Natural regeneration in a restored bauxite mine in
Contents
1. Family Specie N IV 96 LF SC DS Achariaceae Carpotroche brasiliensis Raddi A Gray 2 0 34 T LS Zoo Anacardiaceae Astronium concinnum Schott 2 1 32 T LS Ane Astronium graveolens Jacq 1 0 74 T ES Ane Spondias mombin L 2 0 43 T U Zoo Spondias venulosa Engl Engl 1 0 21 T U Zoo Annonaceae Xylopia sericea A St Hil 13 2 12 T ES Zoo Annona neosericea H Rainer 1 0 41 T ES Zoo Annona sylvatica A St Hil 1 0 39 T ES Zoo Arecaceae Euterpe edulis Matt 1 0 17 T LS Zoo Asteraceae 3 0 72 U U Asteraceae Vernonanthura divaricata Spreng H Rob 1 0 17 S P Ane Bignoniaceae Zeyheria tuberculosa Vell Bureau ex Verl 3 1 36 T ES Ane Tecoma stans L Juss ex Kunth 2 0 70 T P Ane Handroanthus heptaphyllus Vell Mattos 2 0 37 T LS Ane Boraginaceae Cordia sellowiana Cham 1 0 34 T ES Zoo Cannabaceae Celtis sp 1 0 20 T U U Chrysobalanaceae Licania tomentosa Benth Fritsch 19 4 35 T ES Zoo Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum pelleterianum A St Hil 12 1 39 T ES Zoo Erythroxylum deciduum A St Hil 6 0 93 T ES Zoo Euphorbiaceae Aparisthmium cordatum A Juss Baill 1 36 T ES Auto Maprounea guianensis Aubl 6 1 02 T ES Auto Alchornea glandulosa Poepp et Endl 0 46 T P Zoo Fabaceae Hymenaea courbaril L 11 5 56 T LS Zoo Anadenanthera peregrina L Speg 16 5 20 T ES Ane Cassia ferruginea Schrad Schrad ex DC 5 1 55 T ES Auto Dalbergia nigra Vell Allem o ex Benth 3 1 44 T ES Ane Inga vera Willd 2 1 26 T ES Zoo Machaerium nyctitans Vell Benth2. The average height value was 132 122 cm with mi nimum and maximum of 30 and 750 cm respectively The average diameter value was 1 20 1 30 cm with mini mum and maximum of 0 02 and 7 92 cm respectively Shannon diversity index H was 3 20 and evenness J was 0 73 Successional categories and dispersal syndromes The shrub and tree species sampled in the restored area are dis tributed in 14 pioneer species 30 early secondary species and 20 late secondary species while 16 species could not be classified Of the total of individuals sampled in the res tored area 197 were pioneer 314 early secondary and 90 were late secondary while 104 individuals were species unclassified figure 3 Regarding dispersal syndrome the shrub and tree spe cies sampled in the restored area are distributed in 47 zoo choric species 13 anemochoric species and seven autocho ric species while 13 species could not be classified Of the total of individuals sampled in the restored area 548 were zoochoric 38 were anemocoric and 19 were autochoric while 100 individuals were unclassified species figure 3 Table 2 Floristic and importance value IV of the species sampled in natural regeneration layer in restored area Brazil BOSQUE 35 3 377 389 2014 Natural regeneration in restored area Flor stica y valor de importancia IV de las especies muestreadas en el estrato natural de regeneraci n en la zona reforestada Brasil
3. 0 30 m and diameter at breast height DBH 1 30 m lt 5 0 cm were identified and DSL diameter at soil level and height were measured For species not identified in situ the botanical mate rial was collected for comparison to the material deposited in the herbarium VIC Federal University of Vicosa after consulting with experts and literature The classification of species into families followed Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III APG III 2009 The nomenclature of the species and the abbreviations follow available information on the Missouri Botanical Garden 2014 and Lista de Esp cies da Flora do Brasil 2014 Phytosociological parameters Mueller Dombois and Ellenberg 1974 for describing the community structure were determined using the software FITOPAC 2 1 She pherd 2010 Jaccard similarity index Mueller Dombois and Ellenberg 1974 was used to verify the floristic simila rity between species of regeneration and species planting Successional categories and dispersal syndromes The species sampled were classified as successional catego ries according Gandolfi et al 1995 for Brazilian semi deciduous forests Four successional categories that co rrespond to shade tolerant species were adopted pioneer early secondary late secondary and unclassified The more shade tolerant species were included at the late secondary category The shade intolerant species were included at the pioneer category Species were also classified
4. 2 0 81 T ES Ane Senna multijuga Rich H S Irwin et Barneby 2 0 80 T ES Auto Clitoria fairchildiana R A Howard 1 0 70 T ES Auto Apuleia leiocarpa Vogel J F Macbr 3 0 50 T LS Ane Inga marginata Willd 1 0 49 T ES Ane Caesalpinia leiostachya Benth Ducke 1 0 39 T ES Auto Caesalpinia peltophoroides Benth 1 0 23 T ES Auto Mimosa sp 1 0 17 U U U Lacistemataceae Lacistema pubescens Matt 2 0 35 T ES Zoo Lauraceae Nectandra rigida Kunth Nees 4 0 71 T LS Zoo Malpighiaceae Byrsonima sericea DC 3 0 68 T ES Zoo Lophanthera lactescens Ducke 3 0 51 T LS U Malvaceae Luehea grandiflora Mart et Zucc 1 0 18 T ES Ane Melastomataceae Miconia tristis Spring 66 5 42 S P Zoo Continue 381 BOSQUE 35 3 377 389 2014 Natural regeneration in restored area Table 2 continue Miconia cinnamomifolia DC Naudin 36 4 75 T P Zoo Miconia sp 61 4 32 U U U Miconia latecrenata DC Naudin 43 3 09 T P Zoo Miconia pusilliflora DC Naudin 20 2 35 T ES Zoo Ossaea sp 11 1 10 S U U Leandra nianga DC Cogn 6 0 83 S LS Zoo Miconia sellowiana Naudin T 0 64 T P Zoo Leandra sericea DC 3 0 51 S LS Zoo Miconia discolor DC 3 0 41 S U Zoo Ossaea marginata Desr Triana 4 0 41 S U U Leandra sp 3 0 32 S U U Meliaceae Cedrela fissilis Vell 1 1 02 T ES Ane Trichilia pallida Sw 1 0 15 T ES Zoo Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam 1 0 58 T U Zoo Myrtaceae Myrcia splendens Sw DC 178 13 00 T ES Zoo Syzygium cumini L Skeels 3 2 62 T P Zoo Eugenia f
