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1. Data category Attributes Unit Categories Options Country categorical List of world countries City text Community text GPS Spot number Aida categorical hectare square meter acre square yard manzana Main Crop text Plot number number GPS Spot number ES Implementation Evaluation Date date Area number categorical hectare square meter acre square yard manzana linear meter Plots Slope E Plot form categorical Rectangle Circle Line Irregular Pastureland Coffee Cocoa Migratory i agriculture Taungya Boundary System type categorical Reinet aer Home 2 Forest Tree number number Species text GPS Spot number Measure at 1 3 m number categorical DBH CBH Total height number categorical Clinometer Visual estimation Commercial height number categorical Clinometer Visual estimation Crown diameter number Tree Occlusion Stem form categorical Normal Forked Broken Sinuous Inclined Asymmetric Health categorical Healthy Sick Mortality categorical Harvest Thinning Fire Natural causes Wind Diseases Clandestine cut Evaluation date date Observations text Species text Seedling quantity number EE Sapling quantity number Seedling Young tree quantity number Evaluation date date Observations text 43
2. 2011 Somarriba and Beer 17 2011 Detlefsen and Somarriba 2012 Ibrahim and Zapata 2012 Jim nez 2012 Somarriba et al 2014 In agroforestry systems timber is one of the main sources of long term income Timber also represents a strategy for crisis prevention in the case of crop system failures especially during droughts pest incidences and market strikes Camargo et a 1999 Ibrahim and Pezo 2012 Somarriba ef a 2014 In coffee systems for example income from timber yield is significant ranging between 6 and 83 of total farm revenue depending on the current market prices and quality of the wood Jim nez 2012 In agroforestry pasturelands the income generated by the sustainable use of trees can reach between 69 to 480 US ha Plata 2012 These revenues represent between 2 2 and 15 of the total net income of a silvopastoral system with dual purpose cattle production In cocoa systems in Honduras at 21 years of production farmers may have a total income of approximately 65 026 US ha 1 with 85 of this income coming from timber production Somarriba et a 2012 Timber from agroforestry systems is a great economic option for farmers considering it can provide higher revenues than traditional crop systems and can reduce costs of weeding and pest control of associated crops Bertomeu 2006 Somarriba et a 2012 Nevertheless Central America lacks a market that values agroforestry products especially timber and the co
3. 332 342 doi 10 1016 j bios 2014 04 014 GWI Global Web Index United Kingdom 2014 GWI Device Report 2014 London United Kingdom Global Web Index 31 p Reports ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre Kenya 2006 World Agroforestry into the Future Garrity D Okono A Grayson M Parrott S eds Nairobi Kenya World Agroforestry Centre 213 p Available in http www worldagroforestrycentre org downloads publications PDFs b14409 pdf Inman Narahari F Giardina C Ostertag R Cordell S Sack L 2010 Digital data collection in forest dynamics plots Methods in Ecology and Evolution 1 3 274 279 doi 10 1111 j 2041 210X 2010 00034 x Itoh T Eizawa J Yano N Matsue K Naito K 2010 Development of Software to Measure Tree Heights on the Smartphone Journal of the Japanese Forest Society 92 4 221 225 doi 10 4005 jjfs 92 221 41 Jain L Kumar H Singla R K 2014 Assessing Mobile Technology Usage for Knowledge Dissemination among Farmers in Punjab Information Technology for Development 2014 1 1 9 doi 10 1080 02681102 2013 874325 Kennedy R McLeman R Sawada M Smigielski J 2014 Use of Smartphone Technology for Small Scale Silviculture A Test of Low Cost Technology in Eastern Ontario Small scale Forestry 13 1 101 115 doi 10 1007 s11842 013 9243 5 Kent J Ammour T 2012 An lisis financiero y econ mico de la producci n de madera en sistemas agroforestales Jn Detlefsen G Somarriba E
4. Available in http www fao org docrep 006 ad232e ad232e00 htm 2013 Advancing Agroforestry on the Policy Agenda A guide for decision makers Place F Gauthier M eds Rome Italy Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations 49 p Agroforestry Working Paper 1 Available in http www fao org docrep 017 i13182e i3182e00 pdf 2014 State of the World s Forests Enhancing the socioeconomic benefits from forests Rome Italy Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations 145 p State of the World s Forests doi 978 92 5 308270 4 Available in http www fao org 3 a i3710e pdf Faustino J 2000 Cortinas rompevientos Jn M ndez E Beer J Faustino J Otarola A eds 2000 Pl ntaci n de rboles en l nea Turrialba Costa Rica CATIE p 23 41 Materiales de ense anza Haggar J P Schibli C Staver C 2001 C mo manejar rboles de sombra en cafetales Agroforester a en las Am ricas 8 29 37 41 Harvey C A Villanueva C Villacis J Chac n M Mu oz D L pez M Ibrahim M G mez R Taylor R Martinez J Navas A Saenz J S nchez D Medina A Vilchez S Hern ndez B Perez A Ruiz F L pez F Lang I Sinclair F L 2005 Contribution of live fences to the ecological integrity of agricultural landscapes Agriculture Ecosystems 8 Environment 111 1 4 200 230 doi 10 1016 j agee 2005 06 011 Harvey C A Villanueva C Esquivel H G mez R Ib
5. Cruz A R Detlefsen G Ibrahim M Camino R d Galloway G 2010 Aprovechamiento del recurso maderable en sistemas silvopastoriles de Belice Recursos Naturales y Ambiente 59 60 91 98 Available in http finnfor catie ac cr admin documents 27 CTPT Comisi n Trinacional del Plan Trifinio El Salvador 2014 Regi n del Trifinio en breve Comisi n Trinacional del Plan Trifinio San Salvador El Salvador Available in http www sica int trifinio trifinio breve trifinio aspx IdEnt 140 Cubbage F Glenn V Paul Mueller J Robison D Myers R Luginbuhl J M Myers R 2012 Early tree growth crop yields and estimated returns for an agroforestry trial in Goldsboro North Carolina Agroforestry Systems 86 3 323 334 doi 10 1007 s10457 012 9481 0 Detlefsen G Pomareda C Ibrahim M Pezo D 2008 La legislaci n forestal debe ser revisada para fomentar y aprovechar el recurso maderable en fincas ganaderas de 30 Centroam rica Turrialba Costa Rica CATIE 34 p Sintesis para Decisores Available in http orton catie ac cr repdoc A2445E A2445E PDF Detlefsen G Marmillod D Scheelje M Ibrahim M 2012 Protocolo para la instalaci n de parcelas permanentes de medici n de la producci n maderable en sistemas agroforestales de Centroam rica Turrialba Costa Rica CATIE 19 p Manual t cnico no 107 doi 978 9977 57 574 2 Available in http finnfor catie ac cr admin documents 184 Detlefsen G Schee
6. Pinus oocarpa Tabebuia rosea Swietenia macrophylla Cordia alliodora and Cedrela odorata represent 83 of the accumulated frequency of timber species High rates in basal area growth and timber volume are related to silvopastoral systems and live fences where P oocarpa and C odorata the most frequent species in these systems respectively are also related to higher increments Nevertheless lower annual increments of timber volume 1 86 m3 ha and stem quality were found in silvopastoral systems with 40 trees ha of 7 rosea We found that trees from agroforestry systems have a lower value than trees from natural forests in the local and exportation market Buyer s reports indicate that trees from agroforestry systems generally have irregular stem form and low timber quality However assuming two scenarios of discount rates to calculate the NPV 6 and 12 of crop and timber revenues show that agroforestry systems are still profitable to smallholders Using a discount rate of 6 the costs and incomes of the agroforestry systems studied the NPV from timber revenues are more pronounced mainly in coffee and cocoa systems We found an expressive incidence of natural regeneration in silvopastoral systems with natural grass that include the silvopastoral systems with P oocarpa and T rosea Natural regeneration of C alliodora in cocoa systems is inexpressive similar to other species in coffee and live fence systems According interviewed farmer
7. ed sn eviued decid secvetes cetdectessevcarscecdecteredveeescedecctesscveeredese 29 ACKNOWICAGMENES saa aaa aaaea anaa aaa Deia AEA EEEE aAa AiE E aei rE ae EE eiaa 29 ROO E A e A ca sed Vs wu de S 29 Article 2 Supporting agroforestry planning for timber production with a smartphone appP eeeeeeeeeees 35 A A A E E T A 35 BM e cain a a a ea a a Ed e tc Cd a a 36 2 1 Agroforestree StructuratiO ices ceecnaeseacetcnecevcvepencecdceteededeceececevensedudectenecdeetaedi ectacedevescauecnetnsest 36 2 2v Agroforestree validati cceccecvacaeceivececducdacauc aredecnnsleneccdedede NAAA Nane EANA an E AEA daa c di 37 3 R sults AMG discuta ica plo diaa baa Tiara t 37 3 1 Device USAbIlity ANd UDs eenia nia nanai iranan E a tse Ai aaia da tenia cai dci 37 3 2 Data collection and processing iMputS cccccececeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeseeeneeeeeeeeeeenenenss 38 A AN 40 A E A E cedrumeggeuetasseeerubadZeeurbadececrubigeturtsssceurinetde 40 EE E AE TA AA A E E E E E EE 40 A A A A E AT 42 TABLE INDEX Table 1 Periodical annual increment PAI of basal area and timber volume from different tree populations of agroforestry systems in Honduras and Nicaragua Basal area growth is classified into low 0 1 to 1 0 moderate 1 1 to 2 0 and high 2 1 Timber volume growth rate is classified into low 0 1 to 3 0 moderate 3 1 to 6 0 and high 6 1 22 Table 2 Estimated timber price of a standing tree to sawmi
8. eds 2012 Producci n de madera en sistemas agroforestales de Centroam rica Turrialba Costa Rica CATIE p 91 111 Technical Series Available in http finnfor catie ac cr admin documents 208 Pratihast A K Souza Junior C M Herold M Ribbe L 2012 Application of mobile devices for community based forest monitoring Jn Sensing a Changing World II II Wageningen Netherlands 2012 Wageningen Netherlands Wageningen UR p 3 Pye Smith C 2013 Trees for Life Creating a more prosperous future through agroforestry Nairobi Kenya World Agroforestry Centre 167 p Available in http www sifi se wp content uploads 2014 09 ICRAF lo res bookV14 pdf Santos Martin F Bertomeu M van Noordwijk M Navarro R 2011 Why smallholders plant native timber trees lessons from the Philippines Bogor Indonesia ASB Partnership and ICRAF 4 p Policy Brief Available in http outputs worldagroforestry org record 6570 files ICRAF 2014 414 pdf Snelder D J Lasco R D 2008 Smallholder Tree Growing in South and Southeast Asia n Snelder D Lasco R eds 2008 Smallholder Tree Growing for Rural Development and Environmental Services Springer Netherlands p 3 33 Advances in Agroforestry doi 10 1007 978 1 4020 8261 0_1 Somarriba E Beer J Muschler R G 2001 Research methods for multistrata agroforestry systems with coffee and cacao recommendations from two decades of research at CATIE Agroforestry Systems 53 195 20
9. ef a 2014 Pritchard et a 2014 Agroforestry systems have the advantage of offering short term economic benefits through agricultural yields while timber harvest benefits can be expected over medium to long time scales Kent and Ammour 2012 Nevertheless without appropriate resources and knowledge for tree management the timber production in agroforestry systems may present less feasibility than expected by farmers Table 3 Average annual costs crop production and trees harvest in different agroforestry systems of Nicaragua and Honduras Average Average annual cost of annual Number f trees System crop crop Unit harvested ha Year management production US ha ha 19 C alliodora 20 Coffee Cedrela Cordia 350 00 16 5 Quintal 18 C odorata 20 Coffee Swietenia 350 00 15 5 Quintal 40 24 SSP Pinus 500 00 10 500 L 20 each 10 SSP Tabebuia 475 00 9 000 L 5 each 6 Cocoa Cordia 192 00 7 Quintal 11 20 Live Fence Cedrela ii i 31 20 However assuming two scenarios of discount rates to calculate the NPV 6 and 12 of crop and timber revenues shows that agroforestry systems are still profitable to smallholders The NPV from timber revenues in a scenario of 6 of the discount rate are more pronounced mainly in coffee and cocoa systems Fig 5 NPV 12 _ Crop C Timber 1 2 275007 NPV 6 im Crop al Timber IRR 1 0 2 220007 08 2 B gt 165004 2 u S 06 0 8
