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EVOLUTION OF COCCIDIA UNDER SELECTIVE PRESSURE

1. Body weight Standard error g FCR Kg Trial Treatment S enteritidis D1 D7 D14 D1 D14 Number challenge Trial 1 Control Yes 56 3 163 3 344 4 2 022 0 18 a 1 97b 3 60 b 0 087a LPC Yes 56 3 175 5 382 3 1 772 0 19 a 1 62a 3 58 a 0 065 b Trial 2 Control Yes 50 8 96 1 206 1 2 102 0 23 a 1 23b 2 68 b 0 033 a LPC Yes 50 7 104 3 226 8 1 967 0 24a 1 25a 2 69 a 0 042 b Trial 3 Control No 58 9 156 4 363 1 1 500 0 23 a 1 35a 3 28a 0 045 a LPC No 58 0 151 7 361 4 1 525 0 23a 1 21 b 3 43a 0 024 a D1 D8 D18 D1 D18 Trial 4 Control No 51 3 138 2 356 2 1 614 0 31 a 1 49a 6 29 a 0 056 a LPC No 51 2 134 9 352 6 1 681 0 28 a 1 35a 3 70 a 0 018a Data with different superscript in the same column and trial indicates statistic difference P lt 0 05 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 150 EVALUACION DE DIETAS BAJAS EN PROTEINA PARA POLLOS DE ENGORDA Sol s Lechuga Jessica Fuente Mart nez Benjam n Mart nez Amescua Carlos Avila Gonz lez Ernesto Con el objeto de evaluar el comportamiento productivo el rendimiento en la canal grasa abdominal y la pigmentaci n de la piel de pollos de engorda al ser alimentados con dietas bajas en prote na Se utilizaron 312 pollitos mixtos de 1 d a de edad Los pollitos se distribuyeron en 12 lotes de 26 aves cada uno Los 3 tratamientos fueron con dietas tipo pr cticas sorgo pasta de soya iniciaci n crecim
2. AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 52 FIGURE 2 High FE 4 Low FE 1200 High FE Gain g Gain 169 5 0 675 x 1000 F r 0 98 800 a 600 Low FE Gain 131 1 0 775 x 2 0 99 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Feed Intake g from Bottje et al 2002 FIGURE 2 Relative levels of basal hydrogen peroxide H202 production in mitochondria obtained from broilers with high feed efficiency FE solid bars and low FE open bars The data was obtained from breast and leg muscle Bottje et al 2002 from duodenum Ojano Dirain et al 2004 and liver Iqbal et al 2005 See Figure 6 Comparisons were made between low FE mitochondrial H202 production expressed as a percent of values obtained in high FE mitochondria Energy sources used in these studies shown in parentheses below each tissue were glutamate Glut succinate Succ and malate Mal Each of the values represent the mean SE of 5 to 8 observations AECACEM Quer taro 2008 Pag 53 FIGURE 2 Em High FE ET Low FE 400 300 F p lt 0 06 H O 200 100 Breast Leg Duod Duod Liver Liver Glut Glut Succ Mal Succ Mal FIGURE 2 Relative levels of basal hydrogen peroxide H2O2 production in mitochondria obtained from broilers with high feed efficiency FE solid bars and low FE open bars The data was obtained from breast and leg muscle Bottje et al 2002 from duodenum Ojano Dirain et al 2004 and liver Iqbal et al 2
3. 3 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 125 COMPARACI N DE LOS NIVELES DE ABSORCI N DEL SULFATO DE GENTAMICINA ADMINISTRADO POR DIFERENTES VIAS ORAL INTRAVENOSA INTRAMUSCULAR EN POLLOS DE ENGORDA CLINICAMENTE SANOS Y CON DIARREA Arturo Ortiz Rodea Alvaro Vera Noguez Celestino Gallego Vargas Ricardo Salado Carbajal RESUMEN El sulfato de gentamicina S G es un antibi tico aminogluc sido de amplio espectro utilizado para tratar afecciones bacterianas de etiolog a gram negativa principalmente su alta naturaleza cati nica excluye a la mayor a de los aminogluc sidos de el tracto gastrointestinal de individuos cl nicamente sanos su actividad se limita de manera local cuando se utiliza por esta v a y no alcanza valores significativos de absorci n Material y metodo El trabajo consisti en administrar sulfato de gentamicina por v a oral a pollos cl nicamente sanos y pollos cl nicamente con diarrea a dosis de 15 y 25 mg kg P V tomamos muestras de sangre a diferentes tiempos dichas muestras se les extrajo el suero sangu neo y se midi la presencia de antibi tico por medio de la t cnica concentraci n media inhibitoria con sensidiscos Resultados En los animales que se administro S G v a oral y que presentaban diarrea las muestras mostraron halos de inhibici n bacteriana similares a la de los animales que se les administro el mismo antibi tico a la misma dosis pero por v a intramuscular I M en cambio anim
4. Asociaci n de Especialistas en Ciencias Av colas del Centro de M xico A C MEMORIAS DE LA PRIMERA REUNION ANUAL DE LA ASOCIACI N DE ESPECIALISTAS EN CIENCIAS AV COLAS DEL CENTRO DE M XICO AC Juriquilla Quer taro 27 al 29 de febrero de 2008 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 1 MESA DIRECTIVA Alberto Garc a Meade Presidente Ricardo Carrillo B rcenas Tesorero Emilio Pardo Casta eda Secretario Jes s Ortega Wright Membrec as Francisco Ayala Castillo Jorge S nchez Z iga Enrique Oscar Garc a Vera Guillermo J Cardoso Huitr n Alberto Espinoza Becerril Abelardo S nchez Rojas Genaro Arturo Lav n Berista n RELACIONES NACIONALES COMISI N CIENT FICA Jorge S nchez Z iga Jos Quesada Fox V ctor Manuel Petrone RELACIONES COMERCIALES Enrique Oscar Garc a Vera Ricardo Salado Carbajal AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 2 Memorias de la Primera Reunion Anual de la Asociaci n De Especialistas En Ciencias Av colas Del Centro De M xico AC 27 al 29 de febrero del 2008 Juriquilla Quer taro Editor de las memorias V ctor Manuel Petrone Garc a CUAUTITL N La reproducci n parcial o total de los trabajos no podr efectuarse sin la previa autorizaci n por escrito del autor y citando estas memorias como referencia La informaci n contenida en cada uno de los trabajos es responsabilidad de los autores Patrocinador de las memorias EVA DAGAN AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 3
5. Reinap et al 1999 We have conducted several experiments to evaluate our hypothesis of the involvement of mast cells in the intestinal immune responses to Eimeria in chickens McElroy et al 1999 Morris et al 2004 In these preliminary investigations challenge of broiler chickens with Eimeria resulted in significant P 0 05 increases in lamina propria thickness and increased numbers of mast cells in the ceca or ileum of the intestine These increases are suggestive of an inflammatory response in the intestine Since our laboratories are investigating non classical mechanisms of immunity to Eimeria in chickens specifically mechanisms involving the mucosal epithelium of the intestine and the effector cells that mediate these AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 12 responses these data are particularly interesting Data from these preliminary investigations identifies the responsiveness of mast cells to Eimeria infections in neonatal chickens The influx of these cells into the lamina propria of the distal ileum and ceca apparently contributes to an increase in lamina propria thickness suggestive of an inflammatory response As mast cells are largely overlooked for involvement in mechanisms of immunity in chickens these observations are individually significant in suggesting these cells play a larger role in gut immunity to enteric pathogens in the chicken Furthermore we find it particularly intriguing that the appearance of significantly
6. Ernst et al 1984 Although heat stress can occur in different ways it is almost always detrimental to the health and performance of poultry This paper will review the effects of the heat stress on chickens and also highlight research which provides some potential solutions Physiological Responses to Heat Stress One of the first responses to heat stress and one which can indicate the extent to which a bird is stressed is an increase in body temperature Cooper and Washburn 1998 An average body temperature for chickens is 40 5 to 41 5 C An increase in body temperature of 1 to 2 C can occur as stored heat in birds after which the heat must be released from the body or it will begin to damage the bird and will eventually cause death Etches et al 1995 Observable changes in the behavior of chickens are the first visible indications of heat stress The most obvious behavior is panting in which the chickens will cool themselves by evaporation of water from the nasal passages and upper respiratory tract Etches et al 1995 In one study it was found that hens could increase their rate of water evaporation by panting from 5 to 18 g hr Lee et al 1945 Paradoxically though panting also has adverse effects Panting can cause alkalosis which is a result of increased plasma pH Briefly panting causes birds to lose more CO from the lungs so that there is less CO and bicarbonate in the blood which increases the plasma pH Richards 1970
7. Issues Intest Microbiol 1 25 37 Mortensen F V and H Nielsen 1995 In vivo and in vitro effects of shortchain fatty acids on intestinal blood circulation Page 391 In Physiologicaland Clinical Aspects of Short Chain Fatty Acids J H Cummings J L Rombeau and T Sakata ed Cambridge Univ Press Cambridge UK Kvietyspr A and D N Granger 1981 Effect of volatile fatty acids on blood flow and oxygen uptake by the dog colon Gastroenterology 80 962 969 Cherbut C 1995 Effects of short chain fatty acids on gastrointestinal motility Page 191 in Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Short Chain Fatty Acids J H Cummings J L Rombeau and T Sakata ed Cambridge Univ Press Cambridge UK Kripke S A A D Fox J M Berman R G Settle and J L Rombeau 1989 Stimulation of intestinal mucosal growth with intracolonic infusion of short chain fatty acids J Parententeral Nutr 13 109 116 Sakatat T and T Yajima 1984 Influence of short chain fatty acids on the epithelial cell division of digestive tract Q J Exp Physiol 69 639 648 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 120 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 2T 52 53 54 55 56 57 Velazquezo C R W Seto A M Bain J Fisher and J L Rombeau 1997 Deoxycholate inhibits in vivo butyrate mediated BrDU labeling of the colonic crypt J Surg Res 69 344 348 Lapre J
8. Lista de contenidos P gina Directorio 2 Cr ditos 3 Lista de Contenidos 4 Evolution of coccidia under selective pressure of vaccines and anticoccidals John R Barta 6 Differential Intestinal Responses to Eimeria Isolates in Broiler Chickens A P McElroy A Barri H D Danforth D J Caldwell and A P McElroy 10 Protein level live oocyst vaccination and eimeria challenge The Effect of Starter Dietary Protein Level on Broiler Performance during Live Oocyst Coccidial Vaccination D J Caldwell and J T Lee 19 Emerging technologies in microbial ecology challenge of coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis to the health of the digestive system Chuck Hofacre Greg Mathis and Margie Lee 34 Unraveling Feed Efficiency A Mitochondrial Perspective W G Bottje 38 Enteric pathogens associated with poultry processing Arthur Hinton Jr 56 Effect of Heat Stress on Production Parameters and Immune Responses A D Wolfenden S E Higgins J P Higgins B M Hargis and G Tellez 64 Isolation and Prevention of Bordetella avium in Commercial turkeys Pumford N R M T Morgan A D Wolfenden B M Hargis and G Tellez 72 Managing Broiler Breeders for Eggs Chicks and Broiler Performance John T Brake 78 Aplicando a tecnologia para o diagn stico e controle de micotoxinas experi ncia brasileira Carlos Augusto Mallmann Paulo Dilkin Leandro Zanini Giacomini Ricardo Hummes Rauber Cristiano Emanuelli Pereira 93 Digestive Physiology and the
9. Mart nez LJP Valdivia AG Aulis G Rios CF y Aguilera BMA Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl n UNAM Unidad de Investigaci n en Granos y Semillas Depto de Patolog a An lisis Cl nicos y Depto de Parasitolog a Intervet M xico S A de C V La nutrici n animal en gran parte se basa en el consumo de granos y sus derivados estos son cosechados todo el afio bajo condiciones clim ticas diversas lo que afecta la calidad de los productos finales al ser invadidos por hongos tanto en campo como en el almac n la bodega el silo Dentro de las principales especies de hongos productores de micotoxinas se encuentran los g neros Aspergillus sp y Penicillium sp El efecto que se puede observar en los animales por la presencia de micotoxinas son necrosis hep tica y cambios degenerativos e inducci n de neoplasias En aves se producen diversas reacciones que van desde una mala absorci n de nutrimentos coagulopat a retraso en el crecimiento vulnerabilidad a las infecciones e incapacidad para reaccionar a la vacunaci n En el presente estudio se evalu el efecto de las aflatoxinas y las ocratoxinas en aves que fueron vacunadas contra la coccidiosis aviar Se utilizaran 64 aves de un d a de edad estirpe Ross para aplicar 8 tratamientos El trabajo experimental tuvo una duraci n de 28 d as el consumo de agua y alimento fue ad libitum Las aves fueron vacunadas al d a de edad y desafiadas al d a 21 de edad con 10 000 o
10. Sci 76 1428 1434 Yahav S and I Plavnik 1999 Effect of early age thermal conditioning and food restriction on performance and thermotolerance of male broiler chickens Br Poult Sci 40 120 126 Yalcin S D Shinder V Razpakovski M Rusal and A Bar 2000 Lack of response of laying hens to relative humidity at high ambient temperature Br Poult Sci 41 660 663 Yahav S and J P McMurtry 2001 Thermotolerance acquisition in broiler chickens by temperature conditioning early in life the effect of timing and ambient temperature Poult Sci 80 1662 1666 Zulkifli I M T Che Norma D A Israf and A R Omar 2000a The Effect of Early Age Feed Restriction on Subsequent Response to High Environmental Temperatures in Female Broiler Chickens Poult Sci 79 1401 1407 Zulkifli L N Abdullah N Mohd Azrin and Y W Ho 2000b Growth performance and immune response of two commercial broiler strains fed diets containing Lactobacillus cultures and oxytetracycline under heat stress conditions Br Poult Sci 41 593 597 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 71 Isolation and Prevention of Bordetella avium in Commercial turkeys Pumford N R M T Morgan A D Wolfenden B M Hargis and G Tellez JKS Poultry Health Research Laboratory Department of Poultry Science University of Arkansas Fayetteville AR 72701 Introduction Bordetella avium is the causative agent for bordetellosis in birds lt is a small gram neg
11. diarrhea Bryan and Doyle 1995 Salmonella primarily colonizes the ceca and large intestines of live broilers although resistance to colonization by this pathogen increases as broilers age Brownell et al 1970 When broilers colonized by Salmonella enter processing facilities cross contamination can lead to the spread of the organisms to other carcasses and processing equipment Salmonella on contaminated carcasses can survive processing operations therefore this pathogen can also be recovered from fully processed carcasses Knivett 1971 Escherichia coli E coli is a Gram negative motile rod shaped bacterium with facultative oxygen requirements The organism is a member of the group of coliform bacteria which consists of Gram negative rod shaped bacteria that produce gas from glucose and ferment lactose to acid and gas within 48 h at 35 C Coliforms are classified as indicator microorganisms because they are components of the native microflora of the intestinal tract of animals therefore their presence is sometimes used as a measure of fecal contamination Since some pathogenic bacteria are also associated with fecal material the presence of coliforms can potentially indicate the presence of pathogenic bacteria Most coliforms are non pathogenic however and since coliforms can be isolated from the environment as well as from the intestinal tract the presence of these bacteria does not always indicate that pathogens are present Gr
12. es t cnicas para atender s dimens es da ind stria de processamento de alimentos foram realizadas para amostrar sempre as mat rias primas ap s serem mo das possibilitando melhor exeq ibilidade e representatividade A colheita das amostras deve ser realizada quando o material se encontra em movimento e mo do sendo realizada em intervalos de tempo pr estabelecidos dependendo da quantidade de toneladas produzidas por turno de produ o Assim uma f brica de ra es que produz 100 T dia far uma amostra coletiva m nima de 44 7 kg de material mo do segundo a equa o v20xT Este material ser melhor colhido se amostrado AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 104 dinamicamente empregando se o sistema Furo na Rosca onde obtida uma amostra constante do fluxo do material previamente mo do durante o processamento Deste material dever ser retirada uma amostra de no m nimo 1 kg destinada ao laborat rio Os respons veis pela colheita do material preferencialmente dever o sempre estar envolvidos no processo e evidentemente treinados para tal A participac o do amostrador fundamental para a operacionalizac o e bom andamento de um sistema de controle de micotoxinas O envio ao laborat rio dever ser o mais r pido poss vel devendo o material ser acondicionado em embalagem resistente Para reas mais afastadas recomenda se o uso do servico de transporte a reo importante que o tempo de transporte n o u
13. et al Fumonisin toxicity in broiler chicks J Vet Diag Invest v 4 p 330 333 1992 MALLMANN C A et al Crit rios para selec o de um bom sequestrante para micotoxinas Confer ncia APINCO 2006 de Ci ncia e Tecnologia Av colas Anais p 213 224 2006 MALLMANN C A et al Fumonisin B in cereals and feeds from southern Brazil Arq Inst Biol v 68 n 1 p 41 45 2001 MARIANI G V C Desempenho produtivo de frangos de corte submetido intoxicac o experimental com aflatoxinas em diferentes idades Santa Maria 1998 79f Dissertac o Mestrado em Zootecnia Universidade Federal de Santa Maria 1998 NEWBERNE P M Cronic aflatoxicosis J Am Vet Med Assoc v 163 n 11 p 1262 1267 1973 NEWBERNE P M BUTLER W H Acute and chronic effects of aflatoxin on the liver of domestic and laboratory animals A review Cancer Res v 29 n 1 p 236 250 1969 OMS ORGANIZACI N MUNDIAL DE LA SALUD Crit rios de salud ambiental 11 Micotoxinas M xico OMS 1983 131 p PIER A C An overview of the mycotoxicose of domestic animals J Am Vet Med Assoc v 163 p 1259 1261 1973 RAUBER R H Sensibilidade de perus Meleagridis gallopavo s diferentes doses de aflatoxinas na dieta Santa Maria 2006 42f Dissertac o mestrado Centro de Ci ncias Rurais Universidade Federal de Santa Maria 2006 RODRIGUEZ AMAYA D B SABINO M Mycotoxin research in Brazil the last decade in review Braz J Micr
14. gran utilidad sin embargo el efecto negativo sobre estos par metros lo observaremos varios d as despu s de que el problema se presento por lo que es importante contar con alg n indicador que nos de informaci n de forma inmediata El objetivo del presente trabajo es mostrar el efecto sobre el consumo de agua y la ganancia de peso durante un caso leve de coccidiosis DESCRIPCI N DEL CUADRO CL NICO El caso se presento en una caseta experimental de 2000 pollos de engorda estirpe cobb machos En dicha caseta las aves se encontraban alojadas y divididas en 20 corrales con 100 aves cada uno El caso se caracterizo por un incremento marcado en la humedad de la cama y las heces acompa ado de un incremento del 5096 en el consumo de agua a partir de los 28 d as de edad en todos de los corrales En el cuadro 1 se puede observar el consumo de agua por d a promedio por ave Cuadro 1 Consumo de agua en pollos de engorda ml por ave por d a sin y con problemas de cama y heces h medas Edad d as Parvada 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 A 47 145 157 174 300 381 400 B 34 200 210 400 540 540 400 Parvada con heces aparentemente normales y cama seca Parvada con cama y heces h medas AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 156 En relaci n al peso en el cuadro 2 se muestran los pesos semanales de las aves de aves sin y con problemas de cama y heces h medas Cuadro 2 Ganancia de peso semanal g
15. n que en algunos casos resulta del empleo y manejo de la vacuna Los resultados obtenidos en afios anteriores de pruebas han variado sin embargo los resultados han sido mejorados conforme se ha perfeccionando la t cnica de la vacunaci n y seguimiento en campo de cada tipo de vacuna Lo anterior se puede observar en los resultados obtenidos sobre la medici n del pigmento cut neo que exponen que los grupos vacunados y desafiados presentaron a los 28 d as de edad los menores niveles de pigmento en piel durante el tiempo que dur la prueba y se observ una recuperaci n al d a 35 y mayor a n al d a 42 Este decremento en el pigmento se relaciona a que el desaf o con Eimeria y al efecto negativo que el par sito causa en el tejido intestinal En infecciones por Eimeria la absorci n de nutrientes y aditivos del alimento particularmente el pigmento se ve reducida debido al da o directo provocado por el par sito as como por el cambio de la morfolog a de la mucosa ya que se produce una hiperplasia general disminuci n del largo y n mero de las microvellosidades aumento en la diferenciaci n celular con incremento en el n mero de c lulas caliciformes sin embargo si la infecci n es controlada el tejido intestinal puede regenerarse y recuperar su capacidad de absorci n Peek et al 2006 De acuerdo a los resultados del d a 42 de edad se puede precisar que los grupos que presentaron mejor pigmentaci n en piel son el IV VII Il V
16. prebiotics selectively modify the colonic microflora and can potentially influence gut metabolism 63 However the bacterial nutrient package will not be advantageous without the presence of the targeted beneficial bacteria and likewise the live microbial product will not succeed if the environment into which it is introduced is unfavorable 64 The concept of synbiotic has been proposed recently to characterize foods with both prebiotic and probiotic properties as health enhancing functional foods 42 Role of Microorganisms in Poultry Production The GIT serves as the interface between diet and the metabolic events that sustain life In poultry intestinal villi which play a crucial role in digestion and absorption of nutrients are underdeveloped at hatch 65 and maximum absorption capacity is attained by 10 d of age 66 Understanding and optimizing the maturation and development of the intestine in poultry will improve feed efficiency growth and overall health of the bird In the immediate posthatch period birds must undergo the transition from energy supplied by the endogenous nutrients of the yolk to exogenous carbohydrate rich feed During that critical time dramatic changes occur in the intestinal size and morphology 65 Matu rational changes also affect the epithelial cell membranes a major mechanical interface between the internal environment of the host and the luminal contents 67 Studies on nutrition and metabolism during
17. 1 0 0 2 2 3 4 2 5 VI NO VACUNADO R 2 2 6 1 1 0 0 2 2 3 2 44 2 66 TOTAL 5 16 VACUNA EN AGUA AL R 1 n 6 0 0 0 0 0 s DIA 3 R 2 0 0 0 0 0 SALINOMICINA 3 SEMANAS TOTAL 0 NO VACUNADO Y NO Res 2 9 VIII DESAFIADO R 2 222 0 0 0 0 0 TOTAL 0 R 1 nos 2 1 0 2 2 1 0 5 Do A Ra m 0 0 2 L5 TOTAL 2 5 Repeticiones de un grupo AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 170 Indice anticoccidial al d a 28 de edad INDICE ANTICOCCIDIAL GRUPOS Ganancia i S a NE A Viabilidad Relativa de ndice de Indice d Indice Anti Lesiones Ooquistes Coccidiales Peso 46 VACUNA I POR ASPERSION 87 5 63 96 2 25 2 8 146 2 DIA1 VACUNA II POR ASPERSION 94 44 61 63 2 5 50 5 103 5 DIAS 1 Y 10 VACUNA EN Il ALIMENTO POR 100 58 99 4 49 4 4 150 8 TRES SEMANAS VACUNA IV EN AGUA 94 11 92 95 0 5 0 2 186 4 DIA3 VACUNA V EN AGUA 100 93 0 0 4 0 192 6 DIA 3 Y 10 VI NO VACUNADO 94 44 32 14 5 16 40 82 3 VACUNA EN AGUA AL DIA 3 VII SALINOMICINA 93 75 96 67 0 0 2 190 2 3 SEMANAS NO VACUNADO Y NO VIII DESAFIADO 100 100 0 0 200 VACUNA AL DIA 21 DE IX EDAD 100 75 89 2 5 15 6 155 3 NDICE ANTICOCCIDIAL BUENO 180 a 200 MODERADO 1602180 POBRE lt a 160 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 171 Efecto del promotor de crecimiento Calcarea carbonica sobre la onda R del ECG en patos Pek n Morf n Loyden L Aguilar Tovar J R Cruz Arellano P
18. 26 020 kcal ME and 1 391 g CP and Low 24 240 kcal ME and 1 296 g CP to 22 wk of age There were no consistent significant effects of plane of pullet cumulative rearing nutrition on broiler feed conversion or mortality to 21 d of age data not shown It was interesting to note that the male BW at 21 d of age was in the 900 g range irrespective of breeder flock age Table 4 This was exceptional early broiler growth by most standards and the fact that the increased BW observed in the male was evidenced in the presence of such good growth performance from the control Low group was remarkable Table 4 Effect of cumulative pullet nutrition during the rearing period on subsequent 21 d broiler BW Broiler Breeder Broiler Cumulative Pullet Nutrition P Trial Age Sex High Medium Low wk o 1 28 Male 946 935 901 0 06 1 28 Female 896 873 859 0 03 2 39 Male 953 924 917 0 31 2 39 Female 870 886 871 0 57 Breeders fed three graded levels of cumulative CP CP and metabolizable energy ME intakes High 27 780 kcal ME and 1 485 g CP Medium 26 020 kcal ME and 1 391 g CP and Low 27 780 kcal ME and 1 296 g CP to 22 wk of age Effects of Male Broiler Breeder Nutrition and Management on Broiler Progeny As problems with broiler performance during the early stages of the production cycle of each broiler breeder flock are common and the data shown above demonstrated how this AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 88 could be ame
19. 90 0 90 0 90 Available Phos 0 45 0 45 0 45 0 45 0 45 Sodium 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 ME kcal kg 3200 3200 3200 3200 3200 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 29 Table 2 Average body weights g and mortality corrected feed conversion ratios SEM of live oocysts vaccinated Coccivac B broilers at day 21 fed varying concentrations of protein Experiment 1 Protein 96 Body Weight g Feed Gain 20 585 12 1 57 0 03 21 665 5 1 40 0 02 22 679 11 1 35 0 01 23 689 14 1 34 0 02 24 720 9 1 27 0 01 Means with different superscripts within columns differ significantly at P lt 0 05 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 30 Table 3 Average body weights g and mortality corrected feed conversion ratios SEM of non vaccinated and vaccinated Coccivac B broilers at day 21 fed diets containing three different protein concentrations Experiment 2 Protein 7o Treatment Body Weight g Feed Gain 20 Non vaccinated 664 18 1 40 0 03 20 Vaccinated 579 8 1 60 0 02 22 Non vaccinated 733 33 1 30 0 01 22 Vaccinated 709 14 1 34 0 02 24 Non vaccinated 808 10 1 26 0 01 24 Vaccinated 737 17 1 31 0 02 Means with different superscripts within columns differ significantly at P lt 0 05 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 31 Table 4 Average body weight gains g mortality corrected feed conversion ratios FCR and mortality SEM of non vaccinated NV and vaccinat
20. A and L Van Der Meer 1992 Diet induced increase in colonic bile acids stimulates lytic activity of fecal water and proliferation of colonic cells Carcinogenesis 13 41 44 Rafter J J V W Eng R Furrer A Medline and W R Bruce 1986 Effects of calcium and pH on the mucosal damage produced by deoxycholic acid in the rat colon Gut 27 1320 1329 Macdonald I A G Singh D E Mahony and C E Meier 1978 Effect of pH on bile salt degradation by mixed fecal cultures Steroids 32 245 256 Nagengast F M M P Hectors W A Buys and J H Van Tongeren 1988 Inhibition of secondary bile acid formation in the large intestine by lactulose in healthy subjects of two different age groups Eur J Clin Invest 18 56 61 MacFarlane G T S Hay and G R Gibson 1989 Influence of mucin on glycosidase protease and arylamidase activities of human gut bacteria grown in a 3 stage continuous culture system J Appl Bacteriol 66 407 417 Gibson G R and M B Roberfroid 1995 Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota Introducing the concept of prebiotics J Nutr 125 1401 1412 Sakata T and H Setoyama 1995 Local stimulatory effect of short chain fatty acids on the mucus releases from the hindgut mucosa of rats Rattus norvegicus Comp Biochem Physiol 111A 429 432 Johansson M L G Molin B Jeppsson S Nobaek S Ahrne and S Bengmark 1993 Administration of different Lactobacillus strains in fermented
21. Amescua Carlos Avila Gonz lez Ernesto 151 Efecto de la presencia de micotoxinas sobre la vacunaci n contra la coccidiosis aviar Rinc n DJA Del R o GJC Mart nez LJP Valdivia AG Aulis G Rios CF y Aguilera BMA 152 Mortalidad s bita en pollo de engorda asociada a aspergilosis Montiel Ariadna S nchez Jorge Ju rez Mireya Petrone V ctor M 153 Coccidiosis aviar y su efecto en el consumo de agua en pollos de engorda Ju rez Mireya Cervantes Ricardo Tlacomulco Lorenzo Petrone V ctor M 155 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 4 Evaluaci n de diferentes programas de administraci n de una vacuna comercial contra coccidiosis en pollo de engorda Escobedo V U I Hern ndez V X 159 Efecto del promotor de crecimiento Calcarea carbonica sobre la onda R del ECG en patos Pek n Morf n Loyden L Aguilar Tovar J R Cruz Arellano P V zquez Huante LR Carmona Medero MA Camacho Morf n D y P rez Montes A 172 Evaluaci n del efecto protector de una vacuna comercial para el control de la coccidiosis aviar en pollos de engorda Del R o GJC Andrade M Mart nez LJP Valdivia AG Aulis G Rios CF y Aguilera BMA 173 Efecto de las aflatoxinas y las fumonisinas en pollo de engorda como modelo de estudio Del R o Garc a JC Avila GE L pez CC Moreno RC Moreno ME 174 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 5 EVOLUTION OF COCCIDIA UNDER SELECTIVE PRESSURE OF VACCINES AND ANTICOCCIDALS John R Barta BSc PhD Department of Pathobiology Ontario Veterinary
22. Berrang et al 2000 The level of contamination of carcasses by Campylobacter decreases during processing but the bacterium can still be recovered from fully processed carcasses Hinton et al 2004 Some researchers report that Campylobacter has been detected in 98 of retail poultry Stern and Line 1992 while other reports indicate that recovery of this pathogen from various poultry products range from 0 100 Bryan and Doyle 1995 Salmonella Salmonella is a Gram negative motile rod shaped bacterium with facultative atmospheric requirements Salmonella has a long history as a human pathogen and this bacterium is still recognized as a major human foodborne pathogen around the world Foods commonly contaminated with Salmonella include raw milk red meats eggs and poultry Contaminated poultry products are the most common source of these foodborne infections however Baird Parker 1990 Over 2000 serotypes of this AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 57 bacterium have been identified Bryan and Doyle 1995 but the serotypes Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium are frequently isolated from cases of human foodborne illness associated with contaminated eggs and poultry meat Each year approximately 40 000 to 50 000 cases of salmonellosis and 600 deaths due to Salmonella infections are associated with contaminated food products Signs and symptoms of salmonellosis include fever headache nausea and vomiting abdominal pain and
23. D Dissertation The Graduate School North Carolina State University Raleigh Walsh T J and J Brake 1997 The effect of nutrient intake during rearing of broiler breeder females on subsequent fertility Poult Sci 76 297 305 Walsh T J and J Brake 1999 Effects of feeding program and CP intake during rearing on fertility of broiler breeder females Poult Sci 78 827 832 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 92 APLICANDO A TECNOLOGIA PARA O DIAGN STICO E CONTROLE DE MICOTOXINAS EXPERIENCIA BRASILEIRA Carlos Augusto Mallmann Paulo Dilkin Leandro Zanini Giacomini Ricardo Hummes Rauber Cristiano Emanuelli Pereira RESUMO As micotoxinas s o subst ncias t xicas resultantes do metabolismo secund rio de diversas linhagens de fungos filamentosos S o de ocorr ncia universal por m predominam em climas tropicais e subtropicais onde o desenvolvimento f ngico favorecido pela umidade e temperatura Para que seus efeitos no organismo animal possam ser minimizados importante adotar pr ticas de controle e gerenciamento destas subst ncias Para tanto importante que algumas atividades cr ticas sejam normatizadas como processo de amostragem correta m todos de diagn sticos eficientes ferramentas de controle dos resultados obtidos e s ent o a tomada de decis o Quando as micotoxinas j estiverem presentes nos alimentos os objetivos devem ser de minimizar os efeitos destes contaminantes A utilizac o
24. E von Mutius 2002 Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its relation to asthma in school age children N Engl J Med 347 869 877 Kelly D J I Campbell T P King G Grant E A Jansson G Coutts S Pettersson and S Conway 2004 Commensal anaerobic gut bacteria attenuate inflammation by regulating nuclear cytoplasmic shuttling of PPAR gamma and RelA Nat Immunol 5 104 112 MacPherson A J D Gatto E Sainsbury G Harriman H Hengartner and R M Zinkernagel 2000 A primitive T cell independent mechanism of intestinal mucosal IgA responses to com mensal intestinal bacteria Science 288 2222 2226 Hooper L V M H Wong A Thelin L Hansson P G Falk and J I Gordon 2001 Molecular analysis of commensal host microbial relationships of the intestine Science 291 88 1 884 Hooper L V T S Stappenbeck C V Hong and J I Gordon 2003 Angiogenins A new class of microbicidal proteins involved in innate immunity Nat Immunol 4 269 273 Uribe A M Alam T Midtvedt B Smedfors and E Theodorsson 1997 Endogenous prostaglandins and microflora modulate DNA synthesis and neuroendocrine peptides in the rat gastrointestinal tract Scand J Gastroenterol 32 691 699 Bry L P G Falk T Midtvedt and J I Gordon 1996 A model of host microbial interactions in an open mammalian ecosystem Science 273 1380 1383 Stappenbeck T S L V Hooper and J I Gordon 2002 Developmental regulation of i
25. England Schat K A 1991 Avian intestinal immunity CRC Crit Rev Poult Biol 3 19 34 Swayne D E and S E Wiesbrode 1990 Vet Pathol 27 124 126 Uni Z D Sklan N Haklay N Yonash and D Heller 1995 Br Poult Sci 36 555 561 Vervelde L A N Vermeulen and S M Jeurissen 1996 Parasite Immunol 18 247 256 Wazlak C L B M Woolsey B C Morris H D Danforth D J Caldwell D A Emmerson and A P McElroy 2004 Poultry Sci 83 Suppl 1 1762 Weller P F K Lim A M Dvorak D T W Wong W W Cruikshank H Kornfeld and D M Center 1996 Eur Respir J 9 1095 1155 Yong L C J 1997 Exp Toxic Pathol 49 409 424 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 18 PROTEIN LEVEL LIVE OOCYST VACCINATION AND EIMERIA CHALLENGE The Effect of Starter Dietary Protein Level on Broiler Performance during Live Oocyst Coccidial Vaccination D J Caldwell and J T Lee Poultry Science Department Texas A amp M University College Station TX 77843 2472 ABSTRACT A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of starter diet protein level on the performance of broilers vaccinated with Coccivac B and subsequently challenged with a mixed species Eimeria challenge compared to non vaccinated broilers The data indicates that increasing protein level in the starter diet improves broiler performance during the starter phase The observed reduction in performance of vaccinated broilers versus non vac
26. Nir I 1995 The uncertainties of the young broiler growth Page 19 28 In Proc 10th Eur Symp Poult Nutr Eur Fed WPSA Branches Antalya Turkey Bedford M R 2000 Exogenous enzymes in monogastric nutrition Their current value and future benefits Anim Feed Sci Technol 86 1 13 McDermott P F J W Zhao X Wagner D D Simjee R D Walker and D G White 2002 The food safety perspective of antibiotic resistance Anim Biotechnol 13 71 84 Bielke L R A L Elwood D J Donoghue A M Donoghue L A Newberry N K Neighbor and B M Hargis 2003 Approach for selection of individual enteric bacteria for competitive exclusion in turkey poults Poult Sci 82 1378 1382 Wynco IVS Rogers AR Vicente J L A Torres Rodriguez S E Higgins C Pixley G Tellez and B M Hargis 2005 Effect of a probiotic culture on horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in turkey poults Poult Sci 84 Suppl 1 101 Abstr Higgins S E A Torres Rodriguez J L Vicente C D Sartor C M Pixley G M Nava G Tellez J T Barton and B M Hargis 2005 Evaluation of intervention strategies for idiopathic diarrhea in commercial turkey brooding houses J Appl Poult Res 14 345 348 Torres Rodriguez A S Higgins L Salvador A Wolfenden L Bielke C Pixley N Neighbor G Gaona X Hernandez G Tellez and B Hargis 2005 Evaluation of a Lactobacillus based probiotic on turkey performance under field
27. Role of Microorganisms G Tellez S E Higgins A M Donoghue and B M Hargis 112 Uso de la exclusi n competitiva en el control de Salmonella enteritidis desempe o e inmunidad en pollos de corte Rodrigo do Prado Pulici Ricardo de Albuquerque Oliveiro Caetano de Freitas Neto Jacqueline Boldrin Paiva Rafael Antonio Casarin Penha Filho Angelo Berchieri Junior 124 Comparaci n de los niveles de absorci n del sulfato de gentamicina administrado por diferentes v as Arturo Ortiz Rodea Alvaro Vera Noguez Celestino Gallego Vargas Ricardo Salado Carbajal 126 Efecto de la temperatura ambiental durante la crianza sobre los indicadores productivos en el pollo de engorda Montiel Ariadna S nchez Jorge Ju rez Mireya Petrone V ctor M 127 Evaluaci n del consumo de agua y ganancia de peso en pollos de engorda tratados con tres diferentes programas antimicopl smicos Ju rez Mireya Cervantes Ricardo Tlacomulco Lorenzo Petrone V ctor M 130 Evaluacion sensorial de la carne de pollo alimentado con diferentes concentraciones de inulina Ju rez Silva ME Hern ndez Lara JA Torres Acosta I Ortega Alvarez D P rez Gil RF 135 Effect of a Lactobacillus spp Based Probiotic and a Prebiotic on Turkey Poult Performance With or Without S enteritidis Challenge J L Vicente A D Wolfenden G Tellez and B M Hargis 145 Evaluacion de dietas bajas en proteina para pollos de engorda Sol s Lechuga Jessica Fuente Mart nez Benjam n Mart nez
28. Sterling et al 2003 Vieira et al 2004 Crude protein level of diets is of extreme importance due to the cost associated with increasing the protein level in diets and thereby strongly affects costs as well as revenues in broiler meat production Eits et al 2005 Increasing dietary protein levels can be one route of eliminating the reduction in broiler performance due to anticoccidial vaccination during the starter period In Experiment 1 a linear relationship was observed with respect to body weight and feed conversion associated with increased crude protein level to 21 d of age in vaccinated broilers Broilers fed 20 22 or 24 protein in the starter diet to 21 d of age differed significantly in performance characteristics and therefore these protein levels were selected to use in the subsequent experiments to compare growth characteristics to non vaccinated broilers during a field strain challenge of Eimeria Non vaccinated broilers indicated similar patterns in performance characteristics as vaccinated broilers with improvement in performance characteristics related to increased protein level of the diet Vaccination tended to reduce body weight and increase feed conversion compared to non vaccinated broilers prior to challenge However in Experiment 2 where an AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 25 interaction was observed and data were analyzed by one way analysis vaccinated broilers fed 22 protein had similar growth characteristics compa
29. T4 T2 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 139 T3 y T5 grafico 4 en muslo no se encontr diferencias Para olor en ninguna de las piezas se encontr diferencia En el sabor de la pierna de mayor a menor la preferencia fue T1 T4 T3 T2 y T5 grafico 5 Para el muslo la preferencia fue de T3 T4 T1 T2 y T5 grafico 6 para la pechuga no se encontr diferencia Se puede concluir que con excepci n de de la pierna en cuanto a color los consumidores prefirieron pollos que no conten an promotores de crecimiento y pigmentos Gr fico 1 Apariencia Pierna 10096 8096 O muy agradable 60 O agradable 4095 E indiferente El desagradable 20 0 T3 T5 T2 T4 T1 Tratamiento AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 140 Gr fico 2 Apariencia Pechuga 100 80 o muy agradable 60 o agradable 4095 m indiferente El desagradable 2096 096 T4 T2 T3 T5 Tratamiento Gr fico 3 Color Pierna 100 80 o muy agradable 60 o agradable 40 m indiferente E desagradable 20 0 T3 T2 T4 Ti Tratamiento AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 141 Gr fico 4 Color Pechuga 10096 8096 a muy agradable 60 o agradable 4095 m indiferente El desagradable 2096 096 T4 T2 T3 T5 Tratamiento Gr fico 5 Sabor Pierna 100 80 O muy agradable 60 o agradable 40 m indi
30. as Marek s disease Baigent et al 2006 Concluding Remarks Coccidiosis continues to succeed in the commercial poultry house just as it succeeded in the original jungle environment of its jungle fowl host before domestication Most importantly evolution of the parasite was not stopped through domestication indeed if anything the selective pressures of the broiler rearing environment vaccination and anticoccidial usage have increased and rapid evolution of Eimeria species has occurred in the commercial poultry house as a result Sustainable control of coccidia in the commercial broiler house will need to balance the number and types of oocysts in the litter through integrated use of anticoccidials and live vaccination AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 8 Acknowledgements Research on coccidiosis and coccidia is supported by research grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food References Baigent S J L P Smith V K Nair and R J W Currie 2006 Vaccinal control of Marek s disease Current challenges and future strategies to maximize protection Vet Immunol Pathol In press Barta JR DS Martin PA Liberator M Dashkevicz JW Anderson SD Feighner A Elbrecht A Perkins Barrow MC Jenkins HD Danforth MD Ruff H Profous Juchelka 1997 Phylogenetic relationships among eight Eimeria species infecting domestic fowl inferred using complete small subunit
31. compare AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 24 to non vaccinated challenge broilers at all protein levels Lower intestinal lesion scores were similar for all non vaccinated challenge broilers while vaccinated challenged broilers fed 2496 protein had significantly increased lower lesion scores compare to the 20 and 22 vaccinated challenge broilers An inverse relationship existed between mid and lower intestinal lesion development in vaccinated challenged broilers fed different dietary protein levels Mid intestinal lesions decreased with increasing protein level while lower intestinal lesion development increased with increasing protein level Lesions were observed in a small percentage of non challenged broilers The lesions present in the non vaccinated non challenge broilers may be attributed to the close proximity in which broilers were reared while the lesions present in the vaccinated non challenged broilers may be due to continued cycling of the vaccine or the close proximity Housing both challenged and non challenged broilers in close proximity to each other was essential in order to assure no environmental effects on performance throughout the duration of the experiment DISCUSSION Increasing dietary protein level improved broiler performance at 21 d of age determined by body weights and feed conversions regardless of vaccination This observation was expected as many reports have correlated crude protein level of diets to broiler performance
32. conditions Poult Sci 84 Suppl 1 100 Abstr Wagner R D D D Paine and C E Cerniglia 2003 Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of competitive exclusion products for use in poultry J Appl Microbiol 94 1098 1107 Micro Test Lab Inc Agawam MA Microbial ID Inc Newark DE Biolog Inc Hayward CA Microbial ID Inc Newark DE Sasser M 1990 Identification of bacteria by gas chromatography of cellular fatty acids Pages 165 171 in MIDI technical note 101 MIDI Newark DE Concetta B M Rinaldo M Boccanera M R Spinosa T Maggi S Conti W Magliani F De Bernardis G Teti A Cassone G Pozzi and L Polonelli 2000 Therapy of mucosal candidiasis by expression of an anti idiotype in human commensal bacteria Nat Biotechnol 18 1060 1064 Kr ger C Y and Q P Hu 2002 In situ delivery of passive immunity by lactobacilli producing single chain antibodies Nat Biotechnol 20 702 706 Nase L K Ataca and E Savilahti 2001 Effect of long term consumption of a probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in milk on dental caries and caries risk in children Caries Res 35 412 420 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 122 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 Pochard P H Hammad C Ratajczak A S Charbonnier Hatzfeld N Just A B Tonnel and J Pestel 2005 Direct regulatory immune activity of lactic acid bacteria on Der p 1 pulse
33. de aditivos anti micotoxinas uma t cnica eficiente para diminuir a absor o das micotoxinas no trato gastrointestinal das aves O profissional deve ter seguran a na determinac o da dieta de menor risco s intoxicac es dos animais aliado rela o custo benef cio ideal permitindo dessa forma a otimiza o da produtividade do rebanho 1 PRINCIPAIS MICOTOXINAS DE IMPORT NCIA NA AVICULTURA Na Tabela 1 est o relacionadas as micotoxinas de maior impacto na produ o av cola bem como os fungos que produzem cada uma delas e as condi es que favorecem a forma o destes compostos Prof Titular Dr do Departamento de Medicina Veterin ria Preventiva da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Coordenador do Laborat rio de An lises Micotoxicol gicas LAMIC mallmann lamic ufsm br Pr dio 44 4 andar Ala Norte Santa Maria RS CEP 97 015 001 Fone Fax 55 55 3220 8445 Professor Dr pesquisador associado LAMIC UFSM Instituto SAMITEC M dico Veterin rio MSc Pesquisador Instituto SAMITEC M dico Veterin rio Mestrando PPGMV UFSM Pesquisador LAMIC AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 93 Tabela 1 Principais micotoxinas fungos produtores alimentos mais contaminados e condi es de ocorr ncia em avicultura Fungos que Alimentos mais Micotoxina mais propensos Fator desencadeante da contamina o produzem contamina o Aspergillus Amendoim castanhas Armazenamento em condi es
34. evaluada la eficacia de CE frente a un desaf o de Salmonela enteritidis las aves fueron sacrificadas para el an lisis de la cantidad de c lulas viables de Salmonela en los contenidos cecales y otro en USP en Pirassununga EP2 donde las aves fueron monitoreadas sorologicamente en el D1 D21 e D42 para niveles de anticuerpos frente la vacuna de Newcastle y tambi n recolectados los datos zoot cnicos Resultados EP1 Los resultados est n descritos en la Tabla CE redujo la presencia de S enteritidis Nal Spc en el contenido cecal en el grupo tratado cuando fue comparado con un grupo control p lt 0 01 La CE fue tambi n comprobada con media dosis sobre el que es recomendado Group B y los resultados fueron muy favorables p 0 01 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 124 Tabla N mero de c lulas viables en Logio de S enteritidis Nal Spc en contenido cecal de 8 aves cinco d as despu s desaf o Birds Groups 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Aj 4 47 2 0 5 04 2 0 2 0 4 6 4 69 2 0 Az 4 69 4 47 2 0 2 0 5 0 3 78 4 27 5 53 p A 3 66 A 1 38 Bi 7 0 2 0 6 47 2 0 2 0 6 47 2 0 2 0 B 2 0 6 0 2 0 6 47 6 0 2 0 2 0 6 47 p B 3 93 At 2 27 Ci 8 11 6 47 6 57 6 60 7 38 7 3 6 54 6 84 C2 7 34 6 56 7 53 6 78 6 11 6 36 5 84 6 5 p C 6 80B 0 58 Grupos Al e A2 grupo de aves tratadas con CE Grupos B1 e B2 grupo tratado con 2 dosis de CE Grupos C1 e C2 grupo control Prueba de Tukey p 0 05 Nota editor en el texto se indica p lt 0 01 Co