5. that the restored area receives propagules of the forest matrix where it is inserted and provides a favorable en vironment for the development of these species from the surrounding The outstanding importance value presented by spe cies Myrcia splendens is mainly related to its high relati ve density This species was also sampled with emphasis on natural regeneration in secondary forest fragments in southeastern Brazil Alves and Metzger 2006 Higuchi et al 2006 and in restored areas Miranda Neto et al 2012 Hymenaea courbaril and Anadenanthera peregrina stood out for their high basal area value Despite the low number of individuals these have large size with high va lues of height and diameter compared with other species Hymenaea courbaril has a vast geographical distri bution with adaptation to different environments Sil va J nior et al 2001 Individuals of this species in the seedling and young stages are tolerant to shading Young individuals also have good development in disturbed envi ronments and in environments with high light incidence This maximizes their use in conservation tactics and forest restoration projects Oliveira et al 2011 Anadenanthera peregrina occurs in dry and wet soils it tolerates shallow compacted poorly drained and soggy soils with medium to clayey texture and shows moderate growth Carvalho 2003 However a strong dominance and allelopathic effects of Anadenanthera peregrina can cont
6. 8 1 6 5 high soil penetration resistance 9 3 4 6 MPa The species and the scores of axes 1 and 2 used in the canonical correspondence analysis are shown in table 3 The canonical correspondence analysis eigenvalues for the first two ordination axes were 0 354 axis 1 and 0 145 axis 2 In this analysis the first canonical axis explained 10 9 of the variance and the second axis explained 4 5 together accounting for 15 4 of the total variance The Monte Carlo permutation test showed significance P 0 05 only for the species environmental correlations between the first axes The environmental variables most strongly correla ted with the first axis were leaf litter decomposition and with the second axis were soil penetration resistance The weighted correlations showed weak interrelations among the three variables because they present eigenvalues lower than 0 5 ter Braak 1995 table 4 The canonical correspondence analysis ordination fi gure 4 indicates the formation of a group of species as sociated with less soil compaction and with low litter de composition rate as Maprounea guianensis and Solanum Cernuum And the formation of another group associated with intermediate values of soil penetration resistance and litter decomposition rate as Miconia pusilliflora and Hy menaea courbaril Solanum leucodendron tended towards higher abundance in more open canopy Miconia latecre 383 BOSQUE 35 3 377 38
7. AB Martins FA Michelangeli M Reginato R Romero MLDR Souza E Woodgyer 2010 Melastomataceae n Forzza RC ed Cat logo de plantas e fungos do Brasil v 02 Rio de Janeiro Brasil Jardim Bot nico do Rio de Janeiro p 1236 1277 Baumgratz JFA MLDR Souza DC Carra a BA Abbas 2006 Melastomataceae na Reserva Biol gica de Poco das Antas Silva Jardim Rio de Janeiro Brasil aspectos flor sticos e taxon micos Rodrigu sia 57 591 646 Beaune D F Bretagnolle L Bollache G Hohmann M Surbeck B Fruth 2013 Seed dispersal strategies and the threat of defaunation in a Congo forest Biodiversity and Conserva tion 22 225 238 Bizerril MXA A Raw 1998 Feeding behaviour of bats and the dispersal of Piper arboreum seeds in Brazil Journal of Tro pical Ecology 14 1 109 114 Brancalion PHS RAG Viani RR Rodrigues S Gandolfi 2012 Avalia o e monitoramento de reas em processo de restau ra o In Martins SV ed Restaura o ecol gica de ecossis temas degradados Vicosa Brasil Editora UFV p 262 293 Campello EFC 1998 Sucess o vegetal na recupera o de reas degradadas In Dias LE LWV Mello eds Recupera o de reas degradadas Vi osa Brasil Editora UFV p 183 196 Carvalho DA AT Oliveira Filho E van den Berg MAL Fon tes EA Vilela JJGSM Marques WAC Carvalho 2005 Varia es flor sticas e estruturais do componente arb reo de uma floresta ombr fila alto montana s margens do rio Grande Boca
8. as to dispersal syndromes in four categories zoochory anemochory autochory van der Pijl 1982 and unclassified Environmental variables Canopy openness was determi ned by digital hemispherical photographs acquired at the center of each plot with CI 110 Digital Plant Canopy Ima ger equipment The degree of soil penetration resistance was measu red by resistance to vertical penetration into the soil by an impact penetrometer digital model Penetrolog PLG1020 Falker using the cone type 2 in the 0 to 10 cm depth in each plot Medium value of resistance was used to pene tration in profile To measure litter decomposition 40 litterbags with 5 0 g of dry mass of leaf litter were distributed in the study area Decomposition rates were estimated from the loss of dry mass during one year The material obtained was dried in forced air oven at 343 K for 48 hours and the dry mass was measured in electronic precision scale Afterwards decomposition rate k was estimated according to equation 1 Olson 1963 Xt X e 1 Where Xt weight of litter at time t X initial weight of litter e natural logarithm k decomposition rate cons tant t time of decomposition 380 Statistical analyses To analyze the correlations between the environmental variables and vegetation the canonical correspondence analysis was employed it was performed in software FITOPAC 2 1 Shepherd 2010 Environmen tal variables and frequency values fo
