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1. Theresa Bradley Fiscella Jeannette Ramirez Teresa M Roncal Cornelis de Haan Daniele P Giovannucci Juan Carlos Alvarez Enzo de Laurentiis Manuel Vargas C Izquierdo Gonzalez Supervision ICR Paola Agostini Jeannette Ramirez Teresa M Roncal Diana P Rebolledo Juan Pablo Ruiz Beatriz Elena Franco John V Kellenberg Natalia Gomez George C Ledec Stefano P Pagiola Claudia Sobrevila Gunars H Platais Cornelis de Haan Jill M Blockhus Alejandra Torres Monica Rodriguez German Andrade Marisol Leal Daniel Uribe Jorge Kamine Manuel Vargas Title Sr Economist Sr Natural Resources Mgmt Spec Sector Manager Senior Corporate Strategy Officer Operations Officer Operations Analyst Consultant Consultant Senior Counsel Manager Sr Financial Management Spec Finance Assistant Sr Economist Operations Officer Operations Analyst Language Program Assistant Sr Natural Resources Mgmt Spec Program Assistant Sector Manager ENV Rural development Spec Lead Ecologist Sr Environmental Economist Sr Biodiversity Spec Sr Environmental Economist Consultant Consultant Consultant Consultant Consultant Consultant Consultant Counsel Sr Financial Management Spec Unit AFTEN LCSEN ARD CSRSI LCSAR LCSAR ARD LCSEN LEGLA LCSPT LCSFM LOADM AFTEN LCSAR LCSAR LCSAR LCSEN LCSAR ECSSD LCSAR LCSEN ENV ENV LCSEN ARD ARD LCSEN LCSEN LCSEN LCSEN LCSEN LEGLA LCSFM Resp
2. achievement Indicator 9 Value quantitative or Qualitative Date achieved Comments incl achievement Indicator 10 Value quantitative or Qualitative Date achieved Comments incl achievement Indicator 11 with their agricultural production Specific recommendations for best ranching practices to sustain higher biodiversity and increase ranch yield disseminated among farmers community organizations policymakers and regional networks A minimum of 1 200 farmers 12 5 097 farmers 77 NGOs and or ee a community based y No such information penen groups policy exists policymakers and makers and f regional networks regional networks oi me receiving relevant receiving relevant E information in formation 07 23 2002 01 31 2008 02 21 2008 This indicator is a testament to the success the project had in reaching farmers technical staff and decision makers Once changes were introduced and results demonstrated there was a considerable amount of interest in the training sessions and peer to peer training sessions sponsored by the project Income in pilot farms increased by 10 during the project s duration Dollar income per hectare revenues minus direct costs for Costa Rica 252 Nicaragua 180 and Dollar income per Dollar income per hectare hectare revenues revenues minus direct minus direct costs costs for Costa Rica for Costa Rica 162 Nicaragua 111 2 162 9 Nicaragua
3. Annex 10 GEF Tracking rola ii 81 MAPS Silvopastoral Project Study Sites ooooconoconococonnconnnnnncconncconoconn nono corn ncconocnnos 82 A Basic Information Country Project ID ICR Date Lending Instrument Original Total Commitment Latin America P072979 05 28 2008 SIL USD 4 5M Environmental Category B Implementing Agencies Centro Agron mico Tropical de Investigaci n y Ense anza CATIE Center for Research on Sustainable Agricultural Production Systems CIPAV in Colombia Institute of Research and Development of the University of Central America NITLAPAN UCA in Nicaragua Project Name L C TF Number s ICR Type Borrower Disbursed Amount Global Focal Area B Integrated Silvopastoral Approaches to Ecosystem Management TF 50612 Core ICR CATIE USD 4 5M Cofinanciers and Other External Partners LEAD FAO American Bird Conservancy B Key Dates Process Date Process Original Date act me a Concept Review 01 18 2001 Effectiveness 08 02 2002 07 23 2002 Appraisal 12 03 2001 Restructuring s Approval 05 02 2002 Mid term Review 04 17 2006 04 27 2006 Closing 07 31 2007 01 31 2008 C Ratings Summary C 1 Performance Rating by ICR Outcomes Satisfactory Risk to Global Environment Outcome Negligible or Low Bank Performance Satisfactory Borrower Performance Satisfactory C 2 Detailed Ratings of Bank and Borrower Performance Bank Ratings Borrower Ratings
4. BM Qu ha significado en t rminos productivos el cambio para la finca Respuestas Duplicar la capacidad de engorde de los novillos La suma de buena gen tica y buena comida genera mejor productividad ganadera Pas de 300 400 gramos de ganancia de peso diaria a 800 900 gramos Eduardo Marulanda No llevo datos pero tengo un mejor nivel de vida mejor calidad de vida de mi familia por el mejoramiento de la finca con el silvopastoreo Cuando ten a caf llevaba bien los datos me endeudaba para comprar insumos y me quebr Ahora no llevo insumos a la finca Ahora desteto a los 8 meses terneros as de 200 kg Sin suplementaci n concentrados Antes destetaba de 230 kg Pero con suplementaci n Olimpo Montes Las zonas que estaban improductivas y pendientes le sacamos el ganado y se cambiaron para producir c tricos Las zonas aptas para la ganader a doblaron su carga Las ganancias de peso pasaron de 300 gramos dia a 700 gramos dia Alfonso L pez Reina El modelo ganadero imperante en la regi n tiene una alta demanda de insumos Debemos tener la capacidad de producir la comida en la propia finca Mejor las vacas que tengo con 13 litros diarios en promedio y no quiero tener vacas con 40 litros pero que demandan alta cantidad de insumos Diego Turriago 51 Beneficios en el suelo aumento de coberturas aumenta la aireaci n del suelo La rentabilidad es el doble teniendo en cuenta el punto de partida in
5. Biodiversidad Evoluci n y Conservaci n 30 de abril 5 de mayo 2007 Art culos Tobar D Ibrahim M 2007 Mariposas del paisaje ganadero del bosque subh medo tropical Esparza Costa Rica Turrialba C R CATIE 2007 37p il Materiales de Capacitaci n Informe t cnico CATIE no 351 ISBN 978 9977 57 429 5 Materiales de Capacitaci n Tobar D Ibrahim M Casasola F 2007 Diversidad de mariposas en un paisaje agropecuario del Pac fico Central de Costa Rica Agroforester a en las am ricas No 45 a o 2007 ISSN 1022 7482 Art culos Tobar D Ibrahim M S ez J 2007 Aves del paisaje ganadero del bosque subh medo tropical Esparza Costa Rica Turrialba C R CATIE 2007 36p il Materiales de Capacitaci n Informe t cnico CATIE no 350 ISBN 978 9977 57 428 8 Materiales de Capacitaci n Villanueva C Tobar D Ibrahim M Casasola F 2006 RBOLES DISPERSOS EN POTREROS EN FINCAS GANADERAS DE ESPARZA COSTA RICA In IV Congreso Latinoamericano de Agroforester a en CUBA III Simposio sobre Sistemas Silvopastoriles para la Producci n Ganadera Sostenible 24 al 28 de octubre 2006 Seminarios y Congresos Villanueva C Tobar D Ibrahim M Casasola F 2006 rboles dispersos en potreros en fincas ganaderas del tr pico subhumedo de costa Rica In IV Congreso Latinoamericano de Agroforester a en CUBA III Simposio sobre Sistemas Silvopastoriles para la Producci n Ganadera Sosteni
6. Environmental Services Index ESI The projects partners conducted a rigorous procedure to quantify the environmental services provide by each land use system This process included the review of current scientific information consultation with technical experts from the World Bank FAO LEAD CATIE CIPAV ABC and Nitlapan and multidisciplinary analysis The ESI distinguishes 28 different land uses see Table A9 1 The biodiversity conservation index was scaled with the most biodiversity poor land uses degraded pasture and annual crops set at 0 0 and the most biodiversity rich land use primary forest set at 1 0 Within this range a panel of experts assigned points to each land use taking into consideration factors such as the number of species their spatial arrangement stratification plot size and fruit production Similarly the carbon sequestration index assigns points to different land uses according to their capacity to sequester stable carbon in the soil and in hard wood The index is scaled so that 1 point equals about 10tC ha year As payments in this case come solely from the GEF only global benefits were included in the ESI 79 Table A9 1 Environmental service indices used in the Silvopastoral Project Points per hectare unless otherwise specified Carbon Environment Biodiversit sequestratio al services Land use y index n index Index ESI Annual crops 0 0 0 0 0 0 Degraded pasture 0 0 0 0 0 0 Natural pastu
7. Table A 5 4 Financial indicators for farms with improved pasture with varying density of tree cover Indicator Improved IP 10 IP 20 IP 30 IP 40 Pasture IP tree cover tree cover tree cover tree cover IRR 21 21 23 18 IRR with PES 30 33 35 32 8 NPV US 185 260 331 119 NPV US with PES 300 422 492 280 2 28 Financial Indicators for farms with improved pasture with varying degrees of tree cover NPV 600 CS SE 500 400 e B a e NPV US gt s NPV US with PES 200 100 Improved Pasture tree cover Research in the Cauca Valley and Caribbean region of the Magdalena River has shown positive results for high tree density 10 000 ha rotational pastoral system which allows for more than 4 dairy cows per hectare per year They have shown the advantages of planting leucaena Leucaena spp in association with Arizona Prosopis julifolora and improved pasture Cynodon plestostachyus Panicum maximum over nitrogen fertilized monoculture pasture Lafaurie J F et al 2007 This intensive silvopastoral system iSPS has also been shown to have the added positive results of 1 reducing greenhouse gases through the complete elimination of the application of nitrogen based synthetic fertilizers urea and others 2 reducing dependency or elimination of concentrated feed and 3 the capacity to store
8. payment and identify the interventions producing the best results in terms of land use change induction and SPS adoption The popularity of the project was reported to have resulted in a degree of resentment by some farmers who wished to participate but could not be included because of limited funding This also complicated the selection of control groups and contributed to the sub optimal selection of farmers for the control group at one of the sites c Environmental Services Index To provide payments closely correlated to levels of service provision the project developed indices of biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration under different land uses then aggregated them into a single environmental services index ESI Pagiola et al 2007 The ESI distinguishes 28 different land uses see Table A9 1 The biodiversity conservation index was scaled with the most biodiversity poor land uses degraded pasture and annual crops set at 0 0 and the most biodiversity rich land use primary forest set at 1 0 Within this range a panel of experts assigned points to each land use taking into consideration factors such as the number of species their spatial arrangement stratification plot size and fruit production Similarly the carbon sequestration index assigns points to different land uses according to their capacity to sequester stable carbon in the soil and in hard wood The index is scaled so that 1 point equals about 10tC ha
9. reconversi n ganadera Deben haber sinergias entre los sistemas regionales y departamentales de reas protegidas SIRAP y SIDAP respectivamente Jorge Hern n L pez Red de Reservas Naturales de la Sociedad Civil Resnatur 56 En la gesti n ambiental de paises en desarrollo existe una gran incertidumbre por los cambios permanentes en las administraciones como las corporaciones aut nomas autoridades ambientales en colombia En este caso de la ganader a se ha demostrado que es un proceso de largo plazo y las propuestas deben permitir mejorar la calidad del ganado pero de la mano del cuidado del suelo por lo que debe haber convivencia entre conservaci n y producci n Nosotros ofrecemos continuidad y una mirada a largo plazo a estos procesos por eso les decimos que la CRQ particip antes y durante el proyecto y continuar haci ndolo as por ejemplo ya estamos trabajando con CIPAV en la zona alta del r o Quind o donde las reas de conservaci n de bosques reguladores de agua deben ir explorando las posibilidad de coexistir con la silvicultura ganadera invitamos al banco mundial a acompa arnos en otros proyectos estamos listos y ofrecemos las contrapartidas como en este proyecto Carlos Alberto Franco Director CRO Son complementarios los proyectos GEF Andes y GEF Silvopastoril en la incidencia en temas de conservaci n En muchas ocasiones la nica posibilidad de conservaci n se da en agroecosistemas degradados Es un tra
10. Fedegan No 101 Colombia Murgueitio E Naranjo J Cuartas C 2007 La Ganader a y la Reforestaci n una pareja rentable que incrementa la productividad el empleo rural y genera servicios ambientales Revista Carta Fedeg n No 102 Colombia Murgueitio E Cuartas C Giraldo Carolina 2006 Consejos pr cticos sobre recursos naturales El agua Revista Carta Fedeg n No 93 42 42 Colombia Murgueitio E Cuartas C Giraldo Carolina 2006 rboles amigos del ganado Almacenadores de agua Revista Carta Fedeg n No 93 43 43 Colombia Murgueitio E Cuartas C Giraldo Carolina 2006 Ganader a sostenible Compactacion y p rdida de suelo Revista Carta Fedeg n No 93 44 44 Colombia Murgueitio E Cuartas C Giraldo Carolina 2006 Producci n limpia Clasificaci n Toxicol gica de agroqu micos Revista Carta Fedeg n No 93 44 44 Colombia Murgueitio E Cuartas C Giraldo Carolina 2006 Sistemas silvopastoriles Qu son Revista Carta Fedeg n No 93 45 45 Colombia Murgueitio E Cuartas C Giraldo Carolina 2006 Mercados ambientales Mercados Verdes Revista Carta Fedeg n No 93 45 45 Colombia Murgueitio E Cuartas C Giraldo Carolina 2006 Protecci n de nacimientos y fuentes de agua Revista Carta Fedeg n No 94 62 63 Colombia Murgueitio E Cuartas C Giraldo Carolina 2006 Plantas protectoras de nacimientos de agua Bore y Nacedero Revista Carta Fedeg n No 94 63 64 Colomb
11. Finally the further development of the methodologies to measure carbon sequestration biodiversity and water quality as well as the lessons learned on the cost benefits of SPS and the mechanisms of payment for ecological services directly benefited a number of initiatives in other countries in Latin America and other continents see Section 2 5 for details 1 5 Original Components Component 1 Ecosystems Enhancement and Capacity Building US 4 8 million of which US 1 5 million GEF Under this component the program strengthened local organizations to train and assist farmers in the introduction of silvopastoral systems and more generally support them in management of sustainable livestock production systems and integrated ecosystems A series of activities at different levels were carried out in each of the three countries targeted to a wide range of stakeholders Component 2 Monitoring Environmental Services US 0 95 million of which US 0 90 GEF This component prepared and implemented a system to monitor land use changes carbon sequestration biodiversity and water quality to provide accurate information and understanding of the potential of intensified SPS in providing global ecological services and local socioeconomic benefits The key elements were the monitoring of bird populations as an indicator for biodiversity soil organic matter to measure carbon sequestration and aquatic fauna as water quality indicator These indicators
12. Hidrol gica Serran a de Dari n y el Area Protegida de Cangl n Filo del Tallo y la Laguna de Matusagarati de la Provincia de Dari n Ministerio de la Presidencia de Panam Montaje de modelos de ganader a basados en Sistemas Silvopastoriles en seis subregiones lecheras de Colombia Desarrollo de servicios ambientales en zonas ganaderas de la cuenca del r o La Vieja CVC Dise o e implementaci n de un modelo de monitoreo t cnico y econ mico para ganader a sostenible MADR IICA FEDEGAN FNG Mejoramiento de la productividad y calidad de carne mediante modelos de sistemas silvopastoriles intensivos asociados a maderables hac a una ganader a sostenible en la Terraza de Ibagu MADR Producci n de carne bovina ecol gica con modelos de Sistemas silvopastoriles intensivos en el norte del departamento de Sucre MADR Fortalecimiento a las iniciativas de conservaci n y producci n sostenible de la sociedad civil en dos subregiones de influencia y amortiguaci n de la serran a y PNN Yarigui s Fondo para la Acci n Ambiental Aunar esfuerzos y recursos f sicos y econ micos para la transferencia de tecnolog as y promoci n de pr cticas sostenibles para minimizar el impacto generado por actividades agropecuarias ca a de az car y ganader a en zonas de ladera CVC Incrementar y mantener sostenible la producci n y calidad de la leche en el distrito de Caquet sin incrementar el rea geogr fica y promoviendo usos de la tierra com
13. LEAD funding and their was some level of success in sustainability of the project for mainstreaming PES in particular in Colombia and Costa Rica During the implementation of the project voluntary carbon funds and CDM carbon offsets was only targeting forest ecosystems among others and therefore it was difficult to negotiate compensation for C in SPS of the project However in the recent guidelines published for VCF compensation will be provided for reduction of emissions of green house gases in livestock systems and this may be a good opportunity for developing PES for carbon However cattle production is carried out in watersheds with high value for provision of environmental services and therefore there are greater possibilities for negotiating PES for SPS in these areas where there is a demand and compensation for PES e g private sector for hydro electricity 5 6 The project has been very successful in impacting on decisions of policy and decision makers in the Central America region and in the South of America including Colombia and Ecuador 5 7 The technical support provided by experts of the World Bank was critical for the success of this project 43 ADDITIONAL COMMENTS RECEIVED FROM THE CENTRE FOR RESEARCH ON SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS CIPAV COLOMBIA Importance to Colombia of the Silvopastoral Approaches to Ecosystem Management Project Unlike Costa Rica where a PES scheme was already operating for Colombi
14. Lugo Espa a Libro de actas p p 192 Seminarios y Congresos Ibrahim M Villanueva C Casasola F Rojas J 2006 SISTEMAS SILVOPASTORILES COMO UNA HERRAMIENTA PARA EL MEJORAMIENTO DE LA PRODUCTIVIDAD Y RESTAURACI N DE LA INTEGRIDAD ECOL GICA DE PAISAJES GANADEROS In IV Congreso Latinoamericano de Agroforester a en CUBA III Simposio sobre Sistemas Silvopastoriles para la Producci n Ganadera Sostenible 24 al 28 de octubre 2006 Art culos Ibrahim M Chac n M Cuartas C Naranjo J Ponce G Vega P Casasola F Rojas J 2007 Almacenamiento de carbono en el suelo y la biomasa arb rea en sistemas de usos de la tierra en paisajes ganaderos de Colombia Costa Rica y Nicaragua Agroforester a en las Am ricas No 45 a o 2007 ISSN 1022 7482 Art culos Ibrahim M Rojas J Villanueva C 2007 Tecnolog as Forrajeras para La Intensificaci n de la Ganader a y La Conservaci n de Recursos Naturales en el Tr pico Producci n y Manejo de Los Recursos Forrajeros Tropicales ISBN 970 95299 00 pp 133 156 Chapter in a book Ibrahim M Sep lveda C 2007 Metodolog as y Objetivos del Proyecto GEF Silvopastoril In Seminario sobre lecciones aprendidas del proyecto GEF Silvopastoril 23 Octubre 2007 UCA Nicaragua Seminarios y Congresos Ibrahim M Villanueva C Editores t cnicos 2007 El pago de servicios ambientales como herramienta para la restauraci n ecol gica de paisajes ganaderos Agrofo
15. Quality at Entry Satisfactory Government Satisfactory Quality of Supervision Satisfactory es Satisfactory Overall Bank Satisfactory Overall Borrower Satisfactory Performance Performance C 3 Quality at Entry and Implementation Performance Indicators Implementation Indicators Performance Potential Problem Project at any time Yes No Problem Project at any time Yes No GEO rating before f Satisfacto Closing Inactive status Ed D Sector and Theme Codes Sector Code as of total Bank financing Agricultural extension and research General agriculture fishing and forestry sector Theme Code Primary Secondary Biodiversity Climate change Land administration and management Other rural development Participation and civic engagement E Bank Staff Positions AtICR Vice President Pamela Cox Country Director Laura Frigenti Sector Manager Laura E Tlaiye Project Team Leader Juan Pablo Ruiz Project Co Team Leader N A ICR Team Leader Gunars H Platais ICR Primary Author Gunars H Platais QAG Assessments f aang Rating Quality at Entry QEA Quality of Supervision QSA None None Original Actual 50 50 Primary Primary Primary Primary Primary At Approval David de Ferranti Jane Armitage John Redwood Paola Agostini Cornelis de Haan F Results Framework Analysis Global Environment Objectives GEO and Key Indicators as approved To demonstrate and measure the effect
16. achievement SPS therefore targets were set conservatively final results demonstrated much greater achievements than expected at project start The number of species of birds and butterflies increased above the expected value and this may be explained by the increase in sampling frequency and the vegetation structure resulting in time More bird butterfly and ant species of interest for conservation were observed in silvopastoral habitats The introduction of live fences resulted in greater connectivity in the landscape for biodiversity conservation Increased biodiversity and environmental services generated through index developed and measured by the project Average index for 3 countries 0 39 07 23 2002 01 31 2008 02 21 2008 100 Since the biodiversity index was constructed after project start see Section 1 7 for information on its parameters no original target was available The biodiversity index developed by the project is being adopted by local and national organizations for monitoring biodiversity indicators Eco services payments implemented in each of the three target countries 265 farms receiving 292 farms ER eco services receiving eco a payments 92 in O farmers received eco services payments Costa Rica 98 in services payments in the 105 in Costa Rica INicaraoa and T tn N A 0 53 three countries 107 in Nicaragua Colombia 4 farms and 80 in a were sold in Costa Colombia Rica 07 23 200
17. and Colombia 440 8 116 9 and an Colombia 484 9 Colombia 913522 under review 07 23 2002 01 31 2008 02 21 2008 The project has shown that SPS once implemented are competitive with the alternative practices in place before the project Reduction in soil erosion in project areas Mean soil erosion in 3 Mean soil erosion countries 80 9 tons ha N A in 3 countries 44 1 tons ha 01 21 2008 01 31 2008 02 21 2008 In supervision mission 11 the team evaluated that it would be possible and very useful to include this indicator CATIE worked to develop the equations to estimate soil erosion in the different land uses Increase in stocking rate cows ha 1 8 cows ha 07 23 2002 N A 01 31 2008 2 5 cows ha 02 21 2008 The introduction of improved fodder technologies on farms resulted in improvements in socking rates Decrease in use of herbicides liters Value quantitative or 13 913 6 liters N A 7 899 9 liters Qualitative Date achieved 01 21 2008 01 31 2008 02 21 2008 Comments Improved management of silvopastoral technologies resulted in a reduction in the 0 incl use of herbicides achievement G Ratings of Project Performance in ISRs Actual No tas GEO IP Disbursements USD millions 1 06 25 2002 Satisfactory Satisfactory 0 00 2 12 19 2002 Satisfactory Satisfactory 0 45 3 06 25 2003 Satisfactory Satisfactory 0 73 4 12 22 2003 Satisfactory Satisfactory 1 09 5 06 22 2004 Satisfact
18. been reduced between 6 and 25 percent In the past government backed conversion of forest to other land uses such as large scale ranching was one of the leading causes of deforestation At project outset poverty joblessness and inequitable land distribution was forcing many landless peasants to clear the forest for subsistence farming The decline in productivity and the lack of appropriate technologies in the agricultural frontier forced many small farmers to sell cleared land to livestock farmers Over the last years considerable progress has been made in reforestation in particular in Costa Rica providing an overall picture of increasing forest cover However the contribution of such replacement plantation forest to biodiversity and even carbon sequestration and biodiversity is less than that of the primary forest Reducing the pressure on primary forest therefore remained important Classical approaches to conservation attempting to preserve pristine habitats within National Parks and other protected areas are necessary but insufficient in the face of growing pressure on land Driven by social and economic pressures and unsustainable land use patterns local settlers continue their expansion into the last remnants of native forests The silvopastoral technology proposed under the project could reduce the pressure and therefore complement the protected area management approach Colombia The project was consistent with the World Bank s ov
19. carry systems Alternative sourdes dt Runding for 18 policy initiatives promoting silvopastoral E systems and funding for PES were proposed 7 payment for eco services and alternative eee 12 in Costa Rica 5 in Colombia 6 in Nicaragua 4 measures to promote silvopastoral ae a of which implemented 3 in CR and 1 in systems identified and secured Colombia Specific recommendations for best ranching practices and land use that Specific recommendations for best ranching improve habitat heterogeneity to sustain practices and land use that improve habitat 13 higher biodiversity and increase ranch heterogeneity to sustain higher biodiversity and yield disseminated among minimum 1200 farmers 12 NGO s and or community based groups policy makers and regional networks increase ranch yield disseminated amongst 5 097 farmers 77 NGO s and or community based groups policy makers and regional networks 26 Annex 3 Economic and Financial Analysis The Regional Integrated Silvopastoral Approaches to Ecosystem Management Project is the first GEF supported project to apply silvopastoral practices associated with payment for environmental services A financial analysis was undertaken during preparation which sought to clarify whether investments in silvopastoral systems are financially viable and to ascertain the impact of payments for environmental services This was done by conducting a benefit cost analysis fo
20. farms showed the following variations whereby those least environmentally friendly decreased and those most desirable from a biodiversity perspective increased of total has per land use ae Land use type pte aoe 2003 2007 T Degraded Pastures 17 5 5 6 12 0 Natural Pastures 8 9 2 9 6 1 Improved Pastures 12 9 10 4 2 5 Natural Pastures w Trees 16 5 13 1 3 4 Improved Pastures w Trees 9 1 30 7 21 6 Fodder banks 1 1 3 1 2 1 Natural Succession 2 9 2 8 0 1 Forests 21 7 22 4 0 7 Intensive SPS 0 1 1 4 1 3 Other 9 3 7 71 1 3 Live fences km 354 6 1 341 9 278 3 Total area 2003 12 276 5 ha 2007 12 262 1 Source Project Indicators 2007 23 Component 4 Policy formulation and dissemination Table 4 shows outputs achieved compared to those committed in the original project design or as adjusted during its implementation Additional notes complement information provided in the table Table 4 Outputs achieved for Component 4 Original Targets or as adjusted by MTR Socioeconomic data available on key Actual Targets Achieved 5 studies on barriers to the adoption of SPS systems were developed 3 in Costa Rica 1 in Colombia and 1 in Nicaragua with 1 socioeconomic baseline per country was H 7 To p oe agopHon or developed barriers identified include high P y investment for SPS set up and high labor demand for intensive SPS management in cut and
21. institutions chosen to work on the project were already well established and solid organizations their association with the project has enhanced their ability to work on the agriculture environment nexus Staff of all three institutions was positively affected by the intra and inter institutional interactions and the capacity building opportunities the project offered These activities strengthened their collaboration with national and regional institutions such as CRQ in Colombia FONAFIFO in Costa Rica and FDL in Nicaragua and with the private sector FEDEGAN in Colombia NESTLE and CORFORGA of Costa Rica and Rainforest Alliance c Other Unintended Outcomes and Impacts positive or negative if any Knowledge transfer The lessons learned methodologies developed and experiences from the project are being disseminated in each project country the region and around the world This could easily be one of the most prolific projects the GEF may have supported with over 70 reports studies refereed journal articles and books Presentations were made in local and international fora At the local level farmers shared the knowledge they received through technical assistance amongst peers and broader networks creating a wider distribution than would have been possible with the extension services alone This created a difficult to control leakage issue for the experimental design However the sharing of knowledge was felt to be a far greater good than