35. feeding programs during rearing 5 000 High 4 000 4 amp Medium 3 000 Low 2 000 1 000 Body Weight g 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 32 49 Age wk Table 2 Effect of cumulative pullet nutrition during the rearing period on subsequent breeder hen weight Broiler Breeder Cumulative Pullet Nutrition Trial Age High Medium Low wk ES p 1 28 3 62 3 56 3 45 2 40 3 96 3 96 3 89 Hen BW taken from a random sample of 20 hens from each of twelve 200 hen pens at the ages shown Two broiler trials evaluated chicks hatched at 28 and 39 wk of age respectively two ages that were normally expected to produce chicks of different quality and of different broiler performance Broilers were fed broiler starter crumbles to 21 d of age There was no consistent effect of cumulative pullet nutrition on any reproductive variable measured Egg production fertility and fertile hatchability were very similar while percentage shell was not significantly affected data not shown Egg weight Table 3 was not significantly affected AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 87 Table 3 Effect of cumulative pullet nutrition during the rearing period on subsequent egg weight Breeder Cumulative Pullet Nutrition P Age High Medium Low GE O 28 55 26 57 23 54 49 0 07 34 63 79 63 19 62 71 0 18 40 67 38 66 95 66 69 0 58 Breeders fed three graded levels of cumulative CP and ME intakes High 27 780 kcal ME and 1 485 g CP Medium
36. from skin crop and intestine of commercial broiler chicken carcasses at processing Poult Sci 80 1390 1392 Kenner K M M P Bashor P a Curtis B W Sheldon and S Kathariou 2004 Comprehensive review of Campylobacter and poultry processing Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 3 105 116 King E O 1957 Human infections with Vibrio fetus and a closely related vibrio J Infect Dis 101 119 128 Knivett V A 1971 Salmonella typhimurium contamination of processed broiler chickens after a subclinical infection J Hyg Camb 69 497 505 Kotula K L and Y Pandya 1995 Bacterial contamination of broiler chickens before scalding J Food Prot 58 1326 1329 Mead P S L Slutsker V Dietz L F McCaig J S Bresee C Shapiro P M Griffin and R V Tauxe 1999 Food related illness and death in the United States Emerg Infect Dis 5 607 625 Mead G C 1982 Microbiology of the poultry and game birds pp 67 101 In M H Brown ed Meat Microbiology Applied Science Publ Ltd London Mulder R W A W L W J Dorrestelin and J van der Broek 1978 Cross contamination during the scalding and plucking of broilers Br Poultry Sci 19 61 70 Russell S and K Keener 2007 Chlorine Misunderstood pathogen reduction tool Available at http www wattpoultry com PoultryInternational Article aspx id 18408 Accessed 8 November 2007 Skirrow M B 1977 Campylobacter enteritis A new d
37. gut microflora in the chicken Br J Nutr 71 709 717 Furuse M and H Yokota 1984 Protein and energy utilization in germ free and conventional chicks given diets containing different levels of dietary protein Br J Nutr 51 255 264 Furuse M S I Yang N Niwa and J Okumura 1991 Effect of short chain fatty acids on the performance and the intestinal weight in germ free and conventional chicks Br Poult Sci 32 159 165 Ghosh S M J May and E B Kopp 1998 NF kappa B and Rel proteins Evolutionarily conserved mediators of immune responses Annu Rev Immunol 16 225 260 Neish A T Gewirtz H Zeng and A N Young 2000 Prokaryotic regulation of epithelial responses by inhibition of I Ba ubiquitanation Science 289 1560 1563 Gibson G R and X Wang 1994 Regulatory effects of Bifidobacteria on the growth of other colonic bacteria J Appl Bacteriol 77 412 420 Apajalahti J and M R Bedford 1999 Improve bird performance by feeding its microflora World s Poult Sci J 55 20 23 Uni Z Y Noy and D Sklan 1995 Development of the small intestine in heavy and light strain chicks before and after hatching Br Poult Sci 36 63 71 Noy Y and D Sklan 1997 Post hatch development in poultry J Appl Poult Res 6 344 354 Rozee K R D Cooper K Lam and J W Costerton 1982 Microbial flora on the mouse ileum mucous layer and epithelial surface Appl Environ Microbiol 43 1451 1463
38. ha incrementado de manera importante en el sector productor de pollo Las caracter sticas de pigmentaci n cut nea del mercado mexicano han limitado el desarrollo de esta herramienta b sicamente por la asociaci n del efecto colateral sobre la pigmentaci n que en algunos casos resulta del empleo y manejo inadecuado de la vacuna Debido a lo anterior el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar diferentes v as y tiempos de administraci n de una vacuna comercial y su protecci n al desafi en polos de engorda mediante la medici n del peso corporal unidades colorim tricas del pigmento amarillo en piel el n mero de ooquistes excretados por gramo de heces y el ndice anticcocidial MATERIAL Y M TODOS Animales de experimentaci n Se utilizaron 162 pollitos de engorda de la estirpe Ross de un d a de edad provenientes de una incubadora comercial que fueron alojados en corrales en piso dentro de las unidades de aislamiento del Departamento de Producci n Animal Aves DPA Aves de la FMVZ de la UNAM con una duraci n de 42 d as Se registr el peso corporal de todos los pollos en AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 159 cada grupo semanalmente a partir del d a 1 de edad Mientras que la mortalidad se registr diariamente por r plica y grupo Alimento Se administr agua y alimento ad libitum manejando dos fases de alimentaci n del d a 1 al 21 de edad se les proporcion alimento iniciador con 2196 de prote na cruda PC 3000 kilo cal
39. in conjunction with the cumulative nutrition targets Walsh and Brake 1997 Many managers and technical advisors seem to have placed emphasis only on the cumulative metabolizable energy ME and crude protein CP targets as they have struggled to balance this concept with the paradigms of BW targets and uniformity It has become apparent that an absence of appreciation for the total concept may lead to problems with persistency of lay and hatchability as well as common problems such as podiodermititis Further it has become increasingly apparent that the feeding program can affect breeder carcass conformation in such a manner as to affect egg weight livability feed consumption fertility and broiler progeny performance This manuscript will review key aspects of the original research and concept and emphasize essential points of management that require careful attention some ten years after the concept was first discussed Further the beneficial effects on subsequent broiler progeny performance of a lifelong programmed and consistent approach to broiler breeder feeding management will be discussed Genetics Nutrition and Reproduction Poultry breeding remains largely based on classical quantitative genetics i e the best male birds are mated with the best female birds more or less In essence pedigree broiler candidates have continued to be full fed high density diets to allow individuals that have the greatest ability to utilize CP and ME
40. into their functions in intestinal immunity may be due to several of these factors However several studies have clearly documented the presence of mast cells in chicken intestinal tissue and correlated such presence with immunologic responses Of all avian species evaluated mast cells have been identified in the greatest numbers in chickens and ducks in the lamina propria epithelium and lumen of the small intestine and ovary Swayne and Wiesbrode 1990 Daszak and Ball 1993 Similar to mammalian mast cells chicken mast cells have been shown to contain the same pre formed biogenic amines and also apparently possess the capability for de novo synthesis of the arachidonic acid metabolites Gray 1976 Rose et al 1980 Studies are also suggestive of comparative responses of chicken mast cells to enteric pathogens Elevated numbers of mast cells in the gut have been described in secondary cestode infections Gray et al 1976 primary infection with Eimeria tenella ET Daszak and Ball 1993 and in response to secondary Eimeria challenge in chickens Rose et al 1980 Similar to reports of mammalian intestinal hypersensitivity in response to parasitic infection as described above in chickens gut hypersensitivity has been associated with secondary coccidial infection Rose et al 1975 More recent research has described the measurement of correlates of intestinal anaphylaxis in chickens immunized against Eimeria species Caldwell et al 2001
41. isolation room that had been disinfected and provided with fresh softwood shavings Three hundred and twenty selected poults in each trial were tagged challenged with 10 cfu of S enteritidis trials 1 and 2 and randomly divided in two treatments with 4 replicates each one n 40 poults Body weight BW was evaluated on days 1 7 and 14 in trials 1 2 and 3 and at day 1 8 and 18 for trial 4 In Salmonella challenged poults a significant increment P 0 05 in body weight was observed in trial 1 and trial 2 at 7 and 14 days Feed conversion ratio FCR calculated at the end of the experimental period was significantly P 0 05 improved in the LPC group compared to the control group in both trials 1 and 2 In contrast unchallenged turkey poults trials 3 and 4 showed no difference P gt 0 05 in either body weight or FCR at the different evaluation times These data suggest that dietary lactose with appropriate probiotic organisms may enhance performance of poults when they are challenged with a mild dose of Salmonella Description of the problem The poultry industry produces a high nutritive food for human consumption in a very short period of time To maximize the genetic potential of broiler chicks for production they need to be in a healthy status as well as having diets that meet their requirements for optimal production The use of probiotic cultures in the poultry industry for pathogen control and chick performance enhancement h
42. las aves que consumieron AFBs FBs p lt 0 05 Este trabajo es el primer estudio en M xico que pone de manifiesto que concentraciones menores a 200 o 300 mg de FB kg de alimento en combinaci n con 1 mg de AFB kg de alimento inciden negativamente sobre el desempe o y la salud del pollo de engorda bajo las condiciones experimentales empleadas Palabras claves Aflatoxina B Fumonisina B Pollo de engorda Interacci n AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 174
43. levels Table 4 In challenged broilers vaccination significantly increased body weight AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 23 gains compared to non vaccinated broilers at all protein levels investigated Non vaccinated challenge broilers had similar weight gains at all protein levels during the challenge period which were significantly lower than all other treatments Within the vaccinated challenge broilers significantly increased weight gains were observed in broilers fed the 2496 protein diet compared to the 20 protein level while the 22 level was intermediate Mortality corrected feed conversion ratios during the challenge period for vaccinated challenge broilers were similar at all protein levels and were significantly lower compared to all non vaccinated challenge broilers and were similar to non challenged treatments In non vaccinated challenged broilers post challenge feed conversion ratios were significantly decreased with each increase in dietary protein level Cumulative mortality corrected feed conversion ratios for 1 to 27 d were similar in non vaccinated and vaccinated non challenged broilers at both 22 and 24 protein levels Non vaccinated non challenge 2096 protein fed broilers had a significantly higher feed conversion ratio compared to all broilers fed 22 and 24 level with a further increase observed in the 20 protein level for vaccinated non challenged broilers In challenged broilers vaccination led to a significant decrease i
44. may respond robustly to abrupt changes in CP with an unexpected increase in BW A smooth transition among starter grower breeder diets should be considered during feed formulation It is suggested that total lysine levels be 5 of CP and methionine cystine be 0 60 0 63 of the diet for most feeds A 15 CP diet with 0 75 total lysine should be sufficient to support egg production without producing excessive amounts of breast meat A similar level of CP and amino acids should be minimally sufficient for rearing diets It is also important to have sufficient micro nutrients in the both rearing and breeder feeds The females must have these micro nutrients to deal effectively with the stress of restricted feeding during rearing and be able to transfer sufficient nutrients to the embryo through the yolk sac during breeding Management of Females for Fertility Fertility problems have been generally associated with the male Hocking 1990 Mauldin 1992 but the female has been shown to be an issue as well McDaniel et al 1981 Lopez and Leeson 1995 The fact that cumulative CP nutrition at photostimulation can have a significant effect on female fertility has been clearly defined Walsh 1996 Walsh and Brake 1997 1999 The female has been shown to contribute to fertility through mating receptivity and spermatozoal storage in special spermatozoal host glands in the oviduct VanKrey and Siegel 1974 Figure 4 shows the cumulative fertility f
45. microflora becomes established 27 The basic fermentative reaction in the human colon or chicken cecum is similar to that in obligate herbivores hydrolysis of polysaccharides oligosaccharides and disaccharides to their constituent sugars which are then fermented resulting in an increased biomass 28 Carbohydrate hydrolysis is affected by a number of bacterial cell associated and secreted hydrolases that can digest a range of carbohydrates which monogastric animals cannot Fermentation yields metabolizable energy for microbial growth and maintenance and also metabolic end products Nitrogen for protein synthesis can come from urea via the urease reaction undigested dietary protein or endogenous secretions The principal products are SCFA together with gases CO2 CH4 and H2 and some heat 29 Carbohydrates entering the large intestine can alter gut physiology in 2 ways physical presence and fermentation Effects of SCFA can be divided into those occurring in the lumen and those arising from their uptake and metabolism by the cells of the large bowel wall The SCFA are the principal luminal anions They are relatively weak acids with pKa values of 4 8 and increasing their concentrations through fermentation lowers digesta pH 29 The SCFA also serve as an important source of energy for the gut wall providing up to 50 of the daily energy requirements of colonocytes 28 30 Fermentable carbohydrates can alter the microbial ecology greatly
46. n 1 2 p 151 157 2001 DOERR J A et al Effects of low level chronic aflatoxicosis in broiler chichens Poul Sc v 62 p 1971 1977 1983 EDDS G T Acute aflatoxicosis a review J Am Vet Med Assoc v 162 n 4 p 304 309 1973 EXARCHOS C C GENTRY R F Effects of aflatoxin B4 on egg production Avian Dis V 26 p 191 195 1982 GIACOMINI L Z et al Desempenho e plumagem de frangos de corte intoxicados por aflatoxinas Ci ncia Rural v 36 n 1 p 234 239 2006 HARVEY R B et al Prevention of aflatoxicosis by addition of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to diets of growing barrow Am J Vet Res v 50 n 3 p 416 420 1989 IARC ITERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER Overal evaluations of carcinogenicity AN UPDATING OF IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC RISK TO HUMANS Lyon WHO 1987 v 1 2 supl 7 p 83 87 ISO 6497 2002 Animal feeding stuffs sampling 19p 2002 KUBENA L F et al Individual and combined effects of fumonisin B present in Fusarium moniliforme culture material and T 2 toxin or deoxynivalenol in broiler chicks Poultry Sci v 76 p 1239 1247 1987 KUILMAN WAHLS M E M et al Cyclopiazonic acid inhibits mutagenic action of aflatoxin B4 Enviromental Toxicology and Pharmacology v 11 p 207 212 2002 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 Pag 109 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 LEDOUX D R
47. novel approach in the management of food allergy J Allergy Clin Immunol 99 179 185 Table 1 Comparisons between MicroSeq MIDI and Biolog identifications of FM B11 Floramax lactic acid bacteria LAB 16S RNA Biolog ID sequencing Department of LAB first 500 bp MIDI system MIDI system Poultry Science ID 18 24 27 29 36 37B 40 48 52 Microbial ID Inc ID Micro Test Lab Inc ID Microbial ID Inc University of Arkansas Pediococcus parvulus Weissella confusa Weissella confusa Pediococcus parvulus Lactobacillus salivarius Weissella confusa Weissella confusa Weissella paramesenteroides Lactobacillus salivarius Lactobacillus salivarius Pediococcus parvulus Enterococcus cecorum Lactobacillus casei Lactobacillus casei Lactobacillus delbrueckii bulgaricus Lactobacillus cellobiosus Pediococcus acidilactici Lactobacillus casei Lactobacillus fermentum Lactobacillus helveticus Lactobacillus helveticus Unable to identify Lactobacillus gasseri Lactobacillus casei Lactobacillus casei Lactobacillus delbrueckii bulgaricus Lactobacillus casei Pediococcus ruminis Lactobacillus cellobiosus Lactobacillus fermentum Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis Lactobacillus gasseri Lactobacillus cellobiosus Unable to identify Clostridium clostridiiforme Weissella confusa Lactobacillus hamsteri Weissella confusa Unable to identify Weissella paramesenteroides Unable to identify Lactobacillus salivarius Lactobacillus salivarius U
48. oatmeal soap In vivo colonization of human intestinal mucosa and effect on the indigenous flora Appl Environ Microbiol 59 15 20 Li J D W Feng M Gallup J H Kim J Gum Y Kim and C Basbaum 1998 Activation of NF kB via a Src dependent RasMAPK pp90rsk pathway is required for Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced mucin overproduction in epithelial cells Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 5718 5723 Saaverda J M N A Bauman I Oung J A Perman and R H Yolken 1994 Feeding of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus to infants in hospital for prevention of diarrhea and shedding of rotavirus Lancet 344 1046 1049 Yolken R H C Ojeh I A Khatri U Sajjan and J F Forstner 1994 Intestinal mucins inhibit rotavirus replication in an oligosaccharide dependent manner J Infect Dis 169 1002 1006 Guarino A R B Canani M I Spagnuolo F Albano and L Di Benedetto 1997 Oral bacterial therapy reduces the duration of symptoms and of viral excretion in children with mild diarrhea J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 25 516 519 Shornikova A V I A Casas E Isolauri H Mykkanen and T Vesikari 1997 Lactobacillus reuteri as a therapeutic agent in acute diarrhea in young children J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 24 399 404 Sakata T and V Engelhardt 1981 Influence of short chain fatty acids and osmolality on mucin release in the rat colon Cell Tissue Res 219 371 377 Jean Claude M B Mart
49. para el grupo testigo 0 0248 y el experimental 0 0433 mV con una varianza de 4 395 E 05 y 9 726 E 05 respectivamente Se concluye que Calcarea carbonica 200 C afecta significativamente las ondas R lo cual sugiere un mayor trabajo ventricular con el medicamento PALABRAS CLAVE ECG patos actividad cardiaca Homeopat a promotor de crecimiento AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 172 Evaluaci n del efecto protector de una vacuna comercial para el control de la coccidiosis aviar en pollos de engorda Del R o GJC Andrade M Mart nez LJP Valdivia AG Aulis G Rios CF y Aguilera BMA Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl n UNAM Unidad de Investigaci n en Granos y Semillas Depto de Patolog a An lisis Cl nicos y Depto de Parasitolog a Intervet M xico S A de C V INTRODUCCION La coccidiosis es una infecci n parasitaria causada por un protozoario intestinal del g nero Eimeria responsable de causar enteritis de grado variable afectando el rendimiento del pollo de engorda provocando una disminuci n en la ganancia de peso conversi n alimenticia y en casos severos causante de muerte de las aves afectadas Frente al problema del aumento en la resistencia a programas de drogas preventivas el uso de vacunas es en la actualidad la mejor alternativa para el control de la infecci n ya que estimula la inmunidad sin causar el fen meno de resistencia a los anticoccidiales Se utiliz una vacuna comercial triva
50. production following pro biotic administration inhibited replication disease symptoms and shedding of rotavirus in humans 46 47 48 49 In the proximal colon an increase in the butyrate concentration altered crypt depth and the number of mucus containing cells the increase in butyrate was highly correlated with the number of neutral mucin containing cells 50 51 Probiotic Prebiotic and Synbiotic The use of lactic acid bacteria as feed supplements goes back to pre Christian times when fermented milks were consumed by humans It was not until last century that Eli Metchnikoff working at the Pasteur Institute in Paris evaluated the subject from a scientific basis Metchnikoff documented a direct link between human longevity and the necessity of maintaining a healthy balance of the beneficial and pathological microorganisms residing in the human gut Metchnikoff s 1908 Nobel Prize in physiology was awarded for his discovery of phagocytes and other immune system components but his accurate description of vital elements in the body s intestinal flora 1s equally notable He developed and prescribed to his patients bacteriotherapy i e the use of lactic acid bacteria in dietary regimens 52 In support of this he cited the observation that Bulgarian peasants consumed large quantities of soured milk and also lived long lives He had no doubt about the causal relationship and subsequent events have in part confirmed his thesis He isolated w
51. rate of 22 in the starter diet allows for the many times similar growth characteristics of vaccinated and non vaccinated broilers Within these experiments broilers immunized with Coccivac B had significant protection against lesion development associated with E acervulina and E tenella Reductions in lesion scores both significant and numeric in the mid intestinal segments were observed but not to as great an extent as observed in the other two sites of infection This is most likely attributed to the immunogenic variability observed within E maxima In order to gain significant immunization with the use of a commercially available live oocyst vaccine Danforth et al 1997 altered the vaccine with the addition of E maxima strains locally isolated Data from this series of experiments indicate that vaccination with a live oocysts vaccine is an effective tool for the generation of immunity to subsequent field strain Eimeria challenge resulting in improved growth parameters in immunized compared to non immunized broilers following challenge Further observations indicate that dietary protein level is an important AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 26 factor to consider when utilizing a vaccination program for the prevention of coccidiosis in order to maximize growth characteristics REFERENCES l 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Brake D A G Strang J E Lineberger C H Fedor R Clare T A Bana
52. reach the terminal electron acceptor Boveris and Chance 1973 Chance et al 1979 The mitochondrial formation of ROS makes this organelle a major source of oxidative stress in the cell If not metabolized by antioxidants ROS can cause oxidation of critical biomolecules e g lipids proteins and DNA in the mitochondrion and or cell that can lead to AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 39 further inefficiencies and accentuate additional ROS production Increased mitochondrial ROS production has been linked to various metabolic diseases Fiegel and Shapiro 1979 Hagen et al 1997 Kristal et al 1997 Herrero and Barja 1998 Lass et al 1998 Cawthon et al 2001 Iqbal et al 2001a Tang et al 2002 The use of respiratory chain inhibitors can be employed to identify site specific defects in electron transport within mitochondria Whereas electron leak occurs mainly within Complex I or III of the respiratory chain Turrens and Boveris 1980 Nohl et al 1996 Herrero and Barja 1998 Kwong and Sohal 1998 demonstrated that sites of H202 production are tissue dependent For example in broilers with pulmonary hypertension syndrome increased ROS production was associated with Complex I and III in heart muscle and lung Iqbal et al 2001a Tang et al 2002 and Complex II in liver mitochondria Cawthon et al 2001 Mitochondrial function and biochemistry is dependent upon the careful orchestration of protein synthesis occurring by nuc
53. t pico Las recomendaciones diet ticas favorecen el consumo de menos grasas saturadas Ruiz et al 2001 Por estas razones un aumento de grasas insaturadas en la carne de pollo puede ser un alimento directamente que beneficia al consumidor El porciento de crecimiento es el m s importante para establecer programas productivos para la crianza de pollos para ahorrar tareas y alimento permitiendo as la producci n anual de pollos minimizando as los costos de producci n Yusrizal and Chen T C 2003 La inclusi n de Oligofructuosa de 0 375 producen aves pesadas de 47 d as mejora el porciento del peso de la pechuga y disminuye la grasa de la misma El uso de los prebi ticos y probi ticos en dietas para humanos ha dado esperanzas a los investigadores que los efectos vistos en humanos puedan ser vistos tambi n en aves Brighenti et al 1999 y Davinson et al 1998 ha mostrado una reducci n de los niveles de colesterol en suero de humanos consumiendo inulina El efecto de disminuir el colesterol en h mster Trautwein et al 1998 y perros han sido mostrados tambi n Diez et al 1998 Los cerdos alimentados con probi ticos muestran un nivel bajo significativo de colesterol en suero Gilliland et al 1985 Para medir y cuantificar las caracter sticas y atributos que contribuyen a la buena calidad de un producto alimentario terminado o ingrediente modelo las cuales son percibidas por los sentidos humanos se utiliza la evaluaci n sensoria
54. than one class of anticoccidial drug has become more common over time Martin et al 1997 The potential of the commercial broiler house to select for drug resistance is impressive All animals in a house are treated similarly and so only parasites that have some innate resistance against a particular drug remain after drug treatment essentially there are no refugia see van Wyk 2001 because the duration of drug pressure is frequently longer than the survival of any drug sensitive oocysts in the commercial broiler house Williams 1998 Live vaccination with drug sensitive lines of virulent parasites may act as artificial refugia in the commercial broiler house by seeding drug susceptibility back into the population of coccidia in the litter Chapman et al 2002 Drug resistance can occur very quickly with such resistance already present at some low level in at least some AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 7 coccidial populations such as was observed for decoquinate Williams 2006 or much more slowly such as for ionophores Resistance seems to be relatively specific to each class of anticoccidial drug For example a strain of E tenella was shown to be resistant to monensin and other monovalent ionophores such as narasin and salinomycin but was still susceptible to maduramicin and lasalocid which belong to different classes of polyether antibiotics Bedrnik et al 1989 Parasite responses to the selective pressure of live vaccination Select
55. to grow fast convert feed efficiently and produce good carcass yield to become apparent by their performance at a typical broiler killing age Selection on high density diets apparently necessitates high density diets in order for the broiler progeny to fully express their genetic potential As demonstrated by Lilburn et al 1992 the parent stock also must not be deprived of sufficient nutrition during rearing if reproduction is to be optimal as birds selected on high density diets may not be able to perform consistently well growth and reproduction on low density diets such as may be used during rearing of broiler breeders This is the fundamental reason that less than adequate nutrition during rearing can lead to poor reproductive performance Interaction of Genetics Cumulative Nutrition Feeding Program Environmental Temperature and Lighting Program The very important interaction between climate photostimulation and nutrition can be illustrated by examining the seasonality of broiler breeder reproduction in temperate climates The differences between in season and out of season breeders have historically been attributed to daylength However our increased knowledge about the interaction between daylength and seasonal differences in temperature feeding program and cumulative nutrition has provided an alternative explanation of this seasonality In season broiler breeders have been generally the better performing birds i
56. turkeys produced cultures of both Klebsiella and Pseudomonas on agar plates Since B avium produces a toxin tracheal cytotoxin TCT that damages the ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory tract the birds are unable to adequately clear these opportunistic bacterium from its lungs Mortality among our adult turkeys was 3 This low mortality may have been attributed to quick recognition of the psittacosis problem once it became active followed by prompt treatment The severity of bordetellosis varies with different species of birds Studies have shown that the disease is less severe in chickens than in turkeys Our results would indicate that turkeys experience symptoms similar to turkeys but suffer a higher mortality rate from bordetellosis than any other bird so far studied and reported The histopathology of bordetellosis within turkeys is well documented The bacteria first colonizes the ciliated epithelium on the nasal mucosa from here it works it way into the trachea then into the primary bronchi within 7 to 10 days B avium has only been found attached to cilia and not to any other type of cell During the third and fourth week of the disease the tracheal mucosa becomes distorted by folds and abnormal epithelial growth The epithelium returns to normal after the disease has run its course typically 4 to 6 weeks from the onset of the disease Also accompanying this respiratory lining problem is softening and distortion of the trac
57. uma amostragem eficiente Y Colheita de amostra representativa seguindo um plano amostral v A amostra dever ser recolhida o mais pr ximo poss vel do local em que o animal intoxicado consumiu o alimento comedouros Y A colheita de sangue e rg os permite uma an lise retrospectiva de algumas contamina es principalmente nas situa es em que o alimento n o se encontra mais dispon vel Algumas micotoxicoses como a ocratoxina A s o detect veis no sangue at 35 dias ap s a ingest o da toxina Y Identifica o do componente ou componentes na alimenta o contaminada nos casos em que se detectam micotoxinas na ra o formulada AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 106 2 3 DIAGN STICO DE MICOTOXINAS Atualmente a metodologia mais espec fica precisa e confi vel a obtida com o emprego de processos qu micos Esses procedimentos poder o ser tanto os dirigidos para a Cromatografia em Camada Delgada TLC quanto para a Cromatografia L quida de Alta Resoluc o HPLC Recentemente com o surgimento do HPLC acoplado detecc o por Espectrometria de Massa LC MS e LC MSMS al m da Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada MS GC MS os sistemas diagn sticos tendem a ser cada vez mais r pidos e precisos Essas metodologias apresentam resultados semelhantes Os testes de imunoensaio poder o ser empregados para triagem e em casos excepcionais para a semiquantifica o As avalia es qu micas ainda constituem as metodolog
58. vaccinated broilers followed a similar trend with the 20 protein level resulting in significantly lower body weights than the 22 and 249 starter diets An increase in body weight due to increased protein concentration from 22 to 24 was not observed in vaccinated broilers Vaccinated broilers fed the lowest protein concentration in the starter diet resulted in significantly lighter broilers compared to all other treatments Vaccination of broilers significantly reduced body weights at the 20 and 24 protein levels compared to the non vaccinated broilers fed the same protein level while the vaccinated broilers fed 22 protein were similar to non vaccinated broilers fed the same protein concentration Mortality corrected feed conversion ratios at 21 d also followed similar trends as in Experiment 1 increasing protein level reduced feed conversion ratios of both vaccinated and non vaccinated broilers Table 2 Feed conversion for 20 vaccinated broilers was significantly increased compared to all other treatment groups Non vaccinated broilers fed 22 and 24 protein diets yielded similar feed conversions ratios and vaccinated broilers fed 22 and 24 protein starter diets did not differ significantly from non vaccinated broilers fed the same dietary protein levels Body weight gains and mortality corrected feed conversion ratios during the challenge period 21 d to 27 d were similar for non vaccinated and vaccinated non challenge broilers at all protein
59. veis que frangos de corte Contudo gansos tamb m s o muito sens veis AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 99 para a toxina T 2 podendo apresentar letalidade quando estiver presente em concentrac es a partir de 3 ppm As les es orais decorrentes da intoxicac o por DAS se traduzem em necrose da ponta da l ngua geralmente em matrizes e poedeiras comercias No entanto essas les es podem tamb m aparecer em frangos de corte Por outro lado as les es encontradas em casos de intoxicac o pela Toxina T 2 comumente s o eros es e ou ulcera es no palato e na comissura do bico das aves intoxicadas Essas les es podem ser encontradas tanto em aves poedeiras matrizes e comerciais quanto em frangos de corte Estudos similares realizados com DON entretanto t m esclarecido que com exce o de um decr scimo transit rio nos n veis de hemoglobina ou um lev ssimo efeito na qualidade do ovo n o h evid ncia significativa de que essa toxina afete o desempenho de aves As aves s o capazes de tolerar concentra es relativamente altas de DON na dieta e um pouco menos em rela o toxina T 2 e DAS Os n veis de DON normalmente encontrados em ra es contaminadas 0 35 a 8 0 ppm n o apresentam indica es de algum problema sanit rio percept vel com frangos Concentra es de DON acima de 82 8 ppm foram administradas em poedeiras por 27 dias sem nenhum efeito sobre o desempenho e sem apresentar les es nas aves Outros estudos des
60. y VIII en orden descendente estos resultados est n en raz n de la v a y m todo de vacunaci n utilizado y del efecto protector de la vacuna ante el desafi Se observ que aunque la vacunaci n en agua no es la v a preferida para vacunar contra coccidia debido a que el consumo de ooquistes es poco homog neo Schering P A 1999 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 162 En esta prueba observamos que los grupo IV y V estuvieron dentro de los grupos con mayor pigmento amarillo en piel esto puede deberse a que la replicaci n de la vacuna fue adecuada desde edades tempranas como puede observarse en el cuadro 3 y por lo tanto la inmunidad contra coccidia era s lida para el momento del desaf o mientras que el grupo no vacunado y desafiado obtuvo los niveles m s bajos de pigmento amarillo en piel en los dos ltimos muestreos de la prueba como era de esperarse El grupo vacunado por aspersi n al d a de edad no mostr un nivel adecuado de pigmento durante toda la prueba pero el grupo que recibi una segunda vacunaci n por aspersi n al d a 10 de edad grupo Il se encontr dentro de los grupos con mejor pigmentaci n en piel y peso corporal al final de la prueba a pesar de que present altos niveles de ooquistes al d a 28 lo que sugiere que la vacuna confiri protecci n ante una nueva exposici n El mismo efecto se observ entre los grupos IV y V en relaci n al peso corporal final de la prueba donde el grupo V que recibi una reva
61. 005 See Figure 6 Comparisons were made between low FE mitochondrial H202 production expressed as a percent of values obtained in high FE mitochondria Energy sources used in these studies shown in parentheses below each tissue were glutamate Glut succinate Succ and malate Mal Each of the values represent the mean SE of 5 to 8 observations AECACEM Quer taro 2008 Pag 54 Figure 3 250 E d lt E High FE Low FE a 200 4 j C 4 e amp 150 4 B A 5 1004 E ES S 50 E D c O q breast leg heart liver gut lymphocytes Figure 3 Relative amounts of protein carbonyls in breast muscle and upper duodenum gut mitochondria and in leg heart liverand lymphocytes obtained from broilers with High solid bars and Low open bars feed efficiency Each bar represents the mean SE of 5 to 8 observations Protein carbonyl levels in Low FE mitochondria or tissue are higher than High FE values P lt 0 05 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 55 ENTERIC PATHOGENS ASSOCIATED WITH POULTRY PROCESSING Arthur Hinton Jr Poultry Processing and Swine Physiology Research Unit Russell Research Center Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture 950 College Station Road Athens GA 30605 Introduction The United States is the world s largest producer and exporter of poultry meat American Meat Institute 2004 Each year in the U
62. 02 Phylogenetic analysis of the human gut microbiota using 16S rDNA clone libraries and strictly anaerobic culture based methods Microbiol Immunol 46 535 548 10 Blaut M M D Collins G W Welling J Dore J Van Loo and W de Vos 2002 Molecular biological methods for studying the gut microbiota The EU human gut flora project Br J Nutr 87 Suppl 2 5203 S211 11 Xu J and J I Gordon 2003 Inaugural Article Honor thy symbionts Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 10452 10459 12 Gibson G R and M B Roberfroid 1995 Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota Introducing the concept of prebiotics J Nutr 125 1401 1412 13 Amit Romach E D Sklan and Z Uni 2004 Microflora ecology of the chicken intestine using 16s ribosomal DNA primers Poult Sci 83 1093 1098 14 Favier C F E E Vaughan W M De Vos and A D Akkermans 2002 Molecular monitoring of sucession of bacterial communities in human neonates Appl Environ Microbiol 68 219 226 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 119 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 225 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Cebra J J 1999 Influences of microbiota on intestinal immune system development Am J Clin Nutr 69 1046S 1051S Braun Fahrlander C J Riedler U Herz W Eder M Waser L Grize S Maisch D Carr F Gerlach A Bufe R P Lauener R Schierl H Renz D Nowak and
63. 1 As a point of reference the female feed allocation at 15 wk of age for BB 1 BB 2 BB 3 and BB 4 was 73 60 55 and 64 g on a daily basis respectively All males and all females were weighed every 2 wk Female BW was virtually identical across male treatments The male BW reflected a dose response to increased amounts of feed prior to mixing with 8 wk makes reaching 2 kg before mixing and the 4 wk males approximating primary breeder company recommended target BW standards current at that time throughout rearing Cumulative fertility was 66 9 68 5 76 6 and 85 2 for the 2 4 6 and 8 wk males respectively These fertility numbers were lower than optimum because males and females were fed together after 21 wk of age to exaggerate the effect of cumulative nutrition during rearing and to allow the males to be exposed to decreasing feed allocation after 35 wk of age when the female feed was decreased In spite of this some of the pens with the 8 wk mixed males exhibited fertility in excess of 90 at 64 wk of age without sex separate feeding during the production period AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 82 The actual feed intake of the males mixed with females at 6 wk of age as an example and that of the females can be estimated using the formulas of Combs 1968 from the BW taken from all birds every 2 wk These data showed that the real pattern of female feed consumption Figure 3 differed significantly from the programmed pattern especi
64. 33kg Further unchallenged turkey poults showed no difference in any of the variables evaluated body weight and FCR at the end of the each experimental period day 14 in trial 3 and day 18 in trial 4 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 147 Several papers have been published about the beneficial effect of using dietary 1 5 or soluble lactose in feed 6 at different concentrations on Salmonella infection Salmonella reduction was associated with an increase concentration of acetic propionic lactic and butyric acid in the ceca 1 6 which is a primary place of Salmonella multiplication Gulsen et al 2002 reported that the inclusion of 2 5 lactose and 3 8 of dried whey during a growth out period increased performance of broiler chick and this was associated with an increase in intestinal villi length during the started period that favored nutrients absorption On the other hand competitive exclusion and probiotic cultures have shown to reduce Salmonella colonization in turkey poults 7 and improve turkey poults performance 8 The combination of a probiotic culture and different prebiotic has been reported to improve broiler chicks performance 9 10 Higgins et al 2005 s results showed a beneficial effect of the probiotic culture when poults were under exposure of a moderate Salmonella infection under commercial condition and this is in agreement with our observation Our results may suggest that the probiotic culture in combination wit
65. 4 545 550 3 Arjona A A D M Denbow and W D Weaver Jr 1988 Effect of heat stress early in life on mortality of broilers exposed to high environmental temperatures just prior to marketing Poult Sci 67 226 231 4 Balnave D 2004 Challenges of accurately defining the nutrient requirements of heat stressed poultry Poult Sci 83 5 14 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 69 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Bartlett J R and M O Smith 2003 Effects of different levels of zinc on the performance and immunocompetence of broilers under heat stress Poult Sci 82 1580 1588 Bollengier Lee S M A Mitchell D B Utomo P E V Williams and C C Whitehead 1998 Influence of high dietary vitamin E supplementation on egg production and plasma characteristics in hens subjected to heat stress Br Poult Sci 39 106 112 Bollengier Lee S P E V Williams and C C Whitehead 1999 Optimal dietary concentration of vitamin E for alleviating the effect of heat stress on egg production in laying hens Br Poult Sci 40 102 107 Boone M A and B L Hughes 1971 Wind velocity as it affects body temperature water consumption and feed consumption during heat stress of roosters Poult Sci 50 1535 1537 Carpenter G H R A Peterson W T Jones K R Daly and W A Hypes 1992 Effects of two nipple drinker types with different flow rates on the product
66. 676 85 7 3 2 239 90 6 2 20 686 65 8 2 2 281 75 5 9 50 696 55 6 5 2 270 00 6 8 100 671 31 7 1 2 253 54 5 1 200 639 67 10 2 2 092 05 7 3 500 566 79 13 0 1 916 09 10 0 1000 414 25 12 1 1 378 09 14 5 1 M dias nas colunas com letras diferentes diferem estatisticamente pelo teste de Bonferroni PSO 05 Peso m dio das aves g CV Coeficiente de Varia o 96 1 1 3 Impacto das aflatoxinas no desempenho de diferentes linhagens de frangos de corte Alguns estudos recentes Giacomini et al 2006 Mallmann et al 2006 demonstram que existem graus de susceptibilidade individual entre animais da mesma esp cie e mesmo sexo frente intoxicac o por aflatoxinas Mariani 1998 comprovou a diferenca de susceptibilidade de frangos de corte s aflatoxinas conforme a idade dessas aves indicando que aves mais jovens apresentam maiores danos no seu desenvolvimento em comparac o s aves mais velhas Al m dessas constatacdes existe no meio cient fico e industrial a suposic o de que as diferentes linhagens comerciais de frangos de corte dispon veis no mercado nacional e internacional possam apresentar diferencas no que diz respeito resist ncia s aflatoxinas presentes nos alimentos ingeridos por essas aves Com base nisto foi desenvolvido no LAMIC um experimento que constatou que de fato existem diferencas de desempenho entre as tr s principais linhagens de frangos de corte utilizadas no B
67. 7 Although a full definition of biodiversity awaits systematic application of molecular enumeration techniques such as genotyping DNA encoding 16S rRNA rDNA genes 8 9 10 More than 50 genera and at least 500 to 1 000 different species are distributed along the length of the GIT 11 The dominant organisms in terms of numbers are anaerobes including bacteroides bifidobacteria eubacteria streptococci and lactobacilli and others such as enterobacteria also may be found usually in fewer numbers 11 12 Generally bacteroides including those that can utilize a wide range of polysaccharides are most numerous and can compose more than 30 of the total Recent evaluation of the microflora ecology of the chicken intestine using 16s rDNA determined that Lactobacilli is the predominate organism in young birds and the population of Bifidobacterium dominates in older birds 13 Colonization begins at birth and is followed by progressive assembly of a complex and dynamic microbial society 14 Assembly is presumably regulated by elaborate and combinatorial microbial microbial and host microbial interactions predicated on principles refined over the course of animal evolution Comparisons of rodents raised without exposure to any microorganisms to animals that have assembled a microbiota since birth or those that have been colonized with components of the microbiota during or after completion of postnatal development have revealed a range of hos
68. 988 Although there were no differences in GSH peroxidase or reductase activities Ojano Dirain et al 20052 observed that GSH levels were lower P lt 0 08 and the GSSG GSH ratio an index of oxidative stress was higher P 0 08 in low FE compared to high FE duodenal mitochondria Regression analysis revealed positive correlations between GSH levels and the activities of Complex II IV and V This would suggest that mitochondrial GSH in broilers may protect critical thiol groups in the respiratory chain complexes from oxidative damage as previously reported Cardoso et al 1999 Jha et al 2000 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 44 A major indicator of oxidative damage of proteins is the formation of protein carbonyls Besides a consistent finding of increased ROS production in Low FE mitochondria another consistent observation we have observed is that of increased protein carbonyl formation in Low FE mitochondria or tissue Fig 3 Preliminary results indicate that there may be increased protein carbonyl levels associated with Complex III Higgins et al 2004 E Respiratory Chain Complex Activities and Protein Expression Because the activities of respiratory chain complexes may depend on the amounts of protein of the protein subunits within each respiratory complex breast muscle mitochondria from Low and High FE broilers were probed with antibodies for specific ETC proteins and their expression determined by Western blot anal