10. en sistemas silvopastoriles Jn Detlefsen G Somarriba E eds 2012 Producci n de madera en sistemas agroforestales de Centroam rica Turrialba Costa Rica CATIE p 112 132 Technical Series Available in http finnfor catie ac cr admin documents 208 INEC Instituto Nacional de Estad sticas y Censos Nicaragua 2006 Censo de poblaci n y de vivienda 2005 Man gua Nicaragua INEC 40 p Censos Nacionales 7 ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization Japan 2013 Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation 2012 Yokohama Japan International Tropical Timber Organization ITTO 182 p Annual report Available in http www itto int annual review Jim nez N G 2012 Producci n de madera y almacenamiento de carbono en cafetales con cedro Cedrela odorata y caoba Swietenia macrophylla en Honduras M Sc Thesis Turrialba Costa Rica CATIE 121 p Kent J Ammour T 2012 An lisis financiero y econ mico de la producci n de madera en sistemas agroforestales Jn Detlefsen G Somarriba E eds 2012 Producci n de madera en sistemas agroforestales de Centroam rica Turrialba Costa Rica CATIE p 91 111 Technical Series Available in http finnfor catie ac cr admin documents 208 Leiva E R 2011 Efectos del marco pol tico y legislativo en el aprovechamiento de la madera de sistemas agroforestales del Municipio de El Cu Nicaragua M Sc Thesis Turrialba Costa Rica Centro Agron mico
11. finnfor catie ac cr admin documents 184 40 Detlefsen G Somarriba E 2012 Producci n de madera en sistemas agroforestales de Centroam rica 1 ed Detlefsen G Somarriba E eds Turrialba Costa Rica CATIE 244 p Manual t cnico no 109 Dewi S Ekadinata A Galudra G Agung P Johana F 2011 LUWES Land use planning for Low Emission Development Strategy Bogor Indonesia World Agroforestry Centre ICRAF SEA Regional Office 47 p FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations Italy 2013a Climate Smart Agriculture Rome Italy Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations FAO 569 p 1 Available in http www fao org docrep 018 i3325e i3325e pdf 2013b Advancing Agroforestry on the Policy Agenda A guide for decision makers Place F Gauthier M eds Rome Italy Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations 49 p Agroforestry Working Paper 1 Available in http www fao org docrep 017 i3182e 3182e00 pdf Ferster C J Coops N C Harshaw H W Kozak R A Meitner M J 2013 An Exploratory Assessment of a Smartphone Application for Public Participation in Forest Fuels Measurement in the Wildland Urban Interface Forests 4 1199 1219 doi 10 3390 f4041199 Ferster C J Coops N C 2014 Assessing the quality of forest fuel loading data collected using public participation methods and smartphones International Journal of Wildland Fire 23 4 585 590 doi 10 107
12. g 11000 0 4 E 5 E J g 5500 0 2 0 SHR FERA a 0 0 Coffee Cedrela Cordia Coffee Swietenia SSP Pinus SSP Tabebuia Cocoa Cordia Live fence Cedrela Fig 5 Net present value by revenues NPV from crop production and timber sales and Internal rate for return IRR for different agroforestry systems in Nicaragua and Honduras considering two scenarios of discount rate of NPV 6 and 12 over twenty four years Silvopastoral systems with P oocarpa need no intensive silvicultural management and have the best IRR and NPV of timber sales in both scenarios In Nicaragua trees on silvopastoral systems with 7 rosea are managed for firewood production and are less profitable from an economic perspective a tree with an average volume of 1 3 m is sold by US 5 in the local market We developed harvesting plans according to the population dynamics of both species farmers can harvest 20 trees ha of P oocarpa every 10 years and 5 trees hat of 7 rosea every 6 years Results of population dynamics are explained in 25 the next section According to our estimation net revenues from timber sales in silvopastoral systems with P oocarpa under this harvesting plan are 64 superior an increment of US 4 800 hat Fig 6 in the years of timber harvest each 10 years However financial contributions from timber sales of 7 rosea in silvopastoral systems are less only 2 of total net revenues in the years of timber harvest due to the po
13. macrophylla A Coffee 0 80 r T T T 1 1 79 0 76 0 27 1 30 2 33 Axis 1 22 05 7 PAI Timber volume E Species A System 4 Country Fig 4 Timber yields m3 ha year from different tree populations of agroforestry systems in Honduras and Nicaragua Biplot obtained by first two axis from a multiple correspondence analysis Periodical annual increment PAI of timber volume is classified into low 0 1 to 3 0 moderate 3 1 to 6 0 and high 2 6 1 Coffee systems as well as S macrophylla C odorata and C alliodora the main species in these systems are correlated with moderate and high increases of the PAIs of basal area and timber volume Fig 3 and Fig 4 These farmers manage a high density of S macrophylla 140 trees ha and C odorata 210 trees hat and this is the reason for the high increments of timber volume Table 1 High densities in the early years of the systems is a strategy to control vertical tree height growth as well as avoid the growth of branches However to best take advantage of timber yields while not affecting coffee production it 23 is necessary to reduce tree density by thinning Haggar et a 2001 Somarriba et a 2001a Salgado 2012 assuming the optimal level of shade in coffee systems is between 20 50 depending on the environmental conditions and altitudinal ranges Haggar et al 2001 Virginio Filho et a 2009 Results for timber yields of C alliodora in cocoa systems contrasts with the data
14. reported by Somarriba ef a 2014 in Central American cocoa systems The authors reported an increment of 4 43 m3 ha in an average population of 48 trees ha Low increments in the cocoa systems may be associated with the age of the trees In another study undertaken in cocoa systems of Central America Somarriba ef a 2012 reported that trees present a fast growth rate until reaching 30 34 cm of DAP followed by a period of slow growth In our study the average DAP of the trees in cocoa systems was 31 cm It was observed that the absence of pruning of C odorata in coffee systems results in irregular growth of trees and stimulates the formation of branches damaging the quality of the wood When comparing the growth of C odorata between live fence and coffee systems the possibility is noted that even with higher growth of basal area in coffee systems 2 16 m2 ha in coffee versus 1 55 m2 ha in live fences the timber yields are lower due to malformation of the stem 7 30 m3 ha in coffee versus 11 12 m3 ha in live fences 3 3 Financial attractiveness of agroforestry timber production We estimate the timber price of a standing tree for sawmilling purchased at the farm considering the stem quality of trees in the agroforestry systems evaluated in this study Table 2 Table 2 Estimated timber price of a standing tree to sawmilling DBH 45 cm from agroforestry systems in Honduras and Nicaragua The price of 7 rosea represents
15. the local price of a tree to firewood DBH gt 35 cm Average Species Board foot price Timber price harvesting Tree price US US m3 tree volume US tree m3 tree Pinus oocarpa 0 70 296 59 0 80 237 27 Cedrela odorata 0 95 402 52 0 90 360 25 Cordia alliodora 0 25 105 93 1 03 109 10 Swietenia macrophylla 1 75 741 48 1 23 912 01 Tabebuia rosea 3 85 1 30 5 01 We found that trees from agroforestry systems have lower values than trees from natural forests both in the local and international market Buyer s reports illustrate that trees from agroforestry systems generally have irregular stem form and low timber quality Furthermore the absence of silvicultural management and the low quality of the seeds offered to farmers can be noted as reasons for the low quality of timber Hoch et al 2012 noted that the lack of financial support and the insufficient access to good planting material may be reasons for the uncertainty of timber quality of wood from agroforestry systems as well as from other reforestation programs in the Amazon In our case study farmers could not tell if the quality of seeds supplied for their systems had been tested by laboratory trials The combination of genetic physical physiologic and sanitary attributes determines seed quality and are essential to determine the success of tree growth and higher market value of trees Popinigis 1983 FAO 1987 Lima Junior et al 24 2005 Lima Junior 2010 Nyoka
16. 1 58 0 95 0 3 0 65 20 1 44 0 95 0 27 0 68 25 1 34 0 98 0 15 0 7 We developed the population dynamic projection associated with timber harvest plans for silvopastoral systems with P oocarpa and 7 rosea where the natural regeneration was expressive Timber harvest of these species can be done sustainably by using proper management of the natural regeneration Table 4 presents the growth rate and transition coefficients of both species 27 30 A m 25 T 20 lt Y ye nt nil 10 aa gt nt 11 5 nt 12 0 Diameter upper class limit cm Fig 7 Simulation of population dynamic of Pinus oocarpa with natural regeneration in pasturelands of Honduras with an average tree population of 88 trees ha and 30 seedlings ha and a timber harvesting cycle of 20 trees hat each 10 years R recruits S sapling H harvest Assuming the current average population of trees in silvopastoral systems of P oocarpa 88 trees ha and the growth rates that we found within these systems 20 trees ha DBH gt 45 cm can be harvested every 10 years Fig 7 The minimal conditions needed to guarantee the success of the harvest plan are the maintenance of 30 trees ha year currently farmers manage that quantity of seedlings the minimum annual survival rate for each diameter class Table 4 and seed production trees It is important to highlight that silvopastoral systems of P oocarpa are changing the population dyna
17. 1 WF13173 Fuentes S Bei R d Pozo C Tyerman S 2012 Development of a smartphone application to characterise temporal and spatial canopy architecture and leaf area index for grapevines Wine and Viticulture Journal 27 6 56 60 Godlevsky L Bidnyuk E Bayazitov N Kresyun N Kovalenko A Lyashenko A Balykov V 2013 Application of mobile photography with smartphone cameras for monitoring of early caries appearance in the course of orthodontic correction with dental brackets Applied Medical Informatics 33 4 21 26 Gold M Cernusca M Hall M 2013 Handbook for agroforestry planning and design Gold M Cernusca M Hall M eds Missouri USA The Center for Agroforestry University of Missouri 81 p 1 Available in http centerforagroforestry org pubs training index ph G mez Robledo L L pez Ruiz N Melgosa M Palma A J Capit n Vallvey L F S nchez Mara n M 2013 Using the mobile phone as Munsell soil colour sensor an experiment under controlled illumination conditions Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 99 200 208 doi 10 1016 j compag 2013 10 002 Gong A Wub X Qiu Z He Y 2013 A handheld device for leaf area measurement Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 98 2013 74 80 doi 10 1016 j compag 2013 07 013 Gopinath S C B Tang T H Chen Y Citartan M Lakshmipriya T 2014 Bacterial detection From microscope to smartphone Biosensors and Bioelectronics 60 0
18. 3 doi 10 1023 A 1013380605176 Somarriba E Su rez Islas A Calero Borge W Villota A Castillo C V lchez S Deheuvels O Cerda R 2014 Cocoa timber agroforestry systems Theobroma cacao Cordia alliodora in Central America Agroforest Systems 88 1 doi 10 1007 s10457 014 9692 7 UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization France 2014 Reading in the mobile era A study of mobile reading in developing countries Paris France United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization 85 p 1 Wallace R D Bargeron C T 2014 Identifying invasive species in real time early detection and distribution mapping system EDDMapS and other mapping tools Jn Dukes J S Ziska L H eds 2014 Invasive species and global climate change Wallingford CABI p 219 231 doi 10 1079 9781780641645 0219 WEC World Economic Forum Switzerland 2014 The Global Information Technology Report 2014 Bilbao Osorio B Dutta S Lanvin B eds Geneva Switzerland World Economic Forum 368 p Reports Wu H Chang C Lin C Tsai M Chang C Tseng M 2014 Developing screening services for colorectal cancer on Android smartphones Telemedicine and e health 20 8 687 695 Appendix Appendix A Data categories and attributes supported by Agroforestree app Data category Attributes Unit Categories Options Farm name text Farm Owner text Phone number 42
19. CATIEG Solutions for environment and development Soluciones para el ambiente y desarrollo CENTRO AGRON MICO TROPICAL DE INVESTIGACION Y ENSENANZA ESCUELA DE POSGRADO Agroforestry timber production in Central America population dynamics and information technologies in Nicacentro and Trifinio By Kau Feitosa Dias de Sousa Thesis submitted for consideration to the Graduate School as a requirement for the degree of Mag ster Scientiae in Agroforesteria Tropical Turrialba Costa Rica Esta tesis ha sido aceptada en su presente forma por la Divisi n de Educaci n y el Programa de Posgrado del CATIE y aprobada por el Comit Consejero del estudiante como requisito parcial para optar por el grado de MAGISTER SCIENTIAE EN AGROFORESTER A TROPICAL FIRMANTES Miembro Comit Consejero Francisco Jim nez Dr Sc Decano Programa de Posgrado Kau Feito Candidato Il DEDICATORY To Central American farmers and their families That this work can contribute to their quality of life IIT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To Project Finnfor Edgar Maravi Andrea Johnson Carol Valverde Noyle Pereira and all staff and Natura Inovac o e Tecnologia de Produtos Michell Blind Bruno Oliveira and Iguatemi Costa for the financial support To God for all that He gives to me To my wife Suelen Castro de Sousa for the unconditional support 24 7 This thesis is yours too To my mom daddy and my brothers I appre