9. ecology of individual species Newton 2007 and whether there is the need for interventions aimed at ac celerating the successional process as planting enrichment and elimination of exotic species Martins and Kunz 2007 In restoration projects conducted by planting tree and shrub species natural regeneration has a key role in the occupation of spaces among seedlings by propagules that arrive in the area coming from planted species and the surrounding forest fragments In trees the most common age group evaluated in res toration projects is 1 15 years about 70 Wortley et al 2013 Vegetation structure species diversity and abun dance and ecological processes are the most commonly used attributes to indicate the ecosystem condition in the process of restoration Wortley et al 2013 Restoration of mined areas and their evaluation as in bauxite mine are becoming increasingly common and important throughout the world Parrotta et al 1997 Grant et al 2007 Kew et al 2007 Koch 2007 Parrotta et al 1997 in evaluating the understory of a bauxite mine 10 years after the planting of native tree species in the Brazilian Amazon region showed that the restoration has been largely successful in establishing a dynamic and sustainable successional environment In addition the na tural regeneration layer was formed from seed dispersal by planted trees and forest areas in the surroundings The present study investigates the relati
10. the fauna Franco et al 2012 Environmental variables and vegetation correlations The average value of canopy openness did not present high value It collaborates with the large presence in natural re generation layer of species of secondary ecological group which need shaded environment at least in the initial growth phase According to the classification of soil penetration re sistance in forest environments proposed by Arshad et al 1996 the average value found in this study falls under high compaction This probably happened because the stu dy area was severely altered by the bauxite mining and topsoil removal and thus it reached the lower layers in the soil profile with higher resistance to penetration This severe alteration of the study area may also have a direct action on the low leaf litter decomposition rate constant In an environment possessing high compaction as the study area the speed of lixiviation is low and thus the leaf litter decomposition rate will be slower The first and second eigenvalue can be considered low less than 0 5 ter Braak 1995 showing the existence of a short gradient on the first and second axes Carvalho et al 2005 The low eigenvalues show a remaining variance that is not explained by the environmental variables used Howe ver it is a common feature in vegetation data and does not affect the significance of the species environment relation ships ter Braak 1995 This fact is prov
11. 89
12. 9 2014 Natural regeneration in restored area Table 3 The species abbreviated species name and scores of axes 1 and 2 used in the canonical correspondence analysis Especies nombre de las especies abreviado y las puntuaciones de los ejes 1 y 2 utilizadas en el an lisis de correspondencia can nica Species Abbreviated Scores Species name Axis 1 Axis 2 Cassia ferruginea Schrad Schrad ex DC Cas fer 1 133 0 716 Erythroxylum pelleterianum A St Hil Ery pel 0 322 1 414 Hymenaea courbaril L Hym cou 0 133 0 700 Leandra nianga DC Cogn Lea nia 1 960 0 308 Maprounea guianensis Aubl Map gui 0 476 1 085 Miconia cinnamomifolia DC Naudin Mic cin 0 109 0 640 Miconia latecrenata DC Naudin Mic lat 2 325 1 897 Miconia pusilliflora DC Naudin Mic pus 1 419 0 695 Miconia sellowiana Naudin Mic sel 1 305 1 951 Miconia sp Mic sp 0 665 0 919 Miconia tristis Spring Mic tri 1 470 0 400 Myrcia splendens Sw DC Myr spl 0 214 0 565 Ossaea sp Oss sp 0 558 1 018 Piper arboreum Aubl Pip arb 1 150 2 060 Psychotria conjungens Mill Arg Psy con 0 873 0 436 Solanum argenteum Dunal Sol arg 1 267 3 633 Solanum cernuum Vell Sol cer 0 537 1 643 Solanum leucodendron Sendtn Sol leu 0 809 0 217 Xylopia sericea A St Hil Xyl ser 0 256 0 613 Table 4 Canonical correspondence analysis internal correlations intraset in the first two ordination axes and correlation matrix weighted environmental variables used in the ana
13. BOSQUE 35 3 377 389 2014 DOI 10 4067 S0717 92002014000300012 Natural regeneration in a restored bauxite mine in southeast Brazil Regeneraci n natural en mina de bauxita restaurada en el sureste de Brasil Aurino Miranda Neto Sebasti o Ven ncio Martins Kelly de Almeida Silva Aldo Teixeira Lopes Raul de Abreu Demolinari Corresponding author Universidade Federal de Vi osa Departamento de Engenharia Florestal Laborat rio de Restaura o Florestal LARF Campus Universitario CEP 36570900 Vi osa MG Brasil aur neto O gmail com Votorantim Metais Setor de Meio Ambiente CEP 36790000 Mira MG Brasil SUMMARY The objective of the present study was to verify if in floristic terms of natural regeneration a restored bauxite mine in southeast Brazil can be considered successfully restored Forty plots of 3 0 x 3 0 m were allocated in the area All shrubs and trees with height gt 0 30 m and diameter at 1 30 m height DBH lt 5 0 cm were identified and classified into successional categories and dispersal syndromes DSL diameter at soil level and height were measured We use the canonical correspondence analysis CCA to verify the correlations between environmental variables canopy openness litter decomposition soil penetration resistance and vegetation We found 705 individuals 80 species and 30 families The families with the highest species richness were Fabaceae and Melastomataceae The specie wi