69. A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 VACUNA AL DIA 21 DE 187220 96000 2280 IX EDAD 0 0 0 0 b a a Literales distintas en una misma edad indican diferencia estad stica P 0 05 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 167 Promedio de peso semanales en pollos vacunados con Eimeria spp y desafiados al d a 21 de edad PESO CORPORAL g A DIFERENTES D AS DE EDAD GRUPO 1 7 14 21 28 35 42 VACUNA I POR ASPERSION 40 4 a 1161 abc 297 6 a 4978 d 7475 c 1180 d 1520 DIA1 VACUNA II POR ASPERSION 40 8 a 117 7 abc 298 8 a 531 5 bed 7722 1284 a 1650 DIAS 1 Y 10 VACUNA EN III ALIMENTO POR 39 7 a 1227 ab 328 a 5708 ab 801 1 c 110395 g 1547 TRES SEMANAS VACUNA IV EN AGUA 39 5 a 113 2 abcd 288 3 a 4487 e 8116 be 11362 f 1602 DIA 3 VACUNA V EN AGUA 40 9 a 1251 a 315 a 5198 cd 8829 ab 1240 b 1684 DIA 3 Y 10 VI NO VACUNADO 39 8 a 101 4 d 301 1 a 5408 be 6663 d 868 h 1173 VACUNA EN AGUA AL DIA3 VII SALINOMICINA 39 6 a 1224 ab 3244 a 5007 cd 8781 ab 1232 c 1598 3 SEMANAS NO VACUNADO Y NO VIII DESAFIADO 40 7 a 107 8 cd 298 a 561 7 ab 9521 a 1220 c 1614 IX E DE 38 9 a 111 6 bcd 303 2 a 5852 a 881 5 ab 1160 e 1553 Pesos de un igual d a de edad con literales distintas son estad sticamente distintas P lt 0 05 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 168 Peso corporal promedio entre los d as 21 y 28 de e
70. Aflatoxinas flavuse A nozes milho e cereais inadequadas parasiticus em geral cido Aspergillus Milho e amendoim Armazenamento em condi es Ciclopiaz nico flavus inadequadas Tricotecenos Fusarium sp Milho e cereais de Temperatura baixa alta umidade e inverno problemas de armazenamento Fumonisinas Fusarium sp Milho e cereais de Estac o seca seguida de alta umidade e inverno temperaturas moderadas Aspergillus Ocratoxina A alutaceus e Penicilium sp Milho caf e gr os Defici ncias no armazenamento estocados 1 1 Aflatoxinas Aflatoxinas s o metab litos secund rios produzidos por fungos do g nero Aspergillus sobretudo A flavus e A parasiticus Foram descobertas na d cada de 1960 ap s provocarem um surto Turkey X disease com alta letalidade em perus na Inglaterra Neste surto milhares de aves morreram ap s consumirem ra o contendo torta de amendoim O principal fungo encontrado na torta de amendoim foi o Aspergillus flavus dando o nome a essa toxina Em surtos de aflatoxicose uma das caracter sticas mais marcantes a m absor o que se manifesta pela presen a de part culas de ra o mal digeridas nas excretas das aves Est associada com esteatorr ia ou excre o aumentada de lip deos A esteatorr ia presente na aflatoxicose pode ser severa com incremento de at dez vezes do teor de gordura nas fezes Em frangos de corte a esteatorr ia acompanhada por uma diminui o nas atividades espec
71. College University of Guelph Guelph Ontario NIG 2W1 Canada Introduction Evolution is not the first thing to come to mind when one thinks of coccidia in the commercial poultry house and the resulting clinical and sub clinical coccidiosis that results If one takes Darwin s 1859 classic view of evolution as natural selection and considers commercial poultry production it becomes clear that the chickens and the organisms that infect them in the broiler house environment are under tremendous selective pressure Through intense selective breeding the genome of commercially successful lines of chickens has been modified significantly for robust growth in the commercial environment Likewise parasites and other infecting organisms are under constant selective pressure to adapt to environmental factors e g temperature humidity and litter characteristics host immunity including vaccination and antimicrobial agents e g coccidiostats coccidiocides and other antimicrobials Together this unnatural selection makes for some interesting evolutionary changes in the parasites Origins of the Eimeria species infecting chickens The domestic chicken has been shown to be derived from the red jungle fowl Gallus gallus Linn 1758 that lives on the floor of tropical and sub tropical forests in Southeast Asia Like domestic chickens when given the opportunity the jungle fowl will feed on a wide variety of vegetable matter and various inverte
72. DELO DE ESTUDIO Del R o Garc a JC Avila GE L pez CC Moreno RC Moreno ME FES Cuautitl n UNAM Unidad de Investigaci n en Granos y Semillas FMVZ UNAM Depto de 2 Aves RESUMEN El estudio del efecto de la combinaci n de las micotoxinas a tomado un gran significando para la salud humana y animal ya que es la forma en que se presentan estos compuestos en la naturaleza por lo tanto el riesgo est relacionado a la presencia de dos o mas metabolitos t xicos biol gicamente activos y su combinaci n en el alimento generando un efecto de interacci n enmarcado dentro de los principios de toxicolog a de sinergismo o de aditividad Se realizaron una serie de trabajos experimentales con la finalidad de ajustar las concentraciones de micotoxinas a utilizar en el trabajo final del mismo modo estos sirvieron para preparar la metodolog a de recopilaci n de datos muestreo sangu neo y de rganos as como de ajustar las t cnicas de laboratorio para la evaluaci n del hematocrito prote nas transaminasas y bilirrubinas s ricas En la investigaci n final se observ que la presencia de aflatoxinas y fumonisinas AFBs FBs disminuyen el peso de las aves p lt 0 05 El peso relativo de h gado ri n y bazo se ven afectados en presencia de alg n tipo de micotoxina o su combinaci n respecto al testigo p lt 0 05 Del mismo modo el hematocrito prote nas transaminasas y bilirrubinas se ven afectadas significativamente en
73. Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences A Barrit H D Danforth D J Caldwell and A P McElroy Virginia Tech 2USDA ARS Beltsville MD Texas A amp M University Coccidiosis in Commercial Poultry Although the Eimeria species are among the most economically important pathogens in the poultry industry there is a lack of knowledge on the importance of intestinal immune responses specifically the host pathogen interactions to these enteric pathogens in chickens While often the prophylactic chemotherapeutic control of poultry coccidiosis is effective the costs of anticoccidial drugs and the increased emergence of drug resistant parasites have prompted the need for more cost effective and safer alternatives for control Long 1987 Danforth and Augustine 1989 Although commercially available live oocyst vaccines will provide solid immunity when applied carefully under good rearing conditions the problem of incomplete protection due to immunovariability variability of immune protection to different strains of the same species of Eimeria between coccidial species present in the vaccine and those found in poultry rearing facilities has emerged as a potential complicating factor associated with vaccination Martin et al 1997 Danforth 1998 Understanding the response of the intestinal immune system to the coccidial species and the interactions between the parasite and the host at the cellular level is crucial to the development of new approac
74. Fuller and B L McMurray 1997 A survey of coccidia on 43 poultry farms in Argentina Avian Dis 41 485 487 NRC 1994 Nutrient Requirements of Poultry 9 revised edition National Research Council National Academy Press Washington DC Sharma V D M A Fernando and J D Summers 1973 The effect of dietary crude protein level on intestinal and cecal coccidiosis in chicken Can J Comp Med 37 195 199 Shirley M W and P L Long 1990 Control of coccidiosis in chickens immunization with live vaccines Pages 321 341 in Coccidiosis of Man and Domestic Animals P L Long ed CRC Press Boca Raton FL Shirley M W A L Smith and F M Tomley 2005 The biology of avian Eimeria with an emphasis on their control by vaccination Advances in Parasitol 60 285 330 Sterling K G G M Pesti and R I Bakalli 2003 Performance of broilers chicks fed various levels of dietary lysine and crude protein Poult Sci 82 1939 1947 SYSTAT 2001 Version 11 SPSS Inc Chicago IL Vieira S L A Lemme D B Goldenberg and I Brugalli 2004 Responses of growing broilers to diets with increased sulfur amino acids to lysine ratios at two dietary protein levels Poult Sci 83 1307 1313 Weber F H and N A Evans 2003 Immunization of broiler chicks in ovo injection of Eimeria tenella sporozoites sporocysts or oocysts Poult Sci 82 1701 1707 Williams R B 1998 Epidemiological aspects of the use of live anticoccidia
75. G Llalli Y Liu E H Pettus J T Greenamyre R Liu H J Forman and J K Andersen 2000 Glutathione depletion in PC12 results in selective inhibition of mitochondrial complex I activity J Biol Chem 275 26096 26101 Kennedy E P and A L Lehninger 1949 Oxidation of fatty acids and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates by isolated rat liver mitochondria J Biol Chem 179 957 63 Kristal B S Koopmans C T Jackson Y Ikeno B Par and B P Yu 1997 Oxidant mediated repression of mitochondrial transcription in diabetic rats Free Rad Biol Med 22 813 822 Kwong L K and R S Sohal 1998 Substrate and site specificity of hydrogen peroxide generation in mouse mitochondria Arch Biochem Biophys 350 118 126 Lass A B H Sohal R Weindruch M J Forster and R S Sohal 1998 Caloric restriction prevents age associated accrual of oxidative damage to mouse skeletal muscle mitochondria Free Rad Biol Med 25 1089 1097 Lassiter K 2005 Differential expression of mitochondrial and extra mitochondrial proteins in lymphocytes of high and low feed efficient broilers M S Thesis University of Arkansas Fayetteville 72701 Lehninger A L 1965 The mitochondrion New York W A Benjamin Inc Lehninger A L D L Nelson and M M Cox 1993 In Principles of Biochemistry 2 Ed Worth Publishers New York NY p 542 597 Levonen A L R P Patel P Brookes Y M Go H Jo S Parthasarathy P G Ander
76. In each of the studies in our lab birds with the lowest or highest FE 6 to 8 per group were identified within a group of 100 breeder male replacement stock Bottje et al 2002 In all studies summarized in this review the high FE birds exhibited similar weights as low FE birds at the start of the week of the feed efficiency determination but gained more during the week on the same amount of feed as the Low FE birds Typical differences in FE between broilers with Low and High FE in these studies is provided in Figure 1 taken from Bottje et al 2002 The dependency of body weight gain on feed intake is clearly indicated Feed efficiency FE g gain g feed in this study was 0 64 0 01 and 0 83 0 01 for low and high FE groups respectively Tissues that have been investigated include breast muscle pectoralis superficialis leg muscle quadriceps femoris liver the upper duodenum heart and lymphocytes Mitochondria were isolated by differential centrifugation B Coupling and Oxidative Phosphorylation in Low FE Mitochondria Relationships in muscle mitochondrial function and FE in broilers were presented Bottje et al 2002 There were no differences in mitochondrial function provided succinate FADH linked substrate However when provided NADH linked substrates the respiratory control ratio RCR an index of respiratory chain coupling Estabrook 1967 was higher in high FE breast and leg muscle AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 41 m
77. Leclercg 1993 Are genetically lean broilers more resistant to hot climate Br Poult Sci 34 643 653 Gross W B 1988 Effect of ascorbic acid on the mortality of leghorn type chickens due to overheating Avian Dis 32 561 562 Hansen K K M M Beck S E Scheideler and E E Blankenship 2004 Exogenous estrogen boosts circulating estradiol concentrations and calcium uptake by duodenal tissue in heat stressed hens Poult Sci 83 895 900 Karaca A G H M Parker and C D McDaniel 2002 Elevated body temperature directly contributes ot heat stress infertility of broiler breeder males Poult Sci 81 1892 1897 Koelkebeck K W P C Harrison and T Madinou 1993 Effect of carbonated drinking water on production performance and bone characteristics of laying hens exposed to high environmental temperatures Poult Sci 72 1800 1803 Koelkebeck K W C M Parsons and X Wang 1998 Effect of acute heat stress on amino acid digestibility in laying hens Poult Sci 77 1393 1396 Lee D H K W Robinson N T M Yeates and M LR Scott 1945 Poultry husbandry in hot climates experimental inquiries Poult Sci 24 195 207 Leitner G and E D Heller 1992 Colonization of Escherichia coli in young turkeys and chickens Avian Dis 36 211 220 Liew P K I Zulkifli M Hair Bejo A R Omar and D A Israf 2003 Effects of early age feed restriction and heat conditioning on heat shock protein 70 expression resistance to Infectio
78. ND NOTES 1 Savage D C 1977 Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract Annu Rev Microbiol 31 107 133 2 Eckburg P B P W Lepp and D A Relman 2003 Archaea and their potential role in human disease Infect Immun 71 591 596 3 Hill M J 1995 Bacterial fermentation of complex carbohydrates in the human colon Eur J Cancer Prev 4 353 358 4 Butine T J and J A Leedle 1989 Enumeration of selected anaerobic bacterial groups in cecal and colonic contents of growing finishing pigs Appl Environ Microbiol 55 1112 1116 5 Cummings J and G T Macfarlane 1991 The control and consequences of bacterial fermentation in the human colon J Appl Bacteriol 70 443 459 6 Suau A R Bonnet M Sutren J J Godon G R Gibson M D Collins and J Dore 1999 Direct analysis of genes encoding 16S rRNA from complex communities reveals many novel molecular species within the human gut Appl Environ Microbiol 65 4799 4807 7 Salzman N H H de Jong Y Paterson H J Harmsen G W Welling and N A Bos 2002 Analysis of 16S libraries of mouse gastrointestinal microflora reveals a large new group of mouse intestinal bacteria Microbiology 148 3651 3660 8 Harmsen H J G C Raangs T He J E Degener and G W Welling 2002 Extensive set of 16S rRNA based probes for detection of bacteria in human feces Appl Environ Microbiol 68 2982 2990 9 Hayashi H M Sakamoto and Y Benno 20
79. ON no Pon b zi ne DIAS 1 Y 10 e c a VACUNA EN T ALIMENTO POR mr Hos 10 1967 14 48 TRES SEMANAS a c c VACUNA IV EN AGUA 7 69 6 862 21 13 23 16 DIA 3 D d a a V ENS 9 45 8 368 15 24 19 82 DIA 3 Y 10 cd cd b ab VI NO VACUNADO 11 02 15 121 13 2 10 91 abc a bc C VACUNA EN AGUA AL VII DIA 3 11 4 9 578 18 83 22 43 SALINOMICINA abc bc ab a 3 SEMANAS vii NO VACUNADO Y NO 14 17 17 02 20 9 20 25 DESAFIADO a a a ab ix VACUNA AL DIA 21 DE 12 64 17 29 17 72 15 89 EDAD abc a ab bc Literales distintas en una misma edad indican diferencia estad stica P 0 05 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 166 Numero de ooquistes promedio por gramo de heces en pollo de engorda vacunado contra Eimeria spp y desafiados al d a 21 de edad N mero de ooquistes g de heces GRUPO D A 3 D A7 D A14 D A21 D A28 D A35 D A 42 VACUNA BORA EAN a o 109885 83709 32984 4800 562 b ab cd bc a DIA 1 VACUNA ij ABBE See uU T E 49624 6348 604464 10580 2768 DIAS 1 Y 10 VACUNA EN IIl ALIMENTO POR 0 0 n ce d ey TRES SEMANAS VACUNA 33137 391500 277760 2766 2400 1167 IV EN AGUA 0 f j Ec DIA 3 VACUNA 10500 5311 68634 3045 2353 293 V EN AGUA 0 3 A s 1 E DIA 3 Y 10 478780 16400 1334 VI NOVACUNADO 0 0 0 0 2b A VACUNA EN AGUA AL T DIA 3 28141 6600 64328 2480 13369 353 SALINOMICINA ab c b d ab a 3 SEMANAS NO VACUNADO Y NO VIII DE AAD
80. Poor eggshell quality results from the reduction of available bicarbonate Mongin 1968 Other behavioral changes due to heat stress are less time spent walking and standing less feed consumption higher water intake and less social behavior Etches et al 1995 Obviously these behavioral changes will result in poor performance as body weight is rapidly lost Heat stress has a negative correlation AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 64 with feed consumption and feed conversion ratio as well Cooper and Washburn 1998 Other physiological indications of heat stress include decreased hematocrit levels increase in heterophil lymphocyte ratios and an increase in tonic immobility scores which are an indication of fearfulness Altan et al 2003 Other studies also report an increase in superoxide radicals in skeletal muscle mitochondria of broilers but not layers subjected to 18 h of heat stress on day 16 These reactive oxygen species result from the leaking of electrons from the electron transport chain in the mitochondria which then react with oxygen Mujahid et al 2005 Besides affecting performance heat stress can adversely affect the immune system in chickens though the mechanism is not well understood Heat stress of laying hens from 5 to 31 weeks of age resulted in increased mortality and decreased egg production In this experiment heterophil lymphocyte ratios were also significantly increased and antibody titers to sheep red b
81. Raton Fla 11 Danforth H D 1998 Int J Parasit 28 1099 1109 12 Daszak P and S J Ball 1993 Ann Tropical Med Parasitol 87 359 364 18 Dunnington E A W B Gross A Martin and P B Siegel 1992 Poultry Sci 36 49 53 14 Fernando M A and B M McCraw 1973 J Parasitol 59 493 501 SPP NOarwnNM AECACEM Quer taro 2008 Pag 17 Galli S J and B K Wershil 1996 The two faces of the mast cell Nature 381 21 22 Gleich G J C T Adolphson and K M Leiferman 1992 Eosinophils In Inflammation Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates J l Gallin I M Goldstein and R Snyderman eds pp 663 700 Lippincott Raven NY Giambrone J J L W Johnson P H Klesius 1984 63 2162 2166 Goetzl E J and K F Austen 1975 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72 4123 Gray J S 1976 Parasitology 93 189 204 Harari Y D A Russell and G A Castro 1987 J Immunol 138 1250 1255 Harari Y and G A Castro 1989 Immunology 66 302 307 Jeurissen S H M E M Janse A N Vermeulen and L Vervelde 1996 Vet Immunol Immunopathol 54 231 238 Johnson J and W M Reid 1970 Exp Parasitol 28 30 36 Leal Berumen l D P Snider C Barajas Lopez J S Marshall 1996 J Immunol 156 316 321 Lillehoj H S 1994 Poultry Sci 56 1 7 Lillehoj H S and J M Trout 1993 Avian Pathol 22 3 31 Lillehoj H S and J M Trout 1996 Clin Microbiol Reviews 9 349 360 L
82. S over 8 700 000 000 chickens and 2 710 000 turkeys are processed in commercial facilities Furthermore chicken has become the most frequently consumed meat in the U S with a per capita consumption of 82 0 pounds per person reported in 2002 which is a substantial increase from 40 3 pounds per person that was consumed in 1970 Additionally while 8 1 pounds of turkey meat were consumed per person in 1970 consumption increased to 17 7 pounds per person consumed in 2002 However contaminated poultry products can serve as sources of human foodborne illnesses Each year approximately 10 of the reported cases of outbreaks of human foodborne illnesses are related to contaminated poultry Bryan 1988 Annually these poultry related foodborne outbreaks are responsible for between 6 to 81 million cases of human foodborne illnesses approximately 9 000 deaths and financial losses of 5 6 to 9 4 billion in medical costs lost wages and reduced production Mead 1999 Therefore foodborne pathogens associated with poultry processing continue to be a major food safety issue with regulatory agencies scientific researchers poultry processors and consumers Bacteria associated with poultry processing Campylobacter Campylobacter is a Gram negative spiral shaped bacterium with fastidious growth requirements Keener et al 2004 Campylobacter also possess AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 56 characteristic rapid darting motility and the bacteriu
83. V zquez Huante L R Carmona Medero M A Camacho Morf n D y P rez Montes A Dpto de Ciencias Pecuarias Dpto de Ciencias Biol gicas Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl n Campo 4 Universidad Nacional Aut noma de M xico Cuautitl n Izcalli M xico C P 54500 Con objeto de determinar el efecto de Calcarea carbonica como promotor de crecimiento sobre el coraz n de patos se seleccionaron 15 patos Pekin al azar en la quinta semana de edad cinco de un lote testigo con 155 animales y 10 de un lote experimental con 154 al lote experimental se les suministr 0 2 mililitros del medicamento homeop tico Calcarea carbonica 200 C una vez a la semana A cada individu se le efectu una serie de ECG Para lo cual los electrodos se insertaron subcut neamente a nivel de las alas en la articulaci n humero radial y el tercero en la articulaci n feromotibiorotuliana derecha El equipo utilizado fue el Biopac MP35 fisi grafo interfaz con PC y electrodos de aguja de plata A todos los animales se les midi la onda R por ser la m s m s representativa del trabajo ventricular Se utiliz un dise o completamente al azar para estimar el ndice de Constancia IR dentro de cada grupo y as ajustar los datos a un valor probable promedio VMPP acorde con el n mero de repeticiones obtenidas en cada ave Se compararon ambos grupos mediante una prueba de t a un nivel de confianza del 95 Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados
84. ahr 56 131 9 6 Corrier DE Hinton A Jr Ziprin RL Beier RC DeLoach JR 1990 Effect of dietary lactose on cecal pH bacteriostatic volatile fatty acids and Salmonella typhimurium colonization of broiler chicks Avian Dis 34 617 25 T Bielke L R A Elwood D Donoghue A Donoghue L Newberry N Neighbor and B Hargis 2003 Approach for selection of individual enteric bacteria for competitive exclusion in turkey poults Poul Sci 82 1378 1382 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 148 10 Higgins S E Torres Rodriguez A Vicente J L Sartor C D Pixley C M Nava G M Tellez G Barton J T and Hargis B M 2005 Evaluation of Intervention Strategies for Idiopathic Diarrhea in Commercial Turkey Brooding Houses J Appl Poult Res 14 345 348 Douglas M W Persia M and Parsons C M 2003 Impact of Galactose Lactose and Grobiotic B70 on Growth Performance and Energy Utilization When Fed to Broiler Chicks Poult Sci 82 1596 1601 Jin L Z Ho Y W Abdullah N and Jalaludin S 1998 Growth performance intestinal microbial populations and serum cholesterol of broilers fed diets containing Lactobacillus cultures Poult Sci 77 1259 1265 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 149 Table1 Effect of a Lactobacillus sp based probiotic culture combined with Lactose 0 196 prebiotic on performance of turkey poults challenged with or without Salmonella enteritidis 1 0 cfu at day of hatch
85. al D Cawthon S Swonger T Wing M Cooper and W Bottje 2004 Site specific effects in electron transport in duodenal mtiochondria is associated with low feed efficiency in broiler breeder males Poult Sci 83 1394 1403 Ojano Dirain C M Iqbal T Wing M Cooper and W Bottje 2005a Glutathione and respiratory chain complex activity in duodenal mitochondria of broilers with low and high feed efficiency Poult Sci 84 785 788 Ojano Dirain C N R Pumford M Iqbal T Wing M Cooper and W G Bottje 2005b Biochemical evaluation of mitochondrial respiratory chain in duodenum of low and high feed efficient broilers 2005 Poult Sci 84 in press Olafsdottir K and D J Reed 1988 Retention of oxidized glutathione by isolated rat liver mitochondria during hydroperoxide treatment Biochim Biophys Acta 964 377 382 Rabilloud T J M Strub N Carte S Luche A van Dorsselaer J Lunardi R Giege and C Florentz 2002 Comparative proteomics as a new tool for exploring human mitochondrial tRNA disorders Biochem 41 144 150 Renner R S M Innis and M T Clandinin 1979 Effects of high and low erucic acid rapeseed oils on energy metabolism and mitochondrial function of the chick J Nutr 109 378 387 Srivistava H K 1981 Intergenomic interaction heterosis and improvement of crop yield Adv Agron 34 117 195 Sue C M and E A Schon 2000 Mitochondrial chain diseases and mutations in nuclear DNA A
86. ales and females mixed at 6 wk of age Programmed feeding was the amount of feed fed as shown in Figure 2 and the calculated feed consumed was based upon calculations from actual BW of males and females based upon the formulas of Combs 1968 This may be why heavy breasts relative to fat pad developed when feed increases were too rapid Birds with excess breast meat relative to fat pad tend to exhibit a reduced appetite in hot weather even in tunnel ventilated and evaporatively cooled houses increased susceptibility to heat stress poor peak egg production and poor persistency A conservative feeding approach with regards to weekly feed increases both before and after photostimulation would be advisable with females These data further suggested that if slower feed increases would be needed late in rearing to control body conformation while still achieving adequate cumulative nutrient intakes then it was apparent that feed intakes early in rearing had to be adequate As discussed for Figure 1 the weekly feed allocation at 15 wk of age may be a good indicator to study In a manner similar to the need to modulate any large increases in feed intake diets should be formulated to minimize abrupt changes in composition that will create situations that would be similar to abrupt changes in the feeding rate A single dietary ME for all diets is recommended to assist production managers maintain consistent feed increases Similarly modern broiler breeders
87. ales que no presentaban diarrea y se les administro S G v a oral no presentaron halos de inhibici n bacteriana de significancia Del mismo modo se comparo con animales cl nicamente diarreicos en donde la v a de administraci n fue intravenosa I V el halo de inhibici n bacteriana de estos animales fue mayor en comparaci n con las dem s v as oral I M Conclusiones Por todo lo anterior se puede concluir que el S G administrado por v a oral en pollos cl nicamente sanos no muestra niveles de inhibici n bacteriana seg n el m todo empleado El S G administrado por v a oral en pollos cl nicamente con diarrea muestra niveles de inhibici n bacteriana similares a los mostrados cuando la v a de aplicaci n es I M AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 126 EFECTO DE LA TEMPERATURA AMBIENTAL DURANTE LA CRIANZA SOBRE LOS INDICADORES PRODUCTIVOS EN EL POLLO DE ENGORDA Montiel Ariadna S nchez Jorge Ju rez Mireya Petrone V ctor M Mr Pollo S A de C V Agroindustrias Quesada S de R L de C V Collins Divisi n Veterinaria S A de C V FES Cuautitlan UNAM INTRODUCCI N Es un hecho conocido que la temperatura termoneutral para los pollitos en la primera semana de vida se encuentre entre 33 y 35 C La oscilaci n de la temperatura tanto arriba como debajo de la termoneutralidad en la primera semana puede influenciar de manera marcada el desempe o de las aves hasta edad de venta Se puede definir a la zona de
88. ally after 14 wk of age This must be extremely important as females grown sex separate on the programmed feed amount laid fewer eggs per hen These data and field experience suggest that large feed increases late in rearing in black out where there would be little reproductive development for pullets resulted in excessive fleshing breast meat development The excess breast meat may have increased maintenance requirements and inhibited reproductive development 160 Female 140 2 wk Male 120 9 4 wk Male e 6 wk Male gt 100 9 8 wk Male 3 5 o o E 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 Week Figure 2 Feed consumption of males reared separate to 2 4 6 or 8 wk of age and feeding program of the females that they were mixed with at the indicated ages Adapted from Peak et al 1998 As points of reference the targeted daily feed amounts for females at 15 and 20 wk of age were 68 and 95 g per female respectively with 7 g per wk increases after 20 wk 140 Male program El Male calculated 120 9 Female program Female calculated 4 77 100 80 60 40 20 Feed g bird day 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Age weeks Mixgrow AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 83 Figure 3 Calculated actual and programmed feeding of m
89. an demostrado disminuir el olor de los componentes fecales reducir el colesterol en suero aumentar la absorci n de nutrientes y estimular el sistema inmune Jenkins et al 1999 La suplementaci n en las dietas para pollos de algunos oligosac ridos no digestibles identificados como prebi ticos cambian las proporciones y las caracter sticas de las bacterias residentes Gibson amp Roberfroid 1995 La estabilidad de la microflora intestinal deber minimizar los desordenes entericos y estar asociada con la alta productividad Se debe tener en consideraci n los efectos que los nutrientes tienen sobre la microflora intestinal a saber prote nas y amino cidos energ a resultante del almid n o la grasa fibra niveles minerales en la dieta y balance electrol tico La reducci n de los costos esta siendo de mayor inter s para el productor de aves Sin embargo la AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 135 sustituci n de componentes en la dieta con una alternativa de bajo costo requieren de la evaluaci n no solamente del rendimiento de las aves y las caracter sticas de la canal sino tambi n del resultado de la calidad de la carne Poste L M 1990 La calidad puede ser definida como la suma de demandas del consumidor con respecto a los comestibles Woodward and Wheelock 1990 De acuerdo a Wrick 1995 lo que esperan los consumidores de la carne es que sea saludable rica en prote nas baja en grasa tierna y que tenga un sabor y color
90. and observed effects were not always consistent and were possibly influenced by the challenge dosages of EA AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 15 In all experiments conducted lesions of the duodenal mucosa of birds challenged with Eimeria acervulina isolate 1 EA1 consisted of typical white ladder like plaques which were consistent with the findings of Johnson and Reid 1970 upon which the current method of lesion scoring was based However Eimeria acervulina isolate 2 EA2 produced significantly fewer classical lesions but exhibited signs of an anaphylactic like secretory type response Differences in lesion scores found between EA1 and EA2 challenged birds within the same breed could possibly be related to the fact that the two isolates are generating a differential host response due to the presence of different surface antigens which may or may not cause edema and the presence of intestinal lesions Lillehoj and Trout 1993 Similar findings suggest that immunological mechanisms responsible for protecting birds against weight loss may differ from mechanisms that protect against lesions of the intestinal mucosa Augustine et al 1991 Coccidiosis is known to produce different histopathological features depending on the Eimeria species causing the infection Johnson and Reid 1970 Lillehoj and Trout 1993 McDougald and Reid 1997 However examination of the duodenal tissues taken from EA inoculated birds 6 days PC confirmed a differential hos
91. ando alimentados com dietas contendo aflatoxinas 1 2 cido Ciclopiaz nico Al m de produzirem as aflatoxinas algumas cepas de Aspergillus flavus tamb m produzem o cido Ciclopiaz nico CPA Essa micotoxina tem sido associada a alguns sinais cl nicos apresentados pelas aves no primeiro quadro de aflatoxicose descrito Turkey X disease N o obstante disso an lises das amostras daquele epis dio indicaram a presen a dessa micotoxina Kuilman Wahls 2002 Hoerr 2003 O CPA ocorre naturalmente no milho e amendoim e geralmente sua presen a est associada presen a das aflatoxinas Vaamonde 2003 Os principais sinais cl nicos da intoxicac o por CPA incluem diminuic o no ganho de peso v mito e sinais neurol gicos opist tono hiperestesia e convuls o sendo geralmente fatal Les es incluem degenera o e necrose hep tica les es hemorr gicas no mioc rdio AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 98 proventr culo moela e baco Kuilman Wahls 2002 Hoerr 2003 Dentre as les es citadas a mais marcante a presenca de eros es na moela das aves intoxicadas Hoerr 2003 1 3 Tricotecenos As principais micotoxinas do grupo dos tricotecenos compreendem a Toxina T 2 Deoxinivalenol DON ou vomitoxina Diacetoxiscirpenol DAS produzidas por fungos de diversos g neros principalmente Fusarium Intoxica es cr nicas envolvendo toxina T 2 ou DAS induzem reduc o no consumo de rac o e ganho de peso les es
92. arcasses are killed by hot water float away in water overflow or remain in the scalder Bryan and Doyle 1995 Between 5 900 to 17 000 cfu ml have been isolated from scald water at the end of a processing shift Walker and Ayres 1959 Scalding operations have been shown to reduce the number of aerobes E coli and Campylobacter Cason et al 1999 on carcasses during processing Counterflow scalders are a special type of scalding system that operates by adding clean water near the point where carcasses exit a series of scalders therefore the carcasses and water move in opposite directions through the series of tanks In a study that examined bacterial contamination in a 3 tank counterflow system significantly fewer coliforms E coli Campylobacter and Salmonella were isolated from the final tank than from the first tank Cason and Hinton 2006 Defeathering Scalded carcasses are passed through mechanical defeathering machines for feather removal These machines can be major sites of cross contamination Hinton et al 2004b because bacteria can form biofilms on the surface of rubber fingers Since these fingers can be difficult to clean and disinfect bacteria can be passed from carcass to carcass as carcasses are moved through the machine Additional carcass contamination may result from the physical force on the carcasses as picker fingers press against the carcass during defeathering and force fecal material through the cloaca and onto
93. as gained attention recently due to the increasing restriction for use of antibiotics as growth promoting agents A probiotic organism like those of the genera Lactobacillus Pediococcus and Bifidobacterium among others is a live microorganism that exerts a beneficial effect on the host by enhancing immune response nutrient absorption and pathogen control On the other hand a prebiotic is defined as food ingredient that selectively stimulates the growth and the activity of a particular bacterial community in the gastrointestinal tract GTI but that is also resistant to the digestive process undergoing in the GIT allowing to bypass the upper gastrointestinal section and be used by the beneficial bacteria in the lower sections of the GIT where they colonize AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 145 The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a commercially available Lactobacillus spp based probiotic culture in combination with dietary lactose 0 196 as prebiotic on turkey poults performance with or without Salmonella challenge at day of hatch Material and Methods Salmonella challenge A poultry isolate of S enteritidis Phage type 13A selected for resistance to Novobiocin nalidixic acid NO NA antibiotics was grown in Tryptic soy broth TSB for approximately 24h with passes in fresh media every 8h Cells of the last pass were washed three times in 0 9 sterile saline by centrifugation 3000xg and the concentration of viable ce
94. ative non fermentative motile strictly aerobic bacillus that colonizes the trachea of chickens turkeys and other poultry This bacterium was first isolated from young turkeys in 1967 and was officially named Bordetella avium in 1984 Studies have also shown that infection by this bacterium is not limited to poultry other birds can be carriers though they may not develop symptoms of disease The fact that there are many carriers of this bacterium explains the frequent outbreaks of the disease The infection is not lethal but infected birds are susceptible to secondary infections which can lead to mortality B avium outbreaks are responsible for severe economic losses in poultry producing regions of the world Skeeles and Arp 1997 This disease is worldwide and some speculate that it is being carried within 8096 of caged turkeys B avium commences a path of infection by colonizing the ciliated epithelium of the birds tracheal mucosa As the disease progresses it will destroy this outer layer of tissue along the respiratory tract and while doing so produce toxins that can affect other groups of tissue in the body This infection will also predispose the birds to other infectious diseases B avium acts quite similar to its human counterpart Bordetella pertussis whooping cough however there is no evidence that B avium can infect humans Most research to date on the effects of B avium has focused around the turkey because of the econom
95. bienestar t rmico como un rango de temperatura ambiente en que la tasa metab lica es m nima y la homeotermia se mantiene con un menor gasto energ tico de este modo la energ a destinada la utiliza para mantener su temperatura corporal cuyo rango ptimo es de 40 0 a 40 1 c El manejo inicial es fundamental para el desempe o zoot cnico del pollo de engorda y de la misma forma la preparaci n de las casetas la recepci n de los pollitos y el manejo de la primera semana de vida son muy importantes en el ciclo de vida del ave El desarrollo del pollito en la primera semana de vida es una condici n relevante para el desempe o ya que los procesos fisiol gicos de hipertrofia celular maduraci n del sistema termorregulador e inmunol gico el crecimiento y la diferenciaci n de la mucosa gastrointestinal sufren intensos procesos de adaptaci n en este periodo En las l neas pesadas el emplume es m s tard o consecuentemente las aves son m s sensibles a las temperaturas durante las tres primeras semanas Cuando logramos obtener un buen desarrollo inicial y uniformidad en las dos primeras semanas a trav s de manejo ambiente y nutrici n tendremos aves m s resistentes a estr s cal rico y con un menor ndice de ascitis y otras enfermedades metab licas asimismo las aves ser n m s resistentes a las infecciones a trav s de una buena respuesta inmunol gica La integridad del tubo digestivo proporcionara una mejor absorci n y consec
96. brates In most of their range jungle fowl will rear 2 4 broods of chicks annually with from 5 to 10 chicks in each brood The chicks are fully fledged at about 12 days but will remain in a group with the hen for up to 12 weeks Birds may live more than 10 years in captivity but are unlikely to do so in the wild Throughout each generation coccidia probably infected virtually all of the new chicks as they began to feed from the ground during their association with the hen During that time oocysts shed by previous broods of chicks in the same area would be ingested and initiate infections Usually small numbers of oocysts from various Eimeria species would be ingested at random times as the chicks began to feed For that reason clinical coccidiosis in jungle fowl was probably non existant Instead a mild enteritis or typhlitis would arise depending on the infecting species No lasting damage would occur as a result of the infection and there would be only a modest impact on the growth and development of the young bird To flourish in that environment the coccidia needed to produce a large number of oocysts that would be scattered through the environment by the infected animals Only a tiny proportion of these oocysts would ever successfully infect another chicken The high productivity more than 10 oocysts produced from a single infecting sporozoite in some cases reflects the low chance of a single oocyst being ingested by a susceptible chicken Wa
97. by acting as substrates or supplying SCFA Much attention has been directed toward the study of specific bene ficial lactic acid bacteria rather than the flora as a whole 30 however the SCFA have diverse functions with regard to host and microbial physiology Blood Flow and Muscular Activity Studies in vitro have shown that incubation with SCFA as the sodium salts at concentra tions as low as 3 mM dilate precontracted colonic resistance arterioles in isolated human colonic segments 31 Greater colonic blood flow has been observed with infusion of acetate propionate or butyrate separately or as a mixture into the denervated canine large bowel 32 The mechanism of action of SCFA on blood flow does not involve prostaglandins or a or B adrenoreceptor linked pathways 31 The mechanisms of action may involve local neural networks as well as chemoreceptors together with direct effects on smooth muscle cells 33 The SCFA produced in the colon and entering the portal circulation seem to influence the upper gut musculature These actions are important for the maintenance of the function of the whole gastrointestinal system not just the colon It is expected that greater blood flow enhances tissue oxygenation and transport of absorbed nutrients Enterocyte Proliferation In rats SCFA stimulate the growth of colorectal and ileal mucosal cells when they are de livered colorectally or intraperitoneally 34 35 In addition to promoting growt
98. c methods can yield variable results Genotypic methods that rely on comparisons of 16S rRNA sequences from unknown bacteria are proving to be valuable for use in a wide range of genera and are not sensitive to variable culture conditions Genotypic 16S rRNA identification of organisms from probiotic cultures may be more reliable than the current standard microbial techniques applied separately to different microbial groups Although there are many new experimental molecular identification techniques such as microarray hybridization and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight MALDI TOF mass spectrometry sequence analysis of 16S rRNA is the predominant molecular technology currently available for microbial identification 76 The 16S rRNA sequences of many bacteria species in a population may be analyzed simultaneously with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis or random fragment length polymorphism analyses The detailed information needed to identify each species represented in the complex microbial population of a probiotic product can only be fully obtained from the 16S rRNA at the level of the nucleotide sequence As an example we have devised an identification scheme using the MIDI System ID from 2 different private laboratories 77 78 and the Biolog ID System 79 and the 16S rRNA Sequence Analyses 80 for identification of the individual component bacteria present in the commercial probiotic Floramax Table 1 The result
99. cass by trimming or washing or by on or off line processing Sanitizers Sanitizers used in poultry processing operations must be efficient decrease the level of microbial contamination be safe for processing workers and consumers and have little or no negative effect on the appearance taste odors or quality of processed carcasses Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures Relating to Public Health 2004 Physical sanitizers include cold water hot water pressure and steam Chemical sanitizers include chlorine chlorine dioxide trisodium phosphate TSP organic acids bases and inorganic acids bases Chlorine is the most widely used sanitizer in commercial poultry processing facilities because it has a broad antimicrobial spectrum and is relatively inexpensive However the use of chlorine in processing has been AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 61 prohibited in Europe and Canada because of the potential for the formation of carcinogenic compounds Conclusion The consumption of poultry products continues to increase as health conscious consumers seek low fat nutritious diets Although it is the responsibility of the consumer to insure that poultry products are stored and prepared properly researchers and poultry processors must continue to search for methods to reduce microbial contamination that occurs during poultry processing Decreasing contamination of poultry carcasses during processing will decrease the number of foodborne illn
100. cations of behavior to poultry management Poult Sci 71 634 642 McDaniel G R J Brake and R D Bushong 1981 Factors affecting broiler breeder performance 1 Relationship of daily feed intake level to reproductive performance of pullets Poult Sci 60 307 312 Peak S D 1996 A mathematical model to investigate nutritional influences onbroiler breeder male fertility M S Thesis The Graduate School North Carolina State University Raleigh NC Peak S D 2001 Development of a bioenergetic growth model to determine the effect of feed allocation program on male broiler breeder growth and performance Ph D Dissertation The Graduate School North Carolina State University Raleigh NC Peak S D and J Brake 1994 A comparison of pullet BW and nutrient consumption patterns as indicators of potential reproductive performance of broiler breeders Poult Sci 73 Suppl 1 3 Peak S D J J Bruzual J Brake and T Johnson 1998 Impact of mixing broiler breeder males with females at various ages on flock performance Poult Sci 77 Suppl 1 66 Reviers M de 1977 Le d vellopment testiculaire chez le coq V Action de variations de la dur e quotidienne d clairement Ann Biol Anim Bioch Biophys 17 2 179 186 Reviers M de 1980 Photoperiodism testis development and sperm production in the fowl Pages 515 526 in 9 Int l Cong Animal Reprod And Artif Insem Madrid Reviers M de and J B Williams 1984 Te
101. ce and the entire inner surface of the intestines becomes bloody and necrotic AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 34 CAUSAL AGENT Clostridium perfringens CP causes enteritis in many animal species including man Necrotic enteritis in chickens is caused by a Clostridium perfringens which produces either alpha and or beta toxins Under optimum disease conditions CP forms spores that are very resistant to environmental changes and can persist over long periods of time under harsh conditions The disease causing bacteria are ubiquitous in the environments of chickens and turkeys grown in confinement Subclinical necrotic enteritis significantly impairs feed efficiency often causing birds to have diarrhea and an overall listless appearance The disease may manifest itself as hepatitis or cholangeohepatitis found in broilers at processing Worldwide there are over 800 known serotypes of CP Multiple serotypes combined with the ubiquitous nature of disease causing spores and the universal presence of spores in areas of the world where chickens are grown in close proximity explain why necrotic enteritis occurs so commonly in poultry production However it does not explain one of the many quirks of this disease which is that healthy highly productive birds often have low levels of Clostridium perfringens bacteria in their intestines These bacteria contain the same toxins that cause both the clinical and subclinical forms of the disease For
102. cern at the present time would be how to achieve a higher BW in a logical and productive manner At this point it should be stated that photostimulation somehow changes broiler breeders from nutrient accumulating organisms to nutrient expending organisms The act of photostimulation can obviously interrupt the process of nutrient accumulation and create long term fertility problems de Reviers 1977 de Reviers 1980 de Reviers and Williams 1984 de Reviers and Seigneurin 1990 This scenario would be expected to be most true for birds with low BW not yet accumulated sufficient nutrition This would most likely be the reason that good BW uniformity has often been found to aid reproductive performance However another means to achieve the same goal is to simply wait one week beyond achieving the minimum cumulative nutrition targets before photostimulation AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 80 Management of Females for Egg Production During the last 15 years our laboratory has examined the relationship between cumulative nutrition during the rearing period and subsequent female reproductive performance Four flocks of broiler breeders of the same strain were compared in an early study Table 1 Peak and Brake 1994 Photostimulation was at 141 d 20 wk of age Table 1 shows the cumulative CP ME BW at 140 d and eggs per hen housed The groups were fed the same diet during rearing but the feed was allocated differently each week during the rear
