Home

View full document [PDF 2.57 MB]

1. LANDSCAPES Alluvial valley landscape ji Slope landscape ENVIRONMENTS Closed depression landscape Forested steppe with Acacia raddiana sand deposits Crops palm groves Medium to coarse reg on slow slope Sandy to silty steppe Silty deposits without vegetation Cornice coarse screes Soil slaking salt efflorescence Fine reg on slow slope Sandy to silty thalweg with shrubby vegetation Coarse screes Fine and silty reg on slow slope Rocky thalweg with shrubby vegetation Medium to coarse reg on slope 490000 500000 510000 520000 Projection Lambert conform conic Southern Maroc 0 5 10 km Datum Merchich Ellipsoide Clarke 1880 IGN 9 QE Cartography from two Aster images 15m Vis PIR Take date 18 08 2001 J Baudat Mast re SILAT IRD ROSELT OSS octobre 2003 00007 00009 0000S 0000v ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 21 4 2 Methodological tools and bases 4 2 1 The methodological Guidebook Soon after the inception of activities in the various pilot observatories relevant methodologies of data collection and processing were applied by the national teams entrusted with the programme It then proved useful on the one hand to capitalise this know how and on the other hand to harmonise the methodologies within the network in order to allow monitoring of the long term evolution of the environmental parameters re
2. die 9 9 v att Mo ENO 4 ROS ELT c aS E f e 4 Ecologia A COMMON DEVICE FOR THE MONITORING OF DESERTIFICATION IN CIRCUM SAHARAN AFRICA OSS LONG TERM ECOLOGICAL MONITORING OBSERVATORIES NETWORK ROSELT OSS A COMMON DEVICE FOR THE MONITORING OF DESERTIFICATION IN CIRCUM SAHARAN AFRICA ACHIEVEMENTS AND RESTROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW edition MARCH 2004 Sahara And Sahel Observatory 2004 Sahara And Sahel Observatory OSS ISBN 9773 856 08 2 Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel Boulevard de l Environnement BP 31 Tunis Cedex Tunisie Tel 216 71 806 522 Fax 216 71 807 310 E mail boc oss org tn URL www unesco org oss ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS jii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS After 10 years of life of the network a special tribute 1s due to Mr Gilbert LONG Honorary Research Director at CNRS National Scientific Research Centre former President of the MAB France Committee and President of the Scientific and Technical Committee STC of ROSELIVOSS Long Term Ecological Monitoring Observatories Network Sahara and Sahel Observatory for the unfailing support he has generously provided to OSS throughout these years and for making his experience available to OSS particularly by laying the conceptual bases for the design of the network and then directing the ROSELIVOSS programme through to its operational Implementation As early as 1994 the OSS Executive Secretariat was
3. Bou Hedma Tunisia Final Scientific Report IRA M denine May 2003 ROSELT OSS DREF 2003 Rapport scientifique de l Observatoire ROSELT OSS de Oued Mird Scientific Report of the ROSELT OSS Observatory of Oued Mird DREF Rabat May 2003 ROSELT OSS University of Alexandria 2002 First Phase Final Scientific Report ROSELT OSS Observatory of El Omayed Egypt University of Alexandria November 2002 ROSELT OSS IER ISFRA 1998 Observatoire ROSELT OSS de Bourem Mali Monographie fonci re du village de Tossaye Etude de la dynamique fonci re dans le cercle de Bourem tude de cas du village de Tossaye ROSELT OSS Observatory of Bourem Mali Monograph on Land Tenure of the Village of Tossaye Study on the Land Tenure Dynamics in the Cercle de Bourem Case Study on the Village of Tossaye Edition IARE publication PZA January 1998 43 p BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES 47 ROSELT OSS IER ISFRA 1998 Observatoire ROSELT de Bourem Mali Monographie fonci re du village de Magnadoue Etude de la dynamique fonciere dans le cercle de Gao etude de cas du village de Magnadoue ROSELT Observatory of Bourem Monograph on Land Tenure of the Village of Magnadou Study on the Land Tenure Dynamics in the Cercle de Gao Case Study on the Village of Magnadou January 1998 Edition IARE publication PZA 37 p ROSELT OSS IER IARE 1998 Etude pr alable la cr ation d un r seau National de Sur
4. Sixth Conference International Exhibition GIS in Africa 4 8 November 2003 Dakar Senegal Regional forum Rural Land Tenure and Sustainable Development in the Sahel and in West Africa 17 21 November 2003 Bamako Mali In addition to that the main activities of the network and the main documents conceptual documents proceedings of the Launch Workshop of the second operational phase reports on sub regional workshops are regularly updated via the OSS web site http www unesco org oss v fr programmes html Further more detailed information particularly on the products may be directly obtained from the ROSELT OSS programme web site in French and in English http www roselt oss teledetection CoP Conference of the Parties M PAN LCD National Action Plan to Combat Desertification ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 40 Figure n 19 Home page of the ROSELT OSS web site The recent set up of a discussion forum on Information Systems ISs in the ROSELT OSS network is a laudable initiative favouring exchanges between the various network members officials in charge of the information systems scientific coordinators national coordinators This initiative will be further encouraged by the set up of new ROSELT OSS forums relating to the other topics studied in the network ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 41 7 CONCLUSIONS The ROSELT OSS programme is a complex
5. scccsscsseccecersecscuscnseccescrsensecsssencesserscanecersascnsenneces 21 4 2 1 THE METHODOLOGICAL GUIDEBOOK ccsssssscesscssccccssccnsccnssusssnsssuaesenssesesssccsscnsscussseenses 21 4 2 2 THE CONCEPTUAL AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS eee seen nennen nne nh 22 4 2 3 THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL REPORTS ee eeennee nennen nnn nne sana hes h enun ne sana unas 23 4 2 4 THEEEIS ROSELETIOSOS unte xen eaux ta 24 42 5 METADATA BASE i ev a a fdata 25 4 2 6 THE CHARTER ON TO THE MANAGEMENT AND DISSEMINATION OF DATA AND PRODUCTS 25 4 3 METHODOLOGICAL BASES AND TRAINING seen enne nnne nnn nh nnn sana unas 26 THE INDICATOR S scene ane a o ces ra uno I M CUTE 27 4 4 1 INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES AND DESERTIFICATION ON THE LOCAL SCALE 27 4 4 2 SYNTHETIC INDICATOR ON REGIONAL SCALE 4 e nennen 32 4 4 3 PROSPECTIVE SIMULATIONS AND DESERTIFICATION RISK 33 5 INTEGRATION OF ROSELT OSS IN THE NAP CCD NATIONAL ACTION PROGRAMME TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION AND USE OF ITS PRODUCTS BY THE NETWORK MEMBER COUNTRIES 37 6 COMMUNICATION AND DISSEMINATION OF ROSELT OSS PRODUCTS 39 roues egre cr Ern 41 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES e A 45 CONT
6. ROSELT OSS Observatory of c Banizoumbou Niger o The metadata base 4 Coordinates UTM Million m Villages o Charter on the management and 7 dissemination of data and products x oe Li a within ROSELT OSS NN EE 0 10 voi if 7 110 17 Very Low _ 23 117 34 Medium o indicators at local and regional 5 pt sena b levels l d r 0 17 Verv Low 17 34 Low E BEN 54 56 Medium o prospective simulations and i gt EX a desertification risk index maps B 4 SYNTHESIS IX The relevance of the concept of ecological monitoring and of the products developed by the network have persuaded a large number of the countries involved in the network as to the need to boost the development of environmental monitoring on the level of the countries Indeed the ROSELI OSS has already been integrated in the NAP CCD of several countries Algeria Mal Morocco Niger Tunisia and is in process of integration in the NAP CCD of Egyot and of Kenya The ROSELTI OSS methodologies are adapted and replicated in the framework of implementation of the national environmental monitoring devices Niger Mal which are either based on or which integrate environmental monitoring observatories such as the ROSELIVOSS observatories Besides Morocco and Tunisia have undertaken to conduct two studies in order to assess the sta
7. ROSELT OSS network was developed for purposes of being circulated to the ROSELT OSS national representatives for appropriation and harmonised use The preliminary results presented above formed the subject of an exhibition of posters during the 4 Session of the OSS Executive Board in Bonn March 2003 as well as of a presentation during the Launch Workshop of the project relating to the set up of a ROSELT national environmental monitoring device in Niger in April 2003 Finally the ROSELT OSS programme and related methodologies LEIS ROSELT OSS in particular have formed the subject of several presentations on the occasion of scientific and technical gatherings Workshop on UNCCD indicators November 1998 Marrakech Morocco International symposium entitled Planetary Garden Jardin Planetaire First International Symposium on Sustainable Ecosystem Management March 1999 Chambery France International workshop on fallow in West Africa April 1999 Dakar Senegal Workshop on OSS CCD indicators October 1999 Paris France International symposium on Environment and Population in the Mediterranean MEDENPOP October 2000 Djerba Tunisia FAO colloquium Land Degradation Assessment in Drvlands LADA November 2002 Rome Italv International seminar on Information Systems March 2003 Orleans France International seminar Changes in the Sahel October 2003 Nairobi Kenya AfricasGIS 2003
8. constitute the major pillars of the monitoring evaluation of the Accordingly the OSS does not spare any effort to clarify and further the debate on the concept of monitoring evaluation and to make visible the contribution of the ROSELIVOSS in the implementation of develooment and environmental protection programmes The products that help in decision making which are gradually developed in the framework of the ROSELI OSS programme will be made available to the NAP CCD Monitoring Evaluation Systems that are gradually set up particularly in Tunisia and in Morocco in the context of the implementation of the conventions on combating desertification and on biological diversity Un the international and European level the ROSELTI OSS now emerges as an indispensable African network in the field of ecological monitoring The North South scientific rooting of the network has been considerably strengthened particularly thanks to the set up of a ROSELI OSS specific Desertification Service Unit within the Research Institute for Development RD formerly ORSTOM Such as recommended by the CCD and designed by the OSS and its partners The CILSS UMA and 7 African pilot countries which have been joined by GRULAC and China in the framework of a working group that was set up following a recommendation by the CoP4 taI IL SYNTHESIS Xi and to the involvement of the ROSEL TOSS programme in the draft applications eligible to the E