20. Tropical de Investigaci n y Ense anza 177 p Lima Junior M J V Ellis R H Hong T D Ferraz 1 D K 2005 Drying method influences the development of germinability dessication tolerance and subsequent longevity of immature seeds of suma ma Seed Science and Technology 33 1 147 156 Lima Junior M J V 2010 Manual de procedimentos para an lise de sementes florestais Lima Junior M J V ed Londrina Brazil Associac o Brasileira de Tecnologia de Sementes ABRATES 83 p L pez A Detlefsen G 2012 Agroforester a y la producci n de madera n Detlefsen G Somarriba E eds 2012 Producci n de madera en sistemas agroforestales de Centroam rica Turrialba Costa Rica CATIE p 9 20 Technical Series Available in http finnfor catie ac cr admin documents 208 Nyoka B Roshetko J Jamnadass R Muriuki J Kalinganire A Lillesg J P Beedy T Cornelius J 2014 Tree Seed and Seedling Supply Systems A Review of the Asia Africa and Latin America Models Small scale Forestry 1 21 doi 10 1007 s11842 014 9280 8 Orozco L 2012 Instrumentos y pol tica forestal de Nicaragua Implicaciones para el fomento de los sistemas silvopastoriles Turrialba Costa Rica CATIE 2 p Policy Brief Available in http finnfor catie ac cr admin documents 197 Peri P L Bloomberg M 2002 Windbreaks in southern Patagonia Argentina A review of research on growth models windspeed reduction and effects oncrops Agroforest
21. a toma de datos y la planificaci n agroforestal de fincas Los resultados indican un ahorro promedio de un 90 en el proceso de procesamiento de datos utilizando el app desarrollado en este trabajo lo que posibilit una mayor prontitud en la devoluci n de informaci n a los productores agroforestales para la toma de decisi n sobre la planificaci n de las fincas La aplicaci n es un componente del paquete de apps para agroforester a planteado por los autores y puede ser utilizada en todo el mundo Palabras clave rendimientos de madera peque os productores planificaci n agroforestal aplicaciones para tel fonos inteligentes Centroam rica General Introduction 1 Background Tropical forests are a source of many essential resources and products for human needs Among these products timber has the greatest interest both commercially and in terms of livelihood and economic returns Orozco and Somarriba 2005 Chave ef a 2009 Detlefsen and Somarriba 2012 Kent and Ammour 2012 SFB 2013 FAO 2014 However timber harvest in natural forests has become an unfeasible alternative due to issues that have decreased the legal wood supply deforestation for agricultural activity implementation the expansion of areas under forest protection and complex laws for timber harvesting Ibrahim and Camargo 2001 Snelder and Lasco 2008 L pez and Detlefsen 2012 FAO 2013a The establishment of forest plantations is not interesting for smallholders beca
22. arrott S eds Nairobi Kenya World Agroforestry Centre 213 p Available in http www worldagroforestrycentre org downloads publications PDFs b14409 pdf ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre Kenya UK AID Department for International Development UK 2014 Treesilience An assessment of the resilience provided by trees in the drylands of Eastern Africa de Leeuw J Njenga M Wagner B Iiyama M eds Nairobi Kenya World Agroforestry Centre 181 p 1 INEC Instituto Nacional de Estad sticas y Censos Nicaragua 2006 Censo de poblaci n y de vivienda 2005 Man gua Nicaragua INEC 40 p Censos Nacionales 7 Jain L Kumar H Singla R K 2014 Assessing Mobile Technology Usage for Knowledge Dissemination among Farmers in Punjab Information Technology for Development 2014 1 1 9 doi 10 1080 02681102 2013 874325 Jamnadass R Place F Torquebiau E Mal zieux E liyama M Sileshi G W Kehlenbeck K Masters E McMullin S Weber J C Dawson I K 2013 Agroforestry food and nutritional security Nairobi Kenya ICRAF ICRAF Working Paper 170 Available in http www fao org forestry 37082 04957fe26afbc90d1e9c0356c48185295 pdf Kent J Ammour T 2012 An lisis financiero y econ mico de la producci n de madera en sistemas agroforestales n Detlefsen G Somarriba E eds 2012 Producci n de madera en sistemas agroforestales de Centroam rica Turrialba Costa Rica CATIE p 91 111 Technical Se
23. astoral systems generally present low timber quality for sawmilling due to the absence of competition for light and the presence of some traits that restrict the growth in opened areas Cruz et a 2010 Ibrahim and Zapata 2012 Table 1 Periodical annual increment PAI of basal area and timber volume from different tree populations of agroforestry systems in Honduras and Nicaragua Basal area growth is classified into low 0 1 to 1 0 moderate 1 1 to 2 0 and high gt 2 1 Timber volume growth rate is classified into low 0 1 to 3 0 moderate 3 1 to 6 0 and high gt 6 1 PAI Basal area PAI Timber volume Species Country System F trees ha m2 ha year m ha year Cordia alliodora Honduras Coffee 52 1 61 4 50 Nicaragua Cocoa 40 0 63 2 70 Nicaragua Coffee 60 0 86 4 20 Nicaragua Live fence 24 0 10 1 00 Nicaragua Silvopastoral 14 0 08 0 54 Cedrela odorata Honduras Coffee 80 2 16 7 30 Honduras Live fence 44 1 55 11 12 Nicaragua Cocoa 50 0 40 2 00 Nicaragua Coffee 210 1 09 8 90 Nicaragua _ Silvopastoral 8 0 06 0 48 Pinus oocarpa Honduras _ Silvopastoral 88 2 87 12 84 Swietenia macrophylla Nicaragua Cocoa 20 0 35 1 90 Nicaragua Coffee 140 1 38 17 40 Tabebuia rosea Honduras _Live fence 8 0 06 0 12 Nicaragua _ Silvopastoral 40 0 27 1 86 Timber yields in live fences with 44 trees ha 110 trees kmt of C odorata and 8 trees ha 20 trees km of 7 rosea showed a correlation with higher rates of PAI for C odo
24. ca CATIE p 69 80 Materiales de ense anza 29 Beer J Ibrahim M Somarriba E Barrance A Leakey R 2009 Establecimiento y manejo de arboles en sistemas agroforestales 198 242 p Arboles de Centroam rica 1 Beer J 2012 Producci n de rboles maderables en linderos Jn Detlefsen G Somarriba E eds 2012 Producci n de madera en sistemas agroforestales de Centroam rica Turrialba Costa Rica CATIE p 199 210 Technical Series Available in http finnfor catie ac cr admin documents 208 Bertomeu M 2006 Financial evaluation of smallholder timber based agroforestry systems in Claveria Northern Mindanao the Philippines Small scale Forestry 5 1 57 81 doi 10 1007 s11842 006 0004 6 2008 Can Smallholder Tree Farmers Help Revive the Timber Industry in Deforested Tropical Countries A Case Study from Southern Philippines Zn Snelder D Lasco R eds 2008 Smallholder Tree Growing for Rural Development and Environmental Services Springer Netherlands p 177 191 Advances in Agroforestry doi 10 1007 978 1 4020 8261 0_8 Borge W A C 2009 Producci n de madera y carbono en la regeneraci n de sistemas agroforestales en la reserva ind gena de Talamanca Costa Rica Ciencia e Interculturalidad 2 2 108 130 Available in http revistas uraccan edu ni index php Interculturalidad article view 148 Borzone H A Bardi J F Laddaga J E 2007 Crecimiento de Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh cultivado co
25. ciate the prayers and good vibes of my friends in Brazil To my friends at CATIE without them the life in the bubble would not be the same Special thanks to Professor Elias de Melo and Professor Ronnie de Camino for initial support and motivation to start this master Thanks to Professors Manuel Lima Junior Y da Arruda Angela Mendes and Joberto Freitas UFAM Brazil for their support To Oscar Rivera for the dedication in developing the app for the realization of this work thank you very much for all effort To the Members of the Committee for the contribution guidance and recommendations on the construction of this work To Professor Guillermo Detlefsen for coordinating and supporting this thesis with data collection analysis and discussion of results To Narciso Arita Marvin Tinoco Daniel Paredes and farmers for their support in the data collection To Jenny Ordo ez ICRAF for the financial support at the end of this walking To the Department of Biostatistics Fernando Casanoves Sergio Vilchez and Alejandra Ospina for assistance with processing and data analysis To Professors Eduardo Somarriba and Rolando Cerda for the support with models of population dynamics To the staff of CATIE s Graduate School Jeannette Ariadne Aranjid Cynthia Alfonso Martha and Noily To Lindsey Hethcote thank you very much for helping with revisions to the text Thank you very much IV SUMMARY General INtrOdUCtON c
26. countries data were processed for the study area using a database structured on Microsoft Access 2013 containing volumetric and diametric equations to calculate tree commercial volume classify species as timber or non timber and classify trees in diametric classes Results and recommendations were shared with each farmer and decision maker in a workshop 3 Results and discussion 3 1 Device usability and UI We compared the app usability in both devices selected The app runs fluently in both devices however the tablet demonstrated better performance in the data collection process Features like a better battery and larger display 7 instead of 4 7 made the use of the tablet preferable over the smaller phone by the working group The tablet display makes it possible to show on the left hand side of the screen the tree list or farms plots list and demonstrates improved navigation between different data entries Fig 9 37 ca TSE Agroforestree Farm NN groforestree Fa gy EV v FARM NAME La Hacienda FARM NAME Laguna La Hacienda Rancho oes AAA AAA ee Tranquilo Juan Vargas OWNER PHONE 57 0000 00000 Juan Vargas COUNTRY PHONE Honduras CITY 57 0000 0000 5 Copan Ruinas COUNTRY GPS Spot 1 Honduras AREA CITY 5 0 hectare y MAIN CROP Copan Ruinas cacao GPS Spot 1 AREA 5 0 hectare SS co al A Fig 9 Comparison between Agrofores
27. ecies on agroforestry systems with coffee cocoa and livestock in smallholder farms of two Central American climate smart territories Nicacentro Nicaragua and Trifinio Honduras 2 2 Specific objectives a Evaluate the population dynamic and natural regeneration of timber species on agroforestry systems from smallholders in Nicacentro and Trifinio b Determine the feasibility of timber harvesting on agroforestry systems with a natural regeneration recruitment plan c Evaluate the potential of the timber harvesting financial contribution to agroforestry systems by the implementation of a natural regeneration recruitment plan d Validate a smartphone tablet app to support the data collection in forestry inventory to reduce the data processing and information feedback time 3 Research questions 7 Do the agroforestry systems have mechanisms of natural regeneration b Does the natural regeneration in agroforestry systems studied satisfy the population dynamics inverted J c Does the application of silvicultural techniques for managing population dynamics enable sustainable timber harvesting d Does the timber harvesting conducted on farms according to the criteria of the recruitment plan contribute to the potential income of the farms e How profitable are timber yields and harvests in agroforestry systems f Can promoting the use of an app for smartphones help reduce the time to data collection data process and agrofo
28. eloped countries FAO 2014 Tropical timber hardwood has special trade value due to its high mechanical resistance varied colors textures and applicability However deforestation from agricultural activities the expansion of areas under forest protection and complex laws concerning timber harvesting have decreased the legal tropical timber supply especially in Central America Ibrahim and Camargo 2001 L pez and Detlefsen 2012 FAO 2013 ITTO 2013 Large scale reforestation was expected to be a successful solution for issues with the timber supply and trade however recent history reveals that reforestation projects have often been less successful than planned and are responsible for generating several territorial conflicts Bertomeu 2008 Snelder and Lasco 2008 Timber supply from smallholder agroforestry systems may be an alternative means to promote both timber production and sustainable land use however this topic has received relatively little attention from policy makers in developing countries Scheelje et a 2011 FAO 2013 Diversity amongst agroforestry systems that creates high competition within an ecosystem may generate higher timber yields than homogeneous timber forests Many research projects that have focused on timber yields from smallholder agroforestry systems show the potential of tropical timber production Somarriba ef a 2001a Somarriba et a 2001b Viera and Pineda 2004 Borge 2009 Cruz ef a 2010 Chavarr a ef a