103. ci n de inulina en la dieta del pollo de engorda mejorara la calidad de la carne y disminuir la grasa dela canal Objetivos Espec ficos Evaluar el potencial de la inulina sobre la calidad de la carne Evaluaci n sensorial de la carne de pollo MATERIAL Y METODOS Dise o de estudio Se trata de un estudio experimental prospectivo longitudinal y comparativo que se realizo en el Centro de Bachillerato Tecnol gico Agropecuario y el Departamento de Nutrici n Animal del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M dicas y AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 137 Nutrici n Salvador Zubir n en el cual se utilizaron un total de100 pollos para engorda Gallus gallus de la estirpe Ross machos de los cuales se formaron cuatro grupos de la siguiente manera Grupo 1 en la dieta incluir 0 1 de inulina Grupo 2 en la dieta incluir 0 2 de inulina Grupo 3 en la dieta incluir 0 4 de inulina Grupo 4 en la dieta incluir una dieta est ndar para pollo de engorda grupo testigo Los pollos fueron alimentados desde los 0 a 46 d as con las dietas experimentales se les proporciono el alimento y agua a ad libitum El muestreo consisti en sacrificar a los pollos por dislocaci n cervical y extraer pierna muslo y pechuga la toma de muestra se realizo el d a 46 de edad del pollo Las muestras permanecieron en refrigeraci n al momento de su obtenci n para despu s llevar a cabo la evaluaci n sensorial C lculo del tama o de la mues
104. cial flock that consistently broke with Bordetellosis with significant losses was used for a field trial of the autogenous vaccine Birds from this flock were vaccinated with the autogenous strain of AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 76 B avium This flock that consistently broke with Bordetellosis did not break with the disease following vaccination The antibody response was even greater than that observed with the naive birds treated under controlled conditions at our laboratory indicating that these birds may have had an amnestic response due to a continual exposure to B avium at the house This secondary response to the continual exposure to B avium appears to further protect the flock from the disease With continued use of vaccination the devastation caused by Bordetella avium may be minimized VIII References 1 2 Skeeles J K and Arp L H 1997 Bordetellosis Turkey Coryza In Diseases of Poultry Calnek B 10th ed 13 275 287 Clubb S L Homer B L Pisani J and Head C 1994 Outbreaks of Bordetellosis in Psittacines and Ostriches In Proceedings of the Association of Avian Veterinarians pp 63 68 Jordan F T W 1990 Bordetella avium Turkey Coryza In Poultry Diseases Jordan F T W ed 51 53 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 77 Managing Broiler Breeders for Eggs Chicks and Broiler Performance John T Brake Ph D PAS William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor of Poultry Science Physiology and Nu
105. cinated broilers was eliminated by the conclusion of the experiments 27 d in the higher protein diets in this study Vaccination was effective at generating protective immunity against the Eimeria challenge evidenced by significantly increased body weight gains improved feed conversions reduced post challenge mortality and reduced lesion development in vaccinated broilers compared to non vaccinated These data indicate that vaccination can be utilized as an anticoccidial preventive and are suggestive that reduced protein concentration of starter diets can lead to significant losses in broiler performance when utilizing a vaccination program to prevent coccidiosis INTRODUCTION Coccidiosis is an intestinal disease of intensively reared livestock cause by coccidial parasites of the genus Eimeria The disease causes intestinal epithelium lesions reduction of body weight reduced feed efficiency and several degrees of mortality Guzman et al 2003 Economically the most important members of this genus in chickens worldwide are F acervulina E brunette E maxima E mitis E praecox E necatrix and E tenella Shirley et al 2005 Infections with E acervulina E maxima and E tenella are diagnosed frequently in intensively reared poultry McDougald et al 1997 It has been estimated that coccidiosis costs the world s commercial chicken producers at least 800 million each year Williams 1998 with approximately 8096 of this cost due
106. combination of genomes from diverse breeds and not so much by inheritance of one or more specific resistance genes If resistance to disease could be enhanced through genetic selection this would be a possible alternative to using anticoccidials The different species of Eimeria would need to be taken into account due to the fact that each species shows different immunovariability in chickens Data has also shown a difference in the immune response between genotypes of major histocompatibility B complex Caron et al 1997 which may possibly be attributed to the bird s ability to recognize the coccidia antigen If lines that are naturally resistant to coccidiosis are found then they could be incorporated into a breeding program in an effort to pass along the genes that demonstrate this resistance Since resistance to Eimeria involves more then one type of immune response different immune responses need to be selected for to provide this resistance Selection criteria could include one or a combination of the following high antibody response to foreign antigens high cell mediated immune responses and MHC genes Layers that were selected for high antibody or low antibody response to sheep red blood cells did show a difference in antibody response when challenged with E acervulina but these responses did not show any difference in resistance to the E acervulina in regards to termination of infection or expulsion of the parasite Parmentier et a
107. con el mejor ndice anticoccidial en relaci n al grupo VIII fue el grupo VII en el cual se efectu la vacunaci n a los tres d as de edad y se adicion salinomicina en el alimento Los resultados muestran que la administraci n de 60 ppm de salinomicina en el alimento durante toda la prueba control de mejor manera la replicaci n de ooquistes Chapman 2000 y Shirley and Long 1990 mencionan como una alternativa para el control de la coccidiosis el uso de vacunas con cepas tolerantes a ion foros como un mecanismo doble y conjunto para reducir o controlar las poblaciones de eimerias nativas y favorecer la replicaci n de las cepas vacunales Adem s los grupos IV V y VII coincidieron con los grupos que registraron mayores niveles de coccidias excretadas en heces a edades m s tempranas d a 7 Chapman 2000 Shirley and Long 1990 Lo anterior muestra que una caracter stica importante para obtener inmunidad s lida a la infecci n es asegurar adecuadas reinfecciones de la cepa vacunal ya sea mediante vacunaciones subsecuentes o bien en forma natural con un manejo adecuado del material de cama mas que una v a de vacunaci n particular Crouch 2003 El grupo VII tambi n tuvo la mejor ganancia relativa de peso entre el d a 21 y 28 esto se atribuye a la presencia del producto ion foro en el alimento La salinomicina control la infecci n por ooquistes de desaf o administrados al d a 21 y debido a esto fue el nico grupo vacunado q
108. consumo de agua la presencia de l quido en el tracto intestinal la presencia de lesiones 1 y 2 de AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 157 Eimeria acervulina aunado a los conteos de ooquistes de Eimeria sp en heces podemos concluir que el cuadro cl nico descrito correspondi a un caso de coccidiosis leve DISCUSI N Y CONCLUSIONES El agua es un nutriente vital y se encuentra involucrada en diversos procesos metab licos su consumo es influenciado por numerosos factores El contar con registros diarios del consumo de agua es de gran utilidad para el m dico no solo porque el agua sea una ruta com n para la aplicaci n de vacunas y tratamientos siendo importante conocer el consumo de agua para estimar la cantidad de la misma en la que se aplicar una vacuna o bien para determinar la forma en la que se realizar alg n tratamiento si no tambi n porque un incremento o decremento en el consumo de agua puede ser indicativo de problemas de salud Como se pudo observar en este caso en la parvada B el incremento en el consumo de agua aunado a la presencia de cama y heces h medas fueron un indicador de que exist a un problema En este caso aunque los conteos de ooquistes fueron bajos y las lesiones intestinales leves esto repercuti sobre el peso a los 35 d as de edad Al comparar los pesos obtenidos entre una parvada y otra la parvada A 1794g gano 126g mas que la parvada B 16689 y aunque al final la parvada B supera a la A por 22
109. creveram les es muito leves e redu o na qualidade de ovos em aves que receberam 18 ppm de DON na dieta Os tricotecenos geralmente n o induzem aumento de mortalidade em aves que n o sejam frangos requerendo n veis de v rias centenas de partes por milh o para resultar em mortalidade significativa De forma semelhante em surtos de toxicose atribu dos a toxina T 2 que afetaram patos dom sticos gansos equinos e su nos somente houve mortalidade em gansos sugerindo uma grande sensibilidade dessa ave 1 4 Fumonisinas As fumonisinas um grupo de dezenas de micotoxinas s o produzidas por fungos dos g neros Alternaria e Fusarium principalmente pelo AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 100 F moniliforme As fumonisinas de maior ocorr ncia e import ncia toxicol gica s o B e Bo Os n veis de contaminac o em milhos de diferentes partes do mundo est o normalmente abaixo de 5 ppm e cerca de um terco das amostras analisadas s o contaminadas As an lises realizadas nos ltimos 11 anos no LAMIC 1996 2007 constatam que cerca de 4296 das amostras de milho e 45 das amostras de rac o s o contaminadas por fumonisinas Alguns trabalhos indicam que os n veis t xicos de fumonisina est o acima de 80 ppm Outros pesquisadores realizaram experimentos com doses extremamente altas de fumonisina 61 a 546 ppm e encontraram efeitos nocivos dessa toxina sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte No entanto estudos conduzidos pelo Labo
110. cunaci n al d a 10 mostr mejor peso corporal mientras que en relaci n al pigmento cut neo no hubo diferencia estad stica significativa entre ambos grupos Estos resultados concuerdan con estudios donde se menciona que una sola vacunaci n contra Eimeria spp en ocasiones no logra conferir una inmunidad completa debido a que la reinfecci n depende de factores ambientales y de manejo que favorezcan la esporulaci n de la cepa vacunal y la reinfecci n de las aves en la caseta y esta protecci n adecuada se alcanzar mejor si se administran vacunaciones subsecuentes Por otra la administraci n de cantidades bajas de ooquistes en forma continuas y cantidad desuniforme no garantiza una protecci n adecuada Chapman et al 2002 Esto ltimo tambi n se observo en el grupo III que recibi la vacuna en alimento en cantidades bajas en forma continua durante tres emanas y que se encontr entre los grupos que obtuvieron los niveles m s bajos de pigmento ganancia relativa de peso y fue el pen ltimo en peso corporal de los grupos vacunados En los resultados obtenidos en el ndice anticoccidial al final de la prueba se observ que la vacuna utilizada en el estudio protegi adecuadamente a las AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 163 aves de los grupos IV V y VII El grupo con mejor ndice anticocidial al final de la prueba se observ que la vacuna utilizada en el estudio protegi adecuadamente a las aves de los grupos IV V y VII El grupo
111. cutive days and dietary lactose 0 196 as prebiotic continuously on the feed whereas the untreated group received plain water and feed Body weight was registered at days 1 7 and 14 for trials 1 2 and 3 and at days 1 8 and 18 for trial 4 Feed consumption was recorded during the experimental period in order to evaluate feed conversion ratio at the end of each trial AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 146 Probiotic administration Commercially available Lactobacillus spp based probiotic IVS WYNCO was ten fold diluted in fresh MRS broth to have 10 cfu mL Thirty five milliliter of this dilution were added to a 3 430mL water along with 35mL of skim milk to stabilize the culture Fresh treated water with a final concentration of 10 cfu mL was provided daily for the first three days of the experiment A sample of the culture was ten fold diluted for enumeration on MRS agar plates Statistic analysis Differences between groups of body weight and feed conversion rate were determined by one way analysis of variance using the General Linear Models procedure Significant differences P 0 05 were further separated using Duncan s multiple range test and commercial statistical analysis software 3 Results and Discussion To establish and maintain a successful infection microbial pathogens have to evolve a variety of strategies to invade the host avoid or resist the innate immune response damage the cells and multiply the specific and normally ste
112. d dendritic cells from allergic patients J Allergy Clin Immunol 116 198 204 Martinez B J Sllanpa 2 E Smit T K Korhonen and P H Pouwels 2000 Expression of cbsA Encoding the Collagen Binding S Protein of Lactobacillus crispatus JCM5810 in Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393T J Bacteriol 182 6857 6861 Cadieux P J Burton and G Gardiner 2002 Lactobacillus strains and vaginal ecology JAMA 287 1940 194 Kalliomaki M S Salminen H Arvilommi P Kero P Koskinen and E Isolauri 2001 Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease A randomised placebo controlled trial Lancet 357 1076 1079 Vanderhoof J A 2001 Probiotics Future directions Am J Clin Nutr 73 1152S 1155S Villena J S Racedo G Aguero E Bru M Medina and S Alvarez 2005 Lactobacillus casei improves resistance to pneumococcal respiratory infection in malnourished mice J Nutr 135 1462 1469 Xiao S D Z Zhang and H Lu 2003 Multicenter randomized controlled trial of heat killed Lactobacillus acidophilus LB in patients with chronic diarrhea Adv Ther 20 253 260 Schultz M A Timmer H H Herfarth R B Sartor J A Vanderhoof and H C Rath 2004 Lactobacillus GG in inducing and maintaining remission of Crohn s disease BMC Gastroenterol 4 5 Saggioro A 2004 Probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome J Clin Gastroenterol 38 Suppl 6 5104 S106 Majamaa H and E Isolauri 1997 Probiotics a
113. dad en pollos vacunado con Eimeria spp y desafiados al d a 21 PESO CORPORAL g GRUPO GANACIA DIA 21 DIA 28 AE RELATIVA DE PESO VACUNA I POR ASPERSION 497 8 747 5 249 7 63 96 DIA1 VACUNA II POR ASPERSION 531 5 772 2 240 6 61 63 DIAS 1 Y 10 VACUNA EN HI ALIMENTO POR 570 8 801 1 230 3 58 99 TRES SEMANAS VACUNA IV EN AGUA 448 7 811 6 362 9 92 95 DIA 3 VACUNA V EN AGUA 519 8 882 9 363 1 93 0 DIA 3 Y 10 VI NO VACUNADO 540 8 666 3 125 5 32 14 VACUNA EN AGUA AL DIA 3 VII SALINOMICINA 500 7 878 1 377 4 96 67 3 SEMANAS NO VACUNADO Y NO VIII DESAFIADO 561 7 952 1 390 4 100 IX VACUNA AL DIA 21 DE 585 26 881 5 296 3 75 89 EDAD AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 169 ndice de lesiones intestinales siete d as posdesaf o en pollos vacunados GRUPO INDICE DE LESION INTESTINAL DUODENO YEYUNO ILEON CIEGOS I LESION VACUNA R 1 s 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 I POR ASPERSION R 2 4 0 0 1 2 2 1 25 DIA1 TOTAL 2 25 VACUNA R 1 n 6 0 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 5 I POR ASPERSION R 2 0 0 0 3 1 3 1 DIAS 1 Y 10 TOTAL 25 VACUNA EN R 1 6 0 0 0 5 2 3 2 16 II ALIMENTO POR R 2 16 0 0 0 4 2 2 3 2 33 TRES SEMANAS TOTAL 449 VACUNA R 1 6 1 0 0 2 0 5 IV EN AGUA R 2 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 DIA 3 TOTAL 0 5 VACUNA R 1 n 5 0 0 0 1 0 2 V EN AGUA R 2 nos 14 0 0 0 0 2 DIA 3 Y 10 TOTAL 0 4 R 1 n6 3
114. ders were moved from a black out rearing 8 h of light facility to the laying facility and photostimulated 14 h of light at 22 wk of age Although this experiment was replicated three times with similar results only one of the broiler breeder flocks will be examined herein As points of reference the daily feed amounts at 15 wk of age were 67 73 and 77 5 g per female for the Low Medium and High programs respectively This range of feed allocation would be expected to cover the normal feeding range although feed allocations less than 67 g are often observed at 15 wk of age Figure 5 Pullet feeding program used to produce three graded levels of cumulative CP and ME intakes High 27 780 kcal ME and 1 485 g CP Medium 26 020 kcal ME and 1 391 g CP and Low 24 240 kcal ME and 1 296 g CP to 22 wk of age 120 100 80 60 40 20 Feed bird day g 13 5 7 9 11131517 192123 Age wk All pullets were weighed at 22 wk of age to confirm treatment effects and the Low Medium and High treatments weighed 2 450 g 2 550 g and 2 660 g respectively Although pullet BW did differ during rearing these differences gradually disappeared during the laying period Figure 6 Sample BW taken from 20 hens per pen near the time of each egg collection for the two broiler trials are shown in Table 2 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 86 Figure 6 Female BW during the rearing and laying periods resulting from the Low Medium and High cumulative
115. during the day from day 19 to day 21 but a high protein and low energy diet at night A heat challenge was administered on day 34 of 36C for 7 hours Birds who experienced thermal conditioning or dual feeding had significantly less mortality compared to un treated control chickens The body temperature of the broilers who survived the heat challenge was also significantly lower in both treatments The investigators also observed a correlation between body temperature at day 32 prior to heat challenge and mortality Chickens who had a body temperature of greater than 42 2C had 7596 mortality while chickens with body temperatures of less than 41 5C had only 396 mortality Feed and Water Supplements During Heat Stress Bartlett and Smith found in 2003 that formulation of a diet with 181mg kg zinc increased the total IgM and IgG in the primary immune response following heat stress compared to diets with lower levels of zinc The high zinc diet also resulted in increased numbers of macrophages The hypothesis was that the reduction in feed consumption during heat stress resulted in a zinc deficiency However in this experiment all chicks who were heat shocked had significantly lower body weight feed conversion and feed intake Adminstration of a 0 6 KCI solution increased water intake during heat stress and decreased accumulation of ions in the blood associated with heat stress Ait Boulahsen et al 1995 Carpenter et al 1992 found that use of nip
116. e London UK Wrick K L 1995 Consumer issues and expectation for functional foods Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 35 167 173 Xu Z R Hu C H Xia M S Zhan X A and wang M Q 2003 Effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide on digestive enzyme activities intestinal microflora and morphology of male broilers Poultry Science 82 1030 1036 Yusrizal and Chen T C 2003 Effect of Adding Chicory Fructans in Feed on Broiler Growth Performance Serum Cholesterol and Intestinal Length International Journal of Poultry Science 2 3 214 219 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 144 Effect of a Lactobacillus spp Based Probiotic and a Prebiotic on Turkey Poult Performance With or Without S enteritidis Challenge J L Vicente A D Wolfenden G Tellez and B M Hargis Poultry Health Laboratory Center of Excellence of Poultry Science University of Arkansas Fayetteville AR 72701 Abstract To evaluate the effect of a Lactobacillus based probiotic culture LPC for the first three consecutive days in combination with lactose on feed as prebiotic four trials were performed Two treatments were included in these studies LPC dietary lactose 0 196 continuously on feed and probiotic culture 10 cfu mL in the drinking water and untreated controls Due to the high variability in body weight 100 poults were weighed and only those with body weight between the mean 1 STD were included in the experiment Poults were placed in a Biosecurity level Il
117. e different protein concentrations Experiment 2 Protein Vaccination Challenge Upper Mid Lower 20 Non vaccinated No 0 26 0 08 0 40 0 02 0 00 0 007 20 Vaccinated No 0 00 0 00 0 87 0 05 0 23 0 12 22 Non vaccinated No 0 00 0 00 0 64 0 16 0 04 0 04 22 Vaccinated No 0 00 0 00 0 87 0 047 0 03 0 037 24 Non vaccinated No 0 10 0 05 0 47 0 02 0 00 0 007 24 Vaccinated No 0 00 0 00 0 60 0 02 0 07 0 04 20 Non vaccinated Yes 0 13 0 08 2 13 0 46 2 17 0 11 20 Vaccinated Yes 0 00 0 00 1 90 0 09 0 60 0 15 22 Non vaccinated Yes 0 33 0 09 1 832022 2 03 0 11 22 Vaccinated Yes 0 03 0 03 1 574 0 03 0 77 0 17 24 Non vaccinated Yes 0 53 0 15 1 9340 60 2 03 40 11 24 Vaccinated Yes 0 00 0 004 1 20 0 03 1 40 0 20 Means with different superscripts within columns differ significantly at P lt 0 05 Mixed species challenge contained Eimeria acervulina 6 x 10 Eimeria maxima 4 x 10 and Eimeria tenella 2 x 10 sporulated oocysts AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 33 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN MICROBIAL ECOLOGY CHALLENGE OF COCCIDIOSIS AND NECROTIC ENTERITIS TO THE HEALTH OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Chuck Hofacre Greg Mathis and Margie Lee Department of Population Health University of Georgia and Southern Poultry Research Necrotic Enteritis is caused by the gram positive anaerobic bacterium Clostridium perfringens Clostridium perfringens CP can be readily found in so
118. e effect of one of three dietary protein levels 20 22 and 24 vaccination vaccination compared to non medicated non vaccination and mixed species Eimeria challenge 21 d of age on broiler chick performance This experiment yielded a total of 12 treatment groups and each group was replicated in triplicate Each replicate contained 25 chicks for a total of 900 chicks Dietary treatment groups were identical to those utilized in Experiment 1 Table 1 At d of age chicks were individually weighed top and bottom 5 discarded wing banded and assigned to treatment groups Chicks assigned to vaccinated treatment groups were vaccinated using Coccivac B in a commercial spray type cabinet that vaccinates 100 bird chick trays A red food coloring agent was included in the vaccination solution and chicks were allowed to preen for 1 hr before placement On d 21 pen weights were taken feed consumption determined for the calculation of feed conversion ratios and chicks were challenged with a AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 21 mixed species challenge containing Eimeria acervulina 6 x 10 Eimeria maxima 4 x 10 and Eimeria tenella 2 x 10 sporulated oocysts On d 27 6 days post challenge pen weights were taken feed consumption determined and 10 broilers from each replicate necropsied for the determination of intestinal lesion Johnson and Reid 1970 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Experiment 1 Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 11 0 for W
119. e nos ltimos 6 anos 2000 2005 teve um incremento de 140 UBA 2006 universalmente conhecido o fato de que perus s o mais sens veis aos efeitos das aflatoxinas que frangos de corte sem que no entanto se conhecesse o real impacto dessas micotoxinas no desenvolvimento dessas aves Estudos conduzidos no LAMIC UFSM demonstraram que durante os primeiros 42 dias perus apresentam uma sensibilidade intoxica o por aflatoxinas cerca de 4 a 6 vezes maior do que frangos Rauber 2006 Nesse estudo os perus foram alimentados com dietas contendo de O a 1000 ppb de aflatoxinas divididos em 7 grupos sendo que o grupo que recebeu a maior dose apresentou um ganho de peso cerca de 38 inferior ao grupo controle Tabela 2 Outro dado importante relacionado mortalidade que foi de 37 enquanto que no grupo controle n o houve mortalidade A evolu o do ganho de peso nos animais intoxicados nos diferentes grupos inversamente proporcional dose de aflatoxinas presente na dieta R 0 84 e P 0 00 Pesos2 2 298 9 0 87 ppb de aflatoxinas Comparativamente frangos de corte alimentados com 3000 ppb de aflatoxinas durante 42 dias apresentaram uma reduc o de 27 no ganho de peso Giacomini et al 2006 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 96 Tabela 2 Peso m dio de perus de corte intoxicados com aflatoxinas em diferentes concentrac es durante 42 dias Aflatoxinas ppb Peso 21 dias CV Peso 42 dias CV 0
120. e of the above mentioned criteria might be needed to provide resistance to coccidiosis since they all play a role in the host immune response Research from our lab which we will be presenting for the seminar has indicated differential intestinal immune responsiveness and corresponding performance differences in commercial broilers from genetically divergent lines which emphasizes the importance of immune system competence in genetic selection programs in the industry Morris et al 2004 Wazlak et al 2004 In current selection schemes by primary breeder operations in the poultry industry some pure lines are being selected in the presence of an Eimeria challenge in the environment in an attempt to build resistance in the selection program Further research needs to be conducted to evaluate the mucosal immune response associated with differences in resistance between commercial lines of broilers Experimental Results Experiments were conducted to evaluate variability in the broiler host response to a single challenge with one of two EA isolates as well as determine if responses were influenced by the genetics of the bird These experiments demonstrated that immunovariability does exist between different isolates within the same species of Eimeria Differences in body weight gains PC duodenal lesion scores villus height and crypt depth and localized mast cell influx were dependent upon which EA strain was administered however quantified
121. e results of the broiler progeny have long been recognized as being as important as fertility and egg production as outcomes of good broiler breeder management but data to clearly relate broiler breeder management to broiler performance have been scarce To evaluate vertical effects of cumulative nutrition during the pullet rearing period on performance of broiler offspring broiler trials were conducted using chicks hatched from broiler breeders reared on three graded levels of cumulative CP and ME intakes High 27 780 kcal ME and 1 485 g CP Medium 26 020 kcal ME and 1 391 g CP and Low 24 240 kcal ME and 1 296 g CP to 22 wk 154 d of age The three pullet groups were fed the same starter and grower diets with cumulative differences achieved by varying the volume fed as shown in Figure 5 Males were grown sex separate on the starter diet to a cumulative nutrient intake of about 30 000 kcal ME and 1600 g CP as determined by our laboratory to be satisfactory Peak 1996 2001 A single breeder laying diet and identical management practices were applied to breeder hens Males and females were fed sex separately the same breeder laying diet during the laying period The broiler AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 85 breeders were from a Cobb 500 package with approximately 2000 birds in each flock with four replicate pens for each cumulative nutrition treatment The breeder facility was a two thirds slat design with curtains and fans for ventilation Bree
122. ed V Coccivac B broilers six days post mixed species Eimeria challenge at day 21 fed diets containing three different protein concentrations Experiment 2 Protein Vaccine Chall BW Gain FCR FCR Post challenge Yo g Day 21 27 Day 1 27 Mortality 20 NV No 392 T 159 0027 1 49 0 03 0 07 0 07 20 V No 377 32 1 61 0 05 1 602 0 02 0 00 0 00 22 NV No 402 8 139 016 1 38 0 01 0 00 0 00 22 V No 406 165 1 52 0 04 141 0 02 0 00 0 00 24 NV No 415 155 149 2002 135 0 01 0 07 0 07 24 V No 396 12 149 0 02 1 35 0 01 0 00 0 00 20 NV Yes 632175 5 804046 1 78 0 03 0 35 4 0 09 20 V Yes 236 21 205 0 09 1 74 0 05 0 162 0 08 22 NV Yes 96 65 461 2022 167 0 01 0 33 0 03 22 V Yes 278 19 1 8920 034 1 502 0 017 0 07 2 0 07 24 NV Yes 844289 3 9140 60 1 59 0 05 023 0 12 24 V Yes 316224 1 90 0 03 1 50 0 01 0 19 2 0 10 Means with different superscripts within columns differ significantly at P lt 0 05 Mixed species challenge contained Eimeria acervulina 6 x 10 Eimeria maxima 4 x 10 and Eimeria tenella 2 x 10 sporulated oocysts 2 Reported values are a result of a square root arcsin transformation of the observed mortality rates AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 32 Table 5 Lesion scores of non vaccinated and vaccinated Coccivac B broilers six days post mixed species Eimeria challenge at day 21of half of the treatment groups fed diets containing thre
123. ed perches during chronic heat stress 32 6C for 4 weeks beginning at 16d of age Reilly et al 1991 One study evaluated the use of a probiotic culture 12 strains of Lactobacilli or subtherapeutic levels of oxytetracycline in the feed during heat stress Heat challenge was applied from day 21 to 42 for 3h each day at 36C The chicks receiving probiotics had significantly higher body weight lower feed conversion ratio and higher antibody production to Newcastle disease vaccine following heat challenge than control or oxytetracycline treated chicks There were no differences in mortality between groups Zulkifli et al 2000b Effects of Heat Stress on Laying Chickens Heat stress in laying chickens is of concern due to the detrimental effects of heat stress on both egg production and egg quality such as decrease in eggshell weight and thickness decrease in specific gravity and increase in breakage Mashaly et al 2004 Koelkebeck et al 1993 and Yahav et al 2000 Research has evaluated potential ways to improve production and quality including supplementation of the diet of layers before or during heat stress In 1984 Emery et al found that the reduction in egg size and shell thickness in heat stressed hens is not due to consumption of less feed alone In this experiment non heat stressed hens were pair fed according to the consumption of heat stressed hens and produced significantly heavier eggs with increased shell thickness Furt
124. eenberg and Hunt 1985 Nonetheless large numbers of these bacteria are undesirable in food products because they indicate unsanitary processing practices Jay 1978 Poultry Processing Operations Commercial poultry processing operations generally include scalding defeathering picking evisceration and chilling Live poultry entering the processing AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 58 facility carry microorganisms on their feathers feet and skin and in their intestinal tract Kotula and Pandya 1995 Between 80 to 100 of broilers entering processing plants are contaminated by Campylobacter and 60 to 9096 of these chickens have been reported to carry Salmonella Generally processing decreases the level of contamination of broiler carcasses Izat et al 1988 but individual processing operations may increase or decrease the level of contamination of the carcasses Hinton et al 2004a Scalding After broilers are killed the carcasses are scalded by immersion in scald tanks filled with hot 50 60 C water Cason et al 1999 Scalding opens feather follicles on the carcasses thereby increasing the efficiency of mechanical defeathering The level of scald water contamination is directly related to the level of contamination of carcasses entering the scald tank During scalding operations the concentration of microbial contaminants in the scald water increases then reaches equilibrium Mulder 1978 as microorganisms from the c
125. el primer y segundo d a de evaluaci n 9 y 10 d as de edad siendo el grupo mas afectado el medicado con el antimicopl smico soluble A cuyo consumo fue de 1191ml d a 9 de edad este consumo fue menor con respecto a los grupos de alimento medicado y antimicopl smico soluble B cuyo consumo promedio fue de 1682ml y 2081ml respectivamente Para el segundo d a de evaluaci n el consumo de agua en el grupo medicado con antimicopl smico soluble A se incremento con respecto al d a anterior 1877ml vs 1191ml sin embargo el consumo de agua con respecto a los otros tres grupos fue menor Durante los siguientes 5 d as de tratamiento no se observo diferencia en el consumo de agua de los pollos Cuadro 1 y aun durante la segunda fase de medicaci n no se observo diferencia en el consumo de agua Cuadro 1 Media del consumo de agua ml desviaci n est ndar de pollos de engorda medicados con tres programas antimicopl smicos diferentes TRATAMIENTO Edad d as 9 0 nun r g 15 ANTIMICOPLASMICO 1191 2 1877 4 2917 8 2993 5977 6000 SOLUBLE A E 170 287 0 1 ALIMENTO 1682 4 de 2 E 8 n 6 ped 8 de 6000 mmo n 264 0 89 0 1531 6 2518 6 2937 6 2998 5990 6000 ae dap E lodi all eal eal ANTIMICOPLASMICO mm 4 2303 4 2950 2 2995 4 5981 5999 6000 RIIIE 221 27 0 En relaci n a la ganancia de peso semanal durante la primera semana los pesos no exhibieron diferencia sin embargo el peso en los pollos tratados con el antimicopl s
126. elded an inverse relationship as body weight gain with increasing protein level reducing mortality corrected feed conversion of vaccinated broilers at 21 d of age The 20 protein diet resulted in a significantly higher mortality feed conversion ratio compared to all other treatments AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 22 Increasing dietary protein concentration to 2196 significantly lowered mortality corrected feed conversion ratio compared to the 20 protein level while a further increase in protein level to 22 and 23 further significantly reduced mortality corrected feed conversion ratios The 24 protein starter diet resulted in a significantly lower mortality corrected feed conversion ratio compared to all other dietary protein levels Average body weights and mortality corrected feed conversion ratios of vaccinated broilers fed 20 22 and 24 dietary protein levels were significantly different from each at 21 d of age Therefore these three protein levels were selected for use in Experiments 2 and 3 Experiment 2 Average body weights of broilers at 21 d followed a similar trend as reported in Experiment 1 increasing dietary protein level increased average body weights of broilers Table 3 In the non vaccinated broilers significant increases in average body weights were observed with each increase The 209 protein level resulted in the lightest body weight and the 24 protein level resulted in the highest average body weights Body weights for
127. en a shower is recommended to prevent spread from one flock to another Bordetellosis is disheartening in what it does to cockatiel chicks and its treatment for the carriers of the disease is laborious and lengthy for the owner Bird keepers have the option of quarantining new birds and treating them for carrier diseases i e bordetellosis and psittacosis before introduction to their aviary or introducing them to the aviary and hoping these diseases are not present to infect their entire flock Vaccination In the United States there is a major problem with Bordetellosis Turkey Coryza Certain commercial flocks may always beak with the disease Immunization with a commercial available vaccine was unable to decrease the incidence of Turkey Corza disease Recently our laboratory have isolated and identified an autogenous strain of B avium from one such flock that consistently broke with Bordetellosis We treated a group of naive turkeys with this strain of B avium We were unable to detect an immune response using a commercial available assay for B avium We then developed an enzyme linked immunochemical assay ELISA specific for this strain in order to determine if there was an immune response to the bacteria We found that birds immunized with the autogenous strain of B avium tested with the ELISA designed for that strain had a good antibody response in contrast to the results using the commercially available assay for B avium A commer
128. en pollos de engorda sin y con problemas de cama y heces h medas Edad d as Parvada 7 14 21 28 35 42 A 162 384 677 1082 1794 2443 B 172 405 726 1150 1668 2465 Parvada con heces aparentemente normales y cama seca Parvada con cama y heces h medas DIAGN STICO PARASITOL GICO A los 35 d as de edad cuando la cama se ve a totalmente apelmazada y h meda se colectaron muestras de heces para diagn stico parasitol gico el conteo de ooquistes por gramo de heces fue de 1 000 9 100 ooquistes por gramo de heces siendo 1 000 el conteo mas bajo encontrado y 9 100 el m s alto En el conteo diferencial de ooquistes por especie el 62 08 correspond an a Eimeria acervulina el 37 36 a Eimeria tenella y el 0 56 a Eimeria maxima En ese momento se decidi administrar un tratamiento con sulfonamidas durante 3 d as y volver a realizar un 2 muestreo de heces un d a despu s del termino del tratamiento En las muestras de heces evaluadas posterior al tratamiento los conteos de ooquistes eran de 50 500 por gramo de heces EVALUACI N MACROSC PICA DEL INTESTINO Se realizo la evaluaci n macrosc pica del tracto intestinal a los 28 35 y 42 d as los hallazgos mas relevantes fueron la presencia de abundante cantidad de l quido en el primer tercio del intestino adem s de lesiones 1 y 2 de Eimeria acervulina CRITERIO DIAGN STICO La evidencia de camas y heces h medas el incremento en el
129. encial satisfat rio para serem utilizados com essa finalidade N o obstante o fato de que boa parte dos produtos n o atende s exig ncias para a utilizac o como AAM fica ainda a incerteza de quanto e quando utilizar um produto comprovadamente eficaz Essa resposta obtida atrav s do constante monitoramento das produc es das f bricas de ra es De um modo geral admite se que todas as dietas para a fase pr inicial devam ter em sua formula o a inclus o de um AAM as dietas preparadas para as demais fases devem levar em considerac o o Risco Micotoxinas para a inclus o ou n o do AAM Este ndice RM leva em considerac o a interac o entre a contaminac o m dia das amostras analisadas e a incid ncia m dia de cada micotoxina nessas amostras o que serve de refer ncia para a tomada de decis es com relac o utilizac o dos AAM 3 CONCLUSOES E RECOMENDAC ES A presenca de micotoxinas nas dietas fornecidas s aves pode determinar perdas consider veis no sistema de produc o av cola brasileiro A consider vel presenca das micotoxinas nos principais componentes da dieta das aves determina que se adote um programa cont nuo de controle podendo este ser baseado no uso de AAM adsorventes Para a adoc o de medidas de controle faz se necess rio que se saiba com precis o a contaminac o existente tornando imprescind vel a implementac o de um programa de monitoramento das mat rias primas e ou das rac es destinadas a
130. enestar Al enfrentarse con estos cambios los animales han desarrollado una amplia diversidad de mecanismos de defensa Esto comprende barreras f sicas y funcionales para la invasi n la capacidad a responder y eliminar organismos da inos la transformaci n potencial de sustancias da inas en substancias ben ficas para el organismo Buddington et al 2002 Pero no siempre pueden eliminar esas substancias da inas por lo que se les adicionan antibi ticos Xu et al 2003 en los alimentos creando una desestabilizaci n en la flora intestinal y logrando alterar la integridad de las superficies epiteliales impidiendo la absorci n de nutrientes por eso es necesario remplazar los antibi ticos y buscar otras alternativas como las fibras fermentables encontr ndose entre ellas la inulina la oligofructuosa y otros olisacaridos no digestibles NDO que representan or genes de nutrientes para las bacterias residentes y ayudan a prevenir la invasi n de bacterias pat genas Estos fructanos poseen propiedades funcionales y nutricionales que pueden tener aplicaciones para la nutrici n animal Propst et al 2003 La inulina y los oligosacariodos resisten la digesti n en el tracto gastro intestinal superior estando disponibles como sustrato para la microflora Roberfroid et al 1998 y muestran aumentar el crecimiento de b fido bacterias y lactobacillus pero inhiben el crecimiento de Escherichia Coli y salmonella en el intestino estos fructanos h
131. eoricamente o plano amostral deve levar em considerac o alguns aspectos b sicos como AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 103 a Com que probabilidade um lote com uma determinada concentrac o de micotoxinas aceito ou rejeitado b Qual a percentagem de erros nas classifica es de lotes C A concentrac o de uma determinada toxina em um lote aceito ou rejeitado d Qual o custo do programa amostral 2 1 PLANEJAMENTO DE UM PROGRAMA DE AN LISE DE MICOTOXINAS Este planejamento requer o conhecimento das caracter sticas da distribuic o das micotoxinas Os trabalhos de Whitaker et al 1974 sobre a distribuic o dos resultados das an lises de micotoxinas em lotes s o muito importantes Nestes trabalhos o conhecimento de curvas operacionais e da forma de interferirmos na diminui o do risco de amostragem s o pressupostos fundamentais A forma mais pr tica encontrada em nossas condi es para diminui o do risco de amostragem e com um compromisso entre custo benef cio encontra se definida na Figura 3 O programa amostral empregado na maioria das ind strias assistidas pelo conv nio entre LAMIC e o Instituto SAMITEC ambos localizados em Santa Maria RS Brasil o recomendado pela Comiss o de normas da Uni o Europ ia Amtsblatt der Europ ische Gemeinschaften N L 102 1 TEIL Il 1976 e Futtermittelrecht mit Typenliste fur Einzel und Mischfuttermitteln 1994 e normatizado posteriormente pela ISO 6497 2002 Adaptac
132. er chicks to receive only 60 of the feed that control chicks ate on days 4 5 and 6 allowed them to have a higher body weight than control chicks following a heat stress at for 2h at 38C from day 35 to 41 In this study the mortality during heat stress was also significantly lower in the 60 feed restricted group There was 0 mortality in this group compared to 19 in the controls non feed restricted Additionally titers for Newcastle Disease following vaccination were significantly decreased in controls following heat stress but were unchanged in feed restricted chickens Zulkifli et al 2000a Yahav and Plavnik 1999 also compared feed restriction to allow only 5096 of normal growth rate from d7 to d14 with a thermal conditioning at 36C for 24 h at day 5 A third treatment consisted of both the feed restriction and thermal conditioning On day 42 the birds were heat stressed at 35C and 20 30 relative humidity for 6 hours Mortality in all three treatments was significantly lower than controls in the first experiment and all but the feed restricted alone chickens had lower mortality in the AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 66 second experiment Although there was some decreased growth due to the early treatments all body weights were the same by 35 d of age De Basilio et al 2001 compared the use of thermal conditioning at day 5 for 24 h to the use of a dual feeding program where the chickens received a low protein and high energy diet
133. ers but cold air is blown onto passing carcasses instead of water Sanchez et al 2002 Since there is little or no carcass to carcass contact during spray chilling or air chilling cross contamination is reduced USDA FSIS Pathogen Reduction HACCP ruling The United States Department of Agriculture USDA Food Safety Inspection Service FSIS Pathogen Reduction HACCP ruling was passed in 1996 in an effort to decrease microbial contamination in poultry and meat slaughtering facilities Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points HACCP includes focusing on areas in processing operations where opportunities for contamination are prevalent and incorporating processing controls designed to reduce or prevent food safety hazards The ruling requires facilities to implement a written plan sanitation standard operating procedures that outlines how sanitary conditions will be maintained within the facility during processing Each facility is responsible for monitoring processing operations for the level of generic E coli present to provide data that verifies the efficiency of controls for preventing fecal contamination The FSIS is responsible for sampling processing operations for Salmonella within processing facilities in order to insure that facilities meet performance standards set by the FSIS Additionally a zero tolerance level for visible feces on carcasses before entering chilling operations was implemented Visible feces may be removed from the car
134. es retrasadas En el caso de las aves con signos nerviosos ocasionalmente se observaba reblandecimiento de los l bulos cerebrales y formaci n de granulomas en la corteza cerebelar adem s de peque os y escasos granulomas en el par nquima pulmonar Otras lesiones observadas de manera frecuente fueron aerosaculitis fibrinocaseosa pericarditis fibrinosa perihepatitis fibrinosa dilataci n ventricular hidropericardio edema pulmonar atrofia hep tica ascitis y dilataci n de la vena cava Se colectaron muestras de rganos para aislamiento bacteriano viral y mic tico as como para histopatolog a HALLAZGOS MICROSC PICOS Los resultados de histopatolog a indicaron encefalitis y neumon a granulomatosa asociada a la presencia de hifas septadas compatibles con Aspergillus sp HALLAZGOS MICROBIOL GICOS Los resultados de laboratorio fueron negativos a aislamiento bacteriano y viral En el caso del aislamiento mic tico el resultado fue positivo para Aspergillus sp CRITERIO DIAGN STICO Con base en los hallazgos histol gicos descritos en enc falo y pulm n aunados al aislamiento mic tico el diagn stico fue infecci n por Aspergillus sp DISCUSI N Y CONCLUSIONES En este caso el curso de la enfermedad fue agudo y se afecto solo un m dulo de la granja y particularmente a los machos por lo que es posible que la v a de entrada del agente haya sido hemat gena tal vez por el uso de alg n medio de vacunaci n contaminado La pr
135. es to withdraw growth promoting antibiotics AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 118 and limit antibiotics available for treatment of bacterial infections probiotics and prebiotics can offer alternative options New advances in the application of synbiotics compatible probiotics and prebiotics are directed toward producing significant changes in gut physiology and provide even higher levels of health as well as increasing performance parameters Metchnikoff founded the research field of probiotics which is aimed at modulating the intestinal microflora However other parts of the body containing endogenous microflora or problems relating to the immune system may also be candidates for probiotic therapy Research has shown that probiotics have potential for addressing human health issues such as vaginal candidiosis 82 dental caries 83 84 allergies 85 autoimmune diseases 86 urogenital infections 87 atopic diseases 88 rheumatoid arthritis 89 and respiratory infections 90 Current research is still heavily biased toward gastrointestinal applications for probiotics such as chronic constipation 53 chronic diarrhea 91 inflammatory bowel disease 92 irritable bowel syndrome 93 and food allergy 94 but the possibilities for affecting many areas of health are numerous Much research has been completed in efforts to understand and apply the natural benefits of nonpathogenic bacteria but there is much still to do REFERENCES A