9. la Technologie Revised edition Rev 1 by IARE G Long in July 1996 ROSELT OSS CNRF 1996 Etude de la biodiversit dans le site d int r t biologique et cologique de l Oued Mird Study of Biodiversity in the Biological and Ecological Interest Site of Oued Mird By H By Kerrouani M Yassin M Marraha A Aafi M Haddan S Rachdi Centre National de la Recherche Foresti re Royaume du Maroc Minist re de l Agriculture et de la Mise en Valeur Agricole Administration des eaux et For ts et de la Conservation des Sols Revised edition Rev 2 by IARE G Long in October 1996 ROSELT OSS University of Alexandria Desert Research Center 1996 First Phase Final Report on the Work Programme of El Omayed Observatory as Related to Establishment of a Long Term Biodiversity Monitoring System By M S Abdelrazik R El Ghareeb 5 2 Heneidy L M Bedak A M Fakhry University of Alexandria S A Ghafour S El Azab o Hendawi A A Lateif Desert Research Center Revised edition Rev 2 by IARE G Long in September 1996 ROSELT OSS IER 1996 Observatoire ROSELT de Bourem cartographie d occupation des terres de la zone test de Bourem ROSELT Observatory of Bourem Land Use Cartography of the Test Zone of Bourem By A Y Maiga Y Diakeit M Semou bibliographic references annexes map 45 p ROSELT OSS ISFRA IARE 1995 Typologie fonci re des cercles de Gao et Bourem Mali Land Tenure Typology of th
10. MONITORING Following the intense and recurrent droughts that had prevailed in sub Saharan Africa in the mid 7960s political awareness and the mobilisation of the scientific community toward checking the desertification processes and mitigating drought effects have brought about the need to monitor and evaluate the natural resources in order to ensure their sustainable management This has led to conducting several studies and research works on droughts and aridity as well as on their ecological Implications soil degradation desertification and socio economic impacts migration rural exodus pauperisation his period was characterised by the adoption of the action plan to combat desertification which was developed during the United Nations Conference on Desertification Nairobi Kenja August September 1977 and the coming into force of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification CCD This convention a strategy in its own right strongly emphasises the develooment of scientific and technical cooperation among the relevant institutions at national sub regional regional and international level In this regard the establishment of the Sahara and Sahel Observatory OSS in 1992 has favoured the emergence of a new North South South partnership and solidarity spirit as well as the development of new synergies between the various partners thus allowing the capitalisation of acquired knowledge and experience the harmonisation of
11. ambitious and exacting programme but a necessary one e it is complex since it sets to study phenomena that are themselves multi dimensional and highly complex The purpose is in fact to analyse the state and dynamics of ecological systems of land use systems and of social systems as well as the interactions that exist between these various systems including their causes and their effects e it is ambitious since it seeks to bring concrete and practical answers to issues of development and of environmental protection in areas that are characterised by the rigorous character of their climate the scarcity of their resources as well as by the human pressure exerted upon such resources It has in sum to meet the expectations of the populations and above all those of the decision makers who see to the protection of the vulnerable environments of the circum Saharan zone e it is exacting since it involves several scientific specialities team work within multi disciplinary and inter disciplinary groups calling upon the contribution not only of researchers but also of planners developers and development officials in general including the populations concerned and this within the framework of a participatory approach that needs to take into consideration at once the ecological socio economic and cultural conditions However the lack of synergy between national institutions has often proved to be a hindrance to a proper progress of the pro
12. d enqu tes ROSELT OSS Observatory of Bourem Mali Socio economic Study on the Use of Natural Resources and on Land Use in Arid Zone in Mali Examination of Survey Questionnaires Publication PZA by Mahalmoudou Hamadoun August 1997 66 p ROSELT OSS CNRF 1997 Synth se de valorisation des donn es acquises dans le site d int r t biologique et cologique de Oued Mird 4 carte d occupation des terres Valuation BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES 48 Synthesis of the Data Acquired at the Biological and Ecological Interest Site of Oued Mird Land Cover Map 15 p ROSELT OSS IER 1997 Cartographie de l occupation des terres de la zone de Bamba Cartography of Land Cover in the Zone of Bamba Edition IARE publication PZA December 1997 land use map 23 p ROSELT OSS IER 1997 Cartographie de l occupation des terres de la zone de Bourem Cartography of Land Cover in the Zone of Bourem Edition PZA publication IARE carte d occupation des terres 1 50000 July 1997 29 p ROSELT OSS Medenine 1996 Caract risation des ressources naturelles et des populations de la zone du Parc de Haddej Tunisie Characterisation of Natural Resources and Populations of the Zone of the of Haddej Tunisia By Noureddine Akrimi Mohamed Sgha er Zaafouri Abderrazek Romdhane Habib Jeder Institut des R gions M denine R publique Tunisienne Premier Minist re Secr tariat d Etat la Recherche Scientifique et
13. developed by the countries the calculation of the mean cover of the total natural vegetation woody plants and herbaceous species was carried out over the whole territory and for each cartographic unit as defined on the field and using satellite images These mean covers were then related to vegetation classes in order to allow comparison between the various observatories e The second phase consists in comparing the previously defined state indicators mean covers with the climatic data rainfall and with the parameters relating to human activities for instance the pastoral load Thus one can notice a positive correlation between rainfall and the plant cover which is weighted by the pastoral load This means that the less the rainfall the more the plant cover decreases The plant cover decreases all the more as the pastoral load increases The details of the methodology used are given in the Master s dissertation of G Damman Damman 2002 This dissertation is under print as a ROSELT OSS Technical Contribution Cf ROSELT OSS 2004 Technical Contribution 9 4 4 3 Prospective simulations and desertification risk index An approach by module of space and resources use and balances of resources spatialised uses has been developed under the LEIS ROSELT OSS A varied use of the space and of the resources is the rule in most circum Saharan arid and semi arid zones In order to analyse the state and the evolution of the Referen
14. information that help in decision making Concrete results have thus been achieved in the past 4 years The tools data and metadata bases Local Environment Information Systems LEIS and products developed by the network already contribute In the harmonisation of the data collection and processing methods methodological guidebooks o the development of a diagnosis of the state of desertification in the circum Saharan zones of the OSS region o the definition of a specific minimum data set for each observatory and the minimum set of data common to the network which need to be collected at lower cost with a view to developing specific and necessary indicators on the local and regional levels The dynamics that has developed within the network the appropriation of the ROSELI OSS methodologies and of long term environmental monitoring by the national institutions the drafting of a charter on the management and dissemination of data within the network and the gradual Implementation of computer tools constitute a major step toward the strengthening of the network and its integration within the national environmental monitoring devices The ROSELIVOSS programme constitutes an additional asset for Africam countries and for the sub regional and regional institutions in combating desertification and in mitigating drought effects and in particular as a key component of the national environmental monitoring devices which themselves
15. o metadata base Charter on the management and dissemination of data and products within ROSEL TOSS o ndicators at local and regional levels o Prospective simulations and desertification risk index maps The products are proposed in more detail in 4 ROSEL 1055 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COLLECTION SCIENTIFIC DOCUMENTS ROSELIVOSS 1995 Document Scientifique 7 Conception organisation et mise en oeuvre ROSELT Collection ROSEL 7 0555 premi re parution en 1995 nouvelle dition 2004 ROSEL 12255 1995 Scientific Document 1 Conceptual organizational and operational framework of ROSEL 12255 Collection ROSEL 7 1255 first edition in 1995 new edition 2004 ROSEL 7 0255 2004 Document Scientifique 2 7 2755 Organisation Fonctionnement et M thodes de ROSELT OSS dition 2001 r vis e 2004 ROSELIVOSS 2004 Scientific Document 2 ROSELIVOSS Organisation Uperation and Methods Edition 2001 revised in 2004 ROSEL TOSS 2004 Document Scientifique 7 Concepts et m thodes du SIEL ROSELT Systeme d Information sur l Environnement Echelle Locale ROSEL TOSS 2004 Scientific document 3 Concepts and methods of ROSELT LEIS Local Environment information System ROSELIVOSS 2004 Document Scientifique 4 Indicateurs cologiques ROSELIVOSS Une premi re approche m thodologique pour la surveillance la biodiversit et des changements environnementaux Scientific Document 4 ROSE