22. live fences trees in pastures with diversified commercial value 111 Changes representing an opportunity cost for farmers in the short term as they imply withdrawing farm land from cattle ranching production for the provision of high value environmental services will demand mid to long term PES e g watershed protection secondary forest recovery in degraded pastures Long term non reversible sources to finance these payments are required The successful adoption of all three types of changes will rely on farmer training and the provision of technical assistance As the economic and financial analysis shows SPS practices can be profitable and thereby of interest to the farmer to continue Currently producers in Colombia are willing to take out loans to establish SPS and Nicaragua s Local Development Fund FDL is lending to small farms for SPS investments and satisfactorily recuperating its credit portfolio two additional sustainability indicators 2 2 Implementation a Effective partnerships for implementation The project was fortunate to rely on top rated organizations in each of the countries during design and implementation In Costa Rica the executing and coordinating organization CATIE is a well known international nonprofit civil association that conducts research education and outreach activities in agricultural sciences agro forestry systems and natural resources management Also in Costa Rica the project channeled fu
23. ni os en la valoraci n de la calidad del agua monitoreo de quebradas y pr cticas con macro invertebrados se deber a capacitar m s ni os en estos temas del agua Se deben sistematizar las experiencias libros documentos porque contribuyen a la formaci n de las personas de la zona que no tuvieron contacto directo con el proyecto y en esto CIPAV es un ejemplo de c mo hacerlo Lo que recomiendo es tener m s acercamiento a las instituciones educativas universidades sena para que los nuevos profesionales y t cnicos se apropien de los silvopastoriles a futuro Martha Yolanda Montoya Sena Orqu dea Los planes de ordenamiento territorial de los municipios deben estar ligados a procesos de incentivos econ micos debe haber una pol tica p blica para la difusi n de sistemas silvopastoriles ligada al ordenamiento de los territorios ahora que en la zona cafetera contamos con apoyo de las corporaciones aut nomas comit s ganaderos ministerios de agricultura y ambiente gremios autoridades municipales Se debe motivar a los ganaderos para el establecimiento de pr cticas sostenibles y en contexto del paisaje se puede mejorar la conectividad con las pr cticas silvopastoriles Daniel Uribe Agroecotur Se debe incidir m s en pol tica p blica con estas iniciativas por ejemplo cinco de los doce municipios del departamento del Quind o estimulan la conservaci n ambiental con reducci n del impuesto predial pero a n no reconocen la
24. on April 2005 Bank senior management followed the project closely in part for its innovativeness and the potential this had for future work in the agriculture environment nexus Management was briefed on developments including a presentation during the WB s Sustainable Development Week in 2008 where the project was selected as a best implementation practice to be included in the World Development Report focusing on Rural Development 16 c Justification of Rating for Overall Bank Performance Rating Satisfactory Despite issues that are to be expected for such an innovative project the Bank was responsive and maintained a highly technical team engaged in the project from design through completion Management was also actively participating through close oversight and providing guidance and the necessary resources for implementing a project with so many new attributes FAO LEAD also provided technical support in the design and implementation of the project 5 2 Borrower a Government Performance Rating Satisfactory As would be expected each of the three governments had a different response to the project and its implementation There was an adequate contribution from each government during preparation although most of the support was delegated to the appointed implementing agency b Implementing Agency or Agencies Performance Rating Satisfactory During preparation the three countries through their appointed implementing age
25. on the impacts of silvopastoral and other land use changes on biodiversity indicators The following table includes the 11 intermediate outcome indicators reported as of the April 2005 Implementation Status Report the last three which were included following MTR recommendations to strengthen evidence supporting the benefits of land use changes induced by project Soil erosion stocking rate and herbicide use parameters were included in subsequent ISRs to demonstrate the positive impacts of project interventions a GEO Indicator s Original Target Formally Actual Value x Values from Revised Achieved at Indicator Baseline Value approval Target Completion or documents Values Target Years The project will improve biodiversity and carbon sequestration indices in at least ia 12 000 hectares of degraded pastures in the three project countries 12 000 hectares 12 260 hectares f with improved with improved Value 0 hectares with vote eee EA int biodiversity and biodiversity and quantitative or improvements in the three mae carbon carbon Qualitative countries sequestration sequestration indices indices Date achieved 07 23 2002 01 31 2008 02 21 2008 Comments 100 by project closing 12 260 hectares had improved biodiversity and incl carbon sequestration indices The project surpassed its goal by 3 at the achievement beginning the project had greater impacts on area affected but in the final years some farms were
26. project training and technical assistance was a major activity of the project as cattle farmers had little knowledge of what is ES and the changes they need to make on their farms to benefit from ES Training and technical assistance was also provided to local organizations and intuitions which was key for institutional anchoring and scaling out up of project results In the first year of the project a total of 292 farms were contracted for PES Farms were separated in different groups PES PES technical assistance control however in the last two years some farms dropped out from the project especially because they were sold to private investors The main out comes of this component are presented below 3 1 1 Improvement in 12000 has of degraded pastures with practices that were bio diversity friendly and contributed to improvements in carbon sequestration A total of 14 2 20 4 and 2 5 total area of degraded pastures were converted to sustainable practices in Costa Rica Nicaragua and Colombia respectively In Colombia there was a larger percentage of grass monoculture pastures were converted to intensive SPS 37 3 1 2 3 1 3 3 1 4 3 1 5 A total of 3673 has of improved SPS was established in the duration of the project which was 92 of the target As mentioned above some farms were sold in the process of project implementation and this was the reason why the target 4000 has was not achieved In the three countries the estab
27. sold b Intermediate Outcome Indicator s Original Target Actual Value Formally 5 E Values from Achieved at Indicator Baseline Value Revised k approval Teret Valnes Completion or documents 8 Target Years Indicator 1 4 000 hectares of silvopastoral systems established in the three project countries 4 000 hectares of 3 673 2 hectares of Value 0 hectares of silvopastoral ee silvopastoral quantitative or systems established in the Meee systems established ae established in the Qualitative three project countries E in the three project three project countries eounuies Date achieved 07 23 2002 01 31 2008 02 21 2008 90 4 000 ha target was not achieved as a total of 27 farms initially participating in the project were sold 5 in Colombia 13 in Costa Rica and 9 in mment f na e S Nicaragua New farms could not be contracted under project after 2 years as ee established in the legal agreement achievement Similar experiences are observed with FONAFIFO national payment system for environmental services Increased carbon sequestration in project farms receiving payments for Indicator 2 environmental services 25 000 tons of 19 558 incremental 0 tons of incremental carbon sequestered tons of carbon carbon sequestered Value lly j annually in areas sequestered quantitative or na receiving annually in areas aay projected to receive o Qualitative payments for receiving payments paymen
28. the missed opportunity of a perfect experiment The GEF Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Sustainable Cattle ranching project currently under preparation will be regionally anchored in FEDEGAN s technical assistance units TECNIGANES These have traditionally transferred technology focused on cattle ranching in improved pastures without trees but in preparation for the scaling up operation are now being trained in SPS This will result in one of the strongest multiplier effects of the regional project promoting SPS beyond direct beneficiaries and disseminating them as best productive practice throughout the entire cattle ranching association Technical assistance will be provided to producers in surrounding project areas who although not benefitting from PES may be interested in partially adopting SPS 3 6 Summary of Findings of Beneficiary Survey and or Stakeholder Workshops The project carried out informal stakeholder workshops in each of the countries to evaluate results During these events technical staff discussed the project with farmers and involved institutions Main findings include i PES and technical assistance TA are equally important for producers Without TA they do not feel confident enough to embark on adopting new technologies ii farmers prefer 4 year payment schemes as this enables them to accumulate knowledge in the SPS and more progressively invest in their adoption iii the introduction of SPS is positively valued by far
29. 0 ha 8 13 19 Costa Rica Dual purpose milk beef Small 30 40 ha 34 7 16 Nicaragua Dual purpose milk beef Small 10 30 ha 86 7 12 Dual purpose milk beef Small 30 60 ha 59 9 14 Dual purpose milk beef Large gt 60 ha 106 8 14 Follow up economic analysis done towards the end of the project revealed IRRs and NPV which were higher than these initial numbers proving the financial viability of the silvopastoral system An economic analysis in Esparza Costa Rica showed that different combinations of silvopastoral practices for dual purpose cattle ranching present IRR which varies from 14 for a system of natural pasture with a fodder bank to 37 for a system with improved pasture and low density of trees The following table summarizes these results 27 Table A 5 2 Financial returns of different farm models w amp w o payment for environmental services Esparza Costa Rica end of project Farm Model IRR w o IRR w NPV w o NPV w PES PES PES PES Improved pasture with low tree 22 37 260 468 density Improved pasture with fodder bank 13 14 78 96 Improved pasture with 20 tree 23 35 331 492 coverage Live fence 16 38 73 211 All model alternatives were natural pastures The live fence compared against the traditional method of using poles The analysis that was carried out throughout the course of the project and which continues to date with sever
30. 0 ha protegidas e hice protecci n de las fuentes de agua Constanza Londo o Siembra rboles en potreros protecci n de las fuentes de agua Cambio potreros sin rboles Franja de protecci n de bosques en la zona pendiente Cercos vivos Alba Luc a Madrid Cercos vivos en toda la finca potreros arborizados estoy comenzando a sembrar leucaena Tengo mucho cuidado con los guaduales John Fernando Gallego Las zonas pendientes est n en regeneraci n natural He ensayado con varias alternativas de material vegetal para la zona fr a como el bot n de oro Protejo los nacimientos de agua Hay un cambio de mentalidad en la forma de producir Diego Turriago 49 La crisis del caf me oblig a diversificar con cinco potreros para el ganado El uso de le a es lo que m s deteriora los bosques ahora con el proyecto y la siembra de cercos vivos me he solventado de le a ya se han motivado mis vecinos ellos tambi n siembran incluso les vendo estacas para que establezcan en sus fincas Veo m s aves que pueden servir como control biol gico No toda la gente tiene mentalidad de conservar los recursos naturales en sus fincas Estoy convencido del programa El agroecoturismo es un ingreso adicional para la finca he tenido experiencia inclusive con extranjeros A los visitantes est n interesados en el d a a d a de la finca tambi n les atrae la parte ambiental Alberto Arango Cuando llegu la finca era un desastre las pasturas estaban
31. 002 and 2008 The project has funded with a grant of US 4 5 million from the Global Environmental Facility GEF The contents of the ICR reflects the achievements under each of the component and the impacts that the project has had in policies for mainstreaming silvopastoral systems We however feel that based on the achievements of the project and of the evaluation conducted by GEF that the ranking of this project should be changed from satisfactory to very satisfactory as this project has worked with a small grant of GEF and has had major achievements in a very controversial area of management of cattle production and sustainable management of forest resources I would like to use this opportunity to thank all the experts of the World Bank who provided technical expertise in the project which permitted to reach the objectives the support of Drs Stefano Pagiola Juan Pablo Ruiz Cees de Haan and Paolo Agostini are all highlighted so as the support of the Procurement Department Sincerely Tel fono 506 2558 23 41 Sede Central Headquarters www catie ac cr Miembros Regulares Regular Members Instituto Interamericano CATIE 7170 de Cooperaci n para la Agricultura ICA Belice Bolivia Colombia Cartago Turrialba 30501 Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras M xico Nicaragua Costa Rica Panam Paraguay Rep blica Dominicana y Venezuela Tel 506 2558 2000 Fax 506 2558 2060 Figure 1 Comments on ICR by Implementing Ag
32. 2 01 31 2008 02 21 2008 91 achievement The target of 292 was not achieved as a total of 27 farms initially participating in the project were sold 5 in Colombia 13 in Costa Rica and 9 in Nicaragua New farms could not be contracted under project after 2 years as established in the legal agreement Voluntary changes in land use in the three project countries with a resulting increase in area destined to live fences and forest regeneration Live fences in the three project countries 1 100 km while forest systems young and advanced secondary forest riparian forest bamboo and primary forests 2 900 hectares 01 21 2008 01 31 2008 02 21 2008 100 project induced desired land use changes in more areas than expected as measured in hectares Many farmers invested in establishing live fences and high density trees in pastures to benefit from PES because it did not compete Live fences in the three project countries 1 342 km while forest systems young and advanced secondary forest riparian forest bamboo and primary forests 3 087 hectares Live fences in the three project countries 354 km while forest systems young and advanced secondary forest riparian forest bamboo and primary forests 3 023 hectares Indicator 7 Value quantitative or Qualitative Date achieved Comments incl achievement Indicator 8 Value quantitative or Qualitative Date achieved Comments incl
33. 2007 Efecto de los corredores riberefios sobre el estado de quebradas en la zona ganadera del rio La Vieja Colombia Revista Agroforesteria de Las Am ricas 45 72 78 Cuartas C Murgueitio E 2007 Silvopastoriles para el Piedemonte de la Amazonia Revista Carta Fedegan No 99 Colombia Cuartas C Murgueitio E 2007 Ganaderia Sostenible Basada en Sistemas Silvopastoriles Revista Carta Fedegan No 100 Colombia Cuartas C Naranjo J 2006 Proyectos MDL Piloto en Latinoam rica sobre Almacenamiento de Carbono Revista Carta Fedegan No 95 Colombia Cuartas C Naranjo J Murgueitio E Ibrahim M 2006 Propuesta metodol gica para determinar el balance de gases de efecto invernadero GEI en paisajes agropecuarios CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL DE LOS SERVICIOS ECOSISTEMICOS EN LOS 66 NEOTROPICOS ESTADO DEL ARTE Y DESAFIOS FUTUROS Bosque Valdivia 2006 Vol 27 No 2 pp 163 217 ISSN 0717 9200 Articulos Cuartas C Pedraza G Henao A 2007 Filtros lentos de arena de tipo dom stico un sistema sencillos para generar agua potable en predios rurales Revista Carta Fedeg n No 102 Colombia Cuellar P Murgueitio E 2007 Contribution of pig fed with fodder shrubs to family income and welfare Six case studies IN Leterme P Buldgen A Murgueitio E Cuartas C eds Fodder Banks For Sustainable Pig Production Systems CIPAV Foundation Cali Colombia 208 p De Haan C H Steinfeld and H Blackburn 2001 L
34. Document of The World Bank Report No ICR0000875 IMPLEMENTATION COMPLETION AND RESULTS REPORT TF 50612 ONA GRANT IN THE AMOUNT OF SDR 3 7 MILLION EQUIVALENT US 4 5 MILLION TO CENTRO AGRONOMICO TROPICAL DE INVESTIGACION Y ENSENANZA CATIE FOR THE INTEGRATED SILVOPASTORAL APPROACHES TO ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROJECT IN COLOMBIA COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA November 2008 Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Central American Department Latin America and Caribbean Region ABC ASOMSIF AU BOD CAS CATIE CCAD CIAT CIPAV COLCIENCIAS CORFORGA CRQ EU FAO FDL FEDEGAN FONAFIFO GEF GHG IBD TIRI INBIO LEAD FAO MAGFOR MARENA MBC MINAE MAVDT MTR NTU OCIC PES PAD SPS UNDP UNEP WB WWF NITLAPAN UCA CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Exchange Rate Effective 31 January 2008 Currency Unit Costa Rica Colon 530 61 US 1 00 US Dollar FISCAL YEAR ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS American Bird Conservancy Association of Nicaraguan Microfinance Organizations Animal Unit Biological Oxygen Demand Country Assistance Strategy Centro Agron mico Tropical de Investigaci n y Ense anza Central American Commission on Environment and Development Centro Intemacional de Agricultura Tropical Centre for Research on Sustainable Agricultural Production Systems Colombian Institute for Science and Technology Corporaci n Ganadera de Costa Rica Corporaci n Aut noma Regional del Quind o
35. European Union Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Fondo de Desarrollo Local Federaci n Colombiana de Ganaderos Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal Global Environment Facility Greenhouse gases Inter American Development Bank Intemational Livestock Research Institute Instituto Nacional de la Biodiversidad Costa Rica Livestock Environment and Development Initiative Ministerio AgropecuarioForestal de Nicaragua Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales de Nicaragua Mesoamerican Biological Corridor Ministry of Environment and Energy Costa Rica Ministerio del Medio Ambiente de Colombia Mid term Review Institute of Research and Development of the University of Central America Nephelometric Turbidity Unit Oficina Costarricense de Implementaci n Conjunta Payment for Environmental Services Project Appraisal Document Silvopastoral System United Nations Development Program United Nations Environment Program World Bank World Wildlife Fund Vice President Country Director Sector Manager Project Team Leader ICR Team Leader Pamela Cox Laura Frigenti Laura Tlaiye Juan Pablo Ruiz Gunars Platais COLOMBIA COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA INTEGRATED SILVOPASTORAL APPROACHES TO ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROJECT CONTENTS Data Sheet Pig Basto INTO OO ada v B K y Di bs v C Ratings SUMMATY os v D Sector and Theme Codes siria cda ici vi E BOOKs vi F R sults Framework Am WSIS 255d ais
36. LAC supported by the project Globally CATIE is collaborating with FAO LEAD to develop proposals using project experience for example for watersheds in India Furthermore World Bank projects under different stages of preparation incorporating environmental service payments for watershed protection and forest conservation have benefited from the knowledge gained under the project Brazil Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras and Mexico as have the UNEP Chiapas Mexico and the UNDP Arco seco Panama initiatives The follow up intervention to the Ecomarkets project in Costa Rica the Mainstreaming Market Based Instruments for Environmental Management project will differentiate payment schemes in light of lessons learned under this intervention that it leads to increased project efficiency Additionally during the project s final year Rainforest Alliance collaborated with CATIE to develop a standard for the certification of livestock systems with silvopastoral practices using project indicators A draft standard has been completed and is currently under global consultation NESTLE has supported this effort with the aim of improving the quality of milk collected from farms adopting silvopastoral systems It is expected that this certification once launched will provide incentives for adoption of SPS 3 Assessment of Outcomes 3 1 Relevance of Objectives Design and Implementation The objectives design and implementation of the Integra
37. Logramos un cambio de mentalidad Valor mejor mi finca Aprovechar lo que tenemos valorar lo que nos da la naturaleza Mejoraron nuestras tierras Podemos dejar los qu micos a un lado La sostenibilidad no s lo es econ mica Una limitaci n es la consecuci n de material vegetal de buena calidad Debemos multiplicar estas pr cticas en todo el pa s Nos ayud a tener una visi n de largo plazo La unidad que se ha logrado entre los productores Hay que dar continuidad al proyecto pues apoya la ganader a la cual sostiene las otras actividades Deber a haber otra salida al finalizar el proyecto buscar nuevas alianzas No desarticularnos de esta manera BM qu pueden decir sobre el pago por servicios ambientales PSA es mejor a2 6 4 a os Respuestas varios Es mejor en 4 a os en 2 a os apenas comienza a entender la propuesta Al principio uno no est seguro y cuando decide hacer los cambios ya perdi la posibilidad de recibir el incentivo Mejor 4 a os porque con el tiempo se van desarrollando las capacidades En el ltimo a o plant m s rboles que los que hab a plantado durante los ltimos 4 a os Reuni n instituciones y organizaciones Agenda Apertura introducci n Juan Pablo Ruiz Enrique Murgueitio Presentaci n resultados lvaro Zapata David Fajardo Presentaci n de los asistentes 54 e Discusion e Lecciones aprendidas y propuestas de continuidad A continuaci n se pres
38. Mar n Y Ibrahim M Ram rez E 2007 El pago de servicios ambientales en fincas ganaderas una percepci n de productores de Matigu s Nicaragua Revista Encuentro 39 77 53 69 Art culos Smith C Oelbermann M Sep lveda C 2007 Perceptions and Technological Innovation for Adaptation to Climate Change A Case Study with Cattle Farmers in the Dry Pacific Region of Costa Rica In ASA CSSA SSSA International Annual Meetings at the Ernest N Morial Convention Center in New Orleans LA Nov 4 8 2007 https www acsmeetings org Seminarios y Congresos Tobar D Ibrahim M Villanueva C Casasola F 2006 DIVERSIDAD DE MARIPOSAS DIURNAS EN UN PAISAJE AGROPECUARIO EN LA REGI N DEL PACIFICO CENTRAL COSTA RICA In IV Congreso Latinoamericano de Agroforester a en CUBA 75 III Simposio sobre Sistemas Silvopastoriles para la Producci n Ganadera Sostenible 24 al 28 de octubre 2006 Seminarios y Congresos Tobar D Ibrahim M Villanueva C Casasola F 2006 Diversidad de mariposas diurnas en un paisaje agropecuario en la regi n del Pacifico Central Costa Rica In IV Congreso Latinoamericano de Agroforester a en CUBA III Simposio sobre Sistemas Silvopastoriles para la Producci n Ganadera Sostenible 24 al 28 de octubre 2006 Seminarios y Congresos Tobar D Ibrahim M 2007 Efecto de los sistemas silvopastoriles para la conservaci n de la diversidad Memorias Segundo Encuentro de Lepidoptera Neotropical
39. September in order to conform to the agricultural cycle Payments in 2003 came too late to help finance planting prior to the beginning of the dry season especially in Nicaragua Subsequent years proved much more effective Reallocation of funds from PES Component 3 At the time of the signing of the grant agreement the allocation to PES in each country was overestimated However this was only able to be determined after the second payment had been made and each country team had sufficient information to determine with more certainty the amounts to be employed in the third and fourth payments including a surplus in case of need At this stage however only half of the farmers those participating in the 4 year contracts were entitled to a payment Given the resulting surplus monies were transferred from the PES component to other activities It was agreed that reallocated funds would be used to perform more water quality monitoring and additional biodiversity monitoring in Costa Rica and Nicaragua In addition to monitoring birds and plants the project would monitor butterflies in Costa Rica mollusks in Nicaragua and ants in Colombia It was also agreed upon that one consultant would be hired to consolidate the biodiversity data in order to propose changes in the land use index values at the time of the project s MTR Extension for 6 months With the delays at the outset of the project partly due to its complexity a 6 month extension was gran
40. a Director de Cr dito Fundecooperaci n es una ONG que enfoca su trabajo en diferentes temas del desarrollo sostenible entre ellos actividades de agropecuarias sostenibles en el a o 2006 crearon un programa de cr dito diferenciado bajas tasas y excelentes garant as de pago dirigido a peque os y mediano productores del pa s recursos que ofrece a una tasa diferencial del mercado y con el fin que los productores pueden incluir en sus fincas sistemas m s a amigables de producci n como es el caso de los SSP Actualmente est conformando una peque a cartera de cr dito con un mill n de d lares para ganaderos que no tiene garant as prendar as ya ha otorgado cr ditos a ganaderos del Atl ntico Siquirres que est n incluyendo en sus fincas estos sistemas As mismo mencion que Fundecooperaci n est dispuesta a hacer parte de una futura propuesta para lo cual pondr a recursos de cr dito disponibles para que los productores puedan realizar sus inversiones en las fincas recibiendo a cambio inclusive su hato o producci n con prenda de garant a sobre la deuda De otra parte Fundecooperaci n tiene un programa de turismo sostenible dirigido a zona rurales por lo que tambi n eventualmente podr a apoyar productores ganaderos que deseen empezar actividades de turismo en sus fincas CORFOGA Erick Quiroz Director Explic que la corporaci n ganadera cuenta con m s de 600 socios y un programa de cr dito rotatorio fondo rotati
41. a a contract was made between CATIE and FONAFIFO for managing PES to farmers It should be indicated that at the time of implementation of the project there was no national institutions involved in PES to farmers in Nicaragua and Colombia 39 An ecological index was developed and it ranked each land use in terms of their value for carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation and it was used for PES In each country 30 farms were monitored to evaluate the impacts on productivity and socio economic indicators Additional funding was obtained from the World Bank to evaluate the impacts of PES on poverty The main outcomes in this component are given below 3 3 1 At the end of the project 265 farms participated in PES which was 91 of the target and reasons are provided above for not reaching the target 3 3 2 Accumulated PES per farm between 2003 and 2008 was 2500 2400 and 2300 US for Costa Rica Nicaragua and Colombia respectively Larger farms received more for PES than small farms but small and medium size farms had higher amount of PES ha compared to larger farms in particular in Costa Rica and Colombia As mentioned above a large percentage of income from PES was generated through land use changes with live fences and high density trees in pastures 3 3 3 The poverty study in Nicaragua showed that poor and extremely poor farmers made similar changes in land use with PES compared with non poor farmers and the results demonstrate tha
42. a and understanding of the potential of silvopastoral systems in the provision of global environmental services and local socioeconomic benefits Table 2 shows outputs achieved compared to those targets included in project design Additional notes complement information provided in the table Table 2 Outputs achieved for Component 2 Original Targets or as adjusted by MTR Actual Targets Achieved Methodologies to assess biodiversity carbon sequestration water quality on farm watershed and community level an socioeconomic impact developed and tested Monitoring systems for biodiversity Monitoring systems for biodiversity conservation carbon sequestration water conservation carbon sequestration water quality using biological indicators and socio quality using biological indicators and socio economic impact established monitoring economic impact established monitoring systems in 3 countries systems in 3 countries Note 2 An environmental service index was developed by project ranking each of the 28 land uses identified in farms in terms of their contribution to carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation Changes were monitored through GIS images and the index was used to determine incremental points to be paid to participating farms Water quality was monitored in Colombia with community participation for the variables described in Table 1 above a similar methodology was also developed in Costa Rica and 30 farms in
