Effect of edaphic and foliar applications of
Contents
1. and filling due to more efficient assimilate accumulation G mez et al 2007 The percent variation in the number of tubers revealed a positive effect of Zn fertilization on diploid potato yield Tab 4 as far as the greatest variations were observed in the class 1 tubers in agreement with the NCIT and NT data In effect a 77 increase was observed in the class 1 tubers with the edaphic application treatment while the foliar one resulted in a 86 increase In contrast the class 2 tubers were found to decrease even to a level below that ofthe control under both application methods Since com mercial yield contains more class 1 than class 2 tubers these data indicate that the plant is behaving more efficiently in terms of tuber filling The observed increase in the number of class 1 tubers might be associated with a positive response to Mg as also reported by P rez et al 2008 In evaluating this same variety these authors suggest that Zn stimulates Mg utiliza tion because they both play active roles in photosynthesis The results of the present research correspond with those of G mez 2006 who reported a 25 yield increase with regards to the control in Zn treated stubborn onions Simi larly Pe a et al 1999 found that 7 kg ha doses of this mineral increase onion yield G mez et al 2007 Technical optimum As the observed crop response correlates to Zn dose its optimum was sought with a polynomial regressi2. electron transference mainly the transition elements Fe Mn Cu and Mo Micro nutrients are also likely to form complexes linking an enzyme to a substrate which is the case with Fe and Zn Some of these minerals such as Mn Zn and Cu are known to be present in superoxido diminutasa SD isozymes which act as sweeping systems that eliminate toxic oxygen radicals thus protecting bio membranes DNA chlorophyll and proteins Kirkby and R mbheld 2007 The main functions of micro nutrients are presented in Tab 1 TABLE 1 Main functions of micro nutrients in plants Kirkby and R mheld 2007 Micronutrients Function Fe Mn Cu Ni Constitutive part of enzymes metalloproteins n Zn Enzyme activation E Involvement in electron transportation during e Cu Mn Cl photosynthesis n Zn Mo Involvement in tolerance to stress Cu Mn Zn B Involvement in reproductive growth floral induction pollination fruit set B Zn Constitutive part of cell walls and cell membrane Zinc is absolutely essential to healthy plant growth and optimum yields in all agricultural and horticultural crops Alloway 2004 In contrast with Fe Mn Cu and Mo Zn is a transition element that is therefore not subjected to valence changes Zn is absorbed as a divalent cation Zn and transported through the xylem either freely or as a part of organic acids Not oxidized or reduced by plant metabolism Zn acts as an enzymatic cofactor
3. it is necessary to 1 Plant Genetic Resources Tibaitat Research Center Corporaci n Colombiana de Investigaci n Agropecuaria Corpoica Mosquera Colombia Department of Agronomy Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogota Colombia lerodriguezmo unal edu co Agronom a Colombiana 32 1 70 77 2014 improve the production transformation and commercializa tion processes Herrera and Rodriguez 2012 Stressing the call for crop technology research and dissemination and for the adoption of good agricultural practices GAP with an emphasis on the proper management of soil fertility and water The variety Criolla Colombia exhibits an erect growth habit intense lilac flowers and good development of its light green foliage Having no dormant period and a tuber potential yield of 15 t ha this plant produces rounded tubers with half depth eyes and an intense yellow rind and flesh Rodr guez et al 2009 Within potato cropping fertilization is one of the most remarkable production costs reaching figures of about 39 Porras 2005 Although Colombia has developed a strong tradition for the modernization of this crop which has good industrialization and exportation potential Mar t nez et al 2006 supply price increments and inadequate crop management limit productivity and threaten the competitiveness of the system Rodr guez et al 2009 For this reason current research aims to id