16. on the ROSELT OSS Methodological Guidebooks in Africa North of the Sahara 14 25 October 2002 Montpellier France ROSELT OSS 2001 Atelier sous r gional Afrique du Nord ROSELT OSS Vers l harmonisation des m thodes de surveillance protocole d chantillonnage et de r colte adapt au suivi de la d sertification Ouarzazate Maroc 7 10 November 2001 ROSELT OSS 2001 Sub Regional Workshop North Africa ROSELT OSS Toward Harmonization of Monitoring Methodologies Sampling Protocol and Data Collection Adapted to the Monitoring of Desertification Ouarzazate Morocco 7 to 10 November 2001 ROSELT OSS 2001 Acte de l atelier de lancement de la seconde phase op rationnelle de ROSELT Bamako juin 2000 septembre 2001 ROSELT OSS 2001 Proceedings of launch workshop for the ROSELT OSS second operational phase Bamako June 2000 September 2001 Posters and brochures ROSELT OSS 1 Contribution la mise en oeuvre de la convention de lutte contre la d sertification Contribution to the Implementation of the Convention to Combat Desertification 2 Etudes des interactions Espaces ressources usages un Syst me d information sur l environnement ROSELT OSS Studies of Spaces Resources Uses Interactions A ROSELT OSS Environmental Information System October 2001 oth Conference of the Parties Geneva Switzerland 3 Indicateurs de d sertification labor s dans les observatoires ROSELT OSS Mars 2003 4 Cons
17. the Dissemination of the Data and Products within ROSELT OSS Forthcoming ROSELT OSS 2001a ROSELT OSS Organisation Fonctionnement et M thodes de ROSELT Septembre 2001 2 Edition r vis e ROSELT OSS 2001b ROSELT OSS Organisation Operations and Methods of ROSELT September 2001 2 Edition revised ROSELT OSS 2001c Crit res de labellisation des observatoires issu du fascicule Proc dure pour la labellisation des Observatoires 1997 Criteria for the Labelling of Observatories as derived from the Booklet Procedures for the Labelling of Procedures 1997 ROSELT OSS 1997a Pr sentation g n rale de ROSELT General Presentation of ROSELT April 1997 ROSELT OSS 1997b Carte et l gende des observatoires du R seau ROSELT Maps and Map Keys of the Network of ROSELT Observatories ROSELT OSS 1997c Repr sentativit du r seau l chelle sous r gionale Representativeness of the Network on Sub regional Level April 1997 ROSELT OSS 1997d ROSELT un outil d aide au d veloppement a travers ses produits ROSELT A Development Assistance Tool via Its Products April 1997 ROSELT OSS 1997e ROSELT une approche scientifique technique et thematique ROSELT A Scientific Technical and Thematic Approach April 1997 ROSELT OSS 1997f ROSELT Proc dure pour la labellisation des observatoires ROSELT Procedure for the Labelling of Observatories April 1997 ROSELT OSS IAR
18. via nternet to the information collected and produced in order to know about the data available types of observation and of measurements types of map or of textual documentation collected or produced by the observatories to provide possibility of access to this information according to rules defined by the network The members of the network may connect to it under intranet for purposes of retrieving information related to the metadata and updating them The metadata base has been installed in each member country and the cataloguing of the metadata is in progress Access to the whole set of metadata will be made subsequently via Internet Page HOSE LT Reena I LER Edin diche Qui 2 2 d TII Amie Acte U mersge Plecherche Adeste Figure n 7 Web page of the ROSELT OSS metadata base ROSELT OSS Access to the metadata base is made via the web site of the programme www roselt oss teledetection fr 4 2 6 The Charter on to the management and dissemination of data and products The particular effort invested in the development of tools for the management and dissemination of the ROSELT OSS data and products LEIS ROSELT OSS metadata base is accompanied by the gradual implementation of a Charter on the management and dissemination of data and products within the framework of the ROSELT OSS programme ROSELT OSS 2003 ROSELT OSS ACHI
19. 5 Comparative synthesis of four years of environmental monitoring within three ROSELIVOSS observatories of North Africa Omayed Hadde Bou and Oued Mira A COMMON DEVICE FOR THE MONITORING OF DESERTIFICATION IN CIRCUM SAHARAN AFRICA ACHIEVEMENTS AND RESTROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW CONTENTS 3 CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS OD 5 ROSELT OSS SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COLLECTION XIII SCIENTIFIC DOCUMENTS ie kie ii XIII TECHNICAL CONTRIBUTIONS ke UM nU a XIII 1 CONTEXT AND ORIGIN OF THE CONCEPT OF LONG TERM ECOLOGICAL MONITORING en scene esse sean esse asus an 7 2 THE LONG TERM ECOLOGICAL MONITORING OBSERVATORIES NETWORK ROSELT OSS casia tercer spec recidit a cotum dette tust sue v dade re e A 9 3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ORGANISATION AND OPERATING OF ROSELT OSS 11 1 THE CHOICE OF SITES 2 11 3 25 THE NETWORK EFFECT inaen ki i cer 14 3 3 ACTIVITIES PROGRAMME AND OBJECTIVES 14 3 3 1 A MODEL ACTIVITIES PROGRAMME SINCE 1998 14 3 3 2 A NEW CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR PROGRAMMING ACTIVITIES AS FROM THE YEAR 2000 15 43 PRODUCTS ctm E 19 4 1 SUMMARY OVERVIEW OF PAST ACHIEVEMENTS 19 4 2 METHODOLOGICAL TOOLS AND BASES
20. AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 19 4 PRODUCTS 4 1 Summarv overview of past achievements The labelling of territories that constitute potential candidates for the ROSELT OSS network is made based on a file comprising the data necessary for their characterisation and detailed information on the work already done there As these data were often scattered or insufficiently exploited part of the task was directed to undertaking their inventory and their synthesis Accordingly the chosen activities programme particularly for pilot observatories provided in terms of preliminary activities the drafting of a synthesis report on the work already done or in progress as well as the making of a land cover map This allows to a certain extent the establishment of a reference base for the use of past data on the one hand and for monitoring future developments on the other hand In 1994 and so as to provide guidance to countries toward the implementation of ROSELT OSS activities including the preliminary activities of valuation and capitalisation of past achievements the methodologies recommended for ROSELT OSS were set out in a founding document ROSELT OSS 1995 relating to the design organisation and implementation of the ROSELT OSS programme Based on the recommendations of this document the preliminary diagnosis activities conducted since 1996 have thus led to an overview of the state of knowledge relating to the whole set of observa
21. E ORSTOM 1997 Conception d un Syst me d Information sur l Environnement pour les Observatoires ROSELT D veloppement d un SIE ROSELT local BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES 46 pour l Observatoire de Banizoumbou Niger Design of an Environmental Information Svstem EIS for the ROSELT Observatories Development of a Local EIS ROSELT for the Observatory of Banizoumbou Observatory Mali By Olivier Gavte ROSELT OSS IARE Jean Marc d Herbes and Maud Loireau ORSTOM March 1997 ROSELT OSS IARE 1997 Rapport sur les regles pour la gestion la circulation et la mise a disposition des donn es et de l information au sein du r seau ROSELT Report on the Rules for the Management Circulation and Provision of Data and Information within the ROSELT Network By Pr Hamid Narjisse IAV Hassan Rabat December 1997 annexes 22 p ROSELT OSS CeSIA 1997 Conception d un Systeme Informatif Environnemental pour la r colte et la diffusion d indicateurs d impact sur la desertification Design of an Environmental Information System for the Collection and Dissemination of Indicators of Impacts on Desertification By Lorenzo Genesio CeSIA Florence November 1997 29 p ROSELT OSS IARE 1996 Synth se des rapports des activit s men es lors de la campagne 1995 1996 sur les observatoires ROSELT OSS avec l aide de la Coop ration ouisse Synthesis of the Reports on the Activities Conducted during the 1995 1996 Campaign in th
22. ENNE Professor at the Faculty of Cagliari Sardinia and member of the STC ROSEL T OSS Vr Mounkatla GOUMANDAKOVE eam Leader Regional Office for Central and West Africa at UNDP Mr Hamid NARJISSE Professor at Hassan and Director General of INRA Morocco Mir Edouard LE FLOCH Research Engineer at CNRS France Mir Ahmed AIDOUD Consultant Teacher at the University of Rennes France Vr Jean Claude BILLE Honorary Research Director at IRD France Mir Andrea di VECCHIA ATA CNPF Florence Italy Mr Francis FOREST CIRAD France Mir Christian FLORET Honorary Research Director at CNRS Dakar Senegal M Ibrahima A TOUR the late former Coordinator of FAPIS and RCS Sahel projects OSS would also like to thank all those officials of institutions that have acted as Regional Operators expressing gratitude to Mr Alain GERBE former IARE Director and to all the members of the Regional Operator Consortium composed of IRD group leader of CIRAD and of CILSS IMSAH with a particular mention for their representatives within this Consortium namely Mr Jean Marc D HERBES Regional Coordinator and Mr Joseph BOULEGUE Director of Earth and Environment Department DME at IRD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV Mr Bernard TOUTAIN ROSELT OSS Sub regional Coordinator for tast Africa Nairobi Kenya Mr Joseph DOMENECH Director of Stock breeding and Veterinary Medicine Department Elevage et M decine V
