Use of vegetable powders as alternative to control of
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1. LIMA J A A RIBEIRO V Q Feij o Caupi Avan os tecnol gicos Bras lia DF Embrapa Informa o Tecnol gica 2005 519 p HASAN M M REICHMUTH C H 2004 Relative toxi city of phosphine against the bean bruchid Acanthos celides obtectus Say Col Bruchidae Journal of Applied Entomology 128 332 336 KETOH G K KOUMAGLO H K GLITHO I A 2005 Inhibition of Callosobruchus maculatus F Co leoptera Bruchidae development with essential oil extracted from Cymbopogon schoenanthus L Spreng Poaceae and the wasp Dinarmus basalis Rondani Hymenoptera Pteromalidae Journal of Stored Products Research 41 4 363 371 LIMA J R S ANTONINO A C D LIRA C A B O SOUZA E S SILVA I F 2011 Balango de energia e evapotranspirag o de feij o caupi sob condi es de sequeiro Revista Ci ncia Agron mica 42 1 65 74 LORINI I Manual t cnico para o manejo integrado de pragas de gr os de cereais armazenados Passo Fun do Embrapa Trigo 2003 80 p MAZZONETTO F VENDRAMIM J D 2003 Efeito de p s de origem vegetal sobre Acanthoscelides obtec 40 L E R PANNUTL L S MARCHI E L L BALDIN tus Say Coleoptera Bruchidae em feij o armaze nado Neotropical Entomology 32 1 145 149 MBATA G N 1993 Evaluation of susceptibility of varieties of cowpea to Callosobruchus maculatus F and Callosobruchus subinnotatus Pic Coleop tera Bruchidae Journal of Stored Prod2. Silva ef al 2003 also obtained favorable results in the application of C am brosioides powder in order to control of S zeamais with 100 of mortality in the con centration of 1 w w Mortality tests of C maculatus were not carried out in this paper and should be studied in future researches Low emergence of adults of C maculatus in cowpea grains containing powder of P nigrum seeds Table 2 corroborates with the results of SOUSA et al 2005 using 2 5 w w of powder concentration who found 100 of reduction in oviposition and emergence of adults of this weevil using this very same plant species In studies aiming at verifying the effect of aqueous extracts from five botanic species ALMEIDA ef al 2004 found that the treatment with P nigrum was the most efficient in the extract form lead ing to 100 of mortality of the adults of C maculatus after a ten minute exposition The means of the treatments for dry weight of adults Table 2 did not differ significant ly between treatments corroborating that the powders of the vegetable species used did not affect the development of the larvae The quantity of grains consumed by the insects was lower for the treatment with pow ders of C ambrosioides 0 56 g and P ni grum 0 51 g which is the consequence for lower quantity of emerged weevil in grains impregnated with these treatments Table 2 In these two treatments shorter periods of development were also ver
3. Brazil e mail lerpannuti fca unesp br Key words cowpea weevil botanical pesticides vegetable powder INTRODUCTION Cowpea beans Vigna unguiculata L Walp were introduced in Brazil in the 16th century in Bahia State by Portuguese set tlers This legume occupies 60 of the total area cultivated with beans in the Northeast region of Brazil ANDRADE JUNIOR ef al 2007 serving as a staple food for low in come populations LIMA et al 2011 They are currently grown throughout the country and have substantial social and economical value in addition to its great agricultural potential FREIRE FILHO ef al 2005 Callosobruchus maculatus Fabr Coleop tera Bruchidae is a cosmopolitan field to store pest ranked as the principal post har vest pest of several pulses including cowpea and chickpea Cicer arietinum L The adults lay their eggs on the seeds in the stor age larval feeding in the cotyledons causes substantial quantitative and qualitative loss es OGUNWOLU amp ODUNLAMI 1996 PAS CUAL VILLALOBOS amp BALLESTA ACOSTA 2003 ALMEIDA ef al 2005 PEREIRA et al 2008 Its attack starts in the field but it is intensified in the storage phase which may lead to total loss of the grains after five months of infestation MESSINA amp REN WICK 1985 MBATA 1993 Over 90 of the insect damage to cowpea seeds is caused by C maculatus CASWELL 1981 The chemical control of cowpea weevil through the fum