136. esencia de ascitis se considera una lesi n secundaria consecuencia de la hipertensi n pulmonar provocada por neumon a granulomatosa AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 154 COCCIDIOSIS AVIAR Y SU EFECTO EN EL CONSUMO DE AGUA EN POLLOS DE ENGORDA Ju rez M Cervantes R Tlacomulco L Petrone VM Collins Divisi n Veterinaria S A de C V Mr Pollo S A de C V FES Cuautitl n UNAM INTRODUCCI N Las enfermedades que afectan el tracto intestinal de las aves tienen un impacto considerablemente negativo sobre la eficiencia productiva de las mismas en las diversas ramas de la avicultura El da o que provocan los agentes pat genos a nivel intestinal repercute directamente sobre la absorci n de nutrientes por lo tanto sobre la ganancia de peso y conversi n alimenticia El conocimiento de la arquitectura y funci n intestinal es fundamental para comprender los diferentes mecanismos de diarrea El intestino esta conformado histol gicamente por una capa mucosa una submucosa una muscular de la mucosa y una muscular del rgano La mucosa intestinal esta constituida por criptas intestinales y vellosidades las c lulas epiteliales que recubren la vellosidad intestinal tienen diferentes funciones y diferentes estadios de maduraci n las c lulas epiteliales que se encuentran en las criptas se encargaran de reemplazar a las c lulas que se encuentran a lo largo de la vellosidad una vez maduras Las c lulas epiteliales que se encuen
137. esses associated with poultry consumption and insure that consumers will have access to a wholesome safe product References 1 American Meat Institute 2004 AMI Fact Sheet Overview of U S Meat and Poultry Production and Consumption American Meat Institute Washington DC 2 Baird Parker A C 1990 Foodborne salmonellosis Lancet 336 1231 1235 3 Berrang M E and J A Dickens 2000 Presence and level of Campylobacter spp on broiler carcasses throughout the processing plant J Appl Poult Res 9 43 47 4 Berrang R J Buhr and J A Cason 2000 Campylobacter recovery from external and internal organs of commercial broiler carcass prior to scalding Poult Sci 79 286 290 5 Brownell J R W W Sadler and M J Fanelli 1970 Role of ceca in intestinal infection of chickens with Salmonella typhimurium Avian Dis 14 106 116 6 Bryan F L 1988 Risks associated with practices procedures and processes that lead to outbreaks of foodborne diseases J Food Prot 51 498 508 7 Bryan F L and M P Doyle 1995 Health risks and consequences of Salmonella and Campylobacter jejuni in raw poultry J Food Prot 58 326 344 8 Cason J A A Hinton Jr and K D Ingram 2000 Coliform Escherichia coli and salmonellae concentrations in a multiple tank counterflow poultry scalder J Food Prot 9 63 1184 1188 10 Grados O N N Bravo J P Butzler and G Ventura 1983 Campylobacter infection An occupati
138. estine is in contact Nothing could be further from the truth The with components of this microflora from birth number of nonpathogenic species far exceeds yet little is known about their influence on nor the number of pathogenic species and many mal development and physiology The GIT is of the known bacteria are in fact useful even more densely populated with microorganisms essential for the continued existence of life on than any other organ and is an interface where earth One example of a beneficial group of mi the microflora may have a pronounced impact on animal and AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 112 human biology 2 The bacterial population of the human cecum and colon is numerically large with at least 10 cfu g 3 Similar values have been reported for other omnivores such as pigs 4 Bacteria compose about 40 to 55 of solid stool matter 5 Throughout millions of years of evolution animals have developed the means for supporting complex and dynamic consortia of microorganisms during their life cycle A transcendent view of vertebrate biology therefore requires an understanding of the contributions of these indigenous microbial communities to host development and adult physiology The fragile composition of the gut microflora can be affected by various factors such as age diet environment stress and medication 6 As with most complex ecosystems it appears that most species cannot be cultured when removed from their niches 6
139. ez F C y Barcina Y An lisis Sensorial de los Alimentos M todos y Aplicaciones Editorial Springer Verlag Ib rica Barcelona Espa a pag 6 11 Jenkins D J A Kendall C W C and Vuksan V 1999 Inulin oligofructose and intestinal function J Nutr 129 1431S 1433S Pedrero DL Pangborn R M 1989 Evaluaci n Sensorial de los Alimentos M todos anal ticos Ed Alambra Mexicana M xico D F Propst E L Flickinger E A Bauer L L Merchen N R y Fahey G C Jr 2003 A dose response experiment evaluating the effects of oligofructose and inulin on nutrient digestibility stool quality and fecal protein catabolites in healthy adult dogs J Anim Sci 81 3057 3066 Poste L M 1990 A Sensory Perspective of Effect of Feeds on Flavor in Meats Poultry Meats J Anim Sci 68 4414 4420 Report of the AVMA Panel on Eutanasia 2000 JAVMA Vol 218 No 5 march 1 2001 Roberfroid M B J A E Vanloo and G R Gibson 1998 The bifidogenic nature of chicoria inulin and hydrolysis products J Nutr 128 11 19 Ruiz J A Guerrero L Arnau j Guardia M D and Esteve Garc a E 2001 Descriptive Sensory An lysis of Meat from Broilers Fed Diets Containing Vitamin E or B carotene as Antioxidants and Different Supplemental Fats Poultry Science 80 976 982 Woodward J and Wheelock V 1990 Consumer attitudes to fad in meat Pages 66 100 in Reducing Fat in meat Animal J A Wood and A V Fisher ed Elsevier applied scienc
140. ferente m desagradable 20 0 T4 T3 T2 T5 Tratamiento AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 142 Gr fico 6 Sabor Muslo 10096 8096 O muy agradable 60 o agradable 40 E indiferente El desagradable 2096 096 T3 T4 T1 T2 T5 Tratamiento AN LISIS ESTAD STICO Se analizaron los datos de la evaluaci n sensorial empleando un dise o completamente aleatorizado con la prueba no parametrica de Kruskan Wallis del programa de SPSS 6 1 Beneficios esperados Como ya se menciono anteriormente la eliminaci n de promotores de crecimiento en las dietas de pollos y la inclusi n de la inulina en las dietas supone una innovaci n puesto que al estudiarse los efectos de esta ultima tendr efectos positivos en la calidad de la carne de pollo para ofrecer al consumidor un alimento rico y nutritivo para buenas practicas de su alimentaci n AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 143 REFERENCIAS 1 11 12 13 14 15 Buddington RK Kelly Quagliana K Buddington KK and Kimura Y 2002 Non digestible oligosaccharides and defense functions lessons learned from animal models British J Nutrition 87 S231 S239 Cunningham Rundles S amp Lin DH 1998 Nutrition and the immune system of the gut Nutrition 14 573 579 Gibson G T amp Roberfroid M B 1995 Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota introducing the concept of prebiotics J Nutr 125 1401 1412 Ib
141. fferent strains of the same species may be related to differences in the host response to the pathogen rather than variability in the pathogenicity of the Eimeria itself Clearly the host pathogen interaction and development of an immune response at the intestinal level must be investigated in much more detail to understand immunity and related pathophysiology to such enteric pathogens in chickens Certainly the development of a competent immune system and general gut health and function are essential to allowing the bird to respond to Eimeria challenge and maintain a positive level of performance AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 13 Genetics Host genetics have been shown to play an important role in controlling host immunity to Eimeria infections Ruff and Bacon 1989 Martin et al 1993 Lillehoj 1994 Laan 2002 showed that through selection future generations had an increase in a specific type of immune response high antibody response high cell mediated immune response and high phagocytic activity Different lines of chickens have been shown to have different immune and production responses when challenged with Eimeria Lillehoj 1994 Laan et al 1998 Emara et al 2002 Studies have also demonstrated that increased resistance to coccidiosis was possible through genetic selection Johnson and Edgar 1986 Jeffers and Shirley 1982 concluded that such resistance is mainly caused by the total of the genetic background resulting from the
142. ficas e totais da lipase pancre tica principal enzima digestiva das gorduras e pela diminui o dos sais biliares necess rios tanto para a AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 94 digest o como para a absorc o de gorduras levando a esteatose hep tica f gado gorduroso Palidez das mucosas e pernas tamb m se observa em frangos e poedeiras que recebem rac o contaminada com aflatoxinas Essa pigmenta o deficiente parece ser resultado da menor absor o diminui o no transporte e deposic o tecidual dos caroten ides da dieta sendo a aflatoxicose identificada como s ndrome da ave p lida 1 1 1 Efeito das aflatoxinas sobre a postura O diagn stico dos dist rbios causados pelas aflatoxinas sobre a produc o de ovos poss vel somente ap s alguns dias ou semanas A presenca de fol culos pr ovulat rios j formados antes do consumo da micotoxina no trato reprodutivo das aves justifica essa resposta tardia A diminui o da produ o de ovos precedida pela redu o nos n veis sang neos de prote nas e lip deos Poedeiras que consomem dieta contendo 5 ppm de aflatoxinas durante 4 semanas podem apresentar redu o na produ o de ovos a partir do oitavo dia atingindo queda na produ o na ordem de 35 uma semana ap s a retirada da micotoxina da dieta Rosa et al 2001 Al m de reduzir a produ o de ovos a aflatoxicose tamb m induz a redu o do tamanho dos ovos bem como a redu o proporcional no tamanh
143. g es importante mencionar que la productividad de las aves se mide en horas y cada minuto que el m dico tarde en implementar un plan terap utico ya sea para un problema digestivo respiratorio renal etc las aves dejan de ganar gramos de peso Debido a esto es importante contar con m todos pr cticos que nos permitan valorar la salud de las aves con la finalidad de establecer un diagn stico r pido y oportuno REFERENCIAS Manning L Chadd SA and Baines RN 2007 Water consumption in broiler chicken a welfare indicator Worlds Poult Sci J 63 63 71 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 158 Evaluaci n de diferentes programas de administraci n de una vacuna comercial contra coccidiosis en pollo de engorda Escobedo V U l Hern ndez V X Departamento de Producci n Animal Aves FMVZ UNAM Xochitl_h yahoo com mx INTRODUCCION La coccidiosis aviar CA es la parasitosis de mayor impacto econ mico McDougal y Reid 2003 en la avicultura mundial Para su prevenci n y control se ha contado con una gran diversidad de procedimientos entre ellos el uso de productos qu micos y de fermentaci n bacteriana Peek et al 2006 Mathis et al 2006 Sin embargo debido al r pido desarrollo de cepas resistentes a las drogas anticoccidiales y a la creciente presi n de los consumidores para eliminar el uso de f rmacos en la crianza de animales para consumo humano la vacunaci n es una herramienta en el control de la coccidiosis aviar y su uso se
144. gher areas of apteria on the breast and abdomen of birds there is more skin available for evaporative cooling When comparing the two systems they found no change in egg weight with ventral cooling compared to an 11 decrease in egg weight with dorsal cooling Although heat stressed hens receiving either treatment experienced less feed intake and a decrease in egg shell index the decreases were less pronounced in hens receiving the ventral cooling technique Conclusions Heat stress has negative effects on all aspects of poultry production which are economically significant Additionally some studies have found a link between heat stress and increased heterophil lymphocyte ratio or lower antibody production Modern poultry bred for fast growth are increasingly susceptible to stress at high temperatures In broilers the use of thermal conditioning water cooled perches and supplementation with probiotics have all been found to reduce the effects of experimental heat stress In laying hens vitamin supplementation and cooling with water have been found beneficial References 1 Ait Boulahsen A J D Garlich and F W Edens 1995 Potassium chloride improves the thermotolerance of chickens exposed to acute heat stress Poult Sci 74 75 87 2 Altan A Pabuccuoglu A Altan S Konyalioglu and H Bayraktar 2003 Effect of heat stress on oxidative stress lipid peroxidation and some stress parameters in broilers Br Poult Sci 44
145. gua en las granjas con la finalidad de detectar cualquier cambio en el consumo de agua asociado a alg n tratamiento terap utico Asimismo es importante mencionar que el xito o fracaso de los tratamientos v a agua de bebida es influenciado considerablemente por la calidad de la misma ya que algunos minerales bacterias materia org nica etc podr an interactuar con los antibi ticos provocando que el producto no se encuentre en la cantidad adecuada en el agua y por lo tanto no se absorba la cantidad necesaria de antibi tico para resolver el problema que se este tratando Por ltimo es importante recordar que debe contarse tambi n con un programa de sanitizaci n del sistema de abastecimiento de agua con la finalidad de eliminar el biofilm y residuos de AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 133 estabilizadores de vacunas o antibi ticos como parte del programa de bioseguridad de las granjas AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 134 EVALUACION SENSORIAL DE LA CARNE DE POLLO ALIMENTADO CON DIFERENTES CONCENTRACIONES DE INULINA Ju rez Silva ME Hern ndez Lara JA Torres Acosta I Ortega lvarez D P rez Gil RF Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M dicas y Nutrici n Salvador Zubir n Megafarma SA de CV Maru_inn yahoo com Palabras clave inulina prebi tico pollo sensorial carne Introducci n El medio ambiente interno y externo de animales y humanos proporciona constantes y variados cambios en la salud y el bi
146. h the major SCFA especially butyrate appear to lower the risk of malignant transformation in the colon 36 Secondary bile acids are cytotoxic and in rats fed deoxycholate plus cholesterol cell proliferation as measured by incorporation of 3H thymidine was increased 37 Some of the effects of SCFA may be due to low intracolorectal pH rather AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 114 than any specific SCFA At a pH of 6 bile acids are largely protonated and insoluble and so would not be taken up by colonocytes 38 Additionally lower pH inhibits the bacte rial conversion of primary to secondary bile acids 39 40 and therefore lowers their carcinogenic potential Mucin Production Evidence has been presented that mucus production and release is stimulated locally by endogenous production of SCFA by gut microflora 41 42 43 Additionally some studies have been completed evaluating the influence of specific beneficial or probiotic organisms on mucin production In vitro studies with Lactobacillus plantarum 299v suggest that the ability of organisms to inhibit adherence of attaching and effacing organisms to intestinal epithelial cells is mediated through their ability to increase expres sion of MUC2 and MUC3 intestinal mucins 44 45 The benefits of probiotics mediated through intestinal mucin upregulation may have broader applicability than enteropathogen intervention in poultry Several investigators have shown that the increase in mucin
147. h a prebiotic reduced the impairment of the intestinal wall that favored the nutrient absorption however more studies need to be conducted to evaluate our hypothesis Consclusions and applications 1 The combination of a Lactobacillus spp based probiotic culture and lactose probiotic 0 1 continuously on feed improved body weight performance and FCR in Salmonella challenged turkey poults 2 These results suggest that ingestion of lactic acid bacteria may help to reduce colonization of pathogens in the GIT 3 Lactose as prebiotic may help keep high number of lactic acid bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract to better exert their beneficial effects References 1 Tellez G Dean C E Corrier D E Deloach J R Jaeger L Hargis BM 1993 Effect of dietary lactose on cecal morphology pH organic acids and Salmonella enteritidis organ invasion in Leghorn chicks Poult Sci 72 636 42 2 NRC 1994 Nutrient Requirements of Poultry Ninth Revised Edition National Research Council National Academy Press Washington D C 3 SAS Institute Inc SAS STAT Guide for Personal Computers 8th Ed SAS Institute Inc Cary NC 1989 4 Cossart P and Sansonetti P 2004 Bacterial invasion The paradigms of enteroinvasive pathogens Science 304 242 248 5 Gulsen N Coskun B Umucalilar HD Inal F Boydak M 2002 Effect of lactose and dried whey supplementation on growth performance and histology of the immune system in broilers Arch Tierern
148. hat he called the Bulgarian bacillus from soured milk and used this in subsequent trials This organism was probably what became known as Lactobacillus bulgaricus and 1s now called Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus which is one of the organisms used to ferment milk and produce yogurt 52 After Metchnikoff s death in 1916 the center of activity moved to the United States Knowledge available at that time suggested the use of Lactobacillus acidophilus and many trials were carried out using this organism Encouraging results were obtained especially in the relief of chronic constipation 53 In the late 1940s interest in the gut microflora was stimulated by 2 research developments The first was the finding that antibiotics included in the feed of farm animals promoted their growth A desire to discover the mechanism of this effect led to increased study of the composition of the gut microflora and the way in which it might be affecting the host animal Second the more AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 115 readily availability of germ free animals provided a technique for testing the effect that the newly discovered intestinal inhabitants were having on the host This increased knowledge also showed that L acidophilus was not the only Lactobacillus in the intestine and a wide range of different organisms came to be studied and later used in probiotic preparations 54 A probiotic is defined as a live microbial food supplement that benefits t
149. he host by im proving its intestinal microbial balance 55 The presence of normal gut microflora may improve the metabolism of the host bird in various ways including absorptive capacity 56 protein metabolism 57 energy metabolism and fiber digestion 58 energy conversion 59 and gut maturation 60 Balanced colonic microflora and immunostimulation are major functional effects attributed to the consumption of probiotics 55 Many probiotic effects are mediated through immune regulation particularly through balance control of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines 61 62 However probiotics can only be effective if the requirements for their growth are present in the GIT The concept of prebiotics is relatively new it was developed in response to the notion that nondigestible food ingredients e g nondigestible oli gosaccharides are selectively fermented by one or more bacteria known to have positive effects on gut physiology Bacteria fed by a preferential food substrate have a proliferative advantage over other bacteria 63 Some prebiotics have shown to selectively stimulate the growth of endogenous lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacteria in the gut to improve the health of the host 63 Probiotic numbers have been enhanced by prebiotics that selectively stimulate the growth and activity of one or a limited number of bacterial species already resident in the large intestine and thus improve host health 12 In this way
150. heal cartilage This condition will create folds that can accumulate mucoid exudate and lead to death by suffocation This condition of the tracheal cartilage will persist for at least 53 days after infection The turkey s immunological system will develop antibodies to the bacteria and eventually prevent the bacteria from attaching to newly developed ciliated epithelium This immunological response will diminish over the next 4 to 8 weeks allowing any residual B avium in the nasal cavity or sinus to once again expand and produce another case of bordetellosis We have observed a couple of turkeys 6 to 9 months of age in our flock that had persistent re occurrences of upper respiratory infections until treated for bordetellosis and psittacosis Although we are not sure which pathogen continued the infection i e B avium or Chlamydia psittaci it does demonstrate the difficulty within some turkeys to be able to rid respiratory infection on their own In a limited study by Clubb et al directly infecting 2 1 2 week old cockatiel chicks with B avium the following sequence of events was observed AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 74 Sneezing after one day of infection Nares erythemic after the second day of infection By the fourth day of infection the chick refuses food By day five suborbital swelling and the jaw starts to lock shut IV Disease Transmission B avium is transmitted through close contact with an infected bird or through exposu
151. her amino acid digestibility is not decreased by heat stress Koelkebeck et al 1998 Vitamin Supplements for Laying Chickens Though the effects of heat stress in hens is not linked to amount of feed or amino acid digestion addition of selected vitamins have proven beneficial for heat stressed hens Gross 1988 found the addition of 350 mg kg of ascorbic acid vitamin C to the layer feed or one day at 7 wk of age significantly decreased mortality from 40 to 0 when subjected to heat stress for 2 hr the next day Bollengier Lee et al 1998 found that the addition of 500mg kg vitamin E increased egg production in hens exposed to chronic heat stress at 32C from either 24 to 28 weeks or 32 to 36 weeks Further studies found that an optimal concentration of 250mg kg vitamin E supplementation before during and after heat stress significantly increased egg production compared with non supplemented controls in a chronic heat stress model 32C from weeks 26 to 30 Bollengier Lee et al 1999 Another study explored the effects of supplemental vitamin E at concentrations of 25 45 or 65 IU kg feed Addition of 65 IU significantly increased egg mass and Haugh units and 45 or 65 IU increased egg yolk mass Lymphocyte proliferation measured in vivo was also increased from hens who receiving vitamin E supplementation Puthpongsiriporn et al 2001 Alternatively Lin et al 2002 evaluated the supplementation of layer diets with 9 000 IU kg vitamin A In
152. hes to coccidiosis control Because the intestinal epithelium is the target tissue for Eimeria species the interaction between the intestinal mucosa immune system and the pathogen is a key element in the defense of the chicken to these enteric pathogens Immunity to Eimeria in Chickens While investigation of intestinal immunity to bacterial pathogens is not an easily approached task coccidia present an added challenge to investigators due to their complex life cycle comprised of developmental stages both inside and outside the host Lillehoj and Trout 1996 Rose 1996 The host associated stage of the coccidian life cycle involves both asexual and sexual stages of reproduction which contribute to a comparably complex immune response in the chicken intestine AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 10 Eimeria species tend to be very site selective in the region of the intestine they infect and the degree of immunologic response generated by the host varies with the different species Ovington et al 1995 Lillehoj and Trout 1996 While the specifics of immunity to coccidia are poorly understood and there appear to be a variety of immune responses initiated in the host it is commonly accepted that infection with the Eimeria parasite will result in induction of species specific protection to limit if not prevent infection with a homologous subsequent challenge Rose 1987 Interestingly distribution of sporozoites in the intestinal epithelium differ
153. horylation of isolated diaphragm mitochondria Z Teriz Zuechtungsbiol 97 28 36 Yu B P 1994 Cellular defenses against damage from reactive oxygen species Physiol Rev 74 139 162 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 50 FIGURE 1 Diagrammatic representation of the electron transport chain adapted from Lehninger et al 1993 p 559 The electron transport chain consists of 4 protein complexes Complex I II III and IV Electrons e that enter the electron transport chain from energy substrates such as malate Complex I and succinate Complex II are passed down the electron transport chain solid arrows to the terminal electron acceptor oxygen that is reduced to water Coenzyme Q CoQ ubiquinone accepts electrons from both Complex I and II and passes them to Complex III Associated with the movement of electrons along the electron transport chain is the movement of protons H dashed arrows from the mitochondrial matrix into the intramembranous space creating a proton motive force The movement of protons through the ATP synthase ATPase provides the energy to support ATP synthesis AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 51 FIGURE 1 Succinate O Malate H O H FIGURE 1 Relationships between total feed intake Feed Intake g and body weight gain Gain g between 6 and 7 weeks of age in male broiler breeders with high and low feed efficiency FE from Bottje et al 2002 Regression equations shown were significant P 0 05
154. hould be considered carriers of the disease until proven otherwise The only sure way to know if an adult is a carrier of B avium is to have it tested by a qualified laboratory IIl Morbidity and Mortality Morbidity sickness may or may not occur when the young birds are directly exposed to B avium Some newborn turkeys will survive being raised in an infected clutch without any signs of the suggesting a resistance to the disease This is supported by the study performed by Clubb et al in which B avium could be isolated from 3096 of asymptomatic chicks within an infected aviary These asymptomatic carriers can infect other chicks within the aviary In studies with young turkeys morbidity was on the range of 80 to 10096 In studies of young turkeys the mortality death rate from bordetellosis was normally less than 10 however in cases of high mortality 24096 Escherichia coli was also isolated There was also a study Hinz et al that examined an outbreak of B avium in combination with Chlamydia psittaci in several turkey flocks Mortality in these affected flocks ranged from 7 20 The high mortality was attributed to secondary infections from Klebsiella pneumoniae E coli and Pseudomonas fluoreszenz AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 73 Similar to the study performed by Hinz et al we experienced an outbreak in our flock of B avium in combination with Chlamydia psittaci Psittacosis Upper respiratory swabs taken from infected
155. ias internacionalmente mais aceitas e recomendadas para o diagn stico de micotoxinas O emprego de extra o em fase s lida traz avan os principalmente na padroniza o e automa o das an lises micotoxicol gicas O sistema de an lise empregado no monitoramento on line usa o HPLC acoplado a metodologias automatizadas de extra o purifica o e deriva o bem como sistemas de LC MSMS O tempo necess rio para a an lise desde a entrada da amostra no laborat rio at a expedi o do laudo final de an lise n o ultrapassa 48 horas para uma an lise padr o composta pelas principais micotoxinas e com limites quantificados em ppb 2 4 DIMINUI O DOS EFEITOS T XICOS DAS MICOTOXINAS PELA UTILIZA O DE ADITIVOS ANTI MICOTOXINAS AAM Uma vez que as micotoxinas estejam formadas qualquer esfor o no sentido de prevenir o crescimento f ngico j in til Um m todo largamente utilizado para o controle das micotoxicoses o uso de materiais nutricionalmente inertes na dieta animal a fim de diminuir a absor o das micotoxinas no trato gastrointestinal das aves Essas subst ncias eram chamadas de adsorventes de micotoxinas e atualmente s o genericamente chamadas de Aditivos Anti micotoxinas AAM AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 107 Apesar de existirem no mercado brasileiro um n mero significativo de produtos Mallmann et al 2006 comprovam que apenas 50 dos produtos AAM adequadamente testados apresentam pot
156. ic impact of this disease on the poultry industry Research on turkeys which is well documented Skeeles and Arp 1997 Il Signs of the disease B avium does not appear to be capable of establishing a disease state within adult birds Bordetellosis has a severe effect on the young turkeys AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 72 4 5 weeks of age Symptoms of this disease that we have observed specific only to the young and unweaned birds are as follows e Sneezing with significant mucoid exudates serious nasal discharge e Lethargic behavior e The beak gradually closes over a period of 12 24 hours to a point of being locked shut temporomandibular rigidity or lock jaw syndrome The birds appearance becomes pasty and pale Dehydration and weight loss becomes apparent Constant begging for food Protruding eyes that appear half shut This is due to swelling of the suborbital chamber of the infraorbital sinus which forces the lower eyelid upward e Eyes are glassy looking e The head appears swollen due to inflammation of the skeletal voluntary muscles adjacent to the inflammed nasal cavity and infraorbital sinus Inflammation of the skeletal muscle responsible for opening the beak creates the lock jaw condition We have observed these symptoms of the disease occurring as young as 3 days old and as late as 4 weeks old If the birds are breeding and producing chicks with the above mentioned signs then the adult pair s
157. iento y finalizaci n testigo y dietas con una disminuci n de la prote na cruda en 2 5 puntos porcentuales para cada etapa pero con contenidos similares de lisina metionina cistina y treonina para cada tratamiento as mismo otro tratamiento fue similar al anterior menos 60 Kcal Kg de EM en la dieta Se emple un dise o completamente al azar con 3 tratamientos cada Se llevaron registros de par metros productivos Al final del estudio se midi el rendimiento en canal la pigmentaci n amarilla de la piel en fri y finalmente se pes la grasa abdominal Los resultados En ganancia de peso conversi n alimenticia rendimiento en canal y pigmentaci n amarilla de la piel no existi diferencia P gt 0 05 entre tratamientos Para consumo de alimento este fue mayor P 0 05 en el tratamiento en donde las dietas adem s de tener 2 596 menos de prote na ten an 60 Kcal de EM menos por Kg de alimento Sin embargo la grasa abdominal fue ligeramente mayor P 0 08 en las aves alimentadas con las dietas bajas en prote na Se concluye que la formulaci n en base amino cidos empleando los amino cidos sint ticos lisina metionina y treonina permite reducir en 2 596 el nivel de prote na de las dietas para pollos de engorda Palabras Clave Amino cidos Pollos Dietas bajas prote na AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 151 Efecto de la presencia de micotoxinas sobre la vacunaci n contra la coccidiosis aviar Rinc n DJA Del Rio GUC
158. il dust feces feed and especially in poultry litter Clinical signs of the disease include droopiness lack of appetite diarrhea ruffled feathers and in severe cases mortality in infected birds A characteristic of necrotic enteritis is that the onset of the disease can happen quickly If the disease persists in a flock for five to 10 days mortality is expected to range from 296 to 5096 The subclinical form of necrotic enteritis does not cause mortality and often goes untreated yet it is estimated by the U S Poultry and Egg Association to cost poultry producers worldwide over 2 billion annually The disease is one of the more multifaceted and difficult problems that face poultry production worldwide CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS Diagnosis of advanced cases of necrotic enteritis is relatively simple by examining postmortem lesions Lesions from milder cases or from early postmortem diagnosis may be confused with coccidiosis dysbacteriosis or viral enteritis Using Giemsa or gram stains will show many bacilli in necrotic enteritis In addition histological sections of the intestines will show necrotic mucosa And bacterial cultures incubated under anaerobic conditions also will show typical clinical examples of CP bacterial colonies In clinical cases postmortem examination frequently reveals thin and transparent intestines filled with gas Spots are frequently seen on the inner surface of the intestines In severe cases necrotic spots coales
159. iler breeder males and they have to fed in a programmed manner that achieves early sexual maturity and persistent fertility REFERENCES 1 Attia Y A K A Yamani and W H Burke 1993 Daily energy allotment and reproductive performance of broiler breeder males Poult Sci 72 42 50 2 Attia Y A W H Burke K A Yamani and L S Jensen 1995 Daily energy allotments and performance of broiler breeders 1 Males Poult Sci 74 247 260 3 Brake J T J Walsh S D Peak and T Johnson 1998 Nutrition prior to photostimulation strongly influences broiler breeder fertility Pages 375 378 in Proc 10 European Poult Conf Jerusalem 21 26 June 4 Combs G F 1968 Proc Maryland Nutr Conf for Feed Manufacturers 5 Hocking P M 1990 The relationships between dietary CP BW and fertility in naturally mated broiler breeder males Br Poult Sci 31 743 757 6 Lilburn M S J W Steigner and K E Nestor 1992 The influence of dietary protein on carcass composition and sexual maturity in a randombred population of Japanese quail R1 and subline of RI selected for increased BW Comp Biochem Physiol 102A 385 388 7 Lopez G and S Leeson 1995 Response of broiler breeders to low protein diets 1 Adult breeder performance Poult Sci 74 685 695 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 91 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Mauldin J M 1992 Appli
160. in vitro lymphocyte proliferation and antioxidant status of laying hens during heat stress Poult Sci 80 1190 1200 Reilly W M K W Koelkebeck and P C Harrison 1991 Performance evaluation of heat stressed commercial broilers provided water cooled floor perches Poult Sci 70 1699 1703 Richards S A 1970 Physiology of thermal panting in birds Annals of Biology Animal biophysics 10 151 168 Stilborn H L G C Harris Jr W G Bottje and P W Waldroup 1988 Ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid aspirin in the diet of broilers maintained under heat stress conditions Poult Sci 67 1183 1187 Washburn K W R Peavey and G M Renwick 1980 Relationship of strain variation and feed restriction in blood pressure and response to heat stress Poult Sci 59 2568 2588 Whittow G C 1986 Regulation of body temperature pp 221 252 in Avian Physiology Edited by P D Sturkie Springer Verlag New York Wolfenson D D Bachrach M Maman Y Graber and I Rozenboim 2001 Evaporative cooling of ventral regions of the skin in heat stressed laying hens Poult Sci 80 958 964 Yahav S and S Hurwitz 1996 Induction of thermotolerance in male broiler chickens by temperature conditioning at an early age Poult Sci 75 402 406 Yahav S A Shamay G Horev D Bar Ilan O Genina and M Friedman Einat 1997 Effect of acquisition of improved thermotolerance on the induction of heat shock proteins in broiler chickens Poult
161. increased numbers of mast cells temporally coincides with the appearance of lesions in the cecal tissue from the ET infection Hypothetically this could correlate with a stimulated release of mast cell mediators While purely speculative if the mast cells are responsible for the reported intestinal gut hypersensitivity response to secondary coccidial infection Rose et al 1975 Reinap et al 1999 it would be expected to observe secretory diarrhea and increased fluid secretion as occurs with Eimeria infection in chickens These disturbances in the mucosal environment could substantiate the malabsorption decreased feed conversion and decreased rate of growth as generally occurs with coccidial infections in chickens Specutively the multitude of mast cell mediators could contribute to the pathology of the disease as their capacity to inflict damage on tissues is exemplified by the harmful inflammatory conditions they have been implicated in with mammalian studies As mentioned previously immunogenicity and related immunovariability varies among Eimeria species Ovington et al 1996 Lillehoj and Trout 1996 Rose 1996 For example with the same species one strain will result in severe depression of weight gain and an absence of substantial lesions in the intestine while another strain of the same species will result in severe lesion development and mild depression of weight gain Danforth 2000 Morris et al 2004 This discrepancy with di
162. indows SYSTAT 2001 for all experiments Statistical significance was determined by one way analysis of variance and means were separated by Duncan s multiple range test The threshold for statistical significance was P lt 0 05 Experiment 2 Body weights and feed conversions for d 21 data were analyzed using a one way analysis of variance due to the presence of a significant interaction present between protein level and vaccination Significant differences were determined at P 0 05 and means were separated using a Duncan s Multiple Range Test Similarly due to an interaction with challenge and vaccine data collected on d 27 including body weight gain feed conversion ratios post challenge mortality and lesion scores were analyzed using a one way analysis of variance with differences deemed significant at P 0 05 and means were separated using a Duncan s Multiple Range Test Post challenge mortality was subjected to a square root arcsin transformation before analysis RESULTS Experiment 1 Average body weights at d 21 of broilers increased as protein level in the diet increased Table 2 The 20 protein starter diet yielded significantly lower average body weights compared to all other treatments and the 24 protein diet yielded significantly higher average body weights of broilers compared to the 21 and 22 protein starter diets while the 21 22 and 23 protein starter diets were similar in average body weights Feed conversion results yi
163. ine P Franc oise and A Claude 2001 Comparative differential influence of butyrate concentration on proximal and distal colonic mucosa in rats born germ free and associated with a strain of Clostridium Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 128 379 384 Metchnikoff Ilya I 1908 Prolongation of Life Optimistic Studies Putnam amp Sons New York NY Koebnick C I Wagner P Leitzmann U Stern and H J Zunft 2003 Probiotic beverage containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota improves gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with chronic constipation Can J Gastroenterol 7 655 659 Hughes D B and D G Hoover 1991 Bifidobacteria Their potential for use in American dairy products Food Technol 45 74 83 Isolauri E Y Suitias P Kankaanpaa and S Salmienen 2001 Probiotics Effects on immunity Am J Clin Nutr 73 4448 4508S Yokota H and M E Coates 1982 The uptake of nutrients from the small intestine of gnotobiotic and conventional chicks Br J Nutr 47 349 356 Salter D N M E Coates and D Hewitt 1974 The utilization of protein and excretion of acid uric in germ free and conventional chicks Br J Nutr 31 307 318 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 121 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 T3 74 75 83 84 Muramatsu T S Nakajima and J Okumura 1994 Modification of energy metabolism by the presence of the
164. ing period Figure 1 to achieve the cumulative differences When the birds were photostimulated at less than 22 000 kcal cumulative ME and 1200 g CP there was a reduction in eggs per hen of 15 This first suggested to us that there was a minimum nutrient intake irrespective of BW required to obtain acceptable levels of egg production It should be remembered that photostimulation 7 d later would have added approximately 2000 kcal ME and 100 g CP to each of the cumulative totals shown in Table 1 Subsequent evaluation has suggested a role for the form of the feeding program Figure 1 as well Table 1 The relationship between cumulative nutrient intake to photostimulation at 20 wk of age and egg production Cumulative 20 wk Eggs per hen Breeder Flock gt BW housed ME CP 25 64 wk kcal bird g bird kg n BB 1 25397 1397 2 06 159 8 BB 2 22207 1221 1 86 164 6 BB 3 20792 1144 1 98 149 4 BB 4 18985 1044 1 87 149 7 Photostimulation was at 141 d of age Each group was comprised of 2400 birds All birds weighed at 140 d of age The feeding programs shown in Figure 1 below reflect four different approaches to rearing the broiler breeder pullets shown in Table 1 A good way to examine feeding programs is to compare the feed intake at 15 wk of age as this will reflect both early restriction as well as the rate of weekly feed increases during late rearing The program for the BB 1 flock had more tha
165. isease Br Med J 2 9 11 Stern N J and J E Line 1992 Comparison of three methods for recovery of Campylobacter spp from broiler carcasses J Food Prot 55 663 666 Walker H W and J C Ayres 1959 Microorganisms associated with commercially processed turkeys Poult Sci 38 1351 1355 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 63 Effect of Heat Stress on Production Parameters and Immune Responses A D Wolfenden S E Higgins J P Higgins B M Hargis and G Tellez Center of Excellence for Poultry Science University of Arkansas Fayetteville AR Introduction Modern commercial poultry have the ability to grow to a large size in a short amount of time due to intensive genetic selection However this selection may be at the expense of other traits including tolerance of heat Washburn 1980 Geraert 1993 When discussing heat stress and heat tolerance it is important to keep in mind that in different parts of the world heat stress may mean very different things In a cool climate chickens may feel heat stressed at 25C but in a hot climate heat stress may not become a problem until temperatures reach 32C The duration of heat stress can be very short such as during transport or may occur in a cyclic pattern with cooler temperatures at night and very hot temperatures during the day Balnave 2004 In fact even heat stress during transport of chicks for as short as one hour can depress the growth rate in chicks for up to 16 days
166. itochondria compared to Low FE mitochondria These results indicate more efficient coupling of electron transport in High FE than in Low FE muscle mitochondria and provide indirect evidence that functional differences i e differences in respiratory chain coupling in muscle mitochondria between the two groups might be due to differences in electron transport associated with Complex I Regression analysis revealed that breast mitochondria RCR values were highly correlated with FE similar to that reported in rats Lutz and Stahly 2003 There were no differences in the ADP O with either energy substrate Thus Low FE mitochondria did not exhibit a compromised ability to carry out oxidative phosphorylation Studies were also conducted to determine relationships between intestinal mitochondrial function and FE in broilers Ojano Dirain et al 2004 In this study duodenal mitochondrial function was assessed following repeated additions of ADP a paradigm of repeated energy demand that revealed mitochondrial dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension syndrome in broilers Cawthon et al 1999 Iqbal et al 2001b Unlike muscle there were no differences in the initial RCR in duodenal mitochondria obtained from broilers with Low and High FE provided either NADH or FADH linked energy substrates but after a second addition of ADP tighter coupling i e higher RCR values was observed in High FE duodenal mitochondria provided succinate but not when NADH lin
167. ive performance of broiler chickens during summerlike growing conditions Poult Sci 71 1450 1456 Cooper M A and K W Washburn 1998 The relationships of body temperature to weight gain feed consumption and feed utilization in broilers under heat stress Poult Sci 77 237 242 De Basilio V M Vilarino S Yahav and M Picards 2001 Early age thermal conditioning and a dual feeding program of male broilers challenged by heat stress Poult Sci 80 29 36 De Basilio V F Requena A Leon M Vilarino and M Picard 2003 Early age thermal conditioning immediately reduces body temperature of broiler chicks in a tropical environment Poult Sci 82 1235 1241 Emery D A P Vohra R A Ernst and S R Morrison 1984 The effect of cyclic and constant ambient temperatures on feed consumption egg production egg weight and shell thickness of hens Poult Sci 63 2027 2035 Ernst R A W W Weathers and J Smith 1984 Effects of heat stress on day old broiler chicks Poult Sci 63 1719 1721 Etches R J T M John and A M Verrinder Gibbins 1995 Behavioural Physiological Neurological and Molecular responses to heat stress pp 31 65 in Poultry Production in Hot Climates Ed N J Daghier University Press Cambridge UK Ferket P and M A Qureshi 1992 Performance and immunity of heat stressed broilers fed vitamin and electrolyte supplemented drinking water Poult Sci 71 88 97 Geraert P A S Gulillaumin and B
168. ive pressure can certainly be immunologically based instead of physiologically or physically based In the jungle fowl coccidia had already evolved to be immunologically distinct at least at the species level and most likely at the strain level as well Coccidia generally produce species specific adaptive immune responses in birds that after one or a few infections are able to make the bird refractory to infection and prevent oocyst shedding by immune birds that ingest sporulated oocysts Rose 1976 In the poultry house there is actually little selective pressure for a particular strain of an Eimeria species already present in a broiler house to alter its antigens in response to the immune response of the chickens being reared there Young birds that are infected will produce oocysts that will retain their infectivity for the few weeks necessary to infect the next crop of broilers reared in the same barn Williams 1998 Birds will often become immune to the local coccidial population before reaching market weight and thus no new oocysts will be shed by the birds but sufficient oocysts will survive in the environment to continue the parasites genetic lines Like any selective pressure the immune system will actively select against any coccidia that have been encountered before Thus in the absence of such selection there is little advantage for novel immunologically distinct strains of particular parasites because the strain s present in the b
169. j se tornou uma pr tica rotineira Muitas empresas av colas realizam seus pr prios controles nas mat rias primas atrav s de programas de monitoramento Os dados das an lises de rotina realizadas pelo Lamic encontram se na Tabela 4 mostrando a preval ncia destes compostos na cadeia produtiva brasileira Tabela 4 Principais micotoxinas encontradas no Brasil Micotoxina Amostras Analisadas Positividade M dia ppb Aflatoxinas 95 767 40 0 10 7 Zearalenona 78 540 17 6 43 5 Ocratoxina A 22 068 2 7 0 5 Deoxinivalenol 20 342 37 8 241 6 Fumonisinas 20 521 51 4 997 8 Toxina T2 12 904 1 4 12 0 Diacetoxiscirpenol 1 260 7 5 6 2 3 DON 304 12 2 5 1 15 DON 301 11 0 5 0 Pelos resultados de contaminac o e positividade apresentados na Tabela 2 podemos concluir que as micotoxinas de maior import ncia para a produ o av cola no territ rio brasileiro s o as aflatoxinas seguidas pelas fumonisinas e o deoxinivalenol Para essas tr s micotoxinas a positividade ultrapassa 47 ou seja pouco menos da metade de todos os alimentos analisados no Brasil apresentam contaminac o por estas subst ncias Al m disso a contaminac o m dia observada tamb m elevada levando se em considerac o as doses m ximas recomendadas para aves descritas na Tabela 5 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 102 1 6 Limites m ximos de micotoxinas recomendados para aves de produc o Baseado nas informa es da literatura bem como nos experimento