23. ENTS 4 DOCUMENTS AND REPORTS DEVELOPED AT REGIONAL LEVEL 45 DOCUMENTS AND REPORTS DEVELOPED BY THE COUNTRIES 46 PROCEEDINGS OF SYMPOSIA AND WORKSHOP REPORTS anna 48 POSTERS AND BROCHURES ROSELT OSS Eng Eng HENA ta 49 OTHER REFERENCES decoris iue ns si 49 AFD CILSS CIRAD CoP COT CRSTRA CSE DDC DREF FFEM GEMS GRULAC GTOS IARE IER IGADD IGBP INIDA INSAH IRA IRD LEIS LTER MAB UNESCO MAE MEDD LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Agence Francaise de Developpement French Development Agencv Comite Inter Etats de Lutte contre la S cheresse au Sahel Permanent Inter State Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel Centre International de Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement International Centre of Agronomic Research for Development Conference of the Parties Land Cover Map Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique des Regions Arides Centre for Scientific and Technical Research on Arid Areas Centre de Suivi Ecologique Ecological Monitoring Centre Direction du D veloppement et de la Cooperation du d partement Federal suisse des Affaires Etrangeres Directorate of Development and Cooperation of the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs Division de Recherches et Exp
24. EVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 26 OBSERVATOIRE DU SAHARA ET DU SAHEL SAHARA AND SAHEL OBSERVATORY Projet de Charte relative a la gestion et la diffusion Figure n 8 Draft Charter on the management bo ped perdit and dissemination of data and products within ciii the framework of the ROSELT OSS programme Tunisia and Morocco have been chosen after consultation with the network members to test and validate this Charter prior to submitting it for adoption to the rest of the network by 2004 These two countries were proposed to conduct this test in view of the advanced state of implementation of the ROSELT OSS programme in the observatories of which they are in charge as well as due to the set up of monitoring evaluation systems for their respective National Action Programme to Combat Desertification NAP CCD 4 3 Methodological bases and training Alongside with the development of computer tools and in order to build national capacities in matter of management and dissemination of data and information the network organises training sessions relating to NICTs New Information and Communication Technologies developed in such a way as to specifically meet the objectives of the ROSELT OSS programme data bases metadata base and Local Environment Information Systems LEIS ROSELT OSS Accordingly training and exchange sessions relating to the Practice of Environmental Information Systems within ROSELT OSS and te
25. LT OSS ecolological indocators A frst methodological apporach for the monitoring of biodiversity and environmental changes TECHNICAL CONTRIBUTIONS ROSELIVOSS 2004 Contribution Technique n 73 Etat compar de environnement dans les observatoires ROSELI VOSS du Maghreb Technical Contribution n 13 Comparative State of the Environment in the ROSEL TOSS Observatories of the Maghreb ROSELIVOSS 2004 Contribution Technique 7 Guide ROSELIVOSS pour valuation et la surveillance de la v g tation ROSEL TOSS Guidebook for the Assessment and Monitoring of Vegetation LIST OF ROSELT OSS PRODUCTS XIV ROSEL TOSS 2004 Contribution Technique 2 Guide ROSELIVOSS pour l valuation et le suivi des pratiques d exploitation des ressources naturelles Technical Contribution 2 ROSELI OSS Guidebook for the Assessment and Monitoring of uses of natural resources ROSEL TOSS 2004 Contribution Technique 7 Manuel d utilisation de l outil SIEL ROSELT version 1 3 Technical Contribution 3 Instructions Manual for LEIS in ROSEL TOSS version 7 37 ROSELIVOSS 2004 Contribution technique 4 Application des Indicateurs cologiques de d gradation des terres observatoirre de Menzel Habib TUNISIE Technical Contribution 4 Application of Ecological Indicators of Land Degradation in the Observatory of Menzel Habib Tunisia ROSELIVOSS 2004 Technical contribution 5 Surveillance of ecological changes in ROSELT OSS obse
26. ND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 13 Table n 1 Features of the twelve Pilot Observatories ROSELT OSS Denomination of the ROSELT OSS Observatories Steppes of the Upper Plains of Southern Oran El Omayed Oued Mird Issougui Haddej Bou Hedma Menzel Habib Ribeira Seca Cercle de Bourem Test zone of Bamba Nouakchott Torodi Tondikandia Dandiantou Keita Ferlo Cluster 3 sites Souil ne Widou Lingu re Melka Werer Kibwesi Kiboko 4 stations Land area of the Observatory Bioclimate NORTH AFRICA 4 x 100 000 ha 100 000 ha 60 000 ha 123 000 ha 16 488 ha 190 000 ha 22 000 ha 50 000 ha 40 000 ha 69 800 ha 40 000 ha 486 000 ha 2 600 000 ha 67 000 ha 250 000 ha 800 000 ha 300 000 ha 30 000 ha Mediterranean from lower semi arid to per arid Mediterranean arid Mediterranean lower arid Mediterranean arid WEST AFRICA Tropical semi arid to arid monomodal with a coastal oceanic variant Tropical arid monomodal Tropical arid monomodal with a coastal oceanic variant Tropical semi arid monomodal Tropical semi arid monomodal EAST AFRICA Tropical semi arid bimodal Tropical semi arid bimodal Type of prevailing ecosystem Steppic ecosystems Agrosystems Steppic ecosystems Steppic ecosystems Sparse Acacia raddiana dominated Savannah ecosystems Steppic ecosystems Sparse Acacia rad
27. National Park of Haddej Bou Hedma in Tunisia the National Park of the Tassili N Ajjer in Algeria and the Reserve of Omayed in Egypt Photo n 1 National Park of Haddej Hedma Tunisia Such convergences are likely to firmly establish the ROSELT OSS programme from a scientific point of view though the latter remains specific in view of its practical and operational calling as well as by virtue of its mandate which is confined to a well defined geographic area i e the circum Saharan zone This has led the programme to focus as much as possible on development support actions in the areas affected or endangered by desertification as well as on the interactions existing between development and the protection of the environment in these areas Indeed does not the key objective of OSS consist in providing help towards decision making for the development actors entrusted with implementing the solutions intended to break the desertification poverty vicious circle which traps the needy populations and leads them to overexploit the natural resources to which they have access ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 11 3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ORGANISATION AND OPERATING OF ROSELT OSS 3 1 The choice of sites In order to enlighten the choice of the long term observation sites OSS conducted from 1992 to 1993 a series of studies and consultations on the problematics of desertification its causes and its effec
28. OSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 39 6 COMMUNICATION AND DISSEMINATION OF ROSELT OSS PRODUCTS OSS grants special attention to the mastery of information that is useful in combating desertification by its member organisations and countries it grants particular importance to valuing the results of its programmes and their dissemination among the largest number of actors in the field of combating desertification in circum Saharan Africa A brochure presenting the ROSELT OSS programme was issued in the year 2001 later updated in 2003 in two versions French and English Two posters presenting the programme were developed for CoP4 Bonn december 2000 and one poster for CoP5 Geneva October 2001 which has been ever since part of the itinerant exhibition prepared by OSS on the whole of its activities In addition OSS organised a side event during CoP5 on the topic Observation and Monitoring Devices on Local Regional and National Level Inputs for the Monitoring Evaluation of the NAP CCD Conducted by specialists in the subject from both the North and the South this side event was an opportunity to present to some sixty delegates from the North and the South the preliminary results of the ROSELT OSS programme namely in Egypt El Omayed Observatory and their integration within the monitoring evaluation system of the NAP CCD Besides a set of transparencies presenting the objectives and the organisation of the
29. PRODUCTS BY THE NETWORK MEMBER COUNTRIES The relevance of the concept of ecological monitoring and the products developed by the network have persuaded a good number of countries involved in the network as to the need to foster the development of environmental monitoring at national level In fact the ROSELT OSS is integrated in the NAP CCD of several countries in Algeria in Tunisia in Morocco in Mali in Niger while it is in process of being integrated in the NAP CCD of Egypt and of Kenya The ROSELT OSS methodologies are adapted and replicated in these countries in the framework of national environmental monitoring mechanisms which are based on or which integrate environmental monitoring observatories such as the ROSELT OSS observatories Niger for instance has used the ROSELT OSS conceptual and technical documents relating to the indicators as well as the draft Charter on data management and dissemination for purposes of implementing a national mechanism for environmental monitoring based on the achievements of the ROSELT OSS network In Mali the ROSELT OSS methodologies in matter of collection and processing of data towards the development of the Local Environment Information System are applied at observatories level of the national device for environmental monitoring Morocco and Tunisia have undertaken to conduct on the occasion of the Launch Workshop of the project related to the Set up of a Monitoring Evaluation Syste
30. Sensing and Space Sciences LCRSSS Tripoli E y X Vw da IRIS LILET Switzerland Italia ASSOCIATED PARTNERS UNESCO ISBN 9773 856 08 2 Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel Boulevard du Leader Vasser Arafat BP 31 1080 Tunis Cedex Tunisie T l 216 71 206 633 71 206 634 Fax 216 71 206 636 E mail boc oss org tn URL www unesco org oss