4. Ta ble 1 36 L E R PANNUTL L S MARCHI E L L BALDIN Table 1 Means SE of number of eggs and percentage of viable eggs of C maculatus in cowpea grains impregnated with powders of different vegetable species Treatments N of eggs Percentage of viable eggs Coriandrum sativum L 195 50 19 32 a 87 67 1 45 c Ruta graveolens L ST 188 33 12 12 a 94 97 0 74 ab Trichilia pallida L 172 67 14 33 a 91 48 1 05 abc Azadirachta indica L 172 50 24 71 a 92 03 1 34 abc Tagetes erecta L ST 169 33 34 47 a 91 02 0 82 be Corymbia citriodora L 167 83 18 38 a 90 93 1 26 bc Trichilia pallida ST 152 67 12 96 a 94 12 1 12 ab Mentha pulegium L 149 83 11 22 a 93 12 0 50 abc Control 147 33 12 21 a 92 83 0 95 abc Azadirachta indica A 135 50 6 26 a 91 23 1 79 abc Chenopodium ambrosioides L ST 64 33 4 98 b 91 83 0 85 abc Piper nigrum S 52 83 5 64 b 96 08 1 37 a F 8 77 3 44 CV 14 58 4 81 Legend A almonds L leaves ST stems S seeds 2 Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different by Tukey test P lt 0 05 Data transformed in x 0 5 3 Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different by Tukey test P lt 0 05 Data transformed in arcsen x 0 5 100 Similar results were found by BALDIN ef al 2008 where C ambrosioides reduced significantly the number o
5. in the LARESPI Laboratory of Plant Resistance to Insects and Pesticide Plants of the De partment of Plant Production Crop Protec tion of FCA UNESP in Botucatu during the year of 2010 Laboratory Insect Colony C Maculatus A laboratory insect rearing stock of C maculatus was kept inside climatic cham bers type B O D T 25 2 C R H 70 10 12 12 L D during the experiment One liter transparent glass containers 10 0 cm in diameter x 13 0 cm long were used in the rearing of the insects sealed on the upper part with a screwable lid in which a round opening 6 0 cm in diameter was made where a screen 30 mesh was adapt ed promoting internal ventilation 0 3 kg of freshly picked cowpea beans were placed in each flask Paulistinha genotype They were then infested with approximately 300 adults of C maculatus Every 30 days the emerged adults were removed from these containers and used to start the infestations in new containers Collection of vegetable species Eleven treatments started from the follow ing species were prepared Coriandrum sati vum L leaves Ruta graveolens L leaves stems Trichilia pallida Sw leaves T pallida Sw stems Azadirachta indica A Juss leaves A indica A Juss almonds Tagetes erecta L leaves stems Corym bia citriodora Hook leaves Mentha pule gium L leaves Piper nigrum L seeds and Chenopodium ambrosioides L leaves stems A
6. tal plots were infested with six adults non sexed of C maculatus 48 h of age for a period of seven days after which the insects were removed According to Brito et al 2006 the sex ratio of C maculatus is pre sented in 1 1 being dispensable to deter mine the sex before infestation Twenty days after infestation the total number of eggs per recipient was counted using magnifying glass Ramsor model LL 24 It was released 20 days to ensure the oviposition period ended and did not occur the eggs hatch then it was obtained the percentage of viable eggs and the oviposition preference index BAL DIN et al 2009 through the following for mula OPI T S T S x 100 where T represents the number of eggs counted in the evaluated treatment powder and S repre sents the number of eggs counted in the witness standard without powder The in dex ranged between 100 very stimulating zero to neutral up to 100 total deter rence The classification was determined based on the comparison of the mean of the eggs treated to the witness standard mean taking into consideration the mean standard deviation error of the assay for their differ entiation Twenty days after initial infestation the experimental plots started to be evaluated daily in order to determine the number of emerged adults the development period egg adult dry weight of insects and the weight of consumed grains For the determi nation of the develo