170. ked energy substrates were provided These findings suggest that there was a defect in electron coupling associated with Complex II in Low FE duodenal mitochondria As Low FE duodenal mitochondria provided NADH linked energy substrates exhibited a significantly higher ADP O ratio with the second addition of ADP the ability to synthesize ATP may actually be superior in low FE duodenal mitochondria to that observed in high FE mitochondria under some conditions Possibly there is a greater demand for ATP in Low FE mitochondria e g increased ATP needed to repair oxidatively damaged proteins see Oxidative Stress below C Increased Mitochondrial ROS Production and Site Specific Defects in Electron Transport in Low FE Mitochondria To determine if ROS production plays a role in inefficiencies associated with low FE mitochondria hydrogen peroxide H202 was monitored in freshly isolated mitochondria according to Iqbal et al 2001a to assess electron leak and to identify site specific defects in electron transport in muscle liver and intestinal mitochondria Bottje et al 2002 Iqbal et al 2004 2005 Ojano Dirain et al 2004 In these studies basal electron leak represents H202 production in untreated mitochondria A summary of relative AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 42 differences in basal ROS production in High and Low FE mitochondria provided either NADH or FADH linked energy substrates is shown in Figure 2 With the exception of leg m
171. l 2001 This is in contrast to a study by Dunnington et al 1992 that showed lines selected for high anitbody response were more resistant to an E tenella challenge Layers that showed a high cell mediated immune response determined by delayed hypersensitivity skin testing to E maxima oocyst had a more rapid development of immunity to E tenella through vaccination compared to layers selected for a low cell mediated immune response Giambrone et al 1984 However the layers AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 14 with a high cell mediated immune response to E maxima were susceptible to E necatrix infection Giambrone et al 1984 Many studies have shown that different MHC genes have contributed to differences in the resistance or susceptibility to Eimeria infections Lillehoj et al 1989 Lillehoj et al 1990 Dunnington et al 1992 Caron et al 1997 A reason for the difference in the studies by Parmentier et al 2001 and Dunnington et al 1992 is that the layers used by Dunnington had different MHC haplotyes while Parmentier did not mention a difference in other genetic parameters As mentioned previously antibody response appears to play a small role in the protection of chickens to an Eimeria challenge Cell mediated immune response plays a major role in prevention but testing for a high cell mediated immune response should involve the use of the same Eimeria species for which resistance is being generated Selection for all thre
172. l que es una t cnica de medici n y an lisis siendo tan importante como los m todos qu micos f sicos o microbiol gicos resultando muy til y decisiva a la hora de lanzar un nuevo producto al mercado de alimentos Ib ez 2001 Este tipo de an lisis tiene la ventaja de que la persona que efect a las mediciones lleva consigo sus propios instrumentos de an lisis o sea sus cinco sentidos Definici n del problema Como influir la inulina a diferentes concentraciones en la dieta del pollo de engorda en la calidad de carne Justificaci n La necesidad de contar con alimentos de origen animal inocuos para el consumo humano marca la pauta para la investigaci n y desarrollo de medios para lograr una mejor calidad alimenticia que requiere un mercado cada m s exigente El nfasis esta ahora en que los gerentes de las granjas adopten un enfoque proactivo hacia la salud intestinal incluyendo la detecci n temprana de la enfermedad y su pronto tratamiento junto con un nfasis en el s lido manejo del medio ambiente AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 136 La presi n que existe para eliminar el uso de los promotores de crecimiento de la producci n av cola debido a un riesgo percibido sobre la eficacia de los antibi ticos implica la urgencia de la necesidad de contar con estrategias alternativas para controlar los problemas infecciosos y mejorar sus par metros productivos Se ha logrado un cierto xito en este mbito pero algunas de la
173. l vaccines for chickens Int J Parasitol 28 1089 1098 Williams R B 1999 A compartmentalized model for the estimation of the cost of coccidiosis to the world s chicken production industry Int J Parasitol 29 1209 1229 Williams R B W W H Carlyle D R Bond and I A G Brown 1999 The efficacy and economic benefits of Paracox a live attenuated anticoccidial vaccine in commercial trials with standard broiler chickens in the United Kingdom International J for Parasitol 29 341 355 Williams R B 2002 Anticoccidial vaccines for broiler chickens pathways to success Avian Pathology 31 317 353 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 27 22 Williams R B and L Gobbi 2002 Comparison of an attenuated anticoccidial vaccine and an anticoccidial drug programme in commercial broiler chickens in Italy Avian Pathology 31 253 265 23 Williams R B 2003 Anticoccidial vaccination the absence or reduction of numbers of endogenous parasites from gross lesions in immune chickens after virulent coccidial challenge Avian Pathology 32 535 543 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 28 Table 1 Calculated nutrient composition of experimental diets used in Experiments 1 through 4 Nutrient Protein Yo 20 21 22 23 24 Methionine 0 44 0 47 0 50 0 52 0 55 TSAA 0 78 0 82 0 86 0 90 0 94 Lysine 1 06 1 12 1 19 1 26 1 33 Threonine 0 75 0 79 0 83 0 87 0 91 Arginine 1 32 1 40 1 48 1 55 1 63 Tryptophan 0 24 0 25 0 27 0 28 0 30 Calcium 0 90 0 90 0
174. le realizar de forma rutinaria y peri dica una o dos veces al a o pruebas de calidad del agua de las zonas en donde se encuentran las granjas dichos an lisis deben incluir pruebas microbiol gicas y f sico qu micas estas ltimas deben incluir determinaci n de la dureza del agua pH evaluaci n de nitratos y nitritos sodio cloro sulfatos calcio hierro magnesio y manganeso Es importante conocer la calidad del agua que suministramos a las aves ya que el agua es una v a pr ctica y sencilla para la administraci n de vacunas cidos org nicos y medicamentos En la industria av cola existen diversas situaciones en las que las aves deben o necesitan ser medicadas y podemos hacerlo por diferentes v as tales como parenteral y o oral en este ltimo caso la medicaci n puede ser v a alimento o agua de bebida Sin embargo bajo ciertas condiciones patol gicas el consumo de alimento puede estar disminuido mientras que el consumo de agua usualmente se mantiene o incrementa Asimismo es m s f cil y r pido medicar el agua que el alimento en ocasiones cuando alg n tratamiento no esta funcionando como esperamos y este fue aplicado v a alimento tenemos que esperar a que se termine ese alimento en las l neas de comedero o las tolvas para que el pollo comience a consumir el nuevo tratamiento sin embargo cuando se medica en el agua en cuesti n de horas podemos considerar duplicar la dosis que se esta aplicando o bien cambiar el tratamien
175. lear n DNA encoding as well as synthesis of proteins by a discrete mitochondrial mt DNA that encodes 22 tRNA 2 rRNA and 13 ETC proteins Anderson et al 1981 Desjardin and Morais 1990 Thus expression of respiratory chain proteins is under control of both n and mt DNA Sue and Schon 2000 Mitochondrial function also requires import of hundreds of proteins including ETC proteins synthesized by nDNA Rabilloud et al 2002 Some proteins are part of the mitochondrial import machinery whereas others are needed for expression of its genome and metabolism While other proteins are important for apoptosis Liu and Kitsis 1996 redox cell signaling and homeostasis Bogoyevitch et al 2000 Levonen et al 2001 Droge 2002 Consequently mitochondrial function in general and mitochondrial protein synthesis in particular depend on the coordinated expression of both mitochondrial and nuclear genomes Rabilloud et al 2002 Mitochondria and Feed Efficiency A Overview Feed efficiency FE remains an important trait for commercial breeding companies as feed represents 50 to 7096 of the cost of raising an animal to market weight Genetic selection for FE has been responsible for more than 8096 of the improvement in feed efficiency in modern broilers Havenstein et al 1994 2003 As mitochondria are responsible for producing 90 of the energy needed for cells we have conducted a series of studies to understand relationships of mit
176. lenge occurred on day 42 at 35C However with either form of conditioning the mortality was significantly lower than control chicks and heart weight and hematocrit were also significantly lower Using a different protocol for thermal conditioning Liew et al 2003 found no difference in mortality following heat challenge In these studies the thermal conditioning occurred from day 1 to day 21 and consisted of 36C for 1 hour a day Additionally 60 feed restriction chicks are allowed to eat only 60 of the amount the controls consume or a combination of both thermal conditioning and feed restriction were compared Heat challenge was administered from day 36 to 50 for 2h each day at 38C Additionally a challenge with a 10X dose of IBD vaccine was administered at day 37 during the heat challenge period The authors found no differences in body weight or IBD antibody titer but did have significantly less mortality in the group receiving both feed restriction and thermal conditioning treatments Additionally this group had significantly higher HSP 70 levels which was also correlated with significantly lower bursal histological scores In another study Yahav et al 1997 found that thermotolerant chicks in fact had lower levels of HSP which indicates that the induction of HSP is not a part of thermotolerance but simply a response in the bird to higher temperatures Zulkifli and coworkers found in a feed restriction experiment that allowing broil
177. lente E acervulina E m xima E tenella vacunando a las aves por aspersi n al d a de edad por aspersi n Se utilizaran 180 aves 12 grupos en total de un d a de edad estirpe Ross para aplicar 6 tratamientos con dos repeticiones cada uno El trabajo experimental tuvo una duraci n de 56 d as el consumo de agua y alimento fue ad libitum Las aves consumieron alimento de iniciaci n del d a O al 21 de edad posteriormente algunas de las aves recibieron alimento con salinomicina 40 ppm Las aves fueron desafiadas al d a 28 de edad con 50 000 ooquistes por repetici n Las variables a evaluar fueron peso consumo de alimento conversi n alimenticia cantidad de ooquistes y humedades relativas promedio en cama de forma semanal Las alteraciones intestinales macrosc picas se evaluaron seg n el m todo de Johnson y Reid al d a 28 35 y 56 Las aves que recibieron vacunaci n tuvieron un menor desempe o productivo las 3 primeras semanas de vida De la semana 4 al final del trabajo experimental y despu s del desaf o no se observ diferencias estad stica P gt 0 05 entre los tratamientos que recibieron la vacunaci n y desaf o con el tratamiento control el cual no recibi vacunaci n ni desaf o incluso el peso y la conversi n alimenticia fueron en promedio mejores que el grupo control Palabras claves coccidiosis Eimeria AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 173 EFECTO DE LAS AFLATOXINAS Y LAS FUMONISINAS EN POLLO DE ENGORDA COMO MO
178. liorated with changes in female rearing management it was deemed important to turn our attention to how the management of males could also affect the critical early stages of the breeder laying cycle In a series of experiments with Ross 344 males not detailed herein we have determined that 29 600 kcal ME and 1 475 g CP to 21 wk of age was near the minimum cumulative nutrient intake for separate grown males in black out rearing conditions Romero Sanchez et al 2007abc In Figure 7 the BW data from a study that compared this minimum cumulative intake LoDiet with a slightly higher plane of rearing nutrition HiDiet were compared It should be noted that differences in BW disappeared as soon as all the males began to be provided the same daily feed allocation but the transition to the same feed allocation did cause a transient plateau in BW for the HiDiet males This was most likely due to less than adequate feed to support the higher BW as detailed in Figure 8 As also shown in Figure 8 males were identified as being in the Light or Heavy 5096 of each group but continued to be mixed together and fed with their respective females from photostimulation at 21 wk of age The feeding program and nutrition was the same for all of the birds following the transition period Thus the largest males were relatively underfed compared to their smaller pen mates in each pen This effect can be clearly observed by a close examination of Figure 8 The Heavy 50 of the
179. lls of the inoculum was determined spectrophotometrically The stock solution was serially diluted and confirmed by colony counts on replicate samples 0 1mL replicate that were spread plated on Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate XLD Agar plates containing 25ug mL NO and 20 ug mL NA For Salmonella recovery evaluation a method previously described was used 1 Turkey Poults One day of hatch commercial cross turkey poults were obtained from a commercial hatchery and allocated randomly in floor pens with new pine shavings litter Due to the high variability in body weight 100 poults were weighed and three hundred twenty poults with body weight between the mean 1 standard deviation were included in the experiment in each trial Antibiotic free feed formulated to meet or exceed NRC recommendation for critical nutrients for day of hatch poults 2 and water ad libitum were provided on both experiments according to the experimental design Experimental design In each trial three hundred and twenty turkey poults were placed in a isolation room of the Poultry Health Laboratory of the University of Arkansas Fayetteville Poults were randomly grouped into two treatments with 4 replicates each one n 40 poults Before placement poults were challenged with S enteritidis 10 cfu by oral gavage in trials 1 and 2 Turkey poults in trial 3 and 4 were not S enteritidis challenged The treated group LPC received a probiotic culture for the first three conse
180. lood cells were decreased Mashaly et al 2004 Heat stress also was found to increase bacteremia and mortality in chickens who received an oral challenge with a pathogenic E coli potentially due to increased penetration of the bacteria into the bloodstream from the gastrointestinal tract Leitner and Heller 1992 Not only does heat stress effect peformance production and immunity it also has adverse effects on fertility Heat stress decreased sperm penetration and egg fertility in broiler breeder hens receiving sperm from heat stressed males McDaniel et al 1995 In vitro studies with semen indicate that heat stress significantly decreased sperm viability and sperm quality index scores Karaca et al 2002 Acclimatization and Thermal Conditioning in Broilers Many solutions for improving performance during heat stress are aimed at maintaining a lower body temperature which will in turn prevent the lethargic behaviors described above and maintain a higher level of performance Acclimatization is a method explored in which the temperature is raised gradually over time which may allow the birds to adjust gradually to hot temperatures In one study it was found that the body temperature of chickens increased when ambient temperatures reached 30C under normal conditions When they were acclimatized for 3 to 5 days their body temperature did not increase until temperatures reached 33C Boone and Hughes 1971 Though this research is enco
181. ltrapasse 48 horas A an lise e principalmente a definic o de quais as micotoxinas que devem entrar em um programa de controle somente poder o ser definidas pelo conhecimento da incid ncia das mesmas na rea de origem do material a ser empregado na ind stria Em raz o da necessidade da tomada de decis es r pidas nas agroind strias recomenda se que a an lise seja realizada o mais r pido poss vel AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 105 Na avaliac o dos resultados necess rio inicialmente estabelecer os limites de confianca para o sistema amostral O procedimento usual inicia com a colheita de no m nimo 3 e no m ximo 5 amostras por turno de produc o Os resultados s o avaliados em sua amplitude para com isto ajustar se o n mero m nimo de amostras a serem analisadas Ap s um per odo inicial de aproximadamente 1 m s poss vel reduzir o n mero de amostras a at 1 por dia dependendo da produc o total e da variabilidade de contaminac o do cereal empregado 2 2 AMOSTRAGEM PARA PESQUISA DE MICOTOXINA Para melhorar a representatividade do resultado da an lise de micotoxina podem ser tomadas algumas medidas como 1 Amostragem com maior peso da amostra e n mero de pontos amostrados 2 Sub amostragem com o aumento de tamanho peso da sub amostra ou pela diminuic o do tamanho das part culas pela moagem 3 Analisando um maior n mero de amostras Alguns cuidados b sicos devem ser adotados para permitir
182. m requires microaerophilic conditions for growth The status of Campylobacter as a human pathogen was first recognized in 1957 King 1957 and the microorganism s role as a common foodborne pathogen was recognized in 1977 Skirrow 1982 Currently Campylobacter has been identified worldwide as the leading cause of human bacterial foodborne illnesses Mead et al 1999 Sources of campylobacteriosis include contaminated water raw milk and raw or undercooked poultry Keener et al 2004 Campylobacter strains most frequently isolated from humans are the same strains that are also most commonly isolated from poultry Bryan and Doyle 1995 and Campylobacter jejuni is the species responsible for 99 of the cases of campylobacteriosis Friedman 2000 Additionally employment in poultry processing plants has been identified as a significant factor in contracting campylobacteriosis Grados et al 1973 Foodborne Campylobacter infections have been reported to be responsible for approximately 2 4 million illnesses 150 000 physician visits 13 174 hospitalizations and 124 deaths annually Mead et al 1999 Signs and symptoms of campylobacteriosis include abdominal pain fever nausea and diarrhea The neurological disorder Guillain Barr syndrome has also been associated with campylobacteriosis Campylobacter primarily colonizes the ceca and colon of live poultry and the bacterium can be spread to the skin of the carcass during processing
183. males from the HiDiet group closed squares failed to gain BW consistently from 22 32 wk of age while the Heavy 5096 of the LoDiet group closed circles were more consistent in their BW gain Both groups of Light 50 males exhibited consistent BW gain as well This failure to gain BW in a consistent manner was most likely the cause for the lower fertility of the HiDiet group Figure 9 Fertility has been found to be largely a function of the number of males mating in a flock In the case of the HiDiet group the larger males were most likely not mating as evidenced by a failure to gain BW and this resulted in lower broiler BW The logic for this explanation lies in the simple fact that the Heavy 50 of the males has to be genetically similar in both the LoDiet and HiDiet groups so that when the largest males do not mate the largest broilers will not be produced AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 89 A Transition Period Plane of Nutrition Male BW kg w HiDiet lt LoDiet 4 8 12 16 20 22 24 28 32 42 48 56 64 Age Wk Figure 7 Ross 344 broiler breeder male BW when reared on two planes of cumulative nutrient intake that provided either the minimum 29 600 kcal ME and 1 475 g CP to 21 wk of age on the LoDiet program or 33 500 kcal ME and 1 730 g CP to 21 wk of age on the HiDiet program 6 4 Transition Period 25 4 E Y sas A LoDiet Light 50 HiDiet Light 50 O LoDiet Heavy 50 BI HiDiet Hea
184. mbras fueron destinadas a pollo rosticero ganancia diaria de peso e ndice de productividad RESULTADOS En el cuadro 1 se muestran los resultados de conversi n alimenticia kilos de carne producidos peso promedio del pollo en granja consumo de alimento por ave terminada ganancia diaria de peso e ndice de productividad Como se puede observar en el caso de las hembras criadas a 34 5 C se produjeron 365kg de carne m s consumiendo 28g menos de alimento ganaron 0 9g m s por d a y el ndice de productividad fue 8 58 puntos mejor que las hembras criadas a AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 128 33 C En el caso de los machos criados a 34 5 C se produjeron 5905kg m s de carne consumieron 288g mas de alimento sin embargo la conversi n alimenticia fue 0 05 mejor ganando 1 2g m s por d a por ltimo el ndice de productividad fue 15 55 puntos mejor que los machos criados a 33 C Cuadro 1 Par metros productivos en pollos de engorda criados a 33 y 34 5 C PAR METROS EVALUADOS H 33 C H 34 5 C M 33 C M 34 5 C CONVERSION ALIMENTICIA 1 855 1 814 2 228 2 178 KILOS DE CARNE PRODUCIDOS 46590 46955 50995 56900 PESO PROMEDIO DEL POLLO EN GRANJA 1 712 1 735 2 388 2 574 CONSUMO DE ALIMENTO POR AVE TERMINADA 3 175 3 147 5 32 5 608 GANANCIA DIARIA GRAMOS 42 1 43 50 8 52 INDICE DE PRODUCTIVIDAD 212 92 221 5 185 89 201 44 DISCUSI N Y CONCLUSIONES Como se pudo observar la diferencia de temperaturas durante la crianza fue un factor i
185. mico soluble A fue de 14 24g menor con respecto a los otros tres grupos Los grupos de alimento medicado y antimicopl smico soluble B fueron AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 132 los mas altos a la semana 5 El grupo sin medicar a la semana 5 de edad exhibi el peso m s bajo A las 6 semanas de edad los grupos de alimento medicado sin medicar y antimicopl smico soluble B obtuvieron los pesos m s altos sin embargo el peso del grupo tratado con el antimicopl smico soluble B fue menor con respecto a los grupos de alimento medicado sin medicar y con antimicopl smico soluble B Cuadro 2 Cuadro 2 Ganancia de peso semanal en pollos de engorda tratados con tres diferentes programas antimicopl smicos ANTIMICOPL SMICO ALIMENTO ANTIMICOPL SMICO Recepci n 44 48 438 1a Semana 147 576 143 216 2a Semana 368 864 382 56 3a Semana 763 48 771 45 4a Semana 1330 02 1368 23 5a Semana 1898 98 1920 90 6a Semana 2433 75 2498 20 DISCUSI N Y CONCLUSIONES Si bien es cierto que el agua es un medio de f cil y pr ctico acceso para llevar acabo planes terap uticos es importante considerar que algunos antimicrobianos pueden disminuir temporalmente el consumo de agua dependiendo del tiempo por el cual se prolongue este efecto negativo en el consumo de agua se puede afectar en diferente grado la ganancia de peso como fue el caso del antimicopl smico soluble A Debido a esto es importante contar con registros diarios del consumo de a
186. mportante en el rendimiento productivo de los pollos de engorda por lo que mantener la termoneutralidad en las aves ser crucial para el adecuado desarrollo de las aves y la ptima utilizaci n del alimento que proporcionamos a las aves Es importante mencionar que durante esta prueba las aves que llegaron a las casetas cuya temperatura ambiental era de 34 5 C en el caso de las hembras pesaron 38 24g vs 43g de las hembras criadas a 33 C Para los machos los criados a 34 5 C el peso de recepci n fue de 41 05g vs 44 42g de los criados a 33 C Podemos concluir que crianzas calientes ayudaran a las aves a concluir su desarrollo org nico permiti ndoles alcanzar y o superar el rendimiento productivo de aves cuyo peso a la recepci n es mayor AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 129 EVALUACI N DEL CONSUMO DE AGUA Y GANANCIA DE PESO EN POLLOS DE ENGORDA TRATADOS CON TRES DIFERENTES PROGRAMAS ANTIMICOPL SMICOS Ju rez Mireya Cervantes Ricardo Tlacomulco Lorenzo Petrone V ctor M Collins Divisi n Veterinaria S A de C V Mr Pollo S A de C V FES Cuautitl n UNAM INTRODUCCI N El agua es esencial para cualquier organismo viviente y las aves no son la excepci n sin embargo el agua es uno de los nutrientes que frecuentemente olvidamos monitorear La provisi n de agua abundante y fresca a las aves ser siempre recompensada con salud y buenos resultados Como parte de las medidas de bioseguridad en las granjas es recomendab
187. n a temperate climate even when the flocks have been reared in black out houses These in season flocks have typically hatched during warm periods of the year when daylengths were also long Daylength and temperature have both declined during the rearing period in such cases As broiler breeders have typically been fed to achieve a standard BW the cool AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 79 weather at the end of the rearing period of in season flocks has generally dictated that more feed be fed Thus the cumulative nutrition has been greater for such in season breeders if photostimulation was not too early In contrast out of season flocks have been hatched in cooler seasons and have been typically reared while both daylength and temperatures were increasing As broiler breeder flocks have approached the age of photostimulation in warmer temperatures they have generally required less feed to achieve the standard BW and have thus accumulated less nutrition at the point of photostimulation This latter scenario has typically always been the case in hot tropical countries especially when black out rearing was employed An increased target BW has often been used as a treatment for out of season flocks because as we now have learned a heavier BW effectively increased the cumulative nutrition Thus minimum cumulative nutrition does not change seasonally but BW does change in a manner that reflects temperature and light intensi
188. n adequate feed throughout rearing while the feeding programs for the other three flocks exhibited what could be considered excessive feed restriction at 15 wk of age followed by a fairly wide range of weekly feed increases thereafter The BB 3 flock was most interesting in that the feed allocation was lowest at 15 wk in an effort to control BW and was followed by a rapid increase in feed allocation sufficient to achieve a BW somewhat similar to that of BB 1 However reproductive performance was obviously poor in spite of achieving the standard target BW Such feeding programs tend to produce foot pad problems poor feathering and higher than normal mortality The BB 2 and BB 4 flocks achieved similar BW at 20 wk but a considerable difference in cumulative nutrition that was reflected in egg production in a dose related manner AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 81 Feeding Programs For Egg Production In the USA and elsewhere in the world a good number of females continue to be reared mixed with males In an experiment to investigate this procedure males were full fed an 18 CP diet until mixed with females at 2 4 6 or 8 wk of age while the females received an 18 CP diet for 1 wk followed by a 15 CP diet to photostimulation The male and female feeding programs are shown in Figure 2 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Feed Bird Day g 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Week Figure 1 Feeding programs for the four flocks shown in Table
189. n concentrations in the diet of chickens which allows more complete and easy digestion and absorption of feed nutrients SOLUTIONS While causes of necrotic enteritis are many solutions are few and getting fewer The elimination of Avoparcin and other antibiotic growth promoters in Europe and elsewhere including the United States has created a predictable rise in necrotic enteritis and coccidiosis Coccidiosis is the most common agent to predispose birds to necrotic enteritis The use of vaccination of broiler chicks with live vaccines causes a mild and temporary appearance of coccidians in the intestines but does not normally enhance necrotic enteritis Drastic feed changes should be avoided and feed and water should be monitored for contaminants that alter intestinal motility or disrupt intestinal mucosa Bacitracin methylene disalicylate has proved effective in preventing and or treating necrotic enteritis The preventative level is 50 grams per ton in feed Treatment rate for treating existing cases of necrotic enteritis is 100 to 200 grams per ton of feed or about 110 to 220 parts per million Penicillin erythromycin and the tetracyclines have also proven effective in reducing the severity of necrotic enteritis AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 36 INTESTINAL MICROFLORA The intestinal microflora is the first line of defense for the intestine and the better we understand the complex interaction of the flora and the bird the bet
190. n cumulative feed conversion ratio in the 22 and 24 protein fed broilers compared to non vaccinated challenge broilers while the 20 protein level was similar for both vaccinated and non vaccinated challenged broilers Increased dietary protein led to significant decreased cumulative feed conversion ratios in non vaccinated challenged broilers Vaccination resulted in decreased mortality in the 22 protein fed challenged broilers compared to the 20 and 22 non vaccinated challenge broilers while all other challenge groups resulted in similar mortality rates Overall lesion development was decreased in vaccinated challenged broilers compared non vaccinated challenged broilers Table 5 Lesions in the upper small intestine indicative of E acervulina were significantly lower in all vaccinated challenged broilers compared to the 22 and 24 protein fed non vaccinated challenged broilers although lesion scores observed in the upper small intestine were minimal Mid intestinal lesion development associated with E maxima was significantly decreased in the 24 protein fed vaccinated challenged broilers compared to the 24 non vaccinated challenged broilers and numeric decreases in mid intestinal lesion scores were observed in vaccinated challenge broilers at the 20 and 22 levels compared to non vaccinated challenged broilers Lower intestinal lesion development associated with E tenella challenge were significantly decreased in vaccinated challenge broilers
191. nable to identify AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 123 USO DE LA EXCLUSI N COMPETITIVA EN EL CONTROL DE Salmonella enteritidis DESEMPENO E INMUNIDAD EN POLLOS DE CORTE Rodrigo do Prado Pulici Prof Dr Ricardo de Albuquerque Oliveiro Caetano de Freitas Neto Jacqueline Boldrin Paiva Rafael Antonio Casarin Penha Filho Prof Dr Angelo Berchieri Junior 1USP Campus Pirassununga Departamento VNP UNESP Campus Jaboticabal Departamento de Patolog a Aviaria Brasil Introducci n El buscador finland s Esko Nurmi en 1973 fue el primero en aplicar el concepto de Exclusi n Competitiva CE en avesl tambi n conocido como Concepto de Nurmi que puede ser bien definido como Establecer inicialmente una microflora intestinal adulta previene la colonizaci n de enteropat genos 2 A trav s de la Exclusi n Competitiva el ave queda protegida de la transmisi n horizontal de Salmonela transmitida por el medio ambiente e tambi n de la raci n y la transmisi n vertical que se da por la reproducci n queda tambi n minimizada3 La CE demostr ser efectiva en la digestibilidad de los nutrientes en las aves4 El objetivo del trabajo fue averiguar la eficacia del concepto de CE frente a una posible contaminaci n horizontal de Salmonela y tambi n evaluar los datos zoot cnicos y par metros de inmunidad de aves tratadas con CE Materiales y m todos Fueron elaborados dos experimentos uno en UNESP de Jaboticabal EP1 donde fue
192. nclusi n El resultado mostr que el concepto de Exclusi n Competitiva es eficiente en el control de enterobacterias en especial Salmonela enteritidis lo que es fundamental no solo en la avicultura como tambi n en la salud p blica Independiente la dosis aplicada CE puede ser una herramienta importante en la sustituci n de antibi ticos en las raciones consumidas por aves El restante del estudio EP2 esta siendo concluido para mejorar la explicaci n de los beneficios del concepto de exclusi n competitiva Agradecimientos A Universidad de S o Paulo USP a los profesores Dr Ricardo de Albuquerque y Dr ngelo Berchieri Junior y a los colaboradores Referencias Nurmi E V and M Rantala 1973 New aspects of Salmonella infection in broiler production Nature 241 210 PIVNICK H NURMI E O conceito de Nurmi e seu papel no controle da Salmonella na avicultura In Davies R ed Developments in food microbiology 1 Applied Science Publishers Ltd Barking Essex England pp 41 70 1982 NUOTIO L SCHNEITZ C Halonen U Nurmi E Uso da exclus o competitiva para proteger pintos rec m nascidos contra a colonizac o intestinal e a invas o por Salmonella enteritidis PT4 British Poultry Science 33 775 779 1992 SCHNEITZ C KIISKINEN T TOVONEN V et al Efeito de Broilact nas condi es f sico qu micas e na digestibilidade de nutrientes no trato gastrointestinal de frangos de corte Poultry Science 77 426 432 1998 1 2
193. ngsbiologie 100 280 295 Dziewiecki C and A Kolataj 1976 Rate of oxygen uptake by liver mitochondria in purebred chickens and in their hybrids Genetica Polonica 17 219 224 Estabrook R W 1967 Mitochondrial respiratory control and the polarographic measurement of ADP O ratios Method Enzymol 10 41 47 Fiegal R J and B L Shapiro 1979 Mitochondrial calcium uptake and oxygen consumption in cystic fibrosis Nature 278 276 77 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 47 Graham B H K G Waymire B Cottrell I A Trounce G Macgregor and D C Wallace 1997 A mouse model for mitochondrial and cardiomyopathy resulting from a deficiency in the heart muscle isoform of the adenine nucleotide translocator Nat Genet 16 226 234 Hagen T D L Yowe J C Bartholomew C M Wehr K L Do J Y Park and B N Ames 1997 Mitochondrial decay in hepatocytes from old rats membrane potential declines heterogeneity and oxidants increase Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 3064 3069 Havenstein G B P R Ferket S E Scheidler and B T Larson 1994 Growth livability and feed conversion of 1957 and 1991 broilers when fed typical 1957 and 1991 broiler diets Poult Sci 73 1785 1794 Havenstein G B P R Ferket and M A Qureshi 2003 Growth livability and feed conversion of 1957 vs 2001 broilers fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets Poult Sci 82 1500 1508 Herrero A and G Barja 1998 Hydrogen peroxide
194. nied by a decline in broiler progeny performance as the largest males generally reduce mating in such circumstances Females also contribute to broiler performance in that the consumption of more feed during rearing was found to increase broiler progeny performance during the early laying period Introduction Many broiler breeders have been reared since we first began to explore the idea that something other than just body weight BW and uniformity both long standing management paradigms were involved in the proper rearing of broiler breeders broiler parent stock The results of our original work was first discussed at the NCSU Broiler Breeder Workshop in 1995 under the umbrella that we called the Concept of Minimum Cumulative Nutrition and was first published as a full paper in a scientific journal two years later Walsh and Brake 1997 The generalities of this concept have been widely discussed at scientific and technical meetings since 1995 and have been adapted by many broiler breeder managers and commonly available technical manuals It has been rewarding to see such a lively discussion among our industry clientele of university based research but it has become apparent that the focus of such discussion has shifted away from the original comprehensive concept that emphasized the form of the feeding program Walsh and Brake 1999 long term relative consistency Peak 1996 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 78 and age at photostimulation
195. nmental Salmonella recovery from commercial turkeys and broilers 73 Treatment of idiopathic enteritis in commercial poults with Floramax also compares favorably to selected antibiotic therapy in recent studies 74 Large scale commercial trials have indicated that appropriate administration of this probiotic mixture to turkeys increased body weight gain at processing by approximately 230 g with over 120 flocks evaluated 75 with similar performance gains observed in more limited commercial trials with broilers Administration of dietary lactose at a very low concentration 0 196 greatly enhanced the growth rates of pro biotic turkeys under commercial conditions and furthered reduced total production costs 75 These data indicate that selection of therapeutically efficacious probiotic cultures with marked AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 117 performance benefits in poultry is possible and that defined cultures can sometimes provide an attractive alternative to conventional antimicrobial therapy Comparisons Among Genotypic 16S rRNA MIDI and Biolog Identifications of FM B11 Lactic Acid Bacteria As a blend of facultative and obligate bacteria the composition of lactic acid bacteria poses a unique problem for microbial identification The identification techniques of choice for facultative anaerobes are biochemical analyses but the standard identification system for lactic acid bacteria is cellular fatty acid profiling However these phenotypi
196. no Dirain et al 2005b reported that all respiratory chain complex activities with the exception of Complex IV were lower in Low FE duodenal mitochondria The reason for differences between these studies is not apparent at this time D Oxidative Stress and Complex Activities With the evidence of increased ROS production occurring in Low FE mitochondria described above one mechanism that might contribute to the generally lower activity of respiratory chain complexes that we have observed in Low FE mitochondria could be oxidative stress and subsequent damage to critical proteins in the respiratory chain Mitochondrial antioxidant protection from ROS includes reduced glutathione GSH vitamin E Mn superoxide dismutase MnSOD GSH peroxidase and GSH reductase Yu 1994 GSH is vital to mitochondria by metabolizing ROS through the action of GSH peroxidase or by donating reducing equivalents directly MnSOD converts superoxide to H 50 In turn GSH peroxidase uses reducing equivalents of GSH to convert hydro and lipid peroxides to water or lipid alcohols Metabolism of H202 is particularly important due to the propensity to be converted to the highly reactive hydroxyl radical in the presence of transition metals e g Fe Cu via the Haber Weiss and Fenton reactions respectively GSH reductase is vital in reducing oxidized GSH GSSG formed by GSH peroxidase back to GSH to prevent thiol toxicity in mitochondria Olafsdottir and Reed 1
197. nte el experimento por cualquier causa Variables a medir Variables principales e Color olor apariencia y sabor Cualidades sensoriales de la carne de pollo en Muslo Pechuga Pierna EVALUACION SENSORIAL DE LA CARNE DE POLLO Se utilizo una prueba afectiva que se realizo con consumidores personas no entrenadas en t cnicas sensoriales y en condiciones que no fueron ajenas o extra as para utilizar o consumir el producto en estudio La evaluaci n sensorial se realizo en el Laboratorio de Evaluaci n Sensorial del Departamento de Tecnolog a de Alimentos de la Direcci n de Nutrici n por el m todo propuesto por Pedrero y Pangborn 1989 se midi de acuerdo a una escala hed nica mediante cuatro niveles de aceptaci n a 30 jueces por cada corte de carne no entrenados muy agradable agradable indiferente desagradable se evalu color olor sabor y apariencia de los diferentes cortes pechuga muslo y pierna Se utilizaron 8 pollos de cada tratamiento y de cada pieza cocida y deshuesada coloc ndose una porci n en platos identificados con los diferentes tratamientos para la degustaci n de los jueces RESULTADOS Y DISCUSI N El nivel de aceptaci n de apariencia para pierna T3 T5 T2 T4 y T1 grafico 1 pechuga grafico 2 en orden descendiente fue el T1 T4 T2 T3 y T5 en muslo no se encontr diferencia Con respecto al color en pierna el de mayor aceptaci n T5 T3 T2 T4 y T1 grafico 3 en pechuga fue primero T1
198. ntestinal angiogenesis by indigenous microbes via Paneth cells Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 15451 15455 Husebye E P M Hellstro and T Midtvedt 1994 Intestinal microflora stimulates myoelectric activity of rat small intestine by promoting cyclic initiation and aboral propagation of migrating myoelectric complex Dig Dis Sci 39 946 956 Hooper L V T Midtvedt and J I Gordon 2002 How host microbial interactions shape the nutrient environment of the mammalian intestine Annu Rev Nutr 22 283 307 Macfarlane G T and G R Gibson 1995 Microbiological aspects of the production of short chain fatty acids in the large bowel Page 87 In Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Short Chain Fatty Acids J H Cummings J L Rombeau and S Sakata ed Cambridge Univ Press Cambridge UK van der Wielen P W S Biesterveld S Notermans H Hofstra B A P Urlings and F van Knapen 2000 Role of volatile fatty acids in development of the cecal microflora in broiler chickens during growth Appl Environ Microbiol 66 2536 2540 Savage D C 1986 Gastrointestinal microflora in mammalian nutrition Annu Rev Nutr 6 155 178 Topping D L and P M Clifton 2001 Short chain fatty acids and human colonic function Roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides Physiol Rev 81 1031 1064 Bird A R I L Brown and D L Topping 2000 Starches resistant starches the gut microflora and human health Curr
199. o das gemas devido aos preju zos causados na s ntese prot ica e lip dica Contudo a deposi o de c lcio na casca dos ovos por si s n o afetada A resist ncia da casca aumenta quando aves consomem aflatoxinas devido redu o na casca desses ovos n o ter a mesma propor o da redu o que ocorre na clara e gema Este aumento da espessura da casca pode afetar a eclodibilidade pela redu o nas trocas gasosas entre o embri o e o ambiente A mortalidade embrion ria em ovos de matrizes intoxicadas com aflatoxinas ocorre pelo fato de que essas subst ncias ap s serem biotransformadas no f gado t m como um dos principais metab litos a aflatoxina M que eliminada do organismo atrav s da gema Al m disso a pr pria aflatoxina B4 e o aflatoxicol tamb m podem ser encontrados na gema a partir de 24 horas ap s a ingest o das aflatoxinas AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 95 Em casos de aflatoxicose os picos de mortalidade embrion ria ocorrem no terco final da incubac o Isto se deve ao fato de que os metab litos das aflatoxinas est o concentrados na gema a qual utilizada pelo embri o como fonte energ tica neste per odo do processo de incubac o 1 1 2 Efeito das aflatoxinas sobre a produc o de perus Nos ltimos anos o Brasil tem obtido um consider vel incremento na produ o e exporta o de carnes e subprodutos de aves que n o frangos Neste contexto tem grande import ncia a produ o de perus qu
200. o consumo O controle futuro do problema das micotoxinas na economia pecu ria depende da implantag o de pol ticas adequadas no mbito do manejo agr cola bem como dos sistemas de armazenagem ra zes do problema Somente pol ticas nessas reas significar o resultados econ micos duradouros para a avicultura AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 108 10 11 12 13 14 15 4 BIBLIOGRAFIA CONSULTADA AMTSBLATT DER EUROP ISCHE GEMEINSCHAFTEN NL 102 1 Erste Richtlinie der Kommission zur Feststellung gemeinschaftlicher Probenahmeverfahren f r die amtliche Untersuchung von Futtermitteln 76 37 1 EWG Teil Il 1 03 1976 35p AZEV DO G GAMBALE W CORR A B Mycoflora and aflatoxigenis species of Aspergillus spp isolated from stored maize Rev Microbiol v 25 n 1 p 40 50 1994 BERMUDEZ A J et al The cronic effects of Fusarium moniliforme culture material containig know levels of fumonisin B in turkeys Avian Disease v 40 p 231 235 1996 BRYDEN W L LOVE R J BURGUSS L W Feeding grain contaminated with Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium moniliforme to pigs and chickens Aust Vet J v 64 p 225 226 1987 CAST Council for Agricultural Science and Technology Micotoxins Economic and Health Risks Report 116 1989 DILKIN P et al Robotic automated clean up for detection of fumonisins B and B in corn and corn based feed by high performance liquid chromatography J Chromatogr A v 925
201. obiol v 33 n 1 p 1 11 2002 ROSA A P et al Desempenho produtivo de matrizes de cortesubmetidas a intoxicac o por aflatoxinas e deoxinivalenol DON Revista Brasileira de Ci ncia Av cola Sup 3 p 73 2001 SCHOENTAL R A corner of history Moses and Mycotoxins Prev Med v 9 n 1 p 159 161 1980 SCHOENTAL R Mycotoxins and the bible Perspect Biol Med v 28 n 1 p 117 120 1984 UBA Relat rio Anual 2005 2006 Uni o Brasileira de Avicultura 76p 2006 VAAMONDE G et al Variability of aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid production by Aspergillus section flavi from different substrates in Argentina International Journal of Food Microbiology v 88 p 79 84 2003 WEIBKING T S et al Effects of feeding Fusarium moniliforme culture material containing known levels of fumonisins Bi on the young broiler chick Poultry Science v 72 p 456 466 1993 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 110 32 33 34 35 36 WHITAKER T B DICKENS J W Errors in aflatoxin analysis of raw peanuts by thin layer chromatography Peanut Sci v 8 p 92 1981 WHITAKER T B DICKENS J W MONROE R J Variability associated with testing corn for aflatoxin J Am Oil Chem Soc v 56 p 789 1979 WHITAKER T B DICKENS J W MONROE R J Variability of aflatoxin test results J Am Oil Chem Soc v 49 p 590 1974 WHITAKER T B WHITTEN M E MONROE R J Variability associated with testing cotton
202. ochondrial function and biochemistry with the phenotypic expression of feed AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 40 efficiency in broilers Bottje et al 2002 2004 Iqbal et al 2004 2005 Ojano Dirain et al 2004 2005ab Tinsley et al 2004 Lassiter 2005 It is well known that genetics and diet have profound influence over mitochondrial function For example differences in oxygen utilization rates between breeds of chicken Mukherjee et al 1970 Dziewiecki and Kolataj 1976 have been observed and mitochondria have been hypothesized to be part of the basis for heterosis observed in plants McDaniel and Sarkissian 1966 Srivistava 1981 sheep Wolanis et al 1980 swine Dzabo and Wassmuth 1983 and chicken Brown et al 1986 Dietary manipulations of fat and protein levels have also been shown to have effects on mitochondrial function Renner et al 1979 De Schrijver and Privett 1984 Toyomizu et al 1992abc Yet in each of these studies mitochondrial function was investigated in response to a dietary difference or with respect to different breeds The studies outlined below will summarize results obtained in our lab in which mitochondrial function and biochemistry were determined in a single line of broilers fed the same diet thus eliminating dietary effects or differences in breed e g slow vs fast growing or fat vs lean lines These studies have helped provide a better understanding of the cellular basis of feed efficiency