31. and use and space planning systems These changes are the outcome of several factors human and animal pressure on natural resources especially those which are vulnerable and scarce The low level and irregular character of rainfall as well as the drying winds which both represent the major climatic factors limiting the biological productivity of this zone Added to a high demographic growth the intense and recurrent droughts that have prevailed in the various regions of Africa since the mid 1960s have alerted the international community calling its attention to the vulnerability of the ecosystems and the serious consequences of a disruption of ecological balances Becoming aware of the seriousness of the situation this community has joined efforts to offer support to the most drought stricken countries among which in particular the countries of the African Sahel Accordingly since the early 1970s various study and research programmes have been developed on droughts and aridity as well as on their ecological impacts soil degradation desertification and socio economic impacts migration rural exodus pauperisation This awareness has translated more particularly in the adoption of an action plan for combating desertification which was developed during the United Nations Conference on Desertification held in Nairobi Kenya in August September 1977 and in the finalisation in 1994 of the Convention to Combat Desertificati
32. as selected for the observatories are often vast enough to confer on the results a real ecological significance Most of the sites have in addition a quality that makes them serve as field evidence for studies involving remote sensing or more comprehensive survey methods allowing spatialisation of the data and scale changes The network based structure should ultimately make it possible to provide a state of the circum Saharan environment resting on an evaluation of desertification based on the whole body of the information available in the network which could be further extrapolated to regional sub sets as well as to set up in the shorter term a joint local environmental monitoring system ranging from data collection processing and storage all the way through to the dissemination of useful information for purposes of helping towards decision making 3 2 The network effect Most of the ROSELT OSS labelled sites constitute the backbone of environmental monitoring networks or systems e g Mali Niger Their inclusion in this programme aims at developing this network effect at sub regional level North Africa East Africa Sahel Africa and at regional level circum Saharan zone in conformity with the mechanisms provided in the framework of the Convention to Combat Desertification or in that relating to the convention on biological diversity These mechanisms thereby constitute major support pillars for the national action programm
33. asion of the Conferences of the Parties to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification The information dissemination tools web sites brochures posters are regularly updated in order to provide updated information to the various categories of stakeholders concerned by combating desertification ROSEL 1 0565 AN ASSET FOR THE SET LP OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING DEVICES The BOSELV OSS programme ts a complex ambitious and exacting programme t is complex since it sets out to study not only the state of the dynamics of the ecological and socio economic systems and their interactions but also the causes and consequences of soil degradation It 15 ambitious since it seeks to bring concrete and practical answers to issues of development and of environmental protection areas where the scarce resources are vulnerable And it 15 enacting since it reguires several scientific specialities team work within multl disciplinarv and inter aisciplinary teams calling upon the contribution of the whole range of the stakeholders involved in combating desertification planners developers and development officials in general including the populations concerned and this within the framework of a participatory approach Yet the ROSELIVOSS remains for all that an absolutely necessary programme to address the concern for monitoring and evaluation of the phenomena of degradation and where necessary to provide the countries with rel
34. ation System in the Maghreb based on European Commission funding This project aims at developing the mechanisms of monitoring evaluation of the NAP CCD in the two countries concerned as well as a regional system for the circulation of information on the level of the five UMA countries The Launch Workshops of this project organised in Rabat and in Tunis were an opportunity to highlight the substantial contribution of the ROSELT OSS programme in mastering the process of desertification and in the promotion of development support actions through the two studies relating to the integration of the activities and the results of the various programmes of monitoring evaluation of desertification in the two countries concerned More specific studies on the national devices of environmental monitoring were conducted in Egypt in Algeria and in Morocco they in process of validation by the National Coordination Units Organes Nationaux de Coordination ONC in these two countries Thus the dynamics that has been developed within the network the appropriation of the ROSELT OSS methodologies and of the concept of long term environmental monitoring by the national institutions the development of a Charter for data management and dissemination within the network and the gradual implementation of the computer tools represent a major step towards the strengthening of this network and towards its integration within the national environmental
35. ce Spatial Units according to the various modes of use themselves associated with as many management modes an analytic approach by module has been favoured prior to establishing a balance that makes up the synthesis of the interventions and of the extractions Each use is related to resources while considering their relations in time and in space which are specific to them Loireau 1998 For the time being the LEIS ROSELT OSS has been developed for the ROSELT OSS Observatory of Torodi Tondikandia Dandiantou Banizoumbou in Niger desertification risk index map has been made according to the following methodology e for each type of use identified a model of use of space and resources is developed but only the model on the human activity that is considered as the key activity from which the landscape derives its structure is used for identifying homogeneous practice units The other models are related to the reference spatial units e the spatialisation of the models of use of space and resources based on the reference spatial units makes it possible to establish on the one hand a resources availability map and on the other hand an extraction map for each type of use e the comparison of the two variables based on the reference spatial units allows for the establishment of a spatialised balance detailed with regard to space and time for each type of use The latter balances called modular allow the loca
36. chnical backup missions have been and will continue to be organised each time the need is felt Montpellier France 16 27 June 2003 6 15 October 2003 M denine Tunisia 7 31 October 2003 Dakar Senegal 5 12 November 2003 These sessions are offered in both French and English so that Anglophone country members Egypt Kenya Ethiopia could get acquainted with the developments taking place in the countries of North and West Africa Training will continue to be offered in English in 2004 in Egypt where all the mainly Anglophone officials in charge of the Information Systems will hold a meeting ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 2 4 4 The indicators 4 4 1 Indicators of environmental changes and desertification on the local scale The definition of ROSELT OSS indicators of long term ecological changes requires the implementation of a methodology that is tailored to long term monitoring of the biophysical systems and their interaction with the socio economic systems Two types of studies were conducted o diachronic studies synchronic studies A Diachronic studies and valuation of the achievements In a diachronic studv the kev variable to be considered is time This approach applies to identified and validated series of historical data time series relating to a well defined space or to an environmental parameter Data identification constitutes the first phase of this work the task is to gather the
37. d Mediterranean Ecosystems Application to the Monitoring of Desertification in Southern Tunisia Th se Doct Sci PhD Facult des Sciences et Techniques de St J r me Universit d Aix Marseille Ill Marseille France 365 p Loireau M 1998 Espaces Ressources Usages Spatialisation des interactions dynamiques entre les syst mes sociaux et les syst mes cologiques au Sahel nig rien Spaces Resources Uses Spatialisation of the Dynamic Interactions Between the Social Systems and the Ecological Systems in the Niger Sahel These Doct PhD Univ Montpellier 111 Paul Val ry D partement de G ographie 393 p OSS Abdelrazik M in progress Mechanisms for monitoring the desertification at the national level of Egypt OSS Nedjraoui D in progress Les m canismes de suivi de la d sertification en Alg rie Proposition d un dispositif national de surveillance cologique long terme en Alg rie Mechanisms of Monitoring Desertification in Algeria Proposal for a National Long Term Ecological Monitoring Mechanism in Algeria PIERI C 1991 Les bases agronomiques de l am lioration et du maintien de la fertilit des terres de savannes au sud du Sahara Savanes d Afrique terres fertiles Agronomic Bases for the Improvement and Maintenance of the Fertility of the Savannah Lands South of the Sahara African Savannah Fertile Lands 7 Actes des Rencontres Internationales Proceedings of International Forums Mo
38. data collection and analysis methods information sharing and the design of new tools to help in decision making In view of these considerations and based on the conclusions and recommendations of a workshop organised jointly with UNESCO and the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme IGBP in July 7942 in Fontainebleau France on continuous monitoring of terrestrial ecosystems OSS proposed the set up of a Long Term Ecological Monitoring Observatories Network ROSELT 055 whose objective would be to better apprehend the causes and effects of desertification in the circum Saharan African region This initiative constitutes a response to the need expressed by the Southern member countries to access reliable data on the state of the environment and more particularly circum Saharan arid and semi arid zones that are severely hit and or endangered by desertification Ecological monitoring 1s understood in its broadest sense namely the study of the dynamics of the natural physical and biological environment of the human environment including social organisation the dynamics of land use systems as well as the dynamics of the interactions that exist between these various sets FROM DESIGN AN OPERATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION GF THE ROSELVOSS PROGRAMME Between 1992 and 1994 the inventory of Potential Candidate Territories TCP which had been conducted by the countries allowed an ad hoc Scientific Committee to select based on labellisati