7. 0 41 ab Tagetes erecta L ST 142 00 27 15 a 19 0 10a 1 86 0 87 ab Trichilia pallida L 138 67 12 07 a 1 8 0 05 a 1 78 0 41 ab Corymbia citriodora L 138 50 13 35 a 1 9 0 08 a 1 63 0 63 ab Azadirachta indica L 135 33 15 24 a 1 9 0 05 a 1 64 0 61 ab Trichilia pallida ST 134 83 10 87 a 1 8 0 13 a 1 67 0 34 ab Mentha pulegium L 127 33 8 61 a 1 8 0 07 a 1 56 0 36 ab Control 115 00 11 03 a 1 8 0 10 a 1 39 0 35 abc Azadirachta indica A 109 33 7 67 ab 1 9 0 08 a 1 14 0 42 bc Chenopodium ambrosioides L ST 58 00 4 35 bc 2 0 0 07 a 0 56 0 18 c Piper nigrum S 47 67 5 26 c 2 0 0 12 a 0 51 0 20 e F 8 50 2 47 7 30 CV 13 81 4 89 31 25 A almonds L leaves ST stems S seeds 2 Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different by Tukey test P lt 0 05 Data transformed in x 0 5 3 Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different by Tukey test P lt 0 05 Original data 38 L E R PANNUTL L S MARCHI E L L BALDIN TAVARES amp VENDRAMIM 2005 also veri fied substantial reduction in the emergence of the adults of Sitophilus zeamais Mots in maize grains impregnated with fruits and whole plants of C ambrosioides in the proportion of 0 3 g of powder 20 g of maize grains accord ing to these authors the low emergence rate is due to high mortality level and low oviposition in weevils
8. Bol San Veg Plagas 38 33 40 2012 Use of vegetable powders as alternative to control of Callosobruchus maculatus L E R PANNUTI L S MARCHI E L L BALDIN The weevil Callosobruchus maculatus Fabr Coleoptera Bruchidae is the most important pest in stored cowpea it requires the use of control methods The chemical control of cowpea weevil is one of the most commonly used methods nowadays ne vertheless their repeated can bring about number of problems encouraging the use of alternative controls methods This work evaluate the effects of eleven vegetal species powder on individuals of weevils in laboratory conditions Six non sexed adults of cowpea weevil were kept for seven days in plots containing 0 3g of the powders of each treatment mixed to 10g of cowpea beans The trials were set up in a completely randomized design with six replicates per treatment After 20 days of infestation oviposition was evaluated and emerged adults were counted After that the dry weight of the insects the weight of the consumed grains and the development period from egg to adult were evaluated The powders of Chenopodium ambrosioides L and Piper nigrum L reduced both oviposition and adult emergence of C maculatus revealing great possibility as an alternative insect control L E R PANNUTI L S MARCHI E L L BALDIN FCA UNESP Botucatu Department of Plant Production Plant Protection Mailbox 237 Zip Code 18610 307 Botucatu SP
9. Estado do Cear Revista Ci ncia Agron mica 38 1 109 117 BALDIN E L L PEREIRA J M DAL POGETTO M H F A CHRISTOVAM A C CAETANO A C 2008 Efeitos de p s vegetais sobre Zabrotes subfasciatus Bohemann Coleoptera Bruchidae em gr os de fei jao armazenado Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas 34 2 177 185 BALDIN E L L PRADO J P M CHRISTOVAM R S DAL POGETTO M H F A 2009 Uso de p s de origem vegetal no controle de Acanthoscelides ob tectus Say Coleoptera Bruchidae em gr os de fei joeiro BioAssay 4 1 6 BHUPINDER P S KHAMBAY D B PHILIP J J GEOFFREY L B DEREK W H 2003 Mode of action and pesticidal activity of the natural product dunnione and of some analougues Pest Management Science 59 174 182 BOEKE S J BAUMGART I R LOON J J A VAN Huis A VAN DICKE M Kossou D K 2004 Toxicity and repellence of African plants traditiona lly used for the protection of stored cowpea against Callosobruchus maculatus Journal of Stored Pro ducts Research 40 4 423 438 BRITO J P OLIVEIRA J E M BORTOLI S A 2006 Toxicidade de leos essenciais de Eucalyptus spp sobre Callosobruchus maculatus Fabr 1775 Co leoptera Bruchidae Revista de Biologia e Ci ncias da Terra Campina Grande 6 1 96 103 CASWELL G H 1981 Damage to stored cowpeas in Northern Nigeria Samaru Journal of Agricultural Research 1 11 19 FREIRE FILHO F R