29. ices and financing for food security adaptation and mitigation In The Hague Conference on Agriculture Food Security and Climate Change 2010 Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations p 47 2013a Advancing Agroforestry on the Policy Agenda A guide for decision makers Place F Gauthier M eds Rome Italy Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations 49 p Agroforestry Working Paper 1 Available in http www fao org docrep 017 i3182e i3182e00 pdf 2013b Climate Smart Agriculture Rome Italy Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations FAO 569 p 1 Available in http www fao org docrep 018 i13325e i3325e pdf 2013c FAO Statistical Yearbook World food and agriculture Rome Italy Food and Agriculture Organization FAO Statistical Yearbook 1 Available in http faostat fao org 2014 State of the World s Forests Enhancing the socioeconomic benefits from forests Rome Italy Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations 145 p State of the World s Forests doi 978 92 5 308270 4 Available in http www fao org 3 a i3710e pdf Ibrahim M Camargo J C 2001 C mo aumentar la regeneraci n de rboles maderables en potreros Agroforester a en las Am ricas 8 32 35 45 Available in ftp ftp fao org docrep nonfao lead x6354s x6354s00 pdf ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre Kenya 2006 World Agroforestry into the Future Garrity D Okono A Grayson M P
30. in the conceptual mark of the climate smart territories where an effort exists to develop integrated strategies for rural territorial development In both territories agriculture is the livelihood of the majority of the population The Trifinio region has an area of 7 541 km2 including 45 towns with a total of 670 000 inhabitants The average annual precipitation is 1 600 mm with an average annual temperature of 20 C The altitudinal range is between 600 and 1 600 m above sea level 18 CTPT 2014 This research was conducted in three Honduran towns that form part of Trifinio Copan Ruinas Nueva Arcadia and Santa Rita Nicacentro has an area of 6 500 km2 including eight towns with a total of 360 000 inhabitants The altitudinal range is between 350 and 1 750 m above sea level The climate is classified as tropical wet with an average annual temperature of 26 C and an annual precipitation between 1 600 and 2 400 mm INEC 2006 The research for this study was conducted in El Cua a buffer area of the Bosawas Biosphere Reserve 2 2 Data collection and analysis The permanent sample plots PSP were set up in 2010 in Nicacentro and 2011 in Trifinio in agroforestry systems with different timber species including silvopastoral systems coffee farms cocoa farms and live fences Twenty seven PSPs were evaluated including 10 circular plots with 0 5 ha in silvopastoral systems rectangular plots with 0 1 ha in coffee 10 plots and cocoa syste
31. lable in ftp ftp fao org docrep nonfao lead X6322S X6322S00 pdf Snelder D J Lasco R D 2008 Smallholder Tree Growing in South and Southeast Asia Jn Snelder D Lasco R eds 2008 Smallholder Tree Growing for Rural Development and Environmental Services Springer Netherlands p 3 33 Advances in Agroforestry doi 10 1007 978 1 4020 8261 0_1 Somarriba E Beer J Muschler R G 2001a Research methods for multistrata agroforestry systems with coffee and cacao recommendations from two decades of research at CATIE Agroforestry Systems 53 195 203 doi 10 1023 A 1013380605176 Somarriba E Valdivieso R V squez W Galloway G 2001b Survival growth timber productivity and site index of Cordia alliodora in forestry and agroforestry systems Agroforestry Systems 51 111 118 doi 10 1023 A 1010699019745 Somarriba E Su rez Islas A Calero Borge W Villota A Castillo C V lchez S Deheuvels O Cerda R 2014 Cocoa timber agroforestry systems Theobroma cacao Cordia alliodora in Central America Agroforest Systems 88 1 doi 10 1007 s10457 014 9692 7 16 Article 1 Timber yields from smallholder agroforestry systems a case study from two Central American territories ABSTRACT The importance of tropical timber for human activities is increasing and developed countries are widely recognized for tropical timber production However the timber supply from tropical forests has been greatly impacted by i
32. lanning and design Using appropriated apps on farm analysis researchers and technicians can spend 90 less time on data processing invest more effort on farm planning share knowledge of silvicultural management and take better advantage of opportunities in the timber market References Beer J Ibrahim M Somarriba E Barrance A Leakey R 2009 Establecimiento y manejo de arboles en sistemas agroforestales 198 242 p rboles de Centroam rica 1 Bogdanski A 2012 Integrated food energy systems for climate smart agriculture Agriculture amp Food Security 1 9 doi 10 1186 2048 7010 1 9 Challinor A Cochrane K Howden M Iqbal M M Lobell D Travasso M I 2014 Food Security and Food Production Systems Jn Porter J R Xie L eds 2014 Climate Change 2014 Impacts Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group II Contribution to the IPCC 5th Assessment Report Changes to the Underlying Scientific Technical Assessment IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Geneva p 82 Assessment Report Chave J Coomes D A Jansen S Lewis S L Swenson N G Zanne A E 2009 Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum Ecology Letters 12 4 351 366 doi 10 1111 j 1461 0248 2009 01285 x Cruz A R Detlefsen G Ibrahim M Camino R d Galloway G 2010 Aprovechamiento del recurso maderable en sistemas silvopastoriles de Belice Recursos Naturales y Ambiente 59 60 91 98 Available in http fi
33. ldivieso R V squez W Galloway G 2001b Survival growth timber productivity and site index of Cordia alliodora in forestry and agroforestry systems Agroforestry Systems 51 111 118 doi 10 1023 A 1010699019745 Somarriba E Beer J 2011 Productivity of Theobroma cacao agroforestry systems with timber or legume service shade trees Agroforestry Systems 81 2 109 121 doi 10 1007 s10457 010 9364 1 Somarriba E Orozco L L pez A 2012 Producci n de madera en sistemas agroforestales con cacao Jn Detlefsen G Somarriba E eds 2012 Producci n de madera en sistemas agroforestales de Centroam rica Turrialba Costa Rica CATIE p 133 144 Technical Series Available in http finnfor catie ac cr admin documents 208 Somarriba E Su rez Islas A Calero Borge W Villota A Castillo C V lchez S Deheuvels O Cerda R 2014 Cocoa timber agroforestry systems Theobroma cacao Cordia alliodora in Central America Agroforest Systems 88 1 doi 10 1007 s10457 014 9692 7 S arez A Somarriba E 2002 Aprovechamiento sostenible de madera de Cordia alliodora de regeneraci n natural en cacaotales y bananales de ind genas de Talamanca Costa Rica Agroforester a en las Am ricas 9 35 36 50 54 33 Toru o I 2012 Analisis financiero econ mico de fincas con varias actividades productivas y el rol de la familia en la producci n y toma de decisiones en el Centro Norte de Nicaragua M Sc Thesis Turrialba Co
34. lje M 2012 Las normativas legales y el aprovechamiento de la madera en fincas Jn Detlefsen G Somarriba E eds 2012 Producci n de madera en sistemas agroforestales de Centroam rica Turrialba Costa Rica CATIE p 211 244 Technical Series Available in http finnfor catie ac cr admin documents 208 Detlefsen G Somarriba E 2012 Producci n de madera en sistemas agroforestales de Centroam rica 1 ed Detlefsen G Somarriba E eds Turrialba Costa Rica CATIE 244 p Manual t cnico no 109 Di Rienzo J A Casanoves F Balzarini M G Gonzalez L Tablada M Robledo C W 2014 InfoStat versi n 24 03 2011 ed C rdoba Argentina Universidad Nacional de C rdoba Available in http www infostat com ar Esquivel Mimenza H Ibrahimb M Harvey C A Benjamin T Sinclair F L 2011 Dispersed trees in pasturelands of cattle farms in a tropical dry ecosystem Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 14 2011 933 941 Available in http www scielo org mx pdf tsa v14n3 v14n336 pdf Esquivel M J Harvey C A Finegan B Casanoves F Skarpe C 2008 Effects of pasture management on the natural regeneration of neotropical trees Journal of Applied Ecology 45 1 371 380 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2664 2007 01411 x FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations Italy 1987 A guide to forest seed handling with special reference to the tropics Willan R L ed Rome Italy FAO FAO Forestry Paper 2
35. lling DBH 45 cm from agroforestry systems in Honduras and Nicaragua The price of 7 rosea represents the local price of a tree to firewood DBH gt 35O atada rio A Ea iO a PE 24 Table 3 Average annual costs crop production and trees harvest in different agroforestry systems of Nicaragua and Honduras hh i i nn i i inn nnn nn nnn i nnn nnn nn i i i i i iin 25 Table 4 Growth survival and transitions coefficients for a population of Pinus oocarpa and Tabebuia rosea with natural regeneration in pasturelands R recruits S sapling P individuals that move to next diameter class Q individuals that stay in the same diameter ha a ai lav ee eed ieee ees 27 VI F F g g F g Fi oa F g F g F g F g F Fi F g g g FIGURE INDEX 1 Study areas locatii prsnog id a 13 2 Accumulated abundance of timber species in cocoa coffee silvopastoral and live fence agroforestry systems identified in Honduran Trifinio and Nicacentral ooococininccnnnnnnomorrnnnnnns 3 Basal area growth m2 ha year from different tree populations of agroforestry systems in Honduras and Nicaragua Biplot obtained by first two axis from a multiple correspondence analysis Periodical annual increment PAI of basal area growth is classified into low 0 1 to 1 0 moderate 1 1 to 2 0 and high 2 2 1 sere eres esse ener eeeeeeeeaaaaaaeeeeeeenees 4 Timber yields m3 ha year from different t
36. master s program who played an important role in validating the use of the app This work was made possible because of support provided by Biotiosoft Costa Rica Finnfor Project CATIE Costa Rica the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland and Natura Inovac o e Tecnologia de Produtos Brazil References Burdette S D Herchline T E Oehler R 2008 Practicing medicine in a technological age using smartphones in clinical practice Clinical Infectious Diseases 47 1 117 122 doi 10 1086 588788 Dawson I K Guariguata M R Loo J Weber J C Lengkeek A Bush D Cornelius J Guarino L Kindt R Orwa C Russell J Jamnadass R 2013 What is the relevance of smallholders agroforestry systems for conserving tropical tree species and genetic diversity in circa situm in situ and ex situ settings A review Biodiversity Conservation 22 301 324 doi 10 1007 s10531 012 0429 5 Delgado J A Kowalski K Tebbe C 2013 The first Nitrogen Index app for mobile devices Using portable technology for smart agricultural management Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 91 121 123 doi 10 1016 j compag 2012 12 008 Detlefsen G Marmillod D Scheelje M Ibrahim M 2012 Protocolo para la instalaci n de parcelas permanentes de medici n de la producci n maderable en sistemas agroforestales de Centroam rica Turrialba Costa Rica CATIE 19 p Manual t cnico no 107 doi 978 9977 57 574 2 Available in http
37. mber species Pinus oocarpa Tabebuia rosea Swietenia macrophylla Cordia alliodora and 20 Cedrela odorata represent 83 of the accumulated frequency of timber species Fig 2 Information about the frequency of these species is described by several authors for coffee cocoa and pastureland systems in different regions of Latin America Camargo ef a 1999 Ibrahim and Camargo 2001 Camargo et a 2005 Esquivel Mimenza ef a 2011 L pez and Detlefsen 2012 Salgado 2012 Somarriba ef a 2014 Others 10 Quercus elliptica 1 Terminalia amazonia 2 Cedrela odorata 5 Cordia alliodora 7 Pinus oocarpa 51 Swietenia macrophylla 7 Tabebuia rosea 17 Fig 2 Accumulated abundance of timber species in cocoa coffee silvopastoral and live fence agroforestry systems identified in Honduran Trifinio and Nicacentral Except for C odorata and S macrophylla that were planted by the farmers the other species found in the study P oocarpa T rosea and C alliodora came from natural regeneration The management of natural regeneration may provide advantages for farmers considering that it reduces investments on seedling production nurseries and planting as well as reduces the dependency on external seed sources and foreign technologies Ibrahim and Zapata 2012 In addition trees from natural regeneration may show higher resistance to microclimatic site conditions Plath et a 2011 which can contribute to thei
