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1. INTAKE FILTER SETTLING BASIN LH1000 OUTPUT Watts Continuous Head Feet Meters 104 3m 1000 w 8 2m 550 6 4 1 200 w Y a E 2 m 252 32 38 5054 63 200 400 600 800 1000 gpm HEAD DRAFT TUBE irre _ http www microhydropower com e literature LH 1 000info gif LH1000 The Low Head Micro hydro Generator The LH1000 is designed to operate in conjunction with battery based power systems storing electrical power for use at times when C consumption exceeds generation A load controller maintains batteries rr and when fully charged switches to a diversion load loads require an Jed inverter to convert battery voltage j DC to residential power AC To gain enough head to operate acm LH1000 water is channeled into a sluiceway The turbine is mounted in a 4 18cm 7 diameter opening in the DRAPT sluice bottom with the draft tube p extending to the tailwater below The Yana water turns the propeller creating shaft power This in turn powers the LH 1000 installation generator producing electricity The LH1000 typically operates at 12 24 48 or 120 volts It can be specially wound to operate at 2
2. 2 Blue 2 Red 2 Green3 Blue 3 Red 3 e e Green 1 Blue 1 Red 1 Red4 Green4 Blue 4 CURRENT MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE A built in shunt precision resistance is installed in the junction box which allows the current to be measured digitally This is done with the supplied DMM digital multi meter To measure the current produced by the generator set the DMM scale to DC milli volts or 200 m at the nine o clock position Plug the leads into their corresponding color coded jacks on the shunt in the junction box This will give current readings from 0 1 amps to 199 9 amps Of course the DMM can be used for other tasks with your renewable energy system 12 TREAM ENGINE INSALLATION INTAKE FILTER PIPELINE STREAM ENGINE STREAM ENGINE OUTPUTWatts Continuous 6 6 2 TAILWATER Litres Sec Gallons Min vead 10 63 10 1 3 20 2 5 40 4 7 75 6 3 100 9 5 150 idu iw qued 3 10 50 90 120 MNS IN IN IN 0 6 20 40 100 180 230 350 SA 15 50 45 100 220 400 550 800 30 100 80 200 500 940 1100 60 200 150 400 900 1500 LH1000 INSTALLATION GENERAOR
3. H 3 1 io Teba Hain Sio Val pli 1 Ps D A SM http www microhydropower com images photos man2 Image2 gif 9 28 2003 7 15 43 PM gi Image1_2 hydropower com images photos man2 Icro www m http APY 2 2 2 in tate depth ilar amp war f 9 28 2003 7 15 44 PM gi Image1_2 www microhydropower com images photos man2 http The Stream Engine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual PLEASE READ CAREFULLY Made in Canada by Energy Systems and Design Ltd P O Box 4557 Sussex NB Canada EAE 5L7 Tel 506 433 3151 Fax 506 433 6151 Email support microhydropower com Website www microhydropower com The Stream Engine 15 Trademark of Energy Systems amp Design Ltd 2 Congratulations on your purchase of a new Stream Engine With a thorough installation and a little routine maintenance your Stream Engine will provide you with years of trouble free operation This manual will help you to install your Stream Engine as well as assist you in trouble shooting and problem solving Of course you may contact Energy Systems amp Design Ltd if you run into trouble May your RE adventures prove successful PLEASE READ CAREFULLY It is very important to keep the alternator rotor from contacting the stator the stationary part under the rotor If this occurs serious damage may result Whenever you are operating the mach
4. Te 4 e Green 1 Blue 1 Red 1 Green 3 Blue3 Red3 Green 2 o 2 Red 2 Green 4 4 Red4 Negative Out 4 Series Y Aa O 2 Positive Lead Out ne 2 Blue 2 Red 2 Green 3 3 Red 3 9 7 7 ien 1 Ral 1 Red 1 Red 4 Green4 Blue 4 TECNICA ACTUAL DE MEDIDA Una maniobra pre fabricada es instalada en la caja de empalme la que permite que la corriente sea medida digitalmente Esto se hace con el suplido DMM digital multimetro Para medir la corriente producida por el generador ponga la escala DMM a DC milli volts o 200 m a la posicion de las nueve empunto Conencte las guias dentro del correspondiente color codificado en el gato en el eje en la caja de empalme Esto le dara lecturas actuales desde 0 1 amps a 199 9 amps Por supuesto el DMM puede ser usado para otras tareas con su sistema de energia renovable 12 STREAM ENGINE INSTALLATION cado prie iine A ALL INTAKE 3 MENO A x A e EA PIPELINE c m STREAM ENGINE gt j LIT Y 0 a TAILWATER m A AA RR Am aa IA A m ee IIA ctrl PP Dn ee ae me ul a TA AA SR AA E E LA A x O E INTAKE OR RENS rd dl ELIER o gr m Ny d Iu Fare IAILWATER do ee RA ve aA PS AS PS S Si 4 ACA Pr Energy Systems amp Design Ltd Paul C
5. AC DC Micro Hydro Electric Options Innovative Micro Hydro Systems Since 1980 AC DC Micro Hydro Electric Options Paul Cunningham amp ROBERT G FIFE When considering a micro hydroelectric installation one of the primary issues is whether it win be all AC direct system or battery based system AC direct systems consist of a turbine generator unit producing AC power which is used as needed That is it is fed directly to the appliances Governing of such a system is usually done electronically with reliable off the shelf equipment that is readily available In order to maintain the correct voltage and frequency within the parameters required the power is monitored and that which is not used by the appliances is directed to an alternate load such as heating This also means that the appliance load can not exceed the power generated as this win result m system collapse The generated power is monitored cycle by cycle and is diverted as required In a battery based system the generated power is used to charge a battery bank then the power is sent to DC loads or to an inverter to power AC loads or both Regulation consists of diverting excess power to an alternate load to prevent battery overcharge The battery inverter combination can provide large surges of power to handle loads such as pumps lights tools etc As well with battery based systems other sources of power call be easily integrated i e PV cells or wind turbi
6. Batteries should be located outside of living space or adequate ventilation should be provided as a rising charge level tends to produce both hydrogen gas and corrosive fumes Also distilled water should be added as needed to maintain the electrolyte level Charge Control A hydro system requires that a load be present so that the power has somewhere to go Otherwise system voltage can rise to very high levels This situation provides an opportunity to do something with the excess power i e a diversion load used for water heating As the batteries become fully charged their voltage rises At some point the charging process should stop and the power be diverted to the dump load The voltage set point should be about 13 5 to 14 5vdc for a 12 volt system depending on the charge rate The higher the charge rate the higher the voltage can go If batteries are often in a high state of charge the voltage limit should http www microhydropower com manual2 manual_pg5 htm 1 of 2 9 28 2003 7 15 59 be on low ena of the range A voltmeter or a watt hour meter can be used to monitor battery charge level Battery voltage is roughly a function of the charge level and varies according to the load level and charge rate There are many commercially available monitors that conveniently display these features to the user including the state of charge www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com manual2 m
7. 8308 que utilizan el viento el sal o el univesdes nicos adaptables a medidas desde AER cst 3mm 1 8 hasta 25 mm 1 transformadores de alto voltaje invesores controladores de carga etc SE BUS CAN DISTRIBUID ORES www microhydropower com Innovative Systems Since 1980 Gereralor gt pe gt inventar gt AC Loads E R Qvarcherge Diversion DG Loads Lows A Jypical Stand Alone KE System http Awww microhydropower com spanish indfex htm 4 of 6 9 28 2003 7 14 59 La Energ a Sistemas y Dese os STREAM ENGINE INSTALLATION A an ar ar gt E ma aS E X ree e b bd br 4 titor de E X LA LS IN INTAKE HEAD Mo AAA HILL a ET T A N E x 0 PU R3 PIPELINE x 7 ie X E A STREAM V ENGINE j TAILWATER KA P UP HM SN ll N ll us oa us LIN LI DO le cl cet ee ne Ae ce u A O IE _ C PP WP P DA lll ll sew 43 LI a ua 1 Wan 159 E AA SAA V me S A me rd ee r A A A N S nou uw AA
8. At the inlet of the plumbing a filter should be installed A screened box can be used with the pipe entering one side or add a section of pipe drilled full of holes wrapped with screen or small holes and used without screen A mesh size of about 20mm 3 4 and smaller can be used as debris of this size and will pass through the machine However it is important to keep sticks out of the intake as they may become jammed in the machine This may require a smaller mesh size A settling basin should be used with this machine This is a pool of low velocity water that enables the grit to settle so that it will not enter the machine and wear the edge of the propeller and the guide vane housing See LH1000 installation illustration at back of manual The turbine can be mounted in the waterway through a 17 cm 7 hole with the draft tube extending to the tail waters below Small tabs with screws are adequate to retain the machine The draft tube is connected to the machine using rubber sleeves and hose clamps These are standard plumbing items PVC pipe of 150mm 6 diameter with a 4mm 0 160 wall thickness is used between the guide vane assembly and the draft tube Install the rubber sleeve at the lower end of the guide vane tube so as to create a smooth transition from one to the other It 15 recommended to have the LH1000 in a small enclosure or under some cover to keep it dry and provide a place for auxiliary equipment Mounting the machine
9. En la punta de adentro de la tuberia se debe instalar un filtro Una caja coladora puede ser usada con una tuberia entrando en el otro lado o agregue una seccion con una tuberia llena de agujeros envuelta en una malla o un tubo con peque os agujeros y sin una malla Una malla con un tama o de 20mm 3 4 y aun mas peque a se puede usar ya que basura de este tama o pasara a traves de la maquina Sin embargo es importante mantener los palos fuera de la acometida ya que estos pueden quedar atrapados en la maquina Esto talvez necesite una malla mas peque a Una pila de reposo debe ser usada con esta maquina Esta es una piscina de velocidad baja que permite que los escombros reposen de tal manera que no entren en la maquina y gasten la orilla de la helice y la caparazon de la vena guia Vea la ilustracion de la instalacion de la LH1000 atras de este manual La turbina puede se montada en la corriente dentro de un agujero de 17cms 7 con el tubo del eje extendiendose a la cola del agua de abajo Peque as rendijas con tornillos son adecuadas para retener la maquina El tubo del draft se conecto a la mquina usando mangas de hule y prensas de mangueras Estos son accesorios estandares de plomeria La tuberia PVC de 150mm 6 de diametro con una pared de 4mm 0 160 de grueso se usa entre la vena ensambladora guia y el tubo del draft Instale la manga de hule en la parte de abajo de la vena guia como para crear una transision suave desde uno al
10. Watts eg 30mx2l sx5 300 Watts b Before considering the purchase of a Stream Engine or LH 1000 perform the above estimate If it is determined that your site is viable contact your dealer to discuss pipelines transmission distance and system voltage Power from the Stream Engine or LH 1000 is limited according to the available head See Power Output and Site Assessment for power charts c The length diameter and type of pipeline must be determined in order to predict losses due to friction d Many factors affect system voltage including output and transmission distance Power is usually generated at battery voltage but where transmission distances are too great for low voltage transmission 12 24 or 48 V higher voltages can be generated and transformers can be effectively used to step down to battery voltage 8 01 01 How it Works Innovative Micro Llydro Systems Since 1980 tream Engine The Stream Engine and the LH1000 are designed for use in battery based power systems with electricity generated at a steady rate and stored in batteries for use at higher rates than 1 generated During times of low demand power is stored An inverter is used when AC power is desired Water from a stream is channeled into a pipeline to gain enough head the vertical distance the water falls to power the system The Stream Engine operates at heads of about 2 metres 6 feet and upward The water passes through a no
11. 0 05 35 8 90 4 64 1 56 0 62 0 23 0 07 40 11 4 5 89 1 98 0 78 0 30 0 09 0 02 45 14 2 7 34 2 48 0 97 0 37 0 12 0 04 50 17 2 8 92 3 01 1 20 0 46 0 14 0 04 25 20 5 10 6 3 59 1 43 1 0 55 0 16 0 05 60 24 1 12 5 4 21 1 66 0 64 0 18 0 07 0 02 70 16 6 5 61 2 21 0 85 0 25 0 09 0 03 80 21 3 7 18 2 83 1 08 0 32 0 12 0 04 90 8 92 3 52 1 36 0 39 0 14 0 07 100 10 9 4 28 1 66 0 48 0 18 0 07 0 02 150 23 2 9 06 3 50 1 04 0 37 0 16 0 05 200 15 5 5 96 1 75 0 62 0 28 0 07 0 02 250 23 4 9 05 2 65 0 94 0 42 0 12 0 05 300 12 6 3 73 1 34 0 58 0 16 0 05 350 16 8 4 95 1 78 0 76 0 21 0 07 400 21 5 6 33 2 25 0 97 0 28 0 10 450 7 87 2 81 1 20 0 32 0 12 500 9 55 3 41 1 45 0 42 0 14 550 11 4 4 07 1 75 0 48 0 16 600 13 4 4 78 2 05 0 58 0 18 650 15 5 5 54 2 37 0 67 0 23 700 17 8 6 37 2 71 0 76 0 25 750 20 3 7 22 3 10 0 86 0 30 800 8 14 3 50 0 97 0 32 850 9 11 3 89 1 08 0 37 900 10 1 4 32 1 20 0 42 950 10 8 4 79 1 34 0 46 1000 12 3 5 27 1 45 0 51 BATTERIAS INVERTIDORES Y CONTROLADORES Voltage del sistema Un peque o sistema con una peque a distancia de transmision se dise ada usualmente a operar a 12 Voltios Grandes sitemas pueden ser de 12 Voltios pero si alta energia es deseada
12. 0 30 0 12 0 04 26 17 2 5 13 2 65 0 90 0 35 0 14 0 05 28 19 7 5 89 3 04 1 04 0 41 0 16 0 05 30 22 4 6 70 3 45 1 17 0 43 0 18 0 05 35 8 90 4 64 1 56 0 62 0 23 0 07 40 11 4 5 89 1 98 0 78 0 30 0 09 0 02 45 14 2 7 34 2 48 0 97 0 37 0 12 0 04 50 17 2 8 92 3 01 1 20 0 46 0 14 0 04 55 20 5 10 6 3 59 1 43 0 55 0 16 0 05 60 24 1 12 5 4 21 1 66 0 64 0 18 0 07 0 02 70 16 6 5 61 2 21 0 85 0 25 0 09 0 03 80 21 3 7 18 2 83 1 08 0 32 0 12 0 04 90 8 92 3 52 1 36 0 39 0 14 0 07 100 10 9 4 28 1 66 0 48 0 18 0 07 0 02 150 23 2 9 06 3 50 1 04 0 37 0 16 0 05 200 15 5 5 96 1 75 0 62 0 28 0 07 0 02 250 23 4 9 05 2 65 0 94 0 42 0 12 0 05 300 12 6 3 73 1 34 0 58 0 16 0 05 350 16 8 4 95 1 78 0 76 0 21 0 07 400 21 5 6 33 2 25 0 97 0 28 0 10 450 7 87 2 81 1 20 0 32 0 12 500 9 55 3 41 1 45 0 42 0 14 550 11 4 4 07 1 75 0 48 0 16 600 13 4 4 78 2 05 0 58 0 18 650 15 5 5 54 2 37 0 67 0 23 700 17 8 6 37 2 71 0 76 0 25 750 20 3 7 22 3 10 0 86 0 30 800 8 14 3 50 0 97 0 32 850 9 11 3 89 1 08 0 37 900 10 1 4 32 1 20 0 42 950 10 8 4 79 1 34 0 46 1000 12 3 5 27 1 45 0 51 PIPE FRICTION LOSS Polyethylene SDR Pressure Rated Pipe Pressure Loss from Friction in Feet of H
13. 1470 260 2 38 5 35 9 51 14 8 21 4 29 1 38 0 59 4 85 6 117 152 17 0 24 7 33 6 4 as 98 8 s 37 6 49 1 76 7 5 135 184 241 2930 175 238 311 a ps 85 1 191 ET 340 ERA euim 55 2 75 2 98 2 EIS 393 4140 www microhydropower com ropower com manual1 manual pg7 htm 2 of 2 9 28 2003 7 15 37 PM Manual 1 MANUAL The Stream Engine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual Table of Contents Introduction Site Evaluation Head Measurement Flow Measurement Intake Pipeline amp Tailrace Batteries Inverters amp Controllers Wiring amp Load Center Output Adjustment Wiring Diagrams The New Universal Nozzle New Current Measurement Technique SERVICE 8 ASSEMBLY In order to remove the generator you must first remove the turbine wheel The machine s wheel is unscrewed from the shaft by holding the rotor using the 1 4 diameter rod inserted into one of the holes in the edge of the rotor The turbine wheel is assembled with a washer and then a spacer on top The shaft is made with standard right hand threads for the turbine wheel so it will unscrew in a counter clockwise direction when looking at the shaft with the machine upside down Then you can remove the four bolts with 5 32 allen hex heads You should replace bearings as soon as you notice any looseness If they are too loose severe damage to both the rotor and the stator can result This machine uses three
14. IR 20 amps x 0 08 ohms 1 6 volts So if the battery voltage is 13 4 the generator will be operating at 15 0 volts Keep in mind that it is always the batteries that determine the system voltage That is all voltages in the system rise and fall according to the battery s state of charge At the site we would be generating 20 amps continuously If we use lead acid batteries and wish to have two days of storage capacity then 20 amps x 24 hrs x 2 days 960 amp Hrs Capacity http www microhydropower com manual1 manual_pg6 htm 2 of 3 9 28 2003 7 15 36 Manual 1 probably use an inverter and load controller with the system The diagram for such a system would look like this Below Diagram of a typical battery based system DC Loads www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com manual1 manual_pg6 htm 3 of 9 28 2003 7 15 36 PM Manual 1 MANUAL The Stream Engine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual Table of Contents Introduction Site Evaluation Head Measurement Flow Measurement Intake Pipeline amp Tailrace Batteries Inverters amp Controllers Wiring amp Load Center Service and Assembly Wiring Diagrams The New Universal Nozzle New Current Measurement Technique OUTPUT ADJUSTMENT For the machine to produce the highest output the rotor height should be adjusted This involves is raising and lowering the rotor to increase the magnetic flux level This is necessar
15. The LH 1000 Low Head Propeller Turbine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual MANUAL 2 The LH 1000 Low Head Propeller Turbine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual Made in Canada Table of Contents Introduction Site Evaluation Head Measurement Flow Measurement E e Intake Pipeline amp Tailrace E Batteries Inverters amp Controllers LH1000 Wiring and Load Centre Output Adjustment Disassembly amp Service Y Wiring Diagrams Current Measurement Technique e www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com manual2 manual2_toc htm 9 28 2003 7 15 53 PM The LH 1000 Low Head Propeller Turbine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual INTRODUCTION This manual describes the LH 1000 which is manufactured by Energy Systems amp Design LTD The installer must have some knowledge of i plumbing and electrical systems as should the end user of the system These machines are small but can generate very high voltages Even 12 volt machines can produce high voltages under certain conditions Practice all due safety Electricity cannot be seen and it can be lethal Electricity is produced from the potential energy in water moving from a high point to a lower one This distance is called head and is measured in units of distance meters or feet or in units of pressure kilograms per square centimeter Flow is measured in units of volume gallons per minut
16. The system with two 22 mm nozzles uses about 10 l s and is fed by a 150 mm pipe 200 m long Output from the machine is 8 5 amps in a nominal 48V system which actually operates at 54V at this current level This gives an output in watts of 459 A water to wire efficiency of 6596 is achieved Micro hydro systems have come a long way They can produce power more cost effectively than any other kind of renewable energy system It will be interesting to see what the future brings Access Paul Cunningham Energy Systems amp Design P O Box 4557 Sussex NB Canada EAE 5L7 Tel 506 433 3151 www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff6 htm 2 of 2 9 28 2003 7 16 28 Small Water Power Siting Innovative Micro Hydro Systems Since 1980 Small Water Power Siting Paul Cunningham There are small streams running over much of the countryside Perhaps you are wondering if a brook in your area 1 suitable for developing into a power source The following is intended to show the procedure used in my case to arrive at solutions to various problems Discussing the thinking involved will provide some interesting insights How Much is Enough A small scale water power system requires a more specific site than either a wind or photovoltaic one You do need to have some flowing water On the other hana it isn t necessary to have very much or much pressure and it doesn t have to be very close t
17. When you have found the best position no increase in current or voltage make sure the larger bolt is turned until it is tight Now the smaller bolt should be tightened securely to lock everything in place No further adjustments should be required unless nozzle sizes are changed When adjusting the rotor downward it may reach the point where it will contact the stator If this occurs always adjust it upwards by at least a 1 4 turn of the larger bolt Operating the machine with the rotor any closer than this will not result in any power increase but may damage the machine Always turn the rotor by hand before starting the machine to check for rubbing Remove the pin in the rotor edge before starting the machine Optimum nozzle size can be found using a similar technique First install the nozzle insert that approximates a match to your conditions Then try both a smaller and a larger one and pursue the http www microhydropower com manual1 manual_pg7 htm 1 of 2 9 28 2003 7 15 37 PM direction of maximum power Note that if you use a nozzle larger than your flow can support air will be sucked into your pipeline NOZZLE FLOW CHART FLOW RATE IN U S GALLONS PER MINUTE 4 76 RIAL 19 0 29 7 5 49 8 56 12 4 16 8 22 0 34 3 49 4 67 3 87 8 925 Bes 720 605 924 107 17 3 1 94 4 37 7 76 1 17 5 23 8 31 1 48 5 69 9 95 1 124 1310 21 7 2 17 4 88 8 68 13 6 19 5 26 6 34 7 54 3 78 1 106 139
18. You must divert all of the water into a short length of pipe This will usually require the use of a dam in order to pack dirt around the intake end Pipe size may be from 1 to 6 depending on the flow rate Once that is done the water is directed into a bucket or other container of known volume The time required to fill it is then noted and this is converted into GPM Many materials can be used for the weir but sheet metal is the easiest to make since the thickness is slight Wood requires a beveled edge for accuracy A stake is driven into the streambed a foot or so upstream of the weir and level with the bottom of the notch This is the point the depth of water is measured since the level drops somewhat at the weir opening Water flow should be measured several times during the year Once a month will give a good idea of how much power can be expected year round The 5096 efficiency rule applies to sites with heads greater than 30 40 feet or so At lower heads everything becomes more difficult Turbine and pipes become larger and speeds of rotation decrease The diameter and length of pipeline can now be determined once you have an idea of the potential power output of your site It is assumed that you are planning on using a TURBINE and will generate ELECTRICITY Other courses of action are possible but will not be discussed now A rough average of the stream flow can be made after you have made measurements at different times of the yea
19. and the dynamic head water flowing can be read The stop valve on any major pipeline should always be closed slowly to prevent water hammer a large column of water coming to an abrupt stop This can easily destroy your pipeline and for this reason you may wish to install a pressure relief valve just upstream of the stop valve Nozzles can be installed or changed from under the turbine or from the above by removing the nozzle flange by unscrewing its four bolts The use of flexible pipe makes it easier to remove the flanges from the nozzles DO NOT OVER TIGHTEN THE NOZZLES The turbine housing can be mounted on two boards to suspend it above the stream It is recommended to have the Stream Engine in a small enclosure or under some cover to keep it dry and provide a place for auxiliary equipment Mounting the machine in concrete is also possible you may wish to try a temporary wood mounting first The opening under the housing to catch the water should be at least the size of the turbine housing opening and preferably a little larger Make certain the tailrace exit channel provides enough flow for the exiting water The housing opening is 9 1 2 inches square the bolt holes are on an 11 inch square and the housing is 12 inches square In cold climates it may be necessary to build a trap into the exit This prevents outside air from entering the housing and causing freeze ups www microhydropower com http www microh
20. efficiency of the system decreases and it is important to keep the head losses low The pipe flow charts show us that two inch diameter polyethylene pipe has a head loss of 1 77 feet of head per 100 feet of pipe at a flow rate of 30 gpm This is 17 7 feet of loss for 1000 feet of pipe Using two inch PVC gives us a loss of 1 17 feet of head per 100 feet of pipe or 11 7 feet for 1000 feet Polyethylene comes in continuous coils because it is flexible and more freeze resistant PVC comes in shorter lengths and has to be glued together or purchased with gaskets for larger sizes Let s say we select polyethylene http www microhydropower com manual1 manual_pg6 htm 1 of 3 9 28 2003 7 15 36 PM Manual 1 The maximum output occurs with a flow of about 45 gpm since that gives us a head loss of 3 75 feet per 100 feet of pipe or 37 5 feet of loss for our 1000 feet of pipe This is 37 5 loss 120 head 31 loss A flow of 30 gpm gives a net head of 102 3 feet 120 17 7 The losses caused by the various pipe fittings and intake screen will further decrease the dynamic head so 100 feet is a good working figure for the net head At this head and flow condition the output of the machine 1 equal to about 300 watts Since we require 12 volts and the transmission distance is short we can generate and transmit 12 volts using the Stream Engine This Stream Engine could also be used for higher voltages like 24 and 48 and power
21. found Also keep in mind that if the system is to operate at a fairly fixed speed like most hydro systems that no adjustments are required from minimum to maximum output As a starting point a 1 3 HP 3 phase 230 VAC 4 pole 1800 rpm nominal Westinghouse motor needs 15 mf per line to generate 120 VAC at 1500 rpm A 1 1 2 HP Leeson 3 phase 230 VAC 4 pole motor requires 40 mf per line at 1500 rpm 230 VAC If any readers have trouble getting things to excite the most effective technique is to apply 12 VDC to one phase two output wires of the motor while stopped After a few minutes remove the DC and try starting again This imprints the rotor with magnetic poles and should get things going Try no load at first just to see if it works There are some further points of interest that will probably be discussed in a future update Presently there is still much work to be done before a more complete understanding is possible Readers are encouraged to both try experiments and report their results Access Write Paul Cunningham at Energy Systems amp Design P O Box 4557 Sussex New Brunswick E4E 5L7 Canada www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff4 htm 3 of 3 9 28 2003 7 16 27 PM Long Distance Power Transmission for Renewable Energy Systems Innovative Micro Hydro Systems Since 1980 Long Distance Power Transmission for Renewable Energy Systems Paul Cunningham Sites with good renewabl
22. la salida de la esperada energia puede ser determinada desde la siguiente tabla Recuerte que los valores de esta tabla representan la salida generada y que la energia actual llevada a las baterias sera reducida por las lineas de transmision convertidores de energia y otros equipos requeridos por el sistema Todos los sistemas deben ser cuidadosamente planificado para maximizar la salida de energia TABLA MEDIDORA WEIR La tabla muesta la corriente de agua que fluira en galones por minutos gpm durante a una pulgada weir de ancho y desde 1 8 hasta 10 7 8 pulgadas de hondo Inches 1 8 1 4 3 8 1 2 5 8 3 4 7 8 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 7 1 0 1 4 1 9 2 4 1 3 0 3 5 4 1 4 8 5 5 6 1 6 9 7 6 2 8 5 9 2 10 1 10 9 11 8 12 7 13 6 14 6 3 15 5 16 5 17 5 18 6 19 5 20 6 21 7 22 8 4 23 9 25 1 26 2 27 4 28 5 29 7 31 0 32 2 5 33 4 34 7 36 0 37 3 38 5 39 9 41 2 42 6 6 43 9 45 3 46 8 48 2 49 5 51 0 52 4 53 9 7 55 4 56 8 58 3 59 9 61 4 63 0 64 6 66 0 8 67 7 69 3 70 8 72 5 74 1 75 8 77 4 79 1 9 80 8 82 4 84 2 85 9 87 6 89 3 91 0 92 8 10 94 5 96 3 98 1 99 9 101 7 1036 105 4 107 3 Example of how to use weir table Suppose depth of water above stake 1 9 3 8 inches Find 9 in the left hand column and 3 8 in the top column The value where they intersect is 85 9 gpm That s only for a 1 inch weir however You multiply this value by the width of your weir in inches to obtain water flow Suponga que l
23. requerida con simplemente cortando la boqilla al apropiado tama o Se puede cortar con una sierra o con cualquier sierra fina El final de la boquilla debe ser terminada con un pedazo de lija Esto se hace mejor si se pone la lija en una mesa y sobando la boquilla contra ella Las marcas ya estan en las boquillas para asistir con el corte al tama o correcto Los numeros estan en milimetros y corresponde a las pulgadas de la siguiente manera Mm 3 4 5 6 amp 10 13 16 19 22 25 Pulg 1 8 3 16 5 16 38 Y 5 8 7 8 I Tama os impares tambien se pueden producir Las aperturas de las boquilla es como 6 mas grande que el chorro de agua actual que sale de el Otra posibilidad es hacer la apertura mas grande hasta que la corriente deseada es obtenida Un aro O es provista para poder sellar la cara Esto previene que el agua gotee hacia las afueras de la maquina Para los tama os de boquillas mas peque os la boquilla tendra que ser instalada con el area numerada hacia arriba para que la punta no haga contacto con la rueda de la turbina Modelos de Alto Voltage Cuando opera una Stream Engine usando transformadores esta necesitara diferente tecnica para poder optimizar el rendimiento Esto se puede hacer en la turbina ajustando para un maximo voltage en lugar de una corriente maxima El voltage CA puede ser medido al otro lado de cualquiera de las dos terminales de salida Estas terminales son las mismas en la tabla terminal de bajo voltage o sis
24. their voltage rises At some point the charging process should stop and the power be diverted to the dump load The voltage set point should be about 13 5 to 14 5vdc for a 12 volt system depending on the charge rate The higher the charge rate the higher the voltage can go If batteries are often in a high state of charge the voltage limit should be on the low end of the range A voltmeter or a watt hour meter can be used to monitor battery charge level Battery voltage 1s roughly a function of the charge level and varies according to the load level and charge rate There are many commercially available monitors that conveniently display these features to the user including the state of charge WIRING AND LOAD CENTER Every system requires some wiring to connect the various components Load centers are available as a complete package that easily facilitates the connection of loads and power source s All circuits in the system should use wire of adequate size and have fuses or breakers of sufficient capacity to carry the expected load current Even the LH1000 must be fused since it can suffer from a short or similar fault just like anything else in the system Inside the junction box are two terminal lugs for the battery cable leads The negative terminal lug is bolted to the box and the positive terminal lug is bolted to the clear plastic terminal block Transmission wire ends are inserted into these two connectors after being stripped
25. were delighted and the rest of the community concurred This was the ultimate in renewable energy schemes in many ways from our perspective Not only was a water powered generator installed which would sustainably provide power to this community for years to come but the community itself was renewed to an extent In their search for a way of life that was friendly to the planet and each other this new power source would allow development and continuation of their ambitious agenda The permaculture with which they experimented their forays into alternative construction methodology and the collective governing that they employed all benefited from this development of reliable power As in many developing countries the stability inherent in reliable infrastructure has given a little more freedom to the individuals to pursue higher goals than mere survival and has attracted new members to their society whose ideas and energies will carry them into the future Access Robert Fife works with Energy Systems and Design New Brunswick Canada Tel 1 506 433 3151 Fax 1 506 433 6151 e mail hydropow Qnbnet nb ca http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff9 htm 5 of 6 9 28 2003 7 16 32 PM Micro hydroelectric Installations A beginner s perspective www microhydropower com ropower com staffpubs staff9 htm 6 of 6 9 28 2003 7 16 32 PM Definitions Innovative Micro Llydro Systems Since 1980 Commonly used
26. which provided a magnetic flux for the moving output coils to pass through which in turn generated an electrical flow in the coils This design is represented by direct current DC motors and most older alternating current AC generators alternators The major disadvantage of this type of machine 1 that the full output must pass through carbon brushes Many generators of this type are used in alternative technology applications but they require more maintenance Also because of the rotor design the wire is more difficult to retain at higher speeds as it tries to fly outward from the rotor It is for these reasons that automotive generators DC were replaced by alternators The other major category of generators include those designs in which the output coils are stationary and the field rotates This includes automotive alternators All machines of this type produce alternating current output If DC output is required then RECTIFIERS are used to convert AC to DC These are solid state electrical one way valves usually using silicon diodes Thus far all of these designs mentioned could use permanent magnets for the field This means several things The field requires no electricity to operate so efficiency is higher It can operate at very low speeds since the power of the field is not taken from the output of the machine On the negative side there is no easy way to control the output of such a machine With a wire wound field the ou
27. 005 24 1 12 5 4 21 1 66 0 64 0 18 16 6 5 61 a 0 09 c 21 3 7 18 2 83 1 08 0 32 0 12 0 12 8 92 3 52 1 36 0 39 0 14 0 14 10 9 4 28 1 66 0 48 0 18 0 07 0 02 23 2 9 06 3 50 1 04 0 37 0 37 zc sss E 23 4 9 05 2 65 0 94 0 42 0 12 0 05 128 3 73 1 34 0 58 0 16 0 05 16 8 4 95 1 78 0 76 0 21 0 07 215 6 33 2 25 0 97 0 28 0 10 rar O 9 55 3 41 3 41 1 45 0 42 0 14 11 4 4 07 ao ssim ia is http www microhydropower com manual1 manual pg8 htm 4 of 5 9 28 2003 7 15 39 Manual 1 15 5 5 54 2 37 0 67 0 23 17 8 6 37 2 71 0 76 0 25 20 3 7 22 3 10 0 86 0 30 0 97 VERI 10 1 4 32 1 20 0 42 10 8 4 79 1 34 0 46 12 3 5 27 1 45 0 51 40 50 75 100 150 200 300 10 15 20 30 40 E 2 oo e oo 15 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 75 100 125 150 200 Eme e eso E e 12 30 45 60 90 120 150 225 300 400 500 700 je e jm T madoadoa sme rs ee gs 5 a s s on ws O A 15 300 120 240 1360 480 400 160 320 480 640 www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com manual1 manual_pg8 htm 5 of 5 9 28 2003 7 15 39 Manual 1 MANUAL 1 The Stream Engine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual Table of Contents Introduction Site Evaluation Head Measure
28. 050 Si elevando el rotor causa la corriente o el voltage que aumente entonces continue haciendolo asi hasta que no haya ningun aumento Si un punto es alcanzado donde ocurre una disminucion entonces el rotor debe ser bajado Con soltar el tornillo mas grande y apretando el mas peque o es como esto se hace Rotando el tornillo mas peque o causa que el rotor se mueva verticalmente a la misma distancia por tuno asi como el tornillo grande lo hace Cuando usted ha encontrado la mejor posicion no aumento en la corriente o voltage asegurese que el tornillo grande es rotado hasta que este apretado Ahora el tornillo mas peque o debe ser apretado muy seguro para sellar todo en su lugar No se deben hacer mas ajustes a menos que se cambien el tama o de las boquillas Cuando se ajuste el rotor hacia abajo puede alcanzar el punto donde hara contacto con el stator Si esto ocurre ajustelo siempre hacia arriba por lo menos un 1 4 de rote al tornillo mas grande Si se opera la maquina con el rotor mas cerca que esto puede causar da o en la maquina Antes de iniciar la maquina siempre rote el rotor a mano para chequear por sobage Remueva el pin en la orilla del rotor antes de iniciar la maquina El tama o optimo de la boquilla se puede encontrar usando una tecnica similar Energy Systems and Design ha introducido un nuevo tipo de boquilla a su generador hidroelectrico Esto hace posibble crear cualquier tama o de boquilla chorro que sea
29. 1 to 4 feel between depth ruler amp weir Water height abova Wair WEIR MEASUREMENT TABLE Table shows water flow in gallons minute gpm that will flow over a weir one inch wide and from 1 8 to 10 7 8 inches deep Inches 1 8 Ya 3 8 Ye 5 8 Ya 7 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 7 1 0 1 4 1 9 2 4 1 3 0 3 5 4 1 4 8 5 5 6 1 6 9 7 6 2 8 5 9 2 10 1 10 9 11 8 12 7 13 6 14 6 3 15 5 16 5 17 5 18 6 19 5 20 6 21 7 22 8 4 23 9 25 1 26 2 27 4 28 5 29 7 31 0 32 2 5 33 4 34 7 36 0 37 3 38 5 39 9 41 2 42 6 6 43 9 45 3 46 8 48 2 49 5 51 0 52 4 53 9 7 55 4 56 8 58 3 59 9 61 4 63 0 64 6 66 0 8 67 7 69 3 70 8 72 5 74 1 75 8 77 4 79 1 9 80 8 82 4 84 2 85 9 87 6 89 3 91 0 92 8 10 94 5 96 3 98 1 99 9 101 7 1036 105 4 107 3 Example of how to use weir table Suppose depth of water above stake 1 9 3 8 inches Find 9 in the left hand column and 3 8 in the top column The value where they intersect is 85 9 gpm That s only for a 1 inch weir however You multiply this value by the width of your weir in inches to obtain water flow INTAKE PIPELINE AND TAILRACE All hydro systems require a waterway Even systems operating directly from a dam require at least a short plumbing run It 1 important to use the correct type and size of plumbing to minimize restrictions in the flow When possible pipelines should be buried this stabilizes the line and prevents animals from chewing it