10. aboratorio Se mantuvieron seis adultos no sexados del gorgojo durante siete d as en recipientes que conten an 0 3 g del polvo de cada tratamiento mezclados con 10 g de frijoles Se emple un dise o completamente aleatorizado con seis repeticiones por tratamiento Despu s de 20 d as de la infestaci n se evalu la ovoposici n y se inici el conteo de adultos emergidos Posteriormente se evalu el peso seco de los insectos el peso de los granos consumidos y el per odo de desarrollo del huevo a adulto Los polvos de Chenopodium ambrosioides L y Piper nigrum L redujeron la ovoposici n y la emergencia de adultos de C maculatus reve lando su potencial para el control alternativo del insecto Palabras clave gorgojo plantas insecticidas polvo vegetal REFERENCES 39 ALMEIDA S A ALMEIDA F A C SANTOS N R ARA JO M E R RODRIGUES J P 2004 Ativida de inseticida de extratos vegetais sobre Callosobru chus maculatus Fabr 1775 Coleoptera Bruchi dae Revista Brasileira de Agroci ncia 10 1 67 70 ALMEIDA F A C ALMEIDA S A SANTOS N R GOMES J P ARA JO M E R 2005 Efeito de extratos alco licos de plantas sobre o caruncho do feij o vigna Callosobruchus maculatus Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agr cola e Ambiental 9 4 585 590 ANDRADE J NIOR A S BARROS A H C SILVA C O FREIRE FILHO F R 2007 Zoneamento de risco clim tico para a cultura do feij o caupi no
11. e other hand C sativum L R graveolens L ST and 7 pallida L stimu lated the oviposition of weevils whereas the others were considered neutral The treatments with C ambrosioides L ST and P nigrum S also showed low means for the emergence of weevil adults Table 2 which may suggest a larvicidal activity over C maculatus However the means of larval viability for all treatments were around 90 without significant differ BOL SAN VEG PLAGAS 38 2012 ences indicating that the low emergence adults of C maculatus is a consequence of of 37 low oviposition Table 1 which was veri fied in treatments with these powders OPI Oviposition Preference Index 20 00 10 00 0 00 10 00 Legend O Control O Neutral Stimulant E Deteren Figure 1 Index and classification of the materials concerning oviposition preference of C maculatus IPO T P T P x 100 T of eggs in witness IPO varies from 100 stimulating to 100 deterrence A almonds L leaves ST stems S seeds Table 2 Means SE of emergence dry weight of adults and consumed weight by C maculatus in cowpea grains impregnated with powders in different vegetable species Treatments N of emerged adults Dry weight of adults Weight of grains mg consumed g Ruta graveolens L ST 162 50 8 37 a 1 9 0 06 a 2 11 0 28 a Coriandrum sativum L 148 83 14 23 a 18 0 12a 1 90
12. f eggs deposited by adults of Zabrotes subfasciatus Bohe mann 1833 with powders in the concentra tion of 30 000 ppm w w in research carried out with common beans In addition it ob served that the concentration used by the same authors for Z subfasciatus MAZ ZONETTO amp VENDRAMIM 2003 and BALDIN et al 2009 for A obtectus proved to be efficient to use in tests with C maculatus The grains mixed to the powder of C sativum L were more oviposited 195 50 eggs by C maculatus contrasting with the results of BALDIN ef al 2009 where this treatment stood out among the ones that re duced most the oviposition of Acanthos celides obtectus Say 1831 in common beans using the same concentration of the pow ders It is possible that vegetable powder affects weevil species differently which may justify the variations observed in treat ments with C sativum L Moreover the fact that the mixture of the volatiles of the powders with that of the grains common beans and cowpea beans may produce be havioral variations in the weevils should be taken into account The viability of the eggs varied between 87 67 and 96 08 being higher in P nigrum S and lower in C sativum L C citrio dora L and T erecta L ST Based on the oviposition preference index Figure 1 the treatments with C ambrosioides L ST and P nigrum S were classified as deterrents to insect oviposition when compared to the con trol On th