38. mercial height 1 7 oe Height lower limit Distance m Crown diameter m 7 8 CROWN DENSITY 45 Stem form Normal 4 Fig 10 Data validation error message for tree height in the activity to tree data collection The time saved on data processing allowed the working group to focus their efforts on their recommendations pertaining to silvicultural management and accurate farm planning for agroforestry systems The average feedback time using a smartphone based inventory was 2 30 h farm This feedback included presenting a report in a workshop that illustrated the population dynamics timber yields timber stock and silvicultural recommendations to the farmers We compared the two inventory methodologies and built a feedback process that is shown in Fig 11 Using smartphone based inventory collection in participatory agroforestry planning we can eliminate two unnecessary steps in the feedback process accelerating accurate decision making for the tree component of agroforestry systems In developing regions where collection and transfer of knowledge is not simple such as in the Amazon Central America or Sub Saharan Africa the use of this tool is a way to foster participatory policy agenda rural development and the sharing of agricultural and silvicultural knowledge FAO 2013b Ferster ef a 2013 UNESCO 2014 WEC 2014 39 Data Return to Data Return to Feedback Paper based collection office processing fa
39. mics by the dominance of seedlings of Quercus elliptica which have a biological interaction with squirrels Sciuridae that eat the seeds of P oocarpa and disperse the seeds of Q elliptica the frequency of Q elliptica seedlings was twice than seedlings of P oocarpa Studying this interaction is key to ensure the sustainability of timber harvest of P oocarpa nt 1 reo Nt 6 nt 7 R S 10 15 20 25 H Diameter upper class limit cm Fig 8 Simulation of population dynamics and timber harvesting cycle of Tabebuia rosea with natural regeneration in pasturelands of Nicaragua with an average tree population of 40 trees ha and 40 seedlings ha l and a timber harvesting cycle of 5 trees ha each 6 years R recruits S sapling H harvest The population dynamics model for 7 rosea indicates that to maintain the sustainability of the system farmers can only harvest 5 trees ha every 6 years Fig 8 According to our model the sale of 7 rosea trees for firewood is an unfeasible activity increasing only 1 on the NPV of the system s revenues The main reason is the low growth rate of the species and the low prices found in the local market Adoption of another market strategy sale to sawmilling could improve revenue of timber sales in these systems We recommend the 28 transplantation of dispersal seedlings of 7 rosea to high density homogenous live fences considering that this species were suppressed when associated
40. mo cortina en un establecimiento agropecuario del Partido de Azul Pcia de Bs AS Quebracho 1 14 65 73 Available in http www scielo org ar scielo php pid S1851 30262007000100008 script sci_arttext Camargo J C Ibrahim M Somarriba E Finegan B Current D 1999 Factores ecol gicos y socioecon micos que influyen en la regeneraci n natural del laurel Cordia alliodora en sistemas silvopastoriles del tr pico h medo y subh medo de Costa Rica Agroforester a en las Am ricas 7 26 46 52 Available in www fao org wairdocs lead x6336s X6336S00 htm RESUMEN Camargo J C Feijoo A Z iga M C Cardona H Gaviria J 2005 Silvopastoral systems with isolated timber trees within pastures in the Coffee region of Colombia Livestock Research for Rural Development 17 5 Available in www Irrd org Irrd17 5 cama17051 htm Chacon M Harvey C A 2006 Live fences and landscape connectivity in a neotropical agricultural landscape Agroforestry Systems 68 1 15 26 doi 10 1007 s10457 005 5831 5 Chavarria A Detlefsen G Ibrahim M Galloway G Camino R d 2011 Analisis de la productividad y la contribuci n financiera del componente arb reo en peque as y medianas fincas ganaderas de la subcuenca del r o Cop n Honduras Agroforester a en las Am ricas 48 1 146 156 Cleugh H A 1998 Effects of windbreaks on airflow microclimates and crop yields Agroforestry Systems 41 1 55 84 doi 10 1023 A 1006019805109
41. mplex legal situation regarding timber may decrease farmer interest in participating in these types of production systems Detlefsen ef a 2008 Cruz ef a 2010 Leiva 2011 Scheelje et a 2011 Detlefsen and Scheelje 2012 Orozco 2012 Plata 2012 FAO 2013 Furthermore incorrect species selection for each agroforestry system Ibrahim and Zapata 2012 Salgado 2012 and lack of knowledge about tree growth and silvicultural management Somarriba et a 2001a Santos Martin ef a 2011 decreases the potential for higher timber yields and other market advantages from these systems There is no doubt that tropical agroforestry systems may contribute to the global hardwood demand in a sustainable way To change the paradigm of timber harvesting in the tropics it is necessary to strengthen knowledge about potential timber yields and agroforestry management This research aims to evaluate timber yields from agroforestry systems and financial contributions from the timber for smallholder farmers in coffee cocoa live fence and silvopastoral agroforestry systems in Nicacentro Nicaragua and Trifinio Honduras 2 Methods 2 1 The study area This research was performed in Trifinio 15 1 N 89 8 W a boundary zone between Honduras Guatemala and El Salvador and in Nicacentro 13 17 N 85 42 W a strategic region in Nicaragua proposed by CATIE in 2008 under the Mesoamerican Agro Environmental Program MAP Both regions are included
42. ms 3 plots and 4 lineal plots with 100 m in live fence systems Tree inventory methodology was conducting the following recommendations from Detlefsen ef a 2012 who developed a protocol to measure trees in agroforestry systems Diameter at breast height DBH commercial and total height stem form mortality and natural regeneration were evaluated in each PSP in 2010 2011 2012 and 2014 in Nicaragua and in 2011 2012 and 2014 in Trifinio A smartphone based data collection method was adopted in 2014 to assist in PSP measuring in both regions To measure the population dynamics three development stages were considered i recruits 0 1 m height lt 0 3 m ii saplings 0 3 m gt height lt 1 5 m and DBH lt 5 0 cm iii trees DBH gt 5 0 cm Multiple measurements were taken to estimate periodical annual increments PAI of basal area and timber volume Using InfoStat Di Rienzo ef a 2014 correspondence analyses were performed to demonstrate the association of growth in basal area and timber volume between regions systems and species According to the ranges observed for PAI the basal area increment m2 ha year was classified into groups low 0 1 to 1 0 moderate 1 1 to 2 0 and high gt 2 1 and the timber volume yield m3 ha year was classified into groups low 0 1 to 3 0 moderate 3 1 to 6 0 and high gt 6 1 2 3 Financial analysis A financial analysis was carried out to determine the cash fl
43. n and its natural regeneration management in agroforestry systems The application was used to develop a plan for 20 farms in Costa Rica Nicaragua and Honduras The results show savings of approximately 90 in time spent on data processing using the smartphone based inventory This allowed for prompt feedback of silvicultural agroforestry information and planning to farmers and decision makers The application is a component of the Agroforestry App Package proposed by the authors and can be used in agroforestry systems worldwide Keywords smartphone based data collection agroforestry planning timber yields smartphone app 1 Introduction Agriculture is an important sector of the global economy responsible for providing food and wood products in both developed and developing countries This sector has a growing demand by 2050 the worldwide demand for agricultural products will be 60 higher than present FAO 2013a Changes in global climate dynamics make the challenge of ensuring worldwide food security even more difficult Agroforestry is an alternative to guarantee production sustainability and resilience of agricultural systems ICRAF 2006 Detlefsen and Somarriba 2012 Dawson ef a 2013 FAO 2013b To achieve a successful agroforestry system it is necessary to invest efforts on farm planning Dewi et a 2011 Gold ef al 2013 mainly regarding proper selection and management of tree species considering trees are the main component respo
44. n timber from forests due to the absence and lack of knowledge of silvicultural practices The net present value from timber sales represents 11 to 49 of the total revenue in agroforestry systems However this revenue could be 58 higher if farmers manage trees to achieve stem quality Encouraging the knowledge and adoption of silvicultural practice in agroforestry systems is an important activity to foster and increase timber sales from smallholders in Central America Therefore the second part of this research was to validate an interactive tool for smartphones app to support data collection and agroforestry planning The results show savings of approximately 90 in the time spent data processing using smartphone based inventory This finding allowed for prompt feedback of silvicultural agroforestry information and planning between farmers and decision makers The application is a component of the Agroforestry App Package proposed by the authors and can be used in agroforestry systems worldwide Keywords timber yields smallholders agroforestry planning smartphone app Central America IX RESUMEN La importancia de la madera tropical para las actividades humanas en paises desarrollados y en desarrollo es ampliamente reconocida Sin embargo la oferta de madera de los bosques tropicales ha sufrido un gran impacto debido al incremento en los indices de deforestaci n asociados a las complejas leyes para el aprovechamiento de la madera En Ce
45. ncreasing deforestation associated with complex and restrictive timber harvest laws In Central America as well as in other developing regions reforestation programs have often been less successful than planned In these cases agroforestry presents a useful strategy to promote a tropical timber supply from smallholders rural development and provisions of environmental services We evaluated the effects of crop management on timber yields and potential revenues of timber sales in four types of agroforestry systems silvopastoral coffee cocoa and live fence in Nicacentral Nicaragua and Honduran Trifinio Honduras The results suggest that smallholder timber production in agroforestry systems is a profitable activity despite having lower market prices than timber from forests due to the absence and lack of knowledge of silvicultural practices The net present value from timber sales represents 11 to 49 of the total revenue of agroforestry systems However this amount could be 58 higher if farmers were to manage trees to achieve better tree quality Encouraging the knowledge and adoption of silvicultural practice in agroforestry systems is an important endeavor to foster and increase timber sales from smallholder farmers in Central America Keywords timber yields smallholders agroforestry Central America 1 Introduction Timber is a crucial worldwide forest resource ITTO 2013 that provides energy and other benefits for developing and dev
46. nd Bargeron 2014 Wu ef a 2014 The agricultural sector has important apps in many different areas such as natural forest dynamic tree height measurement REDD monitoring crop nitrogen index forest fuel loading soil color evaluation leaf area measurement and mobile GIS technology in silviculture Inman Narahari et a 2010 Itoh ef a 2010 Pratihast et a 2012 Delgado et al 2013 Ferster et a 2013 G mez Robledo ef a 2013 Gong et al 2013 Ferster and Coops 2014 Kennedy ef a 2014 However there have not been studies on the use of the smartphone in agroforestry or on how the technology could be used to promptly provide information on timber stock and tree population dynamic management We developed a smartphone tablet application that acts as a tool for assisting in tree inventory to support agroforestry system evaluation and planning using smartphone based data collection methodology 2 Methods 2 1 Agroforestree structuration We developed the app Agroforestree for use with Android OS 4 0 or above Using Android SDK in Java Development Kit JDK we wrote the user interface UI This OS was selected because it is an open source platform has low cost devices and the largest number of users composed of 65 of global smartphone owners GWI 2014 In efforts to reach the highest number of users possible the app was built to support English Spanish and Portuguese languages with English as the default language Agrofo
47. nnfor catie ac cr admin documents 27 CTPT Comisi n Trinacional del Plan Trifinio El Salvador 2014 Regi n del Trifinio en ae Comisi n Trinacional del Plan Trifinio San Salvador El Salvador Available in Current D Rossi L B Sabogal C Nalvarte W 1998 El potencial de manejo de especies maderables de r pido crecimiento en regeneraci n natural sistemas agroforestales y plantaciones puras Estudios de caso en Brasil Per y Costa Rica Jn I Congreso Forestal Latinoamericano de la IUFRO Valdivia Chile 1998 p Available in http orton catie ac cr repdoc A5612E A5612E PDF 14 Detlefsen G Somarriba E 2012 Producci n de madera en sistemas agroforestales de Centroam rica 1 ed Detlefsen G Somarriba E eds Turrialba Costa Rica CATIE 244 p Manual t cnico no 109 Esquivel Mimenza H Ibrahimb M Harvey C A Benjamin T Sinclair F L 2011 Dispersed trees in pasturelands of cattle farms in a tropical dry ecosystem Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 14 2011 933 941 Available in http www scielo org mx pdf tsa v14n3 v14n3a6 pdf Esquivel M J Calle Z 2002 Arboles aislados en potreros como catalizadores de la sucesi n en la Cordillera Occidental Colombiana Agroforesteria en las Am ricas 9 33 43 47 Available in ftp ftp fao org docrep nonfao lead x6361s x6361s00 pdf FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations Italy 2010 Climate Smart Agriculture Policies pract