14. acteriza o e recupera o de Matas de Galeria Planaltina Brasil Embrapa Cerrados p 143 191 Sobral M C Proen a M Souza F Mazine E Lucas 2010 Myrta ceae In Forzza RC et al eds Cat logo de plantas e fungos do Brasil v 02 Rio de Janeiro Brasil Jardim Bot nico do Rio de Janeiro p 1301 1329 Souza PB AL Souza WS Costa RV Del Peloso JM Lana 2012 Flor stica e diversidade das esp cies arbustivo arb reas re generadas no sub bosque de Anadenanthera peregrina L Speg Cerne 18 3 413 421 Souza PB JAA Meira Neto AL Souza 2013 Diversidade flor s tica e estrutura fitossociol gica de um gradiente topogr fico em floresta estacional semidecidual submontana MG Cer ne 19 3 489 499 ter Braak CJF 1995 Ordination In Jongman RHG CJF ter Bra ak OFR van Tongeren eds Data analysis in community and landscape ecology Cambrigde UK Cambrigde University Press p 91 173 van Andel J J Aronson 2012 Getting started Jn van Andel J Aronson J eds Restoration ecology the new frontier Oxford UK Wiley Blackwell p 3 8 van der Pijl L 1982 Principles of dispersal in higher plants 3 BOSQUE 35 3 377 389 2014 Natural regeneration in restored area ed Berlin Germany and New York US Springer Verlag 214 p Wortley L J Hero M Howes 2013 Evaluating ecological res toration success a review of the literature Restoration Eco logy 21 5 537 543 Recibido 30 04 14 Aceptado 04 09 14 3
15. al Paulista 155 p Mueller Dombois D H Ellenberg 1974 Aims and methods of vegetation ecology New York US John Wiley amp Sons 547 p Newton AC 2007 Forest ecology and conservation a handbook of techniques Oxford UK University Press 454 p Oliveira WL MB Medeiros P Moser R Pinheiro LB Olsen 2011 Regenera o e estrutura populacional de jatob da mata Hymenaea courbaril L em dois fragmentos com diferentes graus de perturba o antr pica Acta Botanica Brasilica 25 4 876 884 Parrotta JA OH Knowles JM Wunderle Jr 1997 Development of floristic diversity in 10 year old restoration forests on a bauxite mined site in Amazonia Forestry Ecology and Ma nagement 99 21 42 Rodrigues ER R Monteiro L Cullen Junior 2010 Din mica ini cial da composi o flor stica de uma rea restaurada na re gi o do Pontal do Paranapanema S o Paulo Brasil Revista rvore 34 5 853 861 Santos JF R Valcarcel 2011 Avalia o flor stica do estrato re generante de reflorestamentos em rea reabilitada na Mata Atl ntica Floresta e Ambiente 18 4 390 401 Shepherd GJ 2010 Fitopac 2 1 Campinas Brasil Departa mento de Bot nica Universidade Estadual de Campinas Silva J nior MC JM Felfili BMT Walter PE Nogueira AV Re zende RO Morais MGG Nobrega 2001 An lise da flora arb rea de Matas de Galeria no Distrito Federal 21 levan tamentos In Ribeiro JF CEL Fonseca JC Sousa Silva eds Cerrado car
16. ario inicial LS secundario tard o DS dispersi n de semillas Ane anem cora Zoo zo cora Auto aut cora U sin clasificar 382 Myrcia splendens Hymenaea courbaril Miconia tristis Anadenanthera peregrina Miconia cinnamomifolia Licania tomentosa Miconia sp Siparuna guianensis Miconia latecrenata Syzygium cumini 0 5 10 E Relative Density 96 Figure 2 Species with the highest importance value IV Especies com m s altos valores de importancia IV 90 80 70 Percentage Uh Un a Sos P ES LS U O Relative Frequency Zoo Ane Auto U BOSQUE 35 3 377 389 2014 Natural regeneration in restored area 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 B Relative Dominance n Tree Shrub U LLE E Species E Individuals Figure 3 Percentual distribution of individuals and species to successional category P pioneer ES early secondary LS late secon dary dispersal syndrome Ane anemochory Zoo zoochory Auto autochory and life form U unclassified Distribuci n porcentual de individuos y especies a la categor a sucesional P pionero ES secundario inicial LS secundario tard o dis persi n de semillas Ane anem cora Zoo zo cora Auto aut cora y forma de vida U sin clasificar Environmental variables and vegetation correlations The environmental variables showed the following values low leaf litter decomposition rate constant k 0 0033 0 0017 low canopy openness
17. eae y la especie con el mayor valor de importancia fue Myrcia splendens La mayor a de las especies fueron de la categor a de sucesi n secundaria inicial y con dispersi n de semillas por zoocor a Las variables ambientales mostraron los valores constante de descomposici n de la hojarasca k 0 0033 0 0017 apertura del dosel 8 1 6 5 resistencia a la penetraci n 9 3 4 6 MPa La ordenaci n CCA indic la formaci n de un grupo de especies asociadas con menos compactaci n del suelo y con una baja tasa de descomposici n de la hojarasca y la formaci n de otro grupo asociado con valores intermedios de resistencia a la penetraci n y la descomposici n de la hojarasca Los resultados obtenidos despu s de 10 a os de ejecuci n del proyecto de restauraci n en t rminos flor sticos son adecuados Se puede considerar que el rea fue restaurada con xito Palabras clave bauxita an lisis de correspondencia can nica flor stica restauraci n forestal INTRODUCTION Forests have been degraded over time by increasing human activities and they are quickly shrinking Lu et al 2011 After undergoing a disturbance such as mining the forest ecosystem loses its floristic composition and bio tic means of regeneration which will prevent it from re turning to its original natural condition Rodrigues et al 2010 Ore extraction causes onus evidenced by the in tense alteration of the environment both with reference t
18. en by the Monte Carlo permutation test which showed that the abundances of species and environmental variables were significantly correlated at least on the first axis Canonical correspondence analyses showed that the species analyzed have different behaviors in relation to en vironmental variables Miconia latecrenata is a pioneer species found in open areas Fonseca et al 2013 However this species was as sociated with a more closed canopy sites This was proba bly due to the concentration of 77 of individuals of this species in a single installment where the value of canopy openness was only 4 3 This result shows that Miconia latecrenata can also develop and survive at least in the initial phase in environments with high levels of shading Piper arboreum is an understory plant Bizerril and Raw 1998 found in disturbed areas Its fruits are disper sed by bats Mikich 2002 Solanum argenteum is a fre quent species in natural regeneration layers of reforested degraded areas Santos and Valcarcel 2011 and its main mechanism of dispersal is by fruit bats Mikich 2002 These facts can explain the preference of these species for sites with high soil penetration resistance CONCLUSIONS The floristic composition of the natural regeneration layer mostly can be divided into two groups The first group is associated with less soil compaction and low lit ter decomposition rate and the second is associated with intermediate
