Wheel Loss - A Risk No One Can Run!
Contents
1. Tighten the nuts gradually to 50 ft lbs 6 91 kgm 3 Tighten the nuts gradually to the recommended torque Note All threads are right handed Flange Lubricate here Nut lllustr ation 6 Two piece flange nut 4 Before reinstalling two piece flange nuts lubricate with a few drops of oil between the cap nut and the washer as shown in illustration 6 N B When changing a stud on a 10 stud assembly Illustration 4 is called for adjacent studs should be replaced In cases where the assembly has fewer than 10 studs all of them should be replaced at once since the remainder have been subjected to greater stress and resulting metal fatigue could lead to breakage Spoke wheels 7 1 Verification NB Follow the wheel manufacturer s instructions if dif ferent from below E You must 1 Examine the rim mounting surfaces to make sure that there is no dirt or foreign body to prevent good contact defect or wear pattern rim clamp slippage Illustration 7 burror foreign body file smooth if necessary Check for cracked or broken spokes Replace the spacer band if it is in any way damaged See that threads are clean and free of defects Make sure that the rim clamps are in good condition Check that the valve locators are in the proper posi tion and in good shape Illustration 7 lllustr ation 7 Valve locators and slippage 7 2 Torquing Recommended Diameter Threads Dry Torqu2. Wheel oss E risk no one can run Soci t de l assurance automobile Qu bec r 1 Wheel Loss LOS V SOCIETE DE L ASSURANCE AUTOMOBILE DU QUEBEC Research Gilbert Lacroix Education science specialist Brochure aussi disponible en francais Acknowledgrrerts Acknowledgments The author is grateful for the collaboration of the following persons in the preparation of this wheel installation manual Mr Francois Vaillancourt Alcoa Inter America inc Representative for wheel sales eastern Canada Mr Michel Drapeau eng Mr Yves Boulanger eng Soci t de transport de la Rive Sud de Montr al Mr Denis Cayer Facility advisor Association sectorielle transport entreposage Mr Pierre Lachapelle Training specialist Goodyear Canada inc Mr Pierre Coulombe foreman Mr Michel Meunier career consellor Mr Michel Savignac career consellor Centre de formation en transport de Charlesbourg Mr Henry Dawson Education Science Specialiste Soci t de l assurance automobile du Qu bec Direction des communications Legal deposit Biblioth que nationale du Qu bec 4 quarter 1998 ISBN 2 550 30778 Foreword This manual prepared by the road safety policy and pro grams division of the Soci t de l assurance automobile du Qu bec is intended to raise the awareness of heavy vehicle owners wheel installers drivers and maintenance staff on the importance of proper wheel inst
3. and left handed on the left side of the vehicle The stud standout should be stamped L for LEFT or R for RIGHT N B This type of mounting requires an inner cap nut to centre and hold the inner wheel on a dual assembl and a ball seated nut to secure the outer whee Illustrations 1 and 2 You must 1 Tighten the inner cap nut Illustration 1 to a 50 ft lbs 6 91 kgm torque using the proper sequence Illustration 3 2 Tighten the nuts gradually to the recommended torque 3 Tighten the outer nut Illustration 2 to a 50 ft lbs 6 91 kgm torque using the proper sequence Illustration 3 4 Tighten the nuts gradually to the recommended torque Illustr ation 1 Inner cap nut Illustration 2 Ball seat mount cap nut Ist Ball set cap nts T5 lllustr ation 3 Torque sequence 6 and 10 stud wheels Apply no lubricant to the ball seat or threads Lubricant changes the torque value and can overstress the stud resul ng in stripped threads Nuts that are not tightened to the correct torque lead to premature stud wear damaged ball seats and most seriously wheels coming off Studs Hub Drum Inner wheel Illustr ation 4 Studs and nuts Important On a dual stud located wheel assembly the outer wheel nuts must be loosened slightly and the inner wheel tightened to the recommended torque Then tighten the outer wheel following the torque sequence shown Illustration 3 When changing a st
