the living quar ters of at least a partially basementless house normally enclosed by the foundation wall CULTURAL CONTROL A pest control method that includes changing human habits e g sanitation work practices cleaning and garbage pickup schedules etc DECONTAMINATE To remove or break down a pesti cidal chemical from a surface or substance DEFECT ACTION LEVELS The maximum levels for defects such as the presence of insect fragments mold or rodent hairs in food products allowed by the Food and Drug Administration FDA DEGRA
185. o establish a continuous chemical bar rier that will eliminate the termite colony and prevent reinfestation Chapter 4 6 Which is true about foundation treating Re V e W Qu e S 0 n S A Foundation treating consists of the application of termiticides to the soil under and adjacent to a building to create an impervious chemical barrier B Treating the hollows in concrete block voids is not Chapter 4 Soil Tr eatment AE a RERI for Subterranean Ter mites G n ie 5 dation wall i D Itis useful only if done as a preconstruction Write the answers to the following questions and treatment then check your answers with those in the back of the manual Ee P 1 4 Match the following construction types to the 7 The easiest time to apply a barrier treatment for appropriate description termite control is A Floating slab A April to June B Monolithic slab B During construction C Suspended slab C When water is around the footings D Crawl space D August to October 1 The foundation footing and the floor are s f i f formed as one continuous unit 8 Describe rodding vs trenching for exterior soil 2 Exposed soil and short distance to floor joists Da and sills usually less than 3 feet make ideal places for termites to find and infest wood 3 The floor and the foundation wall are sepa rate units with the floor extending over the top of the foundation wall 4 A common termite entry point is through the expan
186. o forth See the glossary Appendix B for definitions of these frequently used terms and refer to Appendix D for diagrams of structural members Knowledge of these terms is helpful in understanding the following discussion of inspection and treatment for sub terranean termites In making the inspection a good bright flashlight is critical The inspector must look at each potential trouble spot closely Often this means entering crawl spaces and other non basement areas A satisfactory view cannot be obtained from a distance greater than a few feet For this part of the inspection the inspector should wear a pair of coveralls a bump hat and gloves The inspector also Figure 3 9 Inspection of crawl space for termite infesta tions he should also be wearing gloves Management of Wood destr oying Pests needs to measure the structure accurately A steel tape a folding rule and a rolling measuring device are essential tools for every inspection The presence of swarmers or their shed wings almost invariably indicate that a termite infestation is present To do a proper control job however the specialist must not only determine the point from which the swarmers came but also locate all exposed tubes and damaged wood Figure 3 10 The presence of swarmers is often detected by the homeowner as the first sign of termite infestation Subterranean termite damage differs from that of all other wood destroying organisms These
187. o long tunnel 3 to 24 inches If hole is on side of wood tunnel turns at right angles and continues with the grain of the wood a Carpenter bees Adapted from a release by Department of Entomology Purdue University West Lafayette Ind SUMMARY The class Insecta belongs to the phylum Arthropoda which includes other non insect classes spiders mites centipedes crabs etc Insects are distinguished from other arthropods in that they do not keep the same appearance as they grow Instead they undergo a meta morphosis or a change in body shape as they develop from one stage to another Termites belong to the insect order Isoptera and undergo gradual metamorphosis There are several ter mite species in the United States but only the eastern subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes is a signifi cant termite pest in Michigan Four castes develop among termites with each caste having a specific role in the establishment defense reproduction and mainte nance of the colony It is important that the pest manage ment professional understand termite biology behavior patterns and environmental requirements so that the appropriate pest control technique can be applied Other wood destroying pests of economic importance in Michigan include powderpost beetles longhorned beetles carpenter ants carpenter bees and decay fungi The pest management professional must become familiar with the dama
188. o refill tank 25 to 50 ft Measuring container Can of gasoline Funnel Kit maintenance tools Extra hose washers Extra sparkplug Spare can of oil Application related Equipment Electric rotary drill for wall voids Electric hammer for concrete floors Bits for drill and hammer Heat gun for tile tile cutter Extension cord heavy duty three wire type 6 ft extension rods for subslab treating Subslab injector side injector tip flanged treating tip Termiticide Termiticide label Package of vents for foundations Mortar mix or cement Small sledgehammer Crowbar Shovel Trowel Heavy duty flashlight Extra batteries for flashlight Saw keyhole Saw crosscut Grounding box Grounding tester Personal Protective PPE amp Safety Equipment Two pairs of coveralls Pair of heavy gloves Pair of light plastic gloves Safety glasses or goggles Bump hat Respirator First aid kit Poison control center telephone number Fire extinguisher Cleanup Broom Dustpan Vacuum cleaner Rake Mop and mop bucket Spill cleanup absorbent Clean rags Chapter 3 24 spray tank filter cap and strainer bypass line to tank t power source air chamber combination pressure regulator and relief valve pressure gauge ot Le A Ts a drain plug E iyi Ay cutoff valve agitator Figure 3 1 A schematic illustration of a simple power sprayer rig Tanks A typical tank used for termite control
189. ock construction termites would have to come up over the solid foundation and into the block masonry to gain access to the house Therefore these areas are not the main source of problems in monolithic slabs Problem areas are limited to the openings for pipes and plumbing the soil line any faults or cracks in the slab and any grading stakes or other embedded Z A articles that termites might x use to gain access through Z Z the slab Void treatment is not necessary unless there Z is a veneer of brick stone Figure 4 18 Monolithic slab or stucco that extends tile floor arrows indicate pos below grade sible termite entry points Treatment procedures E Trench and treat exterior soil E Drill and treat beneath exterior slabs adjacent to foundation E Vertically drill and treat adjacent to interior parti tion walls where necessary E Drill and treat brick veneer or foundation voids where they extend below outside soil E Treat wood that has accessible termite galleries E Repair and plug all drilling holes Completion ae This composite diagram shows the total protection afforded the structure by thoroughly treating the H soil around the exterior perimeter of the building to a point lower than the bottom of the veneer and the soil beneath interior wood partition walls Foundation voids should be treated if they extend below exterior grade level Z Figure 4
190. of before construction it is usually an expensive task if done later The other methods should be used to move water away from the foundation walls It is important that con densation e g from air conditioners be properly drained Indoors dehumidifiers should be used where moisture in the air is likely to be a problem Proper ventilation in crawl spaces can be obtained by installing 1 square foot of opening for each 25 linear feet of wall These openings should be located so as to pro vide cross ventilation This opening should be unob structed Where screening wire mesh or louvers are used the total opening should be greater than 1 square foot per 25 feet of wall Provision should be made to close vents off during the winter Attic vents are recommended at the rate of 1 square foot of vent for every 150 to 300 square feet of attic floor space Vents should be located both near the ridge and at the eaves to induce airflow Where louvered openings cannot be used globe ventilators fan exhaust ventilators or special flues incorporated in a chimney may be best Inlet openings under the cornice or roof overhang are required in all cases Flat roofs where the same framing is used for ceiling and roof require openings between the joists Any opening provided should be screened and protected from the weather Vapor barriers are a preventive measure usually applied to the subareas of buildings Installation of a vapor barrier on the soil
191. often reduce pesticide use or make such use a secondary operation of the program An important area addressed throughout the manual is communication Pest management is a service Pest management professionals must not only know their job but also be able to communicate effectively with their clients The pest management professional should be able to explain the basic procedures to the client s satisfaction The client should feel confident that the pest manage ment professional is able to meet his her pest control needs safely and effectively Also the state of Michigan requires that certain information must be communicated to the customer see Rule 12 Regulation 637 STATE AND FEDERAL LAWS The Pesticide Applicator Core Training Manual E 2195 discusses federal and state laws that govern the handling and use of pesticides Review the core manual and under stand how laws and regu lations affect pesticide practices and use These laws include federal laws such as the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act FIFRA the Occupational Safety and Health Act OSHA and the Endangered Species Act State laws include the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act Regulation 636 Regulation 637 and the Michigan Occupational Safety and Health Act MIOSHA These are just some of the laws that affect commercial pesticide applicators They are briefly described below Only Regulation 637 is discussed in fur t
192. on industries as well as to con sumers on the prevention of damage by wood boring beetles Steps that can be taken to prevent beetles from infesting buildings include E Inspect wood prior to purchase E Use properly kiln or air dried wood Seal wood surfaces E Use chemically treated wood E Ensure good building design Using kiln or air dried wood in construction is one of the least expensive and most practical preventive mea sures A few beetle species can survive and reinfest wood that has been properly dried Sealing wood surfaces with varnish shellac or paint eliminates the habitat necessary for egg laying but it is usually not feasible to seal the sur faces of structural timbers Using chemically treated wood treated by fumigation wood preservatives or insecticides will provide beetle free wood but using treated wood is usually cost prohibitive In addition fumigation will not protect the wood from future infesta tion Using good building design and practices such as Chapter 6 proper ventilation drainage and clearance between wood and soil will tend to reduce the moisture content of wood in a structure creating less favorable conditions for beetle development Central heating and cooling systems also speed up the wood drying process POWDERPOST BEETLES Three families of beetles have at least some members that are called powderpost beetles These are the true powerderpost beetles in the family Lyctid
193. ons Publications Resource Center 8100 Oak St Dunn Loring Virginia 22027 phone 703 573 8330 www pestworld org Riergart J R and J R Roberts 1999 Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings fifth edition U S Environmental Protection Agency Office of Prevention Pesticides and Toxic Substances White R E 1983 A Field Guide to the Beetles Houghton Mifflin Co Boston Trade Magazines Pest Control P O Box 6215 Duluth MN 55806 9915 Pest Control Technology P O Box 5817 Cleveland OH 44101 9599 Pest Management National Pest Management Association 8100 Oak St Dunn Loring VA 22027 Trade Newsletter for Pest Control Technicians Techletter Pinto and Associates Inc 29839 Oak Road Mechanicsville MD 20659 2201 phone 301 884 3020 Appendix F Notes Management of Wood destr oying Pests 121 Notes uolsue x3 si Alun ajejg uebiyoiyy weibo uoleonp3 apioysay jepuey fr ukop Aq pasinay LOLO LEL LVS L XV4 8ZEZ2 8S8 008 1 uoz ulll Ied Wd OS p We 08 9 sAepijoy Buipni5x yaem e sAep 7 iisigAiun 284S uoB io ye p seq ydg Aq pepuny ouelsisse asuodsey IIIdS aunynouby esuodsel i wasy P An Jo Juawiedag uebiyoiyy aplionsed jesauab Bo oSixol Bite Dea T E pue LOLO ee L SINOH bz pajesado saquinn auoydaay Hulziub09981 UO SdIAPe S plIAO1d yiomjoy 9OLb Z6Z 008 l 09