48. nsible for the important benefits and products such as timber Snelder and Lasco 2008 Kent and Ammour 2012 Pye Smith 2013 Somarriba et al 2014 Farmers need access to specialized information regarding cultivation techniques for their crops In the agroforestry systems studied farmers were able to provide detailed information on crop management and yields but not all knew about tree growth and tree management Somarriba ef a 2001 Santos Martin ef a 2011 Information on silvicultural practices needs to be precise and accurate to support farmers in making better decisions such as managing farm fields making changes in tree density and taking advantage of the 35 timber market Jain et a 2014 However the lengthy feedback time of information to the farmers does not allow for quick and efficient farm decision making and may decrease the impact of participatory projects Since 2007 smartphones have been changing the way that information is collected and organized creating new interfaces for data processing and sharing However the current perception is that smartphones are gadgets exclusively used for social media in fact the smartphone was created mainly for this purpose Nevertheless in opposition to this paradigm the use of smartphones for professionals shows that this technology has a huge potential and several useful applications Burdette et a 2008 Fuentes ef a l 2012 Godlevsky et a 2013 Gopinath ef a 2014 Wallace a
49. ntroam rica as como en otras regiones en desarrollo los programas de reforestaci n han tenido menos xito que lo previsto y la agroforester a surge como una estrategia para proveer la oferta de madera tropical a partir de peque os productores agroforestales as como el desarrollo rural y la provisi n de servicios ecosist micos Fueron evaluados los efectos del manejo del cultivo sobre la producci n de madera e ingresos potenciales por la venta de madera en cuatro tipos de sistemas agroforestales silvopastoril caf cacao y linderos maderables en Nicacentro Nicaragua y en el Trifinio Hondure o Honduras Los resultados sugieren que la producci n maderable por peque os productores es una actividad rentable a n teniendo menores precios de mercado que la madera de bosques debido a la ausencia y falta de conocimiento de pr cticas silviculturales El valor actual neto por la venta de madera representa un 11 al 49 de los ingresos en sistemas agroforestales sin embargo estos ingresos podr an 58 superiores si los finqueros manejasen los rboles para lograr calidad en el fuste Estimular el conocimiento y la adopci n de pr cticas silviculturales en sistemas agroforestales es una actividad importante para fomentar e incrementar venta de madera de los peque os productores en Centroam rica En este sentido la segunda parte de esta investigaci n busc validar una herramienta interactiva para tel fonos inteligentes app para apoyar l
50. o maintain tree benefits and timber revenues without compromising the crop production is the seed collection from trees in the systems and seedling production in nurseries In coffee systems the seedling production could be associated with the production of coffee seedlings on farms We recommend the transplantation of dispersal seedlings of 7 rosea to live fences to promote the apical growth and improve the stem quality for sawmilling Fostering knowledge about silvicultural management and access to quality seeds are essential to improve the revenues from timer sales in smallholder s agroforestry systems Acknowledgments We would like to thank the farmers and field technicians for their contributions in the establishment of the Permanent Sample Plots and data collection This research received financial support from Project Finnfor CATIE Costa Rica The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland and Natura Inovac o e Tecnologia de Produtos Brazil Thanks to Lindsey Hethcote for the English editing References Apaza A 2011 Potencialidades socio econ micas de la producci n procesamiento y mercadeo de productos maderables provenientes de sistemas silvopastoriles en Cop n Honduras M Sc Thesis Turrialba Costa Rica Centro Agron mico Tropical de Investigaci n y Ense anza 155 p Beer J 2000 Linderos maderables Jn M ndez E Beer J Faustino J Otarola A eds 2000 Pl ntaci n de rboles en l nea Turrialba Costa Ri
51. ow in the farms Crop yields coffee cocoa milk labor costs total revenues per ha net returns to labor market timber prices and cost of tree management were derived from interviewing farmers as well as complementary information from Apaza 2011 Leiva 2011 and Toru o 2012 Using the average commercial volume of a harvesting tree DBH gt 45 cm and the local timber price of a board foot 0 002360 m3 per species the price of one tree per species was estimated This methodology was used to get closer to the local reality considering that trees are sold individually by their diameter class The Net Present Value NPV using discount rates of 6 and 12 and the Internal Rate of Return IRR were calculated and the potential revenues of timber harvest in the 19 agroforestry systems were determined Timber harvesting and transportation costs were not included in the financial calculations because farmers in Nicaragua and Trifinio commonly sell timber as stump in the farms Costs of land use were also not included 2 4 Population dynamics model Usher model transition matrices were used for modeling the population dynamics where natural regeneration was observed This model was widely used by Somarriba et al 2001b S arez and Somarriba 2002 Borge 2009 and Somarriba et al 2014 to calculate tree survival growth and timber production for Cordia alliodora in cocoa based agroforestry systems Rates of recruitment growth har
52. phone A and tablet B 38 10 Data validation error message for tree height in the activity to tree data collection 39 11 Feedback process in paper based and smartphone based inventory in tree agroforestry planning VII ABBREVIATION AND SYMBOLS App Application for smartphones tablets DBH Diameter at breast height MAI Mean annual increment OS Operational system PAI Periodic annual increment PSP Permanent sample plot UI User interface US United States Dollar VIII ABSTRACT The importance of tropical timber for human activities in developing and developed countries is widely recognized However the timber supply from tropical forests has greatly suffered due to the increasing deforestation associated with complex timber harvesting laws In Central America as well as in others developing regions reforestation programs have often been less successful than planned and agroforestry rises as a strategy to promote the tropical timber supply from smallholders and rural development and provision of environmental services We evaluated the effects of crop management on timber yields and potential revenues of timber sales in four types of agroforestry systems silvopastoral coffee cocoa and live fence in Nicacentral Nicaragua and Honduran Trifinio Honduras The results suggest that smallholder timber production is a profitable activity even with lower market prices tha
53. pulation dynamics and the strategy of timber sale observed It is important to highlight that despite having lower NPV than others systems live fences are an alternative to take advantage of important financial returns from underutilized areas of farms Beer ef a 2009 and low NPV does not indicate an unprofitable activity In our study live fences of C odorata yield US 483 year with a total income of US 9 660 at the 20 year mark where trees are sold at 31 trees ha Trees in live fences also provide aesthetic benefits to farms Beer 2000 ecological connectivity and conservation of biodiversity Harvey et a 2005 Chac n and Harvey 2006 Pulido Santacruz and Renjifo 2011 Harvey 2013 wind protection and disease and erosion control Cleugh 1998 Faustino 2000 Peri and Bloomberg 2002 35000 0 10000 p wh a 2 5000 8 ce gt 2 0 5000 Year Coffee Swietenia Coffee Cedrela Cordia SSP Pinus SSP Tabebuia Live fence Cedrela Cocoa Cordia Fig 6 Cash flow US ha t from crop production and timber sales in different agroforestry systems in Nicaragua and Honduras over twenty four years Agroforestry systems with coffee and S macrophylla demonstrate important revenues and according to our estimation have the second highest NPV from timber revenues in both scenarios of discount rates Fig 5 However NPV for revenues of timber sales could be 58 higher than c
54. r growth and yields 3 2 Timber yields Table 1 presents the results of the PAIs of basal area and timber volume for each species as well as the frequency systems and countries where they occur The results demonstrate an effect of the system on the PAIs of basal area and timber volume from Nicaragua and Honduras Fig 3 and Fig 4 The practice of silvicultural management pruning and thinning was not identified in the populations and systems studied the main reason is the lack of knowledge about trees requirements Somarriba ef a 2001a Santos Martin ef al 2011 High rates of basal area growth and timber volume are related to silvopastoral systems and live fences with P oocarpa and C odorata as the most frequent species respectively and are also related to higher increments In an average population of 88 trees ha dispersed in natural pastureland P oocarpa had a PAI of 12 84 m2 ha year in timber volume Relevant information for timber yields of P taeda a species of genus Pinus which has similar environmental requirements was presented by USDA 2000 from silvopastoral systems and by Cubbage et a 2012 from alley crop systems which found an annual increment of 11 8 m3 ha 100 trees hat and 7 6 m3 ha in the timber volumes respectively 21 Nevertheless lower annual increments of timber volume 1 86 m3 hat and stem quality were found in silvopastoral systems with 40 trees ha of 7 rosea Trees dispersed in silvop
55. rahim M Lopez M Martinez J Mu oz D Restrepo C Sa nz J C Villacis J Sinclair F L 2011 Conservation value of dispersed tree cover threatened by pasture management Forest Ecology and Management 261 10 1664 1674 doi 10 1016 j foreco 2010 11 004 Harvey C A T N I J Estrada A 2013 Live fences isolated trees and windbreaks tools for conserving biodiversity in fragmented tropical landscapes Jn G tz Schroth G A B d F Celia A Harvey Claude Gascon Heraldo L Vasconcelos Anne Marie N Izac 31 ed 2013 Agroforestry and biodiversity conservation in tropical landscapes Washington D C USA Island Press p 261 289 Hoch L Pokorny B de Jong W 2012 Financial attractiveness of smallholder tree plantations in the Amazon bridging external expectations and local realities Agroforestry Systems 84 3 361 375 doi 10 1007 s10457 012 9480 1 Ibrahim M Camargo J C 2001 C mo aumentar la regeneraci n de rboles maderables en potreros Agroforester a en las Am ricas 8 32 35 45 Available in ftp ftp fao org docrep nonfao lead x6354s x6354s00 pdf Ibrahim M Pezo D 2012 Interacciones en sistemas silvopastoriles Jn Detlefsen G Somarriba E eds 2012 Producci n de madera en sistemas agroforestales de Centroam rica Turrialba Costa Rica CATIE p 69 90 Technical Series Available in http finnfor catie ac cr admin documents 208 Ibrahim M Zapata P 2012 Producci n de madera
56. rata 11 12 m3 ha and lower rates for 7 rosea 0 12 m3 ha Low increment rates for 7 rosea in live fences are due to the dominance of C odorata which has higher initial growth rates and suppresses growth of 7 rosea Even so planting timber species in live fences is a great strategy for smallholders Viera and Pineda 2004 Bertomeu 2006 Borzone ef al 2007 and Beer 2012 reported significant results for growing timber species in homogenous live fences The authors demonstrate that timber yields in these systems are superior to trees in blocks due to the absence of lateral competition for light 22 2 647 T rosea Low 1 80 Cocoa e 7 A oO A a 0 964 Pastureland N D x C alliodora lt Nicaragua Live fence 0 124 P pee S macrophylla C odorata i py High Honduras Moderate coffee A 0 72 y T T T 1 1 07 0 20 0 66 1 53 2 39 Axis 1 28 34 0 PAI Basal Area m Species A System Country Fig 3 Basal area growth m2 ha year from different tree populations of agroforestry systems in Honduras and Nicaragua Biplot obtained by first two axis from a multiple correspondence analysis Periodical annual increment PAI of basal area growth is classified into low 0 1 to 1 0 moderate 1 1 to 2 0 and high gt 2 1 2 907 T rosea cal Pastureland gt P oocarpa EN Low a rox J o Y 1 057 Cocoa N 2 x lt C alliodora Live fence Honduras 0 137 Nicaragua High Moderate C Ooratag 9 E S
57. rdwijk M Navarro R 2011 Why smallholders plant native timber trees lessons from the Philippines Bogor Indonesia ASB Partnership and ICRAF 4 p Policy Brief Available in http outputs worldagroforestry org record 6570 files ICRAF 2014 414 pdf Scheelje M Detlefsen G Ibrahim M Chavarr a A 2011 Honduras la simplificaci n de tr mites para el manejo y comercializaci n de rboles maderables en fincas ganaderas puede estimular la incorporaci n y manejo de rboles en forma sustentable por parte de peque os productores Turrialba Costa Rica CATIE 2 p Policy Brief Available in http finnfor catie ac cr admin documents 45 Sim n M Ibrahim M Finegan B Pezo D 1998 Efectos del pastoreo bovino sobre la regeneraci n de tres especies arb reas comerciales del chaco argentino un m todo de protecci n Available in ftp ftp fao org docrep nonfao lead X63225 X6322500 pdf Snelder D J Lasco R D 2008 Smallholder Tree Growing in South and Southeast Asia n Snelder D Lasco R eds 2008 Smallholder Tree Growing for Rural Development and Environmental Services Springer Netherlands p 3 33 Advances in Agroforestry doi 10 1007 978 1 4020 8261 0_1 Somarriba E Beer J Muschler R G 2001a Research methods for multistrata agroforestry systems with coffee and cacao recommendations from two decades of research at CATIE Agroforestry Systems 53 195 203 doi 10 1023 A 1013380605176 Somarriba E Va
58. re selected because they both have Android Pure version and are low cost between US 199 00 and US 350 00 We verified the app feasibility in Costa Rica Nicaragua and Honduras on 20 farms 47 plots under agroforestry management In Costa Rica the efficiency of the app s ability to take tree inventory for agroforestry planning was assessed via a working group of graduate students at CATIE The working group compared the time needed to collect data manually and the time needed to enter the data into the forest inventory app In 2013 using paper based inventory we evaluated a silvopastoral system 6 lineal plots of 100 m in Turrialba Costa Rica and in 2014 we used smartphone based inventory to evaluate another silvopastoral system 11 lineal plots of 50 m in Hojancha Costa Rica In Honduras and Nicaragua timber stock and natural regeneration were evaluated using smartphone based data collection in permanent sample plots PSP in smallholder s agroforestry systems These PSPs were established in 2010 in El Cu Nicaragua and in 2011 in Trifinio Honduras and have been taking measurements annually Plots were established on silvopastoral 10 circular plots of 0 5 ha coffee 11 rectangular plots of 0 1 ha cocoa 3 rectangular plots of 0 1 ha and live fence 6 lineal plots of 100 m systems Data from 2014 was compared with the last evaluation data taken manually to ensure the precision of the smartphone based inventory In all three
59. ree populations of agroforestry systems in Honduras and Nicaragua Biplot obtained by first two axis from a multiple correspondence analysis Periodical annual increment PAI of timber volume is classified into low 0 1 to 3 0 moderate 3 1 to 6 0 and high 2 6 1 ooocococccocononinnnnnnnnnnanrannnnnnnnononnnrarrnnnnnnon oran 5 Net present value by revenues NPV from crop production and timber sales and Internal rate for return IRR for different agroforestry systems in Nicaragua and Honduras considering two scenarios of discount rate of NPV 6 and 12 over twenty four years ccoocoonanonnnnnos 25 6 Cash flow US ha from crop production and timber sales in different agroforestry systems in Nicaragua and Honduras over twenty four yearS coccccccconnnnanonnonnnononananccnnnnnnnnonnns 7 Simulation of population dynamic of Pinus oocarpa with natural regeneration in pasturelands of Honduras with an average tree population of 88 trees ha and 30 seedlings ha and a timber harvesting cycle of 20 trees hat each 10 years R recruits S sapling H harvest 28 8 Simulation of population dynamics and timber harvesting cycle of Tabebuia rosea with natural regeneration in pasturelands of Nicaragua with an average tree population of 40 trees ha and 40 seedlings ha and a timber harvesting cycle of 5 trees hat each 6 years R recruits Si sapling Hi arvest A aaa 28 9 Comparison between Agroforestree app UI in a smart
60. restree has four activities that aid in the collection of information about tree diversity timber stock and natural regeneration Tree inventory methodology follows Detlefsen ef a 2012 which developed a protocol to measure trees in agroforestry systems Tree attributes supported by the app include species name measurement at breast height diameter or circumference total and commercial height with clinometer or a direct measure method crown diameter crown density stem form tree health and mortality for continuous studies The attribute for natural regeneration evaluation is species name and quantity of individuals for each development stage seedling sapling and young trees In addition the user can register baseline data for the farm and or plots where the measurements were taken Each attribute in the app must be entered following pre specified format conditions e g the commercial height cannot be greater than the total height The data are saved in the device s memory as a comma separated value csv file classified by the data type farm plot trees or seedlings and can be accessed on a computer via USB connection or sent to a cloud drive or e mail account when internet access is available 36 2 2 Agroforestree validation We validated the app in 2014 using two mobile devices powered by Android 4 4 an LG Nexus 4 4 7 inch touchscreen smartphone and an Asus Nexus 7 2013 7 inch touchscreen tablet These devices we
61. restry planning 4 The study area This research was performed in Trifinio a boundary zone between Honduras Guatemala and El Salvador and Nicacentro a strategic region in Nicaragua proposed by CATIE in 2008 under the Mesoamerican Agro Environmental Program MAP Both regions are in the conceptual mark of the climate smart territories that aim to develop integrated strategies for rural territorial development In both territories agriculture is the main livelihood for the rural population Trifinio s region has an area of 7 541 km2 45 towns and 670 000 inhabitants The average annual precipitation is 1 600 mm with an average annual temperature of 20 C The altitudinal ranges are 600 to 1 600 m above sea level CTPT 2014 The research was conducted in three towns of Honduran Trifinio Copan Ruinas Nueva Arcadia and Santa Rita 12 Nicacentro has an area of 6 500 km2 eight towns and 360 000 inhabitants The altitudinal range is 350 to 1 750 m a s The climate is classified as tropical wet with an average annual temperature of 26 C and annual precipitation between 1 600 and 2 400 mm INEC 2006 The research was conducted in El Cua a buffer area of the Bosawas Biosphere Reserve Fig 1 Guatemala e Honduras Aa Nicacentral y gt a x Y J e 2 El Salvador 4 Trifinio R Fig 1 Study areas location 5 Main results Forty six species were identified and 66 of these species were classified as timber species
62. ries Available in http finnfor catie ac cr admin documents 208 L pez A Detlefsen G 2012 Agroforester a y la producci n de madera n Detlefsen G Somarriba E eds 2012 Producci n de madera en sistemas agroforestales de 15 Centroam rica Turrialba Costa Rica CATIE p 9 20 Technical Series Available in http finnfor catie ac cr admin documents 208 Nair P K R 1993 An Introduction to Agroforestry Netherlands Kluwer Academic Publishers ICRAF 499 p Available in http www springer com life sciences forestry book 978 0 7923 2134 7 Orozco L Somarriba E 2005 rboles maderables en fincas de cacao org nico del Alto Beni Bolivia Agroforester a en las Am ricas 44 43 46 53 Available in http orton catie ac cr repdoc A2331E A2331E PDF Schl nvoigt A 2012 Sistemas taungya Jn Detlefsen G Somarriba E eds 2012 Producci n de madera en sistemas agroforestales de Centroam rica Turrialba Costa Rica CATIE p 161 180 Technical Series Available in http finnfor catie ac cr admin documents 208 SFB Servico Florestal Brasileiro Brasil 2013 Florestas do Brasil em resumo Brasilia Brasil Servico Florestal Brasileiro 187 p A Available in http www florestal gov br publicacoes tecnico cientifico Simon M Ibrahim M Finegan B Pezo D 1998 Efectos del pastoreo bovino sobre la regeneraci n de tres especies arb reas comerciales del chaco argentino un m todo de protecci n Avai
63. rm Smartpionc based collection processing Feedback seen et es Fig 11 Feedback process in paper based and smartphone based inventory in tree agroforestry planning 4 Conclusions This study showed that apps on agroforestry sector are important tools to solve logistical and technical problems of participatory agroforestry planning and design The Agroforestree app was successfully developed and is a component of the Agroforestry Apps Package developed by the authors of this article Using appropriated apps on farm analysis researchers and technicians spent 90 less time on data processing investing more effort on farm planning and could promptly share knowledge of silvicultural management assuming that farmers lack this knowledge Considering that the app validation was performed in different countries and agricultural systems we can recommend the use of this app in worldwide tropical agroforestry systems including forestry systems The app could be used in different environmental situations including rainy conditions In developing regions where the collection and transfer of data is not easy the use of this tool helps foster participatory policy agenda rural development and sharing of agricultural and silvicultural knowledge Acknowledgments We would like to thank the farmers who allowed us access to their farms to carry out this study as well as the graduate students at CATIE in the Agroforestry and Sustainable Agriculture
64. ry Systems 56 2 129 144 doi 10 1023 A 1021314927209 Plata O F 2012 An lisis ex ante del aprovechamiento maderable de rboles en potrero con implementaci n de pr cticas silviculturales en sistemas silvopastoriles en Esparza 32 Costa Rica M Sc Thesis Turrilba Costa Rica Centro Agron mico Tropical de Investigaci n y Ense anza 123 p Plath M Mody K Potvin C Dorn S 2011 Do multipurpose companion trees affect high value timber trees in a silvopastoral plantation system Agroforestry Systems 81 1 79 92 doi 10 1007 s10457 010 9308 9 Popinigis F 1983 A germinac o das sementes 2 ed Brasilia Brazil Pax Gr fica e Fotolito Ltda 289 p Pritchard H W Moat J F Ferraz J B S Marks T R Camargo J L C Nadarajan J Ferraz 1 D K 2014 Innovative approaches to the preservation of forest trees Forest Ecology and Management 1 1 11 doi 10 1016 j foreco 2014 08 012 Pulido Santacruz P Renjifo L 2011 Live fences as tools for biodiversity conservation a study case with birds and plants Agroforestry Systems 81 1 15 30 doi 10 1007 s10457 010 9331 x Salgado J 2012 Producci n de madera en sistemas agroforestales con caf Jn Detlefsen G Somarriba E eds 2012 Producci n de madera en sistemas agroforestales de Centroam rica Turrialba Costa Rica CATIE p 145 160 Technical Series Available in http finnfor catie ac cr admin documents 208 Santos Martin F Bertomeu M van Noo
65. s the main reason of the absence of natural regeneration in these systems is the agricultural practices in weeding control 13 6 Main conclusions This study demonstrates the effects of system management on the timber yields and farm revenues The most expressive timber yields NPV and IRR were observed in silvopastoral systems with P oocarpa coffee with C odorata and C alliodora coffee with S macrophylla and live fence of C odorata In all systems the practice of silvicultural management formative pruning and thinning by farmers was not observed The absence of silvicultural management besides the low quality of seeds results in the low sales value of trees For coffee systems with S macrophylla for example the price of trees can be 58 higher than the current price if trees are managed Even so the analysis of NPV and IRR in these systems indicates that sales of timber are a profitable activity to smallholders Timber for sawmilling revenues represent 11 49 of the NPV of agroforestry systems depending on the type of system species and discount rate Fostering knowledge of silvicultural management and the accessibility of quality seeds are essential to improve the revenues from sales of timber in smallholder s agroforestry systems The use of a smartphone based data collection methodology showed that apps in the agroforestry sector are an important tool to solve logistical and technical problems of participatory agroforestry p
66. ss tesetines oil lala cen dante e 11 AZBAGCKGHOUNG eneas aeeie aa ae aAa ae a E e At taO Ee a AAE Era ENEA aa EN PaE 11 O A O TN 12 2 1 E O O 12 2 2 Specific ODJECtIVeS cnica ecc 12 3 Res arch QUESTA e e a E Ed cad 12 SS O OT 12 5 Main tres ii o Shade he a e ee 13 6 MAIN COMCIUSIONS ooo AAR N 14 References iia i ib EEEa E 14 Article 1 Timber yields from smallholder agroforestry systems a case study from two Central American LOTTO OS coi A A A a SEET 17 DINO CON saerait inae a aaie E re licenci 17 A no a a a E a a aT a a na aeai Tarai aaa 18 Dil The study MC ceci parE aaa i a dee 18 2 2 Data Collection and AnalySisscc c cccccscccccecsccccecvsceccdecesedeceescecececesececerecececereredecersceiaceresscsdersteces 19 2 3 Financial ANALYSIS a c ccceccecedcseteecececescedeseelececeevsucdesen cuctcecv sueucenedeecseezenedsderdnecdeerenecsdeedeacseereeness 19 2 4 Population dynamics model ccccccceeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenenenenenenenseenenseseeeenseeeenenseeeeeeneneags 20 3 RESUME ANd CISCUSSION cio a a e n ae ds 20 3 1 Timber species diversity a ceccdcecccccsnetccetsectcceecaccccetenedeccescedecceesececerscecdeerenedecdescececceessesdersteces 20 3 2 imber yields ici a ets 21 3 3 Financial attractiveness of agroforestry timber production c cccccceceseceeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneneees 24 3 4 Population AYNAMICS ce cecnce2ece cececedecncecece ir deccacerete Ae lidades 27 A A nc kdecasgecctenthccdecdey
67. sta Rica Centro Agron mico Tropical de Investigaci n y Ense anza 157 p USDA United States Department of Agriculture USA 2000 From pine forest to a silvopasture system United States of America USDA 4 p Agroforestry Notes 18 Viera C J Pineda A 2004 Productividad de lindero maderable de Cedrela odorata Agronom a mesoamericana 15 1 85 92 Available in http teca fao org es read 3712 Virginio Filho E M Barrios M Morales 1 T 2009 C mo podemos mejorar la finca cafetalera en la cuenca Managua Nicaragua CATIE 71 p Capacitaci n agricola gu as 1 34 Article 2 Supporting agroforestry planning for timber production with a smartphone app ABSTRACT Agriculture is an important sector of the global economy that is continuously impacted by changes in world climate dynamics Proper investments and planning at the farm level to develop sustainable and resilient agroforestry systems can increase the potential of farms to provide food and timber Many farmers have enough knowledge about crop management however they are usually unaware of silvicultural practices that can increase timber production Information on silvicultural practices needs be shared to support farmers so they can make better decisions about farm planning and take advantage of opportunities in the market The use of information technologies is key to achieving this challenge We developed an app for Android OS to support timber productio
68. tlefsen 2012 Without a management plan timber production tends to decrease until the systems become impoverished Cruz ef a 2010 Natural regeneration is a strategy to maintain timber production and the environmental benefits of trees in agroforestry systems Current et a 1998 Sim n et a 1998 Ibrahim and Camargo 2001 Somarriba ef a 2001b Esquivel and Calle 2002 Esquivel Mimenza ef a 2011 Somarriba ef a 2014 To achieve the best timber yields it is necessary to develop feasible agroforestry timber management plans Information on silvicultural practices need to be shared to support farmers to make better decisions such as managing farm fields making changes in tree density and taking advantage of the market Jain et a 2014 Farmers have detailed knowledge on crop management and yields but not all of them know about tree growth and management Somarriba ef a 2001a The use of information technologies such as smartphone apps in agroforestry projects is a powerful tool to share the silvicultural knowledge This thesis aims to evaluate the opportunities for sustainable management of timber species in agroforestry systems and develop a methodology using smartphone apps to support the 11 agroforestry tree planning in two climate smart territories in Central America Trifinio and Nicacentro 2 Objectives 2 1 General objective To evaluate the opportunities for timber production and sustainable management of timber sp
69. tree app Ul in a smartphone A and tablet B In rainy conditions neither device showed problems with performance This was because to control the situation we used transparent zip lock plastic bags to protect the devices so that the date collection could continue in the rain 3 2 Data collection and processing inputs In the PSP we inventoried 1 170 trees in four types of agroforestry systems silvopastoral coffee cocoa and live fence in the three countries We identified no difference in the time spent collecting data between paper based and smartphone based inventory collection methods The average time to collect data was 2 min tree using both methodologies Relevant information was presented by Inman Narahari ef a 2010 and Kennedy et al 2014 which noted that possible causes of delayed time in data collection were the time taken to validate the data required by the app or the time taken for the user to adapt to using the interface of the app Fig 10 However in the data processing which consists of data entry and error check the average time spent in paper based inventory was 1 23 min tree and in smartphone based inventory it was 5 min filet In our study case this represented a time saving of 90 for data processing 38 D Agroforestree Tree NL 1 Tree number 6 Species Cordia alliodora 4 GPS Spot 11 ET MEASURING AT 1 3m 27 5 DBH J TREE HEIGHT Clinometer Total height 15 Com
70. tural practices used for weed control by farmers The same information was reported by some authors in Central America Camargo ef a 1999 Ibrahim and Camargo 2001 Esquivel ef a 2008 A strategy to promote the sustainability timber harvest and trees benefits of these systems without compromising the crop production and management is to encourage the collection of seeds from the trees and the creation of nurseries in the farms Nurseries in coffee and cocoa systems have been a common practice over the years when replacing coffee cocoa trees is necessary during the field research we observed farmers managing nurseries of coffee trees With these nurseries farmers could produce seedlings from the timber trees associated with coffee seedlings Table 4 Growth survival and transitions coefficients for a population of Pinus oocarpa and Tabebuia rosea with natural regeneration in pasturelands R recruits S sapling P individuals that move to next diameter class Q individuals that stay in the same diameter class Transition Species Diameter upper Grow rate Annual coefficients class limit cm cm year survival P Q Pinus oocarpa R 0 50 0 90 0 45 0 45 S 2 50 0 50 0 25 0 25 10 0 78 0 90 0 14 0 76 15 1 38 0 95 0 26 0 69 20 1 32 0 95 0 25 0 7 25 1 16 0 95 0 22 0 73 30 0 86 0 95 0 16 0 79 35 0 98 0 95 0 19 0 76 40 0 98 0 95 0 19 0 76 Tabebuia rosea R 0 50 0 05 0 03 0 03 S 2 28 0 60 0 27 0 33 10 1 68 0 60 0 2 0 4 15
71. urrent values if the trees on coffee Swietenia agroforestry system had been managed to acquire higher market prices assuming that a standing tree of S macrophylla with high stem quality can be sold for US 1 300 Even receiving less income from timber sales due to the low quality of stem the estimated cash flows of the studied systems show that the timber sales are responsible for important revenue increases for smallholder farmers Fig 6 26 3 4 Population dynamics We found an expressive incidence of natural regeneration in silvopastoral systems with natural grass that include silvopastoral systems with P oocarpa and 7 rosea The effects of pastureland management on tree cover and natural regeneration occurrence were presented by some researchers in Latin America Sim n ef a 1998 Ibrahim and Camargo 2001 Camargo ef al 2005 Esquivel et a 2008 Esquivel Mimenza ef a 2011 Harvey et al 2011 In our study the frequency of seedlings was 74 superior in silvopastoral pastureland with natural grass as opposed to pasturelands with brizantha grass Brachiaria brizantha The frequency of seedlings and saplings were also 52 and 31 superior respectively in pasturelands with natural grass Natural regeneration of C alliodora in cocoa systems is seen as well as other species in coffee and live fence systems According to interviews with farmers the main reason for the absence of natural regeneration in these systems are the agricul
72. use it is a costly endeavor that requires high initial investments with a long time to obtain an economic return Snelder and Lasco 2008 Schl nvoigt 2012 To develop profitable sustainable and resilient production systems that meet the growing global demand of agricultural products is a major challenge especially for developing countries FAO 2013b Among these challenges agroforestry emerges as a sustainable alternative to meet the demand for wood and food ICRAF 2006 Beer et a 2009 FAO 2013c Agroforestry include various land use systems such as home gardens silvopastoral systems cocoa and coffee based agroforestry Nair 1993 Additionally trees in agroforestry systems allow for increases in crop production climate change adaptation and carbon sequestration and are a foremost means to achieve climate smart agriculture FAO 2010 Bogdanski 2012 Jamnadass et al 2013 Challinor et a 2014 ICRAF and UK Aid 2014 Central America has an area of 52 4 million ha of which 61 is used for agriculture and livestock FAO 2013c Approximately 52 of agricultural land has a high tree cover provided with an abundant tree landscape Agroforestry has great potential for timber production however the timber harvesting in these systems typically is not under a management plan Usually the timber is harvested only when there is a crisis in the crop production especially during droughts pests incidences and market fluctuations L pez and De
73. vest and mortality from the tree inventory in the PSPs were applied to this model In this study trees were sorted into 5 cm intervals of diameter class according to initial diameter and average intervals by diameter class calculated The minimum harvest diameter established was 45 cm for sawmilling wood and 35 cm for wood used as firewood Growth time was calculated using the following equation Equation 1 where Ty is the time it takes for one tree in diameter class i to transition to the next class j Wiis the interval width of class i cm I is the mean annual diameter increment in class i cm year The next procedure was to calculate the transition coefficient using Equation 2 where P 7 is the coefficient of transition from period to period 7 represented in the percentage of individuals moving from one diameter class to the next class S is the tree survival rate in the diameter class The coefficient of permanence was calculated with the following equation Equation 3 where Q is the coefficient of permanence in the period represented by the percentage of individuals who remain in the diameter class In the latter procedure the following matrix equation was applied Equation 4 where nt 1 and n represent the diameter distribution trees hat between successive years tandt 1 3 Results and discussion 3 1 Timber species diversity Forty six species were identified and 66 of those species were classified as ti
74. with another species to promote the apical growth improve the stem quality for sawmilling and avoid stem furcation Beer 2000 4 Conclusions This study demonstrates the effects of agroforestry system management on timber yields and farm revenues The most expressive timber yields NPV and IRR were observed in silvopastoral systems with P oocarpa coffee systems with C odorata and C alliodora coffee systems with S macrophylla and live fences of C odorata In all systems the practice of silvicultural management formative pruning and thinning by farmers was not observed Absence of silvicultural management as well as low seed quality resulted in low sale values of the trees In coffee systems with S macrophylla for example the price of trees could be 58 higher than the current price if trees were managed Even so the analysis of NPV and IRR in these systems indicate that sales of timber is a profitable activity for smallholders Timber for sawmilling revenues represent 11 49 of the NPV of agroforestry systems depending on the type of system species and discount rate Furthermore we observed that the natural regeneration of the studied timber species was expressively presented for P oocarpa and T rosea in silvopastoral systems with natural grass Coffee cocoa and live fence systems showed an inexpressive or absent presence of natural regeneration due to the agricultural practices in crop management and weed control A strategy t

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