203. onal disease risk in chicken handlers p 162 In A D Pearson J B Skirrow B Rowe J R Davies and E M Jones eds Campylobacter II Public Health Laboratory Service London 11 Greenberg A E and D A Hunt Eds 1985 Laboratory Procedures for the Examination Of Seawater and Shellfish 5 ed The American Public Health Association Washington DC 12 Hinton A Jr Cason J A Hume M E and Ingram K D 2004a Use of MIDI Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Analysis to Monitor the Transmission of Campylobacter during Commercial Poultry Processing J Food Prot 67 1610 1616 13 Hinton A Jr J A Cason and K D Ingram 2004b Tracking spoilage bacteria in commercial poultry processing and refrigerated storage of poultry Inter J Food Microbiol 91 155 165 14 Izat A L F A Gardner J H Denton and F A Golan 1988 Incidence and level of Campylobacter jejuni in broiler processing Poultry Sci 67 1568 1572 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 62 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Jackson W C P A Curtis R E Carawan K M Keener M C Taylor 1999 Survey shows that poultry processors can save money by conserving water Raleigh N C N C Cooperative Extension Service N C State Univ Nr CD 23 Jay J M 1978 Modern Food Microbiology 2nd Ed D Van Nostrand Company New York Jeffrey J S K H Tonooka and J Lozano 2001 Prevalence of Campylobacter spp
204. one experiment vitamin A supplementation significantly increased both feed intake and laying rate however did not affect antibody titers to Newcastle disease vaccine In a AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 68 second experiment supplementation with 6 000 or 9 000 IU kg of vitamin A significantly increased egg weight but not feed intake or laying rate Hansen et al 2004 found the circulating levels of plasma estradiol and calcium absorbed by duodenal cells were significantly reduced Administration of estrogen to hens through implants prior to heat shock significantly increased plasma estradiol regardless of temperature Also supplementation of the diet with 22 000 IU kg vitamin D in the feed for 2 weeks before 24 hours of heat challenge increase calcium absorption by 3 fold Cooling of Laying Chickens Other potential methods for management of heat stress in hens involve cooling of the birds Blood flow through the comb wattles and shanks can dissipate heat to the environment and explain why one behavior in heat stressed chickens is the dunking of the head in the waterer if possible Whittow 1986 While some layer houses include equipment for spraying a fine mist of water over the birds during hot hours Wolfensen et al 2001 tried a different method for wetting the birds Their system allowed them to wet the ventral underside of the hens instead of the dorsal side which is wet with misting systems Due to the differences in the feathers and hi
205. ong P L 1987 Crit Rev Poul Biol 1 25 49 Malaviya R E A Ross B A Jakschik and S N Abraham 1994 J Clin Invest 93 1645 1653 Malaviya R T Ikeda E Ross and S N Abraham 1996a Nature 381 77 80 Martin A H S Lillehoj B Kaspers and L D Bacon 1993 Poultry Sci 72 2084 2094 Martin A G H D Danforth J R Barta and M A Fernando 1997 Int J Parasit 27 527 533 McDougald L R and W M Reid 1997 Coccidiosis Pages 865 883 in Diseases of Poultry 10th Edition B W Calnek ed lowa State Univ Pr Ames IA McElroy A P R W Moore H D Danforth C B Jones B M Hargis and D J Caldwell 1999 Poultry Sci 78 Supp 1 17 Metcalfe D D 1984 Ann Allergy 53 563 575 Morris B C H D Danforth D J Caldwell F W Pierson and A P McElroy 2004 Poultry Sci 83 1667 1674 Ovington K S L M Alleva and E A Kerr 1995 Int J Parasitol 25 1331 1351 Parmentier H K S Y Abuzeid G De V Reilingh M G B Nieuwland and E A M Graat 80 894 900 Reinap R A A P McElroy H D Danforth and D J Caldwell 1999 Avian Dis Submitted Rose M E P L Long and J W A Bradley 1975 Parasitol 71 357 368 Rose M E B M Ogilvie and J W A Bradley 1980 Int Archs Allergy Appl Immunol 63 21 29 Rose M E 1996 pp 265 299 In Poultry Immunology Davison T F T R Morris and L N Payne eds Carfax Publishing Co Abingdon Oxfordshire
206. ong with better understanding of the role of the microflora will help the poultry industry manage necrotic enteritis with no or minimal use of antibiotics AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 37 Unraveling Feed Efficiency A Mitochondrial Perspective W G Bottje Department of Poultry Science Center of Excellence for Poultry Science University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas 72701 Abstract Studies have been conducted to assess associations of mitochondrial function and biochemistry with the phenotypic expression of feed efficiency FE in male broilers within the same genetic line and fed the same diet Frequently mitochondria obtained from broilers with low FE exhibited greater uncoupling of the electron transport chain ETC This respiratory chain uncoupling was apparently due to site specific defects in electron transport that resulted in greater amounts of reactive oxygen species ROS being generated in mitochondria obtained low compared to high FE broilers Higher amounts of ROS production in Low FE mitochondria were likely responsible for higher protein carbonyl levels that are indicative of higher protein oxidation In turn higher protein damage in Low FE mitochondria may have contributed to lower respiratory chain complex activity relative to values observed in high FE mitochondria However low FE mitochondria did not exhibit a compromised ability to carryout oxidative phosphorylation While there were differences in expression of cer
207. oquistes por ave Las variables a evaluar fueron peso consumo de alimento conversi n alimenticia cantidad de ooquistes por gramo de heces y transaminasas sangu neas Las alteraciones intestinales macrosc picas se evaluaron seg n el m todo de Johnson y Reid al d a 28 Las aves que consumieron alimento con aflatoxina tuvieron un menor desempefio productivo Sin embargo las aves que consumieron alimento con Ocratoxina y que fueron vacunadas y desafiadas fueron las que presentaron mayor lesi n intestinal y eliminaci n de ooquistes al compararlo con las aves de los tratamientos control vacunado y desafiado sin micotoxinas P gt 0 05 Palabras claves coccidiosis Eimeria aflatoxina ocratoxina AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 152 MORTALIDAD S BITA EN POLLO DE ENGORDA ASOCIADA A ASPERGILOSIS Montiel Ariadna S nchez Jorge Ju rez Mireya Petrone V ctor M Mr Pollo S A de C V Agroindustrias Quesada S de R L de C V Collins Divisi n Veterinaria S A de C V FES Cuautitlan UNAM INTRODUCCI N La Aspergilosis es una enfermedad de origen mic tico ocasionada por hongos del genero Aspergillus La Aspergilosis aguda se caracteriza por brotes intensos en aves j venes con alta morbilidad y mortalidad El blanco primario de este agente es el aparato respiratorio neumon a caseosa aunque tambi n puede afectar otros rganos como el sistema nervioso necrosis caseosa cerebral y cerebelar y los rganos de los sentido
208. or as kcal de energ a metabolizable E M y 40 ppm de xantofilas El alimento finalizador se les proporcion del d a 22 de edad al final de la prueba con 1896 de PC 3200 kcal de E M y 85 ppm de xantofilas Ambas fases fueron elaboradas sin coccidiostato y sin promotor de crecimiento con excepci n del grupo VII que recibi 60 ppm de salinomicina durante toda la prueba Vacuna La vacuna ten a un t tulo de 750 000 ooquistes ml con una esporulaci n del 78 y conten a las siguientes especies E acervulina 17 E maxima 13 E tenella 42 y E praecox 28 La dosis por pollo fue de 1 570 ooquistes esporulados y viables In culo de desaf o Al d a 21 de edad todas las aves de los grupos al VII fueron desafiadas en el alimento con un inoculo mixto que conten a 290 000 ooquistes de los cuales el 7396 eran esporulados El in culo estaba compuesto por cepas pat genas de campo de E acervulina 2396 E maxima 2796 E tenella 1296 y E praecox 38 Evaluaci n del pigmento cut neo El pigmento se evalu con el color metro de reflectancia Minolta CR 300 Minolta Co Osaka Jap n a los 42 d as de edad en la zona apterica lateral derecha en 10 pollos de cada grupo Aspecto f sico de las heces El aspecto f sico de las heces o ndice de excretas I E se evalu semanalmente del d a 7 al 28 de edad Se les asign los siguientes valores 0 normales t picas 1 con estr as mucosas 2 ligeramente l
209. or several female experimental groups from 28 to 64 wk of age along with the fertility for the last 8 wk of production 57 to 64 wk of age All males were managed in a similar manner across all female experimental groups It AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 84 was also important to note that the effects of nutrition and management during rearing and the early breeding period have often only been observed very late in the breeding period From Figure 4 it was clear that there was a minimum cumulative CP intake of 1200 g CP or greater at photostimulation for females irrespective of BW This projected minimum assumed that the total lysine on a corn soy based diet was 5 of CP and methionine cystine was 83 of lysine These data showed that a minimum cumulative protein intake needed to be achieved along with the minimum cumulative ME intake with a feeding program that created the proper body composition as well as BW and uniformity 100 E 57 64 wk 128 64 wk 95 gt 90 z E 85 ES e 80 75 70 o o I I I RB M o RP a N 0 o N N o oa N A N o e o o AR Cumulative Female CP g at 140 days Figure 4 Graphic summation of data that demonstrates the effect of cumulative intake of CP prior to photostimulation on overall fertility as well as fertility during the last 8 wk of the production cycle Adapted from Walsh 1996 and Brake et al 1998 Effects of Female Broiler Breeder Nutrition and Management on Broiler Progeny Th
210. orais necrose dos tecidos linf ide hematopoi tico e mucosa oral com eventuais dist rbios nervosos posi o anormal das asas diminui o de reflexos empenamento anormal e diminui o na espessura da casca dos ovos Particularmente em poedeiras as les es orais ocorrem em aproximadamente 50 dos lotes quando essas aves s o alimentadas com ra o contendo 2 ppm da toxina T 2 Contudo a toxina T 2 apresenta alta toxicidade para macr fagos de frangos inibindo a sua capacidade fagocit ria Essa toxina tamb m induz a forma o de per xidos a partir dos lip deos tendo como consequ ncia a diminui o da concentra o de vitamina E nas aves Outras aves como perus e gansos s o mais sens veis toxina T 2 que frangos de corte Em gansos a partir de 0 1 mg kg de peso vivo ocorre a queda na produ o de ovos e os n veis de postura e eclodibilidade diminuem em 50 quando foram administrados 300 mg de toxina T 2 kg de peso vivo As micotoxinas T 2 e DAS produzem les es orais em frangos de corte quando presentes em n veis a partir de 1 ppm na ra o As aves apresentam diminui o do consumo alimentar retardo no crescimento altera es no quadro sangu neo e neurotoxicidade Tamb m s o observadas les es orais em peruzinhos alimentados com ra o contendo concentra es de 5 ppm da toxina T 2 e redu o de ganho de peso com 10 ppm da mesma micotoxina Numa compara o direta concluiu se que peruzinhos s o mais sens
211. otential antibiotic alternatives to improve disease resistance in high intensity food animal production Nutritional approaches to counteract the debilitating effects of stress and infection may provide producers with useful alternatives to antibiotics Improvement of disease resistance of animals grown without antibiotics will not only benefit the animals health welfare and production efficiency but is also a key strategy in the effort to improve the microbiological safety of poultry products 70 During the last 4 yr our laboratory has worked toward the identification of probiotic candidates for poultry that can actually displace Salmonella and other enteric pathogens that have colonized the gastrointestinal tract of chicks and poults Published studies 71 have indicated that after more than 8 million enteric organisms were screened for competition in vitro 36 organisms were identified that had the ability to exclude Salmonella in neonatal poultry Additional Lactobacillus related isolates 72 were eventually found that were even more efficacious in the treatment of Salmonella infected chicks and poults In laboratory challenge studies 80 to 9096 reductions in Salmonella recovery rates from challenged chicks treated with Floramax probiotic culture were typical By selecting flocks infected with Salmonella preslaughter we have demonstrated that treating such flocks approximately 2 wk prior to slaughter with Floramax can markedly reduce enviro
212. outside washers that rotate the carcass while a series of nozzles wash the outside as water sprayed from an internal probe washes inside the carcass cavity Washers can use between 25 to 50 gallons of water per minute or up to 9 liters of water per carcass The cost of washing carcasses has been estimated to cost between 500 thousand to 1 million year Jackson et al 1999 Chilling After evisceration commercial poultry processors rapidly chill carcasses to prevent bacterial growth Processors may employ a variety of chilling methods and the level of cross contamination may be related to the type of chilling device used during processing Immersion chilling involves submerging and agitating carcasses in mixtures of ice and water Although cold temperatures of chiller water can inhibit microbial growth microorganisms washed from carcasses in immersion chillers can contaminate other carcasses in the chiller during this process Mead 1982 Chiller water may be chlorinated with 20 to 50 ppm chlorine to control cross contamination Russell and Keener 2007 but chlorine has little effect on microorganisms that remain AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 60 attached to the carcass Chlorine is effective in killing microorganisms floating in chiller water however Spray chillers are a type of chiller that cools carcasses by spraying chilled water onto carcasses as they pass by on a conveyor belt Air chillers operate in a similar fashion as spray chill
213. pathways Thus understanding of mitochondrial physiology has obviously advanced in 50 years but there are still much that remains to be explored This paper will provide a short overview of mitochondrial function and physiology and then will focus on studies being conducted that provide a linkage between mitochondrial function and biochemistry with the phenotypic expression of feed efficiency in broilers Mitochondrial Function and Biochemistry The oxidative phosphorylation system consists of five multi protein complexes I to IV and ATP synthase Complex V Lehninger et al 1993 As shown in Figure 1 electrons enter the electron transport chain ETC from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced NADH or flavine adenine dinucleotide reduced FADH linked substrates at Complex I and II respectively Electron movement in the ETC to the terminal electron acceptor O is coupled to proton pumping into the intermembrane space The resulting proton motive force drives ATP synthesis from ADP and P as protons move back to the matrix through ATP synthase Mitochondrial inefficiency may occur as a result of electron leak from the respiratory chain Rather than being completely reduced to water 2 to 496 of oxygen consumed by mitochondria may be incompletely reduced to reactive oxygen species ROS such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide H202 due to univalent reduction of oxygen by electrons that leak from the respiratory chain before they
214. ple drinkers with a higher water flow rate 2 3 mL s compared with 0 4 mL s decreased mortality in heat stressed broilers However they also found significantly increased litter moisture in pens where high flow drinkers were used Ferket and Qureshi 1991 explored the addition of vitamins A D E and B with or without electrolytes in the drinking water of heat stressed broilers The supplements were added to the drinking water on days 16 to 21 and 38 to 43 The heat stress was administered during the last 72 hours of water treatments and was at a temperature of 35C Addition of the vitamins alone significantly increased feed conversion 5 6 and body weight gain 6 7 This treatment also significantly increased the levels of IgG following the second vaccine administration and the numbers of macrophages elicited with sephadex though there were no differences in macrophage adherence or phagocytic activity Addition of ascorbic acid vitamin C 0 to 1 000ppm and or acetylsalicylic acid 0 to 500 ppm to the feed of chickens who were heat stressed in cyclic conditions 24 to 35 C did not improve weight or feed efficiency compared with stressed control broilers at 21 days Stilborn et al 1988 Other novel approaches to reducing heat stress are cooled perches and probiotics Water cooled perches used in a broiler trial also increased feed efficiency feed AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 67 consumption and body weight when compared to non cool
215. production of heart mitochondria and aging rate are slower in canaries and parakeets than in mice sites of free radical generation and mechanisms involved Mech Aging Dev 103 133 146 Higgins J N R Pumford M Iqbal T Wing M Cooper and W G Bottje 2004 Evidence of protein oxidation in mitochondrial respiratory complexes in broilers with high and low feed efficiency Poult Sci 83 1 110 Igbal M D Cawthon R F Wideman Jr and W Bottje 2001a Lung mitochondrial dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension syndrome I Site specific defects in electron transport chain Poult Sci 80 485 495 Igbal M D Cawthon R F Wideman Jr and W Bottje 2001b Lung mitochondrial dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension syndrome II Inability to improve function with repeated addition of ADP Poult Sci 80 656 665 Igbal M N Pumford K Lassiter Z Tang T Wing M Cooper and W Bottje 2004 Low feed efficient broilers within a single genetic line exhibit higher oxidative stress and protein expression in breast muscle with lower mitochondrial complex activity Poult Sci 83 474 484 Igbal M N Pumford Z X Tang K Lassiter C Ojano Dirain T Wing M Cooper and W G Bottje 2005 Compromised liver mitochondrial function and complex activity in low feed efficient broilers within a single genetic line associated with higher oxidative stress and differential protein expression Poult Sci 84 933 94 Jha N O Jurma
216. promising start Brain Pathol 10 442 450 Tang Z M Iqbal D Cawthon and W G Bottje 2002 Heart and muscle mitochondrial dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension syndrome in broilers Gallus domesticus Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integrat Physioll32 527 540 Tinsley N M Iqbal N Pumford K Lassiter C Ojano Dirain T Wing M Cooper and W Bottje 2004 Expression of proteins in cardiac tissue in broilers with low and high feed efficiency Poult Sci 83 1 188 Toyomizu M K Okamoto M Tanaka and T Ishibashi 1992a Effect of 2 4 dinitrophenol on growth and body composition of broilers Poult Sci 71 1096 1100 Toyomizu M K Mehara T Kamada and Y Tomita 1992b Effects of various fat sources on growth and hepatic mitochondrial function in mice Comp Biochem Physiol Comp Physiol 101A 613 618 Toyomizu M D Kirihara M Tanaka K Hayashi and Y Tomita 1992c Dietary protein level alters oxidative phosphorylation in heart and liver mitochondria of chicks Br J Nutr 68 89 99 Turrens J F and A Boveris 1980 Generation of superoxide anion by the NADH dehydrogenase of bovine heart mitochondria Biochem J 191 421 427 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 49 Wolanis M V Dzapo and R Wassmuth 1980 The determination of biochemical parameters of energy metabolism and their relationships with vitality fattening performance and carcass quality in sheep 2 Respiration activity and oxidative phosp
217. quidas 3 mucosas y 4 muy l quidas de acuerdo a la escala de Johnson y Reid 1970 Conteo de ooquistes en heces Para evaluar el n mero de ooquistes eliminados en heces por grupo as como el porcentaje por especie se colectaron muestras de heces del d a 3 7 14 21 28 35 y 42 de edad El AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 160 conteo de ooquistes g de heces opgh se realiz con la t cnica de McMaster al microscopio ptico y con el objetivo 40x Grado de severidad de las lesiones intestinales Al d a 7 posdesaf o 28 de edad las aves sobrevivientes de dos r plicas de cada grupo fueron sacrificadas por dislocaci n cervical e inmediatamente despu s se les extrajo el intestino Las lesiones sugestivas a coccidias fueron evaluadas de acuerdo a la escala de Johnson y Reid 1970 ndice anticoccidial Se realiz tomando en cuenta el porcentaje de viabilidad ganancia relativa de peso corporal entre el d a 21 y 28 de edad ndice de lesiones de ooquistes al d a 28 de edad y se clasific como bueno en los valores de 180 a 200 moderado de 160 a 179 y pobre menor a 160 An lisis estad stico Los pesos de los grupos y el n mero de ooquistes fueron sometidos a una prueba estad stica de an lisis de varianza y las diferencias entre las medias de los grupos se evaluaron con la prueba de comparaci n m ltiple de medias de Tukey La severidad de las lesiones se analiz con la prueba no param trica de Kruskall Wallis y con la p
218. rasil quando essas s o alimentadas com rac o contaminada com aflatoxinas Tabela 3 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 97 Tabela 3 Diminuic o relativa de peso DRP de frangos de corte de tr s linhagens comerciais X Y e Z intoxicados com 3 ppm de aflatoxinas de 1 a 42 dias de idade Lin 7 dias 14 dias 21 dias 28 dias 35 dias 42 dias DRP cv pRP cv pRP cv DRP cv pRP CV pRP cv X 25 10 1 196 15 0 27 3 15 5 243 130 23 0 128 198 128 Y 43 126 224 175 298 19 0 29 5 191 27 9 182 24 7 171 Z 3 7 80 174 97 258 105 25 8 126 21 3 117 198 10 7 T Lin Linhagem utilizada DRP Diminui o Relativa de Peso diferen a de peso entre os animais intoxicados e n o intoxicados da mesma linhagem 3 M dias na mesma coluna com letras diferentes diferem significativamente pelo teste de Tukey P lt 0 05 CV Coeficiente de Varia o referente aos pesos absolutos das aves intoxicadas 94 A linhagem Y a partir de 14 seguindo at os 42 dias apresenta diminuic o relativa de peso significativamente superior a pelo menos uma das outras linhagens utilizadas neste experimento Al m das diferencas nas perdas outro dado importante o coeficiente de variac o CV dos pesos das aves nos grupos intoxicados sendo que a linhagem Y apresentou o maior CV entre as linhagens avaliadas em todos os per odos Este resultado indica que lotes de aves dessa linhagem apresentam uma maior desuniformidade qu
219. ratorio de An lises Micotoxicol gicas LAMIC comprovaram que doses inferiores a 50 ppm de fumonisina B4 impactam negativamente no peso de frangos de corte at 21 dias representando perdas de 4 N veis de 100 ppm determinaram perdas de at 12 no ganho de peso aos 21 dias Essas perdas em n vel de campo podem ser ainda maiores uma vez em condi es experimentais o efeito das micotoxinas geralmente atenuado pela elimina o de fatores estressantes Outro fator importante a ser considerado no que se refere s fumonisinas o fato de que os fungos que produzem essas micotoxinas produzem uma s rie de outros compostos tox genos Essas subst ncias podem estar presentes na alimenta o das aves e determinar perdas de desempenho ainda mais significativas Nas aves intoxicadas por fumonisinas os sinais cl nicos geralmente incluem menor ganho de peso mortalidade diarr ia ascite hidropericardite e palidez do mioc rdio edema e congest o renal ulcera o na mucosa oral em perus aumento no peso relativo de f gado proventr culo e moela Hoerr 2003 A intoxicac o com fumonisina pode ser monitorada por meio de par metros sangu neos Ocorre alterac o na relac o entre os n veis circulantes AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 101 de esfingosina e esfinganina que s o precursores dos esfingolip dios quando da intoxicac o com fumonisinas 1 5 Toxinas mais importantes no Brasil A analise de micotoxinas no Brasil
220. rdoso S M C Pereira and C R Oliveira 1999 Mitochondrial function is differentially affected upon oxidative stress Free Rad Biol Med 26 3 13 Cawthon D R McNew K W Beers and W G Bottje 1999 Evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in broilers with pulmonary hypertension syndrome Ascites Effect of t butyl hydroperoxide on function glutathione and related thiols Poult Sci 78 114 125 Cawthon D K Beers and W G Bottje 2001 Electron transport chain defect and inefficient respiration may both underlie pulmonary hypertension syndrome PHS associated mitochondrial dysfunction in broilers Poult Sci 80 474 484 Chance B H Sies and A Boveris 1979 Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs Physiol Rev 59 527 605 De Schrijver R and O S Privett 1984 Energetic efficiency and mitochondrial function in rats fed trans fatty acids J Nutr 114 1183 1191 Desjardins P and R Morais 1990 Sequence and gene organization of the chicken mitochondrial genome A novel gene order in higher vertebrates J Mol Biol 212 599 634 Droge W 2002 Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function Physiology Rev 82 47 95 Dzabo V V and R Wassmuth 1983 Mitochondrialer stoffwechsel und heterotische effekte beim schwein Ergebnisse eines reziproken kreuzungsversuches II Atmungsaktit te und oxidative phosphorylierung in herz leber und hodenmitochondrien Zeitschrift f r Tierzhuchtung und Zuchtu
221. re to litter or water contaminated by infected birds Current studies indicate that aerosol transmission is unlikely since healthy birds in cages next to infected birds do not contract the disease Parenting turkeys carrying the disease will pass it to their young after they have hatched from the egg unlike psittacosis The disease appears to develop in the young cockatiel within 3 days of exposure to the carrier parent We have found that newborn turkeys are very susceptible to bordetellosis V Bacterium Susceptibility to Environment and Chemicals One study performed within turkey houses has shown that B avium survives best under the conditions of low temperature low humidity and neutral pH The bacterium was able to survive for 25 33 days within feces at 10 C and relative humidity 32 58 When the temperature was raised to 40 C survival of the bacteria was less than two days Another study reported survival of the bacteria for at least 6 months in undisturbed damp litter B avium appears to be vulnerable to most commonly used disinfectants VI Treatment Treatment with various antibiotics has not been very successful in treating infected flocks Susceptibility tests in vitro indicate that many gram negative and broad spectrum antibiotics should work but only spectinomycin appears to control the disease in the field Minimization of exposure is the best to minimize adverse effects Jordan editor Poultry Diseases Since B avi
222. red to the non vaccinated broilers fed the 22 starter diet Reduced body weights and increased feed conversion ratios during the early stages of growth due to vaccination have been reported by other investigators Danforth 1998 Williams 2002 although other published reports have indicated that compensatory gain in vaccinated broilers during subsequent dietary periods results in similar if not improved performance characteristics at the completion of grow out Danforth 1998 Williams et al 1999 Williams and Gobbi 2002 Williams 2002 The generation of immunity through vaccination through improved performance of broilers during Eimeria challenge has been widely reported Brake et al 1997 Weber and Evans 2003 Williams 2003 Shirley et al 2005 and was evident by significantly higher body weight gains reduced feed conversion ratios reduced lesion develop and in some cases reduced mortality post challenge compared to non vaccinated broilers Improved growth characteristics during the challenge period in vaccinated broilers led to significantly improved cumulative feed conversion ratios d 1 27 in broilers fed the two higher protein levels in Experiment 2 In Experiment 2 increasing dietary protein tended to reduce lesion development associated with E maxima while tending to increase lesion development associated with F tenella in vaccinated chickens The results obtained from these experiments indicate that a dietary protein inclusion
223. rely unknown Recent molecular based investigations have confirmed the species diversity and metabolic complexity of gut microflora although there is much work to be done to understand how they relate to each other as well as the host animal It is almost a century ago that Eli Metchnikoff proposed the revolutionary idea to consume viable bacteria to promote health Since that time the area known as probiotics has made dramatic progress particularly during the past 2 decades The last 20 yr have also seen the emergence of a new related area of study prebiotics Use of these 2 ideas providing live nonpathogenic bacteria as well as substrates for their growth have potential to help optimize the health of animals by manipulating the gastrointestinal tract in positive ways Key words digestive physiology microorganism probiotic prebiotic production 2006 J Appl Poult Res 15 136 144 DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM There is a tendency to regard all microorganisms as harmful to equate bacteria with germs Nothing could be further from the truth The number of nonpathogenic species far exceeds the number of pathogenic species and many of the known bacteria are in fact useful even essential for the continued existence of life on earth One example of a beneficial group of microorganisms are those that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract GIT of animals The GIT harbors harbors an incredibly complex and abundant ensemble of microbes 1 2 The int
224. ribosomal DNA sequences J Parasitol 83 262 271 Bedrnik P P Jurkovic J Kucera and A Firmanova 1989 Cross resistance to the ionophorous polyether anticoccidial drugs in Eimeria tenella isolates from Czechoslovakia Poult Sci 68 89 93 Chapman H D 1998 Evaluation of the efficacy of anticoccidial drugs against Eimeria species in the fowl Int J Parasitol 28 1141 1144 Darwin C R 1859 On the origin of species by means of natural selection J Murray London Martin A G H D Danforth J R Barta and M A Fernando 1997 Analysis of immunological cross protection and sensitivities to anticoccidial drugs among five geographical and temporal strains of Eimeria maxima Int J Parasitol 27 527 533 Rose M E 1976 Coccidiosis Immunity and the prospects for prophylactic immunization Vet Rec 98 481 484 Van Wyk J A 2001 Refugia overlooked as perhaps the most potent factor concerning the development of anthelmintic resistance Onderstepoort J Vet Res 68 55 67 Williams R B 1998 Epidemiological aspects of the use of live anticoccidial vaccines for chickens Int J Parasitol 28 1089 98 Williams R B 2006 Tracing the emergence of drug resistance in coccidia Eimeria spp of commercial broiler flocks medicated with decoquinate for the first time in the United Kingdom Vet Parasitol 135 1 14 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 9 Differential Intestinal Responses to Eimeria Isolates in Broiler Chickens A P McElroy Virginia Tech
225. rile region 4 The establishment of a pathogen affects the ability of the host to absorb dietary nutrients that are reflected at the end of the growout period as poor performance of the flock Recently our laboratory has been working in the isolation of probiotic organisms mainly from healthy adult chickens and their evaluation as the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic organisms under in vitro and in vivo studies with promising results Unpublished data from our Laboratory Several studies have been conducted with these organisms to control Salmonella infection but not on turkey poults performance The results of these studies Table 1 indicate that the administration of a selected probiotic culture 10 cfu mL during the first three consecutive days of life and low concentration 0 196 of lactose as prebiotic continuously on feed during the experimental period significantly increased P 0 05 the body weight of challenged turkey pouls at days 7 trial 1 LPC 175 5 1 62g vs Control 163 3 3 1 97g trial 2 LPC 104 3 1 25g vs Control 96 1 1 23 g and 14 trial 1 LPC 382 3 3 58g vs Control 344 4 3 60g trial 2 LPC 226 8 2 69g vs Control 206 1 2 689 Although there was no difference in feed intake feed conversion ratio was significantly improved P lt 0 05 in the treated group compared to the untreated group Trial 1 LPC 1 772 0 065kg vs Control 2 022 0 087kg trial 2 LPC 1 967 0 042kg vs Control 2 102 0 0
226. roiler genetic stocks The study indicated variability in the immune response and performance parameters among different lines of commercial broilers This was in agreement with previous studies that demonstrated genetics to have a role in the bird s immune function and ability to deal with coccidial parasites Lillehoj 1998 Uni et al 1995 The experiment reported differences in body weight gain feed conversion spleen weights lesion scores villus height crypt depth villus crypt ratio and mast cells that were dependent upon the genetic stock of broiler challenged References Abraham S N and M Arock 1998 Seminars in Immunology 10 373 381 Augustine P C H D Danforth and J R Barta 1991 Avian Dis 35 535 541 Barker I K 1993 Pathological processes associated with coccidiosis Pages 81 94 in 6th Int Coccidiosis Conference Guelph Canada Caldwell D J Y Harari B M Hargis and G A Castro 2001 Dev Comp Immunol 25 169 176 Caron L A H Abplanalp and R L Taylor Jr 1997 76 677 682 Castro G A Y Harari and D Russel 1987 Am J Physiol 193 G540 G548 Clark R A J l Gallin and A P Kaplin 1975 J Exp Med 142 1462 Clementsen P M Pedersen H Permin F Epersen J O Jarlov and S Norn 1990 Agents Actions 30 61 63 0 Danforth H D and P C Augustine 1989 In Coccidia vaccines p 165 175 1 G Wright ed CRC veterinary protozoan and hemoparasite vaccines CRC Press Inc Boca
227. roiler house will successfully infect each new generation of birds as they are introduced into this environment However if vaccination is added to the mix any locally abundant strains of the parasites that are immunologically distinct from the vaccine strain will be positively selected In these cases the immunologically distinct local strain may make itself known as a live vaccine failure Martin et al 1997 In reality the vaccine was in most cases likely to have been properly delivered and efficacious although the efficacy was not against the locally abundant parasites Particularly with attenuated vaccines which produce relatively few oocysts the reproductive potential of any immunologically distinct local coccidial strains will be far greater and thus the local strain will have a distinct reproductive advantage The immunologically distinct strain will likely persist and probably come to predominate under pressure of a continuous vaccination program A potential future solution to this problem of live vaccine failure is to develop regional live vaccines that might incorporate locally relevant strains of parasites Subunit non viable vaccines will exert the same selective pressure as live vaccination which suggests that such vaccines are likely to face the same challenges as live vaccines That vaccination actually drives evolution is not unique to coccidia and has been recognized as a potential issue with other chicken pathogens such
228. rs to adapt anticoccidial vaccination strategies has been that bird performance as measured by weight gains and feed efficiency has not always equaled that of medicated broilers Danforth 1998 Williams 2002 The reduced performance is related to a mild coccidia infection associated with live oocysts vaccination Increasing protein level during periods of clinical coccidiosis has been shown to improve broiler performance Sharma et al 1973 The objective of the current research is the evaluation of the effect of dietary protein level on broiler performance and lesion development during live oocysts vaccination with Coccivac B and subsequent mixed species Eimeria challenge MATERIALS AND METHODS A series of 2 experiments were designed to identify the effect of dietary protein level on broiler chick performance identified by body weight and feed conversion ratios while utilizing a vaccination program for the prevention of coccidiosis and subsequent mixed species challenge of Eimeria as compared to non medicated non vaccinated control broiler chicks For each of the following experiments broiler chicks were provided age appropriate supplemental heat and given access to feed and water ad libitum All animal care procedures Schering Plough Animal Health 556 Morris Avenue Summit NJ 07901 1330 USA AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 20 were conducted in accordance with an Animal Use Protocol approved by the Texas A amp M University laborato
229. rueba de U de Man Witney que determin las diferencias entre las medianas de los grupos Todas las pruebas estad sticas se analizaron con una significanc a de P lt 0 05 Shirley 1990 Luginbuke RC and Schlotzhaver 1987 Disefio de los grupos Las aves fueron distribuidas en 9 grupos cada uno con tres replicas de 6 pollos Posteriormente se asign aleatoriamente un tratamiento por grupo los grupos I y Il recibieron la vacuna por aspersi n al d a 1 de edad y se revacun al grupo II al d a 10 de edad Al grupo lll se les administr la vacuna en el alimento durante las tres primeras semanas de vida mientras que los grupos IV y V recibieron la vacuna en el agua de bebida al d a 3 de edad El grupo V se revacun al a los 10 d as de edad El grupo VI no recibi la vacuna Al grupo VII se le administr la vacuna al d a tres de edad y recibi alimento con 60 partes por mill n ppm de salinomicina durante todo el ciclo El grupo VIII no fue vacunado ni infectado Mientras que al grupo IX nicamente se le administr AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 161 la vacuna al d a 21 de edad por v a oral RESULTADOS Y DISCUSI N La vacunaci n contra la coccidiosis representa una til y exitosa herramienta en el control de esta enfermedad utilizada a nivel mundial Las caracter sticas de pigmentaci n del mercado mexicano han limitado el desarrollo de esta herramienta b sicamente por la asociaci n del efecto colateral sobre la pigmentaci
230. ry While these cell populations should by no means be slighted in their effector functions in mucosal immune responses generally disregarded cells such as mast cells may also contribute to complete immunity to enteric pathogens particularly with innate responses in naive birds Clearly a multitude of roles for mast cells in mammalian intestinal immune responses to enteric pathogens have been proposed however the involvement of mast cells in intestinal immunity in chickens has been largely overlooked Perhaps the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of mast cells has contributed to the lack of effort to identity or characterize the effector functions they may play in chickens Scientists have been plagued by the multitude of properties and appearances of mast AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 11 cells with variation not only with respect to tissue location in a single species but also from one animal species to another The preparation of tissues for gross microscopic evaluation of mast cells varies from one host species to another and unless the appropriate fixatives and other histological reagents are used mast cells will typically degranulate thereby making them indistinguishable from other intestinal immune cell types In general it appears that mast cells are highly adaptive with morphology and function dependent on the specific microenvironment Yong 1997 The paucity of studies on mast cells in chickens particularly with investigation
231. ry animal care committee and grow out facilities were thoroughly cleaned and disinfected and fresh pine shavings were used for bedding material Pens were equipped with one 30 lb tube feeder and nipple drinkers In experiments that included a mixed species Eimeria challenge dose titration was performed prior to experiment to identify a challenge dose that would significantly reduce weight gain in vaccinated broilers Experiment 1 Experiment 1 was a randomized block design consisting of 5 dietary protein levels 20 21 22 23 and 24 with eight replicates of each protein level for a total of 40 pens Each replicate contained 25 chicks for a total of 1000 chicks During diet formulation careful consideration was given to maintain constant amino acid to protein ratios throughout all 5 dietary treatments and diets were formulated on an isocaloric basis Table 1 The 23 dietary treatment met or exceeded NRC 1994 specifications for a broiler starter diet On d of hatch all chicks were individually weighed top and bottom 5 discarded wing banded and vaccinated with Coccivac B by oral gavage Once vaccinated chicks were randomly assigned to treatment groups using chick weight Broiler chicks were fed dietary treatment for 21 d at which pen weights were taken and feed consumption determined for the calculation of feed conversion ratios Experiment 2 The experimental design utilized for Experiment 2 was a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial designed to determine th
232. s and T Miller 1997 Immunogenic characterization of a tissue culture derived vaccine that affords partial protection against avian coccidiosis Poult Sci 76 974 983 Chapman H D 1997 Biochemical genetic and applied aspects of drug resistance in Eimeria parasites of the fowl Avian Path 26 221 244 Danforth H D E H Lee A Martin and M Dekich 1997 Evaluation of a gel immunization technique used with two different Immucox vaccine formulations in battery and floor pen trials with broiler chickens Parasitol Res 83 445 451 Danforth H D 1998 Use of live oocysts vaccines in the control of avian coccidiosis experimental studies and field trials International J of Parasitol 28 1099 1109 Eits R M R P Kwakkel M W A Verstegen and L A Den Hartog 2005 Dietary balance protein in broiler chickens 1 A flexible and practical tool to predict dose response curves Br Poult Sci 46 300 309 Guzman V B D A O Silva U Keo 2003 A comparison between IgG antibodies against Eimeria acervulina E maxima and E tenella and oocyst shedding in broiler breeders vaccinated with live anticoccidial vaccines Vaccine 21 4225 4233 Johnson J and M Reid 1970 Anticoccidial drugs lesion scoring techniques in battery and floor pen experiments with chickens Exp Parasitol 28 30 36 Leeson S and J Summers 2005 Commercial Poultry Nutrition 3 ed University Books Guelph Ontario Canada McDougald L R A L
233. s estrategias alternativas han tenido efectos negativos en materia econ mica y de bienestar de los animales Los m todos de producci n de pollos sin la necesidad de emplear productos qu micos tales como promotores de crecimiento y antibi ticos asegurara el acceso de los productos av colas a la mayor gama posible de mercados La soluci n al problema debe tomar en consideraci n los aspectos econ micos el bienestar de las aves la factibilidad de aplicaci n en la pr ctica y el deseo que tienen los consumidores de adquirir productos libres de compuestos qu micos Esto puede incluir la aplicaci n de pr cticas novedosas de manejo y nutrici n El abuso y mal manejo de los antibi ticos tiene como consecuencia que se encuentren residuos de estos en los tejidos de las aves y al mismo tiempo estos residuos lleguen al consumidor En t rminos de producci n podemos esperar un pollo m s pesado y magro con mejor conversi n de alimento siendo un pollo mas natural esta es una de las estrategias a seguir para la utilizaci n de inulina que es una de las tantas alternativas para suplir la utilizaci n de antibi ticos y promotores de crecimiento en pollos de engorda desafortunadamente este producto no ha sido ampliamente estudiado existiendo grandes espacios vac os sobre el conocimiento y la aplicaci n de la inulina en los procesos digestivos del pollo y de la calidad de la carne OBJETIVOS GENERAL Y ESPECIFICOS Objetivo General La adi
234. s evolution occurring in this natural situation Absolutely The parasites evolved to occupy all regions of the intestinal tract from the upper duodenum to the ceca Parasites of similar genetic backgrounds tended to infect different regions of the intestinal tract see Figure 1 The various species were partitioning the resource of the digestive tract and the most closely related parasite species evolved such that they did not directly compete in the same location in the chicken Barta et al 1997 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 6 Relationships among Oocyst Shapes Region of Intestinal Chicken Coccidia and Sizes Tract Infected 7h it ba Eimeria maxima Eimeria brunetti Eimeria necatrix Eimeria tenella Other Coccidia Figure 1 Molecular relationships among Eimeria species infecting chickens inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences Note that closely related Eimeria species have similarly shaped and sized oocysts but closely related species tend to occupy distinct regions of the digestive tract from Barta et al 1997 Parasite responses to the selective pressure of anticoccidials Anticoccidial resistance by Eimeria species has become a common problem in the poultry industry Chapman 1998 Reliance on continuous in feed prophylactic medication in intensively reared broiler production has generated profoundly drug tolerant parasites to most if not all commercially available anticoccidials Multi drug resistance to more
235. s in naive as compared to immune chickens In naive chickens the sporozoites are fully capable of reaching the crypt epithelium However in immune birds they appear to be arrested after penetration with significantly fewer numbers found in the crypts Jeurissen et al 1996 Coccidial infection in chickens stimulates components of both humoral and cell mediated immunity Ovington et al 1996 Lillehoj and Trout 1996 Rose 1996 Discussed in detail in these reviews investigations have provided evidence that while humoral or antibody mediated immunity appears to contribute to complete immunity to Eimeria it is believed to play far less of a role compared to that of cell mediated immunity Additional studies have indicated a massive infiltration of macrophages and uncharacterized granulocytes in the lamina propria during the first days of a primary infection with Eimeria which lead the investigators to propose a modulatory role for macrophages in the severity of primary infection Jeurissen etal 1996 The initial contact with invading sporozoites appears to activate an immunological cascade of defense mechanisms which leads to inflammatory cell influxes with some populations contributing to primary modulation of the severity of infection and others generation of protective immunity As indicated by the referenced publications the majority of studies have concentrated on the role of B and T lymphocytes in immunity to enteric pathogens in poult