194. oo y FI 1o p 2e d r Sutaq st Teg ayy se IPPILI Y Ajdde jaay 7 uey Jedeap suoyepunoy Buyer u uAA apeis paystuy y Jo uone el1sur y o 101d suogeoydde 10 OL sry uo paroads uey uoneznuoouoo JO pue asesop Jamoy ve ye Ajdde jou oq wpa uon onnsuoo 1d JPRLUQES 11 AU PL USSU PPNS uon n nsuos jid suoqoas uoneor dde 5tAz s punois JapuUnN 10 WeOF Y UI IO MOTE uono s u UT PASI se syu unsn pe umoA uoyeorydde u yym uonoun U02 UT Sayer s un sn ATUO suoneor dde y 104 zo s uno pmJJ gz1 slutd g syrenb p uo re3 1 zo s uno ping 9 1utd I mse ur Jo spun uow S 681 GZ GL 6 sI GT S SZ 0 GLE S0 GL 8T STO 66 20 Z9L squid 6 zo TF T 9 squid o 1 zo Z 9 sud 6 4 20 E T G 0 uorsmwg p ustur4 TayeM J0 e5 ponsoq jo yunowy pDI lttuL uonenu juoo jo pmowy uorsmwg payou araym ydaoxea suoje SOIDISLUARAL D IN OIA SUOIS NULS p ustuu JO sUINJOA UdATS V IOJ APD dUIIV JO Junouue ay uruus p 0 Ao q HLY ay asn ayer uoyeordde p rs p oy 104 ONIXIW IayeM JO suo e3 G F6 YUM pDD lrurs r jo suoyfes 7q aynqip asn o Apear uors nut JayemM 0 X red rd oz uors nuu y Jo AyTuTIOJTUN msu 0 uogey8e peyuegzsqns sambar y mq IayeM Jo syuL Iny our paxtur aq ospe ew pp tuus l saynuTw 0 Z 10 soy ay YSnory UOL Mojje pue uni duind ja 1942M Jo yuNowe Surureus r ppy aplpydesut
195. or doing so 26 C 27 Dig a trench 6 to 8 inches wide and a few inches deep next to the walls or piers taking care not to go below the top of the footing If the land slopes or if the footing is more than 12 inches deep make crowbar pipe or rod holes about 1 inch in diameter and a foot a part in the bottom of the trench The holes should go to the footing this will help distribute the chemical evenly along the wall 28 Make a trench along the exterior foundation wall 6 to 8 inches wide and about a foot deep If needed holes can be made in the trench bottom the same as for the trench along the interior wall 29 B 30 It is necessary to treat the soil to a greater depth than is required for other types of houses The trench is prepared in the same way but the pipe or rod holes should extend down to the top of the footing to aid in proper distribution of the chemical to all parts of the wall 31 Where the termites are coming from beneath the concrete floor in the basement remove any wood that may extend into the ground treat the soil and then seal cracks or holes with a dense cement mortar When the infestation is located between the floor and wall expansion joint or around a furnace make a series of holes spaced about 1 foot apart through which a chemical can be poured or injected Holes along a wall should be made about 6 to 8 inches from it so as to clear the footing and reach the soil beneath 32 Te
196. or a specif ic kind of protozoan in their digestive tracts These protozoans convert cellu lose into substances that termites can digest Without these symbiotic organisms the termite could not digest the wood it consumes Slight ee Moderate 52 Heavy gl Very Heavy Management of Wood destr oying Pests Termites live in true social colonies with a division of labor among the various types of individuals These dif ferent types called castes usually consist of reproduc tives soldiers and workers Castes vary considerably among the various species Termites develop via gradual metamorphosis from eggs laid by reproductives Nymphs hatch from the eggs and undergo several molts through which individuals develop into one of the various castes Termites found in the United States are generally grouped into three cate gories drywood dampwood and subterranean TERMITE DISTRIBUTION Several species of subterranean termites are found in the United States they live in every state except Alaska see Figure 2 5 The introduced Formosan subterranean Coptotermes formosanus is one of the most aggressive and economically important species of termites and has been found along the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coasts Fortunately it is not established in Michigan This termite is found mainly in tropical regions but may be moved into more temperate areas through shipment of infested wood Other subterranean termites of economic
197. or joists B Sill plates C Plumbing lines D Wall studs 27 What are treatment recommendations to control termite infestations along interior walls or around supporting piers of houses with crawl spaces What should be done if the land slopes or if the footing is more than 12 inches deep 22 When is void treatment necessary in monolithic slab construction 28 What are the treatment recommendations to control termite infestations along the exterior foundation wall of houses with crawl spaces 23 What is the most practical method to treat soil in monolithic slab construction A Vertical drilling B Short rodding C Long rodding D Trenching 24 Most kinds of construction require interior perimeter treating of the foundation The exception is A Monolithic slab B Block foundation with floating slab C Basement construction D Crawl space 29 Typical termite entry points for basement construction are the same as for 25 Wood treatment is most likely required in monolithic A Monolithic slab slab construction B Floating slab A True C Crawl space B False D Plenum Chapter 4 54 Management of Wood destr oying Pests 30 31 32 33 What is different about exterior foundation treatment in houses with full basements What should be done to treat basements where the termites are coming in from beneath the concrete floor What treatments are recommended when the infestation is located between t
198. orer Hylotrupes bajulus Larvae hollow out extensive galleries in seasoned softwood e g pine The old house borer is frequently a pest of new structures although it is found in older buildings Adults are about 3 4 inch long and grayish brown to black with two white patches on the elytra The dorsal sur face is densely covered with light colored hairs On the pronotum are two black shiny bumps The long gray hairs surrounding these bumps give an owl like appearance Figure 6 13 Old house borer adult Cerambycidae Hylotrupes bajulus H Russell Michigan State University Diagnostics Services The beetles of this family lay their eggs in cracks or crevices in bark or on the surface of rough sawn timbers The larvae are wood borers Mature larvae are large varying from 1 2 inch to 3 or 4 inches long The body is long and narrow and a light cream color The rear portion of the head is partly drawn into the body so that only the mandibles and other mouthparts are easily seen Larvae are called round headed borers The life cycle of the old house borer ranges between 3 and 12 years Because this beetle has a very long life cycle and can infest the same piece of wood again and again it Figure 6 14 Old house borer damage with oval exit hole and powder filled galleries in interior of wood Management of Wood destr oying Pests may be many years before serious structural damage is recognized The exit holes of emerging a
199. overed with concrete including garage and basement floors entrance platforms and filled porches 2 The soil beneath those areas that lie adjacent to foundation walls beneath interior walls around sewer and utility openings and at other possible points of entry 3 Footings and backfill outside foundation walls and inside walled areas where there is a crawl space Accessible areas such as these could be treated later but it s easier to do it at construction time 4 Empty spaces or voids in concrete blocks Management of Wood destr oying Pests 31 PRODUCTS USED IN TERMITE CONTROL Examples of termiticides used for soil treatment include cypermethrin fipronil fenvalerate imidacloprid and permethrin Any of these can be used to establish a chemical barrier that kills or repels termites Label direc tions for these materials should be followed closely for the concentration and rate of application to be used The judgment and experience of the termite specialist is important when selecting the termiticide that best suits the particular type of construction and the soil condi tions Below are descriptions of the various products and classes of chemicals that can be used in termite control Pyr ethr oids The pyrethroids are a large family of modern synthet ic insecticides similar to the naturally derived botanical pyrethrins They are highly repellent to termites which may contribute to the effectiveness of the termiticid
200. ows the chemical to be widely spread throughout the colony as the termite workers feed and groom one another IGRs are in general environmentally safe and have very low mammalian toxicity Some examples are hexa flumuron diflubenzuron pyriproxyfen and methoprene Bioter miticides Biotermiticides such as fungi nematodes bacteria and so forth still need further research and develop ment to maximize their potential Metarhizium anisopliae can be injected into galleries infested walls and other moist areas where the humidity accelerates the fungal growth Several forms of nematodes are sold for termite suppression Nematodes are applied to the soil or direct ly into mud tubes As with all new methods of control more research is needed to determine the advantages and limitations of such organisms Foaming Agents Foam formulations of soil applied termiticides can deliver termiticide to areas difficult to reach with liquid formulations Borates are foamed for application in wall voids Foams penetrate into hard to reach cavities and voids and they improve termiticide distribution in soils The most difficult area to achieve uniform and continu ous insecticide distribution is under slabs where the ter mite control specialist is unable to see the actual deposi tion of the termiticide Foam applications can reduce the need for corrective treatments especially under slabs The liquid termiticide is combined with air to crea
201. p them pass over exposed areas and reach new food sources cellulose Termites require a constant source of moisture and the shelter tubes enable this by providing a moist environment and allowing them to maintain contact with the soil The tubes also serve to conceal the termites and protect them from natural ene mies ants Also referred to as mud tubes SIGNAL WORDS Required word s that appear on every pesticide label to denote the relative toxicity of the product Signal words are DANGER POISON DAN GER WARNING and CAUTION SILL PLATE A horizontal member anchored on top of a masonry wall SITE Areas of pest infestation Each site should be treated specifically or individually SOFFIT The underside of an overhanging part or mem ber especially on the roof of a building SOFTWOOD Wood from evergreen trees such as pines firs and spruces SOLDIERS Refers to the caste within a termite colony that is responsible for the defense of the colony SOLUTION A mixture of one or more substances in another substance usually a liquid in which all the ingredients are completely dissolved Example sugar in water SOLVENT A liquid that will dissolve another sub stance solid liquid or gas to form a solution SLAB ON GROUND The type of foundation construc tion in buildings without basements or crawl spaces The three basic types of slab on ground construction are floating slab monolithic slab and suspend
202. plants caused by a chemical or other agent PIER A column of masonry or sometimes wood usual ly rectangular in horizontal cross section used to support other structural members POISON CONTROL CENTER A local agency generally a hospital that has current information on the proper first aid techniques and antidotes for poisoning emergencies Centers are listed in telephone directories POPULATION Individuals of the same species The populations in an area make up a community See ecosystem PRECIPITATE A solid substance that forms in a liquid and settles to the bottom of a container a material that no longer remains in suspension PREDATOR An animal that attacks kills and feeds on other animals Examples of predaceous animals are hawks owls snakes many insects etc PRONOTUM The area just behind an insect s head i e the upper plate of the prothorax PROPELLANT The inert ingredient in pressurized products that forces the active ingredient from the con tainer PROTHORAX The first segment of an insect s thorax One pair of legs is attached Appendix B 106 PROTOZOAN A unicellular animal termites are dependent on a specific type of protozoan to help them digest cellulose PUPA plural pupae The developmental resting stage of insects with complete metamorphosis during which major changes from the larval to the adult form occur RAFTER One of a series of structural members of a
203. pletely studying this chapter you should E Know the basic types of equipment used in termite control and how they function E Know the various components of power sprayers and how they are used E Understand calibration of power sprayers and use of flow meters E Know what precautions to take to prevent contamina tion of drinking water particularly the use of back flow preventers E Know the types of equipment needed what signs to look for and where to inspect for termite infestations E Know the components of a well designed inspection report form E Understand how termite infestations may be prevent ed E Understand the various classes of chemicals used in termite control and the advantages and disadvantages of each E Understand how foaming agents are used in control ling termites E Understand the advantages and disadvantages of fumigation in termite control E Understand how termite baits are used the various types of bait products available and the advantages and disadvantages of using termite baits Management of Wood destr oying Pests The proper selection and correct operation of applica tion equipment is essential to the success of any pest con trol operation Problems such as non uniform coverage and failure of a pesticide to reach the target organisms effectively may be solved in part through proper selec tion and operation Equipment should be in good condi tion and heavy duty enough to ge
204. ply N w Figure 3 13 Probing the wood with a tool can help detect cavities Failure to find live termites does not necessarily mean that they are not present An inspector must be able to distinguish between new and old termite workings As a general rule old mud is dry and brittle and breaks away easily fresh workings will be moist The Inspection Report To present the results of a termite inspection to the client and to have a work plan for the treatment it is nec essary to make an adequate diagram of the building to be treated together with a sufficient description of the struc ture and the problems to be solved A well designed inspection form allows the inspector to include all pertinent information Such a form should include cross ruled paper on which a diagram of the structure can be drawn to scale This drawing should include the type of construction all crosswalls stairways doorways porches stoops and other parts of the struc ture that will affect the method of treatment It is most important that it be drawn accurately and to scale because this may reveal hidden or inaccessible areas which are often sites of severe infestation and damage Each place where live termites are found should be clearly indicated on the diagram All existing damage inaccessible areas and other unusual situations should be indicated In addition details of construction should be shown including E The materials of which
205. priate spacing for vents in attics 43 When working with wood treated with pressure treated chemical preservatives what precautions A 1 square foot of vent for every 50 to 150 square feet should you take B 1 square foot of vent for every 150 to 300 square feet C 1 square foot of vent for every 300 to 450 square feet D 1 square foot of vent for every 450 to 600 square feet 40 What is the purpose of installing a vapor barrier 44 The application of fungicides or insecticides is the 41 When installing a vapor barrier make certain the only treatment necessary to stop wood decay entire soil surface is covered A True A True B False B False 45 List some positive aspects of using borates as 42 What is the first step in correcting a fungus condition fungicides A Replace all badly rotted wood with sound dry lumber B Determine moisture sources and eliminate them C Insert borate rods D Apply fungicides to the area Chapter 7 94 Management of Wood destr oying Pests APPENDIX A ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 1 Laws Concerning Control of Wood destroying Pests 1 False Pest management professionals may use many other activities prevention habitat modification etc besides pesticide application to control pests These other practices increase the overall effectiveness of the control program 2 B B WD 5 C A 7 False Category 7B commercial applicators must consider the possibility tha
206. r z a Siya a aig adele ace Slate ea al 31 Products Used in Termite Control 31 Pyrethr jds T Gh tirade eae 31 BOrateS ind bite Gh Ase ty Bde bitten Sect 31 Organophosphates and Carbamates 32 Insect Growth Regulators 32 Biotermiticides 32 Foaming Agents 32 Pump atOn u y ipana Qua yw aaa u erin at 33 Advantages of Fumigation 33 Disadvantages of Fumigation 33 Bait Technology and Application Bait Placement 33 Commercial Baiting Products 34 Advantages and Disadvantages 34 UMM ALY I a wa es od She is ATE Meare 34 Review Questions 35 CHAPTER 4 SOIL TREATMENT FOR SUBTERRANEAN TERMITES 43 Foundation Types 0 00 cece a PERE TRD 43 Slab on ground 44 Crawl Space Construction 44 Basement Construction 44 Soil and Foundation Treating 44 Preconstruction Treatment 45 Postconstruction Treatment 45 General Treatment Guidelines 45 Exterior Soil Treatment 45 Contents Exterior Slab Treatment 45 Treatment of Foundation Voids in Slab Construction 45 Treatment of Brick or Stone Veneer
207. r ft 38 40 Solutions for Example 3 Monolithic Slab with a Patio Depth from soil grade to bottom of slab is 2 feet Bath trap is 2 square feet 7 pipe penetrations are less than 6 inches in diameter 1 pipe penetration is 8 inches in diameter pipe penetrations 40 43 Using the label instructions how many holes would be drilled in the slab to treat cracks seam and pipe penetrations in the drawing above 16 ft of crack 16 holes 15 ft seam 15 holes 7 lt 6 inch pipe 7 holes 1 8 inch pipe 2 holes Total 40 holes 44 How many gallons of 0 5 percent emulsion would be required to treat the cracks seam pipe penetrations and bath trap 31 ft cracks amp seams x 4 gal 10 linear ft 3 1 x 4 gal 12 4 gal 7 lt 6 inch pipe 7 x 1 5 gal 10 5 gal 1 8 inch pipe 2x 1 5 gal 3 0 gal 2 sq ft bath trap x 3 gal sq ft 6 0 gal Total 31 9 gal 45 How many gallons of emulsion would be needed to treat the building perimeter 40 ft 35 ft 15 ft 15 ft 25 ft 20 ft 150 linear ft 150 linear ft x 4 gal 10 linear ft 60 x 2 ft of depth 120 gallons Management of Wood destr oying Pests 99 Chapter 5 Other Treatments for Subterranean Ter mites B DA BD 4 C Close off all vents turn on the fan for the air system and check each hole for air flow If air flow is detected plug the holes and do not treat them 1 5 Any termiticide deposits in ducts must be cleane
208. r the wood the slower their growth Other families of beetles are also associated with excessive moisture in structures but with all these fami lies it is the fungus growth to which they are attracted These fungus beetles include E Cisidae the minute fungus beetles E Cryptophagidae he silken fungus beetles E Lathridiidae minute brown scavenger beetles E Tenebriodiae darkling beetles E Cucujidae flat bark beetles These beetles and their larvae feed on fungus growth on wood such as Poria or may be present in damp foods where even tiny amounts of fungus growth or fungal spores are present The fungus beetles are not wood dam aging pests but are associated with moisture problems and are a good indication that such problems are present Management of Wood destr oying Pests Carpenter ants are another group of insects that are attracted to moist wood They prefer to do their tunnel ing in wood that has been softened in some way and is easier to chew through They do not feed on the wood but merely excavate large chambers to create a suitable place to live and rear their larvae Control of moisture sources will help to keep these pests out of the structure as well In addition to the beetles and ants a number of other pests are attracted to moisture conditions in buildings Most are merely nuisances that cause no problem beyond their mere presence Some of these are springtails silver fish mites millipede
209. ral larvae An early developmental stage of insects with complete metamorphosis Insects hatch out of the egg as larvae before becoming pupae resting stage and then adults LC Lethal concentration The concentration of a pesti cide usually in air or water that kills 50 percent of a test population of animals LC is usually expressed in parts per million ppm The lower the LC value the more acutely toxic the chemical LD Lethal dose The dose or amount of a pesticide that can kill 50 percent of the test animals when eaten or absorbed through the skin LDsg is expressed in mil ligrams of chemical per kilogram of body weight of the test animal mg kg The lower the LDso the more acute ly toxic the pesticide LEACHING The movement of a substance with water downward through soil LIGNIN a complex structural polymer that imparts rigidity to certain plant cell walls especially walls of wood cells MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS MSDS These data sheets contain specific information on toxicity first aid personal protective equipment storage and handling precautions spill and leak cleanup and disposal prac tices transportation physical data and reactivity data MSDS are available from manufacturers MESOTHORAX The second segment of an insect s thorax One pair of legs and usually one pair of wings are attached METAMORPHOSIS A change in the shape or form of an animal Usually used when referri
210. rated wood Temperature above 100 degrees F moisture content of air dried wood 19 to 30 percent D Temperature between 35 and 100 degrees F moisture content of air dried wood 19 to 30 percent 4 What is considered the optimal temperature range for fungal growth A 10 to 35 degrees F B 35 to 70 degrees F C 70 to 85 degrees F D 85 to 100 degrees F 5 Which is NOT a characteristic of decay fungi A Attack sapwood and heartwood of most tree species B Mycelial fans appear on wood surfaces C Fruiting bodies may be mushrooms shelflike brackets or crusty flattened structures D Early decay is more easily noted on weathered discolored wood than on freshly exposed unsea soned wood Chapter 7 6 14 Match the following decay fungi to the appropriate description A Brown rot B White rot C Soft rot 6 Usually attacks green water saturated wood 7 Probably the most important decay of soft woods used in aboveground construction 8 Symptoms include excessive shrinkage and cross grain cracking of wood 9 Both lignin and cellulose are broken down wood looks bleached 10 Wood infected with this fungus can be greatly weakened before decay is visible 11 Affected wood shows normal shrinkage does not collapse or crack across the grain and loses strength gradually until spongy to the touch 12 Affected wood surface darkens and a superficial layer up to 3 to 4 mm deep becomes very soft
211. re safer to use i e less toxic to humans than many soil insecticides They have a lot of residual long lasting action They are quick acting and usually eradicate the pest They are simple to use and do not require any special training No special license or certification is required to use fumigants Which is NOT true about fumigants For certain pests commodities fumigation is the only practical method of control Fumigation must not be attempted by one person Using fumigants requires special training Occupants of a structure must vacate the building for a number of hours after fumigation Fumigants do not diffuse well through all parts of the structure Match the following types of termite baits to the appropriate description A Ingested toxicants or stomach poisons B Biotermiticides or microbes C Insect growth regulators IGRs Products that disrupt termites by causing a specific response or behavior within the colony or by blocking the molting process Derived from fungi bacteria or nematodes injected into gallery sites The termite baiting system that has the quickest effect but will likely provide only localized reduction The termite baiting system that is the slowest acting but has a greater impact on the colony 58 What features must termite baits have to be successful Chapter 3 40 59 What factors limit the effectiveness of biotermiticides 60
212. reproductives both male and female of the termite colony They leave the colony in swarms usually in the spring or fall These swarms are often the first visible indication that a termite infestation is present See also alates SWARMING When winged termite primary reproduc tives leave the colony in great numbers to mate and start a new colony TARGET The plants animals structures areas or pests at which the pesticide or other control method is direct ed TERMITE SHIELD A shield usually of non corrodible metal placed in or on a foundation wall other mass of masonry or around pipes to prevent the passage of ter mites THORAX The middle part of an insect s body between the head and the abdomen It is divided into three seg ments the prothorax mesothorax and metathorax A pair of legs is attached to each thoracic region THRESHOLD A level of pest density The number of pests observed trapped counted etc that could be tol erated without an economic loss or aesthetic injury Pest thresholds in structural pest management may be site specific for example different numbers of cockroaches may be tolerated at different sites e g hospitals and garbage rooms A threshold may be set at zero e g ter mites in a wooden structure flies in an operatory TOLERABLE LEVELS OF PESTS The presence of pests at certain levels is tolerable in many situations Totally eliminating pests in certain areas is so
213. rmite castes include reproductives workers and soldiers CELLULOSE A polysaccharide that is the chief part of plant cell walls and the main food source for termites CERTIFIED APPLICATORS Individuals who are cer tified to use or supervise the use of any restricted use pesticide covered by their certification CHEMICAL NAME The scientific name of the active ingredient s found in the formulated product This com plex name is derived from the chemical structure of the active ingredient CHEMICAL CONTROL Pesticide application to kill pests CHEMOSTERILANT A chemical compound capable of preventing animal reproduction Management of Wood destr oying Pests CHEMTREC The Chemical Transportation Emergency Center has a toll free number 800 424 9300 that pro vides 24 hour information for chemical emergencies such as a spill leak fire or accident CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON A pesticide con taining chlorine carbon and hydrogen Many are persis tent in the environment Examples chlordane DDT methoxychlor Few are used in structural pest manage ment operations today CHOLINESTERASE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE An enzyme in animals that helps regulate nerve impuls es This enzyme is depressed by N methyl carbamate and organophosphate pesticides CHRONIC TOXICITY The ability of a material to cause injury or illness beyond 24 hours following expo sure from repeated prolonged exposure to small amounts See als
214. rmiticide may seep into and contaminate the structure 33 A Appendix A Solutions for Example 1 Pier and Beam Foundation Foundation wall is 1 foot thick Piers are 3 feet in circumference Depth from grade to footing is 2 feet for piers and foundation wall 20 15 o Section A 0 s E H 10 Section I BAT 10 rags 1044 30 B a i k L Y bpd acta Metered aac ae 60 58 i 30 I D a a 34 How many linear feet are there in the structure above exterior 20 ft 20 ft 10 ft 10 ft 30 ft 30 ft 60 ft 60 ft 240 ft interior 18 ft 20 ft 10 ft 10 ft 30 ft 28 ft 58 ft 58 ft 232 ft piers 15 x 3 ft 45 ft 240 linear ft exterior of foundation wall 232 linear ft interior of foundation wall 45 ft 15 piers x 3 linear ft 517 linear feet 35 How many gallons of spray mix would be needed to treat the linear feet in this structure using the standard rate of mixture 4 gal 10 linear ft ft of depth for vertical treatment 517 linear ft x 2 ft of depth x 4 gal 10 linear ft ft of depth 413 6 gallons 36 How many gallons of Termite Icide would be needed to treat the linear feet at the 0 5 percent rate 1 25 gal Termite Icide X gal Termite Icide 96 gal spray mix 5 38 gallons Termite Icide 413 6 gal spray mix Appendix A 28 30 98 Section Ay 37 How many square feet ar
215. roof designed to support roof loads The rafters of a flat roof are sometimes called roof joists RATE OF APPLICATION The amount of pesticide applied to a plant animal unit area or surface usually measured as per acre per 1 000 square feet per linear foot or per cubic foot READY TO USE PESTICIDE A pesticide that is applied directly from its original container consistent with label directions such as an aerosol insecticide or rodent bait box which does not require mixing or load ing prior to application RE ENTRY INTERVAL The length of time following an application of a pesticide when entry into the treated area is restricted REGISTERED PESTICIDES Pesticide products that have been registered by the Environmental Protection Agency for the uses listed on the label REPELLENT A compound that keeps insects rodents birds or other pests away from humans plants domestic animals buildings or other treated areas REPRODUCTIVES The caste within the termite colony that is responsible for reproduction and for establishing new termite colonies Subterranean termite colonies have both primary winged males and females and supple mentary wingless or with short non functional wings males and females reproductives RESIDUAL PESTICIDE A pesticide that continues to remain effective on a treated surface or area for an extended period following application RESIDUE The pesticide active ingredient or its break
216. rotective Equipment PPE requires the applicator to follow label direc tions regarding PPE This rule also sets min imum PPE require ments for commercial applicators Unless oth erwise directed by the pesticide product label while performing pesticide tasks applicators must wear E Long pants E Protective footwear E Long sleeved clothing short sleeved clothing may be worn if wash water or waterless soap is immediately available E Gloves impervious to the pesticide being used when the applicator s hands are likely to come in contact with the pesticide unless a pro gram is in place that offers compa rable applicator protection Regulation 637 Rule 10 discusses pes ticide drift considerations when making applications outdoors When making applications indoors Category 7B com mercial applicators need to keep in mind the air circulation patterns and ventilation systems inside buildings and how these may influence the movement of their pes ticide application The rule also specifies that if pesticide off target drift is antici pated because of the nature of the appli cation the applicator must use a drift management plan that includes specifica tions to secure the informed consent of residents in the affected area before making the application For further specifications of the drift management plan consult the regulation Regulation 637 Rule 11 Notification and Posting Requirements Part 4 pe
217. rs 61 023 0 Cubic meters 1 000 000 0 Cubic inches 0 000016 Cubic inches 0 0005 Cubic inches 0 0006 Cubic inches 0 0019 Management of Wood destr oying Pests APPENDIX E CONVENIENT CONVERSION FACTORS To Get Hectares Square Meters Square Yards Square feet Cubic Meters Cubic Feet Gallons Cubic yards Cubic feet Pecks Quarts dry Liters Pints dry Cubic inches Inches Meters Millimeters Cubic inches Ounces liquid Milliliters of water Grams of water Cubic meters Cubic yards Bushels Gallons Quarts dry Liters Quarts liquid Pints dry Pints liquid Pounds of water Cubic inches Cubic centimeters Cubic yards Cubic feet Gallons Liters Quarts liquid Pints liquid Cubic inches Cubic centimeters Cubic meters Bushels Cubic feet Pecks dry 111 Multiply Cubic inches Cubic inches Cubic inches Cubic inches Cubic inches Cubic inches Cubic inches Cubic inches Cubic inches Cubic inches Cubic yards Cubic yards Cubic yards Cubic yards Cubic yards Cubic yards Cubic yards Cubic yards Cups Cups Cups Cups Cups Cups Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet per minute Feet per minute Feet per minute Feet per minute Feet per minute Feet per minute Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons By 0 0037 0 0043 0 0149 0 0164 0 0173 0 0298 0 0346 0 0361 0 5540 16 3872 0 7646 21 71 27 0 202 0 807 9 1 616 0 7 646 0 46 656
218. rtains to persons who make insecticide applications to commercial buildings health care facilities licensed day care centers or schools This part of the rule requires that upon completing insecticide applications the applicator must provide a sign to be dis played in a readily observable place at the primary point of entry by the agent or representative of the building The applicator must tell the building representative to keep the sign posted for not less than 48 hours after the most recent insecticide application The signs must Management of Wood destr oying Pests comply with certain size minimums and dating proce dures and contain certain illustrations An illustration of a cloud symbol encompassing a house serves to inform the public that insecticides have been applied on the premises this sign is available from the Michigan Pest Control Association MPCA Note the illustration on this page See a complete copy of the regulation for addition al posting details Regulation 637 Rule 12 Applicator Service Agreements requires commercial pesticide applica tors to enter into an oral or written ser vice agreement with the customer or authorized agent The agreement must specify 1 The customer s consent to services 2 The name address and telephone number of the company that provides the pesticide application services 3 The approximate schedule and frequency of antici pated services Further accor
219. s fungus gnats and booklice CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF WOOD DESTROY ING FUNGI Inspection The inspector may use the pick test to detect loss of wood toughness and the presence of wood decay at as lit tle as 5 to 10 percent loss of weight In this test a sharp pointed object such as an icepick is used to poke into and pry up a segment of wood especially to latewood areas of darker rings In decayed wood the pried up section will break abruptly directly over the tool whereas in sound wood the break will occur at a point away from the tool This test is very subjective but it is possible to detect very early stages of decay by both brown rot and white rot The surface molds and stain fungi grow more rapidly than decay fungi and often appear on wood during con struction Fungus growth will not continue after con struction if the wood dries out However the presence of stain fungi indicates that conditions at one time were suitable for decay and an inspection using a moisture meter should be conducted to see if the wood is still moist enough to support decay fungi Measuring wood moisture with a moisture meter is an important method to determine E Whether wood has a moisture content 20 percent or above that will lead to decay E Small changes in the moisture content of wood to demonstrate the success of a moisture control pro gram over time E The likelihood of infestation or reinfestation by wood boring insects
220. s are installed These are often placed every 10 to 20 feet around the perimeter of the building 2 feet out from the foundation The number and placement of bait sta tions vary depending on the product used the character istics of the site and the amount of termite activity A sta tion generally contains a cellulose based material impregnated with an IGR or a slow acting toxicant The bait is usually placed inside a tamper resistant housing Other baiting strategies include interceptive baiting in which aboveground bait systems are placed in the path of the termites in mud tubes or in areas of wood damage and termite presence so that the termites come in direct Chapter 3 contact with the bait The termites then feed on the bait and recruit other colony members to feed at the station This approach eliminates the colony more quickly than placing baits in the soil around a structure Commer cial Baiting Products Examples of active ingredients included in termite baits are hexaflumuron and diflubenzuron insect growth regulators and sulfuramid Some of these termiticides can be used to provide continuously effective control Perimeter soil treatments and soil treatments to infested areas used in conjunction with baits while taking care to avoid contaminating bait placements with soil termiti cide can usually satisfy a customer s desire for an imme diate solution and allow time for the bait to provide sup pression or long t
221. s in a swarm never find a mate or a homesite Others are eaten by predators such as birds Chapter 2 i ue 2 i i i a me x vi Figure 2 12 Swarmers with fallen wings ready to mate Once a pair finds a site and seals themselves in they will mate and the female queen will begin egg laying The first batch will be small usually 6 to 12 eggs Once these nymphs hatch they begin to eat cellulose and enlarge the colony area As the number of nymphs increases the queen will lay increasingly larger numbers of eggs Reproductive forms usually will not be produced in the first year It usually takes 2 to 3 years for a newly established colony to begin doing serious damage to structural wood As the colony grows the secondary reproductives also begin to lay eggs to supplement those laid by the queen There is not just one central nest con taining one queen Secondary reproductives may be found throughout the colony Another way colonies may be formed is by budding from a well established colony Budding occurs when a number of individuals including one or more secondary reproductives leave the colony and start a new one Stone or concrete building foundations are temporary obstacles to termites If a crack 1 32 inch wide develops in these foundations termites can enter and move into the wood above unless there is some other barrier Remember if distances are short termites can build shel ter tubes across foundations to reac
222. s minutus USDA Forest Service Management of Wood destr oying Pests 73 Chapter 6 Figure 6 10 Eastern deathwatch beetle Anobiidae Hemicoelus carinatus H Russell Michigan State University Diagnostics Services Control and Management of Powder post Beetles Inspection Periodic inspections are needed to determine the con dition of wood and to locate any evidence of attack by wood destroying beetles E Visually examine all exposed surfaces of wood painted and unpainted also sound by tapping or probe wood with a knife E Interview homeowner or building occupants and ask whether they have noticed any signs of beetle infestation beetles holes in wood frass etc i Figure 6 11 Lyctid beetle damage in framing around mirror USDA Forest Service E Look for evidence of beetle attacks in attics crawl spaces and unfinished basements and storage areas The signs are more likely to be undisturbed in these areas and the absence of finishes on wood leaves more wood surface exposed to reinfestation E Collect beetles larvae frass wood samples or any other evidence that needs to be closely examined with good light and magnification to determine the identification of the attacking beetles E To be certain that the infestation is active try to find fresh frass which is the color of newly sawed wood or live larvae or adults in the wood Refer to Tables 6 1 and 6 2 for information on how to id
223. s than 16 ounces Chapter 1 Rule 5 of Regulation 637 establishes a registry of per sons who must be notified before turfgrass or ornamen tal pesticide applications occur on adjacent and or addi tional distance properties At this time Category 7B com mercial applicators are not responsible for notifying per sons on this list prior to a pesticide application Rule 6 of Regulation 637 requires that pesticide mixing and loading operations occur on a pad that complies with the following E The pad must be constructed with impervious materials E To prevent release of pesticides to the environment the pad must be bermed curbed sloped or designed to contain spills leaks releases or other discharges generated during the mixing and load ing of pesticides E Pesticides or pesticide containing materials that are collected by the pad must be contained either by the pad itself or drained pumped or transferred to an additional impermeable aboveground holding tank or reservoir until utilized or disposed of in compliance with applicable laws E The pad or holding tank reservoir must be able to contain the amount of pesticide that could be dis charged from mixing loading or application equip ment during one minute of the mixing or loading operation E The mixing or loading of pesticides cannot occur unless a primary shutoff valve or switch is within immediate reach of the person who is engaged in the mixing or loadin
224. sion joint between the foundation wall and floor 5 Which is true about soil treating A Spot treatment of the soil is usually sufficient to control termites B The objective is to establish a continuous barrier I hy along the inside and outside of the foundation 9 When trenching or rodding building exteriors under slabs and around utility entrances saturate the soil to the level of C Soil treating includes treatment of hollow concrete A The foundation floor block walls D Soil treating is the application of termiticide to a foundation to make it impervious to termites E A amp B B One foot below the foundation C The top of the footing D Six inches below the footing 10 When an exterior concrete slab abuts the structure it should also be vertically drilled and treated no more than 12 inches apart A True B False Chapter 4 52 Management of Wood destr oying Pests 11 Holes drilled to treat concrete block foundation voids in slab construction should A Be drilled at a height that is close to the outside grade level but not above the top of the inside slab B Be drilled at a height above the outside grade level but not above the top of the inside slab C Be drilled at a height below the outside grade level but above the top of the inside slab Be drilled at a height that is close to the outside grade level but above the top of the inside slab 1 N Drill and treat brick or stone ve
225. slab floor extending over the top of the foundation wall The slab veneer wall BARURI 2 grade foundation footing footing Figure 4 4 Suspended slab construction Chapter 4 44 floor is concrete the material used for the foundation wall may vary Crawl Space Construction A crawl space is a shallow space below the living quarters of at least a partially basementless house It is normally enclosed by the foundation wall see Figure 4 4 Crawl spaces are usually less than 3 feet high with exposed soil underneath This type of construc tion is common in many parts of the i country The cei exposed soil and sa 4 the short distance to floor joists and sills make crawl spaces an ideal place for termites to find and infest wood Brick veneer Hollow concrete block wall 18 min Basement Construction Though build ings with base ments are less sus ceptible to termite attacks than slab on ground con struction base ments do have their unique areas vulnerable to ter mite entry It is important to remember that termites can enter though any crack or crevice as small as 1 32 of an inch SOIL AND FOUNDATION TREATING Soil treating consists of applying termiticides to the soil under and adjacent to a building to create an imper vious chemical barrier A continuous barrier should be established along the inside and the outside of the fou
226. sses of packed powder that is produced by the feeding of grublike larvae and to a lesser extent by the adult beetles 13 Will not attack softwoods 14 Brown to black 1 12 to 1 5 inch long flattened body 15 Female bores into wood to lay eggs 16 Have a digestive enzyme that allows them to digest cellulose 17 Eggs laid in cracks or old exit holes in wood 18 Powderlike frass contains bun shaped fecal pellets Chapter 6 19 20 21 It is not necessary to examine the surfaces of painted 22 23 24 Which powderpost beetle gets its name from making a ticking sound A Furniture beetle B Deathwatch beetle C True powderpost beetle D False powderpost beelte What are the signs of powderpost beetle infestation wood for powderpost beetle infestation A True B False Habitat alteration alone may be all that s needed to control certain powderpost beetle infestations A True B False If true powderpost beetles are identified as causing damage where should control activities be concentrated A All softwood surfaces B All hardwood surfaces C Both hardwood and softwood surfaces D None of the above If bostrichid or anobiid beetles are identified as causing damage where should control activities be concentrated A All softwood surfaces B All hardwood surfaces C Both hardwood and softwood surfaces D None of the above Chapter 6 25 26 27 28 29
227. st Stings by females are rare New adults emerge after the middle of summer and can be seen feeding at flowers until they seek overwin tering sites sometimes in the tunnels Chapter 6 Control and Management of Carpenter Bees Carpenter bees drill into the end grain of structural wood or into the face of a wooden member then turn and tunnel with the grain Dust tunnels or inject with pressurized liquid insecti cide Insert a dusted plug of steel wool or copper gauze in the tunnel Fill the opening with caulk wood filler or a wooden dowel A dusted plug stops new adults that otherwise would emerge through shallow caulking Caution should be taken especially if technicians are working on ladders and if they are not experienced with these rather harmless bees SUMMARY Wood destroying insects other than termites are capa ble of causing significant damage to structures furniture and other wood products Pest management profession als must be able to distinguish between wood damage caused by termites and damage by other wood destroy ing pests These signs are often characteristic of the pest species involved Proper identification of the pest species will allow application of the appropriate control tech niques In many cases habitat alteration such as reduc tion of moisture in wood is all that is needed to control the pest adequately Management of Wood destr oying Pests Review Questions Chapter 6 Other Wood
228. sting protozoans UNSEASONED Lumber that has not yet been chemi cally treated See also seasoned USE The performance of pesticide related activities requiring certification include application mixing loading transport storage or handling after the manufacturer s seal is broken care and maintenance of application and handling equipment and disposal of pesticides and their containers in accordance with label requirements Uses not needing certification are long distance transport long term storage and ultimate disposal VAPOR BARRIER Material used to retard the move ment of water vapor into walls or slabs and to prevent condensation in them Also a covering used over dirt in crawl spaces Common materials polyethylene film asphalt paper VAPOR PRESSURE The property that causes a chemi cal to evaporate The higher the vapor pressure the more volatile the chemical and the easier it will evaporate VECTOR A carrier an animal e g insect nematode mite that can carry and transmit a pathogen from one host to another Appendix B 108 VERTEBRATE Animal characterized by a segmented backbone or spinal column VIRUS Ultramicroscopic parasites composed of pro teins Viruses can multiply only in living tissues and cause many animal and plant diseases VOLATILITY The degree to which a substance changes from a liquid or solid state to a gas at ordinary temperatures when exposed to air WATER TABLE
229. stinguish between ant and termite reproductives and communicate the differences clearly and confidently to their clients Principal differences are E Ants have a complete metamorphosis that is they go through the egg larva pupa and adult stages all of which look different from the others Ant workers are adults Termites have a gradual metamorphosis They go through the egg nymph and adult stages Nymphs look like adult workers Reproductives are dark bodied E Ants have a thin or wasp waist called the petiole between the thorax and abdomen Termite waists are NOT narrow Termite bodies are straight sided with no constriction Thorax and abdomen blend together Ants have elbowed antennae A long straight seg ment connects to the head Remaining segments flex and bend Termite antennae are entirely flexible They are made of many small segments strung out like beads Termites wave them in front using them to touch and feel E Ant reproductives have two pairs of wings The front pair is wider and markedly longer than the back pair Often ants have a black dot near the tip of the front wings and dark wing veins can be seen Ant wings do not break off easily Termite wings are long and narrow both pairs are the same shape and almost the same length Termite wings break off with a touch If termite swarmers have been crawling their broken wings litter the swarm area Termite wing veins cannot be seen with the
230. sump C It is not necessary to observe the sump during treatment D It may be best to drill test holes first before proceeding with treatment Chapter 5 8 What should be done to correct situations in which wooden members extend through the concrete in the basement floor 9 Before treating a basement on the outside A Turn all electric outlets off B Fill the sump if present with water C Check foundation walls for cracks D Close all doors and windows 10 How should termite infestations be controlled around basement windows with wooden sills 11 The principles used to control termites in dirt filled concrete porches also apply to A Plenum crawl spaces B Rigid foam insulation board C Wells cisterns and other water sources D Stoops sidewalks and driveways Chapter 5 68 12 Which is NOT true about termite control operations around dirt filled concrete porches on frame houses A Soil contact where the porch joins the house should be eliminated by tunneling along the foundation wall and removing the dirt B Removing dirt and installing termite bait stations provides the best control C Termiticide may be applied using horizontal rods under the slab D It may be necessary to install temporary support such as masonry piers E B amp D 13 What are the recommendations for termite control around wooden porches 14 What problem might occur with termiticides applied around hollow block
231. t Service and the Department of Housing and Urban Development IAA 25 75 Mallis A 1990 Handbook of Pest Control 7th Edition Franzak amp Foster Co Cleveland Ohio Moore H 1979 Wood inhabiting Insects in Houses Their Identification Biology Prevention and Control U S Department of Agriculture Forest Service and the Department of Housing and Urban Development AA 25 75 New York State Cooperative Extension 1987 Preservation and Treatment of Lumber and Wood Products Pesticide Applicator Training Manual Category 7 New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Cornell University Ithaca N Y Contents Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service 1998 Structural Pest Control Oklahoma State University Sanders D 1987 Termite Pest Control Including Other Wood damaging Pests Manual 96 University Extension University of Missouri Columbia Smith J A and N R Ehmann Pest Control Library Vol IX Wood destroying Organisms Other than Termites Van Waters amp Rogers Inc San Jose California Verrall A F and T L Amburgey 1979 Prevention and Control of Decay in Homes U S Department of Agriculture Forest Service anNd the Department of Housing and Urban Development IAA 25 75 We also acknowledge illustrations from slides obtained from the Dow Chemical Corporation and the West Virginia Cooperative Extension Service 4 1The following illustrations were reproduced from Truman s Sc
232. t endangered or threatened species may be affected by pesticides applied in and around buildings 8 C 9 D 10 Definition general description why pesticide is used general toxicity information i e com pound type where applied exposure information amount rate applied label compliance precautionary measures and instructions to customer on site preparation precautions etc 11 True 12 w False Category 7B commercial applicators must consider air circulation patterns and ventilation systems when spraying inside buildings and must also consider the possibility of off target drift when spraying outside of buildings 13 D 14 Unless otherwise specified by the product label applicators must wear long pants protective footwear long sleeved clothing short sleeved allowed if wash water or waterless soap is immediately available and gloves impervious to the pesticide 15 False According to Rule 13 of Regulation 637 such statements are prohibited 16 Site evaluation description inspection and monitoring the concept of threshold levels the relationship between pest biology and pest management methods pest population reduction and pest prevention development and implementation of an IPM program that reduces the possible impact of pesticides evaluation of an IPM program to determine effectiveness record keeping requirements of an IPM program 17 D Management of Wood destr oying Pests
233. t prevail within the termite nest also support the growth of fungi which provide a source of protein and vitamins essential to the termite The accumulation of termite fecal material in the nest helps to promote the growth of the fungi 30 A A sharp pointed object such as an icepick is used to poke into and pry up a segment of wood especially in latewood areas of darker rings In decayed wood the pried up section will break abruptly directly over the tool whereas in sound wood the break will occur at a point away from the tool The pick test will indicate the presence of wood decay at as little as 5 to 10 percent loss of weight 29 True 31 VY wm 32 Whether wood has a moisture content 20 per cent or above that will lead to decay small changes in the moisture content of wood to demonstrate the success of a moisture control program over time the likelihood of infestation or reinfestation by wood boring insects and Management of Wood destr oying Pests 33 34 wm wa whether fungi seen on the wood surface are still actively growing The wood species involved moisture distribu tion grain direction chemicals in the wood weather conditions and temperature Any five of the following Water vapors from the combustion of natural gas that improperly vent into the attic or other enclosed areas Condensation on windows flowing down onto and into sills Moisture from crawl spaces and the dirt
234. t the job done as easily as possible without expensive time consuming break downs on the job Spray tanks should be made of durable materials that will not deteriorate when exposed to certain pesticide formulations Proper maintenance including regular cleaning and checking of equipment will help ensure the proper delivery rate of chemical and also its uniform application TERMITE APPLICATION EQUIP M ENT The basic piece of equipment used in any termite job is a sprayer with a tank and pump system used to inject ter miticides into the soil wall voids and other areas to be treated Table 3 1 is a list of accessories needed along with the spray system These tools and their selection are left to the individual specialist or company As new tech nologies enter the marketplace pest management profes sionals must determine which pieces of equipment best fit the needs of the company SPRAYER COM PONENTS Sprayers used in the termite control industry are often referred to as large volume sprayers or power sprayers There are many variations in these types of sprayers but the basic components are tank pump and motor hose applicator and accessories strainers pressure gauge Chapter 3 Table 3 1 Typical termite control equipment and accessories for one truck Sprayer related Equipment 100 gal Tank 10 gpm pump 3 hp motor Hose reel Treating 3 8 in hose 100 to 200 ft Shutoff valve Backflow preventer 3 4 in hose t
235. t wood and control wood destroying fungi the relative effective ness of each and how they can be applied safely Wood is subject to attack and degradation by fungi and insects These organisms attack in a variety of ways some utilizing wood substances for food some using it for shelter and others for food and shelter Pest manage ment professionals must recognize and understand the nature of these wood attacking organisms to prescribe the appropriate treatment and to assure proper perfor mance of their treated products Management of Wood destr oying Pests 85 Fungi are a major cause of wood degradation Fungi used to be classified in the plant kingdom but are now classified in a kingdom separate from plants and animals Like animals fungi are heterotrophic i e they must consume preformed organic matter rather than manufac ture their own food as plants do during photosynthesis Fungi consist of microscopic threads called hyphae that are visible to the naked eye only when many of them occur together Deadwood conks and mushrooms are easily visible examples of the fruiting bodies of fungi from which the reproductive spores are produced and disseminated Some fungi merely discolor wood but wood decaying fungi can change the physical and chem ical properties of wood thus reducing its strength Therefore the many wood inhabiting fungi can be divid ed into two major groups depending on the damage they cause E Wood decaying
236. te uniform small diameter bubbles The foam carries the liquid termiticide in the spaces between the bubbles As the foam breaks down it leaves a thin residue on the surfaces it had contact with The fact that foam is less dense than liquid enables it to dispense uniformly The foaming agent delays collapse of the bubbles providing more time for the insecticide to reach desired areas Underneath a slab gravity deposits most of the liquid on the soil with a small portion of the residue on other surfaces such as the underside of a con crete slab in the treated areas Foam treatments do not replace other soil applica tions they supplement these applications so that gaps left by conventional treatments can be successfully treated Foams are being used to treat or retreat critical areas Management of Wood destr oying Pests such as unevenly filled porches which liquids might not reach or cover uniformly Foams may be used in initial treatments to ensure the most complete termiticide barri er in critical as well as hard to reach areas thus reducing the treatment failures that may occur with the use of soil applied termiticides alone FUM IGATION Pests that can be treated with fumigation include dry wood termites Anobiid powderpost beetles usually in softwoods such as floor joists etc Lyctid powderpost beetles sapwood of hardwoods such as moldings cabi nets and flooring and old house borers sapwood of softwoods in be
237. termites Structural and Construction Defects Allow sufficient space and ventilation outlets for air movement to aid in keeping soil dry beneath structures with crawl spaces The finished grade outside the building should slope away from the foundation so water won t collect under the structure In the final grading allow at least 6 inches of clearance between the top of the soil and the top of the foundation Porch supports should be sepa rated from the building by at least 2 inches Wooden steps i a a 2 lt od p jie e s s wx Figure 3 14 To prevent termite infestations do not allow wood form boards to be embedded in concrete as shown in this basement Management of Wood destr oying Pests should rest on a concrete base that extends 6 inches above grade Do not place basement partitions posts and stair stringers until the concrete floor has been poured They should never extend into or through the concrete Barriers Barriers fall into two major categories mechanical and chemical Mechanical barriers Metal termite shields Properly designed construct ed installed and maintained metal termite shields can give some protection When properly installed mainly during preconstruction stainless steel mesh has been found to be an effective barrier to subterranean termites Cost may be a disadvantage Sand granite or basalt may have some utility in pre venting termite entry into structures
238. th those insects that damage seasoned lumber These insects include repre sentatives of the orders Hymenoptera horntail or wood wasps carpenter ants and bees and Coleoptera beetles The members of these two orders develop by complete metamorophis advancing from eggs to larvae pupae and adults The characteristics of the damage done to wood by these insects are generally sufficient evidence to identify the insects to their family but positive identification to genus or species requires examination of the insect itself Below is a brief description of the wood destroying pests of primary interest to pest control operations in Michigan A more thorough discussion of these pests along with control recommendations can be found in Chapter 6 Powder post Beetles The term powderpost beetle used in the broad sense applies to any of the wood boring species of three close ly related families Lyctidae Bostrichidae and Anobiidae within the superfamily Bostrichoidea The common name is appropriate because the larvae of these beetles reduce timbers to a mass of very fine powderlike material see Fig 2 17 The adults do very little actual damage to wood serving primarily a reproductive func tion There are certain differences in structure behavior and nutrition among these groups and these differences have led to the separation of the families discussed in fur ther detail in Chapter 6 Longhor ned Beetles Longhorned beetles
239. the foragers no longer deposit the pheromone the trail deteriorates and eventually is abandoned Management of Wood destr oying Pests The proportion of the castes in the colony is also regu lated chemically For example soldiers and reproductives produce chemicals that are distributed to other colony members by trophallaxis The chemicals inhibit the pro duction of additional soldiers and reproductives Termites may react to a high level of soldier produced chemical by killing some of the soldiers Thus the needs of the colony are met and the proper balance of the vari ous castes is maintained In most subterranean termite colonies nymphs can molt into workers soldiers or reproductives workers can change into soldiers nymphs or supplementary reproductives and nymphs that have begun developing wing buds may actually lose them with additional molts and return to the worker stage All these changes are chemically regulated within the colony depending on its needs OTHER TERMITES Michigan s termite problem is basically caused by sub terranean termites The other groups of termites dry wood and dampwood are found in the western United States and or along the southern coastal areas from California to the Atlantic Unlike subterranean termites these other termites groups do not require contact with the soil for moisture They are occasionally introduced into Michigan through furniture or other seasoned wood A description o
240. the job and pesticides may spill or splash onto people and property or contaminate the envi ronment Quality power sprayer hoses are usually made of polyvinyl chloride PVC and are capable of with standing working pressures of up to 600 psi or more PVC hoses are lighter weight than rubber hoses but tend to stiffen in cool weather Hoses used in termite operations usually have an inside diameter of 3 8 or 1 2 inch When choosing hose size remember that the smallest opening in the spray line determines the actual capacity for delivery regardless of the size of the hose Thus if a hose with a 1 2 inch inside diameter is used with couplings that have an inside diameter of 1 4 inch the delivery rate of the hose will be that of a 1 4 inch hose Therefore it is important to match hoses and couplings properly to deliver the desired vol ume of spray Finally hose length is also an important consideration Most professionals use between 150 and 300 feet of hose which provides extra length when it is needed Hose reels operated by hand cranks or by an electric rewind motor enable the professional to handle and manage long lengths of hose Applicators At the end of the hose various types of applicators with valves are used to apply termiticide These include rods subslab injectors and guns Rods 3 to 6 feet long can be used to apply termiticide into the soil next to the foundation wall Various small rods are used to inject insecti
241. the recommended control Chemical use however may be warranted in situations where wood cannot be easily dried Prevention Chemical wood preservatives are an effective means of preventing wood decay Pressure treatment with preserv atives such as creosote zinc chloride pentachlorophenol and or copper naphthenate has been used extensively The pest management professional needs to be aware of the high toxicity of these chemicals Pentachlorophenol for example is no longer readily available to the con sumer in either the ready to use 5 percent penta or the concentrated 40 percent penta formulation because of its high toxicity and status as a carcinogen Pest manage ment professionals should be careful when handling pre treated wood Wear rubber gloves and long sleeved clothing and wash thoroughly after handling Never dis pose of preservative treated wood by domestic incinera tion or use as a fuel in fireplaces or wood burning stoves Treated wood end pieces wood scraps and sawdust should be disposed of at a sanitary landfill Small quanti ties may be disposed of with household trash Control Less toxic more environmentally friendly fungicides than the pressure treated wood preservatives are com mercially available These fungicides are often borate based To control fungi on existing wood structures the wood should be kept clean with periodic high pressure washings and a fungicide application to kill remaining funga
242. threadlike structures of a fungus INERT INGREDIENT In a pesticide formulation an inactive material without pesticidal activity INGREDIENT STATEMENT The portion of the label on a pesticide container that gives the name and amount of each active ingredient and the total amount of inert ingredients in the formulation INHALATION Taking a substance in through the lungs breathing in See exposure route INSPECTION To examine for pests pest damage other pest evidence etc See monitoring Management of Wood destr oying Pests INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IPM A planned pest control program in which various methods are integrated and used to keep pests from causing eco nomic health related or aesthetic injury IPM includes reducing pests to a tolerable level Pesticide application is not the primary control method but is an element of IPM as are cultural and structural alterations IPM pro grams emphasize communication monitoring inspec tion and evaluation keeping and using records JOIST One of a series of parallel beams usually 2 inch es in thickness used to support floor and ceiling loads and supported in turn by larger beams girders bearing walls or foundation LABEL AIll printed material attached to or on a pesticide container LABELING The pesticide product label and other accompanying materials that contain directions that pes ticide users are legally required to follow LARVA plu
243. tions E Know which longhorned beetle is a structural pest how to identify it and control it and how to prevent structural damage E Know the signs of carpenter ant infestations and what areas to inspect for excess moisture E Know the habits and habitats of carpenter ants and where to inspect for nest locations E Know procedures for preventing and controlling car penter ant infestations E Know how to identify carpenter bees and understand their habits and habitat E Know procedures for preventing and controlling car penter bee damage to wood Wood destroying organisms other than subterranean termites cause millions of dollars in damage to wood products each year These organisms and their preven tion and control are discussed here Management of Wood destr oying Pests 71 PREVENTION OF WOOD BORING BEETLES The wood boring beetles of economic concern include the true powderpost beetles false powderpost beetles furniture and deathwatch beetles and the old house borer Most of the procedures that will prevent attack on wood before it is used are the responsibility of those who harvest mill or store the wood Those who use wood must take precautions to reduce the chances of building an infestation into structures and furniture Though the pest management professional is usually called in after an infestation is suspected it is important that this person be a knowledgeable consultant to the lumber and constructi
244. tions CHAPTER 2 THE BIOLOGY OF TERMITES AND OTHER WOOD DESTROYING PESTS The Biology of Insects and their Relatives Other Divisions Used in Classification Growth and Development Growth Development The Biology of Termites Termite Distribution Subterranean Termites Eastern Subterranean Termites Colony Formation The Termite and its Environment Communication in the Colony Other Termites Drywood Termites Dampwood Termites Other Wood destroying Insects and Pests Powderpost Beetles Longhorned Beetles Black Carpenter Ants Carpenter Bees Wood decay Fungi Key to Insect Damage of Wood destroying Pests Summary Review Questions Management of Wood destr oying Pests CHAPTER 3 EQUIPMENT AND METHODS 23 Termite Application Equipment 23 Sprayer Components 23 Tanks ice ests ek Poti pa eee 24 Pumpsus us ean E A E wots state Sab uapa 24 HOSES asa qaa Pathe sata EO wcr Pang dg ae 25 Applicators tere ri cee eee 25 Prillsz iscs esis Pe AG Seeks wae ae 26 Calibration of Sprayers 26 Preventing Contamination of Drinking Water Systems aysasha edie eee 26 Inspection of Wells 27 Methods u ede S hed ape es 28 Inspection aseri eh eg eee ee a 28 The Inspection Report 30 PREVENT OT eaa za sti patna edie Ged ak eee SE as 30 Sanitation zia oe iss sa AR Ne eee EEE 30 Structural and Construction Defects 30 Barne
245. tles of the family Cerambycidae Provonsha Black Car penter Ants Ants of the genus Camponotus often nest in wood There are probably many carpenter ant species in Michigan but only one poses a major pest problem the black carpenter ant Camponotus pennsylvanicus The black carpenter ant varies from 1 8 to 1 2 inch in length Management of Wood destr oying Pests 17 because of the presence in most colonies of both major and minor workers Carpenter ants may construct their nests in hollow trees logs posts porch pillars hollow doors and other timbers used in homes The ants do not consume the wood but simply hollow it out to form cavities for the nest They are usually attracted to damp decaying wood but once the nest is started they will also excavate sound wood as they enlarge the nest It is often quite common to find them nesting in existing voids that require no exca vation occasionally they start in an existing void and enlarge it as their need dictates The presence of carpen ter ants suggests the potential for damage to wood forewing hind wing adbomen pedicel funicle mandible Figure 2 19 An illustration of an ant showing body parts Provonsha Carpenter Bees The carpenter bee Xylocopa virginica resembles a bumblebee in that it is robust and black with some mark ings of yellow hair The dorsal surface of the abdomen lacks the yellow hair markings of bumblebees and is mostly de
246. to prevent termite attack Because borates are stomach poisons and must be ingest ed by the termites to be effective they will not prevent termites from tubing across treated wood to reach untreated portions of the structure They generally do not have any contact residual effect Borates are highly solu ble in water and can leach out of treated wood On the positive side borates are easy to work with and general ly considered low hazard The borates will remain effec tive in the wood indefinitely if the treated wood is kept dry and out of contact with the soil In addition to ter mites the borates give protection against powderpost beetles and wood destroying fungi Wood Injection Aerosol or liquid emulsion formulations of residual insecticides can be injected directly into termite galleries where termites are actively feeding in wood portions of the structure The termiticide will bond with soil particles in the termite galleries as it does in soil to provide some extended residual Treating wood surfaces with contact residual insecticides provides some short term barrier effect but will not provide extended protection as does soil application It may also be possible to inject aerosol Chapter 5 66 insecticides directly into holes drilled in wood but it is difficult to achieve the complete saturation of all wood fibers necessary to prevent termite attack Wood treatment is most commonly used as a supple ment to either a soi
247. toxic than soil termiticides E All of the above Management of Wood destr oying Pests 41 Chapter 3 Chapter 3 42 Management of Wood destr oying Pests ama S o SOIL IREATMENT FOR SUBTERRANEAN TERMITES LEARNING OB ECTIVES After completely studying this chapter you should E Know the basic types of building foundations E Understand the techniques used to treat soil for control of subterranean termites E Understand how cracks and voids in foundations are treated to control subterranean termites E Know the various types of pre and postconstruction methods for controlling termites E Know the techniques used to treat subterranean termite infestations for various types of building construction E Understand how termite entry points vary depending on factors such as foundation type walls and flooring E Know how to calculate linear feet and square feet and to interpret a termiticide label so that the right amount of termiticide will be applied in both vertical and hor izontal treatments This chapter discusses termite control procedures used for various types of building construction It is important to remember that foundations can be of three general types slab basement and conventional crawl space Each of these types of construction has structural features that require specialized attention to establish a physical or chemical barrier that prevents termite entry into a building For example tre
248. ts and skylights Improper roofing or holes in the roof Window sills directly exposed to rain Lack of ventilation in any area where moisture accumulates Inside moisture accumulates around any leaking plumbing or drains especially shower drains in unvented attics and crawl spaces in areas with unvented dishwashers washing machines icemakers etc 38 A 39 D 40 Dust tunnels or inject with pressurized liquid insecticide Insert a dusted plug of steel wool or copper gauze in the tunnel Fill the opening with caulk wood filler or a wooden dowel A dusted plug stops new adults that otherwise would emerge through shallow caulking Chapter 7 Wood damaging Fungi 1 Wood destroying decay fungi and wood staining sapstaining fungi molds 2 D D C D 6 C A 8 A B 0 A 11 B 12 C 13 A 14 A 15 A 16 C 17 False The wood must have some moisture in it to decay Dry rot fungi can infest relatively dry wood because of water conducting strands that can carry water from damp soil to wood 18 B 19 A 20 A 21 B 22 C 23 B 24 A 25 B 26 D 27 Chemical stains occur in logs or in lumber during seasoning These can be prevented by rapid air drying or by using relatively low tem peratures during kiln drying 28 ww Termites bring moisture and soil up into wood from the subsurface colonies They feed on wood or around the outside of wood to form their enclosed runways The warm moist conditions tha
249. ubslab injector should be limited If holes are drilled in the interior slab knowl edge of the exact location directions of the system and depth and width of the ducts is important If possible the pest management specialist will want to get the chemical under the ducts see Figure 5 3 Reducing the pressure will keep the termiticide from backing up into the duct Rodding from the outside by drilling the foundation and running a rod in under the ductwork may be the best treatment procedure Again knowing the depth of a duct in or under the slab is essential so that the drill or rod does not puncture the duct Horizontal rodding under the slab is the correct procedure where radiant heat pipes are imbedded in the slab of the structure After drilling is completed but before treatment close off all vents Turn on the fan for the air system Check each hole for airflow If airflow is detected plug the holes and do not treat them It is also essential to check period ically during treatment and immediately after treatment for signs of contamination The heating system should be turned on and checked for odors If an odor is present shut off the unit and determine why the odor is present Odors could be coming from the moist treated soil beneath the slab If this is the case the odors will usually not be strong and should persist for only a day or two Charcoal filters in heat registers can be used to minimize the odor If a strong odor p
250. uid 0 125 Ounces liquid 1 805 Ounces liquid 2 0 Ounces liquid 6 0 Ounces dry 28 3495 Ounces liquid 29 573 Ounces dry 437 5 Parts million PPM 0 0001 Parts per million 0 001 Parts per million 0 001 Parts per million 0 001 Parts per million 0 013 Parts per million 0 0584 Parts per million 0 3295 Parts per million 1 0 Parts per million 1 0 Parts per million 1 0 To Get Tons U S Kilograms Pounds Grams Kilometers Meters Yards Feet Feet per second Kilometers hour Meters per minute Yards per minute Feet per minute Meters per second Yards per second Feet per second Quarts liquid Pints liquid Cups liquid Ounces liquid Tablespoons Teaspoons Cubic centimeters of water Grams of water Gallons Quarts liquid Pints liquid Pounds Cups liquid Cubic inches Tablespoons Teaspoons Grams Milliliters Grains Percent Liters cubic meter Grams per liter Milliliters per liter Ounces per 100 gallons of water Grains per US gallon Gallons per acre foot of water Milligrams liter Milligrams per kilogram Milliliters per cubic meter Management of Wood destr oying Pests Multiply Parts per million Parts per million Pecks Pecks Pecks Pecks Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Pints dry Pints dry Pints liquid Pints liquid Pints liquid Pints dry Pints liquid Pints liquid Pints liquid Pints dry Pounds Pounds Pounds Pou
251. und dry pesticide formulation con taining a small amount of active ingredient and a large amount of inert carrier or diluent such as clay or talc ECOSYSTEM The pest management unit It includes a community of populations with the necessary physical harborage moisture temperature and biotic food hosts supporting factors that allow an infestation of pests to persist ELYTRA A pair of thickened leathery or horny front wings found in the beetle family EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE A pesticide formu lation produced by mixing or suspending the active ingredient the concentrate and an emulsifying agent in a suitable carrier When added to water a milky emulsion is formed EMULSIFYING AGENT EMULSIFIER A chemical that aids in the suspension of one liquid in another that normally would not mix together EMULSION A mixture of two liquids that are not solu ble in each other One is suspended as very small droplets in the other with the aid of an emulsifying agent ENCAPSULATED FORMULATION A pesticide for mulation with the active ingredient enclosed in capsules of polyvinyl or other materials principally used for slow release ENDANGERED SPECIES A plant or animal species whose population is reduced to the extent that it is near extinction and that a federal agency has designated as being in danger of becoming extinct ENTRY INTERVAL See re entry interval Appendix B ENVIRONMENT AIl of our physical c
252. void of any hair These bees are considered pests of wood because they excavate tunnels in softwood as sites for producing their brood Common nesting sites are posts fence railings porch support posts wall siding eaves wooden shingles windowsills doors wooden porch furniture etc Wood decay Fungi Much of the structural damage attributed to subter ranean termites may actually be the result of wood decay fungi Favorable conditions for both pests are very simi lar They both readily attack damp wood Wood decay fungi occur only in wood with a moisture content greater than 20 percent Most decay or rot fungi grow only on wood that is subject to wetting by contact with moist soil rain plumbing leaks or condensation Decay fungi take their food from the wood as they grow and reduce the strength of wood often making it brown and crumbly or Chapter 2 white and stringy Discoloration and powdery growth on wood should not be confused with decay If the moisture content of the wood is not obvious it must be measured with a moisture meter to accurately determine the need for treatment The use of fungicides alone will not stop wood decay once it has started though it will slow its progress in some cases The key to the complete control of wood decay is to eliminate the source of moisture if possible through proper drainage breaking wood soil contact ventilation the use of vapor barriers and other good con struction practi
253. way street gutter or underground sewer minutes If the level of the water rises delay treatment until a time when the soil is drier Also observe the sump during the course of treatment for the presence of ter miticide If termiticide is present remove the contaminat ed water and dispose of it in a safe and legal manner One of the most common problems in the control of subterranean termites is wooden members that extend through the concrete in the basement floor see Figure 5 6 Supporting posts stair risers and doorframes are common examples To correct this cut the wooden mem bers at least 4 inches above floor level then remove the portion that extends through the floor The soil under neath should be thoroughly treated with termiticide and then concrete poured into the hole and into a form extending to the remaining portion of the wooden mem bers for support In the case of stairways it is advisable to make the entire lower step out of concrete if possible It is generally undesirable to attempt to treat buried wooden supports by chemical means alone STAIR CARRIAGE BASEMENT FLOOR h _ ly TERMITE ENTRY AA Z Figure 5 6 Wood post and basement steps extending through concrete adapted from NPMA Management of Wood destr oying Pests Chapter 5 Before treating in basements inspect the foundation walls for cracks where seepage of termiticide may occur when the soil outside is treated If the foundatio
254. wide La RA inte se bab quan 79 Carpenter Bees aaa uma cece eee 79 Control and Management of Carpenter Bees 80 SUINIMALY o C ieee ee aE hae ce eb as 80 Review Questions 81 CHAPTER 7 WOOD DAMAGING FUNGI 85 Wood decaying Fungi 86 Brown Roty u q oes see oN EE Pig ee 86 White Rot l usa sasa aasawa etad tentir 87 SOL ROU a ann ep ie he aaa E 5 87 Wood staining Fungi 87 Sapstaining Fungi 660 e cece 87 Mold FUNEL eee PEA hey Si asla eS 88 Chemical Stains tasr ieresrireniresi tater 88 Insects Associated with Wood destroying Fungi 88 Control and Management of Wood destroying Fungi 89 INSPECHON usuy eee ae arini a ei eee eee 89 Prevention uy ayuy Shan San Beate EN 90 Habitat Modification 90 Chemical Control 90 PREVENTION 1262 n A E iu ma ene we 90 Control u sasa Pat atin anak qha D Su kaba 90 Borates as Fungicides 91 SUTIN AL Ve ff ss aE ashore dee Phasa E Sus as wale 91 Review Questions o gs uyaq ag ce cence eee eee 91 APPENDICES APPENDIX A Answers Appendix 95 APPENDIX B Glossary 102 APPENDIX C Wood boring Insects 109 APPENDIX D Diagrams of Structural Members 110 APPENDIX E Convenient Conversion Factors 111 APPENDIX F Bibliography 114 APPEND
255. wn mudlike material in an irregular pattern D An adequate diagram of the structure on cross ruled paper accompanied by a description of the structure and the problems to be solved The drawing should include the type of construction all crosswalls stairways doorways porches stoops and other parts of the structure that will affect the method of treatment It must be drawn to scale revealing blind areas that are often sites of severe infestation Every place where live ter mites are found should be indicated on the diagram All existing damage inaccessible areas and other unusual situations should be indicated All details of construction including e The materials of which the outside walls and foundations are made e g concrete block stone etc and whether the foundation extends below grade The places where it will be necessary to drill through the concrete floor such as in door ways and driveways Whether the building has a basement or a crawl space or is a concrete slab on grade The locations where ventilators should be installed The conditions that may be conducive to termite attack such as improper grade Other pertinent information 1 Sanitation of the building site 2 structural and construction defects and 3 barriers mechanical or chemical Remove all tree roots and stumps from the building site before starting construction Remove spreader boards and grade stakes before concrete
256. y kaa aaa sasam sasana Old house borer 3 In rough bark covered wood small exit holes about 1 8 inch im diameter Inner side of bark and surface of wood itself engraved with gal leries old damage can t reinfest dried wood NO control required a Bark beetle Chapter 2 18 4 Pinholes and slender galleries in sapwood fre quently of southern yellow pine The burrows and area around them stained dark by the action of fungi old damage can t reinfest dried wood no control required Ambrosia beetle 5 No openings or very few and these are usually sealed over Extensive galleries run lengthwise usually in the springwood and are packed with a hard mastic like frass May infest many old cellulose objects near or in contact with the soil gasas aaa asnapa niaaa Subterranean termites 6 Distinct round openings to outside of wood when split open it reveals very thorough excavation Galleries contain considerable amounts of coarse hard sandlike frass each pellet having rounded ends and six longitudi nal depressions No mastic like frass or very fine powder Drywood termites 7 Timbers with extensive galleries that are sand paper smooth often with rounded edges and contain no frass Coarse sawdust may be found near damage a Carpenter ants 8 Wood with 1 3 to 1 2 inch round holes on side edge or end leading int
257. zuron pyriproxyfen and methoprene parasitic nematodes Examples include chlorpyrifos and diazinon Examples include bifenthrin cyfluthrin cypermethrin deltamethrin and permethrin In response to dermal exposure some people may experience a skin sensitivity called paresthesia similar to the naturally derived pyrethrins Diffusible properties allow treatment of wood species that cannot be treated well by pressure All are nervous system poisons ranging in toxicity from slightly to highly toxic Slow action allows the chemical to be widely spread throughout the colony as termite workers feed and groom one another environ mentally safe and of low mammalian toxicity A means of delivering termiticide to areas difficult to reach with liquid formulations Management of Wood destr oying Pests Include disease causing fungi and bacteria and A large family of modern synthetic insecticides 48 49 50 51 List methods for applying borates to wood Organophosphate insecticides are broken down in humans mainly by the A Liver B Kidney C Blood D Skin An example of how an insect growth regulator functions in an insect is by A Interfering with respiration B Interfering with mobility C Interfering with molting D Interfering with sight Describe how foaming agents work Chapter 3 52 Which is true about fumigants A 53 A 54 57 54 59 56 57 They a

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