Plant secondary metabolites as alternatives in pest
Contents
1. 9 Hern ndez N ez J P rez Consuegra N Tendencias en el uso de plaguicidas en Bataban provincia Mayabeque Agricultura Org nica 2012 18 1 30 33 10 Hedin PA Hollingworth RM Masler EP Miyamoto J Thompson DG Phytochemicals for Pest Control Washington DC 1997 11 Isman MB Botanical Insecticides Deterrents Repellents and Oils In Bharat P Singh ed Industrial Crops and Uses OCAB International 2010 p 433 445 12 Smith K Evans DA El Hiti GA Role of modern chemistry in sustainable arable crop protection Phil Trans R Soc B 2008 363 623 637 13 Pino O Jorge F Leon O Khambay BPS Branford White C Cuban flora as a source of bioactive compounds The International Journal of Cuban Studies 2008 1 1 1 9 14 Puente IM Allaert K Herrera IL Su rez N Torres GS P rez NC et al Determinaci n de la actividad alelop tica de extractos vegetales sobre algunos hongos fitopat genos del suelo Centro Agricola 2003 30 1 64 68 15 Rodr guez Y Fuentes JE Morales S Villate M Carmona D Contribuci n etnobot nica de plantas medicinales en el municipio de San Luis Pinar del R o Cuba Centro Agr cola 2007 34 4 5 10 16 Ortiz Y Spengler I Avil s R Rodr guez Y Alvarez ME Lorenzo Y et al Agroqu micos naturales a partir de plantas cubanas Agrotecnia de Cuba 2009 33 1 28 35 17 Roig Mesa J Plantas Medicinales Arom ticas o Venenosas de Cuba Editora del Consejo Nacional de Universida2. Rev Protecci n Veg Vol 28 No 2 2013 98 TABLE 1 Continuation Some plants with pesticidal properties used by Cuban farmers Continuaci n Algunas plantas con propiedades plaguicidas utilizadas por los agricultores cubanos Plant Scientific name Repellent Plant extracts Reference Nopalea coccinellifera L Salm Dyck X 19 20 Ocimum basilicum L X X 19 Origanum vulgare L X X 19 Parthenium hysterophorus L 19 Petiveria alliacea L X X 19 Pinus caribaea Morelet X 19 20 Piper auritum H B K X X 19 Pouteria mammosa L Cronquist X 19 20 Raphanus sativus L X 19 Ricinus communis L X X 18 19 20 Rosmarinus officinalis L X X 19 20 Ruta graveolens L X X 18 19 20 Salvia officinalis L 19 Sesamum orientale L X X 19 Solanum globiferum Dunal X 19 20 Solanum mammosum L X 19 20 Solanum licopersicon Mill X X 19 Sorghum vulgare Pers X X 19 Tagetes erecta L X X 19 20 Tagetes patula L X X 20 Tephrosia cinerea L Pers X 19 Thymus vulgaris L X 19 Urtica urens L X X 18 Vallesia antillana Woodson X 19 20 Vetiveria zizanioides L Nash X X 19 Zea mays L X 19 Considering the influence of the whole plant diversity on insect pests and natural enemies some studies have been addressed to establish the effects of the direct sowing 22 and the polycrops 23 24 25 on the entomophauna The results showed that the diversity in the crop systems achieved by direct sowing of the p
3. 37 1 77 79 24 Garc a Gonz lez MT Rojas Rojas JA Castellanos Gonz lez L Enjamio Jim nez D Policultivo ma z calabaza en el control de Spodoptera frugiperda Smith en Fomento Sancti Spiritus Centro Agr cola 2010 37 1 57 64 25 Sur s M Mart nez MA Leyva A Evaluaci n de da os causados por Cylas formicarius Coleoptera Curculionidae y Typophorus nigritus Coleoptera Chrysomelidae en el cultivo del boniato asociado al ma z Rev Protecci n Veg 1995 10 2 181 184 26 Vald s R Pozo E Moya A Cardenas M Efecto de 7 especies de plantas sobre Zabrotes subfasciatus Bohemann Centro Agr cola 2010 37 4 83 88 27 Rivera Amita MM Carballo Guerra C Milan s Figueredo M Ramos G lvez R Orama Velazco RA Efecto de plaguicidas de origen bot nico sobre el fido Carolinaia cyperi Ainslie Rev Cubana Plant Med 2003 8 3 28 Alfonso MM Avil s R Alvarez ME Lorenzo Y Zayas M Rodr guez V Rodr guez Y Villasana R P rez D Molusquicidas naturales de origen bot nico Agrotecnia de Cuba Diciembre 2005 1 15 29 L pez MT Estrada J Los bioinsecticidas de Nim en el control de varias plagas de insectos en cultivos econ micos Agrotecnia de Cuba diciembre 2005 1 10 30 Moreno M Estrada J Shagarodsky T Croche G Cruz B Centeno E Castillo B Puld n G Viza D Rev Protecci n Veg Vol 28 No 2 2013 Divina LL Puig N Bioplaguicidas de Nim sobre Heliothis virescens F Lepidoptera Noctui
4. 57 Dawson essential oil Xanthomonas campestris pv antibacterial 56 campestris Pammel Dawson Polyscia guilfoyley aqueous extract Fusarium oxysporum Slecht antifungal 14 Bailey aqueous extract Rhizoctonia solani K hn antifungal 14 ethanolic extract Alternaria solani Sor antifungal 36 Pteridium aquilinum L aqueous extract Ascia monuste L insecticidal 58 Kunth aqueous extract Brevicoryne brassicae L insecticidal 58 aqueous extract Plutella xylostella L insecticidal 58 Ricinus communis L aqueous extract Hipothenemus hampei Ferr insecticidal 59 Rev Protecci n Veg Vol 28 No 2 2013 102 TABLE 2 Continuation Some Cuban plants with pesticidal activity determined under laboratory semicontrolled and field conditions Continuaci n Algunas plantas cubanas con actividad plaguicida determinada en condiciones de laboratorio semicontroladas y campo Plant Scientific name Extract product Target Pest Biological activity Reference Rosmarinus officinalis L essential oil Tetranychus tumidus Banks acaricidal 60 Ruta chalepensis L essential oil Alternaria solani Sor antifungal 35 Salvia officinalis L aqueous extract Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet antifungal 37 powder Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman repellent 26 Solanum globiferum aqueous extract Severe Cowpea Mosaic Virus resistence inducer 33 Dunal CpSMV aqueous extract Praticolella griseola Pfeiffer
5. Allium sativus L X X 18 19 20 Aloe barbadensis Mill 19 Annona cherimolia Mill X 19 20 Annona muricata L X 19 20 Annona squamosa L X X 19 20 Artemisia abrotanum L X X 20 Artemisia absinthium L X X 19 Asclepia curassavica L X X 19 20 Asparagus officinalis L X X 19 Azadirachta indica A Juss X X 18 19 Bixa orellana L X 19 Brassica oleracea L X 19 Bursera graveolens H B K Triana Planch X 19 Bursera simaruba Sarg X 19 20 Calendula officinalis L X X 18 19 Canavalia ensiformis L P D C X 19 Capsicum frutescens L X 19 20 Carica papaya L X 18 19 20 Chenopodium ambrosiodes L X X 19 20 Chrysanthemum sp X 19 20 Cinnamomum camphora L Siebold X 19 20 Coriandrum sativum L X X 19 Crescentia cujete L X 19 Cymbopogon citratus D C Stapf X X 19 20 Cymbopogon nardus L X 20 Datura arborea L X 19 Dichrostachys cinerea L Wigth 19 Eucalyptus sp X X 19 20 Euphorbia lactea Haw X X 19 20 Equisetum bogotense Kunth X 18 Foeniculum vulgare Mill X X 19 Gliricidea sepium Jacq Steud X X 19 Guazuma tomentosa H B K X 19 20 Helianthus annuus L X X 19 Jatropha curcas L X 19 20 Lactuca sativa L X X 19 20 Lantana camara L X 20 Lepidium virginium L 19 Matricaria recutita L X X 18 19 20 Melia azedarach L X 18 19 20 Mentha arvensis L X X 19 20 Mentha nemorosa Willd X 19 Mentha piperita L X X 19 20 Moringa oleifera Lam 19 Nerium oleander L X X 19 20 Nicotiana tabacum L X X 18 19