13. fter the collection in the field January to March 2010 the vegetable structures were transferred to green house where they were maintained for about four to six days depending of plant species for drying with air circulating at 40 C The dry materials were then ground in knife mills in order to obtain the respective powders BALDIN ef al 2009 The powder of each plant struc ture was stored in plastic containers and tightly sealed for up to three months Apart from A indica and T pallida species from ESALQ USP all the other vegetable struc tures were obtained at FCA UNESP in Bo tucatu City where collection was always carried out in the morning BOL SAN VEG PLAGAS 38 2012 35 Bioassays For the bioassays each part was made of 10 g of cowpea bean grains mixed to 0 3 g of the respective powders according to MAZZONETTO amp VENDRAMIM 2003 and BALDIN et al 2009 The weight of grains and powders were done using an analytical balance 0 0001 g and subsequently placed in plastic recipients 4 0 cm in diameter x 5 0 cm long sealed on the upper part with a screwable lid Firstly it was added the grains and then the powders were placed in reci pients One week before the test setup the containers were screened each day and the hatched insects were separated into different containers according with the day ensuring the same age Six replicates were performed in a com pletely randomized design The experimen
14. ified Figure 2 with means of 32 15 and 31 25 days respec tively Even though an increase in the suscep tibility of grains by using these two powders may be suggested probably this reduction in the cycle is a consequence of fast mortality of weevils in the experimental plots experi mental plots which may have ended the ovi position in the first days Considering that the grains remain under infestation up to seven days it is possible that the superior cycle in the other materials may be a consequence of greater activity in the weevils Days Figure 2 Mean Period SE of development egg adult of C maculatus in cowpea bean grains impregnated with powders of different vegetable species A almonds L leaves ST stems S seeds BOL SAN VEG PLAGAS 38 2012 RESUMEN PANNUTI L E R L S MARCHI E L L BALDIN 2012 Uso de polvos de origen vegetal como alternativa para el control de Callosobruchus maculatus Bol San Veg Plagas 38 33 40 El gorgojo Callosobruchus maculatus Fabr Coleoptera Bruchidae es la plaga m s importante de frijoles almacenados exigiendo el uso de m todos de control El control qu mico del gorgojo es uno de los m todos m s utilizado actualmente pero su uso continuado puede causar problemas incentivando la b squeda de m todos de control alternativos Este trabajo eval a los efectos de once especies vegetales en forma de polvo sobre individuos del gorgojo en l
15. igation of grains has been 34 L E R PANNUTL L S MARCHI E L L BALDIN one of the most commonly used methods up to this moment HASAN amp REICHMUTH 2004 Although effective their repeated use has disrupted biological equilibrium and led to develop of resistance against important insecticides including phosphine LORINI 2003 Furthermore many synthetic insecti cides have undesirable effects on non target organisms and foster environmental and hu man health concerns BHUPINDER et al 2003 These aspects have triggered the studies of alternative approaches to pest con trol with the use of vegetable origin pesti cides ALMEIDA et al 2004 TAVARES amp VENDRAMIM 2005 Studies concerning plants applied with powder aqueous and