4. this reason the concept of fertility should also include chemical physical and biologi cal criteria Pumisacho and Sherwood 2002 Regarding soils Zn deficiency is caused in crops by low native levels of this element a lack of associated minerals in the pedogenetic process basic or calcareous reaction media a lack of organic matter salinity downpouring a loss of the arable layer due to erosion which in turn results from steep topography or continuous tillage and possible antagonisms between P and Fe Although low Zn availabil ity may occur in an ample series of soils the deficiency of this nutrient is more thoroughly expressed in sandy soils Alloway 2008 Bell and Dell 2008 Agron Colomb 32 1 2014 With zinc sulphate being the most frequent Zn compound employed in fertilization other important fertilizers are ZnEDTA Zn chelate and Zn nitrate Alloway 2008 These fertilizers can be applied to the soil or directly to the plant foliar application Zinc sulphate ZnSO 4H 0 applica tions to the soil range between 2 and 20 kg ha while foliar applications use 0 3 to 0 5 solutions with the highest Zn chelate translocation rates being obtained with EDTA Zn and ZnSO Foliar fertilization is actually a complement to soil fertil ization It is intended for the correction of micronutrient deficiencies and the recovery of the plant when affected by adverse biotic or abiotic conditions The efficiency of this fertil
5. to more intense oxidative degradation processes premature tissue ageing Kirkby and Romheld 2007 Zinc deficiency is also closely related to N metabolism in as much as it reduces the concentration of proteins and increases that of aminoacids Kirkby and R mheld 2007 Bell and Dell 2008 thus determining disease propensity through a higher exudation of these low molecular weight components phytosiderophores and turning over in the plant resulting from altered root and shoot growth patterns Ramirez 2004 There is growing evidence that the cell membrane structural integrity and permeability maintenance roles played by Zn protect the plant against the attack of pathogens on roots and new sprouts Kirkby and R mheld 2007 Bell and Dell 2008 Protein synthesis inhibition resulting from Zn deficiency is largely determined via RNA reduction which is in turn provoked by a lower Zn polymerase activity reduced struc tural integrity of ribosomes and higher RNA degradation 72 With this mineral s deficiency the mentioned growth ar restment brings along lower carbohydrate consumption levels and consequently lower photosynthetic rates This leads to a larger production of oxygen radicals which not being removed intensify Zn deficiency symptoms especial ly under intense luminosity Kirkby and R mheld 2007 Marschner 1995 suggests that the isozyme superoxido dismutasa SOD or Cu Zn SOD which contains Zn plays an
6. 12 Indicadores 2012 Rev Papa 25 45 46 Herrera A O and L E Rodr guez 2012 Tecnolog as de producci n y transformaci n de papa criolla Facultad de Agronom a Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogota Huam n Z and D M Spooner 2002 Reclassification of landrace populations of cultivated potatoes Solanum sect Petota Amer J Bot 89 6 947 965 G mez M 2005 Gu a t cnica para el manejo nutricional de los cul tivos diagnostico interpretaci n y recomendaci n de planes de fertilizaci n Microfertisa Bogota G mez M 2006 Manual t cnico de fertilizaci n de cultivos Mi crofertisa Bogota Gomez M H Castro C G mez and F Guti rrez 2007 Optimi zaci n de la producci n y calidad en cebolla cabezona Allium cepa mediante el balance nutricional con magnesio y micronu trientes B Zn y Mn Valle Alto del rio Chicamocha Boyac Agron Colomb 25 2 339 348 Castro H and M I G mez M 2010 Fertilidad de suelos y fertili zantes pp 217 303 In Burbano O H and F Silva M eds Ciencia del suelo Principios b sicos Sociedad Colombiana de la Ciencia del Suelo SCCS Bogota Kabata Pendias A and H Pendias 1992 Trace elements in soils and plants 2 ed CRC Press Boca Raton FL Kirkby E and V R mheld 2007 Micronutrientes na fisiologia de plantas fun es absor o e mobilidade Informa es Agron micas No 118 Internacional Plant Nutrition Institute IPNI N
7. Effect of edaphic and foliar applications of different doses of zinc on the yield of the Criolla Colombia cultivar Efecto de la aplicaci n ed fica y foliar de zinc sobre el rendimiento del cultivar Criolla Colombia Andr s L pez Manuel Ivan Gomez and Luis Ernesto Rodr guez ABSTRACT The present study was carried out in a Typic Hapludand soil in the municipality of El Rosal Colombia and aimed to compare the yield performance of the cultivar Criolla Colombia under foliar applications of Zn chelate 0 1 2 and 3 kg ha and edaphic applications of granulated Zn sulfated 0 1 2and 3 kg ha A split plot randomized complete block design with four repetitions per treatment was employed In each category the evaluated variables were tuber weight and number of tubers The results revealed that the 3 0 kg ha edaphic application rendered a quadratic yield behavior with a relative increase of 7 9 t ha 136 for the first category tuber weight and 9 5 tha 68 for total weight In turn the foliar application ofthe same dose resulted in a 5 8 t ha 93 relative increase and a first category tuber total weight increase of 3 8 t ha 24 Under the edaphic and foliar Zn applications the number of tubers underwent 77 and 86 increases respectively with respect to the control These results show the importance of Zn in pho toassimilate accumulation efficiency structure differentiation and tuber qual