6. Torres S Ramos Y et al Efecto sin rgico de taninos y flavonoides presentes en Terminalia catappa L sobre el crecimiento micelial de Rhizoctonia solani K hn y Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc Fitosanidad 2012 16 1 27 32 65 Espinosa R Bravo LR Herrera L Ramos Y Espinosa M Efecto alelop tico del almendro de la India Terminalia catappa L sobre Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc Rev Protecci n Veg 2012 27 3 202 205 66 Gonz lez S Pino O Herrera RS Valenciaga N Fortes D S nchez Y Una especie de la familia Asteraceae 89 1 XIV con actividad antiinsecto frente a la plaga Sitophilus zeamais Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agr cola 2010 44 2 195 199 Rev Protecci n Veg Vol 28 No 2 2013 67 Puente M Robaina M Espinosa R Torres S Herrera L De Cupere F Van Damme P Determinaci n del efecto del extracto de Wedelia trilobata L Hitchc sobre el crecimiento in vitro del hongo Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc Centro Agr cola 2004 31 1 2 81 83 68 Rodr guez H Ramos M Pino O D az B Toxicidad del extracto crudo de ma z sobre Panonychus citri Mcgregor en condiciones de laboratorio Rev Protecci n Veg 2011 26 2 105 110 69 Hern ndez M Fuentes V Alfonso M Avil s R Perera E Plaguicidas naturales de origen bot nico Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical INIFAT La Habana Cuba 1998 105p 70 Registro Central de Plaguicidas Lista oficial de plaguicidas autorizados 2008 2010 Rep blic
7. in an artisan way 7 Upto date the following neem based commercial products have been developed CubaNim Sm whole seed aqueous extract CubaNim t cake aqueous extract FoliarNim HM leaf aqueous extract CubaNim SM whole grounded seed CubaNim T oilcake OleoNim 80 EC and NeoNim 60 EC seed oil emulsions and DerNim P cream to treat scabies 1 The last five products are in the Official List of Authorized Pesticides in the Republic of Cuba 70 As a result of the problems caused by whiteflies in 1989 1990 simple technologies were developed to extract nicotine from parts of leaves considered waste of the tobacco industry 7 50 Then the product known as tabaquina arose which is now widely used in the country 2 It is obtained by farmers and agricultural cooperatives and has been used to control whitefly thrips and other pests 18 50 The tabaquina shows insecticidal activity and its residual effect is four days 7 During the last years the systematic research of more than 100 plants belonging to several botanical 103 families such as Clusiaceae genera Calophyllum Clusia Mammea and Hheedia 13 45 46 Piperaceae Piper Lepianthes 35 53 54 55 56 71 Lamiaceae Ocimum 35 51 Annonaceae Annona 13 Asteraceae Lescaillea Vernonia 13 Myrtaceae Psidium Melaleuca 35 48 and Poaceae Arthrostilidium Zea 13 68 have evolved using a chemotaxonomic approach The protocol invol
8. last years points out that several plants may represent viable sources of alternatives for crop protection Table 2 More than 60 plants demonstrated their pesticidal activity under laboratory semicontrolled and field conditions Meliaceae Asteraceae Fabaceae Solanaceae Clusiaceae Piperaceae Lamiaceae Apiaceae and Mirtaceae were among the most important families The analysis of all these data allows the selection of promising natural products that may go on to candidates for the development of commercial plant protection products The identification of candidates developing new phytosanitary products offer new alternatives for the Cuban agriculture in the area of pest managementin citrus sugarcane vegetables forestry and in the control of storage pests 7 21 34 35 44 48 51 52 53 56 66 68 In spite of the progress achieved in the scientific screening of the Cuban flora many plant species have not been studied yet 13 21 In much of the research carried out the biological evaluation did not go along with studies on the chemical composition and the identification of the main bioactive compounds which is a very important issue considering the close relationship between both aspects and its role in the reproducibility of biological effects An analysis of the worldwide trends of the scientific literature on botanicals and essential oils calls attention to this aspect It emphasises that the lack of chemical character
9. producci n sostenible de alimentos Palabras clave flora cubana plaguicidas bot nicos manejo de plagas metabolitos secundarios 96 INTRODUCTION In Cuba the search for new alternatives for pest management is a first priority task in agricultural Sciences to reduce economic losses in crops pest resistence development and the agroecosystem pollution 1 2 The country is engaged in developing a model of agriculture where biopesticides microorganisms macroorganisms and botanicals play a key role in obtaining good yields with a high ecological value in a sustainable food production 1 2 3 4 5 In order to ensure the practical achievement of such objectives the Integrated Pest Management was adopted as a policy of the Cuban State since the eighties and in 1988 the National Programme for the Production of Biopesticides established their use within the Cuban strategy devised for a sustainable agricultural production 1 2 3 6 7 In 1997 the Cuban Goverment policy was officially stated in the Law of Environment 8 The ninth title of this law Rules for a Sustainable Agriculture Article 132 subsections b and d in relation with pest management expresses b the rational use of biological and chemical products according to the characteristics conditions and local resources that minimize environment pollution d preventive and integrated management of pests with special attention to the use of biodiversity resou