30. 1mm 7 16 head bolt is loosened Now you can turn the larger bolt which will force the rotor up Each full turn of the bolt will move the rotor vertically 1 25 mm 0 050 If raising the rotor causes the current or the voltage to increase then continue to do so until there is no longer an increase If a point is reached where a decrease occurs then the rotor should be lowered This is done by loosening the larger bolt and then tightening the smaller one Turning the smaller bolt causes the rotor to move vertically the same distance per turn as the larger bolt does When you have found the best position no increase in current or voltage make sure the larger bolt is turned until it is tight Now the smaller bolt should be tightened securely to lock everything in place No further adjustments should be required unless nozzle sizes are changed When adjusting the rotor downward 1t may reach the point where it will contact the stator If this occurs always adjust it upwards by at least a 1 4 turn of the larger bolt Operating the machine with the rotor closer than this may damage the machine Always turn the rotor by hand before starting the machine to check for rubbing Remove the pin in the rotor edge before starting the machine Optimum nozzle size can be found using a similar technique Energy Systems and Design has introduced a new type of nozzle for its hydro electric generators This makes it possible to create any size nozz
31. 20 40 110 200 400 550 700 850 2 50 40 50 100 230 500 900 1200 1500 1900 Flow Rate Liters sec Gallons min 5 00 6 67 75 100 90 120 180 230 450 600 940 1100 1500 x x 7 50 112 130 250 650 es e 52 9 50 150 150 350 800 ae eo Ge 52 Due to lower efficiency at higher flows it becomes worthwhile to utilize two Stream Engines WIRING DIAGRAMS 17 These diagrams represent the four possible combinations of output wiring They are in order of potential If you find your air gap adjustment to be at a minimum and wish to try for more power then try using the next higher combination If you find the air gap is very large try the next lower one Note that there is only a small change in potential between 2 to 3 Negative Out 1 Parallel Delta O Positive Lead Out O Empty Empty Empty L gt S S a a Xe Xe Ye Green 1 Blue 1 Red 1 Green 3 Blue3 Red3 Red 2 Green2 Blue 2 Red 4 Green4 Blue 4 Empty Negative Out 3 Series Delta e 2 Positive Lead Out 2 Blue 2 Red 2 Green3 Blue 3 46 4 Green 1 Blue 1 Red 4 Green 4 Negative Out 2 Parallel Y a O 2 Positive Lead Out O 2 Empty Empty 3 Blue 1 Red 1 Green 3 Blue 3 Red3 Green 2 Red2 Green 4 Blue 4 Red 4 Negative Out 4 Series Y Aa O 2 Positive Lead Out ne 2 Blue 2 Red 2 Green3 Blue
32. 3 Red 3 e e e S YA YA WA 49 42 A Green 1 Blue 1 1 4 Green 4 Blue 4 WIRING SCHEMES 12 VOLTS 24 VOLTS 48 VOLTS Parallel Delta Series Delta Series Y All Heads up to 60718 up to 607 18m Parallel Delta Series Delta 30 9m and up 30 9m to 250 75m Parallel Delta 140 43m and up Note Ata given site more than one scheme may work But one will work best Parallel wye configuration is not mentioned because it is very similar to series delta It differs by about 15 If you have a site where series delta is used and you think the output could be greater try it Remember to adjust the rotor for highest output when changing the wiring NEW CURRENT MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE Previously all Stream Engines were equipped with analogue ammeters Now a built in shunt precision resistance is installed in the junction box which allows the current to be measured digitally This is done with the supplied DMM digital multi meter To measure the current produced by the generator set the DMM scale to DC mili volts or 200 m at the nine o clock position Do not use the amps scale Plug the negative in bottom hole and positive in middle hole Plug the leads into their corresponding color coded jacks on the shunt in the junction box This will give current readings from 0 1 amps to 99 9 amps Of course the DMM can be used for other tasks with your renewable energy system Manual 2
33. 7 16 01 PM Manual 2 Battery Loads Bank j Overcharze www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com manual2 manual_pg6 htm 6 of 6 9 28 2003 7 16 01 PM Manual 2 MANUAL Z The LH 1000 Low Head Propeller Turbine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual OUTPUT ADJUSTMENT For the machine to produce the highest output the rotor height should be adjusted so as to match the magnetic power of the rotor to the power of the waterway at the site Since each site varies from the next it is important to adjust the rotor for maximum output at your site This involves raising and lowering the rotor to change or adjust the magnetic flux level until the optimum level is found After the machine is installed perform a trial operation to establish a power output level This can be determined using a digital multimeter plugged into the output jacks in the precision shunt found in the junction box It is recommended to keep a logbook to note any output changes in relation to settings and to monitor long term performance After everything is installed start the LH1000 by opening the water source Operate it long enough for the output level to stabilize and note the current or voltage Then shut off the water 50 54 600 800 1000 gpm Click for larger view The LH1000 comes with the rotor the chrome plate set very close to the stator the stationary black body of the generator To incre
34. Flow US GPM Pipe Diameter Inches IL http www microhydropower com manual2 manual_pg6 htm 1 of 6 9 28 2003 7 16 01 PM Manual 2 per pas os ao vr pe oe pss oe vr e rar per os OS pss oe a ss 0 ar a 10 6 3 15 1 63 0 55 o 0 21 ss o or 25 0 sae z 0 78 0 12 0 0 E T 70 ss 4 64 0 07 o 222 S 7 34 2 48 0 pos 10 6 2 Es po 70 16 6 6 5 61 2 21 Ana 80 IRE 1 08 0 E REE rue pn m 07 10 9 4 4 28 1 66 0 48 0 18 0 07 0 02 NE 200 15 5 5 96 1 75 0 62 0 28 0 07 0 02 250 E 2 65 0 94 0 42 0 42 0 12 0 05 12 6 3 73 1 34 0 58 0 16 0 05 116 8 4 95 1 78 0 76 0 21 0 07 400 21 5 6 33 2 25 0 97 0 28 0 10 7 87 2 81 1 20 0 32 0 12 http www microhydropower com manual2 manual_pg6 htm 2 of 6 9 28 2003 7 16 01 Manual 2 O N N mb y N w ol o o o o SE cl gt 9 N POWER OUTPUT IN WATTS CONTINUOUS PUT IN OUTPUT CHART DESIGN EXAMPLE This example shows how to proceed with a complete installation The parameters of the example site are 6 feet 2m of head over a distance of 50 feet 15m a flow of at least1000 631 5 100 feet distance from the house to the hydro machine 12 volt system The first thin
35. Head Propeller Turbine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual Manuals may take a few minutes to load due to size Please be patient Pipeline amp Machine www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com manuals htm 9 28 2003 7 16 24 PM Hydro Systems Using LCBs Innovative Micro Hydro Systems Since 1980 Hydro Systems Using LCBs Paul Cunningham For a given magnetic field and driven by a water jet of given pressure and flow a DC hydro generator will produce its greatest power at a certain combination of voltage and current This combination is called the maximum power point The problem of running a PM generator at near its maximum power point voltage while charging a battery at a significantly lower voltage has a simple solution a linear current booster or LCB Conditions Most hydro machines will only perform well under certain conditions and only perform at their best under one set of conditions Using a variable field as with automotive alternators is one solution These machines can be used with an RPM range of around 1000 to 4000 or more Although these alternators are low in cost and fairly reliable they have low efficiency typically 50 or less depending on conditions So with variable field strength controlled electronically or with a rheostat an optimum match between input power and output power can be made Improving the situation Let s look at some ways of improving the
36. N Jf N AR J N al http www microhydropower com manual1 manual_pg8 htm 2 of 5 9 28 2003 7 15 39 Manual 1 ae EEES 5 43 Ea 0 81 21 5 ea ms re 98108 287 ess oso 120 32 6 9 67 4 07 1 40 Fo ss 1 12 2 5 13 1 77 13 5 5 71 1 98 15 0 6 31 2 19 165 242 RAS 147 5T sc ero 18 4 PIPE FRICTION LOSS PVC Class 160 PSI Plastic Pipe Pressure Loss from Friction in Feet of Head per 100 Feet of Pipe Pipe Diameter Inches ee e o 5 pepp ors os EON 13 0 35 0 18 e o e o C1 e ala e Co e o 00 e o N o A N o N 00 O w w eue 2 N o ol o oj A Co al http www microhydropower com manual1 manual_pg8 htm 3 of 5 9 28 2003 7 15 39 PM Manual 1 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 4 09 1 22 0 64 0 20 0 09 0 02 5 45 1 63 0 85 0 28 0 12 0 04 sw perum o oer oar ras oa 20 10 6 3 15 1 63 0 55 0 21 0 09 0 02 22 1263 77 1 96 0 67 0 25 0 09 0 02 s ore oj 26 7 2 5 13 2 65 0 90 0 35 0 14 0 05 28 19 7 5 89 3 04 1 04 0 41 0 16 0 05 30 22 4 6 70 3 45 1 17 0 43 0 18 0 05 18 90 4 64 1 56 0 62 0 23 0 07 11 4 5 89 1 98 078 0 30 0 09 0 02 14 2 7 34 2 48 0 97 0 37 0 12 0 04 172 8 92 3 01 1 20 0 46 0 14 o 04 20 5 10 6 3 59 1 43 0 55 0 16
37. Voltios La primera cosa que se debe determinar es el tama o de la tuberia Dado que hay friccion entre la tuberia y el agua que fluye esta friccion se puede reducir aumentando el tama o de la tuberia para minimizar la friccion de los limites de aceptacion Por lo tanto el tama o de la tuberia debe ser optimizado basado en economia y desarrollo La grafica de la tuberia nos muesta que ocho pulgadas aprox 20cm de diametro en tuberia PVC tiene una perdida de cabeza de 0 97 pies de cabeza por 100 pies 30mts de tuberia a una corriente promedio de 800 GPM 50 lts Esto es como 0 5 15cm de perida por 50 pies 15m de tuberia PVC viene en tama os cortos y se pegan juntos o comprados con empaques La salida maxima ocurre con una corriente de como 800 GPM 50 l s Note que con esta maquina la corriente es determinada por la cabeza ya que no hay boquillas que se puedan ajustar para cambiar la corriente 1 pie de perdida 100 pies de tuberia x pies de perdida 50 pies de tuberia 0 5 pies 15cm de perdida de cabeza Luego restamos las perdidas de la cabeza desde la cabeza medida a menudo referida como estatica o el total de la cabeza head gross Abreviado Hg en orden de determinar la actual cabeza operacional siempre referida como dinamica o cabeza neta Abreviada 6 pies de cabeza Hg 0 5 pies de perdida de cabeza 5 5 pies 1 85m de cabeza actual Hn Ahora se sabe que la LH 1000 sera operada a una cabeza actua
38. a tape player radio My house is small and so are my needs There was sometimes even extra power and could run Christmas lights or leave on things just to use the extra power At some point it occurred to me that might generate more than electricity if could produce turbines for others in a similar situation Peltons were made first for sale Originally these were made of epoxy and later of a high strength and abrasion resistant Polyurethane This endeavor busied me some but it soon became apparent that to survive doing this sort of thing would mean producing complete generating units Turgos Turgo turbines looked more reasonable than the Peltons for this due to their greater flow handling capability for a given size Using a 4 inch pitch diameter turbine wheel allowed as many as four one inch diameter nozzles to be used This resulted in a very versatile machine The first production models used automotive alternators Delco since they are inexpensive dependable available and most people wanted 12 VDC output But these couldn t operate with heads of less than 20 feet or so Also the efficiency of these alternators is in the 40 50 range and thought there was room for improvement Back in the R and D department work was proceeding to develop a better machine The Turgo turbines operate in the 60 7096 efficiency range These are made in re usable silicone rubber molds This placed certain constraints on their design and so limi
39. bajo Esta distancia es llamada direccion o cabeza y 921 esta medida en unidades de distancia pies metros o en unidades de presion 1 peso por pulgada cuadrada kilo Pascals La corriente es medida en GUIDE VANES unidades de volumen galones por minuto gpm o litros por segundo L s Y es la segunda porcion de la ecuacion de energia La energia disponible esta relacionada al flujo y la cabeza DRAFT TUBE SUE LH1000 esta dise ada a operar en una extension fija de cabezas y corrientes Etc desde 0 6 3m de2 a 10 empleando una helice metal poliuretano y un LH1000 Installation n ensamblaje guia de vena La LH1000 usa alternador con magnetos tipo permanente Este disefio elimina la necesidad de cepillos y el mantenimiento que viene con ellos mientras aumenta eficiencia El rendimiento de la LH1000 puede ser optimizado con simplemente ajustar el espacio del rotor desde el stator EVALUACION DEL LUGAR Cierta informacion debe ser determinada segun su lugar para poder usar al maximo su potencial de salida Antes que todo debe determinarse cabeza y corriente Otros factores son Distancia de la transmision especificaciones de la y el voltage del sistema Estos factores determinan que tanta energia se puede esperar La energia es generada a un promedio constante por la LH1000 y guardada en baterias como una corriente directa CD La energia es suplida cuando se necesite por las baterias las
40. de Carga Un sistema hidraulico requiere que las cargas esten presentes para la energia tenga a donde ir De otra manera el voltage del sistema puede aumentar a alto niveles Esta situacion provee una oportunidad para hacer algo con el exceso de energia Una descarga puede ser utilizada para calentar agua Mientras las baterias se cargan completamente sus voltages aumentan A un punto el proceso de carga debe detenerse y la energia debe ser desviada a una descarga hay que adivinar un poco El punto a donde el voltage debe estar es de 13 5 a 14 5 para un sistema de 12 voltios dependiendo en el promedio de la carga Mientras mas alta la carga mas alto puede llegar el voltage Si las baterias estan siempre cargandose el limite del voltage debe estar en el promedio bajo Algunos ejemplos de un buen controlador de carga son el TRACE C 35 C 40 y el ENERMAXER Ambos cambian la energia a una descarga cuando el nivel de carga deseado se ha alcanzado El ENERMAXER tiene un punto preparado y usa un cambio solido de estado para descargar gradualmente a un voltage Descargas son usualmente resistivas como lo son los calentadores pero puede ser cualquier cosa que sea compatible con el sistema Un metro de voltage o un metro de horas de watt puede ser usado para monotorizar el nivel de la carga de la bateria El voltage de la bateria es casi una funcion del nivel de carga y varia segun el promedio y nivel de carga Mientras usted gana experiencia el v
41. en galones por minutos gpm durante a una pulgada weir de ancho y desde 1 8 hasta 10 7 8 pulgadas de hondo Inches 1 8 1 4 3 8 1 2 5 8 3 4 7 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 7 1 0 1 4 1 9 2 4 1 3 0 3 5 4 1 4 8 5 5 6 1 6 9 7 6 2 8 5 9 2 10 1 10 9 11 8 12 7 13 6 14 6 3 15 5 16 5 17 5 18 6 19 5 20 6 21 7 22 8 4 23 9 25 1 26 2 27 4 28 5 29 7 31 0 32 2 5 33 4 34 7 36 0 37 3 38 5 39 9 41 2 42 6 6 43 9 45 3 46 8 48 2 49 5 51 0 52 4 53 9 7 55 4 56 8 58 3 59 9 61 4 63 0 64 6 66 0 8 67 7 69 3 70 8 72 5 74 1 75 8 77 4 79 1 9 80 8 82 4 84 2 85 9 87 6 89 3 91 0 92 8 10 94 5 96 3 98 1 99 9 101 7 103 6 105 4 107 3 Suponga que la profundidad del agua arriba de una estaca es 9 3 8 Encuentre 9 la columna izquierda 3 8 en la columna de arriba El valor donde esta intersectado es 85 9 gpm Como se eso es solo por una weir pulgada Usted multiplica este valor por el grueso de su weir en pulgadas para obtener la corriente de agua A OR ALO MANIN ACOMETIDA TUBERIA Y TAILRACE Todos los sitemas hidrahulicos necesitan tuberias Hasta sitemas que opean directamente desde la presa necesitan al menos una tuberia corta Es muy importante usar el tipo correcto y el tama o de tuberia para minimizar restricciones en la corriente de las boquillas Cuando sea posible las tuberias deben ser enterradas esto estabiliza la linea y previene que los animales lo mastiquen
42. into one of the holes in the edge of the rotor The turbine wheel is assembled with a washer and then a spacer on top The shaft is made with standard right hand threads for the turbine wheel so it will unscrew in a counter clockwise direction when looking at the shaft with the machine upside down Then you can remove the four bolts with 4mm 5 32 hex drive You should replace bearings as soon as you notice any looseness If they are too loose severe damage to both the rotor and the stator can result This machine uses three 6203 ball bearings with contact seals On earlier machines these are press fit into the alternator housing and must be installed and removed using a press of adequate capacity and a proper sized mandrel Presently the bearings in the machine are a loose fit in the housing bore and can be replaced by hand IF there 15 not too much rust To replace bearings 1 Using the rotor pin to hold the shaft unthread the runner from the generator shaft Remove rotor To remove rotor and shaft raise the rotor as described in output adjustment until the magnetic attraction is low enough to separate the rotor shaft assembly from the housing and stator Unscrew 4 bolts and washers retaining bearings 4 With the Stream Engine sitting inverted using your thumbs push out the bearings from the sleeve or tap the bearings out This may require a press in some situations 5 Clean bearing sleeve and insert new 6203LLU bearings 6 Reass
43. is 9 3 8 inches Find 9 in the left hand column and 3 8 in the top column The value where they intersect is 85 9 gpm That s only for a 1 inch weir however You multiply this value by the width of your weir in inches to obtain water flow INTAKE PIPELINE AND TAILRACE All hydro systems require a pipeline Even systems operating directly from a dam require at least a short plumbing run It is important to use the correct type and size of pipe to minimize restrictions in the flow to the nozzle s When possible pipelines should be buried this stabilizes the line and prevents animals from chewing it At the inlet of the pipe a filter should be installed A screened box can be used with the pipe entering one side or add a section of pipe drilled full of holes wrapped with screen or small holes and used without screen Make sure that the filter openings are smaller than the smallest nozzle used The intake must be above the streambed so as not to suck in silt and should be deep enough so as not to suck in air The intake structure should be placed to one side of the main flow of the stream so that the force of the flowing water and its debris bypasses it Routinely clean the intake of any leaves or other debris If the whole pipeline doesn t run continuously downhill at least the first section should so the water can begin flowing A bypass valve may be necessary This should be installed at a low point in the pipe For pipelines
44. is a Trademark of Energy Systems Design Ltd INTRODUCTION This manual describes the LH 1000 which is manufactured by Energy Systems amp Design LTD The installer must have some knowledge of plumbing and electrical systems as should the end user of the system These machines are small but can generate very high voltages Even 12 volt machines can produce high voltages under certain conditions Practice all due safety Electricity cannot be seen and it can be lethal Electricity is produced from the potential energy in water moving from a high point to a lower one This distance is called head and is measured in units of distance meters or feet or in units of pressure kilograms per square centimeter Flow is measured in units of volume gallons per minute GPM or liters per second 1 s and is the second portion of the power equation power watts head x flow from 0 6 3m two to ten feet employing a cast polyurethane propeller and The 1 91000 is designed to operate over a fixed range of heads and flows HEAD m guide vane assembly The LH1000 uses a permanent magnet type alternator This design eliminates the need for brushes and the maintenance that accompanies them while increasing efficiency The LH1000 s output can be optimized by simply adjusting the rotor s clearance from the stator HEAD DRAFT SITE EVALUATION LH1000 Installation Certain information must be det
45. is supplied balanced and machined Pelton This popular plastic pelton wheel is useful in higher head lower flow situations where outputs will not be excessive With a 10cm pitch diameter 4 inch it is ideal for small do it yourself applications and has been used in the L il Otto micro hydroelectric systems for years The peltons are supplied with a 13mm 1 2 bore http www microhydropower com components htm 1 of 3 9 28 2003 7 15 27 PM Components The Energy Systems and Design permanent magnet alternator has been designed specifically for micro hydroelectric applications With an output of 500watts 1000rpm it is over 80 efficient at full load Operating without brushes and with its windings encapsulated in epoxy maintenance is minimal and usually limited to bearing replacement The rotor is adjustable so as to enable the user to adjust the field strength With a variety of wiring configurations the permanent magnet alternator is ideal for most sites lt has a 17mm shaft and a 1 25mm thread pitch Sealed ball bearings are used to give reliable performance and provide for easy procurement of spares The Energy Systems and Design permanent magnet alternator is available in a series design outputs up to 30 amps a parallel design outputs up to 60 amps and a high voltage design useful for long distance transmissions 120 or 240 volt They may be purchased separately or with an aluminum junction box containing a
46. o la distancia de transmision es larga entonces un sistema de 24 voltios o mas alto puede ser preferible Esto es especialmente realidad si todas las fuentes son de energia invertida En un sistema de 12 voltios que opera a bajo nivel de energia puede ser ventajoso de operar todas las fuentes directamente desde baterias Hay muchos aparatos de 12 Voltios y peque os invertidores disponibles En sistemas de 24 voltios es preferible operar las fuentes directamente aunque no hay muchos aparatos electronicos disponibles En sitemas de alta energia es usualmente mejor usar un invertidor para convertir el voltage de bateria a energia regular domestica Energia CA Esto se ha hecho feasible con la vision de invertidores de alto poder Miles de sistemas de energia domiciliar estan en operacion con solo fuentes CA Capacidad y tama o de bateria Un sistema tipico hidraulico debe tener la capacidad de almacenar hasta dos dias de bateria Esto generalmente mantiene las celulas de acido dirigido operando durante la carga media donde son mas eficientes y duran mas Las baterias alkalinas al igual que las de de hiero niquel y las de tipo cadium niquel pueden tener una capacidad baja ya que pueden ser completamente descargadas sin da arse Las baterias deben estar afuera del lugar de vivienda o bajo ventilacion adecuada ya que mientras la carga aumenta tiende a producir gas hidrogeno y gases corrosivos Tambien la se debe agregar agua destilada cuando sea n
47. of 4 9 28 2003 7 16 24 Hydro Siting the ena it is now time to start the water flow through the pipe This may require you to suck on the end Once flow is established and all air bubbles are removed slowly raise the pipe upward until the flow ceases When this point has been reached use a tape measure to measure the distance from the end of the pipe to the surface of the water This reading is the head for the stretch of brook The pipe then becomes a convenient measure of horizontal run if you use a standard length like 100 feet If you are working with a brook longer than your length of pipe then simply carry the pipe to the next section to measure and repeat the procedure as required starting where you ended before It is probably best to map more of the brook than you intend to use This will give you a good overall idea of your site and may reveal some surprises Measuring flow is a little more difficult This should probably be done in more than one place too This is because most streams pick up water as they go Therefore choosing the best spot for your system requires careful consideration of several things There are several ways to measure flow here are two In both cases the brook water must all pass through either a pipe or a weir The weir system uses an opening that the water flows through and measuring the depth of water gives the flow The first involves a technique very similar to the head measuring technique
48. of about 800 GPM 50 1 5 Note that with this machine the flow is determined by the head as there are no nozzles that can be adjusted that would change the flow 1 foot loss 100 feet pipe x feet loss 50 feet pipe x 0 5 feet 15cm of head loss Next we subtract the head losses from the measured head often referred to as static or gross head Abbreviated Hg in order to determine the actual operating head often referred to as dynamic or net head Abbreviated Hn 6 feet head Hg 0 5 feet head losses 5 5 feet 1 85m actual head Hn It is now known that the LH 1000 will be operating at an actual or dynamic head of 5 5 feet 1 85m Hn By referring back to the output chart it can be determined that the LH1000 can realistically be expected to produce approximately 400w COPPER WIRE RESISTANCE b jo lbs j 2 f __ Since we require 12 volts and the transmission distance is short we can generate and transmit 12 volts using the LH1000 This LH1000 could also be used for higher voltages like 24 and 48 and power could be transmitted longer distances We need to go 100 30m with 400 watts at our site The amperage can be determined using the formula volts x amperage watts So a 12v system usually operates at an actual voltage of about 15v therefore 400 15 26 7 amps The machine will need to be wired parallel delta for this site This will be about 26 7 amps at 15 volts a
49. of insulation and then tightened The precision shunt installed in the junction box will give a readout of the hydro output in amperes if the digital multimeter is plugged into the jacks color coded in the shunt body and turned to 200m the 9 o clock position A voltmeter connected to the batteries will roughly indicate the charge level as described in Charge Level above and an ammeter will indicate the output of the machine LH POWER OUTPUT LH1000 Output Watts Continuous DESIGN EXAMPLE This example shows how to proceed with a complete installation The parameters of the example site are 6 feet 2m of head over a distance of 50 feet 15m a flow of at least1000 GPM 63l s 100 feet distance from the house to the hydro machine 12 volt system The first thing to do is determine the pipe size Given that there is friction between water and the pipe in which it flows this friction can be reduced by increasing the size of the pipe to minimize the friction to acceptable limits Therefore pipe size must be optimized based on economics and performance The pipe flow charts show us that eight inch approx 20cm diameter PVC pipe has a head loss of 0 97 feet of head per 100 feet 30m of pipe at a flow rate of 800 GPM 50 l s This is about 0 5 feet 15cm of loss for 50 feet 15m of pipe PVC comes in short lengths and is glued together or purchased with gaskets The maximum output occurs with a flow
50. process q E M Stream Engine Output Watts Continuous o 2 EN Litres Min Stream Engine Installation GALLONS MIN AUT M ial AIRE En 10 g 20 150 40 400 1 100 20 50 po 120 ASE Mes ons qu Es quu oue LH1000 Output Watts Continuous 800 click for larger image view http www microhydropower com assesssments htm 1 of 2 9 28 2003 7 15 23 PM Power Output and Site Assessment www microhydropower com ropower com assesssments htm 2 of 2 9 28 2003 7 15 23 PM http www microhydropower com images photos poweroutput jpg Head 50 54 63 200 400 600 800 1000 gpm http www microhydropower com images photos poweroutput jpg 9 28 2003 7 15 24 PM Balance of System Innovative Micro Uydro Systems Since 1980 Energy Systems and Design offers system design services Also available are balance of system components including batteries inverters and charge controllers Battery Generator gt Inverter 4 Overcharge ES Batteries are an integral part of the self sufficient energy system Botton Vi 9 LG Lead acid deep cycle batteries are usually used in hydro systems DON iew cm Deep cycle batteries are designed to withstand the repeated charge and 4 Pitch Diameter discharge typical in renewable energy systems Ideally lead acid batteries should not be discharged more than about half their capacity Alkaline batteries such as nickel iron and nickel cadmi
51. rather than power needs The size and or type of system components may vary greatly from site to site System capacity may be dictated by specific circumstances e g water dries up in the summer If insufficient potential is available to generate the power necessary to operate the average load you must use appliances that are more energy efficient and or add other forms of generation equipment to the system Hybrid wind PV hydro systems are very successful and the energy sources complement each other The systems described here are called run of river i e water not stored behind a dam see HP 8 Only an impoundment of sufficient size to direct the water into the pipeline is required Power is generated at a constant rate if not used it is stored in batteries or sent to a shunt load Therefore there is little environmental impact since minimal water is used There is also much less regulatory complication System Types If electric heating loads are excluded 300 400 Watts of continuous output can power a typical North American house This includes a refrigerator freezer washing machine lights entertainment and communication equipment all of standard efficiency With energy efficient appliances and lights and careful use management it is possible to reduce the average demand to about 200 Watts continuous Power can be supplied by a micro hydro system in two ways In a battery based system power is generated at a level equal
52. situation The automotive alternators have a place But at low head sites they work poorly or not at all The problem is made worse because they not only are less efficient at low speeds but more power is required to operate the field as the speed head is reduced The only practical solution is a generator that uses permanent magnets PM for the field This can be done using either stationary magnets with a rotating armature like DC motors have or the rotor can contain the magnets with the armature and its coil of wire being stationary Either way the permanent magnets supply the magnetic flux that moves in relation to the output coils where the power is generated Because no energy is added to produce the magnetic field and for other reasons permanent magnet generators are significantly more efficient than their wound field counterparts PM hydro machines can operate at very low heads and low rates of water flow because of their higher efficiency Half Solved This is a step in the right direction but the problem is only half solved The field strength must be controlled or some other techniques used to produce optimum output One way is to custom build each generator for each site ARGH Another is to mechanically adjust the distance of the magnets from the armature ARGH again In the case of stationary coils and PM rotors it is possible in some designs to reconnect the output coils to vary the loading But this cannot be done in
53. the task of residential power generation would eventually be developed Ideally it should be brushless use permanent magnets to avoid field losses and excitation problems be water cooled since all that water is only a few centimetres away be highly efficient and be easily adjustable so load matching can be facilitated by the average user This has now been done with the alternator used on the Stream Engine made by Energy Systems and Design Neodymium http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff6 htm 1 of 2 9 28 2003 7 16 28 Micro Hydro Electric Evolution magnets are used in the rotor to maximise field strength the alternator and rectifier are both thermally bonded to tile turbine housing to ensure cooling and efficiency is typically in the 80 range at full load The output is adjustable by raising or lowering the rotor which affects its proximity to the stator in tills axial alternator design In this manner turbine power can be matched to generator output Reconnectable windings are used so that outputs of 12 2 4 and 48V can be produced front the same machines and in some situations stators arc custom wound to transmit at 120V over long distances thereby minimising wire losses An example of a typical installation follows Renewable energy dealer Harold Lunner of British Columbia Canada has recently completed an installation of a Stream Engine The head vertical drop at this site is approximately eight meters
54. the voltage can go If batteries are often in a state of charge the voltage limit should be on the low end of the range Some examples of good charge controllers are the TRACE C 35 C 40 and the ENERMAXER Both switch power to a dump load when their set point is reached The ENERMAXER has one set point and uses solid state switches to dump the power gradually at the one voltage Dump loads are usually resistive such as heaters but can be anything that is compatible with the system A voltmeter or a watt hour meter can be used to monitor battery charge level Battery voltage 1s roughly a function of the charge level and varies according to the load level and charge rate As you gain experience the battery voltage can be used to assess the charge level more accurately WIRING AND LOAD CENTER Every system requires some wiring to connect the various components Load centers are available as a complete package that easily facilitates the connection of loads and power source s All circuits in the system should use wire of adequate size and have fuses or breakers of sufficient capacity to carry the expected load current The Stream Engine must be fused since it can suffer from a short or similar fault just like anything else in the system Inside the junction box on the side of the machine are two terminal blocks for the battery wiring The negative terminal is bolted to the box and the positive terminal is bolted to the plastic plate Your transmi
55. to be measured digitally This is done with the supplied DMM digital multi meter To measure the current produced by the generator set the DMM scale to DC milli volts or 200 m at the nine o clock position Plug the leads into their corresponding color coded jacks on the shunt in the junction box This will give current readings from 0 1 amps to 199 9 amps Of course the DMM can be used for other tasks with your renewable energy system www microhydropower com http Awww microhydropower com manual2 manual_pg9 htm 9 28 2003 7 16 03 PM http www microhydropower com images directional manual2 jpg 10 4 feet between depth rie amp wer cs me MS Y en http www microhydropower com images directional manual2 jpg 9 28 2003 7 16 04 PM http www microhydropower com images photos Ih1000install jpg 11000 INSTALLATION GENERATOR Mun _ 6 QA TR GUIDE 1 3 METRES VANES s qur LH1000 OUTPUT Watts Continuous DRAFT TUBE TAHWATER d b 2 http www microhydropower com images photos Ih1000install jpg 9 28 2003 7 16 05 PM The LH1000 Low Head Propeller Turbine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual PLEASE READ CAREFULLY Made in Canada by Energy Systems and Design Ltd P O Box 4557 Sussex NB Canada EAE 5L7 Tel 506 433 3151 Fax 506 433 6151 Email support microhydropower com Website www microhydropower com The LH1000
56. un sistema de 24 voltios o mas alto puede ser preferible Esto es especialmente realidad si todas las fuentes son de energia invertida En un sistema de 12 voltios que opera a bajo nivel de energia puede ser ventajoso de operar todas las fuentes directamente desde baterias Hay muchos aparatos de 12 Voltios y peque os invertidores disponibles En sistemas de 24 voltios es preferible operar las fuentes directamente aunque no hay muchos aparatos electronicos disponibles En sitemas de alta energia es usualmente mejor usar un invertidor para convertir el voltage de bateria a energia regular de 120 VAC Esto se ha hecho feasible con la vision de invertidores de alto poder Miles de sistemas de energia domiciliar estan en operacion con solo fuentes CA Capacidad y tama o de bateria Un sistema tipico hidraulico debe tener la capacidad de almacenar hasta dos dias de bateria Esto generalmente mantiene las celulas de acido dirigido operando durante la carga media donde son mas eficientes y duran mas Las baterias alkalinas al igual que las de de hiero niquel y las de tipo cadium niquel pueden tener una capacidad baja ya que pueden ser completamente descargadas sin da arse Las baterias deben estar afuera del lugar de vivienda o bajo ventilacion adecuada ya que mientras la carga aumenta tiende a producir gas hidrogeno y gases corrosivos Tambien la consumcion de agua aumenta para mantener el nivel del agua se debe usar agua destilada Control
57. volts It can be specially wound to operate at 240 volts when necessary Employing the same adjustable permanent magnet generator as the Stream Engine the LH 1000 has LH1000 reconnectable wiring for use at a Installation wide range of sites POWER OUTPUT amp SITE ASSESSM ENT To determine the power available at a site head and flow measurements must be taken Flow isthe e rate at which water moves mE measured in liters per VANES second l s or gallons per minute gpm This can be measured by channeling the water into a pipeline then into a container of a TUBE known volume noting the y time ittakes to do so A GENERATOR EAD weir can be used to LH 1000 Installation measure flows in larger streams Head can be measured by using a transit by siting along a level or by using a pressure gauge at the end of Stream Engine O utput Watts Continuous Flow Litres Sec Gallons Min weet 0 63 10 1 3 20 2 5 40 4 7 75 6 3 100 9 5 150 3 10 50 90 120 6 20 40 100 180 230 350 15 50 45 100 220 400 550 800 30 100 80 200 500 940 1100 60 200 150 400 900 1500 3 the pipeline An altimeter can also be used so long as it is accurate and sufficiently sensitive Head Feet Meters 10 3m 1000 w 8 2m 550 6 4 1m 200 w 2 100 w t dne o Vr 12 6 25 2 32 38 5 54 63 l s 200 400 600 800 10