8. ass 2 tubers NTT number of total tubers For 120 m L pez G mez and Rodriguez Effect of edaphic and foliar applications of different doses of zinc on the yield of the Criolla Colombia cultivar 75 22 20 mm 18 E 16 2 Fy y 0 5x 3 96x 11 65 R 0 8739 12 10 0 1 2 3 Zn dose kg ha FIGURE 1 Polynomial model accounting for the response of the diploid potato variety Criolla Colombia to the foliar Zn application to be sought by increasing the Zn application until there is a yield decline The positive response obtained in the current study with the 3 kg ha dose corroborates reports by G mez et al 2007 and Murphy and Walash 1972 according to which the best yield response was found with the 3 5 kg ha dose therefore resulting in a recommended Zn dose of 3 4 to 4 5 kg ha Conclusions Zinc is an important nutrient as far as it enhances crop efficiency by improving both P absorption and size and weight quality The positive response obtained in the current foliar and edaphic Zn application trial could be fruitfully applied by diploid potato growers on the Bogota Plateau in order to optimize crop yield However a comprehensive evaluation of plant nutrition in this case calls for an assessment of dry weight productivity and Zn interaction with other elements The application technique is of great interest as far as it is part of an integrated plant nutrition manage
9. cations were carried out with a 20 L Royal Condor sprayer pump Progen Bogota Each dose was applied with 300 L ha of water Additionally the water was treated with MF Acidurez SP 0 25 g L Microfertisa Bo gota hardness corrector and pH reducer and Herbox SL Exro Bogota 0 75 cm L hypotensive coadjuvant to im prove the application efficiency of the element in question _ Exchangeable Al EC oc TN Ad a Classification V cmol kg sm 6 gom Sa Si c 54 0 30 0 16 0 SL 6 95 0 0 5 57 0 09 4 04 0 35 0 99 Exchangeable bases cmol kg ECEC Micronutrients mg kg P S Ca Mg K Na cmol kg Mn Fe Zn Cu B mg kg 4 94 0 56 0 25 0 11 5 85 12 7 407 6 5 7 4 2 0 45 99 2 16 7 Sa sand Si silt C clay SL sandy loam ECEC effective cationic exchange capacity Ad apparent density EC electrical conductivity OC organic carbon TN total nitrogen L pez G mez and Rodriguez Effect of edaphic and foliar applications of different doses of zinc on the yield of the Criolla Colombia cultivar 73 Experiment design The experiment was carried out under a split plot ran domized complete block design with four repetitions considering the Zn application dose as factor A 0 1 2 3 kg ha and the application technique edaphic or foliar as factor B The experimental units corresponded to 21 6 m plots with 0 9 m between furrows and 0 3 m between plants Studied variables The yield
10. entify yield limiting factors and innovative cropping practices Among the lat ter those dealing with soil fertility strive for an integral and balanced nutritional management with special emphasis on micro nutrients an aspect that has been insufficiently investigated Integral fertilization is one of the most efh cient practices for assuring the full expression of a plant s genetic potential resulting in better yields both in terms of quality and quantity Castro and G mez 2010 Interest in micro nutrients has recently captured the atten tion of plant nutrition and physiology specialists since in many agro ecosystems these minerals limit productivity although this is frequently not so evident Kirkby and R mheld 2007 Hence their adequate supply does not only determine considerable yield increments but also an advantageous utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization Kirkby and R mheld 2007 Micro nutrients in potato crop fertilization the case of Zn The fact that micro nutrients are present in much lower concentrations than macro nutrients in plant tissues in dicates that they are likely to play different roles in growth and metabolism Kirkby and R mheld 2007 which is the most frequent case These low concentrations reflect the role played by these nutrients as enzymatic reaction activators and as part of the prosthetic groups of metalloproteins which are capable of catalyzing redox processes through