10. y enfermedades Fitosanidad 2008 12 3 185 186 51 Rojas MM S nchez Y Abreu Y Espinosa I Correa TM Pino O Caracterizaci n qu mica y actividad antibacteriana de aceites esenciales de Ocimum basilicum L y Ocimum basilicum var genovese L Rev Protecci n Veg 2012 27 2 130 134 52 Pino O S nchez Y Rojas MM Abreu Y Correa T Composici n qu mica y actividad antibacteriana del aceite esencial de Pimpinella anisum L Rev Protecci n Veg 2012 27 3 181 187 53 P rez JC Pino O Ram rez S Suris M Evaluaci n de productos naturales para el control de Lasioderma serricorne F Coleoptera Anobiidae sobre garbanzo Cicer arietinum L en condiciones de laboratorio Rev Protecci n Veg 2012 27 1 26 33 54 S nchez Y Pino O Jorge F Abreu Y Naranjo E Iglesia A Actividad promisoria de aceites esenciales de especies pertenecientes a la tribu Pipereae frente a Artemia salina y Xanthomonas albilineans Rev Protecci n Veg 2011 26 1 45 51 55 S nchez Y Pino O Correa TM Naranjo E Iglesia A Estudio qu mico y microbiol gico del aceite esencial de Piper auritum Kunth caisim n de an s Rev Protecci n Veg 2009 24 1 39 46 56 S nchez Y Correa TM Abreu Y Mart nez B Duarte Y Pino O Caracterizaci n qu mica y actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de Piper marginatum Jacq Rev Protecci n Veg 2011 26 3 170 176 57 S nchez Y Correa TM Abreu Y Pino O Efecto del aceite esencial de Piper m
11. Rev Protecci n Veg Vol 28 No 2 2013 95 108 REVIEW ARTICLE Plant secondary metabolites as alternatives in pest management II An overview of their potential in Cuba Oriela Pino Ya ma S nchez Miriam M Rojas Grupo de Plagas Agr colas Direcci n de Sanidad Vegetal Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria CENS A Apartado 10 San Jos de las Lajas Mayabeque Cuba Tel fono 863014 ext 148 Correo electr nico oriela censa edu cu ABSTRACT This review covers the historical use of plant secondary metabolites in agricultural practices in Cuba and their potential in pest management The Cuban flora has not yet been fully studied as a source of pesticides partly due to its great diversity Nevertheless up to date several plants are used by Cuban farmers as repellents and or as raw material for the preparation of botanical pesticides in an artisan manner and more than 60 plants have demonstrated their pesticidal activity under laboratory semicontrolled and field conditions Meliaceae Asteraceae Fabaceae Solanaceae Clusiaceae Piperaceae Lamiaceae Apiaceae and Mirtaceae are among the most important involved plant families From the chemical point of view promising results have been achieved with alkaloids terpenoids coumarins and essential oils The efficient practical application of pesticidal properties of plants in crop rotation polycrops and intercropping and as barrier or traps requires further research from the che
12. Rodr guez for carefully and helpfully reviewing this manuscript REFERENCES ua Estrada Ortiz J L pez D az MT Castillo Rodr guez BZ D az Fish V Potencialidades del uso del Nim y sus bioproductos en la producci n agropecuaria ecol gica y sostenible Agricultura Org nica 2002 8 3 18 21 2 V zquez Moreno LL La lucha contra las plagas agr colas en Cuba De las aplicaciones de plaguicidas qu micos por calendario al manejo agroecol gico de plagas Fitosanidad 2006 10 3 221 242 3 V zquez Moreno LL Transici n del manejo de plagas en la producci n agropecuaria en Cuba Agricultura Org nica 2012 18 2 21 25 4 Figueroa Gonz lez ZI P rez Consuegra N Tendencias en el uso de plaguicidas en el municipio Col n provincia Matanzas Agricultura Org nica 2012 18 2 10 14 5 Estrategia Ambiental Nacional 2007 2010 Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnolog a y Medio Ambiente CITMA Rep blica de Cuba 2007 60p 6 Alfonso M Avil s R Gonz lez N Cruz X Villasana R Rodr guez V et al Los plaguicidas bot nicos y su importancia en la agricultura org nica Agricultura Org nica 2002 2 26 30 7 P rez N V zquez LL Manejo ecol gico de plagas En Funes F Garc a L Bourque M P rez N Rosset P editors Transformando el campo cubano Asociaci n Cubana de T cnicos Agr colas y Forestales ACTAF La Habana 2001 191 224 105 8 Ley de Medio Ambiente Ley No 81 Rep blica de Cuba Julio 1997
13. a de Cuba 71 Pino O S nchez Y Rodr guez H Correa TM Demedio J Sanabria JL Caracterizaci n qu mica y actividad acaricida del aceite esencial de Piper aduncum subsp ossanum frente a Varroa destructor Rev Protecci n Veg 2011 26 1 52 61 72 Pino O Jorge F Ensayo de artemia til herramienta de trabajo para ecotoxic logos y qu micos de productos naturales Rev Protecci n Veg 2010 22 1 34 43 73 Isman MB Botanical insecticides in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world Conference at National Center for Animal and Plant Health CENSA Mayabeque Cuba 2013 51 slides Recibido 2 5 2013 Aceptado 30 7 2013
14. aci Genn antiinsect 29 OleoNim 80 CE Diaphania hyalinata L antiinsect 29 OleoNim 80 CE Empoasca fabae Hans antiinsect 29 OleoNim 80 CE Heliothis virescens F insecticidal 30 OleoNim 80 CE Hypsipyla grandella Zeller insecticidal 21 OleoNim 80 CE Thrips palmi Karmy antiinsect 29 powder Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman repellent 26 Bixa orellana L methanolic extract Xanthomonas axonopodis pv antibacterial 31 manihotis Xam methanolic extract Xanthomonas axonopodis pv antibacterial 31 vesicatoria Vauterin et al methanolic extract Xanthomonas campestris pv antibacterial 31 campestris Pammel Dawson methanolic extract Xanthomonas sp antibacterial 31 Bougainvillea spectabilis aqueous extract Sugar cane mosaic virus SCMV antiviral 32 Willd aqueous extract Severe Cowpea Mosaic Virus resistence inducer 33 CpSMV Canavalia ensiformis powder Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky repellent 34 L P D C insecticidal Canna edulis Ker aqueous extract Praticolella griseola Pfeiffer molusquicidal 28 Carica papaya L aqueous extract Severe Cowpea Mosaic Virus resistence inducer 33 CpSMV Chenopodium powder Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman repellent 26 ambrosioides L Citrus sinensis L essential oil Alternaria solani Sor antifungal 35 Osbeck Cleome gynandra L ethanolic extract Alternaria solani Sor antifungal 36 Cleome viscosa L ethanolic extract Alternaria solani Sor antifungal 36 Coleus amboinicus Lour ethanolic extract Alternaria sol