4. 100 miles of service following installation Keep wheels clean so as to more easily spot cracks oil leaks loose nuts or any other damage Be attentive to the slightest oil leak which points to a damaged hub ring seal or that a wheel bearing is about to slip out of the cup Do not hesitate to remove a suspect wheel to examine the bearings If lubricant is leaking this situation must be corrected at once Check wheels after an unusual manoeuvre such as sudden braking to ensure no nut stud or wheel has been damaged Wheels can be loosened in a sharp turn involving contact with the edge of a sidewalk An immediate inspection of those wheels is called for g a E k T Vihe changing The safe way to change heavy vehicle wheels All types These points apply to changing a wheel on the road 3 Applies to spoke wheels 41 Preparation The driver must 1 Bring his vehicle to a stop away from traffic on a solid flat surface preferably rest stop garage capable of supporting the weight of the load 2 Apply the parking brake 3 Make sure that the transmission is in first gear 4 Puton the hazard lights 5 Use warning lamps flares or reflective accessoires specified in the Regulation respecting mechanical inspection and safety standards for road vehicles as follows ona road with two way traffic flares lamps or emergency reflectors must be placed on the traffic side of the roadway two at 3 m and 30
5. allation and securing for safe travel This is not a text of law For any question of a legal nature please refer to the Highway Safety Code and attendant regulations The information contained in this manual does not bind the SAAQ Please note that the masculine form is used in some instances in this Ans to include the female gender with the sole intent of read ity Reproduction in whole or in part is allowed as long as the source is indicated Please address your comments and suggestions concerning this manual in care of Service de la s curit et de l ing nierie des v hicules Direction des politiques et des programmes de s curit routiere Soci t de l assurance automobile du Qu bec PO Box 19600 333 boulevard Jean Lesage C 4 21 Qu bec Qu bec GIK 8J6 Corterts Contents 4 WwW N H 4 1 4 2 4 3 5 5 1 5 2 6 6 1 6 2 7 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 8 9 Intr oduction Responsibility Gener al Principles The safe way to change heavy vehicle wheels all types Preparation Verification Mounting Disc wheel with stud located ball seat mounting Verification Torquing Hub piloted wheels Verification Torquing Spoke wheels Verification Torquing Rim alignment check spoke wheel Correction of rim deviation Tightening on the road Wheel Bear ings Bibliogr aphy Oo co co 10 11 14 14 15 17 17 18 20 21 21 22 23 Wheel Loss A risk no one c
6. an run 1 Introduction Having wheels coming off a heavy vehicle is generally due to poor assembly badly adjusted bearings or improper lubri cation or the result of inadequate maintenance and inspec tion This manual summarizes safe practices for the instal lation and proper maintenance of spoke hub and bud wheels It gives specific advice on securing wheels safety rules and tightening procedures to keep the wheel in place according to the type of mounting system used for each 2 Responsibility Taking preventive action is the only way to avoid wheels fly ing off The vehicle owner wheel installer driver and per son in charge of vehicle maintenance all have a role to play The owner must make sure that the person who installs wheels or maintains wheel bearings on his vehicle has the know how and ability to do that type of work The installer by reason of his skills in the field must strictly observe installation standards and keep abreast of developments so that the vehicle will be safe not only for the driver but for other road users as well The driver is responsible for doing a safety check on the vehicle before setting out and during a trip as required by regulation before going back on the roadway after a rest or a stop at a restaurant for instance The driver is the person closest to the vehicle and must take responsibility for detecting anything out of the ordinary as far as the wheels or bearings are concerned
7. and see to it that needed repairs are done before taking to the road The person in charge of maintenance must ensure that the carrier s preventive maintenance program contains a section on the installation inspection maintenance and repair of wheels and bearings r 3 lt g a k T Gener al Principles Being responsible means you Use a torque wrench preferably to tighten nuts to the recommended degree OR use an impact wrench equipped with a torque stick the length of which corresponds to the wheel manu facturer s recommended torque Make sure when using an impact wrench not fitted with a torque stick to tighten nuts that it is well adjusted so torque values will be within recommend ed limits Nut tightening must be checked and fin ished off with a torque wrench Too much torque can be as dangerous as too little Calibrate torque wrenches at least once yearly Some brands of torque wrench have not been cabibrated by the manufacturer prior to purchase these must be calibrated before use Be attentive to the fact that when a reconditioned disc wheel is used the layers of protective paint can amount to 012 in 304 mm thick and could flake off under heat resulting in loosening of the wheel All traces of paint must be removed prior to tightening Wheels must be reconditioned according to the manufacturer s specifications Retorque nuts on wheels after the first 80 to 160 km 50 to
8. d in sections 5 2 and 6 2 3 10 Check the wheel alignment according to the proce dure in section 7 3 11 Apply the parking brake 12 Lower the wheel to the ground and check torque 13 Remove the jack the chocks and reflectors 14 Check the torque again after travelling between 80 and 160 km 50 and 100 miles Ball set cap nts Disc wheel with stud located ball seat mounting Ball seat cap nuts 5 1 Verification NB Follow the wheel manufacturer s instructions if dif ferent from below You must Make sure the contact surfaces between the wheel and the drum are clean before mounting a wheel Check for cracks on the wheel or worn stud holes Check both sides of the disc area to see that there is no crack or warp Examine the entire wheel to see that there is no crack or gouge and no air leaking See that the threads on studs and nuts are clean and free of defects Be watchful for rust or dirt around a nut which usu ally indicates it has been loose Remember Installing a stud located wheel on a pilot mounted hub or vice versa can prove dangerous 5 2 Torquing Ball Seat Recommended Cap Nuts Diameter Threads Dry Torque TL Sandard Tye Qm ig 4501500 felbs 11 8 62 21 to 69 13 kgm Important aluminium wheels only If a thread lubricant is used reduce the torque to 350 to 400 ft lbs 48 39 kgm to 55 30 kgm Remember The threads are right handed on the right side of the vehicle
9. e 5 8 11 160 to 200 ft lbs 22 12 to 27 65 kgm 3 4 10 200 to 260 ft lbs 27 65 to 35 94 kgm Use a torque wrench to tighten rim clamps evenly in the sequence shown Illustration 8 lllustr ation 8 Tor que sequence Illustr ation 9 Rim clamps and spacers Important Do not den rim nuts excessively Overtorquing can deform the rim spacer and damage the back flange Illustration 9 and may lead to loss of a wheel Illustration 10a Heel less Rim Clamp Heel less Check position of rim clamps 1 Heel less rim clamps Illustration 10a should not contact the spoke 2 Hell type clamps Illustration 10b should not bottom before 8096 of final torque is reached and may have up to 1 4 gap between the heel and the spoke when fully torqued If proper fit is not achieved check spacer or rim clamp compatibility S Illustration 10b Hell Type Rim Clamp Rim Clamp Spoke wheds 7 3 Rim aligment check spoke wheel Clamp Wooden block Illustration 11 Checking rim aligment Proceed as follows M Place a block of wood at 1 2 12 mm from the wheel M rotate the wheel slowly so you can see any variation HM correct any variation over 1 16 1 6 mm on the front wheel and 1 8 3 mm on the rear wheels 7 4 Correction of rim deviation You must M Rotate the wheel slowly bringing the chalk to the point where it makes a mark on the tire this is max imum deviation Illustratio
10. m to the rear of the vehicle and a third at 30 m ahead of the disabled vehicle on a divided highway emergency reflectors must be placed on the roadway 3 30 and 60 m to the rear of the vehicle facing oncoming traf fic 6 Place chocks under the wheels 7 Install the jack in the recommended location 8 Loosen nuts up to 1 2 a turn 9 Jack the vehicle up so that the tire on the wheel to be replaced no longer touches the road 10 Loosen nuts without removing them risk of clamps flying off 11 Use a hammer to dislodge the clamps 12 Remove the nuts the clamps 13 Remove the outside wheel 3 and the spacer band if necessary the inner wheel if necessary 4 2 Verification M For disc stud located wheels see section 5 1 M For disc hub piloted wheels see section 6 1 M For spoke wheels see section 7 1 43 Mounting The driver must 1 Place the inner wheel back in the same spot as prior to removal if possible 2 Make sure the valve stem is in the right location 3 3 Replace the spacer between the wheels dual assem bly 4 Replace the outer wheel and centre the valve dual assembly 5 Tighten the nuts slightly to about 50 ft lbs 6 91 kgm 6 Ensure that the wheel chocks are in place and the transmission is in first gear 7 Tighten nuts according to the procedure described in section 7 2 30 Release the parking brake 9 Tighten wheels according to the procedure describe
11. n 11 Slightly loosen the nut on the side with the greatest deviation Tighten the nuts opposite to this nut one quarter turn at a time without overtorquing Check for deviation again If there has been no change look for deformed crushed or broken part or other defect Bi Repeat the operation if necessary Note Deviation that is difficult to correct could point to a damaged component in which case the entire assembly mut be checked again Tightenin B the os Tightening wheels without the use of a torque wrench is considered a temporary solution which should be repeat ed every 80 to 160 km 50 to 100 miles until the wheels can be properly tightened with a torque wrench see General Principles p 6 If you have someone do the torquing on your vehicle ask the person to write down the torque and the date the wrench was last calibrated E 5 3 hea Berings Wheel Bearings According to the results of an investigation ordered in September 1995 by the government of Maryland USA the lack of proper lubrication for wheel bearings was among the main causes of wheel loss accidents What occurs is that the bearings overheat due to a lack of lubricant Without proper lubrication tiny pieces of metal wear off the bearings and fall into the lubricating fluid and serve as grinding compound for the bearing mecahnism Once the mechanism is weakened the lack of support for the hub wheel drum assembly resul
12. ts in the long term in wheel separation There can be no doubt Drivers and maintenance personel must pay more attention to the inspection and maintenance of wheel assemblies M At what intervals must bearings be replaced when grease is used M At what intervals should the level of lubricant be checked if oil is used M At what intervals must the wheels be raised and rotat ed to check for bearing noise cracked bearings or excessive play poorly adjusted M Has the driver been shown how to take hub temper ature when inspecting tires on the vehicle in the course of the daily safety check If not delaying could spell disaster Happy trails 1 See Wheel Loss Due to Faulty Bearings also available free of charge from the Soci t de l assurance automobile du Qu bec Bibliogr aphy Webb Wheel Products Inc Installation Service and Safety Instructions IM 494 Supersedes IM 989 REV1 Alcoa Alcoa Aluminum Truck Wheel Service Manual And Operating Instructions January 1994 Mack Manuel d entretien des camions routiers Chapter 7 TMC The Mhintenance Council Recommended Maintenance Practices Manual 1994 1995 Kenworth Maintenance Manual Chapter 2 Wheels Rims and Tires Centre de formation en transport de Charlesbourg Qu bec M thode s curitaire pour changer une roue sur un v hicule lourd all types of wheels adaptation C 3257 A
13. ud on a 10 stud assembly Illustration 4 is called for adjacent studs should be replaced In cases where the assembly has fewer than 10 studs all of them should be replaced at once since the remainder have been subjected to greater stress and resulting metal fatigue could lead to breakage ES wheel Nuts Hub piloted wheels Wheel 6 1 Verification NB Follow the wheel manufacturer s instructions if dif ferent from below You must Make sure the contact surfaces between the wheel and the drum are clean before mounting a wheel Check for cracks on the wheel or worn stud holes Check both sides of the disc area to see that there is no crack or warp Examine the entire wheel to see that there is no crack or nick and no air leaking See that the threads on studs and nuts are clean and free of defects M Be watchful for rust or dirt around a nut which usu ally indicates it has been loose Remember Installing a stud located wheel on a pilot mounted hub or vice versa can prove dangerous 6 2 Torquing Wrench Recommended Size Diameter Threads Dry Torque 11 2 M22 1 5 450 to 500 ft lbs 33 mm 62 21 to 69 13 kgm Important aluminium wheels only If a thread lubricant is used reduce the torque to 350 to 400 ft lbs 48 39 kgm to 59 30 kgm Illustr ation 5 Torque sequence 8 and 10 stud wheels You must n 1 Use a torque wrench to tighten in the proper sequence Illustration 5 2
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