39. de l observation de terrain dans l tude de la d gradation des unit s morpho p dologiques de la r gion de Menzel Habib Tunisie M ridionale Landscape Dynamics in Arid Environments The Contribution of Remote Sensing and of Field Observation to the Study of the Degradation of the Morpho pedological Units of Menzel Habib Southern Tunisia Th se Doct PhD en G ographie Physique Facult des Sciences Humaines et Sociales de Tunis Tunisie Hanafi A 2000 Cartographie des syst mes cologiques et tude de leur volution depuis 1978 dans la r gion de Menzel Habib Gab s Cartographv of the Ecological Systems and Study of their Evolution since 1978 in the Region of Menzel Habib Gab s M moire DEA Postgraduate Studies Dissertation Facult des Sciences Humaines et Sociales de Tunis 103 p annexes Jauffret S amp Visser M 2003 Assigning life history traits to plant species to better qualify arid land degradation in Presaharan Tunisia Journal of Arid Environments 55 1 28 Jauffret S amp Lavorel S 2003 Are plant functional types relevant to describe degradation in arid southern Tunisian steppes Journal of Vegetation Science 14 399 408 Jauffret S 2001 Validation et comparaison de divers indicateurs des changements long terme dans les cosyst mes m diterran ens arides Application au suivi de la d sertification dans le Sud tunisien Validation and Comparison of Long Term Changes in the Ari
40. diana dominated Savannah ecosystems Agrosystems Agro forestry systems Very sparse Savannah ecosystems and Sahel agrosystems Degraded sub urban ecosystems Coastal ecosystems Sparse Savannah ecosystems and Sahel agrosystems Sparse Savannah ecosystems and Sahel agrosystems Savannah ecosystems and agrosystems Savannah ecosystem and agrosystems Prevailing uses Rain fed cereal cropping pastoral systems Dryland farming orchards irrigated cropping and pastoral systems Rain fed cereal cropping irrigated cropping in the wadis pastoral systems Rain fed cropping Dryland farming pastoral systems Rain fed cropping irrigated cropping Pastoral systems flood recession crops irrigated cropping fishery Pastoral systems Rain fed cropping irrigated cropping pastoral systems Rain fed cropping pastoral systems Irrigated cropping pastoral systems Pastoral systems Rain fed cropping ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 14 The presence of highly contrasting situations within the same observatory or between observatories located in quite different zones lends itself perfectly to in depth analyses of the dynamics of the environments such as induced by driving forces of a climatic or human origin It also allows an objective appreciation of the phenomena of environment degradation or otherwise the process of its rehabilitation It is worth pointing out that the are
41. dological documents as well as activities reports issued by the observatories have been produced Cf Bibliographical References in order to report on monitoring activities and harmonised methodologies of data collection and processing defined and used by the ROSELT OSS network The tools developed LEIS ROSELT OSS and metadata base are gradually implemented in the observatories thanks to a close consultation work not only between the Regional Operator with OSS mandate and the national teams but also between the various members of the network which may via an Internet discussion forum relating to information systems share their points of view and experiences At present the ROSELT OSS programme is in full operational phase It has just been launched in East Africa while several countries that have not yet been provided with ROSELT OSS labelled observatories have expressed their interest in joining the network Uganda Djibouti Since the development of the conceptual and organisational model of the programme and more exactly after five years of active and operational life of the network the assessment of the latter is very positive Indeed a real dynamism has been incepted within ROSELT OSS and the scientific and technical results obtained are quite encouraging and this in spite of the difficulties encountered at the beginning and which are inherent in the complex nature of the large scope of its activities ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS
42. e Cercles of Gao and Bourem Mali Publication PZA by Mahalmoudou Hamadoun and Alain Gerbe Proceedings of symposia and workshop reports ROSELT OSS 2003 Compte rendu de la session de formation ROSELT OSS Pratiques des syst mes d information environnementaux dans ROSELT OSS Report on the ROSELT OSS Training Session Practices of Environmental Information Systems in ROSELT OSS 16 to 27 June 2003 Montpellier France ROSELT OSS 2003 Compte rendu de l atelier de travail ROSELT OSS Application du SIEL ROSELT dans les observatoires pilotes du Maroc du Niger du S n gal et de la Tunisie Report on the ROSELT OSS Workshop Application of the LEIS ROSELT in the Pilot Observatories of Morocco Niger Senegal and Tunisia 6 to 15 October 2003 Montpellier France ROSELT OSS 2002 Compte rendu d taill des s ances de travail en salle et sur le terrain expos et discussions relev s de d cisions et recommandations Atelier sous r gional Afrique de l Ouest ROSELT OSS 1 6 f vrier 2002 Dakar S n gal Detailed Report on the Conference and Field Sessions Presentations and Discussions Summary of Decisions and Recommendations ROSELT OSS Sub regional Workshop for West Africa 1 6 February 2002 Dakar Senegal BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES 49 ROSELT OSS 2002 Compte rendu de l atelier de travail sur les guides m thodologiques ROSELT OSS en Afrique au nord du Sahara 14 25 Octobre Report on the Study Workshop
43. e ROSELT OSS Observatories with Assistance from the Swiss Cooperation By Olivia Delano Alain Gerbe Gilbert Long ROSELT OSS IRAM 1996 Documents de travail Pour une meilleure articulation des observatoires ROSELT avec les sciences sociales et le d veloppement durable l chelle locale Contribution l tude des param tres de base Working Documents Toward a Better Connection Between the ROSELT Observatories and Social Sciences and Sustainable Development on Local Level Contribution to the Study of Basic Parameters A Marty October 1996 19 p ROSELT OSS AMADE 1996 Indicateurs d environnement et de d sertification dans les projets locaux de d veloppement Environment and Desertification Indicators in Local Development Projects By M Soumar Bamako December 1996 6 p ROSELT OSS IARE 1995 Fiches de synth se des Observatoires Observatories Synthesis Files Publication France Italy Switzerland and UNESCO ROSELT OSS 1995 Conception organisation et mise en oeuvre de ROSELT Design Organisation and Implementation of ROSELT Publication France Italy Switzerland and UNESCO annexes 68 p Documents and reports developed by the countries ROSELT OSS IRA 2003 Suivi long terme de la biodiversit et de la population dans l observatoire pilote de Haddej Bou Hedma Tunisie Rapport scientifique final Long Term Monitoring of Biodiversity and of Population at the Pilot Observatory of Haddej
44. eil d Administration Desertification Indicators Developed in the ROSELT OSS Observatories 4th Executive Board meeting Bonn Germany March 2003 4 Changements environnementaux enregistr s dans quelques observatoires ROSELT OSS Mars 2003 4 Conseil d Administration Environmental Changes in a Few ROSELT OSS Observatories 4th Executive Board meeting Bonn Germany March 2003 5 Foncier et D sertification Quelle gestion patrimoniale Land Tenure and Desertification What Type of Heritage Management November 2003 Praia 9 Conference Bamako Other references Baudat J 2003 M thodes de spatialisation de la surveillance de la faune dans une approche int gr e de la d sertification Etude de cas au Sud du Maroc la vall e de l Oued Mird M moire de Mast re SILAT Methods of Spatialisation of the Fauna Within an Integrated Approach to Desertification Case Study in Southern Morocco The Valley of Oued Mird SILAT Master s Dissertation Chaieb M Floret C and Pontanier R 1991 R habilitation d cosyst mes pastoraux de la zone aride tunisienne par r introduction d esp ces locales Rehabilitation of Pastoral Ecosystems of the Tunisian Arid Zone by Reintroducing Local Species congr s international des terres de parcours IVth International Congress on Rangelands Montpellier pp 259 261 Damman G 2002 Elaboration d indicateurs de la d sertification par analyse comparative de quelques ob
45. enjoying the support of several men of science and field experts both from the North and from the South In this regard OSS would like to thank in particular the small Orientation Committee composed at the of Mr Mohamed SKOURI former international expert to UNESCO and Vice President of HOSELT OSS Scientific and Technical Committee Mr Jean Claude MENAUT Ecole Normale Sup rieure de Paris LESBIO Director Toulouse and Mr Antoine CORNET former President of the French Scientific Committee on Desertification Representative of IRD in Tunis Tunisia as well as all members of the former OSS Scientific and Technical Committee now reolaced by the Strategic Orientation Committee namely Vr Michel HOEPFFVER IRD MEDIAS Toulouse France Vr Klaus MUELLER HOHENSTEIN Professor at the University of Bayreuth Germany and member of the Scientific and Technical Committee STC ROSEL 1 058 Vr Jesse Theurt NJOKA Professor at the University of Nairobi Kenya member of the STC ROSELIVOSS and Regional ROSELI OSS Coordinator for East Africa Besides several international experts have contributed in developing the ROSELT OSS network and special thanks are due to Vr Mohamed AYVAD the late Professor at the University of Alexandria Egypt and former member of the STC ROSEL TOSS Air Bertrand de MONTMOLLIN Director of B OLConsells Neuch tel Switzerland and member of the STC ROSEL T 755 Air Giuseppe