43. a the Silvopastoral project marked an important landmark since it was the first time that an effective payment was made in recognition to the environmental services provided by a productive sector in carbon sequestration and protection of the biodiversity Although CDM type projects were in formulation from long before this initiative to date no one has made the payments to the suppliers of environmental services The experience has been essential in the design of the national policy on PES that the government of Colombia is defining since the experience of the Silvopastoral project was considered the most complete and integral of all the analyzed cases Also it is the first time that PES is used for an activity different to forest conservation proving useful for the conversion of land uses as the FAO recognizes in its last report 2007 on the state of the food and agriculture in the world Although all these changes are very important and demonstrate the feasibility of protecting the biodiversity in cattle farms the most important outcome of the project was the direct persuasion of the cattle union FEDEGAN at national level This along with other actions generated the involvement of the Ministries of Agriculture and Rural Development MADR and of Environment Housing and Territorial Development MAVDT in the acceptance and support of the implementation of biodiversity friendly production systems and gave them elements for the generation of polici
44. aches to Ecosystem Management Final Evaluation by the Project Executors and Beneficiaries Main Lessons Learned Presented to The World Bank September 2008 35 1 Introduction This project was negotiated within the LEAD Livestock Environment and Development Initiative which is hosted at the FAO headquarters in Rome One of the objectives of LEAD is to negotiate funding and implement research and development projects related to livestock and environment interactions CATIE is the focal point for LEAD in Latin America and deforestation livestock inter phase has been identified as the hot spot for this region Initially two proposals were submitted by CATIE and CIPAV one each to LEAD to evaluate carbon sequestration in pasture and silvopastoral systems SPS in Central America and in Colombia A workshop was organized with participants of LEAD and of CATIE and CIPAV at CATIE s headquarters to evaluate the proposals submitted and in this workshop it was decided to broaden the focus of the project since cattle ranching was involved not only in emissions of green house gases but also in wide scale deforestation loss of biodiversity and negative effects on water resources The experts of CIPAV and CATIE presented research results on the impacts of SPS in improving farm productivity and in the generation of environmental services ES However experiences in Latin America showed that SPS have higher cost for their establishment compar
45. actices 3 4 5 Dissemination of results The results of the project were disseminated to different stakeholders through publications field days and workshops and seminars Technical bulletins on topics related to sustainable cattle farming practices silvopastoral systems biodiversity carbon water management etc were developed in each country and disseminated to farmers and farmers organizations FEDEGAN in Colombia CORFORGA in Costa Rica and CONAGAN in Nicaragua The results were also presented to the scientific community by posting information in the LEAD virtual center Spanish platform managed at CATIE and through the publication of a special issue of the Agroforestry Journal for the Americas which was edited by CATIE and a book on sustainable cattle production systems which was edited by CIPAV Four articles were published in peer reviewed journals to target the international community The policy and decision makers were targeted by presenting results of the project in workshops and in policy briefs which was circulated frequently The project had been very innovative in developing PES in productive landscapes with cattle and because of its success was invited to present results in key events for example three lunch seminars was organized in the world bank presentation in parallel workshop organized in COP 7 meeting in Curtiba Brazil on mainstreaming biodiversity in agricultural landscapes and presentation in a workshop organized b
46. aderos Ya existe un grupo de 19 finqueros que hacen parte del grupo ganader a ecol gica del eje cafetero Se empez a recibir bonificaciones en el precio de la leche por prote na en algunos productores del proyecto que tienen m s arbustos forrajeros Se est buscando un sello silvopastoril ecoamigable que ser a m s interesante que las normas org nicas Enrique Murgueitio CIPAV e Mayor acompa amiento de t cnicos a los productores en el tema forestal Juan Enrique Toro Comit de Ganaderos del Quind o Finalmente varios participantes reconocieron y felicitaron al Banco Mundial por su direcci n seriedad y calidad t cnica incluidas las misiones de acompa amiento Stakeholder consultation held in Costa Rica Reuni n con Productores e instituciones COSTA RICA enero 26 28 2008 Reuni n con productores del proyecto en Costa Rica Con el prop sito de conocer la percepci n que tienen los productores del proyecto sobre su participaci n y los principales resultados del proyecto se realizaron encuentros con grupos de productores dos visitas a finqueros y una reuni n con la Asociaci n Procuenca del R o Jabonal Se visit la finca de la Sra Mabel Ledesma y se realiz un recorrido para ver los principales cambios de uso adelantados los bancos forrajeros una idea de corredor biol gico as como la implementaci n de tecnolog as como el biodigestor con el cual cocinan el compostaje y el lombricompost As mi
47. al other research projects was able to provide results which helped debunk some of the myths that farmers had about tree cover Amongst cattle farmers there exists the notion that the cleaner the pasture the more productive it is Trees are seen as an impediment to increasing herd size and thereby greater profits The following table depicts the clear improvement on all productive indicators when compared to a farm with only natural pasture It is to be expected that tree cover at some point will start to diminish a pastures carrying capacity as depicted for all corresponding indicators animal units liters milk and kg of meat In this case this happens between 20 and 30 tree cover Naturally timber volume will increase the higher the coverage Table A 5 3 Productivity indicators for farms with improved pasture with varying density of tree cover Indicator Natural Improved IP 10 IP 20 IP 30 IP 40 Pasture Pasture tree cover tree cover tree cover tree cover IP AU ha yr 0 8 1 4 1 4 1 3 1 1 0 8 It milk ha yr 608 960 960 1017 860 704 kg meat ha yr 106 152 152 161 136 111 m timber ha 0 0 9 27 32 51 AU Animal Unit These production indicators have a direct corollary in the corresponding financial indicators Table A 5 4 The Improved Pasture with 20 tree cover provides the greatest return to the investment in a silvopastoral system as can be clearly visualized in the graph shown below
48. also designed to assess whether payments for environmental services could change behavior measure the extent to which silvopastoral practices contributed to improved livestock production increased generation of ecosystem services of global importance provided local environmental benefits and contributed to the wellbeing of local populations under a range of agro ecological socio economic and institutional conditions Many aspects of the project s design were affected by this research agenda including the inclusion of three sites in different countries the extensive monitoring the use of control groups and the use of slightly different contracts for subgroups of participants Some aspects of the design proved less effective than had been hoped The differentiation of those that would receive payments for four years against those that would only receive it for two years created confusion despite efforts to explain that payments had been adjusted so that both received similar amounts for similar efforts and increased the workload out of proportion to the benefits achieved The control groups were not always optimally chosen and were small in size limiting their usefulness It must be recalled however that the project was designed prior to the need for careful assessments of the impact of conservation policies becoming prominent Ferraro and Pattanayak s influential paper for example was not published until 2006 In this respect the project w
49. an increase in bird species and other biodiversity indicators in each land use to that of degraded and grass monoculture pastures which served as controls Given the importance of monitoring taxa moving at different scales so as to have a sound understanding of how silvopastoral habitats affect biodiversity in agricultural landscapes indicators were enhanced with the inclusion of butterflies ants and mollusks Three other indicators were added at MTR a reduction in soil erosion in project areas an interest was expressed in understanding the relationship between SPS and the conservation of soil resources b Increase in stocking rate cows ha and c Decrease in use of herbicides liters These indicators were included per recommendation of the MTR team as a means of measuring how farmers have changed their practices to adopt more environmentally friendly farming practices 1 4 Main Beneficiaries The direct beneficiaries included small and medium sized landowners 10 80 hectares farms depending mostly on livestock and food crop production with an average annual income from the farm of about US 3 000 In line with the Bank strategy a particular focus would be on smallholders in Nicaragua The beneficiaries also included rural communities and non government organizations involved in the project The environmental benefits related to biodiversity conservation and reduction of greenhouse gases likewise accrued to the international community
50. anjo J F eds Ganader a del futuro Investigaci n para el desarrollo CIPAV Cali Colombia 490 p Zapata A Murgueitio E Mej a C Zuluaga A Ibrahim M 2007 Efecto del pago por servicios ambientales en la adopci n de sistemas silvopastoriles en paisajes ganaderos de la cuenca media del r o La Vieja Colombia Revista Agroforester a de Las Am ricas 45 86 92 77 Annex 8 Reference materials Ferraro P J and S K Pattanayak 2006 Money for Nothing A Call for Empirical Evaluation of Biodiversity Conservation Investments PLOS Biology 4 4 e105 0482 0488 Gobbi J 2002 Enfoques silvopastoriles integrados para el manejo de ecosistemas en Colombia Costa Rica y Nicaragua An lisis econ mico financiero ex ante de la inversi n en los SSP propuestos para cada pa s CATTE Turrialba Costa Rica Kiersch B 2005 Evaluaci n Externa del Pago por Servicios Ambientales Proyecto Enfoques Silvopastoriles Integrados para el Manejo de Ecosistemas Informe de Consultoria Murgueitio E Ibrahim M Ramirez E Zapata A Mejia C Casasola F 2003 Usos de la Tierra en fincas Ganaderas Gu a para el Pago de Servicios Ambientales en el proyecto Enfoques Silvopastoriles Integrados para el Manejo de Ecosistemas CIPAV Cali Colombia 2 ED 97 p Pagiola S A R Rios and A Arcenas 2008 Can the poor participate in payments for environmental services Lessons from the Silvopastoral Project in Nicaragua Envir
51. applications of nitrogen fertilizers and through improved nutrition reducing methane emissions from livestock water services monitoring of water quality at the Colombia site show a rapid drop in turbidity biological oxygen demand BOD and coliform counts when riverbanks are reforested and protected from livestock entry as well as the return of invertebrates indicative of unpolluted water Some silvopastoral practices can be highly profitable for farmers Even in the short period that has already elapsed since the last payment under the project for example farmers in Quindio have continued to adopt silvopastoral practices such as intensive leucaena systems The specific practices that have proved most attractive have varied from case to case depending on the local context In Quind o intensive silvopastoral practices based on leucaena have proven most attractive to farmers while in Esparza the farmers preferences was for improved pastures with high tree density Highly profitable silvopastoral practices for farmers imply that mechanisms such as PES are not always needed to induce their adoption In many cases some initial support in overcoming the initial costs of adoption may be sufficient Given the high profitability of these practices this support could take the form of credit TA can also play a very useful role in helping farmers select the silvopastoral practices most suited to their conditions and the implement them correct
52. as actually ahead of the curve Indeed Ferraro was invited to help design the monitoring framework for the project and one of his collaborators Ricardo Godoy participated in the launch workshop That the control group selection proved less than optimal in some cases can be ascribed in part to the inexperience of using such mechanisms in World Bank GEF projects To our knowledge no earlier World Bank GEF project included a control group The execution of this ambitious plan sometimes fell short Some of the field staff involved for example had many years of experience working with farmers but much less background in research In some cases they may have continued to see their primary objective as supporting farmers rather than carrying out a carefully monitored design experiment The role of CATIE and the inclusion of academic partners in monitoring efforts at each site helped to offset this problem however The PES mechanism was used to evaluate farmers response to incentive systems for global environmental benefits in terms of land use changes Farmers who received PES were divided in groups of 2 and 4 year schemes receiving US 110 and 75 per incremental ecological point correspondingly after the ESI payment increase in 2005 An additional differentiation was made between farmers that would and would not receive technical assistance The objective was to evaluate if farmers with a 2 year PES scheme would continue to manage the system after
53. asa de inter s diferencial para Nicaragua Se acord que discutirian este asunto internamente con las instancias del Gobierno y comunicar an los resultados a la misi n de BM Si se gestionara el cr dito del BM es posible que el cr dito lo maneje el MAGFOR as se podr a incentivar y fomentar la adopci n de las buenas pr cticas en fincas ganaderas apoyar la instalaci n de infraestructura centros de acopio y mejoras en v as para fomentar la mayor recolecci n de leche 63 Annex 7 List of Project Generated Documents Alasm M Casanoves F DeClerck F Gutierrez I Gobbi J Barreras para la implementaci n de sistemas silvopastoriles y useos de suelo amigables con la biodiversidad en Matiguas Nicaragua Tesis Mag Sc CATIE Turrialba Costa Rica pp 97 Tesis 2007 Bautista P 2005 Evaluaci n de tierras para la implementaci n de sistemas silvopastoriles en la regi n pac fico central de Costa Rica Tesis Mag Sc CATIE Turrialba Costa Rica 168 p T sis Calle Z Piedrahita L 2008 Conservacion de flora amenazada en fincas ganaderas de la cuenca media del rio La Vieja En Murgueitio E Cuartas C y Naranjo J F eds Ganaderia del futuro Investigacion para el desarrollo CIPAV Cali Colombia 490 p Calle Z Murgueitio E Cuartas C 2008 Acacia forrajera Leucaena leucocephala intensificaci n ganadera por la via natural Revista Carta Fedegan marzo abril 2008 No 105 80 86 Colombia Calle Z amp Pi
54. asar con la gente que deje de recibir el incentivo Jos Guillermo L pez CVC e Es muy importante que hubo un cambio de tendencia del modelo rotacional intensivo con altas cargas de fertilizantes hacia pr cticas sostenibles En el comit de ganaderos del Quind o no estuvimos de acuerdo con la reglamentaci n obligatoria del uso del suelo porque necesitamos menos garrote y m s zanahoria y el proyecto es un ejemplo de que si es posible y los productores responden As el Quind o se convirti en ejemplo a nivel nacional en la promoci n de sistemas sostenibles de producci n ganadera Tenemos visitas de grupos de todo el pa s El proyecto dej huella en la regi n y fue definitivo el acompa amiento y la asistencia t cnica Estamos muy agradecidos y en particular con CIPAV Juan E Toro Presidente Comit de Ganaderos del Quindio e Es dif cil conseguir el material vegetal para sembrar en las fincas porque no hay mucha disponibilidad en calidad y las especies recomendadas hay demasiadas p rdidas de rboles sin la misma El ensayo y error deja muchas p rdidas Juan E Toro Presidente Comit de Ganaderos del Quind o e Los predios del proyecto sirven como fincas demostrativas en la regi n Ahora hay una visi n diferente de los productores cercos vivos disminuci n usos de insumos que contribuyen la biodiversidad Importante que no son s lo los productores ya los gremios y las corporaciones aut nomas incluyen e
55. bajo importante y admirable que debe continuar William Vargas Instituto Humboldt BM Los productores dicen que no regresar n a sus pr cticas anteriores c mo est n considerando dar seguimiento Respuestas varios Durante el a o pasado se adelant el proceso con la ecorregi n del Eje Cafetero en donde cinco corporaciones aut nomas CVC CRQ Corpocaldas Carder y Cortolima acordaron que ser an incluidos temas de reconversi n ganadera en los PAT Es una prueba del compromiso institucional con el tema Julio C sar Orozco CRO Debe hacerse difusi n de las experiencias que permiten acercar m s personas y organizaciones pero deber a haber m s capacitaci n de las instituciones t cnicos tecn logos Es necesario hacer un esfuerzo colectivo en capacitaci n para el uso de sistemas sostenibles incluyendo la ganader a Marta Yolanda Montoya Sena Se debe mostrar la rentabilidad de los sistemas a los productores para lograr la multiplicaci n en este tipo de estrategias Jos Oscar Osorio Corporaci n Futuro Sostenible Lo que se hizo en la cuenca del r o la vieja contribuy para generar propuestas ganaderas sostenibles en todo el pa s y el proceso seguir en otros municipios Jos Guillermo L pez CVC Se debe conocer m s a fondo cada uno de los renglones que intervienen en la producci n ganadera y agr cola y poder proponer cosas m s acordes con la realidad de cada uno de ellos en cuento a
56. ble 24 al 28 de octubre 2006 Seminarios y Congresos Villanueva C Tobar D Ibrahim M Casasola F Barrantes J Arguedas R 2007 rboles dispersos en potreros en fincas ganaderas del Pac fico Central de Costa Rica Agroforester a en las am ricas No 45 a o 2007 ISSN 1022 7482 Art culos Villanueva C Ibrahim M Casasola F Sep lveda C Marin Y Ramirez E 2007 Impact of a silvopastoral project on economic and social indicators of cattle farms in the sub humid tropics of Nicaragua In Conferencia Wallace en CATIE 15 17 de Mayo 2007 Seminarios y Congresos Zamora S 2005 Efecto de los pagos por servicios ambientales en la estructura composici n conectividad y el stock de carbono presente en el paisaje ganadero de Esparza Costa Rica Tesis Mag Sc CATIE Turrialba Costa Rica 88p T sis 76 Zamora S Chacon M Vallejo A 2006 Efecto de la aplicaci n de los pagos por servicios ambientales en el stock de carbono de un paisaje ganadero en Esparza Costa Rica CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL DE LOS SERVICIOS ECOSIST MICOS EN LOS NEOTR PICOS ESTADO DEL ARTE Y DESAF OS FUTUROS Bosque Valdivia 2006 Vol 27 No 2 pp 163 217 ISSN 0717 9200 Art culos Zapata C Mej a C Zuluaga A Murgueitio E 2008 Pagos por servicios ambientales en agroecosistemas ganaderos en el proyecto Enfoques Silvopastoriles Integrados para el Manejo de Ecosistemas en Colombia En Murgueitio E Cuartas C y Nar
57. carbon in the soil and in the above ground biomass Ibrahim M et al 2007 Other documented positive results from intensive silvopastoral systems and reforestation refer to the positive effects on regulation of flow and quality of water in Andean micro catchments This intensive system demonstrates what is possible It is not the norm as the high initial capital costs are not easily surmounted especially for a small farmer Farms 10 hectares and smaller that change land use from degraded pasture to intensive silvopastoral production systems with Leucaena mixed fodder banks and sugar cane can see threefold increases in their land s cattle carrying capacity This implies a 294 increase of the herd an almost 400 increase in the number of cows that are lactating The following graph shows the considerable increase of milk production for farmers adopting intensive silvopastoral production system in 10 hectare farms with 5 6 and 7 29 has of iSPS Applying the iSPS to 6 hectares a farmer could have a 471 increase in milk production reaching up to 3 175 It ha yr compared to the 675 It ha yr baseline Litres of Milk per hectare per year 10 ha farms E O YN 6 Years 5 haiSPS 1 6 haiSPS a 7 haiSPS Selling milk is a constant source of cash flow which finances on farm production and sustains the farmers and their families Capitalizing the family s labor
58. caveessiscieeSdnmaanieaspnasasengeeyoelsanduaenndsioenpsanedsasgueiocsived vil G Ratings of Project Performance In SRS cani ba xi H Restructuring if any s sessseeseesessssesseseresresseesresesseestestesseessrsrssressesrssressessrssressesnt xi 1 Disb rsement Prot raid deca xii 1 Project Context Global Environment Objectives and Design oooooonnnccnoccniccccoccconncnns 1 2 Key Factors Affecting Implementation and Outcomes c cococonccccccconconononcnoncnancnnncnncnnnos 5 Dy Assessment of ALCON 5s iss o e A Pee nes 11 4 Assessment of Risk to Development Outcome ecccecceessecsteceteceeeeeeeeesseceeeeees 16 5 Assessment of Bank and Borrower Performance cccesceeseeseeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeneeaneees 16 0 Lessons Leda 17 7 Comments on Issues Raised by Borrower Implementing Agencies Partners 19 Annex 1 Project Costs and PICA ii A SAA 21 Annex 2 Outputs by Component 22 Annex 3 Economic and Financial Analysis ccccccccesseesecenseceeceseeeeeeeeseecsseeneeeaes 27 Annex 4 Bank Lending and Implementation Support Supervision Processes 33 Annex 5 Summary of Borrower s ICR and or Comments on Draft ICR 35 Annex 6 Beneficiary Survey and or Stakeholder Workshops cscceseeeteereeeeeees 47 Annex 7 List of Project Generated Documents rada 64 Annex 8 Reference Mat iia 78 Annex 9 Biodiversity and Environmental Service Index 0 cee eeeeseeeeeeeeceteeeeeeeeees 19
59. cion del Area de Estudio Vias Principales Caminos Terciarios Carreteras Secundarios N Carreteras con Pavimento WM Fincas GEF Esparza MA Esparza Costa Rica Map 2 Location of project sites in Costa Rica Kil metros Fuente Atlas de Costa Rica 2000 ITCR a o 2000 Fincas Proyecto GEF CATIE Proyecci n Mapa Fincas Costa Rica Tranverse Mercator Prepar Sheila Zamora Cartografia Digital Christian Brenes Turrialba Costa Rica Noviembre de 2005 83 Map 3 Location of project sites in Colombia gt Su 84 MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y RECURSOS NATURALES MARENA Sistema de Informaci n para la Biodiversidad ylos Recursos Naturales ARGAS PROTEGIDAS DE NICARAGUA Lagos Bosque Tropical H medo Bosque Tropica Seco Humedal Laguna Crat rica Manglares Pinares Sitio Hist rico Digitolizado por Bismarck Voldez M Fecha Dic 1998 Dise o Caries Zelayo M Fecha Junio 1999 Responso ble Mortha Lucia S nchez Fuente SINAP y Ley 217 Map 4 Location of project sites in Nicaragua 200 Vito matro e 85
60. cluso puede se hasta tres veces porque cuando utilizamos insumos tampoco valoramos los gastos en aplicaci n y transporte Hasta para las hormigas queda comida y ya no son un problema porque encuentran comida de sobra David Barrios En los cercos muertos gastos permanentes para cambiarlos Adem s beneficios intangibles Antes del proyecto ten a 15 reses ahora 32 Ahorro plata en el mantenimiento de las cercas Ahora tengo m s ganado y cuesta menos sostenerlos Fabiola Vega Enrique Murgueitio comenta que la finca Asturias recibe incentivo cercano al 10 113 pesos m s por la calidad de leche prote na debido a la mejora en la calidad de la dieta con leucaena BM Por qu se inclinaron hacia ciertas pr cticas de silvopastoriles como los cercos vivos los rboles en potreros y silvopastoriles intensivos Una vez dado el cambio el beneficio al finquero se siento o no Respuestas varios Antes ten a que cortar o comprar postes de guadua para cercar toda la finca cada dos a os Al inicio se dudaba que iba a funcionar Ten a altos costos para cortar la guadua y proteger los rboles pero con los cercos vivos se cambi esta pr ctica adem s se evita el costo de mantenimiento Encontramos una mejora de pastos con las cercas vivas porque trae nitr geno tenemos comida para los animales protecci n de las corrientes de aire Fabiola Vega Con el corte de guadua para usos ganaderos estamos acabando con los recursos naturale
61. cremento de la calidad y el volumen de agua en las microcuencas Reducci n de la presi n en los bosques por consumo de le a gracias a la oferta de cercas vivas con las podas Reducci n de plaguicidas y otros productos agroqu micos y f rmacos para los animales Subdivisi n de potreros Innovaciones tecnol gicas en asociaciones de cultivos con rboles y pastos Diversificaci n de caf y otros cultivos Investigaci n de rboles forrajeros en zonas donde no funciona la leucaena Experiencias de control biol gico de plagas Reciclaje de residuos Los productores tambi n destacaron como positivo que en lo personal familiar y grupal el proyecto les proporcion Aprendizaje Cooperaci n entre productores compartir conocimientos frente a una cultura individualista que ayuda a la reducci n de los errores Una escuela para el cambio de mentalidad Colaboraci n con monitoreos agua biodiversidad carbono socioecon mico Participaci n en investigaciones Motivaci n a otras actividades Aprender a hacer planes para reservas de la sociedad civil privadas Comentarios espec ficos de cada productor sobre los cambios en sus fincas y en lo ersonal Siembra de rboles en potreros en la mayor proporci n del rea de la finca Mi se ora y mi familia est muy contenta Ya no uso qu mico y no pienso volver a utilizar Olimpo Montes Tengo reas ganaderas reconvertidas con conexi n de fragmentos de bosques dej adem s 10
62. de credit to farmers 2 In Quindio the project provided technical support for establishing some cattle farms for rural tourism and over the past years these farms received additional income from rural tourism 3 The regional cooperation of Quindio used experiences of the project to formulate policies and incentive schemes for the conservation of water resources within key watersheds In addition GoC is developing a National PES Strategy where the project has served as an important reference the scaling up operation will contribute to the strategy s development 4 2 In Nicaragua i local authorities of the Matiguas Rio Blanco watershed was supported to develop a system for PES for conservation of water resources in the recharge zones and SNV contributed seed money for financing the payment ii NITLAPAN has a technical unit Tecnoserve which provides technical assistance to FDL Local Development Bank which is a reputable rural finance bank providing agricultural credit at a national level Recent experiences showed that cattle farmers who accessed credit from FDL were investing in unsustainable farming practices which are associated to pasture land degradation Based on the lessons learnt in the GEF silvopastoral project FDL was supported to develop a green credit package for investing in biodiversity friendly SPS and this is another way of replication of project results In 2007 FDL allocated a sum of 400 000 US to finance credits in the g
63. deterioradas Costos altos por mantenimiento de las cercas con postes muertos de guadua y maderas He hecho cercos vivos aislamiento y reforestaci n de las quebradas Fabiola Vega Cuando el proyecto comenz ya ten a cerca vivas Con el proyecto hice un cerramiento de las fuentes de agua con rboles a un km adem s nuevas divisiones de potreros con cercos vivos antes ten a 4 potreros ahora tengo 28 potreros Tambi n tengo 2 cuadras con leucaena Ever Figueroa No estoy en el proyecto hago parte de los testigos Hemos puesto barreras vivas Felipe Londo o Tengo 100 ha en el programa Inicialmente 40 cuadras en yuca mandioca con leucaena fuimos los primeros en hacer esto y nos dio resultados En la segunda etapa sembramos la yuca con leucaena y rboles tuvimos algunos problemas pero dieron buen resultado Los altos costos de los insumos disminuyen la rentabilidad en la ganader a convencional Tambi n hay que tener en cuenta los beneficios ambientales Rentabilidad y sostenibilidad No se puede pensar en la ganader a del futuro sin silvopastoriles Ya el gremio ganadero lo muestra en el plan estrat gico de la ganader a 2019 Gracias a CIPAV por su seriedad y credibilidad Ser a bueno poder implementar m s rea pero los recursos para hacerlos son escasos Eduardo Marulanda Yo era el antiguo administrador de la finca la marina que est en el proyecto En esa poca avanzamos con la siembra diversificada de cercas vivas y
64. each country were monitored for productivity and socioeconomic impacts with the following results Methodologies to assess biodiversity carbon sequestration water quality on farm watershed and community level an socio economic impact developed and tested Socio economic Improvements Baseline Value Actual Value Achieved Net income per hectare livestock prod US 237 7 888 5 Mean soil erosion tons ha 80 9 44 1 Avg milk production daily liters per cow during summer 5 0 6 1 Avg Stocking rate animals per ha 1 8 25 Fire farms that use fire 38 0 2 3 Labor demand No man per day 52 719 5 69 423 6 Use of Herbicides liters 13 913 6 7 899 9 Training on monitoring methodologies was provided to local experts in 3 countries 11 graduate students 1 at the doctoral level undertook their thesis on project related research 24 Component 3 Eco services payment This component assessed beneficiaries response to investments for biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration in farms producing global environmental benefits An eco services payment scheme was developed and implemented in 265 farms in three countries divided into two groups per country those receiving payments for 2 and 4 years respectively with differentiated values for incremental ecological points within which some farms received technical assistance and others did not Table 3 shows outputs achieved compared to those
65. ed in other regions where the SPS are implemented In the scientific context the silvopastoral systems have gained a place since they have been included as eligible subject during last calls of projects of MADR and COLCIENCIAS during the last four years At national level the project also helped creating an interest of diverse institutions on topics such as environmental services and SPS as tools to diminish the environmental and productive conflicts generated by the conventional cattle ranching Twelve Regional Authorities CARs included these subjects in their Triennial Investment Plans At academic level the involvement of at least six universities of different regions of the country in the study of diverse productive and environmental aspects of the silvopastoral systems has been very important In addition the silvopastoral systems the environmental services and the incentives to producers are central subjects of the CIEBREG one of the centers of scientific excellence created by the Colombian Institute for the Development of Science and Technology COLCIENCIAS in 2005 Regarding technological formation along with Fedegan there has been work so that the SENA the most important institution of this level in Colombia includes the subject of SSP and the best management practices of cattle production in its programs including the production of handbooks based on the experience of the project In addition FEDEGAN is activating a system of techno
66. ed to traditional grass pastures and the lack of capital was a constraint for adoption of these SPS by farmers Based on this analysis this regional project was designed with the main objective to determine whether payment for ES generated in silvopastoral and other land use practices was an incentive to tip the balance for adoption of SPS The focus of PES in productive landscapes and in SPS represented an innovation as PES at the time of project development was concentrated on protected areas and or forest ecosystems The project was implemented in Esparza of Costa Rica Matiguas Bul Bul and Paiwas of Nicaragua and in Quindio of Colombia The areas selected were representative of cattle production systems dual purpose beef and milk production and had different poverty levels such that the poorest farmers were found in the Nicaraguan site Some of the criteria for selecting the sites were 1 Degraded pastures and cattle production was a major land use in the pilot areas selected 2 The sites were not buffer zones of protected areas or national parks to avoid perverse effects of PES in expansion of cattle production in forest reserves 3 Presences of small and medium size farms 4 Presence of institutions and 5 Accessibility and markets for farm products The baseline study was conducted in 2001 and the project was approved by GEF in May 2002 and was effective in August 2008 The World Bank and LEAD provided technical expertise to collaborate
67. edrahita L 2007 C mo dise ar estrategias para el manejo de plantas de inter s para la conservaci n en paisajes ganaderos Revista Agroforesteria en las Am ricas No 45 117 122 CATIE Costa Rica Calle Z Murgueitio E 2008 La palma real de vino o corozo de puerco Attalea butyracea Mutis ex L f Wess Boer ARECACEAE Enviado a Revista Carta Fedeg n Calle Z Murgueitio E 2008 El bot n de oro arbusto de gran utilidad para sistemas ganaderos de tierra caliente y de monta a Enviado a Revista Carta Fedeg n Calle Z 2007 Beneficios de la biodiversidad en fincas ganaderas Revista Carta Fedeg n marzo abril 2007 No 99 54 57 Colombia Calle Z 2007 rboles promotores de biodiversidad en fincas ganaderas Revista Carta Fedeg n enero febrero 2007 No 98 101 103 Colombia Calle Z Murgueitio E 2007 El papel de los guamos en sistemas silvopastoriles Revista Carta Fedegan septiembre octubre 2007 No 102 88 94 Colombia Calle Z Murgueitio E 2007 El ca af stulo Cassia grandis Revista Carta Fedeg n julio agosto 2007 No 101 56 60 Colombia Calle Z Galindo V Cuartas C Murgueitio E 2007 rboles tiles para fincas ganaderas el dinde Maclura tinctoria Revista Carta Fedeg n enero febrero 2007 No 98 98 100 Colombia 64 Calle Z Cuartas C Galindo V Murgueitio E 2007 Arboles promotores de biodiversidad en potreros Higuerones Ficus spp Guayaba Psidium guajava Mango Manguif
68. een able to increase productivity reclaim degraded soils and increase biodiversity conservation Third Water quality turbidity BOD in the areas of the project is also markedly better The live fences proved to provide a much enhanced habitat for a wide diversity of species and facilitate the genetic flow of species by providing a safe corridor through which to traverse larger landscapes Another important outcome is in the use of SPS in improving productivity and mitigation of greenhouse gases Carbon was sequestered both in the soil and above ground in the trees that were planted through the project Resource monitoring methodologies were developed which were used to measure carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation Carbon stocks A large percentage of income from PES was generated through land use changes with live fences and high density trees in pastures 12 measured in silvopastoral habitats were higher than in degraded lands and emission of green house gases was found to be lower in silvopastoral habitats the model developed to evaluate GHG emissions and carbon budget showed that the use of high quality forage such as leucaena reduced methane emissions and the use of nitrogen fertilizers on pastures reduced N20 emissions As discussed earlier each country has adopted different approaches to further project interventions an indication of the projects ability to adapt to varying circumstances In the three countries la
69. ency CATIE 20 Annex 1 Project Costs and Financing a Project Cost by Component in USD Million equivalent COMORI Appraisal Estimate aca ateo uso ee of USD millions ae Appraisal millions ECOSYSTEM ENHANCEMENT S EXTENSION SERVICES AND 00 ii 190 CAPACITY BUILDING MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF 0 95 0 90 95 ECOLOGICAL SERVICES ECOSERVICES PAYMENTS 1 40 1 20 86 POLICY FORMULATION AND DISSEMINATION ee 0520 er PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1 00 0 70 70 Total Baseline Cost 8 45 7 8 92 Physical Contingencies 0 00 Price Contingencies 0 00 Total Project Costs Project Preparation Facility PPF 0 00 Front end fee IBRD 0 00 Total Financing Required b Financing Appraisal Actual Latest Type of Estimate Estimate Percentage of A Cofinancing USD USD Appraisal millions millions Borrower 0 00 0 00 0 00 Global Environment Facility GEF 4 50 4 50 100 00 Local Farmer Organizations 3 00 0 00 0 Foreign Multilateral Institutions unidentified 0 35 0 35 100 00 Non Government Organization 0 60 0 60 100 NGO of Borrowing Country 21 Annex 2 Outputs by Component Component 1 Ecosystem Enhancement and Capacity building This component addressed the need to strengthen local organizations to train and assist farmers in the introduction of silvopastoral systems and more generally support them in management of sustainable livestock production systems and integrated ecosystems Table 1 shows outputs achieved compared to targ
70. enta el resumen de las intervenciones de los participantes a la reuni n e El proyecto lleg en un momento oportuno por la tendencia regional al cambio de uso de la tierra de caf a potreros sin rboles Debido a esta transformaci n comenzaron graves problemas de compactaci n y erosi n que fueron evidenciados por un estudio hecho por CIPAV y CRQ a os antes de iniciarse el proyecto Como resultado del proyecto hemos incorporado metas de reconversi n ganadera en el Plan De Acci n Trienal PAT adem s en el Plan De Gesti n Ambiental Regional PGAR que es a 12 a os hemos incluido las mismas iniciativas Julio C sar Orozco CRO e En biodiversidad una de las tres especies de avifauna amenazadas reportada por el proyecto Ammodramus savanarum no ten a reportes desde 1974 La CRQ quiere trabajar con esta especie Tambi n veo como un cambio positivo que una finca del proyecto que visit esta semana liber algunas reas con altas pendientes para la conservaci n Se ha avanzado en algunos municipios con incentivos a la conservaci n El proyecto debe mostrar la rentabilidad de los sistemas introducidos para que estas pr cticas sigan y no se regresen al estado inicial Diego Duque CRQ e Utilizamos la reglamentaci n del uso del suelo trabajo hecho en conjunto CIPAV y CRQ en nuestro trabajo con ganader a En el PAT se incorpor la reconversi n ambiental ganadera en el programa de pr cticas sostenibles Nos preocupa que p
71. er flows and on quality In Colombia a method was developed to monitor water quality and validated in different land use systems The data on water quality showed that the implementation of riparian forest resulted in improvements of water quality indicators Biological oxygen demand turbidity etc In Colombia and Costa Rica a methodology for participatory community monitoring of water quality was implemented and many youths are involved in monitoring of water resources including women and or girls 3 2 4 Development of method for monitoring of socio economic indicators This method was used to evaluate the impacts of land use changes on productivity income and use of labor on farms 3 2 5 Training was provided to local experts in the three countries on the use of the methods 10 MSc and PhD student did their thesis research within the project 3 3 Component 3 Eco services payments This component evaluated farmer s reactions to incentive systems for global environmental benefits in terms of land use changes and socio economic impacts Farmers who received PES were divided in groups of 2 and 4 year payment scheme the 2 year scheme received US110 incremental ecological point and of the four year 75 US incremental ecological point The objective was to evaluate if farmers with a 2 year PES scheme will continue to manage the system after payment In Nicaragua NITLAPAN and in Colombia Cipav was responsible to pay the farmers and in Costa Ric
72. era indica Yarumos Cecropia spp y el Chagualo Myrsine guianensis Revista Carta Fedegan No 98 Colombia Calle Z Piedrahita L M ndez L E 2006 Flora de inter s para la conservacion en la cuenca media del rio La Vieja Quind o y Valle del Cauca pp 19 20 En Calder n Eduardo Estrategia Nacional de Conservaci n de Plantas Informe Bienal 2005 2006 IAvH y MAVDT 63 p http www humboldt org co chmcolombia servicios jsp noticias nota_humboldt jsp desde 0 S amp hasta 5 amp jsp nota_humboldt jsp Cardenas A Reyes B Rios N Woo A Ramirez E Ibrahim M 2007 Impacto de los sistemas silvopastoriles en la calidad del agua de dos microcuencas ganaderas de Matiguas Nicaragua Revista Encuentro 39 77 70 82 Articulos Casasola F Ibrahim M Ramirez E Sepulveda C Tobar D 2007 El pago de servicios ambientales como una herramienta para fomentar la adopci n de sistemas silvopastoriles con valor para la conservaci n de la biodiversidad en paisajes ganaderos In III Congreso Iberoamericano Sobre Desarrollo y Ambiente CISDA Heredia Costa Rica 5 9 de noviembre 2007 Seminarios y Congresos Casasola F Ibrahim M Ramirez E Villanueva C Sep lveda C Araya J 2007 Pago por servicios ambientales y cambios en los usos de la tierra en paisajes dominados por la ganader a en el tr pico subh medo de Nicaragua y Costa Rica Agroforester a en las am ricas No 45 a o 2007 ISSN 1022 7482 Art culo
73. erall objective in the Country Assistance Strategy for Colombia which was to achieve sustainable development with continual reduction of poverty and improvement of social conditions in an environment of peace The CAS recognized Colombia s global environmental importance and identified environmental protection and conservation combined with macroeconomic stability to be essential elements to ensure sustainable development This project contributed to the CAS s strategic focus on sustainable development to 1 improve natural resource management and strategic ecosystem conservation 11 strengthen the effectiveness of the decentralized environmental management system and seek partnership opportunities with the private sector NGOs and academia and iii promote employment opportunities for the disadvantaged through environmentally sustainable projects Costa Rica The project was compatible with the World Bank s Country Assistance Strategy for Costa Rica which directly supported improved incentives for private sector led growth improved natural resource management through the conservation of forest ecosystems and poverty alleviation through targeting small farmers and the rural poor for contracts for conservation easements sustainable forest management and reforestation The project was also consistent with the national environmental policies to develop alternatives for degraded lands and conservation of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes N
74. ery successful in changing the way they managed their farms from a conventional practice resulting many times in environmental degradation to more sustainable farming practices with silvopastoral systems Farmers were convinced that the adoption of SPS resulted in improvements in farm productivity and income and in the generation of environmental services However they mentioned a preference for long term payments of environmental services More than 75 of the farmers felt the need for technical assistance for at least 3 years to promote the adoption of SPS They also expressed their willingness to pay for technical assistance Despite the discontinuity of the payments these farmers indicated that they will continue to maintain the silvopastoral systems The perceptions of the policy makers in all three countries were very positive In Costa Rica FONAFIFO and the Ministry of the Environment were of the opinion that the project has generated a wealth of information for designing PES systems for agricultural landscapes and indicated that they will use the results of this project for the implementation of the ECOMARKETS II project which has a focus at the landscape level The Ministry of Agriculture and local policy makers municipal level in Esparza mentioned in the results workshop that they were satisfied with the outcomes of the project As a successful example they pointed out the support received by the municipality of Esparza to develop an environ
75. es live fences etc which has some ES value The economic analysis showed that these productive practices were more profitable than current practices after 2 to 4 years of establishment In order to induce an increase in the area of SPS and forest practices e g secondary and riparian forest which are of a higher value for biodiversity and carbon sequestration the incentive schemes may be redesigned to provide short term payments or a green credit package for the productive practices and long term payments for those practices with higher value for biodiversity and carbon 5 2 The results on biodiversity showed that there are opportunities for conservation of biodiversity in productive landscapes with SPS and this strategy can be used in combination with other strategies such as protected areas etc to optimize biodiversity conservation 5 3 Poor farms benefited with PES schemes and it is possible that these farmers can increase their capacity for investing in land use changes with higher value for biodiversity and carbon if they have access to cheap credit 5 4 The PES system did not provide full compensation to the baseline ecological points and those farmers who had good silvopastoral practices were dissatisfied and in order to reduce perverse effects of PES future PES projects should consider compensation of baseline points with conservation value 5 5 The funds for PES in the three pilot areas was obtained from the GEF grant and part of
76. es as mentioned previously The project demonstrated that SPS are more profitable than conventional production systems without trees and provide the opportunity to increase productivity protect the biodiversity and improve competitiveness even more with the recent increase in the cost of fertilizers This applies for small medium and large scale cattle farms The tools generated in the project provided the basis to formulate the strategic plan of the Colombian cattle ranching sector PEGA 2019 that proposes to reduce the area of pastures in 10 million hectares to reduce land use conflicts and to release areas for biodiversity conservation At the same time it aims to increase the national cattle inventory from 23 to 31 million heads via an intensification based on silvopastoral systems technical assistance and incentives generated thanks to the lessons learned in the project In Colombia the most important changes in land use during the project were a reduction of 719 ha 40 2 in pastures without trees from 1913 to 1194 ha and the increase of 761 ha from 63 to 824 ha of different silvopastoral systems In addition there was an increase of 354 km of living fences and of 23 ha of riparian corridors while the area in forests remained unmodified These changes have remained after the project which demonstrates that the cattle ranchers fulfilled the agreement without repressive measures under the PES scheme The changes are highly significant fo
77. es of birds and other biodiversity indicators butterflies ants and mollusks in each land use to that of degraded and grass monoculture pastures which were established as controls Based on available monitoring data for biodiversity indicators in each country tree cover and species were identified as the two most important variables explaining biodiversity variation Annex 9 provides a detailed explanation of this index Environmental service index payment increase A decision was made in the December 2004 supervision mission to increase the payment per environmental service index point see Section 2 2 for index details from US 50 to US 75 point for the 4 year project participants and to US 110 point for those under the 2 year regime This decision was based primarily on the fact that participants considered the US 50 point payment insufficiently attractive to justify widespread adoption of silvopastoral practices and on revised financial analysis presented to a Bank mission Gobbi J 2002 The limited adoption of these practices in the first year of the project further corroborated this decision In addition many participants who did wish to adopt silvopastoral practices more extensively encountered considerable difficulties in financing the required investments a higher payment per point provided additional liquidity to overcome this constraint A decision was also made to make the payments earlier in the year May June instead of August
78. es que el equipo del proyecto continu enriqueciendo el borrador inicial para empezar el proceso de consultas publicas a partir de junio del 2008 posterior a la aprobaci n del documento por parte del comit Adem s coment que ya se tiene conformado un grupo de trabajo interinstitucional que dar seguimiento al trabajo as mismo que disponen de recursos para la realizaci n de un estudio de mercado que se estar realizando durante el primer semestre del a o Respecto a un nuevo proyecto RA estar a participando promoviendo el sistema de certificaci n que se dise conjuntamente con base en el sistema de producci n con SSP y gracias al cual los productores podr n tener beneficios adicionales no s lo en lo ambiental sino tambi n m s ingresos por la venta de sus productos diferenciados 6 Por ltimo cabe mencionar que previo al inicio de la misi n se contact al Sr Rub n Mu oz punto focal del GEF en Costa Rica y funcionario del MINAE y se le invit a formar parte de las reuniones Pocos d as despu s de la llegada se nos inform que por funciones inherentes a su cargo el Sr Mu oz no podr a participar pero hac a expreso su inter s en colaborar con fondos del RAF de biodiversidad para una nueva fase del proyecto GEF Silvopastoril En visita anterior el Sr Juan Pablo Ruiz y el coordinador regional del proyecto se hab an reunido con l y en ese momento expres el mismo inter s Stakeholder consultation held in N
79. esta es diferente porque usa lo que tenemos en las fincas e EI PSA es diferente a los subsidios que antes recib an cafeteros gana el que hace los cambios y hay la certeza de que los est n vigilando e El cambio costaba m s que el incentivo y se hizo e No contaba con la plata pero el pago incentivo fue un est mulo para lo que hicimos e El incentivo PSA ayuda porque la reconversi n ganadera es costosa e Soy del grupo control y no tuve acompa amiento ni pago Ahora viendo los resultados de los dem s me hubiera gustado mucho haber estado en el proyecto Felipe Londo o Atributos que los productores dieron a las cercas vivas m s de 300 km nuevos establecidos en el proyecto Por que generan m ltiples factores sombra le a forraje reducci n de postes muertos Ahorro de tiempo y dinero con los cercos muertos de guadua Ensayaron primero y al resultado positivo siguieron Evita el costo de estar haciendo cercos muertos Mejora la calidad de los pastos Protecci n del viento ya los cafetales no protegen porque no tienen arborizaci n Evitar riesgos de accidentes con los trabajadores al extraer los postes muertos Mayor belleza esc nica La duraci n de la cerca largo plazo Reducci n de evaporaci n de pastos La opci n por captura de coz era viable por el PSA el espacio f sico para hacerlo BM qu har an y qu no har an del proyecto recomendaciones Ahora que finaliz el proyecto v
80. ets included in project design and reported in its Implementation Status Reports see Section F Additional notes complement information provided in the table Table 1 Outputs achieved for Component 1 Original Targets or as adjusted by MTR Actual Target Achieved About 4 000 hectares of silvopastoral systems established improving the ecosystem in at least 12 000 ha to demonstrate the benefits of silvopastures for carbon sequestration and biodiversity in three countries 3 673 2 hectares of silvopastoral systems established improving the ecosystem in 12 260 ha to demonstrate the benefits of silvopastures for carbon sequestration and biodiversity in three countries Increased biodiversity in the pilot zones in three project countries 26 bird species in secondary and riparian forests in Costa Rica 74 in Colombia and 40 in Nicaragua 67 butterfly species 35 mollusk species Increased carbon sequestration about 25 000 ton carbon sequestered per year Increased biodiversity in the pilot zones in three project countries 42 bird species in secondary and riparian forests in Costa Rica 104 in Colombia and 51 in Nicaragua 130 butterfly species 81 mollusk species Increased carbon sequestration about 19 558 incremental ton carbon sequestered by project end Increased water quality in watersheds reduction on Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Suspended Total Solids mg l Increased water qual
81. f the project the team did not have previous examples on PES in agricultural landscapes to rely on for lessons learned At project outset the available experiences in PES were exclusively on forest ecosystems The team however was composed of international experts CATIE LEAD FAO World Bank who have been working extensively in the agricultural natural resources and environmental services areas and relied on extensive work that CATIE CIPAV and NITLAPAN have carried out in the rural areas of Costa Rica Colombia and Nicaragua respectively This allowed them to identify a range of technical alternatives in each country As a result the silvopastoral systems tested in the project were grouped into four main categories 1 forest plantations with livestock grazing 2 live fencing wind protection shields biological corridors and shade for animals 3 managed succession within silvopastoral systems and 4 intensive systems for cattle and other animal species A complete list of studies reports journal articles and books undertaken in preparation and throughout implementation is available in Annex 7 c Participation Reflecting on the Bank s accumulated expertise in participatory processes including in the rural setting the project undertook local consultations during preparation which included the scientific community technical experts farmers private sector government and NGOs These consultations continued throughout the life of the p
82. fesionales Gobbi J Ibrahim M Caracterizacion socio econ mica de fincas del proyecto de la region Pacifico Central de Costa Rica In Memorias Cuarta Reuni n de Coordinaci n Internacional Proyecto Red Secuestro de Carbono CIAT Cali Colombia 22 25 Septiembre 2003 Art culos 67 Gouriveau F 2004 Ecological and participatory Assessment of the impact of Silvopastoral systems on Butterfly Diversity in the seasonally dry tropics Costa Rica Master of Science T sis Universidad de Hohenheim Alemania 129 p T sis Hermes S 2007 Riqueza de mamiferos medianos con respecto a la composicion y configuraci n espacial del paisaje silvopastoril de Esparza Tesis Mag Sc UNA T sis Holgu n V Ibrahim M Mora J Casasola F 2004 Un enfoque integral de la asistencia t cnica para el cambio de uso del suelo en fincas ganaderas de Costa Rica In Res menes de ponencias VI Semana Cient fica del CATIE 12 13 de marzo del 2004 p p 85 87 Seminarios y Congresos Holgu n V Ibrahim M Mora J Rojas A Caracterizaci n de sistemas de manejo nutricional en ganader as de doble prop sito de la regi n Pac fico Central de Costa Rica Agroforester a en las Am ricas 10 39 40 40 46 2003 Art culos Ibrahim M Mora J Casasola F Cruz J 2004 Cambio tecnol gico inducido hacia sistemas silvopastoriles por el pago de servicios ambientales In Congreso Internacional Silvopastoralismo y Manejo Sostenible
83. ganader a bovina FEDEGAN SENA CIPAV Bogot Colombia 36 p ISBN 9789589856703 Murgueitio E Arango H Calle Z Naranjo J Cuartas C amp M Caro 2008 Sistemas sostenibles de producci n ganadera Cartilla 5 Serie Medidas integrales para el manejo ambiental de la ganader a bovina FEDEGAN SENA CIPAV Santaf de Bogot Colombia 20 p ISBN 9789589856710 Murgueitio E 2006 Alternativas para Enfrentar Una Sequ a Prolongada en la Ganader a Colombiana 2 ed Bogota MADR FEDEGAN CIPAV CORPOICA v 1 35 p Murgueitio E Ibrahim M Ram rez E Zapata A Mej a C Casasola F 2003 Usos de la Tierra en fincas Ganaderas Gu a para el Pago de Servicios Ambientales en el proyecto Enfoques Silvopastoriles Integrados para el Manejo de Ecosistemas CIPAV Cali Colombia 2 ED 97 p Murgueitio E Ibrahim M Ramirez E Zapata A Mejia C y Casasola F 2004 Land use on cattle farms Guide for the payment of Environmental Services Fundaci n CIPAV ISBN 958 9386 43 1 Murgueitio E 2004 Sistemas Agroforestales pecuarios en Colombia II Parte Tierra 3 61 70 70 Murgueitio E Cuartas C 2007 Bancos Forrajeros Mixtos Revista Carta Fedegan No 98 104 104 Colombia Murgueitio E Cuartas C Garcia M 2007 Normas para la Comercializacion de Carne Organica Revista Carta Fedegan No 99 Colombia Murgueitio E Cuartas C Zuluaga A 2007 Sistemas Silvopastoriles con Arboles Frutales Revista Carta
84. guminous trees and herbaceous legumes in pastures is associated in a reduction in the use of N2 fertilizers which results in emissions of relatively large amounts of nitrous oxide note emissions of N20 from leguminous pastures are insignificant A case study on some of the farms indicate that those farms which planted Leucaena pastures en Colombia reduced emissions of methane by 21 and nitrous oxide by 36 and therefore the overall impact on reduction of green house gases will be greater when these emissions are quantified Monitoring of bird species was the main indicator identified for evaluating impacts of SPS on biodiversity in the project but since biodiversity can be measured at different scales other indicators were measured for example ants in Colombia mollusk in Nicaragua butterflies and small mammals in Costa Rica etc The number of bird species in productive SPS multi strata live fences and high density trees was higher than that of traditional grass monoculture and low density pastures and comparable to some forest systems The number of species registered in the different habitats increased in time and this may be partially explained to the increase in sampling intensity and that there was more complexity in the structure of the silvopastoral systems with increased growth Of much importance was that some species of interest for conservation and or forest dependent species were identified in silvopastoral habitats At a landsca
85. has included in its Strategic 2019 Plan the conversion of at least 10 million hectares of pasture to silvopastoral systems Using project generated information and with the support from FEDEGAN silvopastoral systems SPS are eligible to receive an incentive through the Rural 47 Capitalization Incentive ICR The ICR is a low cost credit line that provides an incentive for the adoption of SSP by assuming 40 of the cost of credit Additionally the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development assumes 80 of the Technical Assistance cost for SSP Stakeholder consultation held in Colombia PROYECTO REGIONAL GEF BM ENFOQUES INTEGRADOS SILVOPASTORILES CONSULTA CON PRODUCTORES E INSTITUCIONES 23 a 31 de enero 2008 I INTRODUCCION e Del 23 al 31 de enero del 2008 durante la misi n de supervisi n del Banco Mundial que se llev a cabo en Colombia Nicaragua y Costa Rica para revisar los resultados del Proyecto GEF BM Regional Enfoques Silvopastoriles Integrados para el Manejo de Ecosistemas y recoger insumos para la preparaci n del informe de cierre del proyecto ICR por sus siglas en ingl s la misi n se reuni con productores beneficiarios e instituciones claves para conocer sus percepciones del proyecto discutir los resultados del mismo y las posibilidades de r plica en cada pa s PRINCIPALES HALLAZGOS Y CONCLUSIONES Reuni n con Productores e instituciones COLOMBIA enero 24 25 2008 El 24 de enero se adelant la reuni n c
86. ia Murgueitio E Cuartas C Giraldo Carolina 2006 Sistemas silvopastoriles Ejemplo para todos Roberto Mej a Revista Carta Fedeg n No 94 64 66 Colombia Murgueitio E Cuartas C Giraldo Carolina 2006 Mercados ambientales Protocolo de Kioto y MDL Revista Carta Fedeg n No 94 68 69 Colombia 71 Murgueitio E Cuartas C Giraldo Carolina 2006 Plaguicidas de Alta toxicidad producidos en el mercado Revista Carta Fedegan No 94 67 67 Colombia Murgueitio E Cuartas C Giraldo Carolina 2006 Bosque de galer a o corredores ribere os Revista Carta Fedeg n No 95 64 65 Colombia Murgueitio E Cuartas C Giraldo Carolina 2006 Plantas protectoras de nacimientos de agua Guadua Revista Carta Fedeg n No 95 Colombia Murgueitio E Cuartas C Giraldo Carolina 2006 Utilizaci n del trupillo o algarrobo para sistemas silvopastoriles en el tr pico bajo Revista Carta Fedeg n No 95 68 68 Colombia Murgueitio E Cuartas C Giraldo Carolina 2006 Erosi n e lica y soluciones Revista Carta Fedeg n No 95 70 71 Colombia Murgueitio E Cuartas C 2006 Plantas para aislamiento de nacimientos y fuentes de agua Revista Carta Fedeg n No 96 Colombia Murgueitio E Cuartas C 2006 El guacimo para establecer sistemas silvopastoriles en el tr pico bajo Revista Carta Fedeg n No 96 Colombia Murgueitio E Cuartas C Giraldo C 2006 Bioplaguicidas Control de moscas dom sticas del es
87. iante la implementaci n de biodigestores que puedan ser financiados por el PNUD con manejo de los recursos por parte de la misma asociaci n Reuniones con instituciones 1 FONAFIFO Jorge Mario Rodr guez Director y Hern n Hern ndez responsable PSA el Director de FONAFIFO manifest que el proyecto GEF Silvopastoril ha generado resultados valiosos sobre la biodiversidad en paisajes ganaderos y el pago de servicios ambientales en fincas ganaderas Anot que el proyecto ha apoyado a la instituci n en el desarrollo de un esquema de PSA para sistemas agroforestales con base en n mero de rboles plantados ya que FONAFIFO 59 utiliza otra metodologia diferente para PSA En este momento los expertos de FONAFIFO y del proyecto silvopastoril est n trabajando en una modificaci n de la metodologia de PSA utilizada tradicionalmente por FONAFIFO con base en las lecciones aprendidas por el proyecto Silvopastoril Adem s el Director indica que los resultados del proyecto silvopastoril se pueden replicar en un alto porcentaje de las reas agr colas en Costa Rica donde la ganader a es predominante y por lo tanto la instituci n est dispuesta a apoyar la iniciativa de elaborar una propuesta para GEF que sirva para la replicaci n de los resultados del proyecto Adicionalmente existe un compromiso de FONAFIFO de continuar con el pago de servicios ambientales generados por los SSP una vez el proyecto termine Fundecooperaci n Sr Enrique Mez
88. icaragua Reuni n con Productores e instituciones NICARAGUA enero 29 31 2008 Reuni n con productores del proyecto en Nicaragua 61 Con el fin de conocer directamente la opini n de los productores sobre su participaci n en el proyecto la misi n visit la comunidad de San Ignacio atendida por el proyecto Se convers con 10 productores que expresaron su aceptaci n y disposici n a continuar manteniendo en sus fincas los SSP una vez que el proyecto finalice Tambi n expresaron lo importante que fue el pago por servicios ambientales para poder realizar inversiones en las fincas En los 4 a os del proyecto la mayor a logr duplicar la carga animal incrementar la productividad y realizar mejoras en sus fincas Entre los factores negativos del proyecto que los productores mencionaron est el de la existencia de 3 grupos de trabajo y dos esquemas de pago Ellos prefieren que para proyectos futuros solamente exista el de PSA Asistencia T cnica y en un tiempo de 4 a os Tambi n se hizo un recorrido por la finca del productor Erasmo Gonz lez en donde se pudieron verificar los cambios realizados destac ndose el establecimiento de pasturas mejoradas con rboles bancos forrajeros de gram neas y le osas cercas vivas y protecci n de fuentes de agua entre otros Tambi n se visit la finca del productor Esteban Flores que la misi n recorri constatando los cambios realizados En esta finca se observ el potencial e inter s de
89. icaragua The project was consistent with the World Bank s Country Assistance Strategy for Nicaragua which identified the destruction of forests as an issue of major importance for the country and gave top priority to improving natural resource management The Silvopastoral Project was designed to assist the three countries to e Develop technological choices in controlling livestock induced deforestation e Address socio economic issues linked to livestock grazing and e Identify means to overcome barriers financial knowledge policy to the adoption of silvopastoral systems SPS 1 2 Original Global Environment Objectives GEO and Key Indicators The main development objective was to demonstrate and measure the effects of the introduction of payment incentives for environmental services to farmers on their adoption of integrated silvopastoral farming systems in degraded pasture lands in Colombia Costa Rica and Nicaragua and the improvements in ecosystem functioning global environmental benefits and local socio economic gains resulting from the provision of said services through i incremental local environmental benefits ii incremental global environmental benefits iii experience on farmers reactions to the payment of environmental services and experiences in the management of payment incentive schemes required to produce global environmental benefits and iv guidelines for the sustainable financing mechanisms for the promotio
90. in payments for environmental services Lessons from the Silvopastoral Project in Nicaragua Environment and Development Economics Special Issue on Payment for Ecosystem Services and Poverty Reduction E H Bulte and D Zilberman Eds 13 3 pp 299 325 Pagiola S A R Rios and A Arcenas 2008 Poor household participation in payments for environmental services Lessons from the Silvopastoral Project in Quindio Colombia Environment and Resource Economics in review Pedraza G L Giraldo J D Chara 2008 Efecto de la restauraci n de corredores ribere os sobre las caracter sticas bi ticas y abi ticas de quebradas en zonas ganaderas de la cuenca del r o La Vieja Colombia Zootecnia Tropical 26 1 4 Pomareda E 2007 Biodiversidad y producci n ganadera en fincas bajo SSP Tesis Mag Sc UNA T sis 173 Rios J Ibrahim M Jim nez F Andrade H Sancho F 2006 Estimaci n de la escorrent a superficial e infiltraci n en sistemas de ganader a convencional y en sistemas silvopastoriles en la zona de recarga h drica de la subcuenca del R o Jabonal Barranca Costa Rica In IV Congreso Latinoamericano de Agroforester a en CUBA III Simposio sobre Sistemas Silvopastoriles para la Producci n Ganadera Sostenible 24 al 28 de octubre 2006 Seminarios y Congresos R os N Jim nez F Ibrahim M Andrade H Sancho F 2006 Par metros hidrol gicos y de cobertura vegetal en sistemas de producci n ga
91. ity in watersheds reduction on Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Suspended Total Solids Increased socioeconomic impact Income in pilot farms increased by 10 percent during project s duration US 162 income per ha revenues minus direct costs in Costa Rica US 440 8 income per ha in Colombia _US 111 2 income per ha in Nicaragua Increased socioeconomic impact Income in pilot farms increased by 10 percent during project s duration US 252 income per ha in Costa Rica US 1 597 income per ha in Colombia _US 180 income per ha in Nicaragua 22 Note 1 Water quality was monitored in Colombia where the following indicators were tracked 8 Baseline Actual value by Accepted values for protected Indicator value completion watersheds BOD ppm 11 lt 1 2 lt 5 Turbidity lt 10 NTU gt 40 9 2 EPT 0 27 gt 20 NTUs measure the intensity of light scattered at 90 degrees as a beam of light passes through a water sample The World Health Organization established that the turbidity of drinking water should not be more than 5 NTUs and should ideally be below 1 NTU EPT percent measures the percent of macro invertebrates sensitive to pollution 23 Component 2 Monitoring Environmental Services This component prepared and implemented a system to monitor changes in land use carbon sequestration biodiversity and water quality to provide accurate dat
92. ivestock and the Environment Finding the Balance Working paper Escobar S Armbrtecht I Calle Z 2007 Transporte de semillas por hormigas en bosques y agroecosistemas ganaderos de los andes colombianos Revista Agroecolog a en prensa Espinel R Valencia L Uribe F Molina C H Molina E J Murgueitio E Galindo W Mej a C Zapata A Molina J P y Giraldo J 2004 Sistemas silvopastoriles Establecimiento y manejo Fundaci n CIPAV ISBN 958 9386 44 X Fajardo D Johnston R Armbrecht I Rivera L M ndez L E Piedrahita L y Calle Z 2006 Estudio de caso El papel de las aves la flora nativa y las hormigas en la ganader a basada en sistemas silvopastoriles en el r o La Vieja Pp 406 408 tomo 1 En Chaves ME y Santamar a M editoras 2006 Informe sobre el avance en el conocimiento y la informaci n de la biodiversidad 1998 2004 Instituto de Investigaci n de Recursos Biol gicos Alexander von Humboldt Bogot 2 tomos Fajardo D Johnston R Neira L 2008 Sistemas ganaderos amigos de las aves En Murgueitio E Cuartas C y Naranjo J F eds Ganader a del futuro Investigaci n para el desarrollo CIPAV Cali Colombia 490 p Giraldo L Chara J Z iga M C Pedraza G Posso C Diversidad y abundancia de macroinvertebrados acu ticos en quebradas de la Cuenca del r o La Vieja Colombia Lina Paola Giraldo S XXXV Congreso SOCOLEN Nominado al Premio Hern n Alcaraz Viecco categor a pro
93. ivio de la pobreza en el paisaje ganadero de Matigu s Nicaragua Agroforester a en las am ricas No 45 a o 2007 ISSN 1022 7482 Art culos Maza Rojas B V 2004 Modelos de toma de decisiones de los productores ganaderos respecto al cambio de uso del suelo y la adopci n de sistemas silvopastoriles en Costa Rica Tesis Mag Sc CATIE Turrialba Costa Rica 86 p T sis M ndez L E Calle Z 2007 rboles y arbustos de la cuenca media del r o La Vieja Gu a de campo CIPAV CIEBREG Cali Colombia 292 p Molina C Molina H C Molina J E Molina P J 2008 Carne leche y mejor ambiente en el sistema silvopastoril con Leucaena Leucocephala Lam de WIt MIMOSACEAE En Murgueitio E Cuartas C y Naranjo J F eds Ganader a del futuro Investigaci n para el desarrollo CIPAV Cali Colombia 490 p Munroe T 2003 A biodiversity inventory and evaluation of forest and silvopastoral systems in Costa Rica Can Silvopastoralism support biodiversity in a degraded pasture landscape SLU Suecia 96 p T sis M Sc SLU T sis Mora J Andrade H Harvey C Ibrahim M Eds Producci n y servicios ambientales en sistemas silvopastoriles Agroforester a en las Am ricas 10 39 40 pp 127 Libros Mora J Vel squez R Holgu n V Ibrahim M 2004 Energy productivity in livestock farms with and without silvopastoral systems in the tropics of Costa Rica In 2nd Silvopastoral Symposium on Silvopastoral S
94. l productor para implementar a futuro un modelo agrotur stico Reuniones con instituciones 1 MARENA Lic Roberto Araquistain Viceministro se le expres la voluntad por parte del Banco Mundial de elaborar un proyecto que significar a una segunda fase del proyecto Silvopastoril en Nicaragua para lo que se requer a una carta de no objeci n del punto focal del GEF en Nicaragua y contar con algunos de los fondos del RAF de biodiversidad del pa s El viceministro afirm que actualmente existen otros proyectos GEF pero que estar an anuentes a priorizar esta iniciativa Sugiri que la ubicaci n del proyecto coincida con los municipios que se atienden con el proyecto coraz n el cual es un proyecto GEF y de donde se podr an obtener recursos para su financiaci n Se acord que en los pr ximos d as se le estar a enviando el PIF para su revisi n y que posteriormente expedir a la carta de no objeci n 2 Escuelas de agronegocios Nitlapan Ren G mez Coordinador Se expuso lo que es Nitlapan y los ltimos cambios relacionados con la nueva planificaci n estrat gica Tambi n se abord c mo las lecciones y tecnolog as silvopastoriles implementadas por el proyecto GEF han sido incorporadas en los temas de capacitaci n a los productores que Nitlapan atiende aproximadamente unos 2 000 a nivel nacional y la relaci n existente con el Fondo de Desarrollo Local FDL al que se ha apoyado en el dise o de un producto financie
95. la reglamentaci n Deber a involucrarse m s a la universidad para formar no s lo t cnicos sino tambi n estudiantes Julio C sar Orozco CRO BM tiene algunas propuestas de continuidad con los productores del proyecto 57 Respuestas varios e Con Agroecotur se han identificado dos mercados especializados el turismo cientifico avifauna flora ganaderia y el turismo educativo colegios universidades en varias fincas del proyecto Por ejemplo ahora tenemos una solicitud de un colegio de Cali que quiere hacer una salida con los estudiantes para que conozcan las diferencias de agro clim ticas en diferentes pisos altitudinales Promovemos el turismo como modelo de ingreso adicional que no cambie la vocaci n productiva de las fincas que son oferentes de la propuesta Daniel Uribe Agroecotur e Se deber a hacer una presentaci n de los resultados de los proyectos a los estudiantes del sena Este proyecto se fue pero debemos apostar a otros proyectos M s acercamiento a las instituciones educativas con m s agresividad para la formaci n de los t cnicos garant a de multiplicadores como universidades y sena esta ltima tiene ya tiene una pol tica ambiental y un plan de manejo ambiental para cada regional biodiversidad agua capacitaci n de t cnicos de sistemas agroforestales y buenas pr cticas agropecuarias Marta Yolanda Montoya Sena Se buscar continuar la certificaci n ecol gica de los productores gan
96. licy makers reports publications and peer reviewed articles and books that the ensuing research has generated see Annex 7 also materials for policy makers farmers and their organizations The project s three main areas of impact as reflected in the Logical Framework are a the farm impact once farmers have been introduced to SPS they have adopted it wholeheartedly The impact on the family economy is significant with up to fivefold increases b institutional impact the organizations that have participated in the project have had an opportunity to improve not only their research skills but also their extension services fiduciary responsibilities and inter institutional dialogue and c the ability to replicate the project has been able to share the voluminous knowledge generated not only at the local level but also regionally and internationally Project lessons are being applied to other projects and research experiments across the region and the wolrd The project s well designed monitoring system has been able to demonstrate the benefits of induced land use changes 2 4 Safeguard and Fiduciary Compliance At project outset and as reflected in the ISDS only two safeguards policies were applicable Environmental Assessment and Natural Habitats After further review by the Safeguards Policy Group two other policies were included Natural Habitats and Pest Management From an environmental perspective the project has proven to be be
97. lindo W 2008 Reconversi n ambiental de fincas ganaderas en los andes centrales de Colombia En Murgueitio E Cuartas C y Naranjo J F eds Ganader a del futuro Investigaci n para el desarrollo CIPAV Cali Colombia 490 p Naranjo JF amp Murgueitio E 2006 Propuesta de PSA H drico en el Municipio de Marinilla Antioquia Colombia bosque Chile v 27 n 2 p 172 172 Pagiola S P Agostini J Gobbi C de Haan and M Ibrahim E Murgueitio E Ram rez M Rosales and J P Ruiz 2004 Paying for biodiversity conservation services in agricultural landscapes Environment Department Paper No 96 Washington World Bank Also in Spanish Pagiola S P Agostini J Gobbi C de Haan M Ibrahim E Murgueitio E Ramirez M Rosales and J P Ruiz 2005 Paying for biodiversity conservation services Mountain Research and Development 25 3 pp 206 211 Pagiola S E Ramirez J Gobbi C de Haan M Ibrahim E Murgueitio and J P Ruiz 2007 Paying for the environmental services of silvopastoral practices in Nicaragua Ecological Economics Special Issue on Ecosystem Services and Agriculture S M Swinton F Lupi S H Hamilton and G P Robertson Eds 64 2 pp 374 385 Pagiola S and A R Rios 2008 The impact of payments for environmental services on land use change in Quindio Colombia Washington World Bank Pagiola S A R Rios and A Arcenas 2008 Can the poor participate
98. lishment of high density trees in pastures and live fences were the main land use changes on farms in Colombia intensive SPS was established with Leucaena and multipurpose trees while in Nicaragua and Costa Rica natural regeneration of trees in pastures were managed as a way to increase tree densities in pastures The largest percentage increase in the area of fodder banks for dry season feeding was observed in Nicaragua 5 and this may be associated to cheaper labor prices compared to Nicaragua and Costa Rica The percentage area of forest riparian secondary forest etc increased by an average of 1 The land use changes that farmers made resulted in a net increase of 19 558 tons of C which is 78 of the target 25 000 and reasons for not achieving target are given above This indicator should have been in CO2 equivalence and not total C and apparently there was an error establishing this indicator The amount of incremental carbon has an equivalent of 71712 CO2 equivalent 19558 x 44 12 which is the unit used for compensation of carbon on international markets and this is equivalent to an increment of 1 5 tons ha yr considering an area of 12000 has The impacts of land use changes on emissions of green house gases are more striking when an analysis is made on impacts on emissions of methane and nitrous oxide The use of forages of better quality than degraded pastures resulted in a reduction in emission of methane and the incorporation of le
99. logy transfer through regional Centers that included training of all the technicians so that they give an effective technical help to farmers in the subject of the SSP Importance of the Silvopastoral Approaches to Ecosystem Management Project to CIPAV Thanks to this project CIPAV gained recognition in the National System of Science and Technology SNCyT since it improved its capacity for the investigation and management in the subjects of sustainable cattle ranching silvopastoral systems and environmental services The project allowed widespread distribution of a pioneering work that the institution promoted from its beginnings An unquestionable recognition between the producers was obtained which is materialized in joint works with FEDEGAN in several fronts and also among scientific academic and environmental institutions Thanks to this experience CIPAV works at present in projects in four out of the five biogeographic regions of the country the Andean zone the Atlantic coast the Orinoco and Amazons piedmont and in countries of Central America in the development and implementation of silvopastoral systems and PES schemes The following is a list of projects and agreements managed in the last years by CIPAV thanks to the experience gained in the project e Elaboraci n de una Estrategia Local que Contribuya a Mejorar la Productividad e Ingresos de Peque os y Medianos Agricultores Establecidos en la Zona de Amortiguamiento Reserva 45
100. lowing is an excerpt of the section of the comments pertaining to their review of the evaluations the letter is attached below in Figure 1 The contents of the ICR reflects the achievements under each of the component and the impacts that the project has had in policies for mainstreaming silvopastoral systems We however feel that based on the achievements of the project and of the evaluation conducted by GEF that the ranking of this project should be changed from satisfactory to very satisfactory as this project has worked with a small grant of GEF and has had major achievements in a very controversial area of management of cattle production and sustainable management of forest resources b Cofinanciers and Other partners and stakeholders Comments requested from cofinanciers and other partners such as LEAD FAO were not received in time for inclusion in the ICR 19 CATIE SOONE CA snd ARORA Soluciones para el ambiente y desarrollo November 10 2008 DID GAMMA 360 Dr Juan Pablo Ruiz Se or Natural Resources Management Specialist Sustainable Development LCSEN Colombia Ref TF 050612 Regional Integrated Silvopastoral Approaches to Ecosystem Management Project in Colombia Costa Rica and Nicaragua Dear Dr Ruiz I have revised the ICR of the project Regional Integrated Silvopastoral Approaches to Ecosystem Management Project in Colombia Costa Rica and Nicaragua TF 050612 which was implemented between 2
101. ly However it is also evident that some practices including some that are very attractive from a biodiversity perspective such as establishing riparian forests are less attractive to farmers Moreover some of the practices that are most attractive to farmers such as intensive leucaena are not necessarily very beneficial to biodiversity unless established in association with multi species live fences Approaches to future projects These results suggest that in many cases silvopastoral practices can play an important role in rural development efforts Future efforts to expand the adoption of silvopastoral practices should not necessarily be seen as primarily environmental projects that also have rural development benefits but rather as primarily rural development projects that also have environmental benefits That many of the environmental benefits generated are global in nature means that GEF support for such projects would often be justified Methodological lessons Apply the environmental service and biodiversity indexes The indices developed by the project were very useful tools that farmers quickly related to They were able to relate their activity to a direct level of compensation allowing each individual to reach his or her own 18 comfort level Contracts with farmers specifying amounts per land use change made annual payments easier e Simplify the application of the indices Monitoring the different land uses had a high
102. mental education program which was implemented and is now being supported by the Ministry of Education Also the community leaders of Esparza expressed their satisfaction with the project due to the support received for the establishment of the local Watershed Management Committee For the municipality this was crucial for guaranteeing water supply and they are currently designing water conservation projects The private sector the large milk cooperative DOS PINOS and CORFORGA of Costa Rica were impressed with the impacts of the project and requested support to develop incentive systems for replication at a national level in Costa Rica In Colombia it was pointed out that the successful results of the project will be replicated at a broader level with the follow up project Mainstreaming biodiversity in sustainable cattle ranching The project has support from the Ministries of Environment and Agriculture FINAGRO a second tier bank FEDEGAN Fondo para la Acci n Ambiental y la Ni ez The Nature Conservancy CATIE and CIPAV Experts at all levels extension agents to University professors felt that the project achieved its objectives in changing the way cattle production was carried out Furthermore it was pointed out that this small project had national level impacts as shown by the interest of many organizations using the results for replication In Colombia thanks to the results of the project the private sector represented by FEDEGAN
103. mental services in productive landscapes dominated with cattle and to evaluate how cattle farmers made land use changes with PES The project had four components 2 1 Ecosystem enhancement Extension services and Capacity Building e Ecosystem Enhancement strengthen local development organizations to assist farmers in establishing and maintaining improved SPS e Capacity building To assist stakeholders strengthen local organizations in the technical and institutional aspects of SPS 2 2 Monitoring and evaluation of Ecological Services To develop and implement an improved monitoring system to provide accurate information and understanding on the potential of intensified SPS in providing global ecological services and local socio economic benefits 2 3 Eco services payments To create and implement and eco services payment mechanism to provide incentives for establishing and maintaining improved SPS on farms The structure of the payment mechanism is designed to gain experience on beneficiaries response to incentives for land use changes that produce global environmental benefits and 2 4 Policy formulation and Dissemination With input from socio economic assessments develop replication strategy including exploration of potential sustainable financing mechanisms to ensure long term sustainability of the project 3 Project Results 3 1 Component 1 Ecosystem enhancement Extension services and Capacity Building In the first phase of the
104. ments have shown strong support for the project and plan to continue supporting it The new instruments being proposed and new projects being prepared incorporating many of the methods developed by the project is a strong indication of this support Despite an initial steep learning curve as would be expected with such an innovative project the silvopastoral project is a success story that is being shared with the rest of the world 6 Lessons Learned As a pilot project the Silvopastoral Project has generated a tremendous amount of learning These lessons are being incorporated into the design of the follow on projects discussed earlier It has clearly demonstrated that 17 Farmers respond to PES At each of the project sites the project has induced substantial land use change far more than in the control groups in terms of both area affected and the extent of changes undertaken Silvopastoral practices generate substantial benefits in terms of biodiversity conservation substantial increases in biodiversity in project supported land uses were observed at all sites among other indicators both the number of species of birds observed and the number of individuals increased including many forest dependent and endangered species carbon sequestration the silvopastoral practices supported by the project resulted in substantial carbon sequestration both directly un sequestering carbon in trees and indirectly by inducing lower
105. mers who expressed their intention not to return to previous farm management practices and iv producer to producer visits played an important role in introducing farmers to the benefits of SPS In general farmers were highly satisfied with project TCIPAV Enfoques Silvopastoriles Integrados para el Manejo de Ecosistemas Reporte Final Colombia 2008 15 outcomes including those in the 2 year payment scheme A detailed description of these discussions can be found in Annex 6 4 Assessment of Risk to Development Outcome Rating Negligible or Low As discussed earlier the project has already generated concrete actions in all three countries to scale up project activities in addition to transferring knowledge throughout the region and the world The long term sustainability of project outcomes is made more likely by the strength of the institutions involved in its implementation and the solid analytical work that resulted demonstrating that in fact SPS are both economically and environmentally sound The continuation of the analytical work by these institutions will build up additional evidence in support of the adoption of the silvopastoral systems in productive farms everywhere 5 Assessment of Bank and Borrower Performance 5 1 Bank a Bank Performance in Ensuring Quality at Entry Rating Satisfactory The Bank s participation in the design of the project was of key importance The role of the international experts brought in
106. mic benefits of adopting SPS e Sustainability even with strong institutional backing e g FAO LEAD CATIE government and civil society support and a solid dissemination strategy throughout the region the moral hazard that economic incentives would increase deforestation simmered in the background The project never allowed this to materialize as measures were established at its outset to define what the baseline forest cover of a farm was The fact that farmers who were only awarded 2 year PES had not converted back to pastures without trees by project end and to the contrary had kept the land use change induced by the project is a clear indication of the intervention s sustainability where there is a win win situation Strategies to induce biodiversity friendly land management in cattle ranching farms differ according to the profitability of the land use change and the environmental services it provides i Profitable land use changes for cattle ranchers having positive impacts on biodiversity and carbon sequestration but fewer contributions to environmental services can be induced with technical assistance and credit e g improved pastures with high density Leucaena or low tree density fodder banks ii Land use changes having a moderate short term impact on farm productivity but offering clear economic returns in the mid to long term will require short term PES to promote their adoption by compensating for initial investments e g
107. n el proyecto y solicitaron se ejecute una fase posterior que le permita a otros productores ser beneficiarios de la tecnolog a y que se considere un periodo de pago m s largo Tambi n se visit la finca del Sr Nelson Benavides quien defini que el principal aporte que ha tenido del proyecto aparte del pago el cual ha invertido en la finca es la capacitaci n y la ense anza que ha recibido Trabaja un sistema de engorde compra venta con bancos forrajeros como una estrategia de suplementaci n en la poca de verano Ha reducido costos de producci n hasta en un 50 ha disminuido considerablemente el uso de herbicidas y las quemas y ha incrementado la ganancia de peso hasta 2 kilo por d a entre otros beneficios adem s regala semilla de leucaena en la zona para impulsar la siembra de bancos forrajeros Finalmente se tuvo una reuni n con la junta directiva de la Asociaci n Procuenca del R o Jabonal cuyos miembros mencionaron que esta asociaci n ahora con personer a jur dica fue creada en el marco del proyecto y tiene por objetivo velar por el desarrollo y manejo ambiental de la cuenca Con la finalizaci n del proyecto la asociaci n est trabajando con la Universidad de Costa Rica implementado un plan de manejo para los pr ximos 5 a os bajo una estrategia de siembra de SSP para proteger las fuentes de agua de las fincas ganaderas de la zona As mismo est intentando replicar algunas tecnolog as de manejo de residuos med
108. n of silvopastoral systems to rehabilitate degraded pastures Key Outcome performance indicators include e Sustainable silvopastoral systems established in three Latin American countries and improved water quality in six watersheds in Latin America e Improved habitat for diverse types of biodiversity provided stable carbon sequestered in the soil and in commercial wood under silvopastoral systems SPS in six watersheds in three countries e Improved resource monitoring methodologies developed for measuring carbon sequestration biodiversity conservation and sustainable funding mechanism established which provide appropriate incentives to induce farmers to provide global environmental benefits e Increased awareness of the potential in environmental services provided by integrated ecosystem management and experience gained for future development of the integrated ecosystem management approaches to restore degraded pasture e Guidance for future funding lessons for replication best practice and policy requirements for environmental services in livestock production defined 1 3 Revised GEO and Key Indicators and reasons justification The Global Environmental Objective did not change After mid term review however it was recommended that the indicator measuring biodiversity be revised given that a panel of experts deemed it unrealistic to increase 50 bird species per production system This parameter was modified to make the comparison of
109. n sus planes trienales esta tem tica Lu s Mario Mill n CVC 55 Primero hay una etapa de convencimiento del productor que es muy importante Las corporaciones aut nomas tienen una motivaci n netamente ambiental sin embargo a los productores se les convence con hechos econ micos y ya comienzan a importarles los temas ambientales Veo con satisfacci n que ahora un productor que se neg a hacer el proyecto piloto de CRQ CIPAV hoy en d a es el primero que cubri el 100 de silvopastoril sin pago ni asistencia t cnica Se logr demostrar que no hay conflicto entre la producci n y la conservaci n Juan Manuel Rivera Corpocaldas Destaco que tecnolog as sencillas como las propuestas por el proyecto pueden contribuir a la transformaci n de los paisajes El proyecto logr promover y hacer cambios que hab a sido para los organismos del estado que est n en la zona muy dif cil de completar con los mecanismos actuales Albeiro Montoya Corvisa Los beneficios regionales pasaron a ser beneficios nacionales Recibimos giras ganaderas de fedegan provenientes de todo el pa s Ricardo Botero Fedegan TecnigOn Pereira Sesi n de Preguntas y Respuestas BM C mo puede seguir esta din mica del proyecto sin los incentivos Respuestas varios La sostenibilidad est dada por la capacitaci n de grupos instituciones t cnicos estudiantes Nos pareci muy importante lo que hizo el proyecto en la capacitaci n de
110. nadera en la zona de recarga de la subcuenca del r o Jabonal Costa Rica Recursos Naturales y Ambiente no 48 111 117 Art culos R os N Jim nez F Ibrahim M Andrade H Sancho F 2006 Estimaci n de par metros hidrol gicos en sistemas de producci n ganadera convencional y silvopastoril en la zona de recarga h drica de Subcuenca del R o Jabonal Barranca Costa Rica ECOSIST MICOS EN LOS NEOTR PICOS ESTADO DEL ARTE Y DESAF OS FUTUROS Bosque Valdivia 2006 Vol 27 No 2 pp 163 217 ISSN 0717 9200 Art culos Rios N Auquilla R Ibrahim M 2007 Evaluaci n de estado del recurso h drico en fincas ganaderas en el tr pico subh medo de Costa Rica In III Congreso Iberoamericano Sobre Desarrollo y Ambiente CISDA Heredia Costa Rica 5 9 de noviembre 2007 Seminarios y Congresos R os N C rdenas A Andrade H Ibrahim M Jim nez F Sancho F Ram rez E Reyes B Woo A 2007 Escorrent a superficial e infiltraci n en sistemas ganaderos convencionales y silvopastoriles en el tr pico subh medo de Nicaragua y Costa Rica Agroforester a en las am ricas No 45 a o 2007 ISSN 1022 7482 Art culos Rivera C Botero M Escobar S Ambrech I 2008 Diversidad de hormigas en sistemas ganaderos En Murgueitio E Cuartas C y Naranjo J F eds Ganader a del futuro Investigaci n para el desarrollo CIPAV Cali Colombia 490 p Rivera L Ambrecht I Calle Z 2008 Hormigas dep
111. ncies contributed significantly to the design of the project All three institutions in Colombia CIPAV Costa Rica CATIE and Nicaragua NITLAPAN UCA were actively involved Their experience with agriculture production systems natural resource management research analytical methods and financial systems were all fundamental to a better designed project As overall implementation coordinator CATIE provided technical support during project design and execution using the expertise gained among others through projects such as the EU funded FRAGMENT and Mesoamerican Biological Corridor which generated information on biodiversity it contributed to methodological developments Although CATIE s previous experience with several Bank projects had familiarized it with WB procedures six months after effectiveness a Bank mission detected deficiencies in procurement This along with difficulties in obtaining the signatures for the subsidiary agreements with the two co executing agencies CIPAV and NITLAPAN delayed initial implementation which resulted in a disbursement lag CATIE quickly moved to hire a procurement specialist who then trained the staff responsible for fiduciary aspects in Costa Rica Colombia and Nicaragua Eventually the project was back on track and by end of project the disbursement lag had been eliminated with a full disbursement c Justification of Rating for Overall Borrower Performance Rating Satisfactory All three govern
112. nd use has not reverted back to the original use prior to the implementation of the PES scheme All of these successes would not be possible were it not for another outcome of the project Namely that the project has been instrumental in increasing the awareness of the potential of integrated ecosystem management has on providing critical environmental services including the restoration of degraded pasture This has been achieved through extensive training capacity building and dissemination of knowledge generated through the project Experts from CATIE continue to participate in international events presenting project results including a GEF organized workshop on land degradation and desertification in Tunis This knowledge base is serving to provide guidance for replicating the Silvopastoral System at all levels as discussed in Section 2 5 3 3 Efficiency The Silvopastoral Project had relatively high costs due to its intensive monitoring capacity building and other activities normally not a part of a scaled up non experimental project The Environmental Services Index served an important function in providing a means to measure and account for the environmental services being provided by farmers It also leveled the playing field in the sense that anybody participating in the payment scheme had an objective assessment of their starting point These activities were never intended to be scaled up to the national level They did however provide val
113. nding and is now being incorporated into the follow up project in Colombia In this regard measuring the effects of the introduction of payment incentives to farmers for the 11 environmental services resulting from their adoption of integrated silvopastoral farming systems remains highly relevant It is worth highlighting the project s successful introduction of adjustments to a cattle rancher s productive system as a change in cattle ranching production systems with PES support rather than a conservation land use change Environmentally friendly cattle ranching practices were promoted without the necessity of modifying their main cattle ranching activity 3 2 Achievement of Global Environmental Objectives The project was able to a large extent to attain the outcomes envisioned at project design Silvopastoral systems were successfully introduced in the three participating countries The project has been successful in demonstrating and measuring the effects of the introduction of payment incentives to farmers for the adoption of integrated silvopastoral farming systems Accumulated PES per farm between 2003 and 2008 was US 2 500 US 2 400 and US 2 300 for Costa Rica Nicaragua and Colombia respectively resulting in 12 262 hectares of improved biodiversity and carbon sequestration indices by the end of implementation the target was 12 000 hectares Many other environmental benefits of silvopastoral systems were demonstrated improvemen
114. nds to farmers through FONAFIFO the semi autonomous state institution responsible for the successful implementation of a national Environmental Services Program In Nicaragua NITLAPAN a non profit Jesuit university is highly respected with a strong field presence offering extension services throughout the country Lastly in Colombia the project was able to rely on CIPAV whose institutional mission is to contribute to sustainable development through research training and communication related to production systems appropriate for tropical agro ecosystems CIPAV is currently leading the efforts for the GEF follow on project In each country partners of these executing agencies were strengthened as a way to increase local capacities for the development of sustainable livestock systems Other international partners enhanced project implementation such as LEAD FAO which provided co financing in the sum of US 350 000 for part of the PES in Costa Rica and several activities under the policy component The American Bird Conservancy an important participant in biodiversity conservation in the Americas was awarded a US 200 000 sub contract for monitoring biodiversity in project areas given its expertise and specialization b Experimental design In many ways the Silvopastoral Project could be considered as a research project In addition to providing incentives to farmers to adopt silvopastoral practices that generate environmental services it was
115. nign see Sections F 3 and 6 and Annex 2 for details a Environmental safeguards the project was rated B category as no major adverse environmental impacts were expected from a design that would increase conservation knowledge and sustainable use of globally important biodiversity in Colombia Costa Rica and Nicaragua Although a full environmental assessment was not required LEAD did undertake an analysis of the positive impact of implementing SPS under the project It recognized that driven by social and economic pressures and unsustainable land use patterns local settlers continue their expansion into the last remnants of native forests Multi purpose farming and agroforestry practices applied to livestock production enterprises open new avenues for farmers to link sound agricultural development with conservation The project had highly beneficial impacts upon the environment by supporting improved natural resource management and biodiversity conservation fully complying with the objectives of OP 4 36 Forestry namely to reduce deforestation enhance the environmental contribution of forested areas promote afforestation reduce poverty and encourage economic development b Fiduciary Aspects The project suffered initial delays in implementation due to deficiencies in procurement and delays in the signature and implementation of the subsidiary agreements between CATIE and CIPAV and NITLAPAN Six months into the project the Bank s pr
116. no de Agroforester a en CUBA III Simposio sobre Sistemas Silvopastoriles para la Producci n Ganadera Sostenible 24 al 28 de octubre 2006 Seminarios y Congresos Chac n M Ibrahim M Cuartas C Naranjo J Ponce G Casasola F 2006 Dep sitos de carbono en el suelo y la biomasa arb rea en diferentes sistemas de usos de la tierra en tres paisajes neotropicales en Colombia Costa Rica y Nicaragua CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL DE LOS SERVICIOS ECOSIST MICOS EN LOS NEOTR PICOS ESTADO DEL ARTE Y DESAF OS FUTUROS Bosque Valdivia 2006 Vol 27 No 2 pp 163 217 ISSN 0717 9200 Art culos Chara J D 2004 Manual para el Monitoreo de Ambientes Acu ticos en Microcuencas Ganaderas Fundaci n CIPAV Cali Segunda Edici n 78p ISBN 958 9386 38 5 Char J Pedraza G Giraldo L 2008 Corredores ribere os como herramienta de protecci n de ambientes acu ticos en zonas ganaderas En Murgueitio E Cuartas C y Naranjo J F eds Ganader a del futuro Investigaci n para el desarrollo CIPAV Cali Colombia 490 p Char J Cuartas C Murgueitio E 2006 Mejorando la calidad del agua en microcuencas ganaderas Revista Carta Fedeg n No 96 Colombia Chara J amp Murgueitio E 2005 The role of silvopastoral systems in the rehabilitation of Andean stream habitats Livestock Research for Rural Development 17 Art 20 http www cipav org co Irrd Irrd17 2 char17020 htm Chara J Pedraza G Giraldo L Hincapi D
117. o los sistemas silvopastoriles que favorecen la protecci n o recuperaci n de bosques aguas y suelos Nestl Caquet Ps 52224 Programa Multifase de Desarrollo Sostenible de Chiriqu Ministerio de la Presidencia de Panam Reconversi n ambiental ganadera con sistemas de uso de la tierra que favorecen la provisi n de servicios ambientales en el departamento del Quind o FASE I CRQ Reconversi n ambiental ganadera con sistemas de uso de la tierra que favorecen la provisi n de servicios ambientales en el departamento del Quind o FASE II CRQ Incrementar y mantener sostenible la producci n y calidad de la leche en los distritos del Cesar Guajira y Magdalena sin incrementar el rea geogr fica y promoviendo usos de la tierra como los sistemas silvopastoriles que favorecen la protecci n o recuperaci n de bosques aguas y suelos Nestl PDA 46 Annex 6 Beneficiary Survey and or Stakeholder Workshops Given the richness of the discussions with different stakeholders held in Colombia Costa Rica and Nicaragua in January of 2008 they are presented in full following this summary To evaluate different stakeholder s perceptions and project impacts a survey was conducted in the three countries In the surveys with farmers more than 90 in all three countries indicated that they understood that the payment was for providing an environmental service to the local and global communities Their perception was that the project was v
118. ocurement specialist rated procurement as unsatisfactory CATIE soon hired a procurement specialist replacement who proceeded to train corresponding colleagues in Costa Rica Colombia and Nicaragua With essential trained staff in place and the signing of the agreements the lag in project disbursement was incrementally reduced In April 2005 procurement was upgraded to Satisfactory and remained as such By the end of project 100 percent disbursement was reached With respect to its Financial Management the project did not present any issues as reflected in the ISRs 2 5 Post completion Operation Next Phase Replicability and scaling up of the project is an objective that is being met Colombia is moving forward with an independent follow up project through which FEDEGAN a partner in this project plans to scale SPS up to 62 000 hectares in prominent cattle ranching areas throughout the country In Costa Rica the project created a demand for this type of payment scheme amongst cattle ranchers and payments for SPS generated environmental services will be recognized by FONAFIFO under its national PES program Nicaragua through its FDL is also moving forward on scaling up with a line of credit to promote the adoption of SPS that over 300 farmers have already benefitted from The GoN is also considering a follow on project that looks at agriculture from a much more integrated perspective This includes payments to cattle ranchers that adopt practice
119. olver n a las pr cticas anteriores Respuestas varios Ahora los productores somos multiplicadores de estas pr cticas No creemos que nos devolvamos a las pr cticas anteriores porque estamos motivados y convencidos Estamos dispuestos a hacer lo que hicimos y mucho m s Ya hay un cambio de mentalidad Cuando se cay el precio del d lar el proyecto reajust el pago y esto da seriedad del proyecto es bueno tenerlo en cuenta en otros proyectos Soy del grupo de 2 a os los mayores cambios los hice la final del proyecto Al inicio del proyecto tuvimos errores y con el tiempo fuimos desarrollando confianza y los cambios los hicimos Se deben incentivar estas tecnolog as propias no otros modos de producci n for neos Olimpo Montes 53 Se debe construir un incentivo que puedan recibir los productores de leche o carne por pr cticas sostenibles Ya tenemos una l nea base alta como hemos aumentado los puntos y si sigui ramos en una segunda fase no recibiriamos estos incentivos Ser a interesante poder tener un incentivo por lo que conservamos Olimpo Montes Me hubiera gustado haber pertenecido al grupo con la asistencia t cnica He recibido donaciones de rboles e incentivo para sembrarlos pero no son suficientes La asistencia t cnica sirve para no equivocarnos El acompa amiento es otro incentivo David Barrios BM cu les son las lecciones aprendidas y qu limitaciones identifica Respuestas varios
120. on productores e instituciones En las instalaciones de la Corporaci n Aut noma Regional del Quind o CRQ se reunieron representantes del Banco Mundial y CIPAV con productores del proyecto e instituciones participantes y colaboradoras Taller con productores del proyecto Agenda Apertura introducci n Juan Pablo Ruiz y Enrique Murgueitio Presentaci n del proyecto y sus resultados lvaro Zapata Se presentaron los principales resultados del proyecto en el cambio del uso de la tierra el esquema de pago por servicios ambientales la metodolog a de monitoreo el rea de influencia y alcances del proyecto Presentaci n productores los productores se refirieron a la localizaci n y tama o de su finca la categor a en que estuvo en el proyecto PSA a 2 6 4 a os con o sin AT control sin PSA ni AT y respondieron a la pregunta qu ha cambiado con el proyecto Las principales respuestas sobre el tipo de cambios en las fincas fueron e Siembra de rboles en potreros en fincas que no ten an antes nada de rboles e Establecimiento de cercas vivas e Siembra de muchos rboles en potreros e Silvopastoril intensivo con leucaena 48 Actividades de agroturismo experiencias con visitantes incluso extranjeros Protecci n de bosques nativos y guaduales guadua angustifolia Corredores de conexi n entre bosques nativos Bebederos sustitutos para que el ganado no entre en los cursos de agua Conexi n de fuentes de agua In
121. onment and Development Economics Special Issue on Payment for Ecosystem Services and Poverty Reduction E H Bulte and D Zilberman Eds 13 3 pp 299 325 Pagiola S E Ram rez J Gobbi C de Haan M Ibrahim E Murgueitio and J P Ru z 2007 Paying for the environmental services of silvopastoral practices in Nicaragua Ecological Economics Special Issue on Ecosystem Services and Agriculture S M Swinton F Lupi S H Hamilton and G P Robertson Eds 64 2 pp 374 385 World Bank 2002 Centro Agron mico Tropical de Investigaci n y Ense anza CATIE Integrated Silvopastoral Approaches to Ecosystem Management Project in Colombia Costa Rica and Nicaragua Report No 21869 LAC Project Appraisal Document 78 Annex 9 Biodiversity and Environmental Service Index The following formula was used to calculate an index for biodiversity services payment IBSP y VI Ab abT s Va i l Whereby IBSP Index for biodiversity services payment VI Value of importance measuring species vulnerability with respect to tree cover requirements and degree of threat Ab1 Sum of all individuals of a species in a determined land use abT Total richness of species in a landscape Gamma Diversity Va Value of habitat variables Tree cover Number of trees DBH etc that best explain the richness of species Sha Proportion of the richness in each land use with respect to total landscape richness
122. onsibility Specialty Task manager Sector Mger Agriculture M amp E Quality assurance Co TTL amp Livestock production Rural development 1 year Task manager Task manager Sector Leader LCC2C Acting TTL amp rural dev SSP biodiversity Environmental services SSP biodiversity ICR preparation Livestock production Livestock production M amp E specialist M amp E SSP biodiversity Agrotourism Agrotourism 33 Names Title Unit Responsibility Specialty Enrique Antonio Roman Financial Management Spec LCSFM Fabienne Mroczka Financial Management Analyst LCSFM C Izquierdo Gonzalez Finance Assistant LOADM Luis Fernando Rios Junior Professional Associate LCSFM Financial management Keisgner de J Alfaro Sr Procurement Spec LCSPT Luis R Prada Sr Procurement Spec LCSPT Monica Lehnhoff Procurement Analyst LCSPT Irani G Escolano LCSPT Procurement a Staff Time and Cost Staff Time and Cost Bank Budget Only USD Thousands including travel and consultant costs t f Project l Stage of Project Cycle No of staff weeks Lending FY01 17 85 90 54 FY02 24 03 101 84 Total 41 88 192 38 Supervision ICR FY03 7 68 50 64 FY04 14 84 80 45 FY05 7 71 41 89 FY06 8 51 43 62 FY07 15 54 54 63 FY08 20 76 83 84 Total 75 04 355 07 34 Annex 5 Summary of Borrower s ICR and or Comments on Draft ICR CATIE Centro Agron mico Tropical de Investigaci n y Ense anza Project Integrated Silvopastoral Appro
123. opuestas para modificar nuevas areas David Barrios He participado desde el comienzo del proyecto En los a os 70 ten amos caf con sombra pero en los 90 tuvimos la experiencia de la tumba de rboles porque existi un incentivo de la federaci n de cafeteros por hect rea para tumbar el caf e hicimos carb n con los guamos que ten amos para tener ganader a sin rboles Las zonas planas sostuvieron su capacidad de carga pero las zonas pendientes comenzaron su degradaci n La falta de conocimiento y de asistencia t cnica contribuye a que se cometan muchos errores La biodiversidad el guat n Dasyprocta punctata mam ifero roedor puede transitar a trav s de los corredores biol gicos Muy interesante que en CIPAV nos dan los listados de especies de flora y de aves y los productores los pueden tener y ayudar a protegerlos Este proyecto no s lo deber a continuar sino volverse piloto Proponer vincular a j venes colegios universidades escuelas programas educativos para mostrar los cambios hechos en nuestras fincas para no s lo mostrar aspectos ambientales tambi n asuntos productivos donde hay mejoras Uno de los logros m s importantes del proyecto es el intercambio de experiencias pr cticas entre nosotros sobre control de hormigas siembra de rboles etc Los paisas somos culturalmente individualistas pero en este caso compartimos todas nuestras experiencias Alfonso L pez Reina Sesi n de Preguntas y Respuestas
124. ory Satisfactory 1 28 6 12 15 2004 Satisfactory Satisfactory 1 71 7 04 20 2005 Satisfactory Satisfactory 1 98 8 04 12 2006 Satisfactory Satisfactory 3 12 9 06 19 2006 Satisfactory Satisfactory 3 35 10 08 04 2006 Satisfactory Satisfactory 3 48 11 03 29 2007 Satisfactory Satisfactory 3 97 12 08 30 2007 Satisfactory Satisfactory 4 27 13 01 29 2008 Satisfactory Satisfactory 4 50 14 03 24 2008 Satisfactory Satisfactory 4 50 H Restructuring if any Not Applicable I Disbursement Profile lx 1 Project Context Global Environment Objectives and Design 1 1 Context at Appraisal In 2002 about 38 percent 94 million out of 248 million hectares of Central America s total land area was used as permanent pasture and this area had expanded over the previous decade in the three project countries Colombia Costa Rica and Nicaragua at a rate of between four and nine percent mostly at the expense of tropical forest Thus ranching induced deforestation was one of the main causes of loss of some unique plant and animal species in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America Despite significant efforts to reduce destruction of tropical forests and protect the natural habitats and wildlife populations in Latin America the beginning of the new century did not look more promising for the preservation of tropical rainforest and biodiversity than the preceding years Over the previous decade natural forest areas in the three countries had
125. pe level 28 24 and 10 bird species of interest for conservation was observed in Colombia Nicaragua and Costa Rica respectively An index was developed as a tool for payment for biodiversity services using the data bases of biodiversity indicators in the three countries and this index 38 incorporates variables on tree cover and diversity area of land use value or importance of the species etc 3 1 6 The planting of multi strata live fences and riparian forest resulted in increased connectivity in the landscapes of the three pilot areas which is key for conservation of biodiversity 3 2 Component 2 Monitoring and evaluation of Ecological Services Methodology was developed for monitoring of ecological services in the three countries Below is provided information on the methodologies 3 2 1 As mentioned above an index for evaluation of biodiversity was developed as a tool for PES and validated in different land use practices 3 2 2 An ecological index was developed for monitoring land use changes using GIS images The cost for monitoring land use changes with this index was relatively high compared to that used by FONAFIFO of Costa Rica and the method was simplified to reduce monitoring cost This index was adapted by the FOCUENCAS project funded by SIDA to pay for water services in Honduras 3 2 3 Monitoring of water resources In Costa Rica a methodology was developed and validated to quantify the impacts of land use changes on wat
126. production in participating farms has increased from 3 4 liters cow to 3 7 liters cow and stocking rates have increased from 1 5 to 2 0 livestock units per ha However the system requires a significantly higher investment to implement Not all farmers and in fact most do not have the capital necessary to accommodate these high initial costs The payment for environmental services component has proven instrumental in making the difference in tipping farmers into adopting the system The analysis throughout the life of the project has shown that poor and extremely poor households accounted for a substantial share of land use changes Although larger farms received more for PES than small and medium sized farms the latter had higher amount of PES ha compared to larger farms in particular in Costa Rica and Colombia 5 Graduate students also participated in the development of methodologies for monitoring and evaluation 10 master s and 2 doctoral students undertook their thesis on the project based in CATIE 6 Pagiola et al 2007 14 Regarding socioeconomic development the final report prepared by CIPAV concludes that SPS are the most profitable cattle ranching alternative when compared to traditional extensive ranching in Colombia It generates higher income which was found to be sustainable in the short to medium term even though there is a need for high initial investment b Institutional Change Strengthening Even though the
127. propone continuar con la investigaci n para generar m s sostenibilidad econ mica de la actividad Para esto propone el montaje de fincas demostrativas al menos en 4 regiones del pa s y as mismo validar y entregar resultados por grupos carne y leche en esas zonas altas y bajas para realizar comparaciones Adem s le interesa trabajar en zonas altas lecheras para generarle a los productores lecheros una alternativa viable para que mejoren su sistema de producci n con base en los SSP Propone realizar alianzas con el Ministerio de Agricultura y las ASAS oficinas locales de extensi n del ministerio de agricultura en cada regi n Finalmente menciona que est interesado en continuar trabajando en la estrategia de divulgaci n de resultados y por ltimo recomienda que para un nuevo proyecto se pueden tomar en cuenta otras zonas altitudinales validarlo en otras zonas de vida e implementar m s bancos forrajeros 5 Rainforest Alliance Oliver Bach Gerente de normas y pol ticas de agricultura sostenible se inici un trabajo conjunto para dise ar una norma de certificaci n de fincas con buenas pr cticas ganaderas que facilite la entrada de productos amigables con el medio ambiente el comercio justo etc a diferentes mercados nicho de productos certificados sosteniblemente Inform que en noviembre 2007 el proyecto present la propuesta al comit internacional de normas del Rainforest Alliance y la misma fue aceptada por lo que el plan
128. protecci n de las fuentes de agua Ahora en las otras fincas de la familia estoy haciendo lo mismo En mi finca de 40 ha hect reas estoy introduciendo rboles en los potreros con la ayuda de CIPAV Jaime Hern n Botero Tengo 40 hect reas estoy en la modalidad de pago a 2 a os Segu con los cambios sin PSA He hecho aislamientos de las ca adas bosque ripario se triplic la cantidad de agua Me gast mucha plata haciendo el aislamiento de la ca ada y el proyecto me dio muy poca plata por esto La gente de CIPAV mide la cantidad de agua y tambi n la calidad En los informes que ellos me entregan tengo los datos de la mejor a en la calidad y cantidad de agua Estoy sembrando leucaena El monitoreo de la biodiversidad p jaros aguas son valores agregados y nuevas motivaciones Los trabajadores de la finca van comenzando a cambiar y contribuir con los cambios de la finca Sobre pregunta de Banco Mundial del agroturismo responde tambi n es una posibilidad Nicol s Gonz lez Antes ten amos suelos y pastos degradados En el proyecto he hecho cercas vivas reforestaci n de las fuentes de agua y se nota que el caudal ha aumentado Hemos 50 establecido leucaena tambi n He visto el aumento de la biodiversidad porque cuando quiero semillas de los guamos inga sp Ya no se encuentran porque las aves se las comen No entr en el grupo de asistencia t cnica y creo que es indispensable para no cometer errores Ojala se repitan estas pr
129. r a very degraded landscape and surpass by far other environmental projects in Colombia which demonstrates the innovative character and the success of the hypotheses proposed The SPS held an incremental number of bird species year by year 28 of the species present in SPS were endangered birds which fulfill one of the attributes demanded by the GEF to protect the biodiversity of global interest The monitoring of ants in Colombia proved that they are indicators sensible to the changes in tree biomass and showed the same tendency as birds The water quality monitoring carried out in Colombia demonstrated that with the implementation of riparian corridors it is possible to obtain a rapid improvement in important parameters such as 44 BOD indirect indicator of organic matter pollution turbidity and the most sensitive aquatic insects groups Three years after establishing the protective vegetation and avoiding the access of cattle the main indicators of pollution were reduced to accepted levels The environmental service related to the reduction of sediments and improvement in water quality give clear guidelines for public policies to protect the riparian vegetation giving opportunity to the small farms to adapt the norms on minimum areas as well as to include the criterion of connectivity through the natural drainages Thanks to the Project several cattle farms started offering agro ecoturistic services in a pilot experience that will be replicat
130. r seven different models of representative farms with different livestock production systems in Colombia Costa Rica and Nicaragua Gobbi 2002 To assess the financial viability and social benefits of the project the Internal Rate of Return IRR the Net Present Value NPV and the increased labor demands were estimated for the most likely farm models in the three countries As shown in Table A 5 1 the analyses of financial returns provided by the introduction of the silvopastoral system showed a marginal profitability for almost all models The financial analyses also showed that in the absence of payment for global environmental benefits the IRR was lower than the opportunity cost of capital in all cases The initial investment and labor costs in the technology with the delay in the results were determined as the main causes of this result However only modest payments for the global environmental benefits would be required to tip the balance to financial viability Table A 5 1 Financial returns of different farm models w amp w o payment for environmental services beginning of project Farm model Farm size Increased labor IRR IRR with requirements without payment for increase payment for environmental over base environmental services services Colombia Extensive beef Medium 50 80 ha 12 8 15 Semi intensive beef Small 15 30 ha 13 13 15 Intensive beef Small 10 2
131. re without trees 0 1 0 1 0 2 Improved pasture without trees 0 4 0 1 0 5 Semi permanent crops plantain sun coffee 0 3 0 2 0 5 Natural pasture with low tree density lt 30 ha 0 3 0 3 0 6 Natural pasture with recently planted trees gt 0 3 0 3 0 6 200 ha Improved pasture with recently planted trees gt 0 3 0 4 0 7 200 ha Monoculture fruit crops 0 3 0 4 0 7 Fodder bank 0 3 0 5 0 8 Improved pasture with low tree density lt 30 ha 0 3 0 6 0 9 Fodder bank with woody species 0 4 0 5 0 9 Natural pasture with high tree density gt 30 ha 0 5 0 5 1 0 Diversified fruit crops 0 6 0 5 1 1 Diversified fodder bank 0 6 0 6 1 2 Monoculture timber plantation 0 4 0 8 1 2 Improved pasture with high tree density gt 30 ha 0 6 0 7 1 3 Diversified timber plantation 0 7 0 7 1 4 Scrub habitats tacotales 0 6 0 8 1 4 Riparian forest 0 8 0 7 1 5 Disturbed secondary forest gt 10 m basal area 0 8 0 9 1 7 Secondary forest gt 10 m basal area 0 9 1 0 1 9 Primary forest 1 0 1 0 2 0 New live fence or established live fence per 03 03 0 6 with frequent pruning km Wind breaks per 0 6 0 5 1 1 km Notes The ESI is the sum of the biodiversity and carbon sequestration indices Source Pagiola et al 2007 80 Annex 10 GEF Tracking tool Placeholder 81 MAPS Silvopastoral Project Study Sites Map 1 Map of project study sites a Matiguas Nicaragua b Esparza Costa Rica c Valle del Cauca Colombia 82 Mapa de Ubica
132. redadoras del g nero Pachycondyla como indicadoras ecol gicas en un agropaisaje ganadero del r o La Vieja Colombia XXXV Congreso SOCOLEN Rivera L Inge Armbrecht Zoraida Calle 2008 The role of silvopastoral systems in ant conservation in a cattle dominated landscape of Colombia Enviado a Conservation Biology Rosales M 2007 Uso de coberturas de vegetaci n por tropas de monos congo y carablanca en un agropaisaje y percepciones de los finqueros con respecto a la conservaci n de los primates Tesis Mag Sc UNA T sis Ruiz J P amp P Agostini Pago por servicios ambientales para la recuperaci n y conservaci n de la biodiversidad en paisajes agropecuarios In II Congreso Latinoamericano de Parques Nacionales y otras reas protegidas Bariloche Argentina 2007 74 Ruiz J P Servicios Ambientales Agua y Econom a In Revista de Ingenier a No 26 Noviembre 2007 Universidad de los Andes Bogota Colombia 2007 Saenz J Villatoro F Ibrahim M Fajardo D P rez M 2007 Relaci n entre las comunidades de aves y la vegetaci n en agropaisajes dominados por la ganader a en Costa Rica Nicaragua y Colombia Agroforester a en las Am ricas No 45 a o 2007 ISSN 1022 7482 Art culos S enz J Villatoro F Ibrahim M Fajardo D P rez M 2007 La biodiversidad en los sistemas agropecuarios Necesidad de nuevos enfoques para la conservaci n In III Congreso Iberoamericano Sobre De
133. reen credit package and many cattle farmers in the pilot area benefited from this credit and are investing in the establishment of fodder banks live fences and high density trees in pastures FDL plans to increase funding for this credit scheme over the next years and is in the process of negotiating funding from BICE Central American Bank in the framework of the Cambio project which is funded by GEF FDL prepared a proposal to BICE to obtain a credit for promoting biodiversity friendly silvopastoral systems in Nicaragua 4 3 In Costa Rica i The project worked with FONAFIFO to design and implement a regulation for payment of environmental services in agroforestry systems including silvopastoral systems Under this payment system farmers are paid US1 6 per tree in a three year period and many farmers have been benefiting from this payment system 11 FONAFIFO developed the Ecomarkets 2 project which will work on watersheds similar to that of the pilot area in Costa Rica and this project will use the experiences and methods developed by the GEF silvopastoral project for payment of environmental services 111 Fonafifo agreed to continue PES to cattle farmers for those land use systems that qualify for PES under its system e g trees in pastures secondary and plantation forest 5 Main lessons learnt from the project 42 5 1 PES was a tool to induce the adoption of SPS in particular to those productive practices high density trees in pastur
134. rester a en las am ricas No 45 a o 2007 ISSN 1022 7482 Materiales de Capacitaci n Ibrahim M Villanueva C S enz J 2007 Umbrales de cobertura de rboles en potrero que beneficien la productividad animal y la conservaci n de la biodiversidad In II Congreso 68 Iberoamericano Sobre Desarrollo y Ambiente CISDA Heredia Costa Rica 5 9 de noviembre 2007 Seminarios y Congresos Ibrahim M Villanueva C Casasola F 2007 Sistemas silvopastoriles como una herramienta para el mejoramiento de la productividad y rehabilitaci n ecol gica de paisajes ganaderos en Centroam rica rchivos Latinoamericanos de Producci n Animal 15 supl 1 74 88 Art culos Ibrahim M et al 2000 Agroforester a y Sistemas de Producci n Animal en Am rica Central En Pomareda C y Henning Steinfeld Intensificaci n de la Ganader a en Centroam rica Beneficios Econ micos y Ambientales CATIE FAO SIDE San Jos Costa Rica L pez M 2006 El proceso de toma de decisiones en la adopci n de bancos de prote na de Gliricidia sepium por productores de doble prop sito en Rivas Nicaragua In IV Congreso Latinoamericano de Agroforester a en CUBA III Simposio sobre Sistemas Silvopastoriles para la Producci n Ganadera Sostenible 24 al 28 de octubre 2006 Art culos Mar n Y Ibrahim M Villanueva C Ramirez E Sep lveda C 2007 Los impactos de un proyecto silvopastoril en el cambio de uso de la tierra y al
135. ro llamado Paquete Verde 3 Fondo de Desarrollo Local Elizabeth Campos Subdirectora se explic que es el FDL su dimensi n su cartera y clientes en donde se observo que es una de las micro financieras mas importantes y s lidas en el pa s se realizo una exposici n sobre lo que es el Paquete Verde sus pol ticas a quien esta dirigido y sobre la importancia del mismo en el fomento de inversiones en fincas orientadas al fomento de tecnolog as amigables con el medio ambiente 4 Carlos Barrios Consultor para la cooperaci n externa se discutieron sus percepciones del proyecto GEF silvopastoril Seg n el sr Barrios el proyecto ha tenido mucho xito en inducir cambios en la actitud de los productores ahora ellos 62 estan mas capacitados y tienen mayor conocimiento para planificar y manejar sus fincas utilizando las tecnologias de SSP En este momento hay un buena demanda para leche e g Venezuela va comprar grandes cantidades y carne pero la falta de infraestructura y organizaci n de los productores es una limitante para que los productores puedan comercializar la leche y carne producida en la finca Indic que un proyecto de r plica debe tener un enfoque territorial que incluya el desarrollo de infraestructura y centros de acopio utilizando el enfoque de cadenas de valor para que los productores puedan tener valor agregado para sus productos Esto se debe complementar con incentivos para la adopci n de buenas pr cticas si
136. roject and included workshops and meetings with local farmers organizations agricultural and environmental scientists and government environmental organizations The series of training courses for farmers also proved quite successful and helped introduce farmers to the new production technologies and research methodologies Producer visits to participating farms played a key role in accelerating SPS adoption in light of cultural practices that have made cattle ranchers cautious of introducing trees in pastures or modifying their traditional management systems with anything more than improved pastures All of these activities proved quite effective as there was a considerable amount of interest and active participation from all sectors Ultimately the scaling up of the project in Colombia under the auspices of FEDEGAN the Cattle Ranchers Federation the incorporation of silvopastoral practices into the activities supported by FONAFIFO in Costa Rica and the Local Development Fund s FDL inclusion of a line of credit for farmers to pursue silvopastoral practices in Nicaragua are all testaments to a successfully implemented participation strategy see Sections 2 5 and 3 5 for more information on the project s ongoing knowledge transfer d Risks Similar to other conservation oriented projects the key risks identified were broadly categorized into 1 political support ii stakeholder interest farmers local organizations policy setting instit
137. s Casasola F Ibrahim M Villanueva C Sep lveda C 2007 Impact of a silvopastoral project on economic and social indicators of cattle farms in sub humid tropics of Costa Rica In Conferencia Wallace en CATIE 15 17 de Mayo 2007 Seminarios y Congresos Casasola F Ibrahim M Villanueva C Arguello O Guti rrez I Rivas G 2007 Sistemas silvopastoriles y apicultura Materiales de Capacitaci n Manual T cnico no 74 Materiales de Capacitaci n Casasola F Cruz J Ibrahim M Efecto del cambio de uso de la tierra en fincas ganaderas en la conectividad del paisaje en la cuenca del R o Barranca Costa Rica In Res menes de ponencias VI Semana Cient fica del CATIE 12 13 de marzo del 2004 pp 72 75 2004 Seminarios y Congresos Cerrud Santos H N 2004 Efecto del pago por servicios ambientales y otras variables socioecon micas en la adopci n de usos del suelo amigables con el ambiente en zonas ganaderas de Esparza Costa Rica y Matigu s Nicaragua Tesis M Sc CATIE Turrialba Costa Rica 167 p T sis 65 Chagoya J L 2004 An lisis de inversi n en la incorporaci n de rboles maderables en fincas ganaderas en el Tr pico Sub h medo de Costa Rica Tesis Mag Sc CATIE Turrialba Costa Rica 93 p T sis Chac n M Ibrahim M Ponce P Vega P Casasola F 2006 Determinaci n de carbono en diferentes sistemas de usos de la tierra en Centroam rica In IV Congreso Latinoamerica
138. s Con cercas vivas tenemos m s paisaje m s fauna y no necesitan cambiarse Contrarrestamos el efecto desecante de los vientos sobre los pastos Los cercos vivos dan sombra para el ganado y ste gasta menor energ a Hoy en mi finca ha regresado la fauna por ejemplo el guat n Dasyprocta punctata pueda dar toda la vuelta por el predio por guaduales bosques y silvopastoriles Alfonso L pez Reina La opci n era viable m s f cil de establecer y ten a el incentivo econ mico que recompensa el trabajo Conocimos qu era un servicio ambiental que podemos ofrecer globalmente Tuvieron importancia el pago y la asistencia t cnica para hacer los cambios La finca nos est demostrando que si da resultados esta propuesta David Barrios La asistencia t cnica utiliz tecnolog as nuestras que no necesita insumos Aprendimos tecnolog as que funciona La asistencia t cnica estuvo de acuerdo con nuestras condiciones esto puede multiplicarse a toda la gente En esta zona era lo com n que los campesinos salgan y cambie la propiedad de la tierra concentrando el recurso en pocos propietarios Con esta opci n ya no quiero vender la finca Sabemos que hacemos una labor para el mundo nos merecemos que sigamos recibiendo el incentivo Debemos buscar otras f rmulas para pagar a nosotros y a otras personas Olimpo Montes El incentivo es bajo pero nos sirve mucho 52 e Las tecnologias de compra de insumos han hecho migrar a muchos campesinos
139. s included under this component A strong socioeconomic monitoring subcomponent was established to achieve this which led to targeted policy recommendations on the replication and scaling up of project activities after completion Component 5 Project Management US 1 00 of which US 0 70 The project was executed in a period of 5 5 years which included a half year extension and its overall implementation was entrusted to CATIE in Costa Rica Local implementation was carried out by UCA NITLAPAN in Nicaragua CATIE for the sites in Costa Rica and CIPAV in Colombia Incremental expenses related to project management included financing the costs of project coordinators financial project managers and support staff for each of the three participating organizations which directed coordinated and monitored project activities 1 6 Revised Components Project components were not revised 1 7 Other significant changes Biodiversity index As indicated earlier the MTR mission concluded that the original biodiversity indicator to increase 50 bird species per production system was unrealistic and insufficient The decision to make the biodiversity indicator more comprehensive also stemmed from the need to enhance knowledge of how different taxa behave in agricultural landscapes and to use this to develop a simple tool that can be mainstreamed in PES systems An agreement was reached in which this parameter would be modified by comparing the increase in speci
140. s of the introduction of payment incentives for environmental services to farmers on their adoption of integrated silvopastoral farming systems in degraded pasture lands in Colombia Costa Rica and Nicaragua and the improvements in ecosystems functioning global environmental benefits and local socio economic gains resulting from the provision of said services through 1 incremental local environmental benefits 11 incremental global environmental benefits 111 experience on farmers reactions to the payment of environmental services and experiences in the management of payment incentive schemes required to produce global environmental benefits and 1v guidelines for the sustainable financing mechanisms for the promotion of silvopastoral systems to rehabilitate degraded pastures Revised Global Environment Objectives as approved by original approving authority and Key Indicators and reasons justifications While the Global Environment Objective remained the same an adjustment was made in the biodiversity indicator given that the MTR panel of experts deemed it unrealistic to increase 50 bird species per production system This parameter was modified to compare the increase of bird species and other biodiversity indicators in each land use to that of degraded and grass monoculture pastures controls Since certain taxa move at different scales e g mollusk butterflies and ants a decision was made to include other taxas so as to have solid data
141. s that are environmentally friendly The project is successfully influencing policies and practices across the public and private sectors in the three countries intervened In June 2007 the Colombian Ministry of Agriculture established the Incentivo de Capitalizacion rural ICR for any type of farmer interested in implementing SPS Besides FEDEGAN and FONAFIFO CORFORGA in Costa Rica the cattle farmers association has employed this experience to develop an incentive scheme for environmentally More than symbolically the President of FEDEGAN has implemented 120 ha of SPS on his farm with own resources The ICR subsidizes agricultural investment provided that this is being funded by a loan rediscounted with Finagro 10 friendly livestock systems including a credit line for good farming practices that encompasses silvopastoral practices Moreover the IDB funded project on training and payment for environmental services in Costa Rica is using this experience to guide the compensation of farmers for the adoption of good farming practices as is the Regional Environmental Authority CRQ in Colombia The lessons learned from this project are not only being reapplied in the countries the project was implemented but also throughout the world Regionally CCAD is using project generated information to promote sustainable land management in Central America In Latin America FAO has established a network on sustainable livestock systems CODEG
142. sarrollo y Ambiente CISDA Heredia Costa Rica 5 9 de noviembre 2007 Seminarios y Congresos S nchez Y Gobbi J Villanueva C Andrade H Rojas J 2007 Labor demand and Profitability of fodder banks in livestock farms in the sub humid tropic Esparza Costa Rica In Conferencia Wallace en CATIE 15 17 de Mayo 2007 Seminarios y Congresos Sanfiorenzo A Vel squez S Benjamin T DeClerck F 2007 Contribuci n de diferentes arreglos silvopastoriles a la conservaci n de la biodiversidad mediante la provisi n de h bitat y conectividad del paisaje del municipio de Santa Rita en Cop n Honduras In I Congreso Iberoamericano Sobre Desarrollo y Ambiente CISDA Heredia Costa Rica 5 9 de noviembre 2007 Seminarios y Congresos Sep lveda C Ibrahim M Casasola F Villanueva C 2007 Percepciones e innovaciones tecnol gicas para la adaptaci n al cambio clim tico en fincas ganaderas de Esparza Costa Rica y Matiguas Nicaragua In III Congreso Iberoamericano Sobre Desarrollo y Ambiente CISDA Heredia Costa Rica 5 9 de noviembre 2007 Seminarios y Congresos Sep lveda C Mar n Y Ibrahim M Guti rrez I 2007 Percepci n de los finqueros sobre el Pago por Servicios Ambientales en Matigu s de Nicaragua y en Esparza de Costa Rica In Conferencia Wallace en CATIE 15 17 de Mayo 2007 In Conferencia Wallace en CATIE 15 17 de Mayo 2007 Seminarios y Congresos Sep lveda C
143. smo se visit la finca del Sr Jorge Morera quien tiene un sistema de engorde con SSP principalmente rboles en potreros y bancos forrajeros y ahora desarrolla una propuesta de turismo rural en su finca brinda alojamiento en casa con piscina senderos ecol gicos conservaci n de agua mariposario etc Ambas visitas contaron con la participaci n de grupos de productores en promedio 58 15 productores por grupo con los cuales se realizaron conversatorios para recoger sus principales impresiones del proyecto La mayor a opin que los SSP constituyen una herramienta til para la obtenci n de alimento en la poca de verano simpatizan mucho con los rboles en potrero y los bancos forrajero valoran que hayan tenido el PSA que les permiti hacer cambios de uso del suelo en sus fincas y aumentar las productividad de su fincas tambi n porque ha generado m s conciencia sobre los temas de conservaci n del ambiente disminuido el uso de herbicidas ya no queman el suelo Consideran que su grado de educaci n es m s alto por influencia del proyecto reconocen que involucrar a la familia como estrategia de comunicaci n colectiva es un logro del proyecto y reconocen el papel del acompa amiento t cnico por parte del proyecto No tienen mucho contacto con el servicio de extensi n del MAG a pesar de que se realizaron muchas actividades conjuntamente y se capacitaron los t cnicos Los productores en general manifestaron su complacencia co
144. stemas silvopastoriles y con asistencia t cnica a los productores Inform que es posible que el gobierno nicarag ense gestione un cr dito del Banco Mundial para el desarrollo de infraestructura ganadera lo que contribuir a al trabajo de las instituciones con el sector ganadero Adem s ratific que el FDL est comprometido en apoyar la adopci n de los SSP en una eventual propuesta a ejecutar con fondos de biodiversidad del RAF MAGFOR Ark ngel Abaunza Director de pol ticas tecnol gicas las autoridades del MAGFOR manifestaron que el Proyecto Silvopastoril fue muy exitoso en vista de que promovi la adopci n de sistemas silvopastoriles que resultaron en mejoras de la producci n de la finca y a su vez en la generaci n de servicios ambientales El MAGFOR ha identificado la implementaci n de los sistemas silvopastoriles en su programa a nivel nacional y su objetivo es fomentar pr cticas que resulten en la seguridad alimentaria y en la conservaci n del ambiente Se han identificado los ejes del desarrollo sostenible de la ganader a en la zona central sur y el occidente del pa s Manifest un inter s en replicar el proyecto silvopastoril utilizando un enfoque territorial para el desarrollo de la ganader a con v nculo a mercados y diversificaci n de la producci n a partir de los recursos forestales Se ha discutido la posibilidad de que MAGFOR gestione un cr dito del Banco Mundial bajo la ventana de fondos IDA que ofrece una t
145. stitutions and organizations and farmers had little knowledge of SPS and in the three countries technical support and training was provided to different stakeholders including technicians and farmers which was key for local empowerment in the management of the project Training and technical assistance was provided to a total of 5097 farmers and 77 institutions and organizations including community group and these figures surpassed the target of the project by a large percentage 40 3 4 2 The barriers for adoption of SPS include high capital cost for investments in SPS and high labor demand for managing intensive SPS in a cut and carry systems 3 4 3 The adoption of SPS in cattle farms resulted in improvements income of farms and in all three countries the targets were reached in Costa Rica income was increased by 55 5 66 9 in Nicaragua and 262 3 in Colombia This improvement was largely due to improved feeding practices with trees and shrubs 3 4 4 In the three pilot areas the adoption of silvopastoral practices was associated with a significant reduction in soil erosion 45 and in the use of herbicides for weed control was decreased by 43 2 Stocking rates was increased by 38 9 and in Nicaragua and Costa Rica the frequency of use of fire for managing pastures decreased significantly These results demonstrate that the project had an impact in the way how farmers managed their farms with the adoption of more sustainable farming pr
146. t of water infiltration soil retention soil productivity reduction of fossil fuel dependence e g substitution of inorganic fertilizer with nitrogen fixing plants diversification of farm benefits scenic beauty enhancement and land rehabilitation see Annex 2 for details Perhaps one of the most innovative outcomes of this project was the establishment of a differentiated payment scheme according to the degree of environmental service being provided This was innovative in various fronts First it eliminates the inefficiencies of paying a flat fee per hectare for conservation on a farm irrespective of the level of conservation effort applied by the farmer This scheme allowed farmers to decide how much conservation they were willing to undertake see Murgueitio et al 2003 While the flat fee is easier to manage it is surely not economically efficient In Costa Rica FONAFIFO is now considering a differentiated scheme in part due to its success of applying the Silvopastoral payments in Esparza Amounts now need to be adjusted for farm location as similar land use changes in different areas will provide different environmental services that should not be equally rewarded The scaling up operation in Colombia will seek to address this issue Second the ability of the silvopastoral project to effectively integrate biodiversity conservation into cattle ranching was equally innovative This has truly been a win win situation Farmers have b
147. t poor farmers can participate in PES schemes The area of degraded pastures decreased and the area of high density trees in pastures and of fodder banks increased in all poverty class 3 3 4 The study on perception of farmers with respect to the PES scheme of the project indicate that the majority of farmers were satisfied with the amount of money they received for PES but they requested PES on a long term basis Farmers who had a high baseline of ecological points were dissatisfied that they were not compensated except for US10 point in the same way PES was made for incremental ecological points A large percentage of farmers understood the concept of PES and knew that the money received was for a service provided and not for a subsidy In the three countries the farmers recommended that technical assistance should be provided for at least 3 to 5 years so as to achieve sustainability 3 3 5 Farmers were satisfied with the way how institutions managed the payment except in one case in Costa Rica where payments were delayed for at least 4 months because of administrative management within the Public sector which affected FONAFIFO to make payments in time 3 4 Component 4 This component focused on the development of guidelines to promote SPS and establish sustainable benefit sharing mechanisms related to global and local environmental services Below is provided results on the outcomes of this component 3 4 1 The baseline study showed that in
148. tablo y de los cuernos Revista Carta Fedeg n No 96 Colombia Murgueitio E Cuartas C 2006 Comercializaci n de carne org nica experiencias en Nicaragua Revista Carta Fedeg n No 96 Colombia Murgueitio E Naranjo J Cuartas C 2006 Sistema para tr pico alto Aliso Alnus acuminata Bot n de Oro Thitonia diversifolia Kikuyo Pennisetum clandestinum Revista Carta Fedeg n No 97 Colombia Murgueitio E Cuartas C y Naranjo J F 2008 Ganader a del futuro Investigaci n para el desarrollo CIPAV Cali Colombia 490 p ISBN 978 958 9386 55 2 Murgueitio E Ibrahim M Zapata A Mej a C Zuluaga A Calle Z Fajardo D Cuartas C Naranjo J Rivera L 2008 Aplicaci n de pagos por servicios ambientales en agroecosistemas ganaderos en el proyecto Enfoques Silvopastoriles Integrados para el Manejo de Ecosistemas en Colombia EN Ministerio de Ambiente Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial Unidad Administrativa del Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales WWF Conservaci n Internacional y The Nature Conservancy Reconocimiento de los Servicios Ambientales Una Oportunidad para la Gesti n de los Recursos Naturales en Colombia Editado por Sergio Camilo Ortega Bogot 203p 72 Murgueitio E Ibrahim M 2008 Ganader a y medio ambiente en Am rica Latina En Murgueitio E Cuartas C y Naranjo J F eds Ganader a del futuro Investigaci n para el desarrollo CIPAV Cali Colombia 490 p Murgueitio E Ga
149. targets included in project design Additional notes complement information provided in the table Table 3 Outputs achieved for Component 3 Original Targets or as adjusted by MTR Actual Targets Achieved Eco service payment systems implemented in each of the target countries 265 farms participated in PES scheme until completion Certification of ecological services conferred Certification of ecological services conferred results of monitoring analyzed at farm and PES awarded per farm until completion totaled Eco service payment systems implemented in each of the target countries landscape level and environmental services paid US 2 500 in Costa Rica US 2 300 in Colombia to the farmers and US 2 400 in Nicaragua Farmers and community reaction to environmental Farmers and community reaction to services incentives and change of attitude and environmental services incentives and change of perception to local and global environment attitude and perception to local and global measured measured by changes on land use in environment measured See table below for particular in area set aside for forest regeneration variations in land use changes Note 3 Studies were carried out to assess farmer perception of PES scheme resulting in the majority of farmers understanding the concept of PES and satisfied with the amount of money received which they knew was for a service provided and not a subsidy Land uses monitored in project
150. ted Silvopastoral approaches to Ecosystem Management Project are considered to be of a high overall relevance The development objective of demonstrating and measuring the effects of the introduction of payment incentives for environmental services to farmers on their adoption of integrated silvopastoral farming systems in degraded pasture lands in Colombia Costa Rica and Nicaragua remains highly relevant The importance of strengthening the link between agricultural practices and environmental stewardship is gaining traction as agricultural policies in the region and across the world are consistently seeking ways to adapt This is also quite clear when markets send strong signals by providing for example a premium for agricultural products produced in an environmentally friendly manner In the three project countries there are examples of organic or environmentally friendly livestock production In Nicaragua there has been an attempt to produce organic meat for the North American market Costa Rica s organic market is incipient but showing a consistent increase in demand over the last decade Markets are still imperfect and have not fully internalized environmental externalities such as biodiversity and carbon Information is a key element in breaking this barrier and the project has contributed significantly towards this objective but more is needed For example a more solid intervention promoting SPS as a climate change adaptation strategy is pe
151. ted so that it could comfortably finalize its activities In particular the extension allowed for the completion of the last PES and monitoring the projects land use change impacts 2 Key Factors Affecting Implementation and Outcomes 2 1 Project Preparation Design and Quality at Entry a Consistency with overall strategies priorities Project design and objectives were consistent with all three country and sector priorities as included in the corresponding CAS see Section 1 1 It should be noted however that while the project was broadly consistent with CAS focus on sustainable natural resource management none of these Strategies or the Bank s lending portfolio in the three countries reflected a strong interest in supporting operations in agricultural natural resources or livestock This interest is slowly changing as they gain traction with decision makers on several fronts sustainable rural development conservation climate change and carbon and the fact that the Bank has a proven track record in these areas b Soundness of background analysis The GEF financed project preparation grant was used to fund a series of studies that provided critical input De Haan et al 2000 and Ibrahim et al 2000 This was important input given that the project was designed as a pilot to test the effects of payment schemes on the adoption of conservation practices in the agricultural setting in particular on cattle farms Given the innovativeness o
152. through the increase of the herd represents a large part of a family s long term savings As the chart below depicts there is a significant impact on the family economy and their income Considering a 10 hectare farm the base line net yearly farm income is US 2 271 Adopting 5 hectares of intensive silvopastoral production system this can jump fivefold to approximately US 12 000 30 Farm Family yearly Income Increase Increme tal Units Area of iSPS on farm m Baseline m5 haiSPS o6 ha iSPS 07 ha iSPS These examples demonstrate under certain circumstances the economic viability of the silvopastoral system for farmers which bring not only higher returns to their investments but also environmental benefits that can increase the returns from the land While biodiversity conservation is still difficult to measure carbon sequestration is easier Internationally recognized mechanisms are solidifying and access by farmers to these markets are becoming easier It has been shown Pagiola et al 2008 that not only is there a participation of farmers across the wealth spectrum but in the Matigu s R o Blanco area of Nicaragua poorer households participated quite extensively and to some extent participated more than better off households Their participation was not limited to simpler least expensive options poorer households tended to implement more substantial changes in land use Strategies to induce biodi
153. to borrow from a special line of credit for SPS practices It was also shown that SPS serve to enhance biodiversity restoration and conservation carbon sequestration soil recovery and improve water quality The project proved that PES is a useful tool to induce land use changes from simple degraded pastures to biodiversity friendly SPS providing a sustainable economic option for a more environmentally friendly cattle ranching In 13 addition the project showed that in order for land use changes to be more rapidly adopted technical assistance and loan availability must be provided As for project management GEF and co financing resources were used in an efficient manner enabling not only the demonstration of initial hypothesis but also generating information and mechanisms to scale up operations in each country see Section 2 5 3 4 Justification of Overall Outcome Rating Overall Outcome Rating Satisfactory This ICR rates the project as Satisfactory considering that it reached its key targets and objectives The development of the methodologies developed by the project has enabled Colombia Nicaragua and Costa Rica to attain a incremental environmental benefits such as erosion reduction improvement in water quality increased on farm production with a reduced input footprint fertilizer and pesticides b incremental global environmental benefits such as improved biodiversity and carbon sequestration c an enhanced experience and e
154. to support its technical and financial preparation cannot be overstated This in association with in house expertise from the three implementing agencies led to a project design which has ultimately resulted in a successful project conclusion This is a testament to the quality at entry given the very innovative nature of the project and the unchartered waters that were navigated b Quality of Supervision Rating Satisfactory The Bank s team was highly qualified and maintained a high level of participation throughout the various supervision missions If not physically present they were connected to the field teams through constant communication and technical exchanges This collaboration flourished and is evident in the rich series of papers reports and books that were produced over the course of the project s life Weak counterpart fiduciary implementation issues were identified in the Procurement Officers visit resulting in the downgrading of the Procurement IP to Unsatisfactory in the December 2003 ISR The task team recognized the need for closer supervision and quickly followed by adding one supervision mission and maintaining closer contact on fiduciary aspects A knowledgeable procurement professional subsequently hired by CATIE was able to train local CATIE CIPAV FONAFIFO and NITLAPAN staff After working closely with the counterparts on these issues these aspects improved significantly and the IP rating was upgraded to Satisfactory
155. transaction cost although it was important to evidence intervention impacts and promote their scaling up A simplified tool having similar impacts will be tested in the Colombian follow up operation where land uses are aggregated into 9 categories for ES valuation down from the original 28 e Land use index is a good proxy for PES There was a high correlation between the indicators measured for on site biodiversity and carbon with the values assigned to the ecological index an indication that the land use index was a good proxy for PES The index had to be adjusted only for overestimated values assigned to fodder banks as they were frequently harvested e Determine reliable biodiversity predictors The project has developed a large database on biodiversity and found two main variables explaining its presence diversity of tree species and tree cover These variables can therefore be used to predict biodiversity along with landscape connectivity e Empower farmers to be a voice for the project Farmers trained by the project were dissemination agents outside intervention areas resulting in greater adoption of silvopastoral systems 7 Comments on Issues Raised by Borrower Implementing Agencies Partners a Borrower implementing agencies The Coordinator of the GAMMA Group and former coordinator of the project for CATIE Mr Muhammad Ibrahim conveyed to the World Bank CATIE s comments on the ICR in a letter dated November 10 2008 The fol
156. ts for environmental for environmental environmental services a services services Date achieved 07 23 2002 01 31 2008 02 21 2008 The Project sequestered 71 887 ton CO2 equivalent compared to the target value Comments of 25 000 ton C annually which should have been stated in their CO2 equivalent incl value but an error in PAD included them as ton C Project results also showed DE SA that the use of improved high quality fodder banks is associated with significant reductions gt 35 in methane and nitrous oxide emissions on farms Indicator 3 Increased biodiversity in the pilot zones in the three project countries Number of bird Forest dependent Foresrdependent bird species in bird species 197 Value species in Costa Rica 26 oo and Sears nn Er quantitative or Colombia 74 Nicaragua di Bo eeu 1 f Qualitative 40 Butterfly species 67 ve Pune y entes f Molinik species 35 species 88 2 Butterfly species Mollusk species 130 Mollusk 80 species 81 Date achieved 01 21 2008 01 31 2008 02 21 2008 Comments 100 Information regarding chosen monitoring species was not available for incl achievement Indicator 4 Value quantitative or Qualitative Date achieved Comments incl achievement Indicator 5 Value quantitative or Qualitative Date achieved Comments incl achievement Indicator 6 Value quantitative or Qualitative Date achieved Comments incl
157. uable information that allowed for a better appreciation of the costs and benefits of applying silvopastoral systems SPS Project hypotheses were tested and silvopastoral systems proved to be profitable for farmers productivity increased as stocking rates and animal conditions improved and costs related to herbicide use and soil erosion among others decreased As explained earlier the sustainability of systems that are win win is easy to comprehend as farmers adopt practices that are not only beneficial for the environment for example but also for their bottom line There are situations however where adopting a SPS practice while providing a greater public good is not necessarily in the best financial interest of the farmer In these cases a continuous payment would need to be made in order to make this practice more attractive than the current alternative Economic analysis in Esparza Costa Rica showed that different combinations of silvopastoral practices for dual purpose cattle ranching present IRR which varies from 14 for a system of natural pasture with a fodder bank to 37 for a system with improved pasture and low density of trees These numbers were corroborated with analysis in Colombia and Nicaragua and also in other countries that are experimenting with silvopastoral systems such as Guatemala see Annex 3 At these rates of return farmers do not need an incentive to adopt them In fact in Colombia and Nicaragua farmers are willing
158. utions and iii sustainability Below are some of the key concerns and how they played out during implementation Political support this as predicted turned out to be of minimal significance especially as the positive results started to surface with project implementation In Costa Rica the last two Ministers of Environment were very supportive of the project and requested support to develop a strategy on biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes In Colombia the Ministry of Agriculture is supporting Silvopastoral Systems with a line of credit especially tailored for this purpose Stakeholder interest early during implementation a concern was that project incentives would not be sufficient to motivate farmer participation However a higher SPS adoption rate was observed after year 2 when payments per point were increased as described earlier This was not without risk a higher amount per point in the context of a short term payment could increase the risk that participants would adopt otherwise unprofitable practices only temporarily However as seen in the case of Colombia FEDEGAN was able to obtain the establishment of a line of credit for SPS which is serving as counterpart funding to the GEF Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Sustainable Cattle Ranching follow on project Here again producer visits to project farms were fundamental in generating credibility particularly as richer farm owners provided evidence of the econo
159. versity friendly land management in cattle ranching farms differ according to the profitability of the land use change and the environmental services it provides While this might seem obvious the following scenarios gleaned from field observations demonstrate in a very realistic manner how this is the case e Profitable land use changes for cattle ranchers having positive impacts on biodiversity and carbon sequestration but fewer contributions to environmental services can be induced with technical assistance and credit e g improved pastures with high density Leucaena or low tree density fodder banks e Land use changes having a moderate short term impact on farm productivity but offering clear economic returns in the mid to long term will require short term PES to promote their adoption by compensating for initial investments e g live fences trees in pastures with diversified commercial value 31 Changes representing an opportunity cost for farmers in the short term as they imply withdrawing farm land from cattle ranching production for the provision of high value environmental services will demand mid to long term PES e g watershed protection secondary forest recovery in degraded pastures Long term non reversible sources to finance these payments are required 32 Annex 4 Bank Lending and Implementation Support Supervision Processes a Task Team members Names Lending Paola Agostini Juan Pablo Ruiz Mark E Cackler
160. vo hasta US 22 000 por productor manejado por un banco estatal Tiene las tasas m s bajas del mercado para productores ganaderos de carne ofrecen hasta un 50 de prenda sobre el hato o sobre hipoteca garant a prendar a sobre el aumento de la productividad de sus animales y periodo de gracia hasta de tres a os El director de CORFOGA reconoci el papel del proyecto Silvopastoril en la generaci n de resultados y estrategias de producci n diferenciadas para los productores muchos de los cuales ya est n adoptando la tecnolog a silvopastoril con el prop sito de tener mayor productividad en sus fincas Ofreci recursos de capacitaci n para replicar los resultados en diferentes zonas del territorio nacional tambi n para el montaje de fincas demostrativas en conjunto en el territorio nacional Adem s continuar n publicando los resultados del proyecto Silvopastoril en su bolet n bimensual el cual est dirigido a m s de 8 000 personas incluyendo ganaderos subastas ganaderas y el p blico en general Por ltimo indic que estar an interesados en participar activamente en otra fase del proyecto poniendo recurso del cr dito rotatorio para los productores ganaderos que la Corporaci n podr a estar recuperando con el mismo pago por los servicios generados 60 4 C mara de Leche PROLECHE Erick Montero Director es una organizaci n voluntaria con mas de 800 productores socios esta satisfecho con los logros del proyecto y
161. were related to changes in land use which were then established as the main proxy for overall ecosystems functioning Socioeconomic impacts of intensified SPS were measured as another key element of this component and are further discussed in Annex 3 This was later enhanced with the monitoring of butterflies ants and mollusks as explained in section 1 7 Component 3 Eco services Payment US 1 35 million of which US 1 20 million GEF The objective of this component was to gain experience on beneficiaries response to farms investments in biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration to produce global environmental benefits The eco services payment mechanism provided incentives for land use changes that lead to improved biodiversity and carbon sequestration measured under Component 2 on 300 small and medium size livestock farms in the target sites in the three countries No payment for improved water quality was envisaged as this is not a global environmental good Component 4 Policy formulation and dissemination US 0 30 million of which US 0 20 GEF Under this component policy guidelines for the sustainable intensification of livestock production and specific recommendations for sector and environmental policies on land use and environmental services were formulated as recommended by the socio economic assessment The identification of instruments to ensure the sustainability of the mechanism to pay for environmental services wa
162. with local experts in the development and implementation of this project NITLAPAN which is an NGO within the Central American University was the collaborating institution of Nicaragua A grant of 4 5 million US dollars was approved by GEF for the project and a sum of US 450 000 was provided by LEAD as co funding to the project to fund the policy component Co funding from farmers and local institutions was also obtained to match GEF funding The project was implemented by CATIE in collaboration with NITLAPAN of Nicaragua and CIPAV of Colombia and executed by the World Bank CATIE is a regional center for Research training and development on sustainable agriculture and management of natural resources in Meso america and some countries in the South Nicaragua Costa Rica and Colombia are member countries of CATIE The GEF focal points of Nicaragua Costa Rica and Colombia agreed that CATIE should be the regional coordinator of the project because of its regional experience and of its previous experiences in management of World Bank projects and because of CATIE has been a leading institution in the development of SPS and in management of natural resources in the region This summary 36 presents results in each component of the project and on sustainability of the project and lessons learnt 2 Project Description It should be indicated that this was a pilot project with an objective of developing methodological approaches for payment of environ
163. xposure by farmers to a payment for environmental services scheme as is evident in all three countries where the demand for the continuation of the program is high among farmers The project also created the biodiversity index serving to differentiate payments according to farmers increasing willingness to adopt biodiversity friendly measures Its rich dataset on biodiversity indicators has become a widely available tool for measuring biodiversity in agricultural landscapes The silvopastoral project s main achievement has been not only to attain these important outcomes but also to raise awareness on the possibility of matching environmental objectives with cattle farming Through very effective dissemination and capacity building strategies at all levels from the farmer to the technician to the politician including the researcher project partners have promoted the inclusion of mechanisms to continue supporting SPS in the three countries This lays out alternatives that other countries can analyze and adapt to their reality 3 5 Overarching Themes Other Outcomes and Impacts a Poverty Impacts Gender Aspects and Social Development The project has demonstrated that with silvopastoral systems farmers can be significantly better off The techniques introduced and adopted on the farm have reduced input requirements including fertilizer and pesticides and ultimately improved productivity In Nicaragua it was shown for example that milk
164. y GEF in Tunis on dry lands and desertification At a national level workshops were organized in all three countries to present the results of the project and at a regional level the results were presented in a regional workshop for PES organized by CCAD in Central America and in the Wallace conference on payment of environmental services organized by CATIE 4 Sustainability and replication of project results One of the challenges of the project was to develop sustainable financing mechanisms for long term sustainability To achieve this the project worked on different strategies for 41 financing including rural tourism payment for environmental services credit systems and certification of livestock products The experiences are presented by each country 4 1 In Colombia i The experiences of the project was used by FEDEGAN National farmers organization to develop a program for mainstreaming SPS for sustainable management of cattle production at a national level The project provided training to experts of FEDEGAN with respect to managing SPS and monitoring and evaluation of ES FEDEGAN has earmarked funds for credit with the national bank FINAGRO and in collaboration with CIPAV CATIE TNC and other organizations is in the process of developing a project for conservation of biodiversity in cattle farms which will be submitted to GEF The PIF for this proposal was approved by GEF and the proposal is being developed FFNAGRO will provi
165. year As payments in this case come solely from the GEF only global benefits were included in the ESI In each country 30 farms were monitored to evaluate the impacts on productivity and socioeconomic indicators Additional funding was obtained from the World Bank to evaluate the impacts of PES on poverty Pagiola et al 2008 In an analysis of land use change in the project site in Nicaragua Matiguas Rio Blanco based on payments for environmental services per ESI points Pagiola et al 2008 shows that there was substantial change in the first year Over 17 per cent of the total area 545 ha experienced some form of land use change A wide variety of changes were observed ranging from minor changes such as sowing improved grasses in degraded pastures to very substantial changes such as planting high density tree stands or establishing fodder banks 2 3 Monitoring and Evaluation M amp E Design Implementation and Utilization Logical Framework The project s logical framework was consistently used during project implementation as a means of monitoring project outputs Having been designed as a pilot project with the objective of demonstrating and measuring the effects of adopting biodiversity friendly practices the project relied on a series of in depth analysis to measure these impacts These are evident in the long list of dissemination and training material for farmers their organizations and technical staff briefing documents for po
166. ystems The importance of silvopastoral system in rural 69 livelihoods to provide ecosystem services L t Mannetje L Ramirez M Ibrahim C Sandoval N Ojeda J Ku eds p p 189 192 Seminarios y Congresos Mora J R Velasquez V Holguin M Ibrahim Energy productivity in livestock farms with and without silvopastoral systems in the tropics of Costa Rica In Res menes de ponencias VI Semana Cientifica del CATIE 12 13 de marzo del 2004 p p 136 137 Seminarios y Congresos Murgueitio E Arango H Calle Z Naranjo J Cuartas C amp M Caro 2008 Recurso natural suelo Cartilla 1 Serie Medidas integrales para el manejo ambiental de la ganaderia bovina FEDEGAN SENA CIPAV Bogota Colombia 64 p ISBN 9789589801871 Murgueitio E Arango H Calle Z Naranjo J Cuartas C amp M Caro 2008 Recurso natural agua Cartilla 2 Serie Medidas integrales para el manejo ambiental de la ganaderia bovina FEDEGAN SENA CIPAV Bogota Colombia 28 p ISBN 9789589801888 Murgueitio E Arango H Calle Z Naranjo J Cuartas C amp M Caro 2008 Recurso natural flora Cartilla 3 Serie Medidas integrales para el manejo ambiental de la ganaderia bovina FEDEGAN SENA CIPAV Bogota Colombia 44 p ISBN 9789589801895 Murgueitio E Arango H Calle Z Naranjo J Cuartas C amp M Caro 2008 Sistemas alternativos de producci n ganadera Cartilla 4 Serie Medidas integrales para el manejo ambiental de la

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