58. year helps you estimate maximum and minimum usable flows If the water source is seasonally limited you may have to depend on some other source of power during dry times solar wind Keep in mind that a reasonable amount of water must be left in the stream Don t take it all that water supports life forms When head and flow are determined the expected power output can be determined from the following chart Keep in mind that chart values represent generated output and that actual power delivered to the batteries will be reduced by transmission lines power converters and other equipment required by the system All systems should be carefully planned to maximize power output WEIR MEASUREMENT TABLE Table shows water flow in gallons minute gpm that will flow over a weir one inch wide and from 1 8 to 10 7 8 inches deep Inches 1 8 1 4 3 8 1 2 5 8 3 4 7 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 7 1 0 1 4 1 9 2 4 1 3 0 3 5 4 1 4 8 5 5 6 1 6 9 7 6 2 8 5 9 2 10 1 10 9 11 8 12 7 13 6 14 6 3 15 5 16 5 17 5 18 6 19 5 20 6 21 7 22 8 4 23 9 25 1 26 2 27 4 28 5 29 7 31 0 32 2 5 33 4 34 7 36 0 37 3 38 5 39 9 41 2 42 6 6 43 9 45 3 46 8 48 2 49 5 51 0 52 4 53 9 7 55 4 56 8 58 3 59 9 61 4 63 0 64 6 66 0 8 67 7 69 3 70 8 72 5 74 1 75 8 77 4 79 1 9 80 8 82 4 84 2 85 9 87 6 89 3 91 0 92 8 10 94 5 96 3 98 1 99 9 101 7 1036 105 4 107 3 Example of how to use weir table Suppose depth of water above stake
59. 0 rueda turgo spera de bronce con boquillas universales adaptables a medidas desde 3mm 1 8 hasta 25mm 1 y un multimetro digital para medir la corriente de salida El iii 4 sistema completo esta hecho de aleaciones corrosivas para asegurar su durabilidad y larga vida Esta maquina puede producir energ a desde cabezas tan bajas como 2 metros b pies y hasta 100 metros 300 pies 39 a 2 300 amp u 200 suv El LH 1000 utiliza el mismo generador que el Motor reer mem EN del Arroyo Stream Engine sin embargo la turbina fT F de agua de este modelo utiliza una abeza de propulsi n m s baja en su d 5 0 Fj Esto le pernite a esta maquina 1 gt producir energ a desde cabezas de 0 5 metros 2 pies y hasta 3 metros 10 pies su m xima cabeza y flujo el LH 1000 AA tiene una salida de 1 Kw suficiente como para alimentartres hogares canadienses promedio 1695 usd 1111000 Tacialiahor Otros servicios y productos incluyen consuttas Energia rmicrohidr ulica es una tecnalog an lisis del sito instalaci n entrenamiento madura en el mercado de energ a tecnol gico componentes micro renovable ES amp D ofrece soluciones ulicos Energy Systems amp Design ofrece ruedas de erg ticas de principio a fin a todos los turbinaturgo y ruedas peton de uretano boquillas
60. 0 04 55 20 5 10 6 3 59 1 43 0 55 0 16 0 05 60 24 1 12 5 4 21 1 66 0 64 0 18 0 07 0 02 70 16 6 5 61 2 21 0 85 0 25 0 09 0 03 80 21 3 7 18 2 83 1 08 0 32 0 12 0 04 90 8 92 3 52 1 36 0 39 0 14 0 07 100 10 9 4 28 1 66 0 48 0 18 0 07 0 02 150 23 2 9 06 3 50 1 04 0 37 0 16 0 05 200 15 5 5 96 1 75 0 62 0 28 0 07 0 02 250 23 4 9 05 2 65 0 94 0 42 0 12 0 05 300 12 6 3 73 1 34 0 58 0 16 0 05 350 16 8 4 95 1 78 0 76 0 21 0 07 400 21 5 6 33 225 0 97 0 28 0 10 450 7 87 2 81 1 20 1 0 32 0 12 500 9 55 3 41 1 45 1 0 42 0 14 550 11 4 4 07 1 75 0 48 0 16 600 13 4 4 78 2 05 0 58 0 18 650 15 5 5 54 2 37 0 67 0 23 700 17 8 6 37 2 71 0 76 0 25 750 20 3 7 22 3 10 0 86 0 30 800 8 14 3 50 0 97 0 32 850 9 11 3 89 1 08 0 37 900 10 1 4 32 1 20 0 42 950 10 8 4 79 1 34 0 46 1000 12 3 5 27 1 45 0 51 BATTERIES INVERTERS CONTROLLERS System Voltage A small system with a short transmission distance is usually designed to operate at 12 volts Larger systems can also be 12 volts but if higher power is desired or the transmission distance is long then a system of 24 volts or higher may be preferable This is especially true if all loads are inverter powered In a 12 volt system operating at a low power level it may be advantageous to op
61. 00 gpm LH 1000 O utput Watts Continuous is important to keep in mind that output only be accurately determined if head and flow measurements are made correctly so care should be taken during this process Two other important factors in a site assessment are system voltage and transmission distance The voltage and distance the power must travel can affect the efficiency and cost of your transmission lines BALANCE OF SYSTEM amp OTHER COMPONENTS Energy Systems and D esign offers system design services Also available are balance of system components including batteries inverters and charge controllers Generator Inverter AC Loads Overcharge Diversion be Loads Controller gt A Typical Stand Alone RE System Batteries Batteries are an integral part of the self sufficient energy system Lead acid deep cycle batteries are usually used in hydro systems Deep cycle batteries are designed to withstand repeated charge and discharge cycles typical in renewable 4 energy systems Ideally lead acid batteries should not be discharged more than about half their capacity Alkaline batteries such as nickel iron and nickel cadmium can withstand complete discharge with no effects Inverters A battery bank does not enable users to live with all of the conveniences of modern living as most appliances use high voltage AC alternating current wh
62. 40 volts when necessary Employing an adjustable pemanent magnet generator and reconnectable wiring the LH1000 is ideally suited for a wide ium range of sites e Axial Flow Propeller Turbine e Adjustable Output Permanent Magnet Alternator with Epoxy Encapuslated Stator t e Non Corrosive Precision Made Parts e Operates on heads of 2 10 e Explanatory manual and multi meter incl t e Straightforward Installation o e 1 Year Warranty k Enery Systems amp Design Ltd PO 4557 Sussex New Brunswick Canada E4E 517 Tele 506 433 3151 Faxe 506 433 6151 hyd ropower com www microhydropower com http Awww microhydropower com e literature LH 1 000info gif 9 28 2003 7 16 17 Energy Systems amp Design Ltd ES amp D Innovative Renewable Energy Systems Since 1980 Postal Address Physical Address Email Internet Tel Fax Particulars P O Box 4557 12949 Rte 114 hydropow nbnet nb ca Sussex NB Penobsquis NB www microhydropower com E4E 5L7 CANADA E4G2 X3 CANADA T 1 506 433 3151 1 506 433 6151 Dealer Information Form Company Name legal Limited Partnership Sole Proprietor Date of Incorporation Are you a manufacturer ____ If so what GST HST PST Are purchase orders required Yes No Purchaser Contact Phone Email Accounts Payable Contact Phone Email Receiver Contact Phone Email Billin
63. 6203 ball bearings with non contact seals These are press fit into the alternator housing and must be installed and removed using a press of adequate capacity and a proper sized mandrel Click on image for larger view COPPER WIRE RESISTENCE Gauge Inches 1000 per Mile 000 10 410 006 033 00 0 364 0 08 0 42 o 0 324 0 10 0 52 http www microhydropower com manual1 manual_pg8 htm 1 of 5 9 28 2003 7 15 39 PM Manual 1 6 0 162 0 40 2 13 0 128 0 64 3 38 8 10 0 102 1 02 5 38 1 2 0 081 1 62 8 56 14 0 064 2 58 13 6 16 0 051 4 10 21 6 18 0 040 6 52 34 4 PIPE FRICTION LOSS Polyethylene SDR Pressure Rated Pipe Pressure Loss from Friction in Feet of Head per 100 Feet of Pipe Flow US GPM ass 5 _ ajos eos ae 4 05 1 04 0 32 0 09 0 04 258 os 018 ose paz 148 979 118 030 014 655 ser 175548 2 7 783244 085080 0081055 2 OS 984088548 ie nae O N O1 a O1 E o O al e 00 BEE EEL 10 12 0 3 0 44 28 5 37 9 N EEE N o o O o N o o o o N SIl sae pus C1 O A oj CO N oj al h ELE O a a oO o mb al uv O A dli
64. 7 amps x 0 032 ohms 22 8watts of loss Increasing the wire size can further reduce the losses but can also increase costs as larger wire is usually more expensive Resistance in a length of wire results in power loss that is seen as a voltage drop from one point in the line to another For example if your voltage as measured at the generator is 15vdc then it could be assumed that if the voltage were measured along the line to the batteries it would be lower as you got further from the generator Voltage drop I amps x R ohms resistance in your circuit So Voltage drop v 26 7 amps x 0 032 ohms 0 85 volts Hence if your generator voltage is 15vdc your battery voltage will be 14 15vdc Keep in mind that it is always the batteries that determine the system voltage as they are the stabilizing force in your system All voltages in the system will rise and fall corresponding to the battery voltage or the battery s state of charge At the site we would be generating 26 7 amps continuously Typically a battery bank is sized to have two days storage capacity If we choose lead acid batteries and wish to have two days of storage capacity then we use the formula amps x hours x days amp hrs capacity So 33 amps x 24 hrs x 2 days 1584 amp Hrs Capacity The Trojan L 16 has a rating of 6vdc and 350 amp hr Using these you would require at least eight batteries there would be four strings paralleled with each string consisting of t
65. Downloads htm 9 28 2003 7 15 29 PM The Stream Engine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual 5 AD The Stream Engine PL s Personal Hydropower ES Owner s Manual a7 Testing ml vacan anada Table of Contents Introduction Site Evaluation Head Measurement Flow Measurement Intake Pipeline amp Tailrace Batteries Inverters amp Controllers Wiring and Load Centre Output Adjustment Service and Assembly Wiring Diagrams The New Universal Nozzle New Current Measurement Technique www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com manual1 manual1_toc htm 9 28 2003 7 15 30 PM Manual 1 The Stream Engine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual The Stream Engine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual Table of Contents Site Evaluation Head Measurement Flow Measurement Intake Pipeline amp Tailrace Batteries Inverters amp Controllers Wiring amp Load Center Output Adjustment Service and Assembly Wiring Diagrams The New Universal Nozzle New Current Measurement Technique INTRODUCTION This manual describes The Stream Engine which is manufactured by Energy Systems and Design The installer must have some knowledge of plumbing and electrical systems and the user of the system should also These machines are small but can generate some very high voltages Even 12 volt machines can produce high voltages under c
66. Energy Systems amp Design ESPANOL JAPANESE INFO HOME PRODUCTS HOW IT WORKS ASSESSMENTS BALANCE OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS APPENDIX DOWNLOADS ARTICLES DEFINITIONS CLIENTS PRICE LIST STAFF CONTACT US LINKS Download ES amp D BROCHURE pdf FV Get Acrobat ite Reader Web design by To sustain the Earth and provide ourselves and others with meaningful enjoyable purposeful work by making alternatives to conventional power projects available and affordable to those beyond the power lines through the incorporation of transitional technologies Energy Systems amp Design has been producing micro hydroelectric components since 1980 We make equipment that converts the energy in moving water into electricity We offer a wide array of products and services to the renewable energy RE marketplace and international installation services We offer the Stream Engine a breakthrough in hydro technology and we have recently introduced the LH1000 low head propeller turbine which operates from 1 to 3 metres of head or vertical fall of the water www microhydropower com ropower com 9 28 2003 7 14 51 PM Energy Systems 8 Design Welcome Innovative Micre Llydre Systems Since 1980 To sustain the Earth and provide ourselves and others with meaningful enjoyable purposeful work by making alternatives to conventional power projects available and affordable to those beyond the power lines throu
67. P A cA O WP MP NP ae mee eod IIA III IA _ _ a lt a ur e m we wv Er c A A IAILWATER d o orn Ve A i sr rh rts ur rr mrt _ A gt or Pur Energy Systems Design Ltd Paul Cunningham Kent Mc Nell ly 4557 Sutter NB 517 Canada Tel 506 433 3151 Far 506 433 6151 http Awww microhydropower com spanish indfex htm 5 of 6 9 28 2003 7 14 59 La Energ a Sistemas y Dese os E n h a a wie BUSCAN DISTRIBUIDORES Manual del Stream Engine Manual del LH1000 Aplicacion para Distribuidor Autorizado http Awww microhydropower com spanish indfex htm 6 of 6 9 28 2003 7 14 59 PM CENTRALES DE ARROYO STREAM ENGINE Hidraulica Personal MANUAL DE INSTRUCCIONES Favor de leer cuidadosamente Hecho en Canada Por Energy Systems and Design Ltd PO Box 4557 Sussex NB Canada E4E 5L7 Direccion electronica support microhydropower com Sitio en la Red www microhydropower com Las Centrales de arrollo es una marca registrada de Energy Systems and Design Ltd Felicitaciones en la compra de una nueva Stream Engine Con una installacion completa y un poco de matenimiento rutinario su Central de Arrollo le proveera a os de operaciones libre de problemas Este manual le ayudara a installar su Stream Engine asi como asistirle en localizacion de fallas y resulucion a las mismas P
68. a 50 m head through an 800 m poly pipe This powers a hydro machine with an induction generator consisting of a standard three phase induction motor with capacitor excitation The power is send 500 m to a house where the 500 W is used directly without storage Output is controlled manually using a dimmer switch to shunt power to a dummy load to maintain the correct voltage In most direct AC systems an electronic governor would do the job automatically Access Paul Cunningham Energy Systems amp Design P O Box 4557 Sussex NB Canada EAE 5L7 Tel 1 506 433 3151 Fax 1 506 433 6151 www microhydropower com http Awww microhydropower com staffpubs staff5 htm 2 of 2 9 28 2003 7 16 28 PM Micro Hydro Electric Evolution Innovative Micro Hydro Systems Since 1980 Micro Hydro Electric Evolution Paul Cunningham Since the 1970s there have been many examples of very small hydro machines to enter the marketplace am referring to those machines which are usually used in a battery based system with an output of typically a few hundred watts and usually less than 1 kW To put this in perspective meeting the electrical demands of a typical home usually requires 3 400 W continuous This is sufficient power to operate lights refrigerator freezer washing machine and entertainment Most of these generators have used impulse turbine runners as the hydraulic component including Pelton turgo and some cross flow designs Materia
69. a dam The water is channeled into the weir and the depth is measured from the top of a stake that is level with the edge of the weir and several feet upstream WEIR MEASUREMENT TABLE Table shows water flow in gallons minute gpm that will flow over a weir one inch wide and from 1 8 to 10 7 8 inches deep Inches 18 14 38 2 58 34 718 p foo o fos oz io 19 24 uu ET 3 8 5 10 9 12 7 136 114 6 18 6 20 6 21 228 http www microhydropower com manual1 manual_pg3 htm 1 of 2 9 28 2003 7 15 33 Manual 1 4 23 9 125 1 126 2 127 4 128 5 29 7 131 0 5 33 4 34 7 136 0 37 3 138 5 39 9 41 2 42 6 43 9 45 3 46 8 48 2 49 5 51 0 52 4 53 9 55 4 56 8 58 3 159 9 61 4 63 0 164 6 166 0 67 7 69 3 70 8 72 5 ai 758 774 791 80 8 82 4 84 2 85 9 875 1893 91 0 928 I 94 5 96 3 98 1 99 9 101 7 103 6 105 4 107 3 Example of how to use weir table Suppose depth of water above stake is 9 3 8 inches Find 9 in the left hand column and 3 8 in the top column The value where they intersect is 85 9 gpm That s only for a 1 inch weir however You multiply this value by the width of your weir in inches to obtain water flow Click on image for larger view Measuring the flow at different times of the year helps you estimate maximum and minimum usable flows If the water source is seasonally limited you may have to depend on some other source of power during dry times solar w
70. a de bateria debera ser mas bajo mientras usted se aleja del generador Voltage drop I amps x R ohms resistencia en su circuito Asi Voltage drop v 26 7 amps x 0 032 ohms 0 85 volts Por ende si el voltage de su generador es 15vdc el voltage de su bateria sera 14 15vdc Recuerde que son siempre las baterias que determinan el voltage del sistema ya que son la fuerza estabilizadora en su sistema Todos los voltages en el sistema aumentaran y disminuiran correspondiente al voltage de la bateria o el estado de la carga de bateria En este lugar estaremos generando 26 7 amps continuamente Tipicamente el tama o de un banco de bateria es capaz de guardar dos dias de carga Si escogemos baterias de acido plomo y deseamos dos dias mas de capacidad entonces usamos la formula amps x hours x days amp hrs capacidad Asi 33 amps x 24 hrs x 2 days 1584 amp Hrs Capacidad El Trojan L 16 Tiene un porcentage de 6vdc y 350 amp hr Usando estos usted debera requerir al menos ocho baterias tendra cuatro alambres paralelos con cada alambre consistente de dos baterias en serie a dar los 12vdc en el sistema de voltios que se ha escogido Esto le dara 1400 amp hrs a una capacidad 12vdc la cual es como dos dias de almacenage Un invertidor y un controlador de carga son usados usualmente en el sistema El diagrama para ese sistema se mirara asi Battery Bank Shunt Loads AJUSTE DE RENDIMIENTO Para que la maquina produsca el rendimi
71. a de resistencia debe mantenerse tan baja como la economia lo permita al igual que la perdida de tuberia Digamos que deseamos tener como 10 de perdida Esto es 30 watts fuera de los 300 originales La formula de la perdida de resistencia es I2R watts cuan I Intensidad corriente en amps y R Resistencia en ohms 20 amps x 20 amps x ohms 30 watts 400 amps x R ohms 30 watts R 30 watts 400 amps R 0 075 ohms Este el el alambre de resistencia que producira un 10 de perdida La grafica de la perdida de alambre por 1000 asi 10007 200 x 0 075 ohms 0 375 ohms 1000 La grafica muestra 6 ga El alambre tiene una resistencia de 0 40 ohms por 1000 asi 200 1000 x 40 ohms 0 08 ohms Esto es cerca al nivel deseado 20 amps x 20 amps x 0 08ohms 32 watts de perdida Aumentando el tama o del alambre reduce aun mas las perdidas La perdida de voltage en el alambre es igual a IR 20ampsx 08 ohms 1 6 voltios page 10 Asi que si el voltage de la bateria es 13 4 el generador estar operando a 15 0 volts Mantenga en mente que son siempre las baterias las que determinan el voltage del sistema Esto es todos los voltages en el sitema suben y bajan segun el estado de carga de la bateria En el area estaremos generando 20 amps continuamente Si usamos baterias de acido plomo y deseamos tener dos dias de almacenamiento entonces 20amps x 24hrsx 2 dias 960amps Hrs de capacidad Probablemente usaremos un
72. a es llamada direccion o cabeza y esta medida en unidades de distancia pies metros o en unidades de presion peso por pulgada cuadrada o kilo Pascals La corriente es medida en unidades de volumen galones por minuto gpm o litros por segundo L s Y es la segunda porcion de la ecuacion de energia La energia disponible esta relacionada al flujo y la cabeza La Central de Arroyo esta dise ada a operar sobre una gran variedad de cabezas y flujos Esto se alcanza con el uso de la rueda Turgo Los diametros de las boquillas o inyectores estan disponibles en diametros de 1 8 a 1 y hasta cuatro boquillas o inyectores pueden ser usados en una maquina para utilizar cabezas tan bajas como hasta cuatro pies y tan altas como centenares La Central de Arroyo usa un magneto permanente tipo alternador Este dise o elimina la necesidad de cepillos y el mantenimiento de los mismos mientras aumenta eficiencia La salida de la Central de Arroyo puede ser optimizada con simplemente ajustar el espacio libre del rotor desde el stator EVALUACION DEL LUGAR Cierta informacion debe ser determinada segun su lugar para poder usar al maximo su potencial de salida Antes que todo debe determinarse cabeza y corriente Otros factores son Distancia de la tuberia que tanta energia puede esperarse La energia es generada a una taza constante por la Central de Arroyo Stream Engine y guardada en baterias como una corriente directa CD La energia es suplida c
73. a profundidad del agua arriba de una estaca es 9 3 8 Encuentre 9 en la columna izquierda y 3 8 en la columna de arriba El valor donde esta intersectado es 85 9 gpm Como se eso es solo por una weir pulgada Usted multiplica este valor por el grueso de su weir en pulgadas para obtener la corriente de agua 1 to 4 feel between depth ruler amp weir Water height abova Weir ACOMEDITA TUBERIA Y TAILRACE Todos los sitemas hidrahulicos necesitan tuberias Hasta sitemas que opean directamente desde la presa necesitan al menos una tuberia corta Es muy importante usar el tipo correcto y el tama o de tuberia para minimizar restricciones en la corriente de las boquillas Cuando sea posible las tuberias deben ser enterradas esto estabiliza la linea y previene que los animales lo mastiquen En la punta de adentro de la tuberia se debe instalar un tubo Una caja coladora puede ser usada con una tuberia entrando en el otro lado o agregue una seccion con una tuberia llena de agujeros envuelta en una tela o peque os agujeros y sin una tle Asegures que las entradas con los filtors son mas peque os que la boquilla mas peque a que se utilza La acometida debe estar arriba de la quebrada para que no chupe lodo y debe ser suficientemente profunda para que no chupe aire La estructura de la acometida debe ser colocada a un lado de la corriente principal de la quebrada para que la fuerza de la corriente de agua y su basura pasen de largo Rutinaria
74. a una valvula de gas DISE O EJEMPLO Este ejemplo muestra como proceder con una completa instalacion Los parametros del lugar ejemplo son 120 de cabeza sobre una distancia de 1000 Una corriente de 30gpm casi todo el tiempo 100 de distancia desde la casa a la maquina hidraulica Un sistema de 12 Voltios La primera cosa que nosotors hacemos es determinar el tama o de la tuberia A pesar que el poder maximo es producido desde un tubo de tama o especificado cuando la perdida de la cabeza es 1 3 de la cabeza estatica mas energia puede ser obtenida desde la misma corriente con un tubo mas grande el cual tiene poca perdida Por lo tanto el tama o de la tuberia debe ser optimizado basado en economia En cuanto la cabeza disminuye la eficiencia del sistema disminuye y es importante mantener baja la perdida de direccion La grafica de la tuberia de corriente nos muestra que un tubo de polietileno con dos pulgadas de diametro tiene una perdida direccion de 1 77 pies de cabeza por 100 pies de tuberia a una corriente promedio de 30 gpm Este es 17 7 pies de perdida por 1000 pies de tuberia Usando PVC de dos pulgadas nos da una perdida de 1 17 pies de cabeza por 100 pies de tuberia o 11 7 pies por 1000 pies El polietileno viene en un carrete continuo porque es flexible y mas resistente a las heladas PVC viene en tama os mas cortos y tiene que ser pegado uno a otro o comprada con empaques para tama os mas grandes Digamo
75. allation Packing http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff9 htm 2 of 6 9 28 2003 7 16 32 Micro hydroelectric Installations A beginner s perspective It is at this point that the more trying stage of the installation begins In this as in most cases the installers find themselves faced with the most difficult of issues how and which equipment does one pack in order to complete the installation of a system which 1 usually miles distant and often with limited resources beyond those packed it is difficult to fashion custom tools from those which are more commonly found so be prepared and be flexible We settled on a list which was thorough and seemingly complete even so we found ourselves without a few tools so before setting out over what may be a long trip it is a good idea to determine your eventual proximity to the nearest hardware and plumbing supplier We were assured that everything would be ready and waiting when we arrived but in several instances found components missing This is the nature of the game However with willing help and a co operative effort these obstacles were overcome and the components found My associate Paul Cunningham and packed an array of tools and resources including the following a complete set of sockets and wrenches a good reliable multi tester pipe wrenches plumbing tape and cements literature manuals for the support components of the system and a range of scre
76. am Anchor the upstream end with rocks or have an assistant hold it water should flow out the low end especially if the pipeline 1 pre filled Once water 1 flowing raise the downstream end until it stops Do this slowly since the water tends gt to oscillate When the flow has stabilized measure the distance Batteries Inverters amp Controllers sown to the level of water in the stream with a tape measure This will give a very accurate measurement of that stream section Mark Wiring amp Load Center the spot and then repeat the procedure until the entire distance 1 covered Introduction Output Adjustment Another technique 1 to use a surveyor s transit This method can also be approximated using a carpenter s level using a measuring Wiring Diagrams stick or a story pole This technique is also done in a series of steps to arrive at the overall head A variation on this method is the The New Universal Nozzle use of altimeters Casio makes a wristwatch with a built in altimeter Service and Assembly EEE El OW MEASUREMENT The easiest method to measure small flows is to channel the water into a pipe using a temporary dam and to fill a container of known volume Measuring the time to fill the container enables you to calculate the flow rate The weir method is more versatile and may prove useful for higher flows This technique uses a rectangular opening cut in a board or piece of sheet metal set into the brook like
77. and correspond to inches as follows m 5 T8 5 T9 13 6 fas inches 1 8 3 16 1 4 5 16 3 8 1 2 5 8 3 4 17 81 Odd sizes can also be produced The opening of the nozzle is about 6 larger than the actual jet of water that exits from it Another possibility is to keep making the opening larger until the desired flow is obtained An o ring is provided in order to seal the face This prevents water leaks to the outside of the machine For the smallest nozzle sizes the nozzle may have to be installed with the numbered side facing upward so that the end will not contact the turbine wheel Www neral MAN i n ITI IG FO MM ydropo u Wer c http www microhydropower com manual1 manual_pg10 htm 9 28 2003 7 15 40 The Stream Engine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual Table of Contents Introduction Site Evaluation Head Measurement Flow Measurement Intake Pipeline amp Tailrace Batteries Inverters amp Controllers Wiring amp Load Center Output Adjustment Service and Assembly Wiring Diagrams The New Universal Nozzle NEW CURRENT MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE Previously all Stream Engines were equipped with analogue ammeters This enabled the current to be measured while adjusting the rotor air gap for maximum output Now a built in shunt precision resistance is installed in the junction box which allows the current to be measured digitally This is
78. anual_pg5 htm 2 of 2 9 28 2003 7 15 59 Manual 2 MANUAL Z The LH 1000 Low Head Propeller Turbine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual WIRING AND LOAD CENTER Every system requires some wiring to connect the various components Load centers are available as a complete package that easily facilitates the connection of loads and power source s All circuits in the system should use wire of adequate size and have fuses or breakers of sufficient capacity to carry the expected load current Even the LH1000 must be fused since it can suffer from a short or similar fault just like anything else in the system Inside the junction box are two terminal lugs for the battery wiring The negative terminal lug is bolted to the box and the positive terminal lug is bolted to the clear plastic terminal block Transmission wire ends are inserted into these two connectors after being stripped of insulation and then tightened The precision shunt installed in the junction box will give a readout of the hydro output in amperes if the digital multimeter is plugged into the jacks color coded in the shunt body and turned to 200m the 9 o clock position A voltmeter connected to the batteries will roughly indicate the charge level as described in Charge Level above and an ammeter will indicate the output of the machine PIPE FRICTION LOSS PVC Class 160 PSI Plastic Pipe Pressure Loss from Friction in Feet of Head per 100 Feet of Pipe
79. apped with screen or small LH 1000 Installation holes and used without screen A mesh size of about 20mm 3 4 and smaller can be used as debris of this size and will pass through the machine However it is important to keep sticks out of the intake as they may become jammed in the machine This may require a smaller mesh size A settling basin should be used with this machine This is a pool of low velocity water that enables the grit to settle so that it will not enter the machine and wear the edge of the propeller and the guide vane housing FIND DIAGRAM FOR LOW HEAD INSTALLATION The turbine can be mounted in the waterway through a 17 cm 7 hole with the draft tube extending to the tail waters below Small tabs with screws are adequate to retain the machine The draft tube is connected to the machine using rubber sleeves and hose clamps These are standard plumbing items PVC pipe of 150mm 6 diameter with a 4mm 0 160 wall thickness is used between the guide vane assembly and the draft tube Install the rubber sleeve at the lower end of the guide vane tube so as to create a smooth transition from one to the other It is recommended to have the LH1000 in a small enclosure or under some cover to keep it dry and provide a place for auxiliary equipment Mounting the machine in concrete is also possible you may wish to try a temporary wood mounting first www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com manual2 manual_p
80. ase this distance and reduce the magnetic flux level you first must while holding the rotor stationary with the 1 4 inch rotor pin placed in the hole in the rotor s edge loosen the smaller 7 16 head bolt Next hold the rotor stationary with the pin and tighten http www microhydropower com manual2 manual_pg7 htm 1 of 2 9 28 2003 7 16 01 will move the rotor vertically 0 050 or 1 25 mm If raising the rotor causes the current or you may be monitoring the voltage in a high voltage site to increase then continue to do so until there is no longer an increase If a point is reached where a decrease occurs then the rotor should be lowered This is done by loosening the larger bolt and then tightening the smaller one Turning the smaller bolt causes the rotor to move vertically the same distance per turn as the larger bolt does When you have found the best position no increase in current or voltage make sure the larger bolt is turned until it is tight Now the smaller bolt should be tightened securely to lock everything in place No further adjustments should be required unless site conditions change When adjusting the rotor downward it may contact the stator If this occurs always adjust it upwards by at least a 1 4 turn of the larger bolt Operating the machine with the rotor any closer than this will not result in any power increase but may damage the machine Always turn the rotor by hand before starting the machine
81. be determined that the LH1000 can realistically be expected to produce approximately 400w COPPER WIRE RESISTANCE Wire RAS Ohms Gauge Inches 1000 per Mile 0000 10 460 005 0 26 000 D410 006 0 33 00 0 364 00 0 42 10 324 040 0 52 10 258 o 046 0 84 0 204 025 1 34 0 162 040 23 8 0 128 064 3 38 10 10 102 t02 5 38 12 Joost 162 8 56 14 0 064 258 13 6 16 0 051 4 10 21 6 0 040 6 52 Since we require 12 volts and the transmission distance is short we can generate and transmit 12 volts using the LH1000 This LH1000 could also be used for higher voltages like 24 and 48 and power could be transmitted longer distances We need to go 100 30m with 400 watts at our site The amperage can be determined using the formula volts x amperage watts So a 12v system usually operates at an actual voltage of about 15v therefore 400 15 26 7 amps The machine will need to be wired parallel delta for this site This will be about 26 7 amps at 15 volts at the generator Note that there will be some voltage drop in the line and 12 volt batteries require somewhat higher voltages than nominal to become charged So the 26 7 amps must pass through 200 60m of wire for the distance to the batteries and back which completes the circuit As there is friction between water and the pipe that carries it causing losses so there is resistance between electricity and the conductor that carries it and is measu
82. charging per location but for reasons of cost simplicity of design and the pre existing Trace 5548 inverter it was decided that a centralized system using this large inverter to transmit power to its points of use was most appropriate and effective After all to decentralize a scheme in this manner would require four smaller inverters four battery banks etc which would drive the cost of this project up prohibitively and complicate future maintenance Resources The water resources were described as about 15 metres of static head and a minimum flow of 750 litres metre which showed promise as a power source Using the formula net head in metres x Q flow litres metre 8 the power potential in this body of water was found to be approximately 1400 W continuous which is a generous battery charging scenario to say the least By cross referencing the head measurements with a RPM chart we found that our generator could achieve 1300 rpm since our generator produces approximately 400 W 1000 rpm we estimated the output potential from one of our generators 1 will be calling the electricity generating component of our system a generator despite its production of AC It is immediately rectified in most cases and transmitted as DC and it is the generic sense of the term generator to which refer to be between 520 550 W This site was indeed viable and we agreed to explore it with the community Transmission distance T
83. charts and overall system design Unfortunately there are no page numbers and no index This makes it very hard to find specific information Still all of the information you need for a successful set up is in there somewhere Test Site The Stream Engine was installed on Camp Creek in Northern California Camp Creek is a gradually falling watercourse that can range from 20 cubic feet per second during winter runoffs to drying up in the late summer or fall The total head is 31 feet The penstock is about 900 feet long From the top the pipe consists of 6 5 and 4 inch PVC The 4 inch PVC branches to two 3 inch PVC full flow valves The outlet of each valve is reduced to a 2 inch insert adaptor Each adaptor is then connected to a 2 inch flexible rubber hose Each hose is hooked up to a bell reducer which decreases the diameter of 2 inches even further to 1 1 2 The two bell reducers are connected to the two nozzle holders From there it feeds into the hydroplant Warts l d like to see the nozzle mounting flange a little wider for easier access to the mounting screws As it is now almost all of the plumbing needs to come off before a nozzle can be changed The metal plate that covers the box containing the stator winding studs rectifier and output wire terminals is far from waterproof Something with a gasket would be welcome As with all permanent magnet motor generators or alternators the maximum output is limited by the st
84. circuits in the system should use wire of adequate size and have fuses or breakers of sufficient capacity to carry the expected load current Even the Stream Engine must be fused since it can suffer from a short or similar fault just like anything else in the system Inside the junction box on the side of the machine are two terminal blocks for the battery wiring The negative terminal is bolted to the box and the positive terminal is bolted to the plastic plate Your transmission wire ends are inserted into these two connectors after being stripped of insulation and then tightened The ammeter installed on the box will give a readout of the hydro output and is comparable to the speedometer of a car A voltmeter connected to the batteries will roughly indicate the charge level as described in Charge Level above and is comparable to the gas gauge DESIGN EXAMPLE This example shows how to proceed with a complete installation The parameters of the example site are 120 feet of head over a distance of 1000 feet a flow of 30 gpm most of the time 100 feet distance from the house to the hydro machine 12 volt system The first thing we do is determine the pipeline size Although maximum power is produced from a given size pipe when the flow loss is 1 3 of the static head more power can be obtained from the same flow with a larger pipe which has lower losses Therefore pipe size must be optimized based on economics As head decreases
85. could be transmitted longer distances Looking at the nozzle flow chart we see that a 3 8 nozzle will produce a flow of 27 6 ata 100 head This is very close to the design point but will produce slightly less output than if we had exactly 30 gpm A 7 16 nozzle would produce slightly greater flow and output We need to go 100 with 300 watts at our site This will be about 20 amps at 15 volts at the generator Note that there will be some voltage drop in the line and 12 volt batteries require somewhat higher voltages than nominal to become charged So the 20 amps must pass through 200 of wire for the round trip Resistance losses should be kept as low as economics permit just like the pipeline losses Let s say we wish to have around a 10 loss This is 30 watts out of the original 300 The formula for resistive loss is 2 watts when Intensity current in amps and R Resistance in ohms 20 amps 2 x R ohms 30 watts 400 amps x R ohms 30 watts R 30 watts 400 amps R 0 075 ohms This is the wire resistance that will produce a 10 loss The wire loss chart shows loss per 1000 so 1000 200 x 0 075 ohms 0 375 ohms 1000 The chart shows 6 ga Wire has a resistance of 0 40 ohms per 1000 so 200 1000 x 0 40 ohms 0 08 ohms This is close to the desired level 20 amps x 20 amps x 0 08 ohms 32 watts of loss Increasing the wire size further reduces the losses Voltage drop in the wire is equal to
86. cuales guardan la energia durante periodos de poco consumo para uso en periodos donde el consumo excede la taza de generacion Los aparatos electricos pueden ser directamente operados desde las baterias o alternando la energia CA a 120 Voltios por medio de un invertidor que convierte la energia DC a AC Los lugares pueden variar asi que considere cuidadosamente la corriente y la cabeza cuando escoja el suyo MEDIDA DE CABEZA O DIRECCION La cabeza puede ser medida usando varias tecnicas Una manguera de jardin o una tubo puede ser sumergido con una punta corriente arriba y la otra corriente abajo Asegure la punta que esta dirigida hacia la corriente de arriba con rocas o pida a un asistente que la sostenga el agua debe salir por la punta de abajo especialmente si la tuberia es pre llenada Una vez el agua esta fluyendo levante la punta de la corriente de abajo hasta que se detenga Haga esto despacio ya que el agua tiende a oscilar Cuando la corriente ha estabilizado mida la distancia cocida al nivel del agua en el arroyo con una cinta metrica Esto le dara una medida muy acertada de esta seccion del arroyo Marque el area y luego repita el procedimiento hasta que la entera distancia esta cubierta Otra tecnica es de usar el medidor transito del encuestador Este metodo puede ser aproximado usando un nivelador de carpintero o una story pole Esta tecnica esta tambien hecha en series de pasos para llegar a la quebrada principal Note qu
87. day puede ser remplazada a mano SI no hay mucho oxido Para reemplazar los cojinetes Usando el pin del rotor para agarrar el eje deshile el corredor desde el eje generador Remueva el rotor Para remover el rotor y elevar el eje del rotor como se describe en el ajuste de rendimiento hasta que la atraccion magnetica es suficientemente baja para separar el montaje rotor eje desde la caparazon y el stator Afloje 4 tornillos y tuercas que retienene los cojinetes Con la Stream Engine sentada invertida usando sus pulgares empuje para afuera los cojinetes desde la manga o golpee los cojinetes para afuera Esto requiere una prensa en algunas situaciones Limpie la manga de los cojinetes e inserte nuevos cojinetes 6203LLU Reensamblelos DIAGRAMA DE ALAMBRADO Estos diagramas representas cuatro posibles combinaciones del rendimiento del alambrado Estan en orden de potencial Si usted encuentra que el ajuste del vacio de aire esta a un minimo y desea intentar para mas energia entonces trate una combinacion mas alta Si usted encuentra que el vacio de aire es mucha intente el proximo mas bajo Noteque solo existe un peque o cambio en potencial entre 2 y 3 Negative Out 1 Parallel Delta Positive Lead Out mo Empty Empty Empty Green 1 Blue 1 Green 3 Blue 3 Red 2 Green 2 Red 4 Green 4 e Empty Negative Out 3 Series Delta O 2 Positive Lead Out O 2 Negative Out 2 Parallel Y O 2 Positive Lead Ou
88. designer will provide the machine with the right configuration for your site The beauty of this alternator is in its high efficiency and lack of moving parts Since no electricity is required to energize the field every watt generated goes towards output The three ball type 6203 bearings supporting the shaft should last for years They should be available from all bearing distributors The machine can be disassembled for bearing replacement in about 15 minutes on a workbench A bearing press and properly sized mandrel are suggested for removing and replacing the bearings Any machine shop can do this very quickly New Nozzles Older Stream Engines had the nozzles threaded into the http www microhydropower com review htm 2 of 6 9 28 2003 7 16 22 PM Things that Work Tested by Home Power molded plastic piece The new nozzles attach to the housing with four stainless steel Allen headed screws An Allen wrench is provided The new nozzle tapers all the way down to a 2 mm orifice To get the right orifice diameter for your site cut the nozzle back with a hacksaw There are graduated lines and markings on the nozzle to use as a guide The cool thing about this arrangement is that the end user can create virtually any nozzle size from 1 8 to 1 inch 3 to 25 mm Wring the last watt from that water source Documentation The Stream Engine owner s manual is a wealth of information on hydro siting pipe friction loss nozzle flow
89. done with the supplied DMM digital multi meter To measure the current produced by the generator set the DMM scale to DC milli volts or 200 m at the nine o clock position Plug the leads into their corresponding color coded jacks on the shunt in the junction box This will give current readings from 0 1 amps to 99 9 amps Of course the DMM can be used for other tasks with your renewable energy system measure output current www microhydropower com http Awww microhydropower com manual1 manual_pg11 htm 9 28 2003 7 15 41 http Awww microhydropower com images photos manwiring gif Out Negative Out 1 Paralel Delta 0 Parallel Y Poitimlemou PKG o Positive Leal Out OKO O gt Empty Empty Empty x a Yellow Pd e e e Blue 1 Bhe 3 Bh e 2 Bhe4 Gren2 Red2 Greend Red4 Negative Out Negative Cut 8 Series Delta o M Senes Y Positive Le ad Out o o Positive Le ad Cut Green2 Bhe 2 Red2 Green2 Bhie 2 95 1 n3 Green3 Bhe 3 A A A A Yellow Yellow P e e e Greenl Bhe1 Greenl Red4 Greend http www microhydropower com images photos manwiring gif 9 28 2003 7 15 42 http www microhydropower com images photos manlmage5_2 gif t 1 2 Pipe Fitting Generator http www microhydropower com images photos manImage5_2 gif 9 28 2003 7 15 43 http www microhydropower com images photos man2Image2 gif
90. dth distance thickness girth etc kilogram or metric ton temperature degree Celsius C pa famme ma volume liquid or other liter cubic meter kilogram per cubic meter Boe velocity meter per second mass or weight force newton s www microhydropower com http Awww microhydropower com definitions htm 2 of 2 9 28 2003 7 16 33 Innovative Micro Llydro Systems Since 1980 Energy Systems Design offers 7 design and installation services to i international communities at competitive rates Our team of technicians design and prepare your system at our facility in Canada and then complete the installation at your site We are prepared to handle any system from solar hot water systems to photovoltaic wind amp microhydro Projects Boiestown New Brunswick Morant Bay St Thomas Parish Jamaica Boiestown N www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com clients htm 9 28 2003 7 16 34 PM http www microhydropower com images clients house big jpg http www microhydropower com images clients house big jpg 9 28 2003 7 16 35 PM Energy Systems amp Design Price List http www microhydropower com pricelist htm 1 of 2 9 28 2003 7 16 37 Energy Systems amp Design Price List M can ropower com pricelist htm 2 of 2 9 28 2003 7 16 37 Staff concu ux cse qt sel a naa Sir ea Ir
91. dual but in their simplest form can be reduced to a few elementary concerns that are common at any potential installation 1 What are the load demands of this potential system 2 What resources are available to meet this demand Accurate head and flow figures are vital if the suppliers are to be of any help to their customer in matching the resources to the most suitable turbine design and in accurately assessing the power output potential 3 What is the transmission distance from the site of generation to the site of use This will determine the voltage and therefore amperage of the transmission in order to gauge potential losses along the lines Large gauge wire may be necessary or transformers 4 What size and length is the pipeline to be Choosing the proper pipe diameter can deliver the water to the turbine with a minimum loss and a maximum amount of power Friction losses due to undersizing can reduce a potential site to a pitiful disappointment Load demand Load demand was a minor consideration because the community required all the power that could be generated They were relying on a few PV panels to provide power to some buildings At the outset Valerie sought a system which might equally divide output http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff9 htm 1 of 6 9 28 2003 7 16 32 PM Micro hydroelectric Installations A beginner s perspective between four separate structures she thought perhaps a timer for 6 hours
92. e GPM or liters per second l s and is the second portion of the power equation power watts head x flow The LH1000 is designed to operate over a fixed range of heads and flows from 0 6 3m two to ten feet employing a cast polyurethane propeller and guide vane assembly The LH1000 uses a permanent magnet type alternator This design eliminates the need for brushes and the maintenance that accompanies them while increasing efficiency The LH1000 s output can be optimized by simply adjusting the rotor s clearance from the stator www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com manual2 manual pg1 htm 9 28 2003 7 15 54 Manual 2 MANUAL Z The LH 1000 Low Head Propeller Turbine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual SITE EVALUATION Certain information must be determined concerning your site in order to use its potential for maximum output Head and flow must first be determined The other factors are plumbing specifications transmission distance and the system voltage These factors determine how much power can be expected Power is generated at a constant rate by the LH1000 and stored in batteries as direct current DC Power is supplied as needed by the batteries which store energy during periods of low consumption for use in periods where consumption exceeds the generation rate Appliances can be used that operate directly from batteries or alternating current AC power at regular domestic speci
93. e con esta maquina tipo reaccion se utiliza toda la cabeza No se pierde ninguna cabeza o direccion como se pierde en una maquina de impulso MEDIDA DE LA CORRIENTE El metodo Weir puede ser usado con esta maquina en corrientes altas Esta tecnica usa una entrada con cortada rectangular o una pedazo de metal puesto dentro de la quebrada como una presa El agua es canalizada dentro del weir y la profundidad se mide desde la punta de la estaca que esta nivelada con la orilla del weir y muchos pies arriba de la corriente Midiendo la corriente a diferentes horas del le ayuda a estimar un maximo y un minimo de corriente usable Si el recurso de agua esta limitado temporalmente usted tendra que depender en otros recursos de energia durante tiempos secos viento solar Mantenga en la mente que se debe dejar una cantidad rasonable de agua No la use toda esa agua contiene formas microscopicas de vida Cuando la corriente y la cabeza estan determinados el rendimiento de la energia esperada puede ser determinada desde la siguiente tabla Recuerte que los valores de esta tabla representan la salida generada y que la energia actual llevada a las baterias sera reducida por las lineas de transmision convertidores de energia y otros equipos requeridos por el sistema Todos los sistemas deben ser cuidadosamente planificado para maximizar la salida o rendimiento de la energia TABLA MEDIDORA WEIR La tabla muesta la corriente de agua que fluira
94. e energy power production are frequently far removed from the point of use This is particularly true of wind and hydro systems where the location of the energy source cannot be easily altered Even in many solar situations the site where the energy is used may be shaded and this may require going to more open or higher ground to find sufficient insolation Several techniques have been developed to solve the problem of power transmission over distance They involve generating power at a voltage higher than battery voltage and stepping that down at the usage site This enables lower current values to be used which reduces transmission losses This is a modified form of the technique that utilities use However the first possibility to investigate is generating power at the battery voltage Often a higher battery inverter voltage 48 or 120 V can be used to advantage The larger transmission wire associated with direct transmission may cost less than the power conversion equipment otherwise needed This also means a simpler system Most wind and hydro systems unlike PV generate alternating current first This is then rectified by the alternator to direct current for storage in batteries Transmission of alternating current over a longer distance is easier than transmission of direct current because the power can either be stepped up or generated at a higher voltage This enables lower current values and again reduces transmission losse
95. e entire head is used No head is lost as with an impulse machine FLOW MEASUREMENT The weir method can be used for the higher flows used with this machine This technique uses a rectangular opening cut in a board or piece of sheet metal set into the brook like dam The water is channeled into the weir and the depth is measured from the top of a stake that is level with the edge of the weir and several feet upstream WEIR MEASUREMENT TABLE Table shows water flow in gallons minute GPM that will flow over a weir one inch wide and from 1 8 to 10 7 8 inches deep Inches 18 12 58 718 Jos foa jor pa a CE fas at jus ss CEN CNN CORN 8 5 9 2 10 1 10 9 11 8 12 7 136 14 6 5 5 16 5 17 5 18 6 19 5 20 6 21 7 228 http www microhydropower com manual2 manual_pg3 htm 1 of 3 9 28 2003 7 15 57 Manual 2 58 3 59 9 61 4 63 0 646 66 0 a 74 1 75 8 77 4 rub 80 8 82 4 84 2 85 9 87 6 89 3 91 0 92 8 94 5 96 3 98 1 99 9 101 7 103 6 105 4 107 3 Example of how to use weir table Suppose depth of water above stake is 9 3 8 inches Find 9 in the left hand column and 3 8 in the top column The value where they intersect is 85 9 gpm That s only for a 1 inch weir however You multiply this value by the width of your weir in inches to obtain water flow Measuring the flow at different times of the year helps you estimate maximum and minimum usab
96. e minimized further as the water is sent around a slow curve rather than a series of sharp bends If these friction losses are kept minimal you can really draw a lot of power from surprisingly little water Electrics Paul and proceeded to install the Trace 5548 inverter the Trace C40 charge controller and the load centre Needless to say this was a real eye opener for me 1 have never been gifted when it comes to electrical matters but soon found out that the manufacturers of these products have people like me in mind The products are very user friendly as long as no assumptions are made and homework is done The process went rather smoothly and the community had a couple of residents who were rather competent in these matters they made a great tithe of this work as we all explored the technology and relied on one another to do a good job Aside from these things the actual installation of these components is a real delight It is sometimes amazing to behold http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff9 htm 4 of 6 9 28 2003 7 16 32 PM Micro hydroelectric Installations A beginner s perspective what it is we humans can do when we think it out The 16 batteries were placed into a 48 V configuration and placed into their compartment Then all of the components were linked together and the turbine inspected to see that all looked all right A good visual inspection is usually an excellent way to begin start up if someth
97. e probability of going four or five years between maintenance shutdowns is a BIG advantage Over most of its power curve it will outperform a standard alternator by 15 30 During peak flows at my hydro site got 280 W from a Turgo driven alternator fitted with a specially wound stator for low head With the new ES amp D PM field Stream Engine output increased to 325 W That s a 1596 increase at a less than optimum hydro site Can find a use for those extra watts You betcha Energy Systems amp Design Engine Test Data Volts Amps Actual Theoretical DC DC Watts Watts Access Author Bob O Schultze Electron Connection PO Box 203 Hornbrook CA 96044 Tel 530 475 3402 Fax 530 475 3401 Email econnect snowcrest net Web www electronconnection com Manufacturer Energy System amp Design PO Box 1557 Sussex N B Canada EOE 1PO http www microhydropower com review htm 4 of 6 9 28 2003 7 16 22 PM Things that Work Tested by Home Power el 506 433 3151 Fax 506 433 6151 Email hydropowOnbnet nb ca http www microhydropower com review htm 5 of 6 9 28 2003 7 16 22 Things that Work Tested by Home Power www microhydropower com ropower com review htm 6 of 6 9 28 2008 7 16 22 PM Micro Hydro Power in the Nineties Innovative Micro Hydro Systems Since 1980 Micro Hydro Power in the Nineties Paul Cunningham 8 Barbara Atkinson 1994 Paul Cunningham and Ba
98. ead per 100 Feet of Pipe Flow US Pipe Diameter Inches 0 5 0 75 1 1 25 1 5 2 2 3 1 1 13 0 28 0 09 0 02 2 4 05 1 04 0 32 0 09 0 04 3 8 60 2 19 0 67 0 19 0 09 0 02 4 14 6 3 73 1 15 0 30 0 14 0 05 5 22 1 5 61 1 75 0 46 0 21 0 07 6 31 0 7 89 2 44 0 65 0 30 0 09 0 05 7 41 2 10 5 3 24 0 85 0 42 0 12 0 06 8 53 1 13 4 4 14 1 08 0 51 0 16 0 07 9 16 7 5 15 1 36 0 65 0 18 0 08 10 20 3 6 28 1 66 0 78 0 23 0 09 0 02 12 28 5 8 79 2 32 1 11 0 32 0 14 0 05 14 37 9 11 7 3 10 1 45 0 44 0 18 0 07 16 15 0 3 93 1 87 0 55 0 23 0 08 18 18 6 4 90 2 32 0 69 0 30 0 09 20 22 6 5 96 2 81 0 83 0 35 0 12 22 27 0 7 11 3 36 1 00 0 42 0 14 24 317 8 35 3 96 1 17 0 49 0 16 26 36 8 9 68 4 58 1 36 0 58 0 21 28 11 1 3 25 1 56 0 67 0 23 30 12 6 5 96 1 77 0 74 0 25 35 16 8 7 94 2 33 1 00 0 35 40 21 5 10 2 3 02 1 27 0 44 45 26 8 12 7 3 75 1 59 0 55 50 32 5 15 4 4 55 1 91 0 67 55 18 3 5 43 1 96 0 81 60 215 6 40 2 0 0 94 65 23 8 7 41 3 3 1 08 70 28 7 8 49 3 59 1 24 75 32 6 9 67 4 07 1 40 80 10 9 4 58 1 59 85 12 2 5 13 1 77 90 13 5 5 71 1 98 95 15 0 6 31 2 19 100 16 5 6 92 2 42 150 34 5 14 7 5 11 200 25 0 8 0 30 18 4 Stream Engine Output in Watts Continuous Net Head Meters Feet 3 10 6 20 15 49 30 98 60 197 90 295 120 394 150 492 0 67 10 15 45 80 150 200 300 400 1 33 20
99. eam Engine Operaci n Manuel pdf El Stream Engine motor del arroyo y el LH1000 emplean ambos un alternador ajustable equipado con magnetos permanentes Eso permite al usuario balancear el rendimiento de la turbina con la carga el ctrica Este alternador tiene una eficiencia mejor a la que tuvieron previas alternadores y tienen la capacidad de rendimiento de m s de 1kW adem s de que no requiere virtualmente de mantenimiento Los sistemas micro hidr ulicos de ES amp D emplean componentes muy eficaces fundidas con precisi n de aleaciones no corrosivas para asegurar laga vida y durabilidad Un multi metro digital acompa a cada turbina para medir el rendimiento del amperaje Estas unidades se pueden utilizar con sistemas independientes o bien ligados a un tendido el ctrico http www microhydropower com spanish indfex htm 1 of 6 9 28 2003 7 14 59 La Energ a Sistemas y Dese os El Stream Engine esta dise ado para su empleo en los sistemas de pilas La electricidad est generada a una capacidad constante y est acumulada en las pilas para su utilizaci n en capacidades m s grandes a la generaci n original Durante los periodos de demanda baja el poder est acumulado Se emplea un invertidor siempre que la corriente alterna de residencia es requerida El agua de un arroyo se encausa dentro de una tuber a para conseguir cabeza distancia vertical a la cae el agua suficiente para dar poder al si
100. ecesario para mantener el nivel de electrolito Control de Carga Un sistema hidraulico requiere que las cargas esten presentes para la energia tenga a donde ir De otra manera el voltage del sistema puede aumentar a alto niveles Esta situacion provee una oportunidad para hacer algo con el exceso de energia Una descarga puede ser utilizada para calentar agua Mientras las baterias se cargan completamente sus voltages aumentan A un punto el proceso de carga debe detenerse y la energia debe ser desviada a una descarga hay que adivinar un poco El punto a donde el voltage debe estar es de 13 5 a 14 5 para un sistema de 12 voltios dependiendo en el promedio de la carga Mientras mas alta la carga mas alto puede llegar el voltage Si las baterias estan siempre cargandose el limite del voltage debe estar en el promedio bajo Un metro de voltage o un metro de horas de watt puede ser usado para monotorizar el nivel de la carga de la bateria El voltage de la bateria es casi una funcion del nivel de carga y varia segun el promedio y nivel de carga Hay muchos monitores comercialmente disponigles que pueden mostrar convenientemente estos factores al usuario incluyento el estado de carga ALAMBRADO DEL CENTRO DE CARGA Cada sistema requiere algun alambrado para conectar varios componentes Los centros de carga estan disponibles como un paquete completo que facilita la coneccion de las cargas a los fuentes 6 de carga Todos los circuitos en el sis
101. ectricity has been around since the turn of the century Since that time there have been many improvements in both the wheels that convert the falling water to a rotary motion called runners and in the generators themselves Most of the generator and runner design work was done long ago Current manufacturers of microhydro equipment have built on what was already available adding relatively minor improvements Hydro system designers need to match the runner correctly to the hydro site and the alternator to the battery system voltage Hydro Primer Every renewable energy site is unique whether it s for photovoltaic wind or hydro Within the scope of renewables hydro is the most site specific You probably can t make the hill any higher or the water flow any more In order to assess the site for small hydroelectric capability there are four questions that need to be answered What is the head vertical fall from intake to hydro plant placement http www microhydropower com review htm 1 of 6 9 28 2003 7 16 22 Things that Work Tested by Home Power How many gallons of water per minute gp be able to devote to hydro power Keep in mind that water flow will vary from winter to summer What is the length size and type of pipe from the intake to the hydro plant What is the distance from the hydro plant site to the batteries The ES amp D Stream Engine The Turgo Runner The Stream Engine is desi
102. eet sec sec acceleration due to gravity H head expressed in feet Moving Water as Energy How much potential power is this A U S gallon of water weighs 8 34 lbs and the flow is 19 GPM then 8 34 Ibs per gallon X 19 gallons per minute 158 lbs per minute Now 158 pounds of water per minute falling 50 feet has 7 900 foot pounds minute of energy simply multiply the factors Conversion to horsepower is accomplished by division by 33 000 thus 7900 33 000 24 horsepower Since 746 Watts of energy is equivalent to one horsepower 24 hp X 746 Watts per hp 179 Watts of potential squirting out the nozzle This means that the potential power was 36 horsepower or 269 Watts before going through the pipe Since nozzles tend to be very efficient not much loss is expected But keep in mind that every time the energy goes through a change power 1 lost All right how about 9 Watt loss to make an even 170 Watts This may appear a little sloppy But you must realize that these systems do not have to be very precise they are quite forgiving Also many of the measurements are difficult to determine with high accuracy So close approximations are sufficient Thus far things are reasonably straightforward a pipeline with a nozzle at the end Now what Conventional practice would suggest some sort of impulse turbine such as a Pelton or Turgo It would also be possible to use a reaction machine It would have to resemble one of those spinn
103. em dee MicroLlyare Sine y pm 3 y E Ec water paren cami http www microhydropower com staff htm 9 28 2003 7 16 39 PM Contact Us Innovative Micre Llydre Systems Since 1980 P O Box 4557 Sussex NB Canada E4E 5L7 Telephone 506 433 3151 Fax 506 433 6151 Send us an e mail hydropowOnbnet nb ca Your Name ll Your mailing address Your phone number required hb Your E mail address required hh ons KI How did you find out about Energy Systems amp Design The following section request information about the proposed site This information will help us in determining the viability of the site For help in finding the requested information see the Owner s Manuals mel System Voltage hh Transmission Distance hb Pipeline Type http www microhydropower com contact htm 1 of 2 9 28 2003 7 16 40 PM Pipeline Diameter l_J Pipeline Length Lo Notes or Comments www microhydropower com http Awww microhydropower com contact htm 2 of 2 9 28 2003 7 16 40 Innovative Micro Llydro Systems Since 1980 Renewable Energy World Home Power www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com links htm 9 28 2003 7 16 41 PM
104. emble 1 1 2 Mozzle Pipe Fitting Copper Wire Resistance Chart Generator Housing Wire Gauge Diameter Inches Ohms per 1000 Ohms per Mile 0000 0 460 0 05 0 26 000 0 410 0 06 0 33 00 0 364 0 08 0 42 0 0 324 0 10 0 52 2 0 258 0 16 0 84 4 0 204 0 25 1 34 6 0 162 0 40 2 13 8 0 128 0 64 3 38 10 0 102 1 02 5 38 12 0 081 1 62 8 56 14 0 064 2 58 13 6 16 0 051 4 10 21 6 18 0 040 6 52 34 4 PIPE FRICTION LOSS PVC Class 160 PSI Plastic Pipe 14 Pressure Loss from Friction in Feet of Head per 100 Feet of Pipe Flow US GPM Pipe Diameter Inches 1 1 25 1 5 2 2 5 3 4 5 6 8 10 1 0 05 0 02 2 0 14 0 05 0 02 3 0 32 0 09 0 04 4 0 53 0 16 0 09 0 02 5 0 80 0 25 0 12 0 04 6 1 13 0 35 0 18 0 07 0 02 7 1 52 0 46 0 23 0 08 0 02 8 1 93 0 58 0 30 0 10 0 04 9 2 42 0 71 0 37 0 12 0 05 10 2 92 0 87 0 46 0 16 0 07 0 02 11 3 50 1 04 0 53 0 18 0 07 0 02 12 4 09 1 22 0 64 0 20 0 09 0 02 14 5 45 1 63 0 85 0 28 0 12 0 04 16 7 00 2 09 1 08 0 37 0 14 0 04 18 8 69 2 60 1 33 0 46 0 18 0 07 20 10 6 3 15 1 63 0 55 0 21 0 09 0 02 22 12 6 3 77 1 96 0 67 025 0 10 0 02 24 14 8 4 42 2 32 0 78
105. enerator leading to the point of usage run the conductors in the form of copper or aluminum wire The size of the wire is dependent upon the voltage and current of the transmission and the distance over which it is to travel In long distance situations AC travels well as it is usually high voltage thereby minimizing line loss on a given wire gauge in battery based schemes the voltage is determined by the battery bank so in the cases of low voltage battery banks transformers may be necessary in order to step then step down voltage so as to minimize line loss Large gauge wire can be used http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff8 htm 2 of 3 9 28 2003 7 16 30 PM AC DC Micro Hydro Electric Options to the same effect On the side of battery charging systems if the transmission distance is modest the wire gauge necessary to conduct hundreds of watts is significantly smaller than that required to carry thousands While there are many factors to consider when choosing a micro hydroelectric scheme if the pertinent details involved are given adequate attention an optimal solution can be found for the generation potential of any given site It is hoped that the information necessary to begin this process has been summarized in this article so as to be a starting point for the system designer where ever the site may be Access PAUL CUNNINGHAM amp ROBERT G FIFE Energy Systems and Design P O Box 4557 Sussex N B Ca
106. ento mas alto la altitud del rotor debe ser ajustada para igualar la energia magnetica del rotor a la energia de la quebrada en el sitio Ya que todos los sitios varian uno del otro es importante ajustar el rotor para un maximo rendimiento Esto involucra elevando o bajando el rotor para aumentar el cambio constante del nivel magnetico Hasta encontrar el optimo nivel Despues que la maquina este instalada realice un trayecto inicial para establecer el nivel del rendimiento de la energia Esto puede deteminarse usando un ammetro para medir corriente o un metro digital para medir el voltage conectado en un conector de afuera en el eje de precision encontrado en la caja de empalme Es buena idea mantener un cuaderno de bitacora para anotar cualquier cambio en el rendimiento en relacion a lo marcado y monitorizar su desarollo a largo tiempo Despues que todo este instalado inicie la LH1000 abriendo la fuente de agua Dejelo que corra suficientemente para que el nivel de rendimiento se estabilice y apunte la corriente o voltage Luego apague el chorro La LH1000 viene con el rotor el plato de cromo que esta muy cerca al stator el estacionario de fondo negro del generador Para aumentar la distancia y reducir el nivel del flujo magnetico usted primero debe mientras sostiene el estacionario rotor con el 1 4 pin del rotor puesto en el agujero a la orilla del rotor suelte el peque o tornillo con cabeza 7 16 Despues agarre el rotor estaci
107. er 1998 p 73 75 Fife Robert Micro hydroelectric Installations A beginner s perspective Renewable Energy World March 1999 p 70 73 www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com articles htm 9 28 2003 7 16 21 PM Things that Work Tested by Home Power Innovative Micre Llydre Systems Since 1980 Things that Work Tested by Home Power Energy Systems amp Design s Stream Engine Bob O Schultze KG6MM 1998 Bob O Schultze Microhydro is the most reliable and cost effective small scale renewable energy source for charging batteries It has drawbacks however microhydro is the least charismatic of the renewables Cleaning the intake to the penstock especially during fall leaf drop and spring runoff can bea pain in the neck Frequent rebuilding of alternators to replace brushes and slip rings that run non stop is a less than wonderful part of the microhydro experience ES amp D s new brushless permanent magnet PM field alternator is a new exciting and welcome product for the microhydro user It should eliminate alternator maintenance for a long time Now if they could just build something to clean that darn intake A Quick Hydro History Using falling water to do work has been around for a long time How long Since before Christ was a carpenter before Buddha was a baby before Mohammed knew his mom before well you get the picture Making electricity from falling water called hydroel
108. er remover el generador usted debe primero remover el alambrado desde las terminales en el bloque claro de plastico en la caja de empalme Asegurese de anotar su posicion para una futura reinstalacion Una alternativa es remover la caja de empalme desde la base del alternador removiendo los dos tornillos en el bracket Luego desartonille los 4 tornillos que conectan el generador a la base fina de aluminio usando la llave inglesa allen suplida con el LH1000 Los cuatro tornillos estan localizados bajo la base del generador y entre lazados hacia arriba dentro del generador Luego desartonille el cono de la nariz de poliuretano desde la base de la unidad localizado adentro de la vena guia de ensamblage al final del eje hacia la derecha con direccion a las agujas del reloj Proceda a remover la helice removiendo la tuerca de raton de 19mm luego la arandela y finalmente deslice la helice desde el eje Ahora hale el generador y el ensamblage del eje hacia arriba y fuera de la base del generador y la caparazon del eje El eje se desatornilla como removiendo el largo eje de la turbina desde el eje del generador La base fina del alternador puede ser removida desde la caparazon del eje desatornillelo La caparazon del eje tambien puede ser desatornillada desde la base vena guia La base guia de aluminio esta conectada a la guia vena de ensamblage de poliuretano con cuatro tornillos allen con cabeza 20 que pueden ser removidos usando la llave inglesa prov
109. erate all loads directly from batteries Many 12 volt appliances and small inverters are available In 24 volt systems it may also be preferable to operate the loads directly although not as many appliances are available In higher power systems it is usually better to use an inverter to convert battery voltage to regular domestic AC power This has been made feasible with the advent of reliable high power inverters Thousands of home power systems are in operation with only AC loads Sizing Battery Capacity A typical hydro system should have about two days of battery storage capacity This will generally keep lead acid cells operating in the upper end of their charge range where they are the most efficient and long lived Alkaline batteries like the nickel iron and the nickel cadmium types can have a lower capacity since they can be more fully discharged without harm Batteries should be located outside of living space or adequate ventilation should be provided as a rising charge level tends to produce both hydrogen gas and corrosive fumes Also distilled water should be added as needed to maintain the electrolyte level Charge Control A hydro system requires that a load be present so that the power has somewhere to go Otherwise system voltage can rise to very high levels This situation provides an opportunity to do something with the excess power 1 a diversion load used for water heating As the batteries become fully charged
110. ere are sufficient resources to implement an AC direct micro hydro system there arises one significant consideration the infrastructure required to complete such a system is much more weighty both physically and in the finances necessary to procure it at the outset than that of a battery charging system Firstly the pipeline used to feed a battery scheme is seldom larger than 6 inches about 15 cm and is typically 4 inches 10 cm or less Compare this with the much larger piping necessary to carry the flows required for AC production and the price difference can be prohibitive not to mention the considerable toil and expense required to move and bury large scale pipe Seconaly consider the power generating components and the equipment necessary to support them Beginning at the pipeline the differences between the AC direct and the battery based systems can easily be seen primarily in the actual size of the generators Usually a generator that produces a few hundred watts can be on the scale of the typical automotive alternator while a generator in the multi kW range is certainly much larger and depending on whether it is a synchronous or induction generator the price can be even more disproportionate Add to this the turbine runners that would necessarily be much larger in the AC system and one can easily see how the initial costs involved in the generation components would outweigh a battery based micro hydro generator From the g
111. ermined concerning your site in order to use its potential for maximum output Head and flow must first be determined The other factors are plumbing specifications transmission distance and the system voltage These factors determine how much power can be expected Power is generated at a constant rate by the LH1000 and stored in batteries as direct current DC Power is supplied as needed by the batteries which store energy during periods of low consumption for use in periods where consumption exceeds the generation rate Appliances can be used that operate directly from batteries or alternating current AC power at regular domestic specifications can be supplied through an inverter converting DC to AC power Sites may vary so carefully consider flow and head when choosing yours HEAD MEASUREMENT Head may be measured using various techniques A garden hose or length of pipe can be submerged with one end upstream and the other end downstream Anchor the upstream end with rocks or have an assistant hold it water should flow out the low end especially if the pipeline is pre filled Once water is flowing raise the downstream end until it stops Do this slowly since the water tends to oscillate When the flow has stabilized measure the distance down to the level of water in the stream with a tape measure This will give a very accurate measurement of that stream section Mark the spot and then repeat the procedure until the e
112. ertain conditions Practice all due safety Electricity cannot be seen and can be lethal Electricity is garnered from the potential energy in moving water from a high point to a lower one This distance is called head and is measured in units of distance feet meters or in units of pressure pounds per square inch kilo pascals Flow is measured in units of volume gallons per minute gpm or liters per second l s and is the second portion of the power equation The power available is related to the product of the head and the flow The Stream Engine is designed to operate over a wide range of heads and flows This is achieved with the use of a Turgo runner or wheel Nozzle diameters of 1 8 to 1 inch are available and up to four nozzles can be used on one machine to utilize heads as low as four feet and as high as hundreds The Stream Engine uses a permanent magnet type alternator This design eliminates the need for brushes and the maintenance that accompany them while increasing efficiency The Stream Engine s output can be optimized by simply adjusting the rotor clearance www microhydropower com http Awww microhydropower com manual1 manual_pg1 htm 9 28 2003 7 15 31 PM The Stream Engine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual Table of Contents SITE EVALUATION Certain information must be determined concerning your site in order to use its potential for maximum output Head and flow must le MERO eE first be d
113. esta cubierta Otra tecnica es de usar el medidor transito del encuestador Este metodo puede ser aproximado usando un nivelador de carpintero o una story pole Esta tecnica esta tambien hecha en series de pasos para llegar a la quebrada principal Una variacion de este metodo es el uso de altimetros Casio hace un reloj pulsera que tiene un altimetro MEDIDA DE LA CORRIENTE El metodo mas facil de medir peque as corrientes es canalizando el agua dentro de una tuberia usando una presa temporaria y llenando un lata medidora Midiendo el tiempo para llenar los contenedores le permite calcular cantidad de la corriente El metodo wier es mas vesatil y pude provar mas eficiente para corrientes con altas quebradas o cabezas Esta tecnica usa una entrada con cortada rectangularo una pedazo de metal puesta dentro de la quebrada como una presa El agua es canalizada dentro del weir y la profundidad se mide desde la punta de la estaca que esta nivelada con la orilla del weir y muchos pies arriba de la corriente Midiendo la corriente a diferentes horas del le ayuda a estimar un maximo y un minimo de corriente usable Si el recurso de agua esta limitado temporalmente usted tendra que depender en otros recursos de energia durante tiempos secos viento solar Mantenga en la mente que se debe dejar una cantidad rasonable de agua No la use toda esa agua contiene formas microscopicas de vida Cuando la corriente y la cabeza estan determinados
114. etermined The other factors are pipeline length transmission distance and the system voltage These factors determine how much power can be expected Flow Measurement Intake Pipeline amp Tailrace Power is generated at a constant rate by the Stream Engine and Batteries Inverters amp Controllers stored in batteries as direct current DC Power is supplied as needed by the batteries which store energy during periods of low consumption for use in periods where consumption exceeds the generation rate Wiring amp Load Center Output Adjustment Service and Assembly Appliances can be used that operate directly from batteries or 120 volt alternating current AC power can be supplied through an Wiring Diagrams inverter converting DC to AC power Tiie IMS Sites may vary so carefully consider flow and head when choosing New Current Measurement Technique yours Maximum head can be achieved by placing the Stream Engine at as low an elevation as possible the machine can become submerged or washed away www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com manual1 manual_pg2 htm 9 28 2003 7 15 31 Manual 1 MANLAL The Stream Engine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual Table of Contents HEAD MEASUREMENT Head be measured using various techniques A garden hose Site Evaluation or length of pipe can be submerged with one end upstream and the other end downstre
115. ew Universal Nozzle ass 17 18 Current Measurement Technique sse 17 19 Installation ada Rear Cover INTRODUCTION This manual describes The Stream Engine which is manufactured by Energy Systems and Design Ltd The installer must have some knowledge of plumbing and electrical systems and the user of the system should also These machines are small but can generate some very high voltages Even 12 volt machines can produce high voltages under certain conditions Practice all due safety Electricity cannot be seen and can be lethal It is important to consult with local officials before conducting any watercourse alteration ES amp D advises following all local laws and ordinances regarding watercourses Electricity is produced from the potential energy in moving water from a high point to a lower one This distance is called head and is measured in units of distance feet meters or in units of pressure pounds per square inch kilo Pascals Flow is measured in units of volume gallons per minute gpm or liters per second l s and is the second portion of the power equation The power available is related to the head and the flow The Stream Engine is designed to operate over a wide range of heads and flows This is achieved with the use of a Turgo runner or wheel Nozzle diameters of 1 8 to 1 inch are available and up to four nozzles can be used on one machine to utilize heads as low as four feet a
116. fications can be supplied through an inverter converting DC to AC power Sites may vary so carefully consider flow and head when choosing yours LH1000 INSTALLATION m T 1 i baite LIU bi TLI A at id eos Siis 1 EZ Tirad Click for larger view www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com manual2 manual_pg2 htm 9 28 2003 7 15 55 PM Manual 2 MANUAL Z The LH 1000 Low Head Propeller Turbine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual HEAD MEASUREMENT Head may be measured using various techniques A garden hose or length of pipe can be submerged with one end upstream and the other end downstream Anchor the upstream end with rocks or have an assistant hold it water should flow out the low end especially if the pipeline is pre filled Once water is flowing raise the downstream end until it stops Do this slowly since the water tends to oscillate When the flow has stabilized measure the distance down to the level of water in the stream with a tape measure This will give a very accurate measurement of that stream section Mark the spot and then repeat the procedure until the entire distance is covered Another technique is to use a surveyor s transit This method can also be approximated using a carpenter s level using a measuring stick or a story pole This technique is also done in a series of steps to arrive at the overall head Note that with this reaction type machine th
117. g Address Street Address City Province Postal Code Telephone Fax Shipping Address if different from billing address Street Address City Province Postal Code Telephone Fax Shipping Method please mark preference ES amp D Standard Service Your own shipping account Supply shipping account information below Your Signature Date Name print Title This is not a credit application All international orders require pre payment Articles Innovative Micro Llydre Systems Since 1980 Articles Atkinson Barbara amp Paul Cunningham Micro Hydro Power in the Nineties Home Power 44 December 1994 January 1995 p 24 29 Review of the Cunningham Paul Hydro Siting Home Power 8 December 1988 January 1989 p 17 19 Stream Engine Hydro Systems Using LCBs Home Power 17 June July 1990 p 39 40 AT Induction Generation an excitin 1 Home Power 3 February 1988 17 19 E T H X Long Distance Power Transmission for E s El 1 Renewable Energy Systems Renewable Energy World September 1998 p 72 73 Micro Hydro Electric Evolution Ut Renewable Energy World July 1998 p 60 Running Stre Small Water Power Siting Home Power 1 November 1987 p 7 10 Cunningham Paul amp Robert G Fife AC DC Micro Hydroelectric Options Renewable Energy World Novemb
118. g to do is determine the pipe size Given that there 1 friction between water and the pipe in which it flows this friction can be reduced by increasing the size of the pipe to minimize the friction to acceptable limits Therefore pipe size must be optimized based on economics and performance The pipe flow charts show us that eight inch approx 20cm diameter PVC pipe has a head loss of 0 97 feet of head per 100 feet 30m of pipe at a flow rate of 800 50 l s This is about 0 5 feet 15cm of loss for 50 feet 15m of pipe PVC comes in short lengths and 1 glued together or purchased with gaskets The maximum output occurs with a flow of about 800 GPM 50 l s Note that with this machine the flow is determined by the head as there are no nozzles that can be adjusted that would change the flow 1 foot loss 100 feet pipe x feet loss 50 feet pipe x 0 5 feet 15cm of head loss Next we subtract the head losses from the measured head often referred to as static or gross head Abbreviated Hg in order to determine the actual operating head often referred to as dynamic or net head Abbreviated Hn 6 feet head Hg 0 5 feet head losses 5 5 feet 1 85m actual head Hn http www microhydropower com manual2 manual_pg6 htm 3 of 6 9 28 2003 7 16 01 Manual 2 It is now known that the LH 1000 will be operating at an actual or dynamic head of 5 5 feet 1 85m Hn By referring back to the output chart it can
119. g4 htm 9 28 2003 7 15 58 Manual 2 MANUAL Z The LH 1000 Low Head Propeller Turbine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual BATTERIES INVERTERS amp CONTROLLERS System Voltage A small system with a short transmission distance is usually designed to operate at 12 volts Larger systems can also be 12 volts but if higher power is desired or the transmission distance is long then a system of 24 volts or higher may be preferable This is especially true if all loads are inverter powered In a 12 volt system operating at a low power level it may be advantageous to operate all loads directly from batteries Many 12 volt appliances and small inverters are available In 24 volt systems it may also be preferable to operate the loads directly although not as many appliances are available In higher power systems it is usually better to use an inverter to convert battery voltage to regular domestic AC power This has been made feasible with the advent of reliable high power inverters Thousands of home power systems are in operation with only AC loads Sizing Battery Capacity A typical hydro system should have about two days of battery storage capacity This will generally keep lead acid cells operating in the upper end of their charge range where they are the most efficient and long lived Alkaline batteries like the nickel iron and the nickel cadmium types can have a lower capacity since they can be more fully discharged without harm
120. ge Some examples of good charge controllers are the TRACE C 30 C 40 and the ENERMAXER Both switch power to a dump load when their set point is reached The C 30 has on and oft settings and uses a relay to switch the load either fully on or fully off The ENERMAXER has one set point and uses solid state switches to dump the power gradually at the one voltage Dump loads are usually resistive such as heaters but can be anything that is compatible with the system A voltmeter or a watt hour meter can be used to monitor battery charge level Battery voltage is roughly a function of the charge level and varies according to the load level and charge rate As you gain experience the battery voltage can be used to assess the charge level more accurately www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com manual1 manual_pg5 htm 2 of 2 9 28 2003 7 15 35 Manual 1 MANUAL The Stream Engine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual Table of Contents Introduction Site Evaluation Head Measurement Flow Measurement Intake Pipeline amp Tailrace Batteries Inverters amp Controllers Output Adjustment Service and Assembly Wiring Diagrams The New Universal Nozzle New Current Measurement Technique WIRING AND LOAD CENTER Every system requires some wiring to connect the various components Load centers are available as a complete package that easily facilitates the connection of loads and power source s All
121. gh the incorporation of transitional technologies Energy Systems 8 Design has been producing micro hydroelectric components since 1980 We make equipment that converts the energy in moving water into electricity We offer a wide array of products and services to the renewable energy RE marketplace and international installation services We offer the Stream Engine a breakthrough in hydro technology and we have recently introduced the LH1000 low head propeller turbine which operates from 1 to 3 metres of head or vertical fall of the water www microhydropower com http Awww microhydropower com welcomepage htm 9 28 2003 7 14 52 PM La Energ a Sistemas y Dese os Energy systems amp Desing ofrece los servicios de dise o e instalaci n a clientes internacionales a precios razonables Nuestro equipo de t cnicos dise a e instala su sistema en nuestras instalaciones en Canad y posteriormente lo instala en el lugar Estamos preparados para manejar cualquier equipo desde sistemas termo hidr ulicos de engr a solar hasta sistemas fotoel ctricos e licos y micro hidr ulicos Comun quese con nosotros para obtener mas detalles ES amp D ha fabricado partes micro hidro el ctricas desde 1980 y ofrece una gran selecci n de productos y servicios pare el mercado de la energ a renovable Ahora ES amp D ofrece el LH1000 una turbina h lice de cabeza baja as como los servicios mundiales de instalaci n El Str
122. gned to operate over a very wide range of heads and water flows The ES amp D machine uses a Turgo runner to achieve this The Turgo is a vertically shafted turbine type runner with the nozzles pointed downward at a 20 angle from horizontal The great advantage of this type of runner is its ability to digest a lot of water efficiently This can give us the ability to use more water during peak winter flows Depending on the head and number of nozzles up to 300 gpm 1160 liters per minute can be utilized Quite an accomplishment for a wheel with a 4 5 inch pitch diameter The PM Field Alternator The ES amp D alternator uses sixteen strong magnets embedded in a top plate which is spun by the runner The twelve stator windings are stationary Electricity is generated by passing the spinning magnets over the stator windings The output is determined by the right mixture of rpm configuration of the stator windings and the distance between the magnetic field and the stator The field to stator distance is adjusted by a bolt within a bolt arrangement which lowers or raises the spinning magnets The stator windings can be configured into parallel series Delta or Wye wiring The windings terminate on three studs for easy reconfiguration The studs are before the rectifier so it s easy to take the output as a higher voltage three phase ac for long transmission lines This may be a little confusing but either the manufacturer or your system
123. he Stream Engine in a small enclosure or under some cover to keep it dry and provide a place for auxiliary equipment Mounting the machine in concrete is also possible you may wish to try a temporary wood mounting first The opening under the housing to catch the water should be at least the size of the turbine housing opening and preferably a little larger Make certain the tailrace exit channel provides enough flow for the exiting water The housing opening is 9 1 2 inches square the bolt holes are on an 11 inch square and the housing is 12 inches square In cold climates may be necessary to build a trap into the exit This prevents outside air from entering the housing and causing freeze ups BATTERIES INVERTERS CONTROLLERS System Voltage A small system with a short transmission distance is usually designed to operate at 12 volts Larger systems can also be 12 volts but if higher power is desired or the transmission distance is long then a system of 24 volts or higher may be preferable This is especially true if all loads are inverter powered In a 12 volt system operating at a low power level it may be advantageous to operate all loads directly from batteries Many 12 volt appliances and small inverters are available In 24 volt systems it may also be preferable to operate the loads directly although not as many appliances are available In higher power systems it is usually better to use an inverter to convert batter
124. he transmission distance was found to be negligible as the turbine was to be positioned next to the battery shed This said we used 10 gauge wire to lead front the turbine to the batteries but in some cases a turbine may be a considerable distance from the point of use and high voltage transmission may be necessary or large gauge wire in order to minimize line losses see article entitled Long distance power transmission for renewable energy systems REW September 98 page 72 Something to be kept in mind is that one can never possess too many good tools and in this instance a simple wire loss table goes a long way with Ohm s Law to helping find the most suitable wire for any given transmission distance A collection of up to date accurate tables will always be useful Pipeline The pipeline was already installed when we were contacted and measured 300 metres of 10 cm polyethylene Once again the use of a pre existing chart allowed us to cross reference the pipe size and type to determine the friction losses for this installation at this head and flow They were found to be about 3 metres loss at a flow of about 400 litres metre this corresponds to a nozzle size of 22 mm at this site which gave us the net or dynamic head of 12 metres or so This completed the picture with regards to information and allowed to determine what the potential was in this instance and to proceed to what might be called the hands on stage of the inst
125. hen the water is running with a suitable nozzle at the end Losses within the Pipe Any increase in flow will result in a decrease in power available due to increased pipe friction losses Right away one third of the http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff7 htm 1 of 5 9 28 2003 7 16 29 Small Water Power Siting precious power potential is lost At lower flow rates the pipe loss decreases which results in an increase in efficiency as flow decreases So why don t use a larger pipe Well it costs more and sometimes 20 is all there is in the brook Also a larger pipe would aggravate the problem of freezing at low temperatures with no insulating snow cover This is because the residence time would increase with larger pipe In my case the water entering the pipe is slightly above freezing and cools as it travels along when temperatures are very low So why don t I bury it Yes that would be nice and hopefully will when 1 can afford that and larger pipe too It is a case of the shoemaker being inadequately shod as content myself with the present system Besides it has spurred me on to other possibilities that we will look at later in future articles Nozzle Velocity Back to the 20 GPM at 50 foot head A 3 8 inch diameter nozzle is about the right size for this giving I9 GPM according to the spouting formula the velocity of a jet of water will be V 2gH 02 322 50 56 7 ft sec g 32 2 f
126. ile batteries can supply only DC direct current Inverters are used to convert DC into AC so that stored battery power may be used as needed by appliances and other loads Modern inverters are available in almost every size from small recreational to industrial types and are designed for user friendliness durability and reliability Charge Controllers When the load demand is less than the generator output power is available to charge the batteries When the batteries are charged to capacity the power is diverted to a secondary diversion load such as hot water heaters The diversion of the generated power is accomplished by using a charge controller Many types are available to perform this function MICRO H YD RO ELECTRIC COMPONENTS Turbine W heels Turgo This rugged bronze turbine wheel is adaptable to a wide range of sites from 2m 6 feet of head and up This wheel can handle large flows though it has only a 10cm Bronze Turgo W heel 4 inch pitch diameter 10cm 4 pitch diameter it can accommodate nozzles up to 1 25mm 5 The turgo wheel fits a Ford or Delco alternator with a 17mm shaft and a 1 25mm thread pitch 20 tpi Its approximate weight is 2 5kg 5 5 Ibs and is supplied balanced and machined Pelton This popular plastic pelton wheel is useful in higher head lower flow situations and where outputs will not be excessive With a 10cm pitch diameter 4 inch it is idea
127. in concrete is also possible you may wish to try a temporary wood mounting first PIPE FRICTION LOSS PVC Class 160 PSI Plastic Pipe Pressure Loss from Friction in Feet of Head per 100 Feet of Pipe Flow US GPM Pipe Diameter Inches 1 125 15 2 2 5 3 4 5 6 8 10 1 0 05 0 02 2 0 14 0 05 0 02 3 0 32 0 09 0 04 4 0 53 0 16 0 09 0 02 5 0 80 0 25 0 12 0 04 6 1 13 0 35 0 18 0 07 0 02 7 1 52 0 46 0 23 0 08 0 02 8 1 93 0 58 0 30 0 10 0 04 9 2 42 0 71 0 37 0 12 0 05 10 2 92 0 87 0 46 0 16 0 07 0 02 11 3 50 1 04 0 53 0 18 0 07 0 02 12 4 09 1 22 0 64 0 20 0 09 0 02 14 5 45 1 63 0 85 0 28 0 12 0 04 16 7 00 2 09 1 08 0 37 0 14 0 04 18 8 69 2 60 1 33 0 46 0 18 0 07 20 10 6 3 15 1 63 0 55 0 21 0 09 0 02 22 12 6 3 77 1 96 0 67 0 25 0 09 0 02 24 14 8 4 42 2 32 0 78 0 30 0 12 0 04 26 17 2 5 13 2 65 0 90 0 35 0 14 0 05 28 19 7 5 89 3 04 1 04 0 41 0 16 0 05 30 22 4 6 70 3 45 1 17 0 43 0 18 0 05 35 8 90 4 64 1 56 0 62 0 23 0 07 40 11 4 5 89 1 98 0 78 0 30 0 09 0 02 45 14 2 7 34 2 48 0 97 0 37 0 12 0 04 50 17 2 8 92 3 01 1 20 0 46 0 14
128. ind Keep in mind that a reasonable amount of water must be left in the stream Don t take it all that water supports life forms When head and flow are determined the expected power output can be determined from the following chart Keep in mind that chart values represent generated output and that actual power delivered to the batteries will be reduced by transmission lines power converters and other equipment required by the system All systems should be carefully planned to maximize power output www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com manual1 manual_pg3 htm 2 of 2 9 28 2003 7 15 33 PM Manual 1 MANUAL The Stream Engine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual Table of Contents Introduction Site Evaluation Head Measurement Flow Measurement Batteries Inverters amp Controllers Wiring 8 Load Center Output Adjustment Service and Assembly Wiring Diagrams The New Universal Nozzle New Current Measurement Technique INTAKE PIPELINE AND TAILRACE All hydro systems require a pipeline Even systems operating directly from a dam require at least a short plumbing run It is important to use the correct type and size of pipe to minimize restrictions in the flow to the nozzle s When possible pipelines should be buried this stabilizes the line and prevents animals from chewing it At the inlet of the pipe a filter should be installed A screened box can be used with the pipe entering one side
129. ine with a small air gap distance between alternator rotor and stator you should check the gap whenever an adjustment is made Do this by inserting a business card 0 010 or 0 25mm thick in the gap when the rotor is stationary Check all the way around the rotor This is also a way to check for bearing wear on a monthly basis If you cannot insert the card into the gap either all or in part it is necessary to adjust the rotor upward see Output Adjustment in this manual When making air gap adjustments make sure the larger bolt is tightened clockwise against the shaft and the smaller bolt is also tightened clockwise so as to lock both parts in place Table of Contents ke SR E a atari coat 3 2 A A 3 3 Head AAA aa edi Ent 3 4 Blow Meas rement etti tester aite iin Debut 4 5 Intake Pipeline amp Tall race 5 6 Batteries Inverters amp Controllers sese 7 7 Wiring and odd CA ER Cre irie 8 8 Design Example nissan rr alas 8 9 OUIpUt Adjustment nuo oe Do id 10 10 High Voltage Models oeste e eerte eee 11 11 Nozzle flow ERE eet eda a 11 12 Bearings Service and Assembly aii 12 13 Copper Wire Resistance i eter 12 I4 Pipe Friction Head Loss Charis arp etur d aie 13 14 15 Wiring DATOS vcs ect ebore d e a Reds ria ftetit adt ias 16 16 Wiring Schemes eros votaste A am dune dope a 17 17 The N
130. ines in small sizes There are many potential sites with 2 to 10 feet of head and high flow that are not served by the market An excellent article describing very low head propeller machines appeared in Home Power 23 Generators Most battery based systems use an automotive alternator If selected carefully and rewound when appropriate the alternator can achieve very good performance A rheostat can be installed in the field circuit to maximize the output Rewound alternators can be used even in the 100 200 Volt range For higher voltages 100 400 Volts an induction motor with the appropriate capacitance for excitation can be used as a generator This will operate in a small battery charging system as well as in larger AC direct systems of several kilowatts An article describing induction generation appeared in HP 3 Another type of generator used with micro hydro systems 15 the DC motor Usually permanent magnet types are preferable However these have serious maintenance problems because the entire output passes through their carbon commutators and brushes Batteries Lead acid deep cycle batteries are usually used in hydro systems Deep cycle batteries are designed to withstand repeated charge and discharge cycles typical in RE systems In contrast automotive starting batteries can tolerate only a fraction of these http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff1 htm 5 of 7 9 28 2003 7 16 23 Micro Hydro Power i
131. ing at the same time a minimum power level of 2 to 3 kilowatts may be required for an AC system depending on the nature of the loads In a typical AC system an electronic controller keeps voltage and frequency within certain limits The hydro s output is monitored and any unused power is transferred to a shunt load such as a hot water heater The controller acts like an automatic dimmer switch that monitors the generator output frequency cycle by cycle and diverts power to the shunt load s in order to maintain a constant speed or load balance on the generator There is almost always enough excess power from this type of system to heat domestic hot water and provide some if not all of a home s space heating Examples of AC direct systems are described in Home Power 25 and 33 System Components An intake collects the water and a pipeline delivers it to the turbine The turbine converts the water s energy into mechanical shaft power The turbine drives the generator which converts shaft power into electricity In an AC system this power goes directly to the loads In a battery based system the power is stored in batteries which feed the loads as needed Controllers may be required to regulate the system http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff1 htm 3 of 7 9 28 2003 7 16 23 Micro Hydro Power in the Nineties Pipeline Most hydro systems require a pipeline to feed water to the turbine The exception is a propelle
132. ing lawn sprinklers rather than say a propeller type This is because of the very small nozzle area The impulse type looked easier to build http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff7 htm 2 of 5 9 28 2003 7 16 29 PM Small Water Power Siting At this site it is necessary to send the power back upstream 1 000 feet to the house wanted to use 12 VDC and wanted some way to transmit the power other than the very large wire that would be required at this voltage In the spring when the flow in the brook was very high various 12 VDC generators were operated with the pipeline ending near the house But this could only be temporary as ways of solving the transmission problem had to be discovered Of course using wires wasn t the only possibility could always charge batteries downstream at the generator and then carry them up to the house Or perhaps a reciprocating rod kept in tension could be used to transmit the power But all things considered producing electricity at a voltage higher than 12 VDC looked the easiest Let s Raise the Voltage thought generating AC electricity at 60 Hz like regular commercial power would permit using standard transformers and make it easy to change the voltage For this bought a Virden Permabilt 120 VAC generator This produces 1 200 Watts rated output and 60 Hz at 3600 RPM These machines are reworked DC auto generators with rewound field rotor with a slip ring and brush to carry the
133. ing looks wrong it may well be so take a close look around and follow your instincts Turning on As we opened the valve to the turbine we found the machine began to freewheel or run in operation without a load on it This is indeed a serious situation so we immediately closed the valve and investigated further When a generator is run without a load voltage can rise to very high levels and can cause damage to the unit itself With this in mind we quickly found a breaker to be tripped and reset it We opened the valve again Same results and again another secondary breaker in need of attention But third time lucky and when the valve was reopened the generator wound up under a load and the ammeter began to register It seemed had completed my first installation with neither damage nor death to my credit That spelled success to me The community had still not used their consensus style decision making process to decide upon a diversion load but the two women who worked with me during the installation Ellen and Adeha reassured me it could be handled and the batteries still had a while to go until they were charged anyway Besides they weren t exactly sure what they would do with all the power The final results were tremendously encouraging With the 48 V battery bank at about 50 V the amperage hovered around 12 A This gave a final output of 600 W thereby more than doubling the community s generating capacity Paul and
134. invertidor and controlador de corriente con el sistema El diagrama para este sistema se miraria asl Shunt Loads Para que la maquina produsca el rendimiento mas alto la altitud del rotor debe ser ajustada Esto involucra elevando o bajando el rotor para aumentar el cambio constante del nivel magnetico Esto hace necesario emparejar el rendimiento de la turbina con la del generador AJUSTE DE RENDIMIENTO Despues que la maquina este instalada realice un trayecto inicial para establecer el nivel del rendimiento de la energia Esto puede deteminarse usando un ammetro para medir corriente o un metro digital para medir el voltage Una buena idea es mantener un logbook para anotar cualquier cambio en el rendimiento en relacion a lo marcado Despues que todo este conectado arranque la maquina abriendo la valvula de paro Dejelo que corra suficientemente para que el nivel de rendimiento se estabilice y apunte la corriente o voltage Luego apague la valvula de paro La maquina viene con el rotor puesto muy serca al stator la parte estacionaria de la maquina Para aumentar la distancia y reducir el cambio constante de nivel magnetico usted debe rotar el tornillo mas grande con cabeza de 19mm 3 4 sobre el rotor mientras lo sostiene estacionariamente Eso se hace insertando un pin de 4 suplido en uno de los agujeros en la orilla del rotor Luego el peque o tornillo con cabeza de 11mm 7 16 movera el rotor verticalmente 1 25mm 0
135. ion distance is greater If all of the loads are inverter powered the battery voltage is independent of the inverter output voltage and voltages of 48 or 120 may be used to overcome long transmission distances Although batteries and inverters can be specified for these voltages it is common to convert the high voltage back down to 12 or 24 Volts battery voltage using transformers or solid state converters Articles on this subject appeared in Home Power 17 and 28 Wind or solar power sources can assist in power production because batteries are used Also DC loads appliances or lights designed for DC can be operated directly from the batteries DC versions of many appliances are available although they often cost more and are harder to find and in some cases quality and performance vary AC Direct Systems This is the system type used by utilities It can also be used on a home power scale under the right conditions In an AC system there is no battery storage This means that the generator must be capable of supplying the instantaneous demand including the peak load The most difficult load is the short duration power surge drawn by an induction motor found in refrigerators freezers washing machines some power tools and other appliances Even though the running load of an induction motor may be only a few hundred Watts the starting load may be 3 to 7 times this level or several kilowatts Since other appliances may also be operat
136. irst class and budget for good sturdy buildings to protect and maintain these vital pieces of equipment Plumbing Installation of the final plumbing was to be a bit trying despite the already installed pipeline It is here that learned a valuable lesson as a foreman group leader be sure to take the bull by the horns give clear unmistakable directions and ensure that they are followed to the letter when necessary Despite the clearest of instructions including a list a few free thinkers can really cause chaos when they decide to interpret where no interpretation 1 wanted We required a wide array of plumbing fittings and supplies and it took several trips by one of the group leaders before he finally fathomed that we really did want what was on the list rather than what he thought we needed Next time will take charge in an unmistakable fashion so as to meet time constraints and budgets However despite these difficulties the plumbing was secured and we proceeded We split the 10 cm 4 inch pipe with a Y and from this ran two 5 cm 2 inch adapters These were coupled again to 38 mm 112 inch adapters which were joined to flex hose leading to the nozzles on the turbine It is important to bring the large diameter pipe up as close as possible to the turbine before reducing its size to minimize friction losses see photo in Micro HydroElectric Evolution REW July 98 page 60 Then by using flex hose the friction losses ar
137. ista y uno de 7 16 11mm Reemplace los cojinetes tan pronto como usted note que estan un poco flojos o sueltos y chequee si el espesor aereo del espacio cambia Si estan muy sueltos puede resultar en serio da o a los dos rotor y stator Esta maquina utiliza cojinetes 6203 con pelotitas selladas con hule en el generador y tiene un cojinete lubricado por agua localizado en la vena guia base Estas estan hechas a la medida para que quepan dentro de la caparazon del alternador y en la base guia vena DIAGRAMAS DE ALAMBRADO Estos diagramas representas cuatro posibles combinaciones del rendimiento del alambrado Estan en orden de potencial Si usted encuentra que el ajuste del vacio de aire esta a un minimo y desea intentar para mas energia entonces trate una combinacion mas alta Si usted encuentra que el vacio de aire es mucha intente el proximo mas bajo Noteque solo existe un pequefio cambio en potencial entre 2 y 3 11 Negative Out 1 Parallel Delta aos Positive Lead Out O Empty Empty Empty S a a 5 se 1 Blue 1 Red 1 3 Blue3 Red3 Red 2 Green2 Blue 2 Red 4 Green4 4 0 Empty Negative Out 3 Series Delta O 2 Positive Lead Out EN 2 Blue 2 2 Green3 Blue 3 Red 3 e gt SG Se o VA iS A Green 1 Blue 1 Red 1 Red 4 Green 4 Blue 4 Negative Out 2 Parallel Y a O 2 Positive Lead Out Empty Empty e SA
138. istance the water falls to power the system The Stream Engine operates at heads of about 2m 6 feet and upward The water passes through a nozzle where it accelerates strikes the bronze turgo wheel and turns the generator shaft Up to 4 universal nozzles can be installed on one machine Nozzles are adaptable in sizing from 3mm 1 8 inch to 25mm linch Stream Engine Installation Typically these systems operate at 12 24 or 48 volts with reconnectable wiring which allows the user to install a standard Stream Engine at most sites Custom windings are also available which can produce high voltage 120 240 at any site LH 1000 O PERATIO N The LH 1000 like the Stream Engine is designed to operate in conjunction with battery based power systems in order to store electrical power for use at times when consumption exceeds generation Power is stored during periods of low demand When AC loads are desired extra balance of system see below components are required to convert stored DC to residential AC power To gain enough head to operate the LH 1000 water is channeled into a sluiceway The turbine is mounted in 2 LH 1000 a 18cm 7 opening in the sluice bottom with the draft tube A extending to the tailwater below The water turns the propeller creating shaft power This in turn powers the generator producing electricity The LH 1000 typically operates at 12 24 48 or 120
139. ital Para medir la corriente producida por el generador ponga la escala DMMa DC mili volts o 200m a la posicion de las nueve empunto No use la escala de amps Conecte lo negativo en el agujero de abajo y el positivo en el agujero de enmedio Connecte los cables dentro del color correspondiente en el conector sobre el eje de la caja de empalme Esto le dara lecturas de las corrientes desde 0 1 amps a 99 9 amps Por supuesto el DMM puede ser utilizado para otras cosas con su sistema de energia renovable LH1000 Turbina con Elice de cabeza baja Hidroelectrica Personal Manual del Usuario POR FAVOR LEA CUIDADOSAMENTE Hecho en Canada por Energy Systems and Design Ltd P O Box 4557 Sussex NB Canada E4E 5L7 Tel 506 433 3151 Fax 506 433 6151 Email support microhydropower com Website www microhydropower com LH1000 es una marca registradad de Energy Systems Design Ltd INTRODUCCION Este manual describe la modelo LH 1000 que esta fabricada por Energy Systems amp Design LTD El instalador y el usuario deben tener conocimiento de plomeria y electricidad Esta maquina es peque a pero puede generar alto voltage Hasta las maquinas de 12 voltios pueden producir altos voltages bajo ciertas condiciones Practica toda seguridad La electricidad no se ve y puede ser fatal La Electricidad es producida de la energia potencial con agua en movimiento de un punto alto a uno
140. ith 300 watts at our site This will be about 20 amps at 15 volts at the generator Note that there will be some voltage drop in the line and 12 volt batteries require somewhat higher voltages than nominal to become charged So the 20 amps must pass through 200 of wire for the round trip Resistance losses should be kept as low as economics permit just like the pipeline losses Let s say we wish to have around a 10 loss This is 30 watts out of the original 300 The formula for resistive loss is watts when I Intensity current in amps and Resistance in ohms 20 amps x 20 amps x R ohms 30 watts 400 amps x R ohms 30 watts R 30 watts 400 amps R 0 075 ohms This is the wire resistance that will produce 10 loss The wire loss chart shows loss per 1000 so 1000 200 x 0 075 ohms 0 375 ohms per 1000 The chart shows 6 ga Wire has a resistance of 0 40 ohms per 1000 so 200 1000 x 0 40 ohms 0 08 ohms This is close to the desired level 20 amps x 20 amps x 0 08 ohms 32 watts of loss Increasing the wire size further reduces the losses Voltage drop in the wire is equal to IR 20 amps x 0 08 ohms 1 6 volts 10 So if the battery voltage is 13 4 the generator will be operating at 15 0 volts Keep in mind that it is always the batteries that determine the system voltage That is all voltages in the system rise and fall according to the battery s state of charge At the site we would be gene
141. kinetic energy as possible into shaft power Common impulse turbines are pelton turgo and cross flow In reaction turbines the energy of the water is converted from pressure to velocity within the guide vanes and the turbine wheel itself Some lawn sprinklers are reaction turbines They spin themselves around as a reaction to the action of the water squirting from the nozzles in the arms of the rotor Examples of reaction turbines are propeller and Francis turbines Turbine Applications In the family of impulse machines the pelton is used for the lowest flows and highest heads The cross flow is used where flows are highest and heads are lowest The turgo is used for intermediate conditions Propeller reaction turbines can operate on as little as two feet of head A turgo requires at least four feet and a pelton needs at least ten feet These are only rough guidelines with overlap in applications The cross flow impulse turbine is the only machine that readily lends itself to user construction They can be made in modular widths and variable nozzles can be used Most developed sites now use impulse turbines These turbines http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff1 htm 4 of 7 9 28 2003 7 16 23 Micro Hydro Power in the Nineties are very simple and relatively cheap As the stream flow varies water flow to the turbine can be easily controlled by changing nozzle sizes or by using adjustable nozzles In contrast mos
142. l o dinamica cabeza de 5 5 pies 1 85m Hn Con referencia a la tabla de salida se puede determinar que la LH1000 puede realisticamente producir aproximadamente 400w RESISTENCIA DEL ALAMBRE COBRE p fosas pio amp w pmpso w b 12 foso Desde que necesitamos 12 voltios y la distancia de transmision es corta podemos generar y transmitir 12 voltios usando la LH1000 Esta LH1000 puede tambien ser usada para voltages altos como 24 y 48 y la energia puede ser transmitida a distancias mas lejanas Necesitamos ir 100 30m con 400 watts a nuestro lugar El amperage puede ser determinado usando la formula voltios x amperage watts Asi un sistema de 12v usualmente opera a un voltage actual de como 15v por lo tanto 400 15 26 7 amps La maquina necesitara ser alambrada paralelamente delta para este sitio Esto sera como 26 7 amps a 15 voltios al generador Note que habra alguna caida en el voltage en la linea y las baterias de 12 voltios necesita un poco mas de alto voltage que el nominal para 8 ser cargadas Asi los 26 7 amps deben pasar a traves de 200 60m de alambre por la distancia a las baterias y de regreso la cual completa los circuitos Como hay friccion entre el agua y la tuberia que la lleva causa fugas asi hay resistencia entre la electricidad y el conductor que lo lleva y es medido en unidades llamadas ohms Perdida de resistencia debe mantenerse tan baja como la economia lo permita al igual que
143. l for small do it yourself applications and has been used in the L il Otto micro hydroelectric systems for years The peltons are supplied with a 13mm 1 2 bore Polyurethane Pelton W heel 10cm 4 pitch diameter Permanent Magnet Alternators The Energy Systems and Design permanent magnet alternator has been designed specifically for micro hydroelectric applications With an output of 500watts 1000rpm it is over 8096 efficient at full load O perating without brushes and with its windings encapsulated in epoxy maintenance is minimal and usually limited to bearing replacement The rotor is adjustable so as to enable the user to vary the field strength and match the output to the load With a variety of wiring configurations the permanent magnet alternator is ideal for most sites It has a 17mm shaft and a 1 25mm thread pitch Sealed ball bearings are used to give reliable performance and provide for easy procurement of spares The Energy Systems and Design permanent magnet alternator is available in a series design outputs up to 30 amps and a parallel design outputs up to 60 amps A high voltage design is useful for long distance transmissions 120 or 240 volt and can be used with ES amp D transformer panels to step power down to battery voltages contact us for details 6 Transformer panels are built inside an aluminum junction box containing a transformer a rectifier wiring lugs for connecting the wi
144. lable head At about 7 5 metre 25 feet output is limited to 500 watts 15 metre 50 feet to 750 watts and at a 30 metre 100 feet head 1000 watts can be generated given adequate flow 3 The length diameter and type of pipeline must be determined in order to predict losses due to friction 4 Many factors affect system voltage including output and transmission distance Power is usually generated at battery voltage but where transmission distances are too great for low voltage transmission 12 24 or 48 V higher voltages can be generated and transformers can be effectively used to step down to battery voltage www microhydropower com http Awww microhydropower com appendix htm 9 28 2003 7 15 28 Manuals and Downloads Innovative Micro Llydro Systems Since 1980 ES amp D s download page Get Acrobat lia hay Reader The Stream Engine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual e HTML e PDF 575k e PDF Spanish 407k The LH 1000 Low Head Propeller Turbine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual e HTML web page Pipeline amp Machine Photo byJo Pach e PDF 623k e PDF Spanish 737k E Brochure PDF Download ES amp D Installation Diagrams e Stream Engine PDF e LH1000 PDF General Info e LH1000 Dealer Info Form e PDF e PDF Spanish Manuals may take a few minutes to load due to size Please be patient www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com
145. las perdidas de tuberia Asumamos que un 5 de perdida es aceptable en este sitio resultando en una perdida de 25 watts La formula para calcular resistencia es I amps x I amps x resistance w watts Ponemos nuestras figuras conocidas dentro de la formula para aprender la resistencia que necesitamos en un conductor de cobre para alcanzar esto 26 7 x 26 7 x R 25w 711x R 25w R 0 04 ohms Se ha calculado que el conductor de cobre con perdidas de 0 04 ohms sobre una distancia total de 200 60m que resultara en un 5 aceptable de perdida La grafica de alambre de perdida muestra perdidas de 1000 300m de alambre o asi 1000 200 x 0 04 ohms 0 2 ohms por 1000 La grafica muestra 2 ga De alambre tiene una resistencia de 0 16 ohms por 1000 asi 200 1000 x 0 16 ohms 0 032 ohms Esta es suficientemente cerca al nivel deseado que con un poquito mas de investigacion podemos determinar si esto resultara en perdidas aceptables de energia 26 7 amps x 26 7 amps x 0 032 ohms 22 8watts de perdida Aumentando el tama o del alambre puede aun mas reducir las perdidas pero tambien puede aumentar los costos ya que el alambre mas grande es generalmente mas caro Resistencia en un distancia de alambre resulta en perdida de energia que se ve como caida de voltage desde un punto en la linea a otro Por ejemplo si su voltage es medido al generador es 15vdc luego puede ser asumido que si el voltage donde se midio junto a la line
146. le flows If the water source is seasonally limited you may have to depend on some other source of power during dry times solar wind Keep in mind that a reasonable amount of water must be left in the stream Don t take it all that water supports life forms When head and flow are determined the expected power output can be determined from the following chart Keep in mind that chart values represent generated output and that actual power delivered to the batteries will be reduced by transmission lines power converters and other equipment required by the system All systems should be carefully planned to maximize power output http www microhydropower com manual2 manual_pg3 htm 2 of 3 9 28 2003 7 15 57 www microhydropower com ropower com manual2 manual_pg3 htm 3 of 3 9 28 2003 7 15 57 PM Manual 2 MANUAL Z The LH 1000 Low Head Propeller Turbine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual INTAKE PIPELINE AND TAILRACE All hydro systems require a waterway Even systems operating directly from a dam require at least a short plumbing run It is important to use the correct type and size of plumbing to minimize restrictions in the flow When possible pipelines should be buried this stabilizes the line and prevents animals from chewing it At the inlet of the plumbing a filter should be installed A screened box can be used with the pipe entering one side or add a section of pipe drilled full of holes wr
147. le jet that might be required by simply cutting the nozzle to the appropriate length Cutting can be done with a hacksaw or any other fine toothed saw The end of the nozzle should then be finished with a piece of sandpaper This is best done by placing the sandpaper on a flat surface and moving the nozzle against it Markings are on the nozzle to assist in cutting to the correct size The numbers are in millimeters and correspond to inches as follows mm 3 45 6 8 10 13 16 19 22 25 inches 1 8 3 16 1 4 5 16 3 8 1 2 5 8 3 4 7 8 1 Odd sizes can also be produced The opening of the nozzle is about 6 larger than the actual jet of water that exits from it Another possibility is to make the opening larger until the desired flow is obtained An O ring is provided in order to seal the face This prevents water leaks to the outside of the machine For the smallest nozzle sizes the nozzle may have to be installed with the numbered side facing upward so that the end will not contact the turbine wheel High Voltage models Only When operating a Stream Engine using transformers it will require a different technique in order to optimize the output This can be done at the turbine by adjusting for maximum voltage rather than maximum current AC voltage can be measured across any two of the output terminals These terminals are the same on the terminal board as for low voltage DC
148. ls for these runners include bronze aluminium steel and plastic With efficiencies of the runners alone exceeding 80 it is unlikely that much improvement will be possible here Automotive alternators are usually used to convert the shaft power of the runner into electricity While this technology can provide a cost effective means to generate power it is far from ideal On the plus side they are readily available cheap simple and the field current can be easily varied in order to match the output of the turbine runner with the generator On the down side they usually employ carbon brushes to carry the field current creating a maintenance issue the efficiency is low around 6096 and performance at low shaft speeds is problematic since most machines use direct drive often the speed is simply too low to achieve desirable outputs without using belt drives etc It has proven advantageous to rewind these automotive alternators as the stators are usually not more than half filled with wire By using more wire the efficiency can be raised and we can now use the wire size that best matches output to the load However the basic limitations are still there in that these alternators were designed and evolved for automobiles not hydropower Note that by combining an 80 turbine efficiency with a 60 alternator efficiency the best one could hope for would be an 48 water to wire efficiency It is only natural that a machine designed for
149. ly one slip ring The other conductor was the bronze tail bearing Both items had limited life under 24 hour service Besides the efficiency was low anyway A Functioning Higher Voltage System still needed a reasonable system At least one with a longer life http Awww microhydropower com staffpubs staff7 htm of 5 9 28 2003 7 16 29 Small Water Power Siting In the next attempt a 4 inch pitch Pelton Turbine was cast in epoxy using a silicone rubber mold This directly drove a car alternator with a rheostat in series with the field to adjust the output Transformers 3 were connected to the three phase output to raise the voltage for transmission with the now 3 18 gauge lines Then a similar set of three transformers were used at the house to lower the voltage and a rectifier to make the DC conversion About 50 Watts was still generated 4 Amperes at 12 volts but more made it into the battery about 3 Amperes The reason for this is the automotive alternators have more poles 12 Ford 14 Delco and generate at a higher frequency This improves the efficiency of small transformers even though they are designed to work at 60 Hz Now the system has an efficiency of around 21 36 Watts 170 Watts using the power available at the nozzle as the starting point What Can Be Done With 25 Watts Three Amperes in a 12 VDC system doesn t sound like much But this is sufficient to run the lights a small fridge Koolatron and
150. m the generator shaft The finned alternator base can be removed from the shaft housing by unscrewing it The shaft housing can also be unscrewed from the guide vane base The aluminum guide vane base is attached to the polyurethane guide vane assembly with four 1 4 20 allen head bolts that may be removed using the provided wrench and a 7 16 11mm wrench Replace bearings as soon as you notice any looseness and check the air gap thickness for any change If they are too loose severe damage to both the rotor and the stator can result This machine uses three 6203 ball bearings with rubber seals in the generator and has a water lubricated bearing located in the guide vane base These are a slip fit into the alternator housing and the guide vane base www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com manual2 manual_pg8 htm 9 28 2003 7 16 02 PM The LH 1000 Low Head Propeller Turbine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual WIRING DIAGRAMS These diagrams represent the four possible combinations of output wiring They are in order of potential If you find your air gap adjustment to be at a minimum and wish to try for more power then try using the next higher combination If you find the air gap is very large try the next lower one Note that there is only a small change in potential between 2 to 3 CURRENT MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE A built in shunt precision resistance is installed in the junction box which allows the current
151. ment Flow Measurement Intake Pipeline amp Tailrace Batteries Inverters amp Controllers Wiring amp Load Center Output Adjustment Service and Assembly The New Universal Nozzle New Current Measurement Technique WIRING DIAGRAMS These diagrams represent the four possible combinations of output wiring They are in order of potential If you find your air gap adjustment to be at a minimum and wish to try for more power then try using the next higher combination If you find the air gap is very large try the next lower one Note that there 1 only a small change in potential between 2 to 3 mela Tm Batya na Edi 2 Tp may Click for close up view www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com manual1 manual_pg9 htm 9 28 2003 7 15 40 PM Manual 1 THE NEW UNIVERSAL NOZZLE Energy Systems and Design has introduced a new type of nozzle for its hydro electric generators This makes it possible to create any size nozzle jet that might be required by simply cutting the nozzle to the The New Universal Nozzle appropriate length Cutting can be done with a hacksaw or any other ERE fine toothed saw The end of the nozzle should then be finished with a E E piece of sandpaper This is best done by placing the sandpaper on a flat mE surface and moving the nozzle against it Markings are on the nozzle to assist in cutting to the correct size The numbers are in millimeters
152. mente limpie la acometida de hojas u otra basura 51 toda la tuberia no corre continuamente hacia abajo por lo menos la primera seccion debe correr de tal manera que el agua comience a fluir Una valvula de desvio puede utilizarse Esta debe ser instalada a un punto bajo de la tuberia Para las tuberias que pasan sobre las presas la corriente de abajo puede ser llenada a mano Una vez llenada la valvula de apagado en la turbina puede ser abierta para empezar la corriente Si la presion completa no se ha desarrollado una bomba de mano se debe utilizar para remover el aire atrapado a ese punto A la punta de la turbina de la tuberia la valvula de desvio sera necesaria para que permita que el agua corra a traves de la tuberia sin afectar la turbina PURGING la linea de aire o aumentando la corriente pra prevenir congelamiento La valvula de apagado debe ser intalada en la boquilla en la quebrada de arriba Una bomba de presion debe ser instalada arriba de la valvula de apagado para que la cabeza estatica sin corriente de agua y la cabeza dinamica agua fluyendo puedan ser leidas La valvula de apague en la tuberia debe siempre ser apagada lentamente para prevenir martillamiento del agua la columna de agua en la tuberia que viene a un frenazo abrupto Esto puede facilmente destruir su tuberia y por esta razon usted debe installar una valvula de escape de presion justamente arriba de la valvula de apagado Esto tambien puede ocurrir si hay bas
153. mpartment all in the shape of a boat so to survive the eventuality of a seasonal flood Not only were the type and design of the buildings unusual but we had also advised against any permanent concrete work before seeing the turbine I had seen too many construction sites in other trades gone wrong to wish this upon these people and knew how far astray the eager and inexperienced can go in a desire to be helpful Our first appraisal was therefore a critical one as their concrete work was not only insufficient but the bolt pattern for the turbine had been incorrectly installed and the turbine http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff9 htm 3 of 6 9 28 2003 7 16 32 PM Micro hydroelectric Installations A beginner s perspective support was undersized in the interior dimensions judicious blow or two with a sledge hammer and a few hours of reconstruction left this section in fine order The wood frame building was in need of some elementary carpentry and was still in the works when we left These deficiencies are pointed out in order to demonstrate two points The first is that you never know what you ll find when you arrive on site so be ready to react to circumstances constructively and with an eye to the clock And secondly the system you are about to install is an investment of several thousand dollars mountains of research and something that will be depended upon for years to come so make the supporting structures f
154. n the synchronous speed instead of slightly slower This technique is widely used on a large scale in commercial power generation systems The electrical power already present provides the necessary excitation to correctly operate the machine In this context the system is fail safe if the grid power fails generator output ceases also How is all of this going to help us with our stand alone remote system There is the possibility of using a standard electric motor to efficiently generate electricity One technique is to generate an exciting current for the motor generator to follow Induction seduction sort of have not been successful with this Anyone who has should contact me with their findings What DOES work with excellent results is to simply apply capacitance in parallel with the output lines ignored this tantalizing possibility until met Bill Thomson and Fred Howe of Thomson and Howe Kimberly BC makers of electronic controllers for hydro systems at a small hydro conference in March 87 It was their encouragement and information that enabled me to progress The simplicity low cost and high efficiency of such a system were all self evident once work was begun in this direction In the first issue of Home Power wrote about the conversion of a standard three phase induction motor to a permanent magnet alternator With my new information removed the P M rotor and replaced it with the original Then added
155. n the Nineties discharge cycles micro hydro system requires only one to two days storage In contrast PV or wind systems may require many days storage capacity because the sun or wind may be unavailable for extended periods Because the batteries in a hydro system rarely remain in a discharged state they have a much longer life than those in other RE systems Ideally lead acid batteries should not be discharged more than about half of their capacity Alkaline batteries such as nickel iron and nickel cadmium can withstand complete discharge with no ill effects Controllers Hydro systems with lead acid batteries require protection from overcharge and over discharge Overcharge controllers redirect the power to an auxiliary or shunt load when the battery voltage reaches a certain level This protects the generator from overspeed and overvoltage conditions Overdischarge control involves disconnecting the load from the batteries when voltage falls below a certain level Many inverters have this low voltage shutoff capability An ammeter in the hydro output circuit measures the current A voltmeter reading battery voltage roughly indicates the state of charge More sophisticated instruments are available including amp hour meters which indicate charge level more accurately Conclusions Despite the careful design needed to produce the best performance a micro hydro system isn t complicated The system is not difficult to operate a
156. nada EAE 5L7 Phone 1 506 433 3151 Fax 1 506 433 6151 e mail hydropowOnbnet nb ca www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff8 htm 3 of 3 9 28 2003 7 16 30 PM Micro hydroelectric Installations A beginner s perspective Innovative Micro Hydro Systems Since 1980 Micro hydroelectric Installations A beginner s perspective mm 55550 Bob Fife is manager of a company that manufactures micro hydro equipment but until he decided to help out some clients with his colleague Paul Cunningham he had never taken part in an installation himself There were some surprises in store when he put theory into practice Late in the summer of 1998 we received a call from Valerie a woman representing Earthaven Ecovillage an intentional community in Black Mountain North Carolina USA who sought information regarding the hydroelectric potential at their community This began a learning process unlike that faces me day to day Usually my workplace is a modest shop in New Brunswick Canada where control the environment and set the tone on site would be at the mercy of the elements the geography and those with whom would be working Site Assessment Planning the system from our shop in New Brunswick began with a preliminary site assessment as usually do when contacted by a potential client These are difficult to do at times depending on the skill level and experience of the indivi
157. ncausa dentro de un conducto La turbina est montada en una apertura al fondo del conducto con el tubo de draft draft tube extendiendo hasta el agua de salida tail water abajo El agua hace rodar la h lice creando el poder del rbol primario Esto a su vez da poder al generador produciendo la electricidad El LH1000 funciona t picamente a 12 24 48 o 120 voltios En caso de ser necesario es posible adaptarlo especialmente para que funcione a 240 voltios Empleando un generador de magnetos permanentes y ajustables de misma manera como el Stream Engine el LH1000 tiene un hilo conductor recon ctable para la utilizaci n en una gran variedad de sitios http www microhydropower com spanish indfex htm 3 of 6 9 28 2003 7 14 59 La Energ a Sistemas y Dese os Energy Systems amp Design Ltd Inovado Sisteras hdicro hidrauica Desde 1980 PO Bor 4557 Suret NB 517 Canada www micronydropowercom lt tidropow Inbnetnb ca Tel S506 433 3151 06 433 6151 El Stream Engine motor del arroyo utiliza un alternador magn tico permanente ajustable sin cepillos que le permite al usuario armonizar las turbinas de salida con la carga el ctrica Posee una mayor eficiencia que otros alternadores y es capaz de tener salidas Stream Engine Output Watts Continuous de mas de 1 kilowatt KW m Ome ree Esta equipado con una 0 63 10 1 3120 2 5140 4 7 75 6 3 100 9 3 150 300 50 20 12
158. nce suggested that frequencies of 50 400 Hz would operate standard transformers quite well This combined with the reconnectable output wiring produced a machine able to generate almost any voltage Meanwhile Back At The Ranch So how is it looking back at my site Using the new PM rotor alternator about 100 Watts of power is produced This is an efficiency of 100 Watts 170 Watts or about 59 Dynamometer testing of the alternator shows it has an efficiency of 85 at this condition which means the turbine is running at 6996 Now 120 VAC is generated so no transformers are used at the generating site The same transformer set used with the Delco installation is used at the battery end About 6 Amperes are delivered to the 12 volt battery This gives an overall efficiency of 72 170 or 4296 water to wire water to battery With this system appliances can be tun directly off the alternator output as long as this requirement is less than the available power This creates a hybrid setup that produces both 120 VAC 60 Hz and 12 VDC A future article will discuss how to deal with more difficult sites Access Paul Cunningham Energy Systems amp Design P O Box 4557 Sussex NB Canada EAE 5L7 Tel 506 433 3151 Paul Cunningham is CEO of Energy Systems amp Design He manufactures water machines and lives on hydro power www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff7 htm 5 of 5 9 28 2003 7 16 29
159. nd as high as hundreds The Stream Engine uses a permanent magnet type alternator This design eliminates the need for brushes and the maintenance that accompany them while increasing efficiency The Stream Engine s output can be optimized by simply adjusting the rotor clearance SITE EVALUATION Certain information must be determined concerning your site in order to use its potential for maximum output Head and flow must first be determined Other factors are pipeline length transmission distance and the system voltage These factors determine how much power can be expected Power is generated at a constant rate by the Stream Engine and stored in batteries as direct current DC Power is supplied as needed by the batteries which store energy during periods of low consumption for use in periods where consumption exceeds the generation rate Appliances can be used that operate directly from batteries or 120 volt alternating current AC power can be supplied through an inverter converting DC to AC power Sites may vary so carefully consider flow and head when choosing yours Remember maximum head can be achieved by placing the Stream Engine at as low an elevation as possible but going too low may cause the machine to become submerged or washed away HEAD MEASUREMENT Head may be measured using various techniques A garden hose or length of pipe can be submerged with one end upstream and the other end downstream Anchor the upst
160. nd maintain Its lifespan is measured in decades Micro hydro power is almost always more cost effective than any other form of renewable power Who should buy a micro hydro system In North America micro hydro is cost effective for any off grid site that has a suitable water resource and even for some that are on grid Homeowners without utility power have three options purchasing a renewable energy system extending the utility transmission line or buying a gasoline or diesel generator Transmission line extension can be expensive because its cost depends on distance and terrain Even the initial cost of a hydro system may be lower A gasoline generator may be cheaper to purchase but is expensive to operate and maintain The life cycle cost of the hydro system 3 25 kWh is much lower than that of a generator 60 95 p kWh Once the hydro system is paid for there s no monthly electricity bill and minimal maintenance costs Since utility rates tend to rise the value of the power increases making your investment inflation proof Notes to budding renewable energy enthusiasts the future has potential if you use your head There are many opportunities in this field for creative people with talents ranging from engineering to writing if you re willing to find them and persevere Remember what head flow and love have in common more is better Access Paul Cunningham Energy Systems and Design Box 4557 http www microhydropowe
161. nes and fed to the batteries An AC direct micro hydroelectric scheme is simpler in its overall design than battery based systems and for this reason they are sought by many people However the output of AC direct systems must be capable of handling all of the power requirements at any instant which can be substantial when startup surges are considered For instance incandescent lights typically require ten times their running current at turn on induction motors such as those typically found in refrigeration and water pumps may require five to seven times their operating current for starting This power must be available when needed for the system to continue functioning as exceeding its capacity win cause an electrical collapse Since AC power cannot be stored and kinetic energy can the addition of a flywheel to the turbine can help carry the system through such power overdraughts A battery based system stores the generated electricity chemically and so only the average usage needs to be generated The batteries handle the peaks and valleys of the electrical loads The generation components of the system can even be taken out of service for repairs or maintenance without immediately affecting the power delivered to the loads http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff8 htm 1 of 3 9 28 2003 7 16 30 PM AC DC Micro Hydro Electric Options Both AC and battery based systems can supply AC power to appliances that is indisting
162. newable Energy Systems Since 1980 P O Box 4557 Sussex NB Canada E4E 5L7 Tel 506 433 3151 Fax 506 433 6151 E mail hydropow nbnet nb ca Web microhydropower com Energy Systems and D esign has been producing micro hydroelectric components since 1980 and offers a wide array of products and services to the renewable energy RE marketplace Now ES amp D offers the LH 1000 low head propeller turbine and international installation services The Stream Engine and LH 1000 both employ a brushless permanent magnet alternator which is adjustable enabling the user to match turbine output to electrical load It has a higher efficiency than previous alternators and is capable of outputs over 1 kW while requiring virtually no maintenance ES amp D s microhydro systems employ high efficiency precision cast parts and non corrosive alloys for long life and durability A digital multimeter accompanies each turbine for measuring output amperage These units can be used in stand alone or grid tied systems STREAM ENGINE OPERATION The Stream Engine is designed for use in battery based power systems with electricity generated at a steady rate and stored in batteries for use at higher rates than is generated During times of low demand power is stored An inverter is Stream Engine 1 used when residential AC power is desired Water from a stream is channeled into a pipeline to gain enough head the vertical d
163. not see a load until it is up to proper voltage If a load is present at the start the voltage will be unable to rise at all In a battery charging system this is more or less inherently provided for as the generator only sees transformers as a small load until proper voltage is reached Induction generation is more limited than a P M alternator in the type of situation in which it can be used The induction machine should be operated at or near its rated speed This can be as low as 800 rpm depending on the motor specs A P M machine can be operated at very low speeds and still work well However if a site can use an induction generator then it can be implemented at low cost since the motors are not expensive and the capacitors are only a few dollars each Motors are also available in different speed ranges You might wonder why am using three phase systems when a single phase one might do It is possible to use single phase motors for this However they require more capacitance operate at lower efficiency and are not easily excited Three phase alternating current is also more efficiently converted to DC for battery systems For those of you wishing to experiment some further information may prove useful The size of capacitor will largely control output voltage Smaller capacitors are needed as voltage rises Use only AC motor run capacitors Not all electric motors are created equal and may produce results differing from what
164. nt to note that the power increases will rise as the difference between generated voltage and battery voltage increases LCBs are available from Bobier that are rated up to 250 VDC Other Benefits http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff3 htm 2 of 3 9 28 2003 7 16 26 Hydro Systems Using LCBs There are other benefits from using an LCB Whenever nozzles are changed the machine can easily be re adjusted for maximum performance Another plus 1 that the generator voltage is increased which greatly reduces transmission line losses Bobier has just introduced new models of LCBs Devices specifically designed for use with batteries must be ordered Access Paul Cunningham Energy Systems amp Design P O Box 4557 Sussex NB Canada E4E 5L7 506 433 3151 Bobier Electronics 800 222 3982 www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff3 htm 3 of 3 9 28 2003 7 16 26 Induction Generation an exciting possibility Innovative Micro Hydro Systems Since 1980 Induction Generation an exciting possibility Paul Cunningham Why does it make a difference what type of generator we use to produce power Let s take a look at the standard types and see what the features are Two broad categories include most types Either the output coils can rotate or they can be stationary Almost all of the older designs used output coils of wire that rotated These designs used a stationary field
165. ntire distance is covered Another technique is to use a surveyor s transit This method can also be approximated using a carpenter s level using a measuring stick or a story pole This technique is also done in a series of steps to arrive at the overall head Note that with this reaction type machine the entire head is used No head is lost as with an impulse machine FLOW MEASUREMENT The weir method can be used for the higher flows used with this machine This technique uses a rectangular opening cut in a board or piece of sheet metal set into the brook like a dam The water is channeled into the weir and the depth is measured from the top of a stake that is level with the edge of the weir and several feet upstream Measuring the flow at different times of the year helps you estimate maximum and minimum usable flows If the water source is seasonally limited you may have to depend on some other source of power during dry times solar wind Keep in mind that a reasonable amount of water must be left in the stream Don t take it all that water supports life forms When head and flow are determined the expected power output can be determined from the following chart Keep in mind that chart values represent generated output and that actual power delivered to the batteries will be reduced by transmission lines power converters and other equipment required by the system All systems should be carefully planned to maximize power output
166. o the point of use My situation will illustrate this Here in the Canadian Maritimes it is difficult to go very far without finding some type of stream live in an area of rugged topography which enhances the water power potential My house is located near a brook that most times of the year has a fairly low flow rate There is normally little water in the stream above the house while water from springs which come to the surface steadily increase the flow as the water runs downhill One logical place for the intake and beginning of the pipeline is near my house Although flow increases further downstream the slope decreases Near the house the brook drops around 8 feet for every 100 horizontal feet So running a pipeline downstream 1 000 feet produces a combined drop or head of 75 feet This looked like a reasonable place to start although the site permits running a pipeline 3 000 feet before the brook meets another one running almost level 1000 ft of 1 5 in polyethylene pipe was purchased in 1978 and simply laid on the ground A small screened box served as the intake and was set in the brook with a dam of earth and rocks sufficient to raise the water level about one foot At this site the maximum power will be produced at a flow rate of about 20 gallons per minute GPM This is the point where the dynamic running or net head is equal to two thirds of the static head So there will be 50 feet of net head at the end of the pipe w
167. of 30 gpm This is 17 7 feet of loss for 1000 feet of pipe Using two inch PVC gives us a loss of 1 17 feet of head per 100 feet of pipe or 11 7 feet for 1000 feet Polyethylene comes in continuous coils because it is flexible and more freeze resistant PVC comes in shorter lengths and has to be glued together or purchased with gaskets for larger sizes Let s say we select polyethylene The maximum output occurs with a flow of about 45 gpm since that gives us a head loss of 3 75 feet per 100 feet of pipe or 37 5 feet of loss for our 1000 feet of pipe This is 37 5 loss 120 head 31 loss A flow of 30 gpm gives net head of 102 3 feet 120 17 7 The losses caused by the various pipe fittings and intake screen will further decrease the dynamic head so 100 feet is a good working figure for the net head At this head and flow condition the output of the machine is equal to about 300 watts Since we require 12 volts and the transmission distance is short we can generate and transmit 12 volts using the Stream Engine This Stream Engine could also be used for higher voltages like 24 and 48 and power could be transmitted longer distances Looking at the nozzle flow chart we see that a 3 8 nozzle will produce a flow of 27 6 gpm at a 100 head This is very close to the design point but will produce slightly less output than if we had exactly 30 gpm A 7 16 nozzle would produce slightly greater flow and output We need to go 100 w
168. oltage de la bateria puede ser usado para medir el nivel de carga con exactitud ALAMBRADO DEL CENTRO DE CARGA Cada sistema requiere algun alambrado para conectar varios componentes Los centros de carga estan disponibles como un paquete completo que facilita la coneccion de las cargas a los fuentes de carha Todos los circuitos en el sistema deben usar alambres de tama o adecuado y tener fusibles o flipones con suficiente capacidada para llevar la carga esperada El Stream Engine debe estar fundido ya que puede sufrir un corto o una falla similar al igual que cualquier cosa en ele sistema Dentro de la caja de empalme a un lado de la maquina existen dos bloques terminales para el alambrado de la bateria La terminal negativa esta atornillada a una caja y la terminal positiva atornillada a un plato plastico Las puntas del alambre de transmision son insertadasdentro de estos dos conectores despues de haberse pelado la insulacion y despues amarrado Asegurese que el alambrado de la bateria este correctamente conectado o el rectificador sera destruido No opere la maquina sin estar conectada a las baterias ya que altos voltages pueden ser generados El multimetro en las terminales manubriadoras vea nueva tecnica de medidas pg17 medira la actual salida y es comparable a un velocimetro de un carro Un medidor de voltage conectado a las baterias indicara aproximadamente el nivel de carga como se describe en el nivel de carga arriba y es comparagle
169. onario con el pin y apriete el tornillo mas grande lo cual forzara al rotor a subir Cada rotage del tornillo movera el rotor verticalmente a 0 050 o 1 25 mm Si subiendo el rotor causa que la corriente o usted puede estar monitorizando el voltage en un sitio de alto voltage aumente entonces continue haciendolo asi hasta que no siga aumentando Si un punto es alcanzado donde ocurre una disminucion entonces el rotor debe ser bajado Con soltar el tornillo mas grande y apretando el mas pequefio es como esto se hace Rotando el tornillo mas pequefio causa que el rotor se mueva verticalmente a la misma distancia por rotacion asi como el tornillo grande lo hace Cuando usted ha encontrado la mejor posicion no aumento en la corriente o voltage asegurese que el tornillo grande es rotado hasta que este apretado Ahora el tornillo mas peque o debe ser apretado muy seguro para sellar todo en su lugar No se deben hacer mas ajustes a menos que las condiciones en el sitio cambien Cuando se ajuste el rotor hacia abajo puede alcanzar el punto donde hara contacto con el stator Si esto ocurre ajustelo siempre hacia arriba por lo menos 4 de rote al tornillo mas grande Si se opera la maquina con el rotor mas cerca que esto puede causar da o en la maquina Antes de iniciar la maquina siempre rote el rotor a mano para chequear por sobage Remueva el pin desde la orilla del rotor antes de iniciar la maquina 10 ESAMBLAJE Y SERVICIOS Para pod
170. or add a section of pipe drilled lull of range holes wrapped with screen or small holes and used without screen Make sure that the filter openings are smaller than the smallest nozzle used The intake must be above the streambed so as not to suck in silt and should be deep enough so as not to suck in air The intake structure should be placed to one side of the main flow of the stream so that the force of the flowing water and its debris bypasses it If the whole pipeline doesn t run continuously downhill at least the first section should so the water can begin flowing A bypass valve may be necessary For pipelines running over dams the downstream side may be filled by hand Once filled the stop valve at the turbine can be opened to start the flow If full pressure is not developed a hand powered vacuum pump can be used to remove air trapped at the high point At the turbine end of the pipeline a bypass valve may be necessary to allow water to run through the pipe without affecting the turbine purging the line of air or increasing flow to prevent freezing http www microhydropower com manual1 manual_pg4 htm 1 of 3 9 28 2003 7 15 34 Manual 1 Click on image for larger view A stop valve should be installed upstream of the nozzle This valve should be at least 1 1 2 inches if nozzles larger than Y2 inch are used pressure gauge should be installed upstream of the stop valve so both the static head no water flowing
171. or supuesto usted puede contactar Energy Systems amp Design Ltd si usted se encuentra con un problema Que su lectura prueben el exito POR FAVOR LEER CUIDADOSAMENTE Es muy importante mantener el rotor del alternador lejos de contactar el stator parte estacionaria bajo el rotor Si esto ocurre resultaria en da os muy serios Cuando este operando su maquina con un peque o espacio aerio la distancia entre el rotor del alternador y el stator usted debe chequear el espacio cada vez que se haga algun ajuste Esto lo hace metiendo una tarjeta de presentacion 0 010 o 0 25mm de grueso en el espacio cuando el rotor este inmovil Chequee todo alrededor del rotor Esta tambien es la forma de chequear el desgaste de los cojinetes cada mes Si usted no puede insertar la tarjeta entre el espacio ya sea un poco o toda es necesario ajustar el rotor hacia arriba vea EL AJUSTE DE SALIDA de este manual Cuando este haciendo ajustes en el espacio de aire asegurese que el tornillo mas grande este apretado a la derecha contra el eje y el tornillo peque o este tambien apretado a la derecha para poder topar las dos partes en su lugar Tabla de Contenido a ii lauren 3 Evaluacion dell NS 3 Medida de DISC SESE 3 Medida de CUISO AAA AS 4 Entrada tuberia y Talltdoe aa 5 Baterias Invertidores y ControladOreS sess 7 1 sacks a am
172. otro Es recomendable que tenga la LH1000 en una caparazon peque a o bajo alguna cubierta para mantenerla seca y proveer un lugar para equipo auxiliar Montando la maquina en concreto tambien es posible tal vez debe tratar primero con un empalme de madera PERDIDA DE FRICCION EN LA TUBERIA PVC Clase 160 PSI Tuberia Plastica Pressure Loss from Friction in Feet of Head per 100 Feet of Pipe Flow US GPM Pipe Diameter Inches 1 11 25 1 5 2 2 5 3 4 5 6 8 10 1 0 05 0 02 2 0 14 0 05 0 02 3 0 32 10 09 0 04 4 0 53 0 16 0 09 0 02 5 0 80 10 25 0 12 0 04 6 1 13 0 35 0 18 0 07 0 02 1 52 0 46 0 23 0 08 0 02 8 1 93 0 58 0 30 0 10 0 04 9 2 42 0 71 0 37 0 12 0 05 10 2 92 0 87 0 46 0 16 0 07 0 02 11 3 50 1 04 0 53 0 18 0 07 0 02 12 4 09 1 22 0 64 0 20 0 09 0 02 14 5 45 1 63 0 85 0 28 0 12 0 04 16 7 00 2 09 1 08 0 37 0 14 0 04 18 8 69 2 60 1 33 0 46 0 18 0 07 20 10 6 3 15 1 63 0 55 0 21 0 09 0 02 22 12 6 3 77 1 96 0 67 0 25 0 09 0 02 24 14 8 4 42 2 32 0 78 0 30 0 12 0 04 26 17 2 5 13 2 65 0 90 0 35 0 14 0 05 28 19 7 5 89 3 04 1 04 0 41 0 16 0 05 30 22 4 6 70 3 45 1 17 0 43 0 18
173. ou to stop the flow and determine the pressure under both static and dynamic conditions Another valve may be added on a tree to drain the pipe without running the turbine A pressure relief valve can be added in higher pressure systems Keep in mind that even if you are always careful to shut the stop valve slowly the pressure can still rise suddenly for at least two reasons A piece of trash may plug the nozzle or air pockets may discharge causing the water to speed up and then slow down abruptly when water hits the nozzle Some respect for the forces involved will help protect your system Another area that may require protection is the aquatic environment your system intrudes upon Remember that your water needs should not cause the stream level to become too low Many areas also have legal guidelines for the use and diversion of stream water http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff2 htm 3 of 4 9 28 2003 7 16 24 5 Paul Cunningham owns and operates Energy Systems Design PO Box 4557 Sussex NB Canada E4E 5L7 or call 506 433 3151 Paul specializes in microHydro system design and manufacture www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff2 htm 4 of 4 9 28 2003 7 16 24 Manuals Innovative Systems Since 1980 Please choose a Manual to view 2 The Stream Engine gt Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual The LH 1000 Low
174. output An impulse turbine should have a surface speed of about half the jet velocity So at 56 feet per second a turbine wheel slightly less than 2 inches in pitch hydraulic diameter is required This is a little on the small side but did make a Turgo wheel of this size so the rotational speed would be right for direct drive Yes it s possible to use speed increasers with a larger turbine but didn t think there was anything to gain and only power to be lost It turned out that the alternator would not generate t 20 VAC at a low power level The field required 1096 of the rated 1200 Watts output to put out 120 VAC regardless of the load Therefore a lower output voltage was necessary to properly balance the system It was determined that under the site conditions an output of 50 Watts at 24 to 25 Volts was required to be in the correct ratio 120 VAC 10 Amperes 24 VAC 2 Amperes or 48 Watts Now you are probably wondering how come only 48 Watts was being produced Well that is what that combination of turbine and generator put out And this isn t the end either Next the juice went through a 25 110 volt transformer through 1000 feet of 18 gauge wire two strands another transformer down to 12 volts and then through rectifiers to give DC In the end only 25 Watts or about 2 Amperes actually found its way to the battery This setup didn t last long enough to make many improvements It was hard just keeping it alive The alternator used on
175. p TICS the CP GIS CTOs sesane 8 Ajusterde A OS 10 Modelos de Alt Volta A a ak 11 Diagrama de flujo de las boquillas o 11 Ensamblaje y servicio de los a alii 12 Diagrama de resistencia del Alambre de 12 Diagrama de perdida de friccion de la tuberia conductora 13 14 Diagramas de Alambrado miii 16 Esquemas de Alambre A a ALEX Ve OR Ea d 17 La nueva boquilla universal A OR NEU VR TOS 17 Tecnica Actual de Medida sess 17 Diagrama de oie v pete rase e ET ro PASE UE Cubierta trasera INTRODUCCION Este manual describe la Stream Engine Central de Arroyo la cual es fabricada por Energy Systems and Design Ltd El instalador debe tener conocimiento de plomeria y sistemas electricos y el usuario debe tenerlo tambien Estas maquinas son peque as pero pueden generar voltages muy altos Aun maquinas de 12 Voltios pueden producir alto voltage bajo ciertas condiciones Practique toda debida seguridad La electricidad no se ve y puede ser mortal Es muy importante consultar con oficiales locales antes de conducir cualquier modificacion del arrollo ES amp D aconseja las siguientes leyes locales y ordenanzas que hacen referencia a los arroyos Electricidad es producida de la energia potencial con agua en movimiento de un punto alto a uno bajo Esta distanci
176. power Even a few gallons per minute can be useful if there is sufficient head Since power Head x Flow the more you have of either the more power is available A simple rule of thumb to estimate your power is Head in feet x Flow in gpm 10 Power in Watts This will give you a rough idea of the power available at the average site and reflects an overall efficiency of 53 This is a typical output for a well designed system For example if your head is 100 feet and the flow is 10 gpm then 100 10 10 100 watts Keep in mind this is power that is produced 24 hours a day It is equivalent to a PV system of 400 500 watts if the sun shines every day Of course the water may not run year round either So it is apparent how a combined system can supply your power needs on a continuous basis Determining Head amp Flow Let s start with the head since that is easier than the flow and will give you confidence to continue The best method to determine the head is also the easiest and can be used at any site It is also very accurate It involves using a length of hose or pipe in the neighborhood of 1 2 diameter You can start anywhere along the brook and proceed upstream or down First submerge the upstream end in the water and weigh it down with a rock or something similar With the top end fixed in place underwater you move the rest of the pipe downstream When you have reached http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff2 htm 1
177. r Most sites will have periods of very high flow that don t last long and times of very low or no flow at all You need a pipeline capable of handling a reasonable flow average Let us use an example of a typical site and see what is involved Assume your measurements show that 100 feet of head is available over a distance of 1 500 feet The water will be taken http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff2 htm 2 of 4 9 28 2003 7 16 24 Hydro Siting from the high end of the pipe and discharged at the low end through the turbine at a point as close to the brook as 1 reasonable This will give you the maximum head available Exceptions to this will be where the discharge water is to be used for another purpose aquaculture irrigation Assume for the example that a flow of 30 gpm is available most of the year Any pipeline will produce maximum power when the pressure drop due to friction is 1 3 of the pressure when no water is flowing The pressure available under conditions of water flow is called the NET or DYNAMIC head The pressure under conditions of no flow is the STATIC head The difference between these two is the loss due to friction Therefore the larger the pipe the better For the example you will require a pipeline that has no more than a head loss of 100 3 or 33 3 feet over 1 500 This is 33 3 15 or 2 22 feet of head loss per 100 feet of pipe Since this flow rate will probably allow the use of fairly small pipe le
178. r com staffpubs staff1 htm 6 of 7 9 28 2003 7 16 23 PM Micro Hydro Power in the Nineties ussex New Brunswick Canada E4E 5L7 www microhydropower com ropower com staffpubs staff1 htm 7 of 7 9 28 2003 7 16 23 PM Hydro Siting Innovative Micro Hydro Systems Since 1980 Hydro Siting Paul Cunningham Many people have access to some form of running water and are wondering just how much power if any can be produced from it Almost any house site has solar electric potential photovoltaic Many sites also have some wind power available But water power depends on more than the presence of water alone A lake or well has no power potential The water must be FLOWING It also must flow from a high point to a low one and go through an elevation change of at least three or four feet to produce useable power This is called the head or pressure usually measured in feet or pounds per square inch PSI The flow is measured in gallons per minute GPM or for those blessed with larger flows cubic feet per second CFS At most sites what is called run of river is the best mode of operation This means that power is produced at a constant rate according to the amount of water available Usually the power 1 generated as electricity and stored in batteries and can be tied to an existing PV or other system The power can take other forms shaft power for a saw pump grinder etc Both head and flow are necessary to produce
179. r machine with an open intake The water should pass first through a simple filter to block debris that may clog or damage the machine The intake should be placed off to the side of the main water flow to protect it from the direct force of the water and debris during high flows It is important to use a pipeline of sufficiently large diameter to minimize friction losses from the moving water When possible the pipeline should be buried This stabilizes the pipe and prevents critters from chewing it Pipelines are usually made from PVC or polyethylene although metal or concrete pipes can also be used The article on hydro system siting in Home Power 8 describes pipe sizing Turbines Although traditional waterwheels of various types have been used for centuries they aren t usually suitable for generating electricity They are heavy large and turn at low speeds They require complex gearing to reach speeds to run an electric generator They also have icing problems in cold climates Water turbines rotate at higher speeds are lighter and more compact Turbines are more appropriate for electricity generation and are usually more efficient There are two basic kinds of turbines impulse and reaction Impulse machines use a nozzle at the end of the pipeline that converts the water under pressure into a fast moving jet This jet is then directed at the turbine wheel also called the runner which is designed to convert as much of the jet s
180. rating 20 amps continuously If we use lead acid batteries and wish to have two days of storage capacity then 20 amps x 24 hrs x 2 days 960 amp Hrs Capacity We would probably use an inverter and load controller with the system The diagram for such a system would look like this Battery Bank Shunt Loads Diagram of a typical battery based system OUTPUT ADJUSTMENT For the machine to produce the highest output the rotor height should be adjusted This involves raising and lowering the rotor to increase the magnetic flux level This is necessary to match the output of the turbine with that of the generator After the machine is installed perform an initial run to establish a power output level This can be determined using an ammeter to measure current or a digital meter to measure voltage A good idea is to keep a logbook to note any output changes in relation to settings After everything is hooked up start the machine by opening the stop valve Run it long enough for the output level to stabilize and note the current or voltage Then shut the stop valve The machine comes with the rotor set very close to the stator the stationary part of the machine To increase this distance and reduce the magnetic flux level you must turn the larger bolt 19mm 3 4 head on the top of the rotor while holding it stationary This is done by inserting the 1 4 pin supplied in one of the holes in the edge of the rotor Then the smaller 1
181. rbara Atkinson Micro hydro power was once the world s prominent source of mechanical power for manufacturing Micro hydro is making a comeback for electricity generation in homes Increasing numbers of small hydro systems are being installed in remote sites in North America There s also a growing market for micro hydro electricity in developing countries This article is a technical over view Micro hydro power is gradually assuming the decentralized form it once had Water power predates the use of electricity At one time hydro power was employed on many sites in Europe and North America lt was primarily used to grind grain where water had a vertical drop of more than a few feet and sufficient flow Less common but of no less importance was the use of hydro to provide shaft power for textile plants sawmills and other manufacturing operations Over time thousands of small mills were replaced by centrally generated electric power Many major hydroelectric projects were developed using large dams generating several megaWatts of power In many areas hydro electric power 1 still used on a small scale and is arguably the most cost effective form of energy Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar are being scaled up from residential to electric utility size In contrast hydro power is being scaled down to residential size The small machines are similar in most ways to the large ones except for their scale Siting A hydro sy
182. ream end with rocks or have an assistant hold it water should flow out the low end especially if the pipeline is pre filled Once water is flowing raise the downstream end until it stops Do this slowly since the water tends to oscillate When the flow has stabilized measure the distance sown to the level of water in the stream with a tape measure This will give a very accurate measurement of that stream section Mark the spot and then repeat the procedure until the entire distance is covered Another technique is to use a surveyor s transit This method can also be approximated using a carpenter s level using a measuring stick or a story pole This technique is also done in a series of steps to arrive at the overall head A variation on this method is the use of altimeters Casio makes a wristwatch with a built in altimeter FLOW MEASUREMENT The easiest method to measure small flows is to channel the water into a pipe using a temporary dam and to fill a container of known volume Measuring the time to fill the container enables you to calculate the flow rate The weir method is more versatile and may prove useful for higher flows This technique uses a rectangular opening cut in a board or piece of sheet metal set into the brook like a dam The water is channeled into the weir and the depth is measured from the top of a stake that is level with the edge of the weir and several feet upstream Measuring the flow at different times of the
183. red in units called ohms Resistance losses should be kept as low as economics permit just like the pipeline losses Let s assume that a 5 loss is acceptable at this site resulting in the loss of 25 watts The formula to calculate resistance losses is amps x amps x R resistance w watts We put our known figures into the formula to learn the resistance that we require in a copper conductor to achieve this http www microhydropower com manual2 manual_pg6 htm 4 of 6 9 28 2003 7 16 01 PM Manual 2 26 7 x 26 7 x R 25w 711 x 25w R 0 04 ohms It has been calculated that a copper conductor with losses of 0 04 ohms over a total distance of 200 feet 60m will result in an acceptable 596 loss The Wire Loss Chart shows losses per 1000 300m of wire so 1000 200 x 0 04 ohms 0 2 ohms per 1000 The chart shows 2 ga wire has a resistance of 0 16 ohms per 1000 so 200 1000 x 0 16 ohms 0 032 ohms This is close enough to the desired level that with a little more investigation we can determine whether this will result in acceptable power losses 26 7 amps x 26 7 amps x 0 032 ohms 22 8watts of loss Increasing the wire size can further reduce the losses but can also increase costs as larger wire is usually more expensive Resistance in a length of wire results in power loss that is seen as a voltage drop from one point in the line to another For example if your voltage as measured at the generator i
184. rength of the magnets The ES amp D machine uses very strong magnets but still maxes out at about 850 Watts This is more power than most watercourses can produce For those with greater potential the standard electrically charged field alternator will go nearly twice as high This is not really a wart it s just a fact until someone invents stronger magnets Operation http www microhydropower com review htm of 6 9 28 2003 7 16 22 PM Things that Work Tested by Home Power Turn the water on Aside from adjusting the air gap between the magnets and the stator that s about it Unlike a regular alternator there is no need for a diode between the battery and the field windings Should the alternator stop due to nozzle clogging the output will just fall off to nothing There 1 no chance of the field staying energized and actually discharging the battery Adjusting the air gap is a trial and error operation It involves stopping the machine holding the rotor with the provided pin and loosening or tightening the bolt within a bolt This moves the rotor closer or further away from the stator It s a case of making an adjustment spinning the machine up letting the water flow stabilize and observing the ammeter It may take a few tries but once you find the maximum output setting it will not vary unless you change nozzles Conclusions This is a very cool machine It represents a major breakthrough in microhydro design Th
185. ring to the loads and a precision shunt for output amperage measurement using the supplied digital multimeter Universal Nozzles Energy Systems and D esign has developed a new type of nozzle It is conical in shape with gradations marked on it which correlate to a range of nozzle sizes 3mm 1 8 inch to 25mm 1 inch The nozzle is cut to the appropriate size and the end is sanded to a smooth finish Turbine Housings Turbine housings are made of cast aluminum and powder coated white for lasting protection The side walls are angled to accommodate the nozzles in conjunction with the use of the turgo wheel Turbine housings are available unmachined or prepared to user specifications INSTALLATION SERVICES p Ed Energy Systems amp 226 Design offers design and installation a services to international 4 communities at competitive rates Our f team of technicians designs and prepares your system at our facility in Canada and 4 then completes the installation at your site 24 We are prepared to handle any system from solar hot water A systems to photovoltaic wind and microhydro Contact us for details Boiestown NB Canada 7 Morant Bay St Thomas Parish Jamaica Boiestown NB Canada APPENDIX a Power available at any given site can be assessed using the formula head feet x flow gpm 10 Watts e g 100 feet x 30 gpm 10 300 Watts or head m x flow l s x 5
186. running over dams the downstream side may be filled by hand Once filled the stop valve at the turbine can be opened to start the flow If full pressure is not developed a hand powered vacuum pump can be used to remove air trapped at the high point At the turbine end of the pipeline a bypass valve may be necessary to allow water to run through the pipe without affecting the turbine purging the line of air or increasing flow to prevent freezing A stop valve should be installed upstream of the nozzle A pressure gauge should be installed upstream of the stop valve so both the static head no water flowing and the dynamic head water flowing can be read The stop valve on a pipeline should always be closed slowly to prevent water hammer the column of water in the pipe coming to an abrupt stop This can easily destroy your pipeline and for this reason you may wish to install a pressure relief valve just upstream of the stop valve This can also occur if debris clogs the nozzle Nozzles can be installed or changed by removing the nozzle by unscrewing its four nuts using a 11 mm 7 16 wrench The use of flexible pipe makes it easier to remove the plumbing from the nozzles 1 2 5 E 2 o 55 1 am a9 gt J Zeo gt I pas O Pressure lt gt Drain Valve The turbine housing can be mounted on two boards to suspend it above the stream It is recommended to have t
187. s Utilities require power to be generated at 50 or 60 Hz as used by standard transformers However renewable energy systems do not need to match this most transformers will readily accept higher frequencies with even an improvement in performance Transformers can also be custom built for the task at hand Solid state transformers can also be used if the DC input needs to be converted to battery voltage output For PV systems that produce DC output the solid state converter is the only option These use high frequency transistor topologies to convert a high input voltage into a lower battery voltage They operate at high efficiency and are typically light and compact Most are adjustable which allows them to be tuned for optimum output Some converters automatically optimize themselves and are know as maximum power point trackers or MPPTs This is a very useful http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff5 htm 1 of 2 9 28 2003 7 16 28 PM Long Distance Power Transmission for Renewable Energy Systems eature because it makes the device more user friendly ano optimum generation voltage can vary widely with power output In a wind or hydro system the power is often generated using a permanent magnet alternator These usually operate at high efficiency and are brushless They can often be supplied to produce the higher voltages associated with long distance transmission Another option to consider is the use of induction genera
188. s 15vdc then it could be assumed that if the voltage were measured along the line to the batteries it would be lower as you got further from the generator Voltage drop amps x R ohms resistance in your circuit So Voltage drop v 26 7 amps x 0 032 ohms 0 85 volts Hence if your generator voltage is 15vdc your battery voltage will be 14 15vdc Keep in mind that it is always the batteries that determine the system voltage as they are the stabilizing force in your system All voltages in the system will rise and fall corresponding to the battery voltage or the battery s state of charge At the site we would be generating 26 7 amps continuously Typically a battery bank is sized to have two days storage capacity If we choose lead acid batteries and wish to have two days of storage capacity then we use the formula amps x hours x days amp hrs capacity So 33 amps x 24 hrs x 2 days 1584 amp Hrs Capacity The Trojan L 16 has a rating of 6vdc and 350 amp hr Using these you would require at least eight batteries there would be four strings paralleled with each string consisting of two batteries in series to give the 12vdc system voltage we have chosen This would give 1400 amp hrs at 12vdc capacity which is about two days storage An inverter and charge controller are usually used in the system The diagram for such a system would look like this http www microhydropower com manual2 manual_pg6 htm 5 of 6 9 28 2003
189. s que seleccionamos polietileno El maximo poder ocurre con una corriente de como 45 gpm ya que esa nos da una perdida de direccion de 3 75 por 100 de tuberia o 37 5 de perdida por nuestro 1000 de tuberia Esta es una perdida de 37 5 120 cabeza 31 de perdida Una corriente de 30gpm da una cabeza neta de 102 3 120 17 7 Las perdidas causadas por los diferentes tama os de tuberia y el sedaso de admisiondisminuira aun mas la dinamica de la cabez asi que 100 es una buena figura para la cabeza neta A esta cabeza y la condicion de la corriente la salida de la maquina es igual a unos 300 watts Desde que nosotros requerimos 12 voltios y la distancia de la transmision es corta podemos generar y transmitir 12 voltios usando la Stream Engine Esta central de arroyo puede tambien ser usada para altos voltages como 24 y 48 y la energia puede ser transmitida a distancias mas largas Observando la grafica de las corrientes en las boquillas vemos que una boquilla de 3 8 producira una corriente de 27 6 gpm a una cabeza de 100 Este es muy parecido al punto de dise o pero producira un poco menos de rendimiento Necesitamos ir a 100 con 300 watts en nuestro sitio Esto sera como 20amps a 15 voltios en el generador Note que habra una perdida de voltage en la linea y la bateria de 12 voltios necesita mas voltage que la nominal para cargarse Asi los 20 amps deben pasar atraves 200 de recorrido de alambre La perdid
190. small increments And won even discuss mechanical drives like belts and pulleys for these very small machines This is because of their complexity and losses Maximum Power Point Trackers http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff3 htm 1 of 3 9 28 2003 7 16 26 Hydro Systems Using LCBs Wouldn t it be nice if this could be done electronically so one machine could be used at widely differing sites There are device called Maximum Power Point Trackers that do this The automatically seek out the best operating point of a power source and effectively match the power source to the load The only ones know of are very expensive We aren t going to benefit if the operation is successful but the financial strain kills the patient LCB Recently used a standard LCB linear current booster made by Bobier Electronics type 3 4 8 T with a permanent magnet DC hydro machine and had excellent results This machine model DCT 1 could charge a 12VDC battery with a five foot head wanted to operate it ata 15 foot head This meant that if the PM generator was connected directly to the battery it would run too slowly and the power output would decrease The PM generator would produce a higher power output if the generator could turn faster which meant operating the system at a higher battery voltage The optimum voltage increases in proportion to the speed of the PM generator With an LCB the generator can operate at this higher optim
191. ssion wire ends are inserted into these two connectors after being stripped of insulation and then tightened Make sure that the battery wiring is correctly connected or the rectifier will be destroyed Do not operate the machine without being connected to the batteries as very high voltages may be generated The multi meter connected to the shunt terminals see new current measurement technique pg 17 will measure current output and is comparable to the speedometer of a car A voltmeter connected to the batteries will roughly indicate the charge level as described in Charge Level above and is comparable to the gas gauge DESIGN EXAMPLE This example shows how to proceed with a complete installation The parameters of the example site are 120 feet of head over a distance of 1000 feet a flow of 30 gpm most of the time 100 feet distance from the house to the hydro machine 12 volt system The first thing we do is determine the pipeline size Although maximum power is produced from a given size pipe when the flow loss is 1 3 of the static head more power can be obtained from the same flow with a larger pipe which has lower losses Therefore pipe size must be optimized based on economics As head decreases efficiency of the system decreases and it is important to keep the head losses low The pipe flow charts show us that two inch diameter polyethylene pipe has a head loss of 1 77 feet of head per 100 feet of pipe at a flow rate
192. stem is much more site specific than a wind or photovoltaic PV solar electric system A sufficient quantity of falling water must be available The vertical distance the water falls is called head and is usually measured in feet meters or units of pressure The quantity of water is called flow and is measured in gallons per minute gpm cubic feet per second cfs or liters per second l s More head is usually better because the system uses less water and the equipment can be smaller The turbine also runs at a higher speed At very high heads pipe pressure ratings and pipe joint integrity become problematic Since power is the product of head and flow more flow is required at lower head to generate the same power level More flow is better even if not all http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff1 htm 1 of 7 9 28 2003 7 16 23 Micro Hydro Power in the Nineties of it is used since more water can remain in the stream for environmental benefits A simple equation estimates output power for a system with 53 efficiency which is representative of most micro hydro systems Net Head feet x Flow US gpm 10 Output Watts Net head 1 the pressure available after subtracting losses from pipe friction Most hydro systems are limited in output capacity by stream conditions That 1 they cannot be expanded indefinitely like a wind or PV system This means that the sizing procedure may be based on site conditions
193. stema El Stream Engine funciona con una cabeza de cerca de 2m o m s El agua pasa por una boquilla en donde se acelera para chocar contra la rueda turgo de bronce Esto hace rodar el rbol primario del generador Hasta 4 boquillas universales se pueden instalar sobre una maquina Las boquillas se ajustan a medidas de 3mm hasta 25mm El Steam Engine T picamente estos sistemas funcionan a 12 24 o a 48 voltios con hilo conductor recon ctable que permite instalarse un Stream Engine normal en la mayor parte de los sitios Arrollamientos el ctricos especiales son tambi n disponibles estos pueden producir un voltaje elevado 120 240v en cualquier sitio El LH1000 Maunuel pdf http www microhydropower com spanish indfex htm 2 of 6 9 28 2003 7 14 59 La Energ a Sistemas y Dese os El LH1000 igual que el Stream Engine se dise para funcionar en asociaci n con los sistemas de energ a basados en pilas Se conserva el poder el ctrico para utilizarse siempre que el consumo sea m s que la generaci n La energ a se conserva durante los periodos de demanda baja Cuando se necesitan las cargas de corriente alterna componentes extras llamados Balanza del Sistema son necesarios para convertir la LH1000 corriente continua acumulada en electricidad de residencia corriente alterna El LH1000 Operaci n Para conseguir cabeza suficiente para operar el LH1000 el agua se e
194. system should have about two days of battery storage capacity This will generally keep lead acid cells operating in the middle of their charge range where they are the most efficient and long lived Alkaline batteries like the nickel iron and the nickel cadmium types can have a lower capacity since they can be more fully discharged without harm Batteries should be located outside of living space or adequate ventilation should be provided as a rising charge level tends to produce both hydrogen gas andcorrosive fumes Also the water consumption increases distilled water should be used to maintain the water level Charge Control A hydro system requires that a load be present so that the power has somewhere to go Otherwise system voltage can rise to very high levels This situation provides an opportunity to do something with the excess power i e a modest dump load can be used for water heating As the batteries become fully charged their voltage rises At some point the charging process should stop and the power be diverted to the dump load there is a fair bit of guesswork involved here The voltage set point should be about 13 5 to 14 5 for a 12 volt http www microhydropower com manual1 manual_pg5 htm 1 of 2 9 28 2003 7 15 35 system depending on the charge rate 1 gher the charge rate the higher the voltage can go If batteries are often in a state of charge the voltage limit should be on the low end of the ran
195. systems Make rotor air gap adjustments according to the instructions earlier in this manual An on off switch is supplied for the incoming AC power In normal use the switch is usually left on NOZZLE FLOW CHART FLOW RATE IN U S GALLONS PER MINUTE 12 Head Pressure Nozzle Diameter inches Le ias B a 114 576 6 18 8 40 11 0 17 1 24 7 33 6 43 9 460 10 43 3 88 6 05 8 75 11 6 15 6 24 2 35 0 47 6 62 1 650 15 65 2 68 4 76 7 40 10 7 14 6 19 0 29 7 42 8 58 2 76 0 800 20 925 30 1140 40 17 3 1 94 4 37 7 76 12 1 17 5 23 8 31 1 48 5 69 9 95 1 124 1310 50 1470 60 260 2 38 5 35 9 51 14 8 21 4 29 1 38 0 59 4 85 6 117 152 1600 80 346 2 75 6 18 11 0 17 1 24 7 33 6 43 9 68 6 98 8 135 176 1850 100 43 3 3 07 6 91 12 3 19 2 27 6 37 6 49 1 76 7 111 150 196 2070 120 520 3 36 7 56 13 4 21 0 30 3 412 53 8 84 1 121 165 215 2270 150 650 3 76 8 95 15 0 23 5 33 8 46 0 60 1 93 9 135 184 241 2540 200 2930 250 3270 300 12 0 33 2 65 1 85 1 133 261 340 3591 400 173 6 14 13 8 24 5 38 3 55 2 75 2 98 2 154 221 301 393 4140 BEARINGS SERVICE ASSEMBLY In order to remove the generator you must first remove the turbine wheel The machine s wheel is unscrewed from the shaft by holding the rotor using the 1 4 diameter rod inserted
196. t while holding the rotor stationary with the 1 4 inch rotor pin placed in the hole in the rotor s edge loosen the smaller 7 16 head bolt Next hold the rotor stationary with the pin and tighten the larger bolt which will force the rotor up Each full turn of the bolt will move the rotor vertically 0 050 or 1 25 mm If raising the rotor causes the current or you may be monitoring the voltage in a high voltage site to increase then continue to do so until there is no longer an increase If a point is reached where a decrease occurs then the rotor should be lowered This is done by loosening the larger bolt and then tightening the smaller one Turning the smaller bolt causes the rotor to move vertically the same distance per turn as the larger bolt does When you have found the best position no increase in current or voltage make sure the larger bolt is turned until it is tight Now the smaller bolt should be tightened securely to lock everything in place No further adjustments should be required unless site conditions change When adjusting the rotor downward it may contact the stator If this occurs always adjust it upwards by at least a 1 4 turn of the larger bolt Operating the machine with the rotor any closer than this will not result in any power increase but may damage the machine Always turn the rotor by hand before starting the machine to check for rubbing and make sure you can always fit a business card in the space between
197. t na Empty Empty Empty e S a ve 1 Blue 1 Red 1 3 Blue3 Red3 Green 2 mug 2 Red2 Green 4 Blue 4 Red 4 Negative Out 4 Series Y Aa O 2 Positive Lead Out O 2 Blue 2 Green3 Blue 3 e AMA PL To 0 0 Green 1 Blue 1 Red 4 Green 4 Pagel8 Red 2 Green2 Blue2 Red2 Red 3 Green3 Blue3 Red3 e e S lt o o o ag pe di 4g p Red 1 Green 1 Blue 1 Red 1 Blue 4 Red 4 Green 4 Blue 4 ESQUEMAS DE ALAMBRADO 12Voltios Paralela Delta Todas las cabezas 24 Voltios 48 Voltios Series Delta Series Y hasta 60 18m hasta 60 18m Paralela Delta Serie Delta 30 9 y mas 30 9m a 250 75m Paralela Delta 140 43m y mas Note En cualquier lugar mas de un esquema puede funcionar Pero uno solo funcionara mejor La configuracion Paralela Wye no se menciona porque es muy similar a la series delta Se diferencia por 15 Si usted tiene un lugar donde las series delta es usada y usted cree que el rendimiento puede ser mejor intentelo Recuerde ajustar el rotor para el rendimiento mas alto cuando este cambiando el alambrado TECNICA DE MEDIDA DE CORRIENTE NUEVA Previamente todas las Stream Engines estaban equipadas con ammetros analogos Ahora un eje empotrado resistencia a precision esta instalada en la caja de empalme el cual permite que la corriente sea medida digitalmente Esto se hace con el suplido DMM Multimetro dig
198. t s use the chart for polyethylene Two inch pipe gives a flow loss of 77 feet per 100 feet and 1 1 2 inch gives 2 59 From this information the 1 1 2 inch looks a little small and with the 2 inch we can use up to almost 55 gpm before the power drops off b0gpm 1 98 head loss and 55gpm 2 36 feet head 1055 100 So the choice of 2 inch pipe will cause a pressure drop of 77 100 x 1 500 11 55 head loss or a NET head of 100 11 55 88 45 feet at a flow of 30 gpm Editor s Note See pages 25 and 26 of this issue for Poly and PVC Pipe Tables We put them in the center as a tear out for your wall These can also be found in the Owner s Manual Water must be channeled into the intake end of the pipe This may require a minimal dam sufficient to raise the water level a foot or so It is useful to make a small pool off to one side of the main flow for this so that the trash leaves twigs sand will largely bypass the inlet The inlet can be covered with window screen and need only be a simple wooden frame to support the screen and have a hole for the pipe to enter To facilitate draining the pipe valves can be fitted as shown A valve the size of the pipe can be installed just downstream of the intake This is followed by a small air inlet valve to allow the water to exit and prevent pipe collapse At the turbine end of the pipe a valve should be installed just before the turbine with a pressure gauge upstream of it This will enable y
199. t small reaction turbines cannot be adjusted to accommodate variable water flow Those that are adjustable are very expensive because of the movable guide vanes and blades they require If sufficient water is not available for lull operation of a reaction machine performance suffers greatly An advantage of reaction machines 1 that they can use the full head available at a site An impulse turbine must be mounted above the tailwater level and the effective head is measured down to the nozzle level For the reaction turbine the full available head is measured between the two water levels while the turbine can be mounted well above the level of the exiting water This is possible because the draft tube used with the machine recovers some of the pressure head after the water exits the turbine This cone shaped tube converts the velocity of the flowing water into pressure as it is decelerated by the draft tube s increasing cross section This creates suction on the underside of the runner Centrifugal pumps are sometimes used as practical substitutes for reaction turbines with good results They can have high efficiency and are readily available both new and used at prices much lower than actual reaction turbines However it may be difficult to select the correct pump because data on its performance as a turbine are usually not available or are not straightforward One reason more reaction turbines are not in use 1 the lack of available mach
200. t the generator Note that there will be some voltage drop in the line and 12 volt batteries require somewhat higher voltages than nominal to become charged So the 26 7 amps must pass through 200 60m of wire for the distance to the batteries and back which completes the circuit As there is friction between water and the pipe that carries it causing losses so there is resistance between electricity and the conductor that carries it and is measured in units called ohms Resistance losses should be kept as low as economics permit just like the pipeline losses Let s assume that a 5 loss is acceptable at this site resulting in the loss of 25 watts The formula to calculate resistance losses is I amps x I amps x R resistance w watts We put our known figures into the formula to learn the resistance that we require in a copper conductor to achieve this 26 7 x 26 7 x 25 711 x 25 0 04 ohms It has been calculated that a copper conductor with losses of 0 04 ohms over a total distance of 200 feet 60m will result in an acceptable 5 loss The Wire Loss Chart shows losses per 1000 300m of wire so 1000 200 x 0 04 ohms 0 2 ohms per 1000 The chart shows 2 ga wire has a resistance of 0 16 ohms per 1000 so 200 1000 x 0 16 ohms 0 032 ohms This is close enough to the desired level that with a little more investigation we can determine whether this will result in acceptable power losses 26 7 amps x 26
201. ted the efficiency But other tests showed there wasn t much to be gained by changing the shape of such a small wheel Permanent Magnet Generators However the generators used so far had efficiencies in the 5096 range or less They also had electric field coils which made for easy adjustment of the output but also took part of the output to operate It looked like the use of a permanent magnet PM field http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff7 htm 4 of 5 9 28 2003 7 16 29 Small Water Power Siting be a help and could make operation at very low heads feasible Yes DC motors with PM fields could be used as generators But my experience with machines where brushes carried the full output was disappointing Longevity was a problem remember these are going to run 24 hours a day If alternating current could be generated then transformers can be used to alter the voltage to suit the site It is well established that the most efficient generator type especially in small sizes and at low speeds is the PM rotor alternator Just like a bicycle generator There is also nothing to wear out besides two ball bearings That would be a feature and a half After a few tries standard induction motors were used by keeping the stators and building new PM rotors This produced a machine capable of generating power with an efficiency of over 8096 Standard 60 Hz AC output was possible at 1800 RPM for these 4 pole machines Experie
202. tema deben usar alambres de tama o adecuado y tener fusibles o flipones con suficiente capacidada para llevar la carga esperada El LH1000 debe estar fusionado ya que puede sufrir un corto o una falla similar al igual que cualquier cosa en el sistema Dentro de la caja de empalme a un lado de la maquina existen dos bloques terminales para el alambrado de la bateria La terminal negativa esta atornillada a una caja y la terminal positiva atornillada a un plato plastico Las puntas del alambre de transmision son insertadasdentro de estos dos conectores despues de haberse pelado la insulacion y despues amarrado El eje de presicion intallada en la caja de empalme dara la lectura del rendimiento de la hidroelectrica en ampareage si el multimetro digital esta conectado a los enchufes codificado con colores en el cuerpo del eje y rotado a 200m la posicion de las 9 empunto Un voltimetro conectado a las baterias indicara aproximadamente el nivel de carga como esta descrito en el Nivel de Carga arriba y un ammetro indicara el rendimiento de la maquina LH POWER OUTPUT 200 400 600 800 1000 gpm LH1000 Output Watts Continuous EXEMPLO DE DISENO Este ejemplo muestra como proceder con una instalacion completa Los parametross del lugar ejemplo son 120 de cabeza sobre una distancia de 1000 Una corriente de 30gpm casi todo el tiempo 100 de distancia desde la casa a la maquina hidraulica Un sistema de 12
203. temas DC Haga ajustes en el espacio de aire del rotor segun las instrucciones que se dieron al inicio del manual Un swich de encendido y apagado es suplida para la energia CA En uso normal el swich se deja encendido TABLA DE FLUJO DE BOQUILLAS EN PROMEDIO DE GALONES DE LOS EEUU POR MINUTO Add Table ESAMBLAJE DE LOS COJINETES Y SERVICIOS Para poder remover el generador usted debe primero remover la rueda de la turbina La rueda de la maquina se desatornilla del eje agarrando el rotor usando una barilla de Y4 de diametro insertela dentro de uno de los agujeros en la orilla del rotor La rueda de la trubina es ensamblada con una tuerca y un spacer en la parte de arriba El eje esta hecho con hilos estandares de mano derecha para la rueda de la turbina para que lo desatornille segun la direccion de las agujas de un reloj cuando se ve al eje con la maquina boca abajo Entonces usted puede remover los cuatro tornillos con 4mm 5 32 0 hex drive Usted debe poner los cojinetes tan pronto como note cualquier desajuste Si ellos estan muy sueltos puede resultar en da os severos al rotor y el stator Esta maquina usa tres 6203 cojinetes de rueda con sellos de contacto En maquinas mas muevas estas estan hechas a presion dentro del compartimiento del alternador y debe ser intalado y removido usando una prensa de capacidad adecuada y con mango de apropiado tama o Actualmente los cojinetes en la maquina estan muy sueltos en la caparazon agujerea
204. terminal block for wiring a rectifier wiring lugs for connecting the wiring to the loads and a shunt A digital multimeter is supplied to measure current output Energy Systems and Design has developed a new nozzle It is conical in shape with gradations marked on it which correlate to a range of nozzle sizes 3mm 1 8 inch to 25mm 1 inch The nozzle is cut to the appropriate size and the end is sanded to a smooth finish Turbine housings are made of cast aluminum and powder coated white for lasting protection The side walls are at an angle to accommodate the nozzles in conjunction with the use of the turgo wheel Turbine housings are available unmachined or prepared to user specifications http www microhydropower com components htm 2 of 3 9 28 2003 7 15 27 PM www microhydropower com ropower com components 8 of 3 9 28 2003 7 15 27 PM Appendix Innovative Micro Llydro Systems Since 1980 1 Approximate power available at any given site can be assessed using the formula head feet x flow gpm 8 Watts e g 100 feet x 30 gpm 8 375 Watts or head x flow 10 Watts e g 30 m x 120 l m 10 360 Watts 2 Before considering the purchase of a Stream Engine perform the above estimate If it is determined that your site is viable contact your dealer to discuss pipelines transmission distance and system voltage Power from the Stream Engine is limited according to the avai
205. terms on this website Head The vertical distance the water falls The rate at which water moves Measured in Flow liters per minute or gallons per minute gpm Link AC alternating current will open a new broswer window DC direct current V Voltage of power kW Kilowatt Feet Meters Units of distance Pounds per square inch Units of pressure kilo pascals RE Renewable Energy ES8D Energy Systems 8 Design Common conversions Capacity 1 imperial gallon gal 4 546 litres L 1 litre L 0 220 imperial gallons gal Volume 1 cubic inch in3 16 387 cubic centimetres cm3 1 cubic centimetre cm3 0 061 cubic inches in3 1 cubic yard yd3 0 764 cubic metre m3 1 cubic metre m3 1 308 cubic yards yd3 1 cubic foot ft3 0 028 cubic metre m3 1 cubic metre cm3 35 315 cubic feet ft3 Length 1 inch in 2 540 centimetres cm 1 centimetre cm 0 393 inch in 1 foot ft 0 304 metre m http Awww microhydropower com definitions htm 1 of 2 9 28 2003 7 16 33 1 metre m 3 280 feet ft 1 yard yd 0 914 metre m 1 metre mi 1 093 yards yd 1 mile mi 1 609 kilometres km 1 kilometre km 0 621 mile mi 1 ounce 07 28 350 grams 9 1 9 0 035 ounce 07 1 pound Ib 0 453 kilogram kg 1 kilogram kg 2 204 pounds Ib Commonly used metric system units amp symbols Type of Measurement Unit Name length wi
206. the 15 microfarad capacitors across each line parallel When the machine was started again found that not only did it start generating by itself yes self excitation an interesting term for a dry subject but the output was identical to the P M rotor machine This was a revelation to me how easily it could be done It should be instructive to note what makes up a complete battery charging system The water driven turbine in turn drives a 1 3 H P three phase 230 VAC motor that has the three capacitors connected across the output lines In this case power is generated at 120 VAC and can thus be transmitted very long distances with minimal losses Then at the point of use three transformers step the 120 volts down to battery voltage and with a bridge rectifier produce direct current You are probably wondering how induction generation works and why it isn t more widely used In a stand alone system the key to operation is the presence of capacitance This gives electricity somewhere to go without the capacitors acting as a load Thus enabling current to flow in the motor and get it all excited Most motors have tested as generators will start producing power on their own with the use of capacitors This is due to the small http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff4 htm 2 of 3 9 28 2003 7 16 27 PM Induction Generation an exciting possibility residual magnetism in the rotor lt is also necessary that the generator
207. the rotor and stator Remove the pin from the rotor edge before starting the machine DISASSEMBLY amp SERVICE In order to remove the generator you must first remove the wiring from the terminals on the clear plastic terminal block in the junction box Be sure to note their position for later re installation An alternative is to remove the junction box from the alternator base by removing 10 the two bolts on the bracket Then undo the four allen head bolts that attach the generator to the finned aluminum base using the allen wrench supplied with the LH1000 The four bolts are located under the generator base and thread upward into the generator Next unscrew the polyurethane nose cone from the base of the unit located inside the guide vane assembly at the end of the shaft in a counter clockwise or right hand direction Proceed to remove the propeller by removing the inch 19mm brass nut then the washer and finally slide the propeller from the shaft Now the generator and shaft assembly may be pulled up and out of the generator base and shaft housing The shaft may now be unscrewed so as to remove the long turbine shaft from the generator shaft The finned alternator base can be removed from the shaft housing by unscrewing it The shaft housing can also be unscrewed from the guide vane base The aluminum guide vane base is attached to the polyurethane guide vane assembly with four 1 4 20 allen head bolts that may be removed
208. tion A standard three phase induction motor with capacitors for excitation makes possible a simple inexpensive generator These are very reliable brushless and can operate with high efficiency When they are used with a tuneable converter a very effective system is possible Optimization of the power output would otherwise require the use of transformers with multiple output taps or changing capacitor values Which of these possible solutions should one use in practice Three recent hydro installations have adopted different solutions related to the needs of the application At a site in New York state hydro generators using about 20 litres s from a 5 m head generate power at a nominal 240 V and 200 W The power is transmitted to one site is 800 m away and a second 2 km away At both sites the power is stepped down using standard transformers and rectified for 12 V batteries At a site in Arizona a 3 m head uses about 15 litres s and produces 130 W from the only surface water on a 200 square mile ranch Two houses are supplied on a priority system The first is only 50 m away and uses a solid state converter once the batteries are fully charged the converter starts to reject the power The generator voltage then rises from its nominal 40 V and the converter at the second house about 200 m away starts working and delivering power to the batteries there At an installation in New Brunswick Canada a flow of about 2 litres s comes down
209. to check for rubbing and make sure you can always fit a business card in the space between the rotor and stator Remove the pin from the rotor edge before starting the machine www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com manual2 manual_pg7 htm 2 of 2 9 28 2003 7 16 01 PM The LH 1000 Low Head Propeller Turbine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual DISASSEMBLY 8 SERVICE In order to remove the generator you must first remove the wiring from the terminals on the clear plastic terminal block in the junction box Be sure to note their position for later re installation An alternative is to remove the junction box from the alternator base by removing the two bolts on the bracket Then undo the four allen head bolts that attach the generator to the finned aluminum base using the allen wrench supplied with the LH1000 The four bolts are located under the generator base and thread upward into the generator Next unscrew the polyurethane nose cone from the base of the unit located inside the guide vane assembly at the end of the shaft in a counter clockwise or right hand direction Proceed to remove the propeller by removing the 34 inch 19mm brass nut then the washer and finally slide the rre propeller from the shaft Now the generator and shaft assembly may be pulled up and out of the generator base and shaft housing The shaft may now be unscrewed so as to remove the long turbine shaft fro
210. to the average demand and stored in batteries Batteries can supply power as needed at levels much higher than that generated and during times of low demand the excess can be stored If enough energy is available from the water an AC direct system can generate power as alternating current AC This system typically requires a much higher power level than the battery based system Battery Based Systems Most home power systems are battery based They require far less water than AC systems and are usually less expensive Because the energy is stored in batteries the generator can be shut down for servicing without interrupting the power delivered to the loads Since only the average load needs to be generated in this type of system the pipeline turbine generator and other components can be much smaller than those in an AC system http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff1 htm 2 of 7 9 28 2003 7 16 23 Micro Hydro Power in the Nineties Very reliable inverters are available to convert DC battery power into AC output 120 volt 60 Hz These are used to power most or all home appliances This makes it possible to have a system that is nearly indistinguishable from a house using utility power The input voltage to the batteries in a battery based system commonly ranges from 12 to 48 Volts DC If the transmission distance is not great then 12 Volts is often high enough A 24 Volt system is used if the power level or transmiss
211. tput can easily be varied by alternating field current A rheostat is a simple way to do this and in this way output is easily optimized EXCITATION IS WHAT AN INDUCTION GENERATOR IS ABOUT You can use most motors as generators to produce electric power A standard induction motor can also be used this way These motors consist of stationary coils of wire that carry the current to operate them wound through slots in steel laminations The rotor consists of steel laminations with aluminum conductors usually cast into slots in the steel These are called squirrel cage rotors When alternating current is applied to the stator coils a rapidly http www microhydropower com staffpubs staff4 htm 1 of 3 9 28 2003 7 16 27 PM Induction Generation an exciting possibility changing magnetic field 1 produced Once such a machine 1 running there is always a speed difference between the rotor and changing field in the stationary coils This difference 1 called slip This difference in speed INDUCES an electric current in the rotor and as a result a magnetic field It is this field in the rotor that now causes it to follow the direction of the field in the stator For quite some time it has been recognized that if shaft power were applied to an induction motor already running it would operate as a generator and push electricity back into the source used to operate it For this to occur our motor must now be running slightly faster tha
212. uando se necesite por las baterias las cuales guardan la energia durante periodos de poco consumo para uso en periodos donde el consumo excede la taza de generacion Los aparatos electricos pueden ser directamente operados desde las baterias o alternando la energia CA a 120 Voltios por medio de un invertidor que convierte la energia DC a AC Los lugares pueden variar asi que considere cuidadosamente la corriente y la cabeza cuando escoja el suyo Recuerde maxima cabeza puede ser alcanzaba con poner la Stream Engine o Central de Arroyo a la elevacion mas baja posible pero si va demasiado bajo puede causar que la maquina se sumerja o que se la lleve la corriente MEDIDA DE CABEZA O DIRECCION La cabeza puede ser medida usando varias tecnicas Una manguera de jardin o una tubo puede ser sumergido con una punta corriente arriba y la otra corriente abajo Asegure la punta que esta dirigida hacia la corriente de arriba con rocas o pida a un asistente que la sostenga el agua debe salir por la punta de abajo especialmente si la tuberia es pre llenada Una vez el agua esta fluyendo levante la punta de la corriente de abajo hasta que se detenga Haga esto despacio ya que el agua tiende a oscilar Cuando la corriente ha estabilizado mida la distancia cocida al nivel del agua en el arroyo con una cinta metrica Esto le dara una medida muy acertada de esta seccion del arroyo Marque el area y luego repita el procedimiento hasta que la entera distancia
213. uishable from commercial power The AC direct system usually requires far more power to be generated than in a battery scheme This may be the most important factor in determining the system type at any given site As an example when a refrigerator drawing running power of 200 W starts there is a surge of less than a second during which it may require up to 1500 W If this power is not available beyond the other loads operating coincidentally the system voltage will drop to the point of failure AC direct systems for these reasons seldom have a capacity of less than 2 kW This contrasts with battery systems which typically require generator outputs of around 300 W in order to meet the needs of standard household electrical loads excluding heat Exceptions to this are some residents who use AC direct induction systems to produce only a few hundred watts to meet their needs for lighting and small electrical appliances mention was made of a system of this sort in the September 1998 issue of Renewable Energy World Long Distance Power Transmission for Renewable Energy Systems p 72 Note that if power on this scale was used to charge batteries then far more substantial loads could be sustained The big advantage to the large output AC direct systems is that they meet the need for appliances and lighting while the excess power is usually sufficient to meet all the hot water needs and most if not all of the space heating requirements If th
214. um can withstand complete discharge with no ill effects Batteries Inverters A battery bank does not enable users to live with all of the conveniences of modern living as most appliances use high voltage AC alternating current while batteries can supply only DC direct current Inverters are used to convert DC into AC so that stored battery power may be used as needed by appliances and other loads Modern inverters are available in almost every size from small recreational to industrial types and are designed for user friendliness durability and reliability Charge Controllers When the load demand is less than the generator output power is available to charge the batteries When the batteries are charged to capacity the power is diverted to a secondary load like a hot water heater The diversion of the generated power is accomplished by using a charge controller Many types are available to perform this function www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com balance htm 9 28 2003 7 15 25 PM Components Innovative Micro Llydro Systems Since 1980 Turgo This rugged bronze turbine wheel is adaptable to a wide range of sites from 2 metres 6 feet of head and up This wheel can handle large flows though it has only a 10 centimetre 4 inch pitch diameter The turgo wheel fits a Ford or Delco alternator with a 17mm shaft and a 1 25mm thread pitch 20 tpi Its approximate weight is 2 5 kg 5 5 lbs and
215. um voltage and in a sense trade voltage for current thus charging batteries at their voltage Easily Retrofitted An LCB can easily be retrofitted to a hydro site If you have a PM generator or In some cases an induction machine you may benefit With a PM generator if the no load voltage exceeds twice the battery voltage a performance increase is possible The installation of the LCB is very simple It should be installed according to instructions as if it were operating in a PV system see the figure below PERMANENT y MAGNET 12 MYDRO STORAGE GENERATOR BATTERY The LCB should be mounted neat the battery bank Then it can simply be adjusted for maximum output current This is a nonstandard use of the LCB and you are advised to use an LCB with twice the current rating of the PM generator The Proof of the Pudding At the 15 foot head site the no load voltage was around 47 VDC This meant that the correct voltage under load should be about 23 Volts By using a variable resistance determined that the maximum power point was to 22 1 VDC and 2 1 Amperes giving 46 4 Watts Connecting the generator directly to a 12 VDC battery produced 3 0 Amperes and 12 5 VDC or 37 5 Watts This is about 8196 of the maximum that was produced at 22 VDC Using the LCB in the circuit produced an output of 3 6 Amperes at 12 6 VDC giving 45 4 Watts This means the efficiency of the whole system with the LCB is around 98 It is importa
216. unningham Kent Mc Nell ly Bor 4557 Susser NB E4E 517 Canada Tel 506 433 3151 Far 506 4336151 BUSCAN DISTRIBUIDORES 13 Dealer Information Form Aplicacion para Distribuidor Autorizado Nombre Legal de la Compa ia Limitada Asociacion Propietario unico Fecha de Incorporacion Es usted fabricante Silo es que fabrica Impuesto sobre el Valor Agregado Requiere orden de compra 51 Nombre del Comprador Telefono email Encargado de Cuentas a pagar Telefono Email Nombre del Recibidor Telefono Email Direccion Postal Calle Ciudad Provincia Codigo Postal Pais Telefono Facsimil Email Direccion fisica si es diferente a la Postal Calle Ciudad Provincia Codigo Postal Pais Telefono Facsimil Email Metodo del Envio Por favor marque su preferencia Servicio Estandard de ES amp D Su propia cuenta de envios Provea la informacion de su cuenta de envio abajo Su Firma Fecha Nombre Letra de molde Titulo Esta forma no es una aplicacion de credito Todas las ordenes internacionales necesita ser pagada por adelantado Introduction Lu DEAE 2 J 2 EA Tan o a IAE ORS jd Ls Lived sS ERIS eS EN zz i rye ey m ramiro porten 111 http www microhydropower com in 28 2003 7 15 17 PM Energy Systems amp D esign Innovative Re
217. ura que tapa la boquilla Las boquillas pueden ser intaladas o cambiadas removiendolas o desatornillandolas de los cuatro tornillos usando un cangrejo de 7 16 El uso de una tuberia flexible hace mas facil el removimiento de la plomeria de la boquilla page 6 La caparazon de la turbina puede ser montada en dos tablas para suspenderlo arriba de la corriente Se recomienda tener la Stream Engine en una peque a caparazon o bajo alguna cubierta para mantenerla seca y proveer un espacio equipo extra El montado de la maquina en concreto tambien es posible Tambien puede provar temporalmente hacer el montado de madera de primero si lo desea La apertura bajo la caparazon para atrapar el agua debe ser al menos del tama o de la caparazon de la turbina y preferiblemente un poquito mas grande Asegurese que el canal de salida provee suficiente flujo para laa salida del agua La entrada de la caparazon es 9 1 2 cuadradas los agujeros de los tornillos son una 11 cuadrada y la caparazon es 12 cuadradas En climas frios sera necesario construir una trampa en la salida Esto previene que el aire de afuera entre en la caparazon y que cause congelamiento BATTERIAS INVERTIDORES Y CONTROLADORES Sistema de Voltage Un peque o sistema con una peque a distancia de transmision se dise ada usualmente a operar a 12 Voltios Grandes sitemas pueden ser de 12 Voltios pero si alta energia es deseada o la distancia de transmision es larga entonces
218. using the provided wrench and a 7 16 11mm wrench Replace bearings as soon as you notice any looseness and check the air gap thickness for any change If they are too loose severe damage to both the rotor and the stator can result This machine uses three 6203 ball bearings with rubber seals in the generator and has a water lubricated bearing located in the guide vane base These are a slip fit into the alternator housing and the guide vane base WIRING DIAGRAMS These diagrams represent the four possible combinations of output wiring They are in order of potential If you find your air gap adjustment to be at a minimum and wish to try for more power then try using the next higher combination If you find the air gap is very large try the next lower one Note that there is only a small change in potential between 72 to 3 11 Negative Out 1 Parallel Delta O 2 Positive Lead Out ma 2 Empty Empty e e V 7 Xe Xe Green 1 Blue 1 Green 3 Blue 3 Red 2 Green 2 Red 4 Green 4 e Empty Negative Out 3 Series Delta QO 2 Positive Lead Out O 2 Green 2 Blue 2 Red 2 Green3 Blue 3 Red 3 e e e A YA i ay e e Green 1 Blue 1 Red 1 Red4 Green4 Blue 4 Negative Out 2 Parallel Y a O 2 Positive Lead Out na 2 Empty Empty Empty A sw ve Green 1 Blue 1 1 Green 3 Blue3 Red3 Green 2 Red2 Green 4 Blue 4 Red 4 Negative Out 4 Series Y O 2 Positive Lead Out O
219. w drivers wire strippers and miscellany There is not room to include the complete list of the tools necessary but the ones listed above are essential It is wise to over pack rather than under pack keeping in mind that its better to not need a tool and have it than vice versa On site Feeling as though we were prepared and familiar enough with the site we set out to Earthaven to undertake the installation The community was a collection of 35 or so members who had carved a niche in the beautiful southern Appalachians They lived in everything from straw bale and wood frame houses to a collection of tents tarpaulins and yurts which housed the semipermanent members and the newly arrived Paul and were glad to discover that we were to be lodged in a beautiful wood frame cottage with a lovely deck overlooking the stream and a small garden plot that accompanied the dwelling It was a beautiful home base from which we would operate for most of the next week As soon as we settled in a preliminary survey was in order and we set off into the lush North Carolina forest The community had constructed the supporting infrastructure for their micro hydro system at the tailrace of their pipeline and to our surprise we found they had constructed a small wood frame outbuilding of scrap wood they had milled themselves which was to house the electrical components along with a cinder block battery storage compartment with a separate turbine co
220. wo batteries in series to give the 12vdc system voltage we have chosen This would give 1400 amp hrs at 12vdc capacity which is about two days storage An inverter and charge controller are usually used in the system The diagram for such a system would look like this Battery Bank Shunt Loads For the machine to produce the highest output the rotor height should be adjusted so as to match the magnetic power of the rotor to the power of the waterway at the site Since each site varies from the next it is important to adjust the rotor for maximum output at your site This involves raising and lowering the rotor to change or adjust the magnetic flux level until the optimum level is found OUTPUT ADJUSTMENT After the machine is installed perform a trial operation to establish a power output level This can be determined using a digital multimeter plugged into the output jacks in the precision shunt found in the junction box It is recommended to keep a logbook to note any output changes in relation to settings and to monitor long term performance After everything is installed start the LH1000 by opening the water source Operate it long enough for the output level to stabilize and note the current or voltage Then shut off the water The LH1000 comes with the rotor the chrome plate set very close to the stator the stationary black body of the generator To increase this distance and reduce the magnetic flux level you first mus
221. y to match the r output of the turbine with that of the generator After the machine is installed perform an initial run to establish a power output level This can be determined using an ammeter to measure current or a digital meter to measure voltage A good idea is to keep a logbook to note any output changes in relation to settings After everything is hooked up start the machine by opening the stop valve Run it long enough for the output level to stabilize and note the current or voltage Then shut the stop valve The machine comes with the rotor set very close to the stator the stationary part of the machine To increase this distance and reduce the magnetic flux level you must turn the larger bolt 3 4 head on the top of the rotor while holding it stationary This is done by inserting the 1 4 pin supplied in one of the holes in the edge of the rotor Then the smaller 7 16 head bolt is loosened Now you can turn the larger bolt which will force the rotor up Each full turn of the bolt will move the rotor vertically 0 050 or 1 25 mm If raising the rotor causes the current or the voltage to increase then continue to do so until there is no longer an increase If a point is reached where a decrease occurs then the rotor should be lowered This is done by loosening the larger bolt and then tightening the smaller one Turning the smaller bolt causes the rotor to move vertically the same distance per turn as the larger bolt does
222. y voltage to regular 120 VAC power This has been made feasible with the advent of reliable high power inverters Thousands of home power systems are in operation with only AC loads Sizing Battery Capacity A typical hydro system should have about two days of battery storage capacity This will generally keep lead acid cells operating in the middle of their charge range where they are the most efficient and long lived Alkaline batteries like the nickel iron and the nickel cadmium types can have a lower capacity since they can be more fully discharged without harm Batteries should be located outside of living space or adequate ventilation should be provided as a rising charge level tends to produce both hydrogen gas and corrosive fumes Also the water consumption increases distilled water should be used to maintain the water level Charge Control A hydro system requires that a load be present so that the power has somewhere to go Otherwise system voltage can rise to very high levels This situation provides an opportunity to do something with the excess power a dump load can be used for water heating As the batteries become fully charged their voltage rises At some point the charging process should stop and the power be diverted to the dump load there is a fair bit of guesswork involved here The voltage set point should be about 13 5 to 14 5 for a 12 volt system depending on the charge rate The higher the charge rate the higher
223. ydropower com manual1 manual_pg4 htm 2 of 3 9 28 2003 7 15 34 PM ropower com manual1 manual_pg4 htm 3 of 3 9 28 2003 7 15 34 PM Manual 1 MANLAL The Stream Engine Personal Hydropower Owner s Manual Table of Contents Introduction Site Evaluation Head Measurement Flow Measurement Intake Pipeline amp Tailrace Wiring 8 Load Center Output Adjustment Service and Assembly Wiring Diagrams The New Universal Nozzle New Current Measurement Technique BATTERIES INVERTERS amp CONTROLLERS System Voltage A small system with a short transmission distance is usually designed to operate at 12 volts Larger systems can also be 12 volts but if higher power is desired of the transmission distance is long then a system of 24 volts or higher may be preferable This is especially true if all loads are inverter powered In a 12 volt system operating at a low power level it may be advantageous to operate all loads directly from batteries Many 12 volt appliances and small inverters are available In 24 volt systems it may also be preferable to operate the loads directly although not as many appliances are available In higher power systems it is usually better to use an inverter to convert battery voltage to regular 120 VAC power This has been made feasible with the advent of reliable high power inverters Thousands of home power systems are in operation with only AC loads Sizing Battery Capacity A typical hydro
224. zzle where it accelerates strikes the turbine wheel and turns the generator shaft Up to 4 nozzles can be installed on one machine The LH1000 operates at heads up to 3 metres 10 feet The water passes through a guide vane assembly and then turns the propeller which is connected to the generator then exits through a draft tube which is a tapered pipe which is immersed in the tailwater Typically these systems operate at 12 24 or 48 volts with reconnectable wiring which allows the user to install a standard Stream Engine at most sites Custom windings are also available which can produce high voltage 120 240 at any site Stream Engine Bottom View www microhydropower com http www microhydropower com howitworks htm 9 28 2003 7 15 21 PM Power Output and Site Assessment Innovative Micre Llydre Systems Since 1980 To determine the power available at a site head and flow measurements must be taken Flow is the rate at which water moves measured in liters per minute or gallons per minute gpm This can be measured by channeling the water into a pipeline then into a container of a known volume noting the time it takes to do so Head can be measured by using a transit by siting along a level or by using a pressure gauge at the end of the pipeline It is important to keep in mind that output can only be accurately determined if head and flow measurements are made correctly so care should be taken during this

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