Neotropical and introduced fruits with special
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1. Caribbean region where the coastal sapote Matisia cordata Hum amp Bonpl a clearly different species with which it should not be confused is typical Consumption mode The fruit is usually harvested by cutting the peduncle 1 2 cm above the calyx attached to it which is then manually removed This leaves a hole in the fruit through which the fingers are introduced to peel it and expose the pulp which is sucked from around the seeds Uses Fresh consumption C Rivera 2014 Vitis labrusca Lour Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 7613 tem Buritic P Cartagena J R Ebo som Quararibea cordata Vischer CONCLUSIONS The native Neotropical flora includes a series of plants species with exotic tastes kept within the fruit shell Although these greatly varied flavors had been known by indigenous peoples since ancient times they are not very popular or well known among most people today These fruits are commonly referred to in terms of their taste more than their abundant solid flesh thus setting a contrast with other foods especially fruits from temperate regions Many of these species belong to tropical families namely Annonaceae Passifloraceae or Sapindaceae while others come from families with a wider biogeographical range Still they are all clearly tropical some of them being native to certain areas of the Colombian territory The specific edible parts of these fruits cor2. 68 2 7589 7618 2015 COCOA Common names Cacao cacao dulce cacao criollo chocolate Family Malvaceae Scientific name Theobroma cacao L Fruit type Berry Main plant features Tree 3 to 4 m tall typically growing in the understory Trunk glabrous or partially pubescent with a dark gray brown bark and brown finely haired branches Leaves coriaceous simple with entire margins the flush young and developing leaves exhibit a range of colors from lightest green to red shades Aragon 2009 Inflorescences caulinar and cymose flowers pentamerous hermaphrodite actinomorphous Fruit polymorphous spherical or fusiform glabrous with 5 to 7591 tem Buritic P Cartagena J R Et om Annona squamosa L 10 longitudinal grooves acquiring purple to yellow color when ripe weighting 200 to 1000 g Dostert et al 2012 and containing a soft fleshy pulp of milky appearance Geographical distribution In all humid regions of Colombia below 1000 m a s l The most productive departments are Nari o Huila Arauca Tolima Antioquia and Santander Consumption mode The fruit is opened with a knife or by hitting it against a hard angular surface in order to suck the mucilage baba that surrounds the seeds The most important product of cocoa is the one obtained from the seeds themselves which is used to produce pure 7592 chocolate cocoa liquor and its derivatives cocoa butter and cocoa powder
3. Bernal L A V squez F Forero y G G mez 2010 Descripci n de las variedades de mango criollo colombiano Produmedios Bogota D C Colombia p 23 Boletin T cnico Corpoica Meza N y J Manzano 2009 Caracter sticas del fruto de tomate de rbol Cyphomandra betaceae Cav Sendtn basadas en la coloraci n del arilo en la Zona Andina Venezolana Revista UDO Agr cola 9 2 289 294 Miller A and B Shaal 2005 Domestication of a Mesoamerican cultivated fruit tree Spondias purpurea Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 36 12801 12806 doi 10 1073 pnas 0505447102 Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 Neotropical and foreign fruits of special taste and Miranda D 2012 Guan bana Annona muricata L En Fischer G ed Manual para el cultivo de frutales en el tr pico Produmedios Bogot Colombia p 498 Morton J F 1987 Fruit of warm climates Media Incorporated Greesboro N C 504 p Orwa C A Muta R Kindt R Jamnads and A Simons 2009 Agroforestry Database 4 a tree reference and selection guide version 4 0 5p http www worldagroforestry org treedb2 AFTPDFS Annona reticulata pdf consulted September 2014 Parrotta J 1990 Tamaridus indica L Tamarind SO ITF SM 30 Southern Forest Experimental Station USDA New Orleans LA 5 p P rez E 1956 Plantas tiles de Colombia Libreria Colombiana Camacho Roldan Bogot
4. La Dorada Caldas YELLOW PASSION FRUIT Common names Maracuy fruta de la Pasi n parchita Family Passifloraceae Scientific name Passiflora edulis var Flavicarpa Degener Fruit type Berry Main plant features Climbing vine woody at the base showing grooved glabrous green stems Branches up to 20 m long with axillary tendrils wound in spirals Amaya 2009 Leaves palmate 2cm three lobed when mature Flowers hermaphrodite with flashy color strong smell dense pollen and abundant nectar at the base of the corolla Due to self incompatibility they require cross pollination for fruiting Leitao Filho and Aranha 1974 Fruit yellow spherical or ovoid 4 to 8 cm diameter 6 8 cm long and 70 to 150 g weight containing 200 to 300 seeds Each seed is surrounded by an aril that produces an aromatic sour juice with light yellow or intense orange color Salinas 2010 Geographical distribution Departments of Valle del Cauca Huila Meta Caldas Cundinamarca Antioquia C rdoba Magdalena and Santander below 1500 m a s Lowi og Mangifera indica L Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 7607 Consumption mode When ripe the fruit wrinkles a little which indicates it has lost water and is ready for consumption A cut is made on the shell which is then opened with the fingers to slurp the seeds and the sour juice Uses Although some people eat it fresh it is also used to prepare juice jam a
5. Maria mam n de mico Family Sapindaceae Scientific name Talisia olivaeformis H B K Radl Melicocca olivaeformis H B K Fruit type Berry Main plant features Tree about 12 m tall with rounded and leafy crown Trunk erected with smooth bark Leaves alternate compound paripinnate petiolate Inflorescences axillary or terminal Fruit ellipsoid 2 to 3 5 cm long and 1 5 to 2 5 cm wide arranged in clusters of 10 to 25 units with yellow orange shell and whitish hairs Pulp also whitish with sweet taste Janick and Paull 2008 2cm Buritic P Cartagena J R Geographical distribution Below 1200 m ac s in the warm and dry valleys of the departments of Sucre Bol var Magdalena Cesar and Guajira Consumption mode The shell is removed with a small incision in order to suck the pulp that surrounds the seed Uses Fresh consumption juice and jam It is refreshing and slightly laxative Note According to Romero 1969 this tree is adequate to reforest poor soils in hot regions BANANA PASSION FRUIT Common names Curuba de Castilla curuba quite a curuba de indio curuba antioque a C Rivera zo Spondias purpurea L 7596 Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 Neotropical and foreign fruits of special taste and Family Passifloraceae Scientific name Passiflora mollisima H B K Bailey corresponds to curuba de Castilla P mixta L to curuba de indio and P
6. Scientific name Tamarindus indica L Fruit type Pod Main plant features Tree with round leafy and densely spread crown trunk reaching up to 25 m tall Leaves bipinnate alternate glabrous bearing small opposite leaflets with rounded apex entire margin and asymmetrical base Flowers inconspicuous produced in small yellow clusters and showing orange or red stripes Morton 1987 Fruit pod oblong 7 5 to 15 cm long and 2 5 cm wide pendulous and indehiscent with 2 6 seeds when ripe it is brown exhibiting a curved thick and brittle shell the pulp is fibrous and dark brown Parrotta 1990 Reyes 2012 Geographical distribution Valleys and dry banks of the Cauca Magdalena and Pat a rivers between 500 800 m a s l It is very common in the department of La Passiflora edulis var Flavicarpa Degener Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 7609 Guajira where some crops for the extraction of tannins were once established Consumption mode The dried pods are broken with a small blow thus pulp and seeds are exposed so that they can be consumed by sucking the pulp and expelling the seeds Its penetrating flavor is due to an elevated content of tartaric acid To prepare juice the pulp is separated from the seed and liquefied with water and sugar to taste Uses It is rarely consumed fresh due to its very sour taste Mostly used for juice preparation Note For some people it has a laxative effect TRE
7. Uses In cocoa growing regions workers and children usually suck the mucilage while in other countries such as Brazil it is used to prepare jelly and alcoholic beverages Still the main use is the processing of the dried beans which are the base for obtaining chocolate chocolate confections and other derivatives CAIMITO Common names Caimito caimito amarillo madura verde pega novios Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 Neotropical and foreign fruits of special taste and 3cm C Rivera zo Theobroma cacao L Family Sapotaceae Scientific name Pouteria caimito R et P Radlk yellow Chrysopyillum caimito L purple Fruit type Berry Main plant features Tree up to 40 m tall trunk whitish bearing dense thin flexible pendulous branches Leaves bearing golden colored scales on the underside Flowers white small hermaphrodite Fruit green purple or yellow containing a soft sweet mucilaginous and white translucent pulp Lim 2013 Geographical distribution It is distributed up to 1600 m a s l on the piedmont of the Eastern plains and in the Amazon rainforest from where it has moved to other hot regions of the country Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 Consumption mode Using a knife the ripe yellow fruit is cut into quarters each of which is hand peeled to expose the edible flesh Uses Fresh consumption Note This fruit s pulp contains latex which tends to
8. been made in banana mango pineapple papaya and cape gooseberry Physalis peruviana L exports Some other local fruits including those mentioned in this paper are not well known even by Colombians Although excluding wild uncultivated species the present review describes the most common fruits that grow in Colombia and offer a distinctive taste and consistency because of which they are usually not masticated Instead the edible part of the fruit is usually sucked or otherwise extracted It is noteworthy how many of these species have not been the object of significant agronomic development Indications are given about common and scientific names edible fruit parts taxonomic status plant habit and habitat and the regions where they are more frequent as well as their consumption and processing modes Furthermore this paper aims to contribute to the knowledge of biodiversity that characterizes the Colombian geography that is abundant in ecological niches where a variety of fruit species distinguished by their shapes flavors exotic flavors nutritional value and medicinal qualities grow and enrich the national landscape In alphabetical order by the most common name in the Colombian territory STINKING TOE Common names Algarrobo pecueca algarrobillo guapinal nazareno coubaril 7590 Buritica P Cartagena J R Family Caesalpinaceae Leguminoseae Scientific name Hymenaea courbaril L Fruit type Pod
9. glue the lips to one another therefore the name pega novios figuratively indicating that it sticks boyfriend to girlfriend In order to consume the fruit without this limitation people usually apply cocoa butter on the lips CHERIMOYA Common names Chirimoya Family Annonaceae Scientific name Annona cherimola L Fruit type Berry 7593 Main plant features Small not very leafy tree rarely reaching 8 m tall Trunk firm and woody with smooth bark Leaves oval hairy on the underside Flowers hermaphrodite with yellowish purple marbled petals they grow inconspicuously solitary or in clusters of two or three units Fruit evergreen weighing 800 to 1000 g sometimes up to 2 kg it is a syncarp formed by multiple carpels attached to a common receptacle fruit pulp white fleshy soft moderately juicy with creamy texture and sweet taste Gonzalez 2013 Geographical distribution Cherimoya is produced between 1000 and 2000 m a s l in the semi arid regions of the Colombian Andes Those from the Tenza valley Buritica P Cartagena J R in the department of Boyaca and from the basin of the Guaitara river in the department of Nari o are very famous Consumption mode The ripe fruit does not change color instead it is recognized through its softness The pulp surrounding the seeds is sucked and the seeds are expelled Uses Fresh consumption RED MOMBIN Common names Ciruela hobo jobo cocota
10. m tall with ramified trunk bearing radial foliage which reaches up to 10 m diameter Leaves compound 15 to 25 cm long bearing 4 to 6 pairs of opposite oblong lanceolate leaflets Farfan et al 2010 Inflorescences in spikes Pods large up to 61 cm long 7 6 cm wide bright yellowish green when unripe and green at ripeness Fruit weight varies from 2cm 250 to 600 g containing 22 4 of a very sweet and barely fibrous edible pulp Falcao and Clement 2000 Lojka et al 2010 Geographical distribution Since they were once recommended as shady trees for coffee they can be found in all Colombian coffee regions 1300 1900 m a s l Mode of consumption The pod is opened usually by twisting it to expose the seeds and their cottony arils which are finally consumed Uses The pulp surrounding the seed which has a sweet vanilla taste is consumed directly or in refreshing beverages Passiflora ligularis Juss Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 7599 SOURSOP Common name Guan bana graviola Family Annonaceae Scientific name Annona muricata L Fruit type Berry Main plant features Tree 6 8 m tall with ramified trunk Leaves alternate bright green 14 16 cm long 5 7 cm wide Flowers hermaphrodite actinomorphic and hypogeal arranged individually along the stem Fruit aggregate ovoid ellipsoid 10 30 cm long 10 15 cm diameter weighing up to 7 kg Miranda 2012 Fruit skin dark green with sho
11. timber it has been extinct in some regions Its bark possesses medicinal properties SUGAR APPLE Common names Anon anon rugoso tetillas anon caucano anon de verruga Family Annonaceae Scientific name Annona squamosa L Fruit type Berry Main plant features Woody shrub 3 to 6 m tall Leaves simple alternate Flowers arranged individually or growing in inflorescences bearing just a few of them Fruit globoid egg shaped with number of seeds highly variable 5 to 12 cm diameter and 200 to 800 g weight containing a sugary very aromatic white yellowy pulp with a pleasant flavor Almeida et al 2006 Guerrero and Fischer 2007 Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 Neotropical and foreign fruits of special taste and 2cm Hymenaea courbaril L Geographical distribution It grows in hot arid climates This species is very common in the upper basin of the Magdalena river as it crosses the departments of Huila Tolima and Cundinamarca It also grows in the departments of Valle del Cauca Magdalena Cesar and Guajira In all cases it is found below 1000 m a s l Consumption mode The ripe fruit is recognized for being soft It can be easily opened to consume the mucilage commonly known as baba that surrounds the seeds which are finally expelled from the mouth Uses It is usually consumed fresh while in some regions it is used to prepare alcoholic beverages P rez 1956 Rev Fac Nal Agr
12. 831 p Pimienta Barrios E 1995 An overview of genetic resources for Opuntia production in Mexico Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development Proceedings p 13 22 Pinzon I M P G Fischer y G Corredor 2007 Determinaci n de los estados de madurez de la gulupa Passiflora edulis Sims Agronom a Colombiana 25 1 83 95 Reyes C 2012 Tamarindus indica L En Fischer G ed Manual para el Cultivo de Frutales en el Tr pico Produmedios Bogot Colombia p 1007 1008 Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 Rivero J A y B R Brunner 2006 rboles frutales ex ticos y poco conocidos en Puerto Rico La Editorial Universidad de Puerto Rico San Juan Puerto Rico 357 p Romero C R 1969 Frutas silvestres de Colombia Primera edici n Tomo Il Universidad Nacional de Colombia Andes Bogot 384 p Salinas H 2010 Gu a t cnica para el cultivo de maracuy amarillo Instituto de Educaci n T cnica Profesional de Roldanillo Valle Colombia 44 p Santos M T MT Alonso Ladero y M A Martin 2005 Plantas medicinales espa olas Vitis vinifera L subsp Vinifera Vitaceae Studia Botanica 24 55 64 Valdes J G 1995 Pinochet s economists The Chicago School of Economics Historical Perspectives on Modern Economics Cambridge Universitiy Press U K 352 p Vargas Simon G R Hernandez Cupil y E Moguel Ordo ez 2011 Caracterizaci n morfol gica de ciruela Spondias p
13. Colombiana 1 3 320 335 7616 Buritica P Cartagena J R Hueck K 1961 The forest of Venezuela Forst Forschungen 14 6 Verlag Paul Parey Hamburg Germany 106 p Janick J and R E Paull 2008 The encyclopedia of fruit and nuts Cambridge University Press Cambridge U K p 820 822 Kersul do Sacramento C E Coelho J E Urano de Carvalho C H Muller W M Oliveira do Nacimiento 2007 Cultivo do mangost o no Brasil Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 29 1 195 203 http dx doi org 10 1590 S0100 29452007000100042 Le n J 2000 Fundamentos bot nicos de los cultivos tropicales IICA Ed San Jos Costa Rica 522 p Lim T K 2013 Edible medicinal and non medicinal plants Volume 6 Fruits Springer Dordrecht Holland 606 p Doi 10 1007 978 90 481 8661 7 Leit o Filho H F e C Aranha 1974 Bot nica do maracujazeiro p 1 13 In Simp sio sobre a Cultura do Maracuj 1 1974 Campinas Anais Sociedade Brasileira de Fruticultura Campinas Brasil Linares J A B Castillo and M T Londo o 2013 Characterization of the mechanical properties of the sweet passion fruit Passiflora ligularis Juss Agronomia Colombiana 31 2 208 214 Lojka B L Dumas D Preininger Z Polesny and J Banout 2010 The use and integration of Inga edulis in agroforestry systems in the Amazon Review Article Agriculture Tropica et Subtropica 43 4 352 359 Lozano J J A Floriano J P Corredor J A
14. E TOMATO Common names Tomate de arbol tamarillo tomate de agua tomate andino 2em Z Buritic P Cartagena J R Family Solanaceae Scientific name Cyphomandra betaceae Cav Sendt Fruit type Berry Main plant features Shrub 2 3 m tall with herbaceous stem until the production stage when it becomes woody Leaves heart shaped subcarnose softly pubescent on the underside Flowers in numbers ranging from 10 to 73 grouped in white or purple inflorescences Bernal and D az 2003 Fruit dark red to orange oblong 8 cm long and 4 cm wide weighing from 40 to 130 g its juicy pulp can be orange or yellow with red or cream hues and bittersweet taste Meza and Manzano 2009 Geographical distribution Moderately cold climate 1700 2500 m a s l in the departments of Cauca Huila Tolima Caldas Cundinamarca Antioquia and Santander tiajon Hylocereus megalanthus K Shum ex Vaupel Ralf Bauer 7610 Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 Neotropical and foreign fruits of special taste and Consumption mode Some people take the ripe fruit and squeeze it with their hands until it feels soft then a portion of the apex is removed and its content sucked out Alternatively the pulp can be removed with a spoon For syrup preparation the fruits are peeled and cooked with sugar To obtain juice the fruit is peeled and liquefied in water Uses Fresh consumption and juice Also the fruit is
15. Family Anacardiaceae Etid fro Pouteria caimito R et P Radik yellow Chrysopyillum caimito L purple 7594 Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 Neotropical and foreign fruits of special taste and Scientific name Spondias purpurea L reddish hobo corresponds to S bombin L yellow hobo to S citherea L Fruit type Drupe Main plant features Tree up to 7 m tall Trunk ramified with a thick coarse gray bark rich in gums Leaves compound imparipinnate bearing 17 to 19 leaflets Flowers growing in axillary panicles Fruits of wild cultivars are usually bright red cylindrical 2 4 cm long and 1 5 cm wide more acidic than the cultivated fruits with considerably less flesh surrounding the seed growing in racemes and producing a juicy yellowy flesh Miller and Shaal 2005 Vargas Simon et al 2011 Geographical Distribution Below 1200 m a s l in the hot and dry regions of the departments of Cauca Huila Tolima Antioquia Sucre Magdalena Cesar and Guajira Consumption mode It is washed and then is consumed fresh Uses Fresh consumption Note Out of the fruits treated in this paper it is the only one in which the fleshy rind is masticated the rest of the content being sucked and the seed expelled Et 104 Annona cherimola L Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 7595 YELLOW GENIP Common names Cotoperi cotopli cutupli juria mam n cotopri mam n de
16. Main plant features Tropical American xerophytic tree adapted to arid conditions above 10 m tall with umbrella shaped crown Trunk cylindrical erected with smooth and gray bark and no buttresses CATIE 2000 Leaves bifoliate alternate asymmetrical and translucent venation scarcely prominent Catarino 1993 Flowers white growing in panicles on branch apexes Pods thick coarse brown greenish 10 to 15 cm long containing 2 to 3 seeds embedded in a creamy colored pulp of powdery aspect Francis 1990 The fruit is picked up from the ground Stinking toe is used to describe the small and taste of the fruit Geographical distribution It is widely spread in the department of Antioquia particularly in the semi arid regions of the Cauca river basin together with those of some other rivers It can also be found in the department of Meta specifically in the altillanura which is actually a large slightly higher portion of the Eastern Plains and in the Caribbean region usually growing below 1500 m a s l Consumption mode Having being picked up from the ground the pod is slapped against a solid surface or else hit with a stone or hammer in order to consume the powdery pulp that is around the seeds which contains 3 2 sugar 1 1 fat and 35 8 crude fiber Hueck 1961 Uses Direct consumption of the fruit pulp In addition juice and other preparations are appreciated Wistberger et al 1982 Note Due to its valuable
17. Review Neotropical and introduced fruits with special tastes and consistencies that are consumed in Colombia Frutas neotropicales y for neas de especial sabor y consistencia consumidas en Colombia Pablo Buritic C spedes and Jos R gulo Cartagena Valenzuela Abstract This paper reviews some Neotropical and introduced fruit species that are characterized by their special taste anatomy and consistency For the Colombian territory the principal common names of the species in question are recorded along with their taxonomic position principal plant and fruit characteristics regions where they grow consumption modes and specific uses Keywords Botany biodiversity bioprospecting promising fruit species Resumen Se hace una rese a de especies frutales Neotropicales y for neas que se caracterizan por su sabor estructura y consistencia Para Colombia se registran los principales nombres comunes su posici n taxon mica las principales caracter sticas de la planta y la fruta las regiones en donde son comunes la manera de consumirlas y finalmente sus usos Palabras clave Bot nica biodiversidad especies frutales promisorias bioprospecci n The consumption of fruits is expanding worldwide mostly due to their importance in nutritional balance which in turn results from their contribution of vitamins minerals and important metabolites for human metabolism carbohydrates lipids proteins antioxid
18. ack of knowledge on the adequate consumption characteristics of these fruits prevents many people from tasting them Some of them do not change color when ripe thus their optimal consumption state is identified through fruit consistency at the touch of the hand The harvesting periods are not well known and sometimes it is hard to find the fruit in its optimal condition On many occasions it is necessary to finish the ripening of these fruits at home normally by wrapping them in newspaper ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks to Scientific Illustrators Elizabeth Builes Carmona and Carolina Rivera lvarez for assistance with the figures Anonymous reviewers made helpful improvements to the manuscript REFERENCES Almanza Merchan PJ y G Fiischer 2012 Tuna Opuntia ficus indica L Miller En Fischer G ed Manual para el cultivo de frutales en el tr pico Produmedios Bogot Colombia p 1016 Almanza PJ 2011 Determinaci n del crecimiento y desarrollo del fruto de vid Vitis vinifera L bajo condiciones de clima fr o tropical Tesis D Sc Facultad de Agronom a Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Bogot p 24 Almeida S A C Vello S Alves A A Oliveira M S Machado and V Oliveira de Almeida 2006 Fruit characterization of sugar apple genotypes in Presidente Dutra Bahia Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 6 295 302 doi 10 12702 1984 7033 v06n04a07 Amaya J E 2009 El cultivo de maracuy Pass
19. antioquensis Karst to curuba antioque a The latter are considered by some authors to be varieties of the former Fruit type Berry Main plant features Creeping very long stems Leaves deeply lobed serrated petiole glandular stipulate somewhat tomentose Flowers tubular solitary pentamerous and hermaphrodite Fruit 5 12 cm long and 3 4 cm wide hanging on a long petiole it acquires a cream or pale yellow color when ripe and contains an aromatic gelatinous orange pulp whose organoleptic features make it apt for beverage preparation Aular et al 2004 Bernal and D az 2005 Geographical distribution All regions of the Andes above 2000 m a s l especially the departments of Nari o Cundinamarca Boyac and Antioquia Consumption mode The ripe fruits are peeled to suck the content which is sometimes mixed with a little sugar For other purposes the seeds are removed with a strainer Uses Fresh consumption The juice sorbet ice cream and spongy of this fruit are very well known Some people from Cundinamarca and Boyac consider it to be the queen fruit SWEET GRANADILLA Common names Granadilla mocos de carbonero parcha Talisia olivaeformis H B K Radl Melicocca olivaeformis H B K Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 7597 Family Passifloraceae Scientific name Passiflora ligularis Juss Fruit type Berry Main plant features Vines that climb by means of tendrils Leaves alte
20. ants etc In addition transformation processes resulting from agribusiness innovation have introduced new presentations which have made fruits more and more available to consumers The global fruit market is dominated by a few species namely Vitis spp especially wine grapes the Rosaceae family apple Malus domestica Borkh pear Pyrus spp plum Prunus spp peach Prunus persica L citrus fruits orange Citrus sinensis L Osbeck tangerine Citrus tangerine Tanaka lime Citrus latifolia Tanaka lemon Citrus limon L pomelo Citrus maxima Merr grapefruit Citrus x paradise Macfad banana Musa spp pineapple Ananas comusus L Merr papaya Carica papaya L and mango Mangifera indica L Yet there are a number of tropical and subtropical fruits such as kiwi Actinidia deliciosa A Chev Liang et Ferguson and others which are currently being introduced and correspondingly appreciated in the international market People in certain countries are looking for exotic flavors and particular properties e g the laxative effect of dragon fruit Cereus spp that can be easily found in tropical fruits Generally speaking the main uses of fruits are direct consumption of the harvested fruit and preparation of juices desserts non confectionery sauces jams and fruit paste Fresh consumption takes place when the fruit is washed and consumed in its entirety e g apple cut into portions e g mel
21. bia lt pburitica unal edu co gt 2 Full Professor Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Departamento de Ciencias Agron micas A A 1779 Medellin Colombia lt jrcartag unal edu co gt Received October 31 2014 Accepted December 30 2014 Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 doi 10 15446 rfnam v68n2 50948 Featured in special and somewhat exotic flavors these fruits are usually not masticated due to their particular consistency and anatomy Indeed when the pulp is solid it often melts in the mouth and then swallowed Depending on the fruit the pulp is consumed with the seeds granadilla Passiflora ligularis Juss or without them mamoncillo Melicoccus bijugatus L The way to reach the edible part is different in each of these fruits Generally it is inside the fruit so the shell has to be removed This is usually done manually and only rarely with a knife or other cutting device as in the case of caimo Poutria caimito R et P Radlk The privilege of consuming these fruits is circumscribed to the tropics because they are quite unknown in temperate regions Grapes could be considered an exception but they are mostly tropical and subtropical Since the last century fruits have garnered great attention in Colombia due to their export potential especially after the rise of the Theory of Comparative Advantage in Economics Valdes 1995 Ever since important progress has
22. ea B A Rojano A M Piedrahita and M Lobo 2014 Physicochemical properties of gulupa fruits Passiflora edulis Sims during pre and postharvest Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnolog a en Postcosecha 15 1 15 30 Francis J K 1990 Hymenaea courbaril L SO ITF SM 27 US Department of Agriculture USDA Forest Service Southern Forest Experiment Station R o Pedras Puerto Rico 5 p Francis J K 1992 Melicocus bijugatus Jacq Quenepa Sapindaceae Soaberry family SO ITF SM48 New Orleans USDA 4 p Francis J K 2003 Chrysobalanus icaco L coco plum United States Forest Service Department of Agriculture USDA http www fs fed us global pdf shrubs Chrysobalanus 20icaco 20L pdff consulted September 2014 Garc a Soto A E P rez P rez G Ettiene L Montilla A A ez y L Sandoval 2011 Propagaci n y fertilizaci n del cultivo de guan bano Annona muricata L Caracter sticas f sicas de frutos Revista de la Facultad de Agronom a Universidad del Zulia 28 174 184 Gonz lez M E 2013 Chirimoya Annona cherimola Miller frutal tropical y subtropical de valores promisorios Cultivos Tropicales 34 3 52 63 Guerrero E y G Fischer 2007 Manejo integrado en el cultivo de an n Annona squamosa L Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hort colas 2 1 154 169 DOI http dx doi org 10 17584 rech 2007v1i2 1157 Hernandez A y R Bernal 2000 Lista de especies de Passifloraceae en Colombia Biota
23. green opposite elliptic to oblong containing yellow latex Flowers unisexual produced on branch nodes in clusters of 1 15 units Fruit round ovoid or ellipsoid 4 9 cm long and up to 4 cm diameter with a thick yellow shell that becomes tuberculate when ripe fruit pulp white aromatic juicy and bittersweet Flores 2004 Rivero and Bruner 2006 Geographical distribution Departments of Cauca Caldas Cundinamarca and Antioquia between 1000 1500 m a s l Consumption mode A slight pressure is enough to break the shell and expose the seed with its spongy bittersweet aryl Uses Fresh consumption or as dessert Note A new variety species with smooth skinned fruit has been found in the department of Meta Opuntia ficus indica L Miller Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 7603 SPANISH LIME Common name Mam n mamoncillo Family Sapindaceae Scientific name Melicoccus bijugatus L Fruit type Drupe Main plant features Tree up to 15 m tall with straight trunk and fissured bark Leaves coriaceous elliptical glabrous bright and green Flowers greenish white grouped in terminal panicles and growing on dioecious or monoecious trees Francis 1992 Fruits 2cm Buritic P Cartagena J R almost rounded growing in racemes with coriaceous green or greenish yellow exocarp At ripeness the fruit flesh which presents a strong bittersweet taste is gelatinous and salmon colored M
24. ida 2006 Fruit characterization of sugar apple genotypes in Presidente Dutra Bahia Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 6 295 302 doi 10 12702 1984 7033 v06n04a07 Corredor D 2012 Pitahaya amarilla Hylocereus megalanthus K Shum ex Vaupel Ralf Bauer En Fischer G ed Manual para el cultivo de frutales en el tr pico Produmedios Bogot Colombia p 815 816 Dostert N J Roque A Cano M l La Torre y M Weigend 2012 Hoja bot nica cacao Theobroma cacao L Giacomotti Comunicaci n Gr fica S A C Lima Per 19 p Esquivel P y Y Araya 2012 Caracter sticas del fruto de la pitahaya Hylocereus sp y su potencial de uso en la industria alimentaria Revista Venezolana de Ciencia y Tecnolog a de Alimentos 3 1 113 129 Espinosa Osornio G G Vargas Sim n y M Engleman 2002 Contribuci n al estudio de la anatom a foliar del icaco Chrysobalanus icaco L Bioagro 14 1 29 36 7615 Falcao M A and C R Clement 2000 Phenology and productivity of inga Inga edulis in central Amazonia Acta Amazonica 30 173 180 Farf n F J E Baute PM S nchez y H D Menza 2010 Guamo santafere o en sistemas agroforestales con caf Avances T cnicos Cenicaf 396 8 p Flores A 2004 Algunos frutales potenciales en Panam su producci n para la comercializaci n Presentaci n preliminar Instituto de Mercadeo Agropecuario Panam Panam 281 p Franco G J R Cartagena G A Corr
25. iflora edulis form Favicarpa Gerencia Regional Agraria La Libertad Trujillo Per 30 p Amaya J E 2009 El cultivo de la tuna Opuntia ficus indica Gerencia Regional Agraria La Libertad Trujillo Per 18 p Aragon E M 2009 Genetic caracterization of Theobroma cacao L in Nicaragua Master s thesis Department Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 of Applied Biology Plant Breeding University of Helsinki p 6 Aristiz bal C 2004 Caracterizaci n de los productos hortifrut colas colombianos y establecimiento de normas de calidad mango Mangifera indica L Federaci n Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia Cenicaf SENA Cali Colombia p 23 Aular J Y Rodr guez S Roa P lade y M Antol nez 2004 Caracter sticas del fruto de cuatro pasifloras de la zona andina venezolana Bioagro 16 2 137 142 Bernal J A y C A D az 2003 Tecnologia para el cultivo del tomate de rbol Manual T cnico 3 Corpoica Impresos Beg n Ltda Medell n Colombia p 17 Bernal J A y C A D az 2005 Tecnologia para el cultivo de la curuba Corpoica Editorial Litomadrid Medell n Colombia p 11 Manual T cnico 6 Catarino F 1993 El algarrobo Una planta ejemplar Naturota Council of Europe 73 14 15 CATIE 2000 Hymenaea courbaril L Informe Anual 1999 Nota t cnica No 65 Turrialba Costa Rica p 129 130 Almeida S A C Vello S Alves A A Oliveira M S Machado and V Oliveira de Alme
26. ith good organoleptic characteristics regarding taste and aroma Franco et al 2014 Geographical distribution Temperate climate 1500 2500 m a s l Very popular in the coffee zone Consumption mode By pressing the shell it is broken which allows slurping the content Uses Fresh consumption and juice PRICKLY PEAR Common names Higo chumbo chumbera nopal Family Cactaceae Scientific name Opuntia ficus indica L Miller Fruit type Berry Main plant features Arborescent plants up to 5 m tall with woody trunk and flattened branches for water storage in tissues which are recovered by a thick cuticle with green photosynthetic function Leaves small fleshy and deciduous Flowers hermaphrodite single growing on the upper part of the stalk Fruit spherical to ovoid 5 2 12 cm long 5 7 6 8 cm diameter 114 g to 240 g weight green when unripe and taking different colors when ripe it is mainly composed of water 83 fruit pulp gelatinous and sweet containing many seeds Pimienta Barrios 1995 Amaya 2009 Almanza Merchan and Fischer 2012 Geographical distribution Semi arid zones it is grown between 1700 and 3000 m a s l The prickly pears Annona muricata L Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 7601 from the municipalities of Villa de Leyva Boyac and Sons n Antioquia are very famous Consumption mode The fruit is opened with a knife and peeled to consume all the content including
27. mouth Uses Fresh consumption juice and wine Notes There are several grapevine species Some of them are American while others are European or Asian nonetheless they are all grown in tropical or 2cm Buritica P Cartagena J R subtropical regions On the other hand the description corresponds to cv Isabella SOUTH AMERICAN SAPOTE Common names Zapote chupa chupa zapote amarillo zapote colombiano Family Bombacaceae Scientific name Quararibea cordata Vischer Fruit type Berry Main plant features Tree 30 40 m tall straight trunk with whorled branching Leaves alternate entire ovoid or oblanceolate pubescent and strongly innervated during the dry season they fall by 80 indicating Cyphomandra betaceae Cav Sendt 7612 Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 Neotropical and foreign fruits of special taste and that the plant is at rest Flowers white pentamerous born in clusters with petioles 1 2 cm long they grow under new branches or along leafless branches Fruit ellipsoid or ovoid 10 25 cm long 8 12 cm wide and up to 3 kg weight with a large permanent calyx at the base and a remnant of the pistil at the apex fruit pulp orange abundant juicy sweet and somewhat fibrous Le n 2000 Lim 2013 Geographical distribution Wild plant of the lower Andes growing below 800 m a s l in the lowland and mild climate areas of Colombia It does not grow in the 2cm
28. nd desserts DRAGON FRUIT Common names Pitaya pitahaya pitajaya pitayaya Family Cactaceae Scientific name Hylocereus megalanthus K Shum ex Vaupel Ralf Bauer Fruit type Berry 2cm Buritica P Cartagena J R Main plant features Climbing cactus with triangular green stems that branch and hang in the air The hanging stems are the ones that bear flowers and fruits thus requiring training Flowers tubular white or pink hermaphrodite and nocturnal Le n 2000 Fruit ovoid up to 12 cm long and 6 10 cm wide weighing from 120 250 g when ripe it varies from red to yellow depending on the species The mesocarp which is the edible part is constituted by a bittersweet mucilaginous pulp with a delicate aroma and thousands of soft tiny seeds Corredor 2012 Esquivel and Araya 2012 Geographical distribution Warm and temperate climates below 1800 m a s l It is a commercial crop in the coffee zone Garcinia mangostana L 7608 Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 Neotropical and foreign fruits of special taste and Consumption mode The fruit is opened to consume its mucilaginous seeds either by eating them directly or with a spoon Uses Fresh consumption Note The mastication of the seeds should be avoided unless the person wants to be under their laxative effect TAMARIND Common names Tamarindo tamarindero mandar n tamarindo de la India Family Leguminoseae
29. on Cucumis melo L watermelon Citrullus lanatus Thunb Matsum et Nakai or peeled to consume the entire inner contents e g banana or a portion thereof e g pineapple papaya Currently fruits are being used in salad combinations complemented with dressings In all of these cases fruits are consumed by masticating the pulp Although any fruit can be used to prepare juice by dissolving it in either water or milk some of them are particularly adequate for this purpose as is the case of lulo or naranjilla Solanum quitoense Lam Fruit desserts are usually prepared by adding sugar and cooking in water until the syrup reaches the soft ball stage Although denser than the latter fruit sauces are frequently used as meat dressings e g plum dressing In turn jam results from concentrating fruit sauces until obtaining a semisolid paste that can be spread on bread or crackers By further concentrating and heavily sweetening fruit pulps we obtain solid pastes such as that of guava Psidium guajava spp and some jellies Finally the rind of some fruits usually citrus ones is sometimes used in syrup preparation A relatively unknown manner of fresh consumption is addressed in this paper namely sucking or otherwise extracting the juice from specific parts of the fruit 1 Full Professor Retired Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Departamento de Ciencias Agron micas A A 1779 Medellin Colom
30. orton 1987 Geographical distribution lt grows in dry climates below 1000 m a s l Consumption mode The shell is removed with a slight nail cut or most commonly with teeth Thus the seed is released with its mucilage locally known C Rivera L Chrysobalanus icaco L L as baba which is sucked finally the seed is expelled To prepare juice the peeled fruits are put into a tall narrow neck pot commonly named olleta then making use of a handcrafted stirrer known as molinillo they are shaken to remove the arils after removing the seeds water and sugar can be added to taste Uses Fresh consumption and juice 7604 Note This tree is very appropriate for protecting watersheds in dry regions After all it is never cut because it is profitably harvested twice a year MANGO Common name Mango is originated in the Indo Burma region and are indigenous to India and Southeast Asia grow in tropical and subtropical climates this means Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 Neotropical and foreign fruits of special taste and they do grow in Colombia where there are a lot of mango cultivars known as criollos According to Aristiz bal 2004 this classification corresponds to cross pollinated cultivars with little selection and high genetic variability propagated primarily by seed A cultivar very important is the Az car mango Family Anacardiaceae Scientific name Mangifera indica L Fr
31. prepared in syrup Note It is considered to have an elevated content of antioxidants GRAPE Common names Uva This being a commercial foreign specie not growing spontaneously or under incipient cultivation it has no local common names 2cm Family Vitaceae Scientific name Vitis labrusca Lour Fruit type Berry Main plant features Climbing or creeping plant with twisted and tortuous trunk and thick and rough bark young shoots flexible and thickened at the nodes Leaves alternate palmately lobed usually heart shaped with 5 7 lobes serrated margin and hairy bristly abaxial surface Tendrils grow opposing the leaf at the same node except for the first two or three leaves at the base of the shoot Flowers small actinomorphic hermaphrodite and pentamerous arranged in hanging panicles opposing the leaves Santos et al 2005 Fruit yellow pink or purple spherical to oval presenting fleshy consistence and weighing from 5 to 10 g Almanza 2011 fruit pulp colorless juicy and sweet OC Rivera Te Tamarindus indica L Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 7611 Geographical distribution Departments of Valle del Cauca Boyac Cundinamarca Santander and Norte de Santander between 900 1660 m a s l Consumption mode In Colombia grapes are mainly consumed directly as fresh fruit The fruit is detached from the bunch and then washed and eaten directly after which the seeds are expelled from the
32. respond to different anatomical structures in each case while the remnants often including the seeds are normally not used 7614 Generally speaking most of these special fruits grow below 1000 m a s l in arid or semi arid regions This makes them viable for reforesting creek or river watersheds Likewise the physiognomy of some of these trees makes them attractive for improving city aesthetics Some madronos with a nice looking color and shape can be found on the avenues of the city of Medellin In agronomic terms many of the plant species that are grown because of their taste have only been recently domesticated propagated and cultivated It is common to find trees scattered in regions that are optimal for their growth in spite of which they are the object of certain agronomic management practices by farmers Since most of these fruits are produced seasonally they are offered by street vendors during the harvest Only a small fraction of this production enters formal fruit market channels Some other species have already overcome this condition and are currently undergoing intense Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 Neotropical and foreign fruits of special taste and agronomic development Several of these cultivated species have attracted the attention of industries which have adapted them to obtain pulp juice jam and other processed products Some of them have even conquered international markets The l
33. rnate stipulate Hern ndez and Bernal 2000 Flowers purple strikingly influencing the presence of pollinating insects Fruit weighting 113 g in average out of which 60 corresponds to the edible part it possesses a thick and brittle shell that changes from green to bright yellow depending on the degree of ripeness Linares et al 2013 Geographical distribution From 1700 to 2000 m a s l Commercially grown in the departments of 2cm Buritica P Cartagena J R Antioquia Huila Valle del Cauca Caldas Risaralda Cundinamarca and Antioquia Consumption mode With a slight finger pressure the thick shell is broken and then removed to expose the endocarp containing the seeds surrounded by mucilage all of which is consumed For juice preparation the seeds are removed with a strainer Uses Fresh consumption and fruit salads It is also prepared in juice especially for babies ICE CREAM BEAN Common name Guamo i e the name of the tree guama guama macheta O Rivera 2014 Passiflora mollisima H B K Bailey 7598 Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 Neotropical and foreign fruits of special taste and Family Mimosaceae Leguminoseae Scientific name Inga spectabilis Vahl Willd Corresponds to guamo macheto Inga edulis Mart to guamo rabo de mono or guamo santafere o and still there are other species Fruit type Pod Main plant features Tree up to 30
34. rt fleshy spines fruit pulp fleshy creamy juicy and subacid Orwa et al 2009 Garcia Soto et al 2011 Geographical distribution It grows below 1900 m a s l in the humid and semiarid regions of the department of Valle del Cauca and in the coffee zone 2cm Buritica P Cartagena J R Consumption mode The ripe fruit does not change its green color but its consistency which becomes soft It is easily opened by hand in order to expose its content which is white cottony due to the aryl that wraps the seeds Uses Fresh consumption is frequent Currently however it is more popular in juices ice creams sorbets sponges and desserts GULUPA Common names Gulupa culupo golupo gulupo curuba redonda curuba morada Family Passifloraceae Scientific name Passiflora edulis var edulis Sims Fruit type Berry Main plant features Climbing vine with glabrous stems Leaves alternate ovate elliptical cordate at the base Li om Inga edulis Mart 7600 Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 Neotropical and foreign fruits of special taste and Flower pendulous with three green bracts surrounding it when immature when mature it exhibits a crown with red and white stripes and lilac apex Fruit is olive green when this immature and purple when ripe round or oval with hard shell 4 8 cm diameter and 50 to 60 g weight Pinzon et al 2007 fruit aryl orange pulpy slightly acid and w
35. the seeds Very popular in fruit salads Uses Fresh consumption Note The solid center of the fruit is sliced or eaten with a spoon for it to dissolve in the mouth COCOPLUM Common name Icaco coco plum Family Amigdalaceae Buritica P Cartagena J R Scientific name Chrysobalanus icaco L L Fruit type Drupe Main plant features Small tree up to 5 m tall with decumbent crown and almost round leaves Inflorescences are small and axillary cymules bearing white flowers Fruit ovoid or spherical 2 5 cm long 4 36 1 12 g weight pink red or purple fruit pulp thick white juicy slightly sweet or insipid containing fats and phenolic compounds Espinosa Osorio et al 2002 Francis 2003 Geographical distribution It grows in the Caribbean region and the departments of Boyac Caldas Cundinamarca Huila Tolima Santander and Norte de Santander below 1000 m a s l Passiflora edulis var edulis Sims 7602 Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 Neotropical and foreign fruits of special taste and Consumption mode The fruit is washed in order to consume its cottony content directly Uses Fresh consumption barely attractive taste and especially desserts MADRONO Common names Madro o Fruta de mono Family Guttiferae Scientific name Rheedia madruno HBK PI et Tr Fruit type Berry Main plant features Tree 6 8 m tall with dense crown and attractive foliage Leaves dark
36. tial health benefits 7605 PURPLE MANGOSTEEN Common name Mangostino Family Guttiferae Scientific name Garcinia mangostana L Fruit type Berry Main plant features Tree 10 15 m tall The trunk and main branches have resin canals on the cortex which secrete thick yellow or green latex Ledn 2000 The foliage is dense with intense green color leaves opposite with protruding veins on the underside Flowers male or hermaphrodite the former arranged on branch tips forming clusters of 3 to 9 units hermaphrodite flowers grow solitary or in pairs Morton 1987 Fruit round 6 7 cm diameter 30 to 240 g Buritica P Cartagena J R weight glossy purple color with an enhanced rosette at the apex The edible part of the fruit consists of 4 8 fleshy segments of translucent white color and a very delicate taste Kersul do Sacramento 2007 Geographical distribution It is very well known in the department of Valle del Cauca Also grown in commercial farms in the municipality of Mariquita Tolima below 1000 ma s l Consumption mode The shell is opened to expose the four seeds with their cottony white aril which is sucked Uses Fresh consumption Melicoccus bijugatus L 7606 Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 Neotropical and foreign fruits of special taste and Note This species is native of Asia According to Perez 1956 it was brought by English railway workers to the municipality of
37. uit type Drupe Main plant features Tree 5 to 15 m tall with an oblong pyramidal o semicircular canopy Leaves are lanceolate 1cm or oblong lanceolate dark green with prominent light colored veins and entire margins Emerging leaves on new growth flushes are bronze red initially and appear wilted The inflorescence stem is red and covered with fine pubescence has a conical and pyramidal shape 20 to 30 cm long and is high or low density flowered above 16 45 are hermaphroditic Fruit oblong oval elliptical irregular oval cordiform and oblique oblong up to 9 7 cm long and 6 7 cm wide weighing from 77 226 g the skin is a combination of red and yellow colors at ripeness the yellow flesh is juicy and sweet 13 25 Brix Lozano et al 2010 Rheedia madruno HBK PI et Tr Geographical distribution Below 1200 m a s l in the warm and dry valleys of the departments of Huila Tolima Cundinamarca Sucre Bolivar Magdalena Cesar and Guajira Consumption mode The ripe fruit is squeezed manually or against a flat surface so that its internal content is softened thus becoming semi liquid Then a small perforation is Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015 made on the apex of the fruit in order to suck out the sweet syrup thus obtained Uses Fresh consumption and juice Furthermore Corrales Bernal et al 2014 suggest that the fruit has antioxidant capacity and nutritional bioactive compounds with poten
38. urpurea L en tres municipios del estado de Tabasco M xico Bioagro 23 2 141 149 Wistberger D D Current y E Archer 1982 rboles del parque Deininger Divisi n de Parques Nacionales y Vida Silvestre MAG Ministerio de Educaci n Direcci n de Publicaciones San Salvador Rep blica del Salvador 336 p 7617 Buritic P Cartagena J R 7618 Rev Fac Nal Agr 68 2 7589 7618 2015
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