19. generag o natural em um fragmento de Floresta Estacio nal Semidecidual em Vi osa Minas Gerais Revista rvore 32 1 183 191 Martins SV SH Kunz 2007 Use of evaluation and monitoring indicators in a riparian forest restoration project in Vicosa southeastern Brazil In Rodrigues RR SV Martins S Gan dolfi eds High diversity forest restoration in degraded areas New York USA Nova Science Publishers p 261 273 Martins SV 2013 Recupera o de reas degradadas a es em reas de preserva o permanente vo orocas taludes rodo 388 vi rios e de minerac o Vicosa Brasil Aprenda F cil 264 p Mikich SB 2002 A dieta dos morcegos frug voros Mammalia Chiroptera Phyllostomidae de um pequeno remanescente de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual do sul do Brasil Re vista Brasileira de Zoologia 19 239 249 Miranda Neto A SV Martins KA Silva JM Gleriani 2012 Es trato de regenerac o natural de uma floresta restaurada com 40 anos Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira 32 72 409 420 Missouri Botanical Garden Consultado 10 mar 2014 Disponi ble en http www tropicos org Moreira FMS JO Siqueira 2006 Microbiologia e bioqu mica do solo 2 ed Lavras Brasil Editora UFLA 729 p Moreira PR 2004 Manejo do solo e recomposi o da vegeta o com vistas a recuperac o de reas degradadas pela extrag o de bauxita Po os de Caldas MG Tesis Doctor em Ci n cias Biol gicas Rio Claro Brasil Universidade Estadu
20. gra Dias et al 2006 Inga marginata and Inga vera Moreira e Si queira 2006 Melastomataceae gathers individuals with several life forms with distribution in all Brazilian forest types Baumgratz et al 2010 and in degraded areas Clausing and Renner 2001 It is considered the sixth largest family of angiosperms in Brazil Forzza et al 2010 In the At lantic Forest region of this study this family is considered an important group due to the density of its populations Baumgratz et al 2006 Myrtaceae is a botanical family with high occurrence in tropical and subtropical regions of the world Lamarca et al 2011 with about 3 800 species worldwide Lucas et al 2005 and about 1 000 species in Brazil Sobral et al 2010 Most species of this family are part of a late succes sional category H ller and Schock 2011 There is no floristic similarity between the regenera tion layer and the species used in planting since the degree of floristic similarity between two communities conside red by the Jaccard index Mueller Dumbois and Ellenberg 1974 has not been reached values equal to or higher than 0 25 Nevertheless Fabaceae and Myrtaceae families are represented mainly by the species used in planting This demonstrates an important contribution in the floristic composition of regeneration Melastomataceae and Sola naceae have their most important representation of species from the surrounding forest fragments This demonstrates
21. il Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat stica 275 p Kew GA FC Mengler RJ Gilkes 2007 Regolith strength wa ter retention and implications for ripping and plant root growth in bauxite mine restoration Restoration Ecology 15 4 S54 S64 Koch JM 2007 Restoring a Jarrah Forest Understorey Vegeta tion after Bauxite Mining in Western Australia Restoration Ecology 15 4 S26 S39 Lamarca EV CV Silva CJ Barbedo 2011 Limites t rmicos para a germina o em fun o da origem de sementes de esp cies de Eugenia Myrtaceae nativas do Brasil Acta Botanica Brasilica 25 2 293 300 Lista de Esp cies da Flora do Brasil Jardim Bot nico do Rio de Janeiro Consultado 11 mar 2014 Disponible en http floradobrasil jbrj gov br Lopes RF JA Branquinho 1988 Jazidas de bauxita da Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais In Schobbenhaus C CES Coelho coords Principais dep sitos minerais do Brasil v 3 Bra s lia Brasil Departamento Nacional da Produ o Mineral p 599 619 Lu HF ZH Wang DE Campbell H Ren J Wang 2011 Emergy and eco exergy evaluation of four forest restoration modes in southeast China Ecological Engineering 37 277 285 Lucas EJ SR Belsham EM Nic Lughadha DA Orlovich CM Sakuragui MW Chase PG Wilson 2005 Phylogenetic pat terns in the fleshy fruited Myrtaceae preliminary molecu lar evidence Plant Systematics and Evolution 251 35 5 Marangon LC JJ Soares ALP Feliciano CFLS Brand o 2008 Re
22. ina de Minas MG Brasil Acta Botanica Bra silica 19 1 91 109 Carvalho JOP 1982 An lise estrutural da regenera o natural em floresta tropical densa na regi o do Tapaj s no Estado do Par Tesis Mag ster en Engenharia Florestal Curitiba Brasil Universidade Federal do Paran 128 p Carvalho PER 2003 Esp cies arb reas brasileiras Colombo Brasil Embrapa Florestas 1039 p Clausing G SS Renner 2001 Molecular phylogenetics of Me lastomataceae and Memecylaceae implications for charac ter evolution American Journal of Botany 88 486 498 Deluca TH GH Aplet B Wilmer J Burchfield 2010 The unk nown trajectory of forest restoration a call for ecosystem monitoring Journal of Forestry 108 6 288 295 Dias PF SM Souto MEF Correia GP Rocha JF Moreira KM Rodrigues AA Franco 2006 rvores fixadoras de nitrog nio e macrofauna do solo em pastagem de h brido de Digi taria Pesquisa Agropecu ria Brasileira 41 6 1015 1021 Fonseca SN JHC Ribeiro FA Carvalho 2013 Estrutura e di versidade da regenera o arb rea em uma floresta secund ria urbana Juiz de Fora MG Brasil Floresta e Ambiente 20 3 307 315 Forzza RC JFA Baumgratz CEM Bicudo AA Carvalho J nior A Costa DP Costa M Hopkins PM Leitman LG Lohmann LC Maia G Martinelli M Menezes MP Morim MAN Coelho AL Peixoto JR Pirani J Prado LP Queiroz VC Souza JR Stehmann LS Sylvestre BMT Walter D Zappi 2010 Cat logo de planta
23. lorida DC 1 0 15 T ES Zoo Piperaceae Piper arboreum Aubl 8 0 95 S LS Zoo Piper mollicomum Kunth 3 0 38 S ES Zoo Piper sp 1 0 15 S U U Primulaceae Myrsine coriacea Sw R Br ex Roem et Schult 4 0 61 T ES Zoo Rubiacae Psychotria conjungens M ll Arg Y 1 10 S LS Zoo Psychotria nuda Cham et Schltdl Wawra 1 0 17 S ES Zoo Amaioua guianensis Aubl 1 0 15 T ES Zoo Rutaceae Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam 2 0 51 T P Zoo Salicaceae Casearia gossypiosperma Briq 2 0 49 T ES Zoo Casearia arborea Rich Urb 2 0 43 T ES Zoo Sapindaceae Matayba elaeagnoides Radlk 1 0 23 T ES Zoo Allophylus edulis A St Hil Radlk 1 0 16 T P Zoo Cupania ludowigii Somner ef Ferrucci 1 0 15 T ES Zoo Siparunaceae Siparuna guianensis Aubl 30 4 23 T ES Zoo Solanaceae Solanum leucodendron Sendtn 14 DAS S P Zoo Solanum cernuum Vell 9 1 18 S P Zoo Solanum argenteum Dunal 7 0 69 T P Zoo Undetermined Undetermined 1 3 0 40 U U U Undetermined 2 4 1 31 U U U Undetermined 3 3 0 29 U U U Undetermined 4 2 0 54 U U U Urticaceae Cecropia glaziovii Snethl 3 1 02 T P Zoo Total 705 100 00 N number of individuals IV importance value LF life form T tree S shrub SC successional category P pioneer ES early secondary LS late secondary DS dispersal syndrome Ane anemochory Zoo zoochory Auto autochory U unclassified N n mero de individuos IV valor de importancia LF forma de vida T rbol S arbusto SC categor a sucesional P pionero ES secund
24. lysis Correlations with absolute values gt 0 5 An lisis de correspondencia can nica CCA correlaciones internas intraset en los dos primeros ejes de ordenaci n y de la matriz de correlaci n ponderados de los variables ambientales utilizados en el an lisis Las correlaciones con valores absolutos gt 0 5 se muestran en negrita Internal correlations Weighted correlations Environmental variables Axis 01 Axis 02 k Soil penetration resistance Canopy openness k 0 9886 0 0664 1 000 Soil penetration resistance 0 1317 0 9913 0 196 1 000 Canopy openness 0 3202 0 2575 0 176 0 215 1 000 nata and Psychotria conjungens tended to higher abundan DISCUSSION ce in more closed canopy Piper arboreum and Solanum argenteum tended to higher abundance at sites with more compacted soils Concerning the distribution of plots the canonical co rrespondence analysis ordination figure 5 indicates that there is not a formation of large patches in the area with predominant characteristics of the studied environmental variables The study area shows environmental heteroge neity 384 Floristic composition Fabaceae Melastomataceae and Myrtaceae are botanical families often found in floristic sur veys of natural regeneration in semideciduous forests Higu chi et al 2006 Marangon et al 2008 and in restored areas Santos and Valcarcel 2011 Miranda Neto et al 2012 Fabaceae is an important family in res
25. o the local landscape and physical and temporal depth The mining of bauxite causes the destruction of vegetation al tering the soil and landscape conditions and disrupting the ecosystem Moreira 2004 In this scenario it is necessary to recover the degra ded ecosystem by forest restoration techniques considered effective tools of ecological engineering Lu et al 2011 Forest restoration aims at restoring natural ecological pro 317 BOSQUE 35 3 377 389 2014 Natural regeneration in restored area cesses and structures of a degraded or altered forest Delu ca et al 2010 seeking the return of pre disturbance con ditions van Andel and Aronson 2012 To succeed in a forest restoration project it is essential to perform the evaluation of the restored area by the analy sis of indicators or environmental variables Brancalion et al 2012 The evaluation indicators of forest restora tion most commonly used are the vegetative indicators or bioindicators such as natural regeneration seed rain soil seed bank canopy openness litter production and nutrient cycling Martins 2013 The study of natural regeneration can predict the sub sequent behavior and development of the forest because regeneration enables the understanding of the relationship and the number of species belonging to its stock along with their dimensions and distributions in the forest Carvalho 1982 This understanding provides important information about the
26. on of environ mental variables with the floristic composition of natural regeneration layers in a restored bauxite mine and tests the hypothesis that the area in floristic terms can be con sidered successfully restored METHODS Study site The current study was conducted in a resto red bauxite mine by planting tree seedling 21 25 35 S 42 56 08 W in the county of Descoberto Minas Gerais State in southeast Brazil with altitude between 618 633 m figure 1 378 5 0 0 S 0 0 S 10 00 10 00 S 1500 15 00 S 20 00 S 20 010 S 17085 0 170 340 510 680 Rique Figure 1 Study site county of Descoberto Minas Gerais State Brazil Sitio de estudio la ciudad de Descoberto Minas Gerais Brasil The climate of the region is classified as Aw tropical humid by the Koeppen system The temperature is high in summer reaching 40 C and in winter it is 20 22 C Average annual rainfall is 1 300 mm It has a very rugged topography with small plains and plateaus limited by mountains and rectilinear valleys Lopes and Branquinho 1988 The predominant vegetation in the region where the study area is inserted is classified as semideciduous mon tane forest IBGE 2012 In 2003 Votorantim Metais Company explored bauxite in the study area Subsequently yet in 2003 the topogra phic reconstruction process was held with the return of top soil removed before mining and the implementation of fo rest restoration