15. ani Sor antifungal 36 Crescentia cujete L aqueous extract Fusarium oxysporum Slecht antifungal 14 aqueous extract Rhizoctonia solani K hn antifungal 14 Curcuma longa L aqueous extract Fusarium oxysporum Slecht antifungal 14 Cymbopogon citratus aqueous extract Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet antifungal 37 DC Stapf Cymbopogon nardus L essential oil Macrophomina phaseolina Tassi antifungal 38 Goid citronellal Rhizoctonia solani K hn fungicide 39 Rev Protecci n Veg Vol 28 No 2 2013 100 TABLE 2 Continuation Some Cuban plants with pesticidal activity determined under laboratory semicontrolled and field conditions Continuaci n Algunas plantas cubanas con actividad plaguicida determinada en condiciones de laboratorio semicontroladas y campo Plant Scientific name Extract product Target Pest Biological activity Reference Rev Protecci n Veg Vol 28 No 2 2013 Furcraea hexapetala aqueous extract Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks antimite 40 Jacq Urban Gliricidia sepium Jaq aqueous extract Blatella germanica L insecticidal 41 Steud aqueous extract Corynespora cassiicola Berk and antifungal 41 Curt Wei aqueous extract Meloidogyne spp antinematode 41 aqueous extract Pieris ph phileta Bdy insecticidal 41 aqueous extract Plutella xylostella L insecticidal 41 aqueous extract Corynespora cassiicola Berk and antifunga
16. arginatum Jacq y sus componentes sobre Xanthomonas albilineans Ashby Dawson Rev Protecci n Veg 2012 27 1 39 44 58 Vilches E del Pozo EM Garc a I Alternativas ecol gicas para la regulaci n de tres insectos plagas de la col en la Finca El Guayabal Agricultura Org nica 2012 18 2 7 9 59 Ortiz Y Vald s D Villa O Alvares R Torres S Aplicaci n de extractos de hojas de Ricinus communis L en el control de la Broca del cafeto Centro Agr cola 2012 39 1 85 90 Rev Protecci n Veg Vol 28 No 2 2013 108 60 Romeu R Botta FE D az Y Caracterizaci n fitoqu mica del aceite esencial de romero Rosmarinus officinalis L y evaluaci n in vitro de su actividad acaricida Fitosanidad 2007 11 2 75 8 61 Puente M Torres S Herrera L Robaina M De Cupere F Determinaci n del efecto del extracto Stachytarpheta jamaisense Gard Verbena cimarrona sobre el crecimiento in vitro del hongo Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc Centro Agr cola 2005 32 3 89 01 62 Espejo E Espinosa R Puente M Cupull R Rodr guez M Efecto alelop tico de Tagetes erecta L y Terminalia catappa L sobre Rhizoctonia solani K hn Centro Agr cola 2010 37 2 89 92 63 Pupo Y Herrera L Vargas B Marrero Y Raquel A Jim nez C Efecto del extracto crudo de hojas de lagetes erecta L en el control de cuatro hongos pat genos de hortalizas in vitro Centro Agr cola 2009 36 2 77 81 64 Espinosa R Herrera L Bravo R Hernandez M
17. cies and has the richest plant biodiversity of all the islands in America with an estimated 6 500 vascular plant species of which 5096 are endemic 6 13 Partly due to its great diversity the Cuban flora has not yet been closely studied as a potential source of chemical pesticides 13 14 15 16 To date only a small fraction of the plant species has undergone systematic phytochemical or biochemical research leaving valuable sources for commercial products undiscovered 13 This review covers the historical use of plant secondary metabolites in agricultural practices and their potential in pest management in Cuba Historical use of plant secondary metabolites in agricultural practices and current researches in Cuba There are many anecdotes of the biological activity of several Cuban plants and their popular use as natural pharmaceuticals and pesticides but the active compounds have not been studied in most cases Also the available information is often only related to botanical data medicinal use and for some plants it dates back to many years 15 17 Nicotine rotenone and pyrethrins contained in extracts from plants belonging to Nicotiana Tephrosia and Chrysanthemum genera can be mentioned among the best known natural pesticides in Cuba since the 1940s A common practice was the use of aqueous extracts made from tobacco crop residues or other botanical species to spray them over the crops for insect control stored grain
18. dae en el cultivo del garbanzo Fitosanidad 2008 12 3 165 31 Stefanova Nalimova M Rizo Pe a SG Coranado Izquierdo MF Efecto in vitro de extractos de plantas sobre especies bacterianas del g nero Xanthomonas Fitosanidad 2005 9 3 49 52 32 Molina MM S nchez LM Inhibidores foliares de Bougainvillea spectabilis naturaleza qu mica y efectividad antiviral sobre el virus del mosaico de la ca a de az car VMCA Rev Protecci n Veg 1991 6 1 58 66 33 Rodr guez Y Ortiz Y Olivera G Lorenzo Y Cabezas M Rodr guez W Uso de extractos vegetales para el control del mosaico severo del caup CpSMV Agrotecnia de Cuba diciembre 2005 1 9 34 Gonz lez S Pino O Herrera RS Valenciaga N Fortes D S nchez Y Control de Sitophilus zeamais con polvos vegetales de una especie de la familia Fabacea 49 1 XIV Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agr cola 2009 43 3 321 325 35 Duarte Y Pino O Infante D S nchez Y Travieso MC Mart nez B Efecto in vitro de aceites esenciales sobre Alternaria solani Sorauer Rev Protecci n Veg 2013 28 1 54 59 36 Pupo Blanco YG Kalombo Bicayi D Herrera Isla L Malheiros de Mendonca DI Vargas Batis B Efecto de extractos vegetales en el crecimiento y germinaci n de esporas de Alternaria solani E amp M J amp G en condiciones in vitro Rev Iberoam Micol 2011 28 1 60 37 Morales LM Ullauri MA Rojas X Evaluaci n del efecto de extractos vegetales como alternativa de manejo a
19. des La Habana Cuba 1988 18 Rodr guez Nodals A Companioni Concepci n N Fresneda Buides J Estrada Ortiz J Ca et Prades F Rey Garc a R et al Manual t cnico para organop nicos huertos intensivos y organopon a semiprotegida 7 ed Mart nez Oliva E editor Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical INIFAT La Habana Cuba 2011 19 Ortega I Castellanos L Rivero T Mart n C Fern ndez A Inventario de plantas repelentes y o fitoplaguicidas en las unidades de la agricultura urbana de la provincia de Cienfuegos Centro Agr cola 2008 35 1 91 93 Rev Protecci n Veg Vol 28 No 2 2013 106 20 Veit a Rubio MM Cultivo preparaci n y uso de plantas con propiedades como plaguicidas Curso taller Nacional manejo agroecol gico de plagas en la agricultura suburbana Programa de agricultura urbana y suburbana MINAGRI Ciudad de La Habana Cuba 2010 1 12 21 Montesino M L pez H Hern ndez J Izag irre Z Insecticidas bot nicos como alternativas para el manejo de plagas en sistemas agroforestales Agricultura Org nica 2009 1 24 26 22 Cruz Limonte A Betancour Sardi as JA lvarez Hern ndez U S nchez Tompson Gretter Influencia de la siembra directa de Canavalia ensiformes L sobre Empoasca spp Centro Agr cola 2010 37 2 93 23 lvarez Hern ndez U Cruz Limonte A Influencia del policultivo en soya Glycine max L Merril sobre la entomofauna Centro Agr cola 2010
20. families The most significant species were the neem tree the chinaberry Melia azedarach L the love apple Solanum mammosum L and the French marigold Tagetes patula L 2 7 69 Other botanical pesticides have been prepared from M azedarach MELITOX 50 PARAISO M Chrysanthemum cinense Sabine Tagetes erecta L Solanum globiferum Dunal SOLASOL Gliricidia sepium J GLISEP 60 and Indigofera suffruticosa Mill 16 18 99 TABLE 2 Some Cuban plants with pesticidal activity determined under laboratory semicontrolled and field conditions Algunas plantas cubanas con actividad plaguicida determinada en condiciones de laboratorio semicontroladas y campo Plant Scientific name Extract product Target Pest Biological activity Reference Allium porrum L powder Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman repellent 26 Allium sativum L aqueous extract Carolinaia cyperi Ainslie insecticidal 27 Azadirachta indica A 29 Juss CubaNim T Bemisia tabaci Genn antiinsect 29 CubaNim T Empoasca fabae Hans antiinsect 29 CubaNim T Thrips palmi Karmy antiinsect 29 FoliarNim HM Thrips palmi Karmy antiinsect 29 formulated oil Praticolella griseola Pfeiffer molusquicidal 28 NeoNim 60 CE Diaphania hyalinata L antiinsect 29 NeoNim 60 CE Empoasca fabae Hans antiinsect 29 NeoNim 60 CE Thrips palmi Karmy antiinsect 29 OleoNim 50 CE Heliothis virescens F insecticidal 30 OleoNim 80 CE Bemisia tab
21. higanensis subsp antibacterial 51 michiganensis Smith Davis et al essential oil Xanthomonas albilineans Ashby antibacterial 51 Dawson Ocimum basilicum var essential oil Alternaria solani Sor antifungal 35 genovese L essential oil Clavibacter michiganensis subsp antibacterial 51 michiganensis Smith Davis et al essential oil Xanthomonas albilineans Ashby antibacterial 51 Dawson Parthenium powder Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman repellent 26 hysterosphorus L Pimpinella anisum L essential oil Alternaria solani Sor antifungal 35 essential oil Xanthomonas campestris pv antibacterial 52 vesicatoria Doidge Dye Piper aduncum subsp essential oil Alternaria solani Sor antifungal 35 ossanum C DC essential oil Lasioderma serricorne F repellent 53 Saralegui insecticidal essential oil Xanthomonas albilineans Ashby antibacterial 54 Dawson Piper auritum Kunth essential oil Acidovorax avenae subsp avenae antibacterial 55 Manns Willems et al essential oil Alternaria solani Sor antifungal 35 essential oil Xanthomonas albilineans Ashby antibacterial 55 Dawson essential oil Xanthomonas albilineans Ashby antibacterial 54 Dawson powder Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman repellent 26 Piper marginatum Jacq essential oil Alternaria solani Sor antifungal 35 essential oil Alternaria solani Sor antifungal 56 essential oil Xanthomonas albilineans Ashby antibacterial 56 Dawson essential oil Xanthomonas albilineans Ashby antibacterial
22. il Raoiella indica Hirst antimite 48 essential oil Tetranychus tumidus Banks antimite 48 essential oil Tetranychus urticae Koch antimite 48 essential oil Xanthomonas albilineans Ashby antibacterial 48 Dawson Melia azedarach L aqueous extract Carolinaia cyperi Ainslie insecticidal 27 ethanolic extract Mocis latipes Guenee insecticidal 16 formulated oil Praticolella griseola Pfeiffer molusquicidal 28 powder Rhyzopertha dominica F insecticidal 49 Momordica charantia L aqueous extract Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet antifungal 37 aqueous extract Fusarium oxysporum Slecht antifungal 14 aqueous extract Rhizoctonia solani K hn antifungal 14 101 TABLE 2 Continuation Some Cuban plants with pesticidal activity determined under laboratory semicontrolled and field conditions Continuaci n Algunas plantas cubanas con actividad plaguicida determinada en condiciones de laboratorio semicontroladas y campo Plant Scientific name Reference Extract product Target Pest Biological activity Muralla paniculata L aqueous extract Fusarium oxysporum Slecht antifungal 14 Nicotiana tabacum L aqueous extract Carolinaia cyperi Ainslie insecticidal 27 aqueous extract Rhizoctonia solani K hn antifungal 14 tabaquina Whiteflies Thrips palmi and other insecticidal 50 insects Ocimum basilicum L essential oil Alternaria solani Sor antifungal 35 essential oil Clavibacter mic
23. isation does not allow comparing the results with any previous studies with the same plant species and compromises the reproducibility ofthe results this study showed that the average impact factor of papers including chemical data greatly exceeds that of papers lacking them 73 In Cuba only 1 4 of the 66 papers reviewed included the identification of the main compounds in the evaluated samples Among the secondary metabolites studied by Cuban researches until now essential oils and their components stand out as a promising group due to their efficacy and spectrum of action 39 48 51 52 55 56 60 71 Also the extract concentration that provides the most efficient control has not yet been precisely determined in some experiments Most experiments have been carried out in laboratory conditions and the biological evaluation under semicontrolled and field conditions is essential for achieving a practical application For these promising candidates all the studies related to the raw material cultivation unless the plant Rev Protecci n Veg Vol 28 No 2 2013 has a very high wild abundance formulation ofthe active ingredients scale up of the extraction process toxicity tests and the ecotoxicological evaluation must be conducted for commercialising the products and contributing to increase the impact of botanical pesticides on a sustainable food production in Cuba New research and innovation projects concerning the use
24. l 42 Curt Wei Helianthus annuus L aqueous extract Fusarium oxysporum Slecht antifungal 14 Jatropha curcas L ethanolic extract Praticolella griseola Pfeiffer molusquicidal 28 formulated oil Praticolella griseola Pfeiffer molusquicidal 28 Juniperus lucayana B ethanolic extract Botrytis cinerea Pers Fr antifungal 16 Lantana camara L aqueous extract Corynespora cassiicola Berk and antifungal 42 43 Curt Wei aqueous extract Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid and nematicidal 43 White Chitwood aqueous extract Spodoptera frugiperda Smith antifeedant 43 insecticidal ethanolic extract Alternaria solani Sor antifungal 36 ethanolic extract Alternaria solani Sor antifungal 36 Lippia alba Mill N E ethanolic extract Alternaria solani Sor antifungal 36 Brown Lippia dulcis Trev ethanolic extract Alternaria solani Sor antifungal 36 Lonchocarpus punctatus powder Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky repellent 44 L insecticidal Mammea americana L organic extract Phaedon cochleariae Fab insecticidal 45 46 organic extract Tetranychus urticae Koch acaricidal 45 Maytenus urquiolae organic extract Curvularia clavata B L Jain fungicide 47 Mory Melaleuca essential oil Alternaria solani Sor antifungal 35 quinquenervia Cav essential oil Alternaria solani Sor antifungal 48 S T Blake essential oil Clavibacter michiganensis subsp antibacterial 48 michiganensis Smith Davis et al essential oil Panonychus citri McGregor antimite 48 essential o
25. la sigatoka negra en el cultivar Gran Enano AAA Centro Agr cola 2011 38 2 77 84 38 S nchez C Cruz M Martin L Leiva M Cruz M Alvarado Y et al Actividad antif ngica del aceite esencial de Cymbopogon nardus para el control de Macrophomina phaseolina Centro Agr cola 2008 35 3 83 86 39 Vaillant D Romeu C Ramos E Gonz lez M Ram rez R Gonz lez J Efecto inhibitorio in vitro de cinco monoterpenos de aceites esenciales sobre un aislado de Rhizoctonia solani en papa Solanum tuberosum L Fitosanidad 2009 13 3 197 200 40 Castellanos L Fern ndez A Ortega I Soto R Martin C Efectividad del extracto de Furcraea hexapetala Jacq Urban sobre Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks en condiciones de laboratorio Rev Protecci n Veg 2011 26 2 122 4 41 de la Guardia AM Gonz lez Morera TA Marrero Terrero AA Mili n Hern ndez V Campa Castellanos H et al Obtenci n de un extracto plaguicida de Gliricidia sepium Jaq Steud bajo la irradiaci n con microondas Rev Cubana Plant Med 2003 8 3 42 P rez W Bernal B Mart n A Romeu C Estudio preliminar de dos extractos vegetales para el control in vitro del hongo Corynespora cassicola Berk amp Curt Wei Fitosanidad 2000 4 1 2 43 46 43 P rez W Romeu Carballo CR Mart n de la Guardia A Gonz lez T Escobar M Vento D az D Lantana camara L maleza con propiedades plaguicidas Rev Protecci n Veg 2002 17 2 162 44 Gonz lez S Pino O He
26. lant and the polycrops reduced the incidence of the insect pests 22 23 24 25 and increased the species richness of bioregulators 23 The potential role of the plant secondary metabolites in these interactions has not been established and further research from the chemical ecology point of view should be done in the frame of future multidisciplinary projects Endemic and exotic species in the Cuban flora are potential sources of substances with regulatory effect on populations of harmful organisms but the real possibility of including natural products extracted from plants into national programmes was not considered until the end of the eighties and early nineties when several research projects on this subject were initiated 2 7 Currently several Cuban research institutes and Rev Protecci n Veg Vol 28 No 2 2013 universities develope research lines related to bioactive secondary metabolites with potential application in agriculture Table 2 summarises the information of some plants with a scientific description of their biological effectiveness published in the main Cuban journals related to this topic 2 According to Alfonso et al 6 the biological activity of 52 species belonging to 30 botanical families was reported until 2002 Considering both the number of species tested with positive results and the bioactivity spectrum the Meliaceae Asteraceae Fabaceae and Solanaceae were among the most important
27. mical ecology point of view As botanical pesticides plant secondary metabolites may be applied in protected crops nurseries seed treatments in protected and field grown crops storage pest management among others Innovative products can be developed by using them in mixtures with other phytosanitary products and as resistance inducers The use of known botanicals and the identification of local candidates for developing new products offer alternatives that may combine efficiency and safety for the Cuban agriculture in pest management Multidisciplinary and multiinstitucional research development and innovation programmes will play an important role in the increase of the scientific and socioeconomic impact of these phytosanitary products for contributing to a sustainable food production Key words Cuban flora botanical pesticides pest management secondary metabolites Metabolitos secundarios de origen bot nico como alternativas en el manejo de plagas II Visi n general de su potencial en Cuba RESUMEN Esta revisi n abarca el uso hist rico de los metabolitos secundarios de origen bot nico en pr cticas agr colas y su potencial en el manejo de plagas en Cuba La flora cubana a n no se ha estudiado totalmente como fuente de plaguicidas en parte debido a su gran diversidad Sin embargo hasta la fecha numerosas plantas son utilizadas por los campesinos cubanos como repelentes y o materia prima para la preparaci n de extractos de manera ar
28. molusquicidal 28 aqueous extract Succinia sagra d Orbigny molusquicidal 28 ethanolic extract Praticolella griseola Pfeiffer molusquicidal 28 ethanolic extract Succinia sagra d Orbigny molusquicidal 28 Solanum mammosum L ethanolic extract Praticolella griseola Pfeiffer molusquicidal 28 ethanolic extract Succinia sagra d Orbigny molusquicidal 28 Stachytarpheta aqueous extract Sclerotiun rolfsii Sacc antifungal 61 jamaisense Gard Tagetes erecta L aqueous extract Rhizoctonia solani K hn antifungal 62 aqueous extract Severe Cowpea Mosaic Virus resistence inducer 33 CpSMV ethanolic extract Alternaria porri Ell and Cif antifungal 63 ethanolic extract Alternaria solani Sor antifungal 63 ethanolic extract Cercospora beticola Sacc antifungal 63 ethanolic extract Cladosporium fulvum Cooke antifungal 63 Terminalia catappa L aqueous extract Rhizoctonia solani K hn antifungal 62 aqueous extract Rhizoctonia solani K hn antifungal 64 aqueous extract Sclerotiun rolfsii Sacc antifungal 64 65 Thuja orientalis L ethanolic extract Botrytis cinerea Pers Fr antifungal 16 ethanolic extract Mocis latipes Guenee insecticidal 16 Tithonia diversifolia ethanolic extract Alternaria solani Sor antifungal 36 Hemsl Gray powder Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky repellent 66 insecticidal Tradescantia pallida ethanolic extract Alternaria solani Sor antifungal 36 Rose D R Hunt Tradescantia spathacea ethanolic extract Alternaria solani S
29. of secondary metabolites in pest management must be multidisciplinary and multiinstitutional to improve the scientific and socioeconomic impact of the results Potential of plant secondary metabolites in pest management The analysis of the use of several alternatives biocontrol agents botanical pesticides crop rotation and others in pest management in the Cuban agriculture ledto a group of important recommendations Regarding plants it was recommended to study the flora species used as traps and with repellent effect to continue research on botanical based products considering the Cuban biodiversity to extend the use of those most studied like neem to consider the potential of other promising plants and to increase the use of plants with pesticidal properties at a small scale 7 Concerning crop protection the Cuban agricultural development may be benefited by using whole plants or extracting them through different processes Plants with pest control properties can be used in crop rotation polycrops and intercropping and as barrier for example in push pull strategies for controlling insects or traps Further research must be done from the chemical ecology point of view to support an efficient practical application of these alternatives in our agroecosystems Also the plants part of them or the residues from their harvesting or industrial proccessing may be applied as green manure for a natural pest management 7 61 A
30. or antifungal 36 Sw Trichila glabra L aqueous extract Rhizoctonia solani K hn antifungal 14 Wedelia trilobata L aqueous extract Sclerotiun rolfsii Sacc antifungal 67 Hitchc Zea mays L aqueous extract Panonychus citri McGregor antimite 68 Legend 90ml aq extract 10ml aceite Nim In 1990 the agroindustrial development of neem based pesticides was begun in Cuba this multidisciplinary research programme included the widespread cultivation and production of bio insecticides veterinary and industrial products 1 The project for the industrial development of neem and chinaberry as a second line considered 15 microforests 12 ha each six of neem and six of chinaberry four semiindustrial Rev Protecci n Veg Vol 28 No 2 2013 processing plants capacity of 200 t year and a pilot plant for the industrial production 7 The plantations were established in order to obtain natural products for agricultural use in addition to contribute to recover unproductive marginal land increase the biomass and consequently improve the ecological environment 1 Till now research results have shown that the Cuban natural products based on neem are effective in regulating insects mites nematodes and molluscs that affect a large number of economically important crops for our agriculture vegetables rice tomato corn and beans 1 26 28 29 30 Another advantage of using neem extracts is their possible production
31. rces for these purposes The National Environmental Strategy 2007 2010 approved by the Ministry of Science Technology and Environment CITMA established as goal that 8096 of pest and disease control in crops in the country must be done using natural products or biopesticides and that 10096 of the areas of agricultural production must be maintained under integrated pest management schemes 5 9 On this basis in many crops the use of biological products botanicals in a lesser proportion makes an important contribution to the reduction of the presence ofthe main pests the costs of importing large amounts of synthetic pesticides and their polluting effects in agroecosystems 2 3 During the last 20 years several changes in pest management led to reduce the national use of pesticides in more than 50 3 4 Tropical plants which grow under climatic conditions favouring microbial or insect attack have developed a great variety of defence molecules They constitute therefore a particularly rich source of substances which can find an application directly or as lead compounds for the development of new pest control agents 10 11 It is thus highly likely that safe efficient new molecules with new modes of action will find a place in agriculture for many decades to come 12 Rev Protecci n Veg Vol 28 No 2 2013 Cuba is considered as one of the most biodiverse countries in the world in terms of sheer numbers of spe
32. rrera R S Valenciaga N Fortes D S nchez Y Potencials of the powders of Lonchocarpus punctatus in the control of Sitophilus zeamais Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science 2011 45 1 89 94 45 Pino P O Jorge L E Tacoronte M J E Khambay B P S Aislamiento y caracterizaci n de candidatos plaguicidas a partir de Mammea americana Lin Fitosanidad Septiembre 2008 12 3 177 178 46 Pino O Jorge F Tacoronte JE Khambay BPS Isolation and characterization of active compounds from Mammea americana Lin Revista Cubana de Qu mica 2007 XIX 1 74 77 47 Fern ndez de la Torre A Nogueiras Lima C Romeu Carballo C Palacios JR Naranjo Chamizo E Marbot Ramada R et al Estudio fitoqu mico preliminar y actividad fungicida de corteza de Maytenus urquiolae Mory Celastraceae Fitosanidad 2010 14 4 247 252 48 Pino O S nchez Y Rojas M Rodr guez H Abreu Y Duarte Y et al Composici n qu mica y actividad plaguicida del aceite esencial de Melaleuca quinquenervia Cav S T Blake Rev Protecci n Veg 2011 26 3 177 186 49 Pozo E Contreras A Efecto del para so Melia azedarach L en polvo vegetal como insecticida sobre el gorgojo menor de los granos Rhyzopertha dominica F en arroz Centro Agr cola 2005 32 2 858 857 107 50 Su rez Jim nez P Padr n Soroa J Dierskmeier Corchera G B cquer Portuondo A Mart nez M Cruz C et al Generalizaci n del empleo de cal y nicotina en Cuba en el control de plagas
33. s for food and seed were also protected using tobacco powder 1 Cuban farmers use several plants as repellents and or as raw material for the preparation of botanical pesticides in an artisan manner Table 1 2 18 These plants are maintened in borders live fences gardens organoponics intensive orchards and farms standing out Ocimum basilicum L basil Tagetes erecta L African marigold Azadirachta indica A Juss neem Origanum vulgare L origanum and Euphorbia lactea Haw Mottled Spurge Frilled Fan or Elkhorn as the most frequently reported 18 19 Ethnobotanical studies have shown that there is a level of plant biodiversity in urban agriculture and small farms which are used by the farmers but the capacity building and dissemination actions about their use and pest control properties as well as the search of alternatives for in situ conservation must be increased 2 19 The effects of some of these plants have not been validated with scientific rigour in our conditions and itis a disadvantage for recommending their use 21 97 TABLE 1 Some plants with pesticidal properties used by Cuban farmers Algunas plantas con propiedades plaguicidas utilizadas por los agricultores cubanos Plant Scientific name Repellent Plant extracts Reference Achillea millefolium L X 20 Agave sobolifera Salm Dyck X 19 20 Allium cepa L X X 18 19 20
34. s botanical pesticides the main areas of application may be found in protected crops nurseries seed treatments in protected and field grown crops and storage pest management The combination of plant extracts with other types of plant protection products traditionally used by Cuban farmers can be promoted in a near future improvement of the effectiveness and or stability of some biological control agents or the reduction of the application frequency and dosis of a chemical synthetic treatment may be some of the advantages of the new combined formulations Additionally the potential of plant secondary metabolites as resistance inducers may allow the management of complex phytosanitary problems by using some plant extracts in different agricultural Systems General Comments The Cuban flora has not yet been fully studied as a potential source of pesticides partly due to its great diversity Nevertheless up to date the use of known botanicals and the identification of local candidates for developing phytosanitary products offer alternatives that may combine efficiency and safety for the Cuban agriculture in pest management Multidisciplinary and multiinstitucional research and development and innovation programmes will play an important role in the scientific and socioeconomic impact of these plant protection products for contributing to a sustainable food production ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Dr Eduardo Sistachs and Dr Mayra G
35. tesanal y se ha demostrado la actividad plaguicida de m s de 60 plantas en condiciones de laboratorio semicontroladas y campo Entre las familias bot nicas involucradas m s importantes se encuentran Meliaceae Asteraceae Fabaceae Solanaceae Clusiaceae Piperaceae Lamiaceae Apiaceae y Mirtaceae Desde el punto de vista qu mico se han logrado resultados promisorios con alcaloides terpenoides cumarinas y aceites esenciales La aplicaci n pr ctica eficiente de las propiedades plaguicidas de las plantas en la rotaci n asociaci n y el intercalamiento de cultivos y como barreras y trampas requiere de la ejecuci n de investigaciones desde el punto de vista de la ecolog a qu mica Como plaguicidas bot nicos se pueden aplicar en cultivos protegidos viveros tratamientos de semillas manejo de plagas de almac n entre otros Productos novedosos se pueden desarrollar utilizando metabolitos secundarios en mezclas con otros productos fitosanitarios y como inductores de resistencia El uso de extractos vegetales conocidos y la identificaci n de candidatos locales para el desarrollo de nuevos productos ofrecen alternativas que pueden combinar eficiencia y seguridad en el manejo de plagas en la agricultura cubana Programas de investigaci n desarrollo e innovaci n multidisciplinarios y multiinstitucionales desempe ar n un rol importante en el incremento del impacto cient fico y socioecon mico de estos productos fitosanitarios para contribuir a una
36. ves the establishment of bioassay conditions the isolation and characterisation of new bioactive compounds the determination of structural features related to biological activity and the semisynthesis of analogues using classical or biotechnological techniques 13 45 72 In these studies plants were initially chosen for both their potential applications as botanical pesticides and as lead compounds Very rare species not previously studied from a chemical or biological point of view with great possibilities of discovering novel compounds as well as other abundant species enough availability of raw material for developing a botanical pesticide were included Under laboratory and semicontrolled conditions promising results have been achieved with coumarins and essential oils obtained from plants belonging to the Clusiaceae Piperaceae Lamiaceae Apiaceae and Mirtaceae families Figure 13 45 46 35 48 51 52 53 56 57 71 x d e me dl oa br cv f g FIGURE Main bioactive compounds identified in organic extracts and essential oils Principales compuestos bioactivos identificados en extractos org nicos y aceites esenciales Legend a mammea E BA b mammea E BB c mammea B BA d thymol e piperitone f camphor g safrole Rev Protecci n Veg Vol 28 No 2 2013 104 An overview ofthe work done in the area of research and development of botanical based pesticides in Cuba during the
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