organic extracts and oils have increased significantly in pest management BRITO ef al 2006 These subs tances may cause mortality repellence ovi position inhibition and also contribute to the alteration of the biological development of the insects BOEKE ef al 2004 KETOH et al 2005 In addition such formulations can show advantage like significant efficiency fast degradation and low toxicity level to the people applying it SOUSA ef al 2005 Therefore the present research has the ob jective to evaluate the effects of powders of different species and vegetable structures con cerning biological aspects of C maculatus MATERIAL AND METHODS The research was carried out
16. pment period it was considered the interval between the egg stage and adult emergence Recently emerged adults of cowpea wee vils were kept in small glass flasks 2 2 cm x 5 0 cm and immediately placed in a freezer in order to rapidly interrupt the vi tal cycle thus avoiding weight loss and maintaining them in perfect conservation state At the end of the emergences these flasks were opened and placed in green houses at 45 C for 48 h to determine the dry weight of the insects The consumption of bean grains by the weevil larvae was determined by comparing the dry weight of the infested experimental plots to the dry weight of the non infested experimental plots All the parameters obtained underwent variability analyses where the means were compared by using the Tukey test P lt 0 05 The data related to the number of eggs and emerged adults were trans formed in x 0 5 the data related to the percentage of viable eggs were trans formed in arcsen x 0 5 100 other data were not transformed In the data pre sented were used non transformed values The statistic software Stat Plus 2007 was used RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The grains impregnated to the powders of C ambrosioides F R 64 33 eggs and P nigrum S 52 83 eggs were less oviposited by C maculatus when compared to the other treatments which suggests the volatilization of the components that affected negatively the oviposition of the cowpea weevil
17. st Callosobruchus ma culatus Coleoptera Bruchidae in caupi bean and seed physiological analysis Revista de Biologia e Ci ncia da Terra 5 2 1 5 TAVARES M A G C VENDRAMIM J D 2005 Bio atividade da Erva de Santa Maria Chenopodium ambrosioides L sobre Sitophilus zeamais Mots Coleoptera Curculionidae Neotropical Entomolo gy 34 2 319 323 Recepci n 10 mayo 2011 Aceptaci n 30 enero 2012
18. ucts Resear ch 29 207 213 MESSINA F J RENWICK J A A 1985 Resistance to Callosobruchus maculatus Coleoptera Bruchidae in selected cowpea lines Environmental Entomolo gy Lanham 14 868 872 OGUNWOLU E O ODUNLAMI A T 1996 Supression of seed bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus F de velopment and damage on cowpea Vigna unguicu lata L Walp with Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides Lam Waterm Rutaceae root bark powder when compared to neem seed powder and pirimiphos me thyl Crop Protection 19 603 607 PASCUAL VILLALOBOS M J BALLESTA ACOSTA M C 2003 Chemical variation in an Ocimum basili cium germplasm collection and activity of the essen cial oils on Callosobruchus maculatus Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 31 673 679 PEREIRA A C R L OLIVEIRA J V GONDIMJUNIOR M G C CAMARA C A G 2008 Atividade inse ticida de leos essenciais e fixos sobre Callosobru chus maculatus FABR 1775 Coleoptera Bruchi dae em gr os de caupi Vigna unguiculata L Walp Ci ncia e Agrotecnologia 32 717 724 SILVA G LAGUNES A RODR GUEZ J RODR GUEZ D 2003 Evaluaci n de polvos vegetales solos y en mezcla con carbonato de calcio para el control de Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky en maiz almacenado Ciencia e Investigaci n Agr ria 30 153 160 Sousa A H MARACAJ P B SILVA R M A MOURA A M N ANDRADE W G 2005 Bioacti vity of vegetal powders again
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