11. fasis en fisiolog a y manejo de suelos pp 1 4 In I Taller Nacional sobre Suelos Fisiolog a y Nutrici n Vegetal en el Cultivo de Papa Centro Virtual de Investigaci n de la Cadena Agrolimentaria de la Papa Cevipapa Bogota Pumisacho M and S Sherwood 2002 El cultivo de la papa en Ecuador Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INAP International Potato Center CIP Quito Ramirez C 2004 Nutrici n mineral y producci n vegetal pp 57 68 In Manejo productivo poscosecha y exportaci n en fresco de hierbas arom ticas culinarias temporada 2004 2005 Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogota Rodr guez L E C Nustez and N Estrada 2009 Criolla Latina Criolla Paisa y Criolla Colombia nuevos cultivares de criolla para el departamento de Antioquia Colombia Agron Co lomb 23 3 287 301 Rodr guez F M Ghislain A M Clausen S H Jansky and D M Spooner 2010 Hybrid origins of cultivated potatoes Theor Appl Genet 121 1187 1198 Salisbury F and W Ross 2000 Fisiolog a de las plantas C lulas agua soluciones y superficies Thomson Editors Spain Para ninfo Madrid Sharma P N C Chatterjee S C Agarwala and C P Sharma 1990 Zinc deficiency and pollen fertility in maize Zea mays Plant Soil 124 221 225 Spooner D M J N ez G Trujillo M del R Herrera F Guzm n and M Ghislain 2007 Extensive simple sequence repeat ge notyping of potato landraces supp
12. important role in the removal of superoxidized radicals O and therefore in protein and membrane protection against oxidation Zinc controls the production of free radicals which are toxic by interfering in NADPH oxida tion and in their actual removal Through the action of these radicals Zinc deficiency leads to the breakage of the double bonds of phospholipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the cell membrane which in this way becomes more permeable and tends to allow the loss of sugars ami noacids and potassium The damaged lipid membrane and IAA oxidation produce chlorophyll destruction and thus necrosis and atrophied growth of the leaves Marschner and Cakmak 1989 Foliar and edaphic Zn absorption The approximate Zn concentrations in the granitic igneous rock and basaltic fractions of the earth s crust are respec tively 40 70 and 100 mg kg of soil Taylor 1964 while sedimentary rocks such as limestone sandstone and shale contain 16 20 and 95 mg kg of soil respectively Turekian and Wedepohl 1961 The total Zn content in soils varies from 3 to 770 mg kg whereas the world average is 64 mg kg Kabata Pendias and Pendias 1992 Soil fertility is usually measured in terms of nutrient avail ability for plants However a soil with elevated mineral levels is not necessarily fertile because several factors such as compaction drainage drought diseases or pests may limit nutrient availability For
13. ity in this short cycle crop Key words fertilization diploid potato micronutrients tubers Andean crops Esta investigaci n se realiz en el municipio de El Rosal Co lombia en un suelo Typic Hapludand y tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la aplicaci n ed fica de sulfato de Zn gra nulado 0 1 2 y 3 kg ha comparado con la aplicaci n foliar de quelato de EDTA Zn 0 1 2 y 3 kg ha sobre el potencial del rendimiento del cultivar Criolla Colombia Se utiliz un dise o de parcelas divididas en bloques completos al azar y cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento Las variables evaluadas fueron peso y n mero de tub rculos por categor as Los resultados muestran que ante la aplicaci n ed fica de una dosis de Zn de 3 0 kg ha el rendimiento presenta un comportamiento cua dr tico con un incremento relativo de 7 9 t ha 136 para el peso de los tub rculos de categor a primera y de 9 5 tha 68 para el peso total Ante la aplicaci n foliar de la misma dosis se observ un incremento relativo de 5 8 t ha 93 para el peso delos tub rculos de categoria primera y de 3 8 t ha 24 para el peso total El n mero de tub rculos registr un aumento de 77 y de un 86 en la aplicaci n ed fica y foliar con respecto al testigo estos resultados muestran la importancia que tiene el Zn en la eficiencia de acumulaci n de fotos ntatos diferenciaci n de sus estructuras y calidad de los tub rculos en u