236. s in vivo realizados pelo Laborat rio de An lises Micotoxicol gicas da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria LAMIC UFSM em alian a com o Instituto SAMITEC Instituto de Solu es Anal ticas Microbiol gicas e Tecnol gicas e na ocorr ncia das micotoxinas evidenciada nos ltimos anos em mais de 100 mil amostras de mat rias primas e ra es enviadas ao LAMIC foram estabelecidas recomenda es com rela o aos limites de seguran a de micotoxinas para aves de produ o Estes limites est o apresentados na Tabela 3 Tabela 5 Limites de seguran a de micotoxinas ppb recomendados para aves de produ o Afla FB DON T 2 DAS Frangos de Corte Fase Inicial 0 100 200 0 0 Frangos de Corte Fase Crescimento 2 500 500 50 200 Frangos de Corte Fase Final 5 500 1000 50 200 Poedeiras Comerciais 10 1000 1000 100 500 Matrizes 10 1000 1000 100 500 2 CONTROLE E GERENCIAMENTO DE MICOTOXINAS Controle e gerenciamento de micotoxinas implica em um processo que possui uma s rie de atividades cr ticas Tudo se inicia pela definic o de um programa de monitoramento Este programa pressup e a determinac o de um processo de amostragem passa por uma gama de an lises e controles e se encerra na tomada de uma decis o Essa deve considerar o uso seguro da dieta na qual o risco da intoxicac o por micotoxinas possa ser minimizado e que o custo benef cio seja exatamente quantificado permitindo a maximizac o da produtividade do rebanho T
237. s of that study show that the complex populations of bacteria present in Floramax are not easy to accurately identify especially with phenotypic techniques Genotypic identification by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis has potential to improve the accuracy of bacterial identification especially as the contents of sequence databases become more comprehensive Conventional technologies can detect human pathogens because they are well established in comparative databases but emerging and opportunistic pathogens are not These results support a suggestion by the MIDI company 81 to use 16S rRNA sequence analysis to identify obligate and facultative anaerobes such as those in FM B11 Floramax Although ambiguity exists between different methods of identification of nonpathogenic probiotic bacteria identification of known pathogens is much more consistent Therefore the use of fully defined cultures for competitive exclusion or probiotic use are still inherently safer than undefined cultures or those where organisms are identified after the culture has been produced CONCLUSIONS The interest in digestive physiology and the role of microorganisms has generated data whereby human and animal well being can be enhanced and the risk of disease reduced New molecular techniques allow accurate assessment of the flora composition resulting in improved strategies for elucidating mechanisms Given the recent international legislation and domestic consumer pressur
238. s particularmente ojos oftalmitis caseosa El sistema respiratorio de las aves es muy sensible a factores ambientales e infecciosos y como secuela de da o a este sistema pueden observarse casos de ascitis El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir el impacto de un caso de Aspergilosis y ascitis en pollos de engorda estirpe Ross machos DESCRIPCI N DEL CUADRO CL NICO El presente caso se present en pollos de engorda estirpe Ross machos en un n cleo de 147 344 aves Dicho n cleo estaba conformado por cinco casetas tres de machos y dos de hembras la cantidad de aves alojadas por caseta de 29 200 29 500 A los tres d as de edad se present un incremento en la mortalidad del 0 2 96 en las casetas de machos misma que se elev alcanzando 1 6 de mortalidad diaria Los signos cl nicos fueron principalmente de tipo nervioso observ ndose incoordinaci n movimientos de carrera temblor de cabeza y tort colis con el paso de los d as otro de los signos fue la presencia de ascitis la cual presentaban del 20 30 de las aves afectadas dicho signo se hizo evidente despu s de la primera semana de edad y acent o despu s de la tercera semana de edad Al final del ciclo en el caso de las hembras la mortalidad acumulada fue de 6 696 promedio y en el caso de los machos del 40 696 promedio AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 153 HALLAZGOS MACROSC PICOS Se realizaron necropsias en aves con signolog a nerviosa cl nicamente sanas y av
239. seed for aflatoxin J Am Oil Chem Soc v 53 p 502 1976 WHITAKER T B DICKENS J W GIESBRECHT F G Testing animal feedstuffs for mycotoxins Sampling subsampling and analysis In SMITH J E HENDERSON R S Mycotoxins and Animal Foods Cap 8 p 153 1991 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 111 Digestive Physiology and the Role of Microorganisms G Tellez S E Higgins A M Donoghue t and B M Hargis Department of Poultry Science Center of Excellence for Poultry Science and TUSDA ARS PPPSRU University of Arkansas Fayetteville 72701 Corresponding author gtellez uark edu SUMMARY The gastrointestinal tract contains within it a microenvironment of bacteria that influences the host animal in many ways The microflora can metabolize several nutrients that the host cannot digest and converts these to end products such as short chain fatty acids a process that has a direct impact on digestive physiology The microbiota directs the assembly of the gut associated lymphoid tissue helps educate the immune system affects the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier modulates proliferation and differentiation of its epithelial lineages regulates angiogenesis modifies the activity of the enteric nervous system and plays a key role in extracting and processing nutrients consumed in the diet Despite these important effects the mechanisms by which the gut microbial community influences host biology remain almost enti
240. some reason not fully understood by the scientific community the bacteria in healthy birds do not release enough of the toxin and to affect the productivity of the bird NUTRITION AND ENVIRONMENT ARE KEY ISSUES As with any disease in which the cause is multifactorial no single component can be determined to be THE most important However the continually high level of necrotic enteritis in areas where 20 to 25 corn or soybean is NOT maintained in the diet of broilers is compelling evidence that nutrition is one of the key factors in the development and spread of the disease AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 35 Unlike corn and soybean meal small grains wheat barley oats become highly viscous and move slowly through the digestive tract of chickens allowing CP to increase in numbers and ferment Fish meal and other feeds high in protein also are believed to be contributing factors to development of necrotic enteritis in chickens lonophore coccidiostats help prevent or reduce the impact of necrotic enteritis In countries in which grains are routinely fed to chickens the use of digestive enzymes included as feed additives in feed have been used successfully to combat necrotic enteritis Probiotics fed or sprayed over chickens sometimes throughout their production cycle have likewise been effective in reducing negative effects of necrotic enteritis Perhaps the most successful dietary combatant to necrotic enteritis is the use of high cor
241. son and V M Darley Usmar 2001 Mechanisms of cell signaling by nitric oxide and peroxynitrite from mitochondria to MAP kinases Antioxid Redox Signal 3 215 29 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 48 Li K C K Warner J A Hodge S Minoshima J Kudoh R Fukuyama M Maekawa Y Shimizu N Shimizu and D C Wallace 1989 A human muscle nucleotide translocator gene has four exons is located on chromosome 4 and is differentially expressed J Biol Chem 264 13998 14004 Liu Y and R N Kitsis 1996 Induction of DNA synthesis and apoptosis in cardiac myocytes by ElA oncoprotein J Cell Biol 133 325 334 Lutz R T and T S Stahly 2003 Quantitative relationship between mitochondrial bioenergetics and efficiency of animal growth J Anim Sci 81 1 141 McDaniel R G and I V Sarkissian 1966 Heterosis complementation by mitochondria Science 152 1640 1642 Mukherjee T K R W C Stevens and M P Hoogendoorn 1970 Oxygen uptake of mitochondrial isolates from two breeds of chickens and their F1 cross Poult Sci 49 1130 1131 Nisoli E E Clementi S Moncada and M O Carruba 2004 Miochondrial biogenesis as a cellular signaling framework Biochem Pharmacol 67 1 15 Nohl H L Gille K Schonheit and Y Liu 1996 Conditions allowing redox cycling of ubisemiquinone in mitochondria to establish a direct redox couple with molecular oxygen Free Rad Biol Med 20 207 213 Ojano Dirain C M Iqb
242. stis development and production of spermatozoa in the cockerel Gallus domesticus Pages 183 202 in Reproductive Biology of Poultry Eds F J Cunningham P E Lake and D Hewitt Brit Poult Sci Ltd Longman Group Harlow Reviers M de and F Seigneurin 1990 Interactions between light regimes and feed restrictions on semen output in two meat type strains of cockerels Pages 220 231 in Control of Fertility in Domestic Birds Tours France Ed INRA les Colloques de L INRA No 54 Romero Sanchez H P W Plumstead and J Brake 2007a Feeding broiler breeder males 1 Effect of feeding program and dietary crude protein during rearing on body weight and fertility of broiler breeder males Poult Sci in press Romero Sanchez H P W Plumstead N Leksrisompong and J Brake 2007b Feeding broiler breeder males 2 Effect of cumulative rearing nutrition on body weight shank length comb height and fertility Poult Sci in press Romero Sanchez H P W Plumstead and J Brake 2007c Feeding broiler breeder males 3 Effect of feed allocation program from 16 to 26 weeks and subsequent feed increments during the production period on body weight and fertility Poult Sci in press VanKrey H P and P B Siegel 1974 Selection for BW at eight weeks of age 13 Fecundity Poultry Sci 53 741 745 Walsh T J 1996 The effects of nutrition and feed program on reproductive performance and fertility of broiler breeders Ph
243. t functions affected by indigenous microbial communities For example the microbiota directs the assembly of the gut associated lymphoid tissue 15 helps educate the immune system 16 17 affects the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier 18 19 20 modulates proliferation and differentiation of its epithelial lineages 21 22 regulates angiogenesis 23 modifies the activity of the enteric nervous system 24 and plays a key role in extracting and processing nutrients consumed in the diet 25 The microflora can me tabolize proteins and protein degradation products sulfur containing compounds and endogenous and exogenous glycoproteins 12 Some organisms grow on intermediate products of fermentation such as H2 lactate succinate formate and ethanol and convert these to end products including short chain fatty acids SCFA a process that has a direct impact on digestive physiology 26 Although the mechanisms by which bacteria assert these effects on the GIT remain essentially unknown research in this area is focusing on elucidating these mechanisms as well as manipulating the bacteria and the gastrointestinal environment toward achieving optimal health through probiotics and pre biotics AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 113 THE ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS ON DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY SCFA Production The SCFA increase from undetectable levels in the ceca of day of hatch chicks to the highest concentration at d 15 of age as the enteric
244. t manner than EA1 at the level of the duodenal mucosa AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 16 From these results it is suggested that there was a differential immune response elicited to the two strains of EA However the mechanisms responsible for these acute differences are unknown Arguably the differential responses could have been due to the parasite itself the host s reaction to the parasite or a combination of both Observed changes in mast cell populations could contribute to differences in the host response These results along with data from other investigators support the role of mast cell involvement in Eimeria infections It appeared that increases in mast cells were related to secretory responses in the intestine especially those seen in EA2 challenged birds However mast cell counts were inconsistent and counts were highly variable in these experiments In other experiments the objective was to measure performance and intestinal response among different genetic stocks of commercial broilers that results in differential host responses to Eimeria infection The effects of a mixed Eimeria challenge on productivity of broilers from three different commercial broiler stocks through measurement of body weight gain feed conversion and lesion scores were evaluated The effects of a mixed Eimeria challenge on intestinal response were evaluated by analyzing villus height crypt depth and quantitating mast cell numbers in three commercial b
245. t response to different EA isolates as well The intestinal epithelium acts as a selective barrier allowing nutritional ions and macromolecules to be absorbed while resisting harmful pathogens Once this protective barrier is removed the exposed lamina propria undergoes morphological changes due to the affects of inflammation The villus is then unable to adequately absorb nutrients and is subject to secondary infections Schat 1991 At the mucosal level the villus structure may be altered directly by the infectious agent or indirectly by the hosts immunoinflammatory response Barker 1993 Crypt hyperplasia is a well known histopathologic consequence of coccidiosis resulting in increased metabolic activity to compensate for epithelial destruction Rose et al 1992 In the present experiments increases observed in intestinal crypt depth were in agreement with results from experiments conducted by Fernando and McCraw 1973 Crypt hyperplasia was found to be present in EA1 challenged birds when compared to controls Crypt length increased to a maximum at 6 days PC for both challenged groups whereas no detectable increases in controls were found over the 5 day period after challenge It appeared that the crypt measurements were inversely related to villus height in primary EA infection and that severe alterations coincided with the heightened period of infection Results from the present experiments indicated that the host responded to EA2 in a differen
246. tain electron transport chain proteins there was no indication that differences in coupling and respiratory chain activity could be attributed to a general decrease in protein expression between low and high FE mitochondria We are currently investigating the expression of messenger RNA encoding for mitochondrial transcription factors or protein synthesis in low and high FE broilers Such information will be useful in unraveling the role that mitochondria play in the phenotypic expression of feed efficiency Abbreviation Key ANTI adenine nucleotide translocase 1 ETC electron transport chain FE feed efficiency H202 hydrogen peroxide RCR respiratory control ratio ROS reactive oxygen species AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 38 Introduction An overview of the history of mitochondria was recently provided by Nisoli et al 2004 It is interesting that the first description of mitochondria as discrete organelles occurred over 150 years ago by a cytologist Kolliker in 1850 see Lehninger 1965 and that the importance of mitochondria in the production of energy by oxidative phosphorylation for the cell was first reported over 50 years ago Kennedy and Lehninger 1949 Nisoli et al 2004 indicated that the construction of the intricate components of the complete mitochondria as well as regulation of biogenesis and growth of existing mitochondria is complex and controlled by the activation of specific transcription factors and cell signaling
247. ter we will be able to prevent intestinal disease All of the above conditions either alone but especially in combination result in significant alterations of the intestinal microflora The intestinal microflora is part of a complex ecosystem that is involved in augmenting intestinal development immune surveillance and competitive exclusion against pathogenic organisms However when the microflora fails to protect the mucosa from pathogens antimicrobials are used to reduce the numbers of pathogenic organisms or to prevent their colonization of the intestine We studied the effects of feed additives on the bacterial community within the ileum of chickens We used two 16S ribosomal DNA community analysis protocols terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis combined with 16S rDNA clone libraries These methods showed that feed additives caused significant alterations in the microbial community structure of the ileum FUTURE There have been many non antibiotic products that have been studied for prevention and control of necrotic enteritis These include defined probiotics undefined competitive exclusion products complex carbohydrates such as MOS enzymes digestive enzymes and lysozymes essential oils and organic inorganic acids All appear to have some efficacy but as expected none work as consistently well in prevention treatment as the antibiotics However it is this author s opinion that use of some of these products al
248. tered to 1 dya old Chickens Avian pathol 2003 32 3 297 304 Mathis G F C Broussard Increased Level of Eimeria Sensitivity to Diclazuril After Using A Live Coccidial Vaccine Avian Diseases 2006 50 321 324 Peek H W W J Landman Higher Incidence of Eimeria spp Field Isolates Sensitive for Diclazuril and Monensin Associated With the Use of Live Coccidiosis Vaccination With Paracox 5 in Broilers Farms Avian Diseases 2006 50 434 439 Johnson J and Reid WM Anticoccidial drugs Lesion scoring techniques in battery and floorpen experiments with chickens Exp Parasitol 1970 28 30 36 Luginbuke RC and Schlotzhaver SD SAS STAT Guide For Personal Computer 6th ed N C SAS Institute Cary 1987 Schering Ploungh Animal Health Corporation Manual T cnico Coccivac 1999 McDougal RL Reid MW Coccidiosis in Disease of Poultry 11th ed U S A lowa lowa State University Press 2003 Pp 974 971 Shirley M W and Peter L Long Control of coccidiosis in chickens inmuzaci n with live vaccines In Long PL Coccidiosis of Man and Domestic Animals Boca Raton Florida U S A Ed CRC Pres 1990 321 338 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 165 Promedio del pigmento cut neo en pollo de engorda vacunado contra Eimeria spp y desafiados al d a 21 de edad PIGMENTACI N CUT NEA GRUPO E D A 21 D A 28 D A 35 D A 42 VACUNA POR ASPERSION 9 73 9 085 10 03 13 68 DIA 1 cd bcd C C VACUNA 15 45 II POR ASPERSI
249. the early phase of growth in chicks may help in optimizing nutritional management for maximum growth 68 By dietary means it is possible to affect the development of the gut and the competitiveness of beneficial and AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 116 harmful bacteria which can alter not only gut dynamics but also many physiologic processes due to the end products metabolized by symbiotic gut microflora Additives such as enzymes probiotics and prebiotics are now extensively used throughout the world The chemical nature of these additives are well understood but the manner by which they benefit the animal 1s not 69 Probiotics as an Alternative to Antibiotics for Control of Bacterial Pathogens in Poultry Bacterial antimicrobial resistance in the medical and agricultural fields has become a serious problem worldwide Antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria are an increasing threat to animal and human health with resistance mechanisms having been identified and described for all known antimicrobials currently available for clinical use There is currently increased public and scientific interest regarding the administration of therapeutic and subtherapeutic antimicrobials to animals due primarily to the emergence and dissemination of multiple antibiotic resistant zoonotic bacterial pathogens 70 Social pressures have lead to creation of regulations to restrict antibiotic use in poultry and livestock production There is a need to evaluate p
250. the skin of the carcass Berrang and Dickens 2000 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 59 Evisceration Modern processing facilities use automated mechanical devices during evisceration to remove internal organs from carcasses after defeathering Cross contamination between carcasses evisceration equipment and water can also occur during this operation Approximately 78 of broilers entering eviscerators carry Campylobacter on skin while 4896 of carcasses carry this pathogen in their crops and 94 of the carcasses carry the bacterium in their intestinal tracts Jeffery et al 2001 Causes of carcass cross contamination during evisceration include the rupture of crops and intestines by personnel and machines and the mechanical force that pushes fecal material out of the cloaca Mead 1989 Each of these actions can lead to increased contamination of the carcass by fecal microorganisms Washing In 1978 the use of carcass washers in poultry processing lines was adopted Kenner et al 2004 These machines are employed to wash away blood and fecal materials present on carcasses after evisceration and before the carcasses enter chill tanks Between 20 to 50 ppm of chlorine may be added to wash water to decrease microbial contamination Types of washers used include brush washers that scrub carcasses with rubber fingers while washing with water cabinet washers that wash carcasses with a series of spray nozzles within an enclosed cabinet and inside
251. to de forma inmediata AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 130 esto ltimo nos puede ayudar a minimizar las p rdidas econ micas asociadas a una terapia antimicrobiana tard a Aunque en la mayor a de las ocasiones el agua es utilizada como una v a terap utica una vez que se han presentado los signos cl nicos de una enfermedad es importante mencionar que tambi n puede utilizarse como una v a para el tratamiento preventivo de algunas patolog as tal es el caso de la micoplasmosis aviar El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar los resultados de consumo de agua y ganancia de peso de tres programas antimicoplasmicos uno suministrado v a alimento y otro v a agua de bebida MATERIAL Y M TODOS Esta prueba se llevo a cabo en una caseta experimental ubicada en el municipio de Arenal Jalisco en pollos de engorda estirpe ross El dise o de tratamientos fue el siguiente 1 Alimento no medicado agua con antimicoplasmico soluble A 2 Alimento medicado agua sin medicar 3 Alimento no medicado agua sin medicar 4 Alimento no medicado agua con antimicoplasmico soluble B Los tratamientos fueron administrados de los 9 15 d as y de los 39 41 d as de edad Cada tratamiento consto de 5 replicas con 50 pollos cada uno Diariamente se evalu el consumo de agua y las aves fueron pesadas semanalmente hasta cumplir los 42 d as de edad AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 131 RESULTADOS El consumo de agua se vio disminuido durante
252. to poor performance Williams 1999 As the world s AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 19 poultry production continues to grow so do the concerns about the control of coccidiosis since commercial chicken flocks free from coccidia are extremely rare Williams 2002 Historically the poultry industry has relied on anticoccidial drugs for the control of coccidiosis but resistance of coccidia has developed to all of the anticoccidial drugs introduced so far Chapman 1997 along with consumers desires to eliminate drugs from animal feeds has led to increased interest in the use of alternative methods of control Vaccination against coccidiosis is not a new concept and has been used in the poultry industry for around 50 years Shirley et al 2005 Live oocysts vaccination attenuated and non attenuated strains is currently the only commercially available anticoccidial vaccination option Attenuation can be obtained by passing parasites through embryonated eggs or by selection for precocity Williams 2002 These vaccines provide solid immunity to coccidial infection when applied carefully under good rearing conditions Shirley and Long 1990 Despite their proven success in eliciting effective protection against coccidiosis especially in replacement and breeding flocks these vaccines have not been universally accepted by the U S poultry industry for meat producing broiler and heavy roaster bird flocks Danforth 1998 The reluctance of broiler produce
253. tochondria Another protein that should be mentioned is the adenine nucleotide transporter ANTI ANTI located on the mitochondrial inner membrane is responsible for exchange of ADP and ATP between the mitochondrial matrix and the cytosol Li et al 1989 As such ANTI is important for energy production as membranes are impermeable to adenine nucleotides Indeed decreased AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 45 mitochondrial function was observed in ANTI knockout mice that lacked the ability to exchange ADP and ATP between the mitochondria and cytosol Graham et al 1997 Thus differences in expression of ANTI could be hypothesized to play a role in the phenotypic expression of feed efficiency as well The expression of ANTI was higher in low FE muscle Iqbal et al 2004 and heart Tinsley et al 2004 mitochondria but not in liver Iqbal et al 2005 or duodenum Ojano Dirain et al 2004 SYNOPSIS Investigation of respiratory chain protein expression in muscle and liver did not reveal a consistent pattern in protein expression between broilers with low and high feed efficiency As there are many other proteins that are important for function of mitochondria and the respiratory chain e g transport proteins scaffolding proteins it is possible that the differences we seek may lie in this direction i e proteins other than those associated with the respiratory chain For this reason we have initiated a proteomic approach directed to
254. tra El tama o de la muestra se determino utilizando la siguiente formula n 22 02 d2 Donde n n mero de muestra z valor de o 2 0 05 bajo la curva o desviaci n est ndar esperada d margen de error esperado Mecanismos de asignaci n del tratamiento Las dietas de los pollos se formularon de la siguiente manera e 23 de proteina cruda e 3 2 mcal de EM para los cuatro grupos con la variante de la inclusi n de la inulina e Las dietas se formularon de acuerdo al NRC 1994 Nutrient Requirements of Poultry e Criados en piso con cama de viruta de pino La temperatura de recepci n del pollito fue de 34 C los d as 1 2 y 3 32 C del d a 4 al 7 30 C y de 8 al d a 16 28 C El d a 18 al 46 la temperatura fue de 25 C Se utilizara un programa de iluminaci n de 23 hrs de luz continua por 1 de oscuridad las primeras dos semanas y para la tercera semana de iluminaci n natural hasta el final del estudio AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 138 CRITERIOS a Inclusi n b exclusi n y c eliminaci n a Inclusi n Pollos sin signos aparentes de enfermedad Pollos con desarrollo morfol gico de acuerdo a su especie Pollos con comportamiento de acuerdo a los de su especie b Exclusi n Pollos con signos aparentes de enfermedad Pollos sin un desarrollo morfol gico de acuerdo a la especie Pollos con un comportamiento anormal no de acuerdo a su especie c Eliminaci n Pollos que hayan muerto dura
255. tran en la parte lateral y media de la vellosidad se encargan de la secreci n de l quidos y electrolitos y las c lulas epiteliales que se encuentran en la parte apical de la vellosidad se encargan de la absorci n de l quidos y nutrientes Dependiendo del tipo de agente y del lugar en donde lesione a la vellosidad intestinal ser n los efectos que podremos observar en las aves Por ejemplo en casos de coccidiosis aviar durante las fases de esquizogonia y gametogonia dichos protozoarios ocasionan dafio directo a las c lulas epiteliales desde las criptas hasta la porci n apical de la vellosidad las c lulas da adas ser n reemplazadas por c lulas epiteliales inmaduras que no tendr n capacidad para absorber nutrientes pero que si llevaran acabo funciones de secreci n de l quidos y electr litos Este proceso de regeneraci n a nivel intestinal se reflejara con un incremento en la humedad de las heces y o cama y con un incremento AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 155 en el consumo de agua asociada a la perdida de l quidos y electrolitos a nivel intestinal Los problemas de salud intestinal en el campo se pueden detectar de forma muy temprana si contamos con registros de consumo de agua por d a si valoramos de manera adecuada el estado de las heces y la cama adem s de observar de forma peri dica la mucosa del tracto intestinal durante las necropsias La valoraci n del peso uniformidad y conversi n alimenticia de la parvadas son de
256. trition Department of Poultry Science College of Agriculture and Life Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 7608 USA Abstract Research has established the principle of a minimum cumulative nutrient requirement during rearing prior to photostimulation of broiler parent stock broiler breeders In general the minimum intake during rearing should provide approximately 23 000 kcal ME and 1 200 g CP for females and 29 600 kcal ME and 1 475 g CP for males However these cumulative targets probably should not be reached later than 21 wk of age 147 d and preferably at least one week before photostimulation to insure that smaller birds in the flock have sufficient nutrients to respond to photostimulation and reproduce properly The form weekly changes of the feeding program that allows the birds to reach these targets has been shown to be important in controlling BW carcass composition reproductive development livability and subsequent nutrient requirements during the breeding period Further the feeding program especially for males must be positioned relative to the existing BW as daily maintenance requirements have been shown to be much greater for males than for females If males received less than relatively adequate nutrition they were found to exhibit reduced fertility increased mortality and reduced broiler progeny performance The present data suggest that a decline in fertility due to male management will be accompa
257. ty bird activity It has become obvious that broiler breeders are now near what may be the minimum cumulative nutrient intakes at 140 d when grown to the typically specified target BW i e there is very little if any surplus cumulative nutrition in our birds A review of NC State University broiler breeder research flock data revealed that 1988 broiler breeder females could be grown to a 140 d BW of 2 0 kg with 28 000 kcal cumulative ME while 1998 females could achieve the same BW with as little as 20 000 kcal cumulative ME which we know to be less than adequate Table 1 This change was probably due to the remarkable genetic progress made in broiler feed conversion With improved feed conversion it may simply take longer to accumulate the necessary nutrition for a proper response to photostimulation if typical BW standards were to be achieved The alternative would be to allow BW to increase and or change the nutritional and or feeding profile s I wrote some time ago that if the current genetic trend toward improved feed efficiency continued broiler breeders would have to be photostimulated much later and or grown to a slightly higher BW in order to accumulate sufficient nutrition for proper responsiveness to photostimulation I now believe that we can only delay photostimulation for a relatively short time due to the economic need to produce eggs in a timely manner Thus a higher BW at 20 wk of age may be inevitable The question of most con
258. ue no present ninguna lesi n intestinal a lo largo de la prueba Este m todo donde se combina la vacunaci n con cepas tolerantes a ion foros y salinomicina en el alimento asegura que se evite la presencia de lesiones intestinales y afectaci n en par metros productivos debidos a una replicaci n masiva de ooquistes de campo y vac nales especialmente si esta vacuna contiene cepas no atenuadas o no seleccionada por su baja virulencia Sin embargo tiene la gran desventaja de incrementar los costos de producci n AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 164 al incluir para el control de coccidiosis una vacuna y un coccidiostato ion foro La vacuna utilizada en este estudio contiene cepas de moderada virulencia ya que al administrarla en pollos de 21 d as de edad afect el peso corporal y moderadamente el pigmento cut neo tambi n caus una cantidad mayor de ooquistes en duodeno y se relacion a las lesiones macrosc picas similares a las del grupo no vacunado y desafiado grupo IV REFERENCIAS o 00 10 Chapman H D Practical use of Vaccination for the Control of Coccidiosis in the Chicken World s Poultry Science Journal 2000 56 7 20 Chapman HD Cherry TE Danforth HD Richards G Shirley MW Williams RB Sustainable Coccidiosis Control in Poultry Production the role of live vaccines Int J Parasitol 2002 32 5 617 29 Crouch C F S J Andrews Protective Efficacy of a Live attenuated Anticoccidial Vacccine Adminis
259. uentemente mejor conversi n alimenticia y ganancia de peso AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 127 Los pollitos una vez nacidos se comportan como animales homeotermos la cantidad de nutrientes disponibles para el crecimiento se reduce en las aves en ambiente fr o teniendo como consecuencia un menor desempefio productivo Este trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar los par metros productivos de pollos de engorda criados bajo dos protocolos de temperatura y manejo diferentes MATERIAL Y M TODOS Esta prueba se llevo a cabo en casetas de ambiente natural ubicadas en Aguascalientes Se utilizaron 230 218 pollos de engorda de un d a de edad estirpe Ross x Ross distribuidos en ocho casetas convencionales equipadas con bebederos comederos autom ticos y criadoras infrarrojas Grupo A 115 824 pollos distribuidos en cuatro casetas dos de machos y dos de hembras y criados a 33 C ambientales sin c mara de crianza Grupo B 114 374 pollos distribuidos en cuatro casetas dos de machos y dos de hembras y criados a 34 5 C ambientales con c mara de crianza La temperatura ambiental fue monitoreada cada ocho horas durante la crianza con term metros de m ximas y m nimas asimismo se llevo el control de la temperatura de la cama mediante el uso de term metros laser Se evaluaron el consumo de alimento por ave terminada conversi n alimenticia kilos de carne producidos peso promedio del pollo en granja al final de la parvada en el caso de he
260. ultural Experiment Station and supported in part by grants from USDA NRI 22001 03443 and from Cobb Vantress Inc Siloam Springs AR REFERENCES Anderson S A Bankier B Barrell M H L de Bruijn A R Coulson J Drouin I C Eperon D P Nierlich B A Roe F Sanger P H Schreier A J H Smith R Staden and I G Young 1981 Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome Nature 290 457 465 Barja G 1999 A measurement of mitochondrial oxygen radical production In Methods in Aging Research Yu P B ed Washington DC CRC Press LLC 533 544 Bogoyevitch M A D C Ng N W Court K A Draper A Dhillon and L Abas 2000 Intact mitochondrial electron transport function is essential for signaling by hydrogen peroxide in cardiac myocytes J Mol Cell Cardiol 32 1469 80 Bottje W Z Tang M Iqbal D Cawthon R Okimoto T Wing and M Cooper 2002 Association of mitochondrial function with feed efficiency within a single genetic line of male broilers Poult Sci 81 546 555 Bottje W G M Iqbal C Ojano Dirain N R Pumford and K Lassiter 2004 Role of mitochondria in the phenotypic expression of feed efficiency J Appl Poult Res 13 94 105 Boveris A and B Chance 1973 The mitochondrial generation of hydrogen peroxide Biochem J 134 707 711 Brown D R S K DeNise and R G McDaniel 1986 Hepatic mitochondrial activity in two breeds of chicken Poult Sci 65 613 615 Ca
261. um is usually accompanied by psittacosis a tissue culture from necropsy of a recent death should be performed to determine if psittacosis is present In our case psittacosis was present therefore after the 13 day treatment we proceeded with a psittacosis treatment for our birds Had the results been negative for psittacosis we would have still proceeded with the psittacosis treatment to be on the safe side AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 75 Different strains of B avium have been identified in turkeys The differences exist in toxin production adherence to tracheal mucosa plasmid profiles antibiotic sensitivity pathogenicity and colony morphology lt would be reasonable to assume that various strains of B avium infect turkeys therefore treatment results may vary Attempting to treat bordetellosis by testing and eliminating those turkeys that culture positive for the disease will most likely result in failure to eradicate the disease from the aviary Since not all chicks symptomatic for bordetellosis show positive for B avium on a culture test one could assume the same for carriers of B avium Treating the entire flock for the disease is the best approach VII Prevention VIII The best method of prevention is to be very careful of the new birds you introduce to your flock and be mindful if you were around other birds aviaries that could potentially be contaminated with the disease A disinfectant foot bath change of clothing and ev
262. uraging in many countries poultry will experience temperatures well above 33C Also heat stress is often unplanned that is there is not an opportunity to anticipate the stress and acclimate birds accordingly An alternate solution might be the use of thermal conditioning or feed restriction at a young age to increase chicks resistance to a heat stressor in the future De Basilio et al 2003 found that thermal conditioning occurring for 24 hours on day 5 significantly reduced the body temperature of broilers at 7 d of age Arjona et al 1988 also found that the use of early thermal conditioning 35 to 37 8C for 24 h on day 5 significantly reduced mortality during a heat challenge at the same temperature for 8 h on days 44 and AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 65 45 In 2001 Yahav and Mc Murtry 2001 investigated the optimal timing and duration of early thermal conditioning in broiler chicks and they found that thermal conditioning on day 3 for 24 hours yielded the best results in regards to body weight and mortality Use of longer periods of thermal conditioning reduced compensatory growth and conditioning on day 3 yielded the lowest mortality of the treatments evaluated When comparing one day d5 of age of thermal conditioning to two days of thermal conditioning d5 and d7 Yahav and Hurwitz 1996 found that the chickens receiving two days of thermal conditioning did not achieve complete growth compensation during the experiment Heat chal
263. us Bursal Disease and growth in male broiler chickens subjected to heat stress Poult Sci 82 1879 1885 Lin H L F Wang J L Song Y M Xie and Q M Yang 2002 Effect of dietary supplemental levels of vitamin A on the egg production and immune responses of heat stressed laying hens Poult Sci 81 458 465 AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 70 28 29 30 3l 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Mashaly M M G L Hendricks III M A Kalama A E Gehad A O Abbas and P H Patterson 2004 Effect of heat stress on production parameters and immune responses of commercial laying hens Poult Sci 83 889 894 McDaniel C R K Bramwell J L Wilson and B Howarth Jr 1995 Fertility of male and female broiler breeders following exposure to elevated ambient temperatures Poult Sci 74 1029 1038 Mongin P E 1968 Role of acid base balance in the physiology of egg shell formation World s Poultry Science Journal 24 200 230 Muiruri H K and P C Harrison 1991 Effect of roost temperature on performance of chickens in hot ambient environments 70 2253 2258 Mujahid A Y Yoshiki Y Akiba and M Toyomizu 2005 Superoxide radical production in chicken skeletal muscle induced by acute heat stress Poult Sci 84 307 314 Puthpongsiriporn U S E Scheideler J L Sell and M M Beck 2001 Effects of vitamin E and C supplementation on performance
264. uscle these findings indicate a generalized increase in ROS production suggesting an inherently greater oxidative stress in Low FE mitochondria According to Barja 1999 increased radical production following electron transport chain inhibition indicates a defect in electron transport between the site of inhibition and entry of substrate into the electron transport chain Thus an increase in radical production in mitochondria with a specific inhibitor would indicate a site specific defect at that site of the respiratory chain Bottje et al 2002 reported increased electron leak H202 production in Low FE breast muscle mitochondria following electron transport inhibition of Complex I and III with rotenone and antimycin A respectively indicating that these are likely areas of site specific defects in electron transport contributing to the higher basal H2O2 production in Low FE breast muscle mitochondria No increase in H202 production in High FE mitochondria was observed following electron transport inhibition at Complex I and III suggesting High FE mitochondria have lower electron leak in vivo No differences were observed when electron transport was inhibited at Complex II or the Q cycle of Complex III Complex I may also be a potential site of electron leak in Low FE leg muscle mitochondria Bottje et al 2002 Electron transport defects were also investigated in duodenal mitochondria Ojano Dirain et al 2004 Similar that observed in m
265. uscle basal radical production was higher in Low FE duodenal mitochondria provided NADH or FADH linked substrates However unlike muscle mitochondria Low FE duodenal mitochondria provided with succinate or pyruvate malate as energy sources exhibited site specific defects in electron transport at Complex I II and III C Lower Complex Activities in Low FE mitochondria With the exception of one study Ojano Dirain et al 20052 we have observed a general reduction in the activities of Complexes I IL HI IV and or V of the respiratory chain in Low FE mitochondria Bottje et al 2002 2004 Iqbal et al 2004 2005 Ojano Dirain et al 2005b Bottje et al 2002 reported that activities of Complex I and Il in breast and leg muscle mitochondria from broilers with Low FE were 63 to 79 of the levels of activity observed in High FE broilers Additional studies by Iqbal et al 2004 2005 indicated that complex activities in Low FE muscle and liver mitochondria were all significantly lower than in High FE mitochondria The biggest difference in was in Complex IV AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 43 activity with values in the Low FE mitochondria that were 44 8 and 59 4 compared to high FE values in muscle and liver respectively These data suggest that a generalized decrease in respiratory chain complex activity in muscle and liver mitochondria is associated with low FE In contrast to an earlier study Ojano Dirain et al 20052 Oja
266. vy 50 3 T T T T 20 22 24 28 32 36 48 57 Age wk Figure 8 Ross 344 broiler breeder male BW when reared on two planes of cumulative nutrient to 21 wk of age LoDiet or HiDiet program but fed the same thereafter During the transition period the two rearing diets were blended together to reach a common diet and feeding program for the breeding period Individual males were identified as being in either the Light or Heavy 50 of each pen from 21 wk of age AECACEM Quer taro 2008 Pag 90 3 100 3 000 9 2 900 Z 2 y o 2 800 3 D e LoDiet 2 700 E S B HiDiet 2 600 2 500 28 29 30 31 32 33 Age wk Figure 9 Fertility from 28 to 33 wk of age for the LoDiet and HiDiet groups Eggs were collected from the flock at 29 wk of age and the broilers reared to 42 d of age to show the effect of breeder feeding program and fertility on broiler progeny performance In fact further studies in our laboratory Romero Sanchez et al 2007abc have shown that any time that fertility declined in a broiler breeder flock due to underfeeding of males that there was an associated decrease in broiler progeny performance This was similar to the reports of Attia et al 1993 1995 that showed improved broiler performance due to a greater daily ME allocation in Ross 344 broiler breeder males The conclusion appears to be simple The broiler breeder males that produce the progeny with the greatest genetic potential are the largest bro
267. wards identifying candidate proteins that are differentially expressed according to FE type We have also begun to investigate transcription factors that influence mitochondrial protein synthesis that may be related to feed efficiency such as that reported in rats by Nisoli et al 2004 In comparison to High FE mitochondria obtained from Low FE broilers appear to exhibit decreased electron transport chain coupling increased electron leak with subsequent increased ROS production increased protein oxidation and lower respiratory chain complex activities We believe that the lower complex activities may be the result of increased protein oxidation The positive correlation observed between mitochondrial GSH and Complex II IV and V activity in the duodenum appear to support this hypothesis Thus the consistent findings of higher mitochondrial ROS production and protein oxidation suggest that these are important mechanisms contributing to the phenotypic expression of Low FE in broilers in our studies While we have identified higher ROS production and protein oxidation in broilers with low feed efficiency the important question of what causes these processes to occur in the first place remains unanswered ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Appreciation is extended to H Brandenburger for technical editing and to Nick Tinsley for technical assistancej The research is published with approval of the Director of the Arkansas AECACEM Quer taro 2008 P g 46 Agric
268. ysis Lower complex activities in Low FE muscle and liver were not due to a general decrease in ETC protein expression as several ETC proteins were expressed at levels equal to or higher than in High FE mitochondria Iqbal et al 2004 2005 Similar findings have also been observed in lymphocytes Lassiter 2005 and heart muscle Tinsley et al 2004 In the duodenum 6 of 8 nuclear encoded proteins were higher in Low FE while 3 of 6 mitochon drial encoded proteins were higher in High FE mitochondria Ojano Dirain et al 2005b The expression of ATP synthase a subunit was higher in High FE liver and lymphocytes Iqbal et al 2005 Lassiter 2005 was lower in High FE compared to Low FE duodenal mitochondria Ojano Dirain et al 2005b and was not different between Low and High FE groups in muscle Iqbal et al 2004 In summary while differences in expression of proteins were observed between Low and High FE mitochondria within a tissue the differences did not hold for any particular ETC protein from tissue to tissue Thus differences in expression of mitochondrial proteins between Low and High FE mitochondria may depend whether they are encoded by mt or n DNA and apparently vary from tissue to tissue From these findings it does not appear that there is any decrease in expression of individual proteins in the respiratory complexes that can account for the generalized reduction in respiratory chain complex activities observed in Low FE mi

EVOLUTION OF COCCIDIA UNDER SELECTIVE PRESSURE

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