46. erimentations Forestieres Department of Forestry Experimental Research Fonds Francais pour Mondial French Fund for World Environment Global Environment Monitoring System Groupe des Etats d Am rique Latine et des Caraibes Latin American and Caribbean States Group Global Terrestrial Observing System Institut des Am nagements R gionaux et de l Environnement Regional Land Planning and Environment Institute Institut d Economie Rurale Rural Economy Institute Intergovernmental Authority on Drylands and Development International Geosphere Biosphere Programme Instituto Nacional de Investigacao et Desenvolvimento Agrario National Institute for Research and Agricultural Development Institut du Sahel Sahel Institute Institut des Regions Arides Institute of Arid Zones Institut de Recherche pour le D veloppement Research Institute for Development Local Environment Information System Long Term Ecological Research UNESCO s Man and the Biosphere Programme Minist re francais des Affaires Etrangeres French Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minist re de l Ecologie et du D veloppement Durable Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development MHELCD MWRMD NAP CCD ORMVAO OSS RAP ROSELT SMAP SRAP UMA UNCCD or UNDP UNEP UNESCO URBT LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 6 Minist re de l Hydraulique de l Environnement et de la Lutte contre la Desertification Minist
47. es NAP sub regional action programmes SRAP and regional action programme RAP to combat desertification The networking of the activities of the regional ROSELT OSS programme aims in particular to ensure with regard to the conceptual and methodological aspects consistency of the programme components by favouring harmonisation in a concerted mutually agreed way of approaches and techniques concerning the various topics addressed create synergies between the various teams working on common interest issues thus allowing at the same time complementarity and comparability of the results promote exchanges of information and of expertise by setting up appropriate information dissemination and circulation mechanisms and by facilitating contacts between specialists 3 3 Activities Programme and Objectives 3 3 1 A model activities programme since 1998 Soon upon starting the operating programme in 1998 in ROSELT OSS Pilot Observatories in North Africa Egypt Morocco Tunisia a model activities programme was proposed by OSS based on the founding document ROSELT OSS 1995 for purposes of defining the implementation of the diagnosis and monitoring activities e long term environmental monitoring activities e analysis interpretation and synthesis of information including the study of mechanisms e development of tools for assistance in decision making and for development backup The environmental mon
48. es de l Observatoire ROSELT OSS de Nouakchott 1 50 000 Draft Map Land Use Map of the ROSELT OSS Observatory of Nouakchott 1 50 000 By Mohamed Chy Ould Saleck July 1998 ROSELT OSS INIDA Cape Verde 1998 Rapport de synth se des r sultats des activit s pr liminaires la programmation quadriennale de ROSELT au Cap Vert Synthesis Report on the Results of the Preliminary Activities to the Four Year Programming of ROSELT in Cape Verde July 1998 32 pages 4 annexes ROSELT OSS INIDA Cape Verde 1998 Cartes d occupation des terres 3 des Observatoires ROSELT de Ribeira Seca de Ribeira Principal et de Sao Joao Baptista 1 25 000 Land Use Maps 3 of the ROSELT Observatories of Ribeira Seca of Ribeira Principal and of Sao Joao Baptista 1 25 000 July 1998 ROSELT OSS University of Alexandria EEAA Egypt 1998 Progress Report of the Work accomplished during the period January September 1998 By Pr Mohamed Abdel Razik University of Alexandria September 1998 ROSEL T OSS University of Alexandria Egypt 1998 Progress Report of Available Data 1 Climatic Data 2 Ecological Surveillance 3 Socio economic Follow up By Pr Mohamed Abdel Razik University of Alexandria September 1998 ROSELT OSS ISFRA 1997 Observatoire ROSELT OSS de Bourem Mali Etude socio conomique de l utilisation des ressources naturelles et de l occupation de l espace en zone aride au Mali D pouillement des questionnaires
49. ew however certain tangible results were obtained and a preliminary assessment was made The tools and products for help towards decision making which were obtained due to the network can already contribute efficiently in the development of a diagnosis of the state of desertification in the circum Saharan arid lands of the OSS zone as well as towards a definition of the minimum data set of the observatory and of the network to be collected at lower cost with a view to the development of a minimum set of indicators The sub regional workshops offered an opportunity for strengthening consultation and communication between the Regional Operator the national coordinators and the officials in charge of ROSELT OSS activities in the observatories These mutually beneficial exchanges constitute the bases for a veritable North South South scientific partnership and a major achievement for the network the dynamics incepted between the various institutions is quite encouraging The Methodological Guidebook is one of the key products of the network and ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 42 its design under the form of a team exercise is likely to favour the exchange of experiences and the harmonisation of approaches Besides the network grants particular attention to the building of national capacities to manage and disseminate data and information A number of Doctoral dissertations Post graduate Studies Degrees Ma
50. g the quality of the scientific and technical achievements gathered on the site its representativeness from a phytogeographic or bioclimatic point of view ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 12 the land use systems and the resources management methods practiced in the site the state of conservation or else the state of degradation of the resources that are characteristic of it Two further criteria are worth mentioning as they are systematically taken into consideration the inclusion of the site concerned in the national system of monitoring evaluation of desertification NAP CCD National Action Programme to Combat Desertification the availability of an operational team capable of carrying out to a successful conclusion the main activities envisaged Thus a site selected as an observatory may be a protected zone such as for instance the National Park of the Boucle du Baoul in Mali or the National Park of Haddej Bou Hedma in Tunisia or else areas where high agricultural and or pastoral pressure is exerted such as the steppes of the upper plains in Algeria the Menzel Habib region in Tunisia the Site of Biological and Ecological Interest SIBE of Oued in Morocco the Bourem Circle in Mali or the Ferlo region in Senegal ALGERIA EGVPT MOROCCO TUNISIA CAPE VERDE MALI MAURITANIA NIGER SENEGAL ETHIOPIA KENVA ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS A
51. gardless of the field operator undertaking this task as well as to allow comparison of the results among the various observatories of the network The harmonisation of the data collection and processing methods was made possible thanks to the set up of inter observatory topic focused working groups composed of experts from the various countries Sub regional technical workshops Bamako in June 2000 Ouarzazate in November 2001 Dakar in February 2002 and Montpellier in October 2002 and in June 2003 were organised in order to bring these experts together and to thus finalise the ROSELT OSS Methodological Guidebook for North Africa as well as to initiate the drafting of the methodological guidebook for sub Saharan Africa These workshops offered the opportunity to strengthen consultation and communication between the Regional Operator the national coordinators and the officials in charge of ROSELT OSS activities in the observatories Figure n 2 The ROSELT OSS Methodological Guidebook Introduction du GUIDE METHODOLOGIQUE ROSELT OSS At present the Methodological Guidebook for North Africa whose main objective is to define the minimum data set to be collected for purposes of long term monitoring is being circulated to the parties concerned It comprises a common introduction to all the topics in addition to leaflets relating to the various issues addressed in the programme Four leaflets have now been finalised Evaluation and mo
52. gramme and had resulted at the programme inception in slackening the pace of the implementation of its activities Furthermore ecological monitoring which needs to belong in the framework of a long term vision of land use planning and the management of resources requires fairly considerable human and material means as well as stable and sound institutions However such conditions are often difficult to find in developing countries in particular Much effort had to be invested in order to get the message across to the institutions concerned that the OSS is not a funding agency and that the means that they provide need on the one hand to incept a national effort in this regard and on the other hand to build up the teams and the institutions involved This unusual approach which is different from that adopted by the various funding agencies was not obvious in its implementation and has resulted in certain cases in delays due to the insufficiency of the means provided in respect of the efforts required which caused delays in the validation of the scientific and financial reports submitted by the national institutions Yet in spite of such handicaps which seem a priori to be difficult to overcome the ROSELT OSS programme was launched and it became established in several OSS member countries This inception phase has been above all a phase of training set up of teams and finalisation from a conceptual and methodological point of vi