14. ization method is a function of crop age foliar area time of year application method and mobility of the mineral in question Pumisacho and Sherwood 2002 Under full foliar fertilization potato yield has been re ported to increase by 5 tha Zinc chelate applications have been found to increase yield by up to 2 6 t ha Positive responses to foliar fertilization are mainly attributed to low sulphur zinc and manganese levels Two to four fertilizer doses at intervals of 21 d starting at flowering are usually recommended for micronutrient deficiency correction via foliar application Pumisacho and Sherwood 2002 In this context the objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of edaphic and foliar Zn applications on the yield of the variety Criolla Colombia under the condi tions of a Bogota Plateau soil This will facilitate formulating fertilization strategies under which this plant is capable of satisfying its need for specific nutrients such as Zn in this case when they are not available Materials and methods This research was conducted on the San Gabriel farm in the municipality of El Rosal Cundinamarca Colombia 2 685 m a s l with a precipitation of 825 mm year annual average temperature of 13 C and 81 relative humidity on TABLE 2 Chemical analysis of the soil El Rosal Colombia a Typic Hapludand loamy soil with strongly acid reaction and low cationic exchange capacity but with good le
15. lowed for proceeding to the ANOVA Results and discussion Provided that except for the total number of tubers TC all variables showed normal behavior we resorted to Levene and Bartlett s homogeneity tests As this variable showed no variance homogeneity it required a transfor mation to stabilize the data The remaining variables were found to be homocedastic As a consequence the analysis of variance was carried out with the original data 74 Class 1 yield C1Y This variable revealed significant differences between Zn doses within both foliar and edaphic application methods However no such difference was found between them or resulting from their interaction with the mineral doses The contrast analysis showed how this variable was positively correlated to the Zn dose for each application technique Table 3 shows how the 3 kg ha dose had a positive effect on the crop as can be seen from the yield increase data 7 9 t ha 136 for the edaphic application and 5 8 t ha 93 for the foliar application This positive effect exerted by Zn on total yield indicates a better efficiency in the growth processes and assimilate conversion translocation and accumulation G mez et al 2007 In working with the stubborn onion G mez et al 2007 observed that the simultaneous application of Zn and Mn resulted in better class 1 yields 35 36 t ha than those obtained without the incorporation of these micro nutrients i
16. ment strat egy Although the edaphic method is the most frequent economical and efficient one foliar applications are also attractive after considering the series of soil factors that limit Zn absorption which make them a means of quick micronutrient supply Based on the linear behavior exhibited by the edaphic Zn fertilization future research should aim at determining an optimum Zn application level by taking into consid eration marginal points and further elevated doses so as 76 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 Yield t ha y 3 03x 10 55 R 0 9594 0 1 2 3 Zn dose kg ha FIGURE 2 Linear model accounting for the response of the diploid potato variety Criolla Colombia to the edaphic Zn application to find toxicity levels which are observable through yield decreases Acknowledgements The authors express their gratitude to Manuel Caicedo General Manager of Sociedad Agraria de Transformaci n Agrarian Society for Transformation at El Rosal Cundi namarca for his collaboration and to Microfertisa for its technical and economic support Literature cited Alloway B 2004 Zinc deficiency in crops causes and corrections Department of Soil Science The University of Reading Read ing UK Alloway B J 2008 Zinc in soils and crop nutrition 2 4 ed Interna tional Zinc Association IZA International Fertilizer Industry Association IFA Brussels Arce J P B Storey and C G Ly
17. n cultivo de ciclo corto como Criolla Colombia Palabras clave fertilizaci n papa diploide micronutrientes tub rculos cultivos andinos Introduction In Colombia the name yellow diploid potato Papa Criolla refers to those morphotypes that exhibit yellow rind and flesh egg yolk phenotype Rodr guez et al 2009 This type of potato was initially classified as Solanun phureja Hawkes 1990 later on as the Solanun tuberosum Phureja Group Huam n and Spooner 2002 and recently as the Solanun tuberosum Andigenum Group Spooner et al 2007 Rodr guez et al 2010 Although it can be cultivated between 2 000 and 3 000 m a s l its optimum range is from 2 300 to 2 800 m a s l Becerra Sanabria et al 2007 Received for publication 5 July 2013 Accepted for publication 19 March 2014 Colombia is known as the number one diploid potato producer worldwide planting 8 500 ha a year from which a hundred thousand tons are harvested in the departments of Cundina marca Nari o and Boyaca Herrera and Rodr guez 2012 producing exports of 1 000 t yearly Fedepapa 2012 Those who have managed to export this product report prom ising experiences due to its good international acceptance resulting from its unique taste However it is necessary to solve problems related to a homogeneous constant and suf ficient supply in order to adequately satisfy the demands of international contracts For this reason
18. n the N P K Mg fertilization program Class 2 yield C2Y This variable presented a linear interaction between the studied factors That is to say each application method had a different behavior in face ofthe Zn dose Tab 3 allows one to observe how yield was still positively correlated to the edaphic Zn dose albeit not as strongly as in class 1 The 3 kg ha Zn dose gave the best result with a 1 9 t ha yield increase 19 with respect to the control The foliar Zn application had a different behavior The dose that allowed the best results was 2 kg ha which resulted in an increase of 1 3 t ha 14 This difference between the treatments was probably due to the foliar P Zn ratio which has been investigated by Marschner 1995 and by Khan and Ajakaiye 1976 These authors detected an antagonism between these two miner als resulting from the fact that excessive amounts of P P Zn ratios above 55 reduce yield Specifically P excesses lead to the production of Zn metabolic disorders consist ing of the synthesis of insoluble compounds containing this mineral all of which limit its long distance absorption Marschner 1995 Pumisacho and Sherwood 2002 stated that in the case of the potato P is a critical nutrient for the initial yield and development of the plant in as much as it promotes root growth and rapid tuber formation Commercial yield CY As in the case of C1Y CY only revealed significant differen ce
19. on Fig 1 However under the foliar application method this increase was only marginal with the 3 kg ha dose Fig 2 implying that at elevated doses plant yield diminishes probably due to a phytotoxic reaction or to the P Zn ratio In turn a linear response was observed under the edaphic application method Fig 2 which suggests that the optimum dose has TABLE 3 Yield variation of diploid potato tubers with the foliar and edaphic Zn applications Edaphic Foliar e ay C1Y C2Y CY Cty C2Y CY t ha t ha t ha t ha t ha t ha 0 5 8 0 8 1 0 13 9 0 6 2 0 94 0 15 4 0 1 8 1 39 6 8 6 6 2 16 7 20 1 79 274 8 8 3 3 16 7 8 4 2 9 5 63 8 9 0 111 18 5 33 1 9 5 53 2 10 4 14 3 19 9 29 2 3 13 7 136 2 9 7 19 7 23 4 68 3 12 0 93 5 7 2 20 9 19 2 24 8 C1Y tuber production weight with a diameter larger than 4 cm C2Y tuber production weight with a diameter than 2 4 cm CY commercial yield weight TABLE 4 Variation in number of diploid potato tubers with the foliar and edaphic Zn application methods Edaphic Foliar e an NCIT NC2T NTT NCIT NC2T NTT No No No No No No 0 118 5 0 454 6 0 573 1 0 127 3 0 491 9 0 619 2 0 1 149 5 26 2 443 5 2 4 593 3 5 120 8 5 0 453 7 7 1 574 5 7 22 2 157 2 32 6 439 1 3 4 596 3 4 0 168 5 32 3 431 7 12 2 600 2 3 07 3 210 6 77 8 478 9 5 4 689 6 20 3 237 0 86 2 450 9 8 33 687 9 111 NC1T number of class 1 tubers NC2T number of cl
20. ons 1991 Effectiveness of three different Zn fertilizers and two methods of application for the control of little leaf in peach trees in South Texas Hort Science 26 5 497 Becerra Sanabria L A S L Navia de Mosquera and C E Nustez L pez 2007 Efecto de diferentes niveles de f sforo y potasio sobre el rendimiento del cultivar Criolla Guane a en el departamento de Nari o Rev Latinoam Papa 14 1 51 60 Brown P H R M Welch and E E Cary 1987 Nickel a micronutri ent essential for higher plants Plant Physiol 85 3 801 803 Cakmak I 2000 Possible roles ofzinc in protecting plant cells from damage by reactive oxygen species New Phytol 146 185 2005 Clavijo J 2001 Metabolismo de los nutrientes en las plantas pp 11 28 In Silva M F ed Fertilidad de suelos diagn stico y control 2 ed Sociedad Colombiana de la Ciencia del Suelo SCCS Bogota Agron Colomb 32 1 2014 Bell R W and B Dell 2008 Micronutrients for sustainable food feed fibre and bioenergy production International Fertilizer Industry Association IFA Paris Coleman J E 1992 Zinc proteins enzymes storage proteins transcription factors and replication proteins Annu Rev Biochem 61 897 946 Hawkes J G 1990 The potato evolution biodiversity and genetic resources Belhaven Press Smithsonian Institution Press London Washington DC Fedepapa Federaci n Colombiana de Productores de Papa 20
21. or metallic component Marschner 1995 Some of these metalloen zymes bind to other enzymes and their substrates while in other cases Zn forms tetrahedral complexes with N and O which are particularly coupled to S in a variety of organic compounds Vallee and Auld 1990 Kochian 1991 Kirkby and R mbheld 2007 Higher plants produce few Zn containing enzymes which play catalytic coactivating and structural roles Vallee and Auld 1990 Vallee and Falchuk 1993 Among these enzymes we can count carbonic anhydrase CA RNA polymerase and alcohol dehydrogenase the latter pro moting the production of ethanol from aldehyde in root apexes under anaerobic conditions Clavijo 2001 When this mineral is coupled to catalytic enzymes its atoms are separated from one another by chains of three amino acids the most frequent one being histidine followed by glutamine and asparagine Zn atoms with structural functions are usually coordinated with S groups together with cystein These complexes constitute stable structures that play important roles in DNA replication and genetic expression Coleman 1992 L pez G mez and Rodr guez Effect of edaphic and foliar applications of different doses of zinc on the yield of the Criolla Colombia cultivar 71 The biochemical paths involving Zn affect plants in several ways such as protein and sugar metabolism the latter comprising photosynthesis and the conversion of starch into sugars auxin
22. orcross GA Kochian L 1991 Mechanism of micronutrient uptake and trans location in plants pp 229 296 In Mortvedt J J F R Fox L M Shuman and R M Welch eds Micronutrients in ag riculture Book Series No 4 Soil Science Society of America Madison WI Marschner H 1995 Mineral nutrition of higher plants 2 ed Academic Press San Diego CA Marschner H and I Cakmak 1989 High light intensity enhances chlorosis and necrosis in leaves of zinc potassium and mag nesium deficient beans Phaseolus vulgaris plants J Plant Physiol 134 3 308 315 Mart nez H N Pinz n and C Barrios 2006 La cadena de la papa en Colombia Una mirada global de su estructura y din mica 1991 2005 Observatorio Agrocadenas Colombia Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural MADR Inter American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture IICA Bogota Murphy L S and L M Walsh 1972 Correction of micronutrient deficiencies with fertilizers pp 371 381 In Micronutrientes in agriculture Zn Fe B Mo Cu Mn Soil Science Society America Madison WI P rez L C L E Rodr guez and M I G mez 2008 Efecto del frac cionamiento de la fertilizaci n con N P K y Mg y la aplicaci n delos micronutrientes B Mn y Zn en el rendimiento y calidad de papa criolla Solanum phureja variedad Criolla Colombia Agron Colomb 26 3 477 486 Porras P 2005 Problem tica general del sistema productivo de papa con n
23. orts a major reevaluation of their gene pool structure and classification PNAS 104 19398 19403 Taylor S 1964 Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust a new table Geochim Cosmochim Acta 28 1273 1286 Turekian K and K Wedepohl 1961 Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth s crust Geol Soc Amer Bull 72 2 175 192 Vallee B and D Auld 1990 Zinc coordination function and structure of zinc enzymes and other proteins Biochemistry 29 5647 5659 Vallee B and K Falchuk 1993 The biochemical basis ofzinc physi ology Physiol Rev 73 79 118 L pez G mez and Rodr guez Effect of edaphic and foliar applications of different doses of zinc on the yield of the Criolla Colombia cultivar 77
24. s a growth regulator synthesis pollen formation Sharma et al 1990 and membrane integral maintenance Brown et al 1987 Alloway 2004 Many Zn dependent enzymes play important roles in the metabolism of proteins carbohydrates and auxins For example a deficiency of this element reduces the activ ity of carbonic anhydrase CA which being present in chloroplasts and the cytoplasm facilitates the transfer ence of CO HCO for the photosynthetic fixation of CO Marschner and Cakmak 1989 Cakmak 2000 Also af fected by Zn deficiency the enzyme 1 6 bifosfato regulates C6 sugars in the chloroplast and the cytoplasm where it is located while aldolasa promotes the transference of C3 photosynthates from chloroplasts to the cytoplasm where it regulates metabolite flow via glycolytic processes Marschner and Cakmak 1989 Cakmak 2000 Auxin specifically IA A metabolism alterations are closely associated with Zn deficiency symptoms such as intervein chlorosis which goes from green to light yellow and short internodes Arce et al 1991 as well as delayed growth small leaves and leaf necrosis as secondary effects of P and Fe toxicity Ramirez 2004 If the auxin metabolism route is affected by Zn is not clear yet but tryptophan whose pro duction requires this mineral is a likely precursor of IAA synthesis Anyway it is clear that Zn deficiency diminishes the amount of synthesized IAA which is additionally subjected
25. s between the Zn dose treatments but not between their application methods which exhibited a linear behavior Agron Colomb 32 1 2014 as in CY1 Said differences were observed within both the foliar and edaphic application techniques Table 3 shows how the edaphic application rendered a 9 5 t ha 68 yield increase with the 3 0 kg ha Zn dose while the foliar application resulted in a 4 5 t ha 29 increase with the 2 0 kg ha dose The observed yield increases in C1Y C2Y and CY were probably caused by correlated photosynthesis and hormone synthesis increments Among the latter auxins are particu larly important as far as they participate directly in root development in agreement with similar remarks by G mez 2005 In addition auxin metabolism not only promotes stem and coleoptile elongation through better solute intake and protein and polysaccharide synthesis and storage but as stated by Salisbury and Ross 2000 adventitious root formation and vascular differentiation as well Number of class 1 tubers NC1T Although the studied Zn doses had significant effects on this variable the application techniques did not just as they showed no mutual interaction as well which implies that they had an independent behavior The contrast analysis applied to this data highlights the important role played by Zn in short cycle crops such as the diploid potato in which this nutrient allows better structure differentiation
26. vels of Ca probably due to the effects of previous soil amend ments Showing no aluminum limitations it did present Mg misbalances Native Zn was at moderate to adequate levels 4 6 mg kg but the P Zn ratio which was above 10 might have absorbed the mineral in question Regarding other ionic ratios the P and Ca levels might have deter mined the K Mg B and Zn deficiencies These analyzes were performed in the Universidad Nacional de Colombia Soils Laboratory Bogota Tab 2 Plant material The experiment made use of 2 4 cm seed tubers of the cul tivar Criolla Colombia which are typically round shaped and feature medium depth eyes an intense yellow flesh and rind an early maturation 120 d a specific gravity of 1 088 no dormant period and an average yield of 13 15 t ha Rodr guez et al 2009 The zinc application was intended as a complement to the conventional fertilization plan kg ha N 88 39 P O 232 09 K O 113 29 CaO 56 MgO 70 75 and S 6 The zinc sources employed for the trial were Microzinc Microfertisa Bogota 20 granulated Zn sulphate and EDTA Zn chelate 12 soluble powder The band application of ZnSO to the plot was carried out together with that of the other fertilizers Thus the Zn doses were 0 1 2 and 3 kg ha Likewise each foliar Zn dose was fractioned into five applications starting on day 30 after planting and continuing on days 37 44 51 and 58 The foliar appli
27. was assessed in terms of number of tubers and tuber production weight in two size categories Thus the following variables were measured class 1 yield C1Y corresponding to the weight of those tubers with a dia meter larger than 4 cm class 2 yield C2Y 2 4 cm tubers and commercial yield CY which grouped categories 1 and 2 Regarding the number of tubers in 120 m NCIT represented class 1 tubers diameter gt 4 cm NC2T 2 4 cm diameter tubers and NTT classes 1 and 2 The harvest took place on day 105 after sowing Statistical analysis The statistical treatment of the data consisted of an analysis of variance ANOVA carried out in SAS v9 0 SAS Institute Cary NC and Office Excel Microsoft Corporation Washington DC comparing two factors Zn dose 0 1 2 3 kg ha and application technique edaphic and foliar with their corresponding interactions As the data passed the normality test each variable was further scrutinized by Bartlett s variance homogeneity test which indicated the general fulfillment of this assumption except for the total number of tubers The homogeneous variables were evaluated through analysis of variance Those showing significant differences were further analyzed through orthogonal contrasts Finally a tendency line was adjusted for those variables showing Zn dose effects The variable total number of tubers TN1 was elevated to the power of two thus stabilizing its variances which al
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