27. r 23 species density gt five individuals were used for the calculations with subsequent removal of the species with no significant sco res on both axes for more robust analyses Thus the num ber of species was reduced to 19 Correlations between the species axes and environmental variable axes were tested using Monte Carlo tests to estimate the significance of co rrelations among canonical axes RESULTS Floristic composition The floristic of the restored area was represented by 80 species belonging to 30 families A total of 705 individuals were sampled in this forest 19 583 individuals ha distributed in 13 555 trees ha and 3 888 shrubs ha table 2 The families with the highest species richness were Fa baceae 13 and Melastomataceae 12 The families with the most important number of individuals were Melastoma taceae with 263 individuals and Myrtaceae with 182 They corresponded with 63 1 of the total of plants sampled There are 21 common species between regeneration and species used in planting with a Jaccard similarity index of 0 21 between planting and regeneration The species with the highest importance values IV that characterized this restored area were Myrcia splendens Hy menaea courbaril Miconia tristis Anadenanthera peregri na Miconia cinnamomifolia Licania tomentosa Miconia sp Siparuna guianensis Miconia latecrenata and Syzygium cumini representing 65 6 of the individuals figure 2
28. ribute to a selective effect on the seed bank and re 386 generation and decrease the diversity of shrub and tree species in monospecific plantations for forest restoration Souza et al 2012 The values of Shannon diversity H and evenness J define a forest with medium diversity low ecological do minance heterogeneous floristic to Semi deciduous forest Souza et al 2013 Successional categories and dispersal syndromes The percentage of species and individuals by successional ca tegory in the restored area shows that the early secondary species were the most abundant ones This result corro borates with findings in a 40 year old restored forest by Miranda Neto et al 2012 and forest fragment by Higuchi et al 2006 both located in the same region of this study in which the larger proportion of the verified species was from the early secondary category These data show an average successional stage for such environments and that the restored area got successional progress in the dynamics of ecological relations The percentage of species and individuals by dispersal syndromes in the restored area shows that the zoochoric species were the most abundant ones More than 75 of trees in tropical forests have zoochoric dispersion Beaune et al 2013 This large presence of species with zoochoric dispersion is important for the maintenance of propagules disperser fauna and shows a significant resource and shel ter supply for
29. s e fungos do Brasil v 01 Rio de Janeiro Brasil Jardim Bot nico do Rio de Janeiro 1702 p Franco BKS SV Martins PCL Faria GA Ribeiro 2012 Den 387 BOSQUE 35 3 377 389 2014 Natural regeneration in restored area sidade e composi o flor stica do banco de sementes de um trecho de floresta estacional semidecidual no campus da Universidade Federal de Vi osa Vi osa MG Revista rvore 36 3 423 432 Gandolfi S HF Leit o Filho CLF Bezerra 1995 Levantamento flor stico e car ter sucessional das esp cies arbustivo arb reas de uma floresta semidecidua no municipio de Guarul hos SP Revista Brasileira de Biololgia 55 753 767 Grant CD SC Ward SC Morley 2007 Return of Ecosystem Function to Restored Bauxite Mines in Western Australia Restoration Ecology 15 4 S94 S103 Higuchi P MGF Reis GG Reis AL Pinheiro CT Silva CHR Oliveira 2006 Composi o flor stica da regenera o na tural de esp cies arb reas ao longo de oito anos em um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual em Vi osa MG Revista rvore 30 6 893 904 Hiller A AA Schock 2011 Avalia o do potencial alelop tico de tr s esp cies de Eugenia L Myrtaceae sobre o proces so germinativo de Lactuca sativa L Revista de Ci ncias Ambientais 5 1 25 37 IBGE Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat stica BR 2012 Manual T cnico da Vegeta o Brasileira 2 ed Manuais T cnicos em Geoci ncias Rio de Janeiro Bras
30. th the highest importance value IV was Myrcia splendens Most species are the early secondary successional category and the zoochoric dispersion syndrome CCA ordination indicates the formation of a group of species associated with less soil compaction and with low litter decomposition rate and the formation of another group associated with intermediate values of soil penetration resistance and litter decomposition rate The results obtained after ten years of implementation of the restoration project in floristic terms are suitable In other words the area can be considered as successfully restored Key words bauxite canonical correspondence analysis floristic forest restoration RESUMEN El objetivo del presente estudio fue verificar si en t rminos floristicos de la regeneraci n natural una mina de bauxita restaurada en el sureste de Brasil puede considerarse restaurada con xito En el rea se distribuyeron 40 parcelas de 3 0 x 3 0 m donde todos los arbustos y los rboles con altura gt 0 30 m y di metro a 1 30 m de altura DAP lt 5 0 cm fueron identificados medido el di metro a nivel del suelo y la altura y clasificados en categor a sucesional y dispersi n de semillas Se aplic an lisis de correspondencia can nica CCA para verificar las correlaciones entre variables ambientales y vegetaci n Se encontraron 705 individuos 80 especies y 30 familias Las familias con mayor riqueza de especies fueron Fabaceae y Melastomatac
31. through the planting of trees in the total area 1 0 ha with spacing of 1 0 x 1 0 m table 1 Maintenance activities were held correction of soil acidity phosphate fertilizer topdressing around each seedling regular combat to ants with granular bait The study of the floristic compo sition of natural regeneration layer was performed in 2013 Around the study area there are areas undergoing res toration with different ages grasslands and preserved fo rest fragments Vegetation characterization In the study area 40 perma nent plots of 3 0 x 3 0 m were allocated at intervals of 10 m between the plots All the shrubs and trees with height Table 1 List of tree species used in planting Lista de especies de rboles utiliza en la siembra BOSQUE 35 3 377 389 2014 Natural regeneration in restored area Family Specie SC DS Achariaceae Carpotroche brasiliensis Raddi A Gray LS Zoo Arecaceae Euterpe edulis Matt LS Zoo Syagrus romanzoffiana Cham Glassman ES Zoo Bignoniaceae Handroanthus heptaphyllus Vell Mattos LS Ane Zeyheria tuberculosa Vell Bureau ex Verl ES Ane Sparattosperma leucanthum Vell K Schum ES Ane Cannabaceae Trema micrantha L Blume P Zoo Chrysobalanaceae Licania tomentosa Benth Fritsch ES Zoo Euphorbiaceae Joannesia princeps Vell ES Auto Fabaceae Anadenanthera peregrina L Speg ES Ane Caesalpinia peltophoroides Benth ES Auto Cassia ferruginea Schrad Schrad ex DC ES Auto Cli
32. toration areas because many species of this family can perform biolo gical nitrogen fixation which eases the regeneration on BOSQUE 35 3 377 389 2014 Natural regeneration in restored area Soparg Axis 02 Soil penetration resistance Axis 01 Canopy openness Mig sel Figure 4 Canonical correspondence analysis ordination showing the distribution of species in relation to soil penetration resistance leaf litter decomposition rate constant k and canopy openness See table 2 for complete species names Ordenaci n del an lisis de correspondencia can nica que muestra la distribuci n de las especies en relaci n a resistencia a la penetraci n constante de velocidad de descomposici n de hojarasca k y la apertura del dosel Ver cuadro 2 para los nombres de especies completas Soil penetration resistance Axis 02 Axis 01 Canopy openness s Pc Figure 5 Canonical correspondence analysis ordination showing the distribution of plots in relation to soil penetration resistance leaf litter decomposition rate constant k and canopy openness Ordenaci n del an lisis de correspondencia can nica que muestra la distribuci n de las unidades de muestreo en relaci n a resistencia a la penetraci n constante de velocidad de descomposici n de hojarasca k y la apertura del dosel 385 BOSQUE 35 3 377 389 2014 Natural regeneration in restored area degraded soils Campello 1998 as Dalbergia ni
33. toria fairchildiana R A Howard ES Auto Dalbergia nigra Vell Allemao ex Benth ES Ane Hymenaea courbaril L LS Zoo Inga vera Willd ES Zoo Senna multijuga Rich H S Irwin et Barneby ES Auto Senna macranthera DC ex Collad H S Irwin et Barneby P Auto Plathymenia reticulata Benth ES Ane Piptadenea gonoacantha Mart J F Macbr ES Auto Anadenanthera colubrina Vell Brenan ES Ane Cassia grandis L f ES Ane Platypodium elegans Vogel ES Ane Lecythidaceae Cariniana estrellensis Raddi Kuntze LS Ane Malpighiaceae Lophanthera lactescens Ducke LS Nc Malvaceae Luehea grandiflora Mart et Zucc ES Ane Melastomataceae Tibouchina granulosa Desr Cogn P Zoo Meliaceae Cedrela fissilis Vell ES Ane Guarea guidonia L Sleumer LS Zoo Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam Nc Zoo Myrtaceae Eugenia florida DC ES Zoo Myrcia splendens Sw DC ES Zoo Syzygium cumini L Skeels Zoo Psidium guajava L Zoo Phytolaccaceae Gallesia integrifolia Spreng Harms ES Zoo Rubiaceae Genipa americana L ES Zoo Urticaceae Cecropia glaziovii Snethl P Zoo SC successional category P pioneer ES early secondary LS late secondary DS dispersal syndrome Ane anemochory Zoo zoochory Auto autochory SC categoria sucesional P pionero ES secundario inicial LS secundario tard o DS dispersi n de semillas Ane anem cora Zoo zo cora Auto aut cora 379 BOSQUE 35 3 377 389 2014 Natural regeneration in restored area gt
34. values of soil penetration resistance and litter decomposition rate The natural regeneration layer of the restored area shows progress in forest succession and it can be clas sified as intermediate successional stage For the mined area the results obtained after ten years of implementation of the restoration project in floristic terms are suitable In other words we can consider that the area was successfu lly restored ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank CAPES and CNPq for grants and the Votorantim Metais Company for financial support project LARF UFV Votorantim Metais REFERENCES Alves LF JP Metzger 2006 A regenerac o florestal em reas de floresta secundaria na Reserva Florestal do Morro Grande Cotia SP Biota Neotropica 6 2 Consultado 27 nov 2013 Disponible en http www biotaneotropica org br v6n2 pt abstract article bn00406022006 APG III Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III 2009 An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the order sand families of flowering plants Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 105 121 Arshad MA B Lowery B Grossman 1996 Physical tests for mo BOSQUE 35 3 377 389 2014 Natural regeneration in restored area nitoring soil quality Jn Doran JW AJ Jones eds Methods for assessing soil quality Madison USA Soil Science So ciety of America p 123 141 Baumgratz JFA KFR Bernardo B Chiavegatto R Goldenberg PJF Guimar es R Kriebel
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