53. harmonisation of data collection methods and analysis as well as of the dissemination of information by initiating new synergies between the various partners and by designing new tools that help in decision making ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 8 Based on such considerations and drawing upon the conclusions and recommendations of a workshop held in July 1992 in Fontainebleau France and organised jointly by UNESCO and IGBP on the monitoring of terrestrial ecosystems OSS envisaged the set up of a Long Term Ecological Monitoring Observatories Network ROSELT OSS whose objective is to better understand the causes and effects of desertification in the circum Saharan zone ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 9 2 THE LONG TERM ECOLOGICAL MONITORING OBSERVATORIES NETWORK ROSELT OSS Among the major programmes launched bv OSS since its establishment one mav mention the ROSELT OSS Long Term Ecological Monitoring Observatories Network Such as designed in the founding documents developed in 1995 following the Rabat meeting 1994 ROSELT OSS aims at meeting the need to have reliable data on the state of the environment and more particularly in the circum Saharan arid or semi arid zones which are highly affected and or endangered by desertification The key objectives of ROSELT OSS in the field of environmental monitoring and research relate to e enhancing the state of knowledge of the mechanisms cau
54. iable and relevant data that can be generalised and or extrapolated and which are generated by the close interdependence between environment and sustainable develooment To address this concern only the set up of long term ecological monitoring devices would help to provide an answer Un the occasion of the launch workshops of the SMAP project for Setting up a monitoring evaluation system in the Maghreb held in Rabat 28 and 29 November 2002 and in Tunis 22 and 23 April 20037 Les m canismes de suivi de la d sertification en Alg rie Proposition dun dispositif national de surveillance cologique long terme en Alg rie Mechanisms for the monitoring of desertification in Algeria Proposal for a National Long Term Ecological Monitoring device in Algeria Pr Dalila Neajraoul Mechanisms for Monitoring the Desertification at the National Level of Egypt Pr Mohamed Abdelrazik Projet de conception dun dispositif national de surveillance cologique au Maroc Conceptual project of ecological monitoring national device in Marocco Mohamed Yassin SYNTHESIS X However while the long term vision of land use planning and the management of resources represents an attractive conceptual framework its implementation needs to overcome several obstacles which the ROSELTIVOSS has not been spared Indeed ecological monitoring requires fairly considerable human and material means as well as stable and sound institutions Howe
55. ion number and location e micro economic parameters households micro economy gt Interface data set e land tenure rules for access to resources production exploitation systems for a characterisation of uses activities e production and extraction of resources agricultural pastoral and forestry The extrapolation and use of field data for refine the existing maps relating to the environment and to monitor the environment dynamics are based on the use of satellite images and aerial photographs The networked thematic data series are data that have been adapted specifically for the problematics proper to one or several observatories biodiversity sand encroachment part of these data contributes in the network and or observatory data set while the other part comprises data that are specifically intended for understanding the mechanisms connected with the topic The topics identified in connection with the Rio conventions on biodiversity sustainable development and climate changes are as follows biodiversity fauna and flora erosion sand encroachment wind dynamics climate change hydrogeology pastoralism in dry zone Sahel forestry production systems exploitation systems land use systems land tenure social organisation system ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 18 Photo n 2 Measurement Station of Climatic Parameters in the Sahel In addition to all that various conceptual and metho
56. itoring activities are based on the collection of data on meteorological climatic and water related phenomena on land use soil and water ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 15 resources on the plant cover state on wildlife on the monitoring of land uses as well as on socio economic parameters Such activities allow a characterisation of the environments at given moment and a monitoring of their evolution over time The data analysis interpretation and synthesis aim at elucidating the interactions that exist between the various factors involved and hence providing a better understanding of the dynamics and functioning of the ecosystems and agrosystems which leads to a more accurate appreciation of the impacts of human activities on the environments The products that assist in decision making and which represent the outcome of these various types of activities may be of different types of which we may mention environmental data bases thematic maps process or impact indicators or technical documents likely to serve as extension and outreach tools 3 3 2 A new conceptual model for programming activities as from the year 2000 During the first two years of the ROSELT OSS programme in North Africa the sector based activities aS per scientific and technical speciality were focused within a first phase on the establishment of special sampling devices for each subject in order to study the evolution of the parame
57. lue e g Lygeum spartum in Algeria and Astragalus armatus in Tunisia The far reaching changes which today affect the two observatories are mainly due to overgrazing The indicators identified on the local scale allow for better highlighting similar trends of the evolution of the plant cover at the level of the North African steppes ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 30 Photo n 3 ROSELT OSS Observatory of Menzel Habib Tunisia Impact of overgrazing Decrease in the quality of rangelands Dominance of a very spiny variety of little appeal to cattle Astragalus armatus B Synchronic studies Synchronic studies aim at comparing at a given time certain spaces selected according to the variation of a well identified desertification factor while making sure that most of the other factors remain comparable These studies allow a comparison of one parameter plant cover or sand rate for instance along an environmental gradient rainfall gradient uses gradient edaphic gradient indicating erosion or sand encroachment phenomena This approach applied on observatory scale leads to the development of indicators of a local value it may however be used for purposes of comparing different observatories on sub regional scale if not regional scale within the ROSELT OSS network Two examples will illustrate the results obtained in different observatories The ROSELT OSS Observatory of Menzel Habib Tu
58. m in the Maghreb in Rabat and in Tunis two studies aimed at an overview of the state of knowledge about monitoring evaluation of desertification research development projects and at using the results achieved to propose a general framework for an operational set up of the system of monitoring evaluation of the NAP CCD National Action Programme to Combat Desertification The substantial contribution of the ROSELT OSS to such an undertaking was underscored especially with regard to mastery of the desertification process and to the promotion of development support actions The results already obtained by ROSELT OSS in Tunisia indicators prospective simulations issuing from the LEIS ROSELT OSS and desertification risk index map will be gradually displayed on the Information Circulation oystem on Desertification and Environment Syst me de Circulation de l Information sur la D sertification et l Environnement SCIDE of Tunisia a system that was developed under the SMAP project mentioned above Finally the data and metadata bases in process of development in each member country of the network constitute a major asset in matter of management and dissemination of data that are useful for decision making i Launch Workshop the SMAP project in Morocco Rabat on 28 and 29 November 2002 b Launch Workshop of the SMAP Monitoring Evaluation Svstem in the Maghreb project in Tunis Tunisia on 22 and 23 April 2003 R
59. monitoring mechanisms Finally on the international and European level the ROSELT OSS network has earned itself recognition as an indispensable African network in matter of ecological monitoring The North South scientific foundation has been considerably reinforced particularly by involving the ROSELT OSS programme in eligible applications to the European Commission ib Algeria Libva Mauritania Morocco and Tunisia ii Launch Workshop of the SMAP project organised in Rabat Morocco on 28 and 29 November 2002 Launch Workshop of the SMAP project organised in Tunis Tunisia on 22 and 23 April 2003 ui Mechanisms for monitoring the desertification at the national level of Egypt Pr Mohamed Abdelrazik Les m canismes de suivi de la d sertification en Alg rie Proposition d un dispositif national de surveillance cologique long terme en Alg rie Mechanism for monitoring desertification in Algeria Proposal for a National Mechanism of Long Term Ecological Monitoring in Algeria Pr Dalila Nedjraoui is Projet de conception d un dispositif national de surveillance cologique au Maroc Conceptual project of ecological monitoring national device in Morocco Mohamed Yassin BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES 45 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Documents and reports developed at regional level ROSELT OSS 2003a SIEL ROSELT OSS Svst me d information sur l environnement l chelle locale du programme ROSEL T OSS D finition propositio
60. n mise en oeuvre SIEL ROSEL T OSS Information Svstem on the Environment at Local Level of the Programme Definition Proposal Implementation Forthcoming ROSELT OSS 2003b Premi re batterie d indicateurs cologiques pour la surveillance des changements environnementaux long terme First Range of Ecological Indicators for Long Term Monitoring of Environmental Changes Forthcoming ROSELT OSS 2003c Premi re tentative d identification d un kit de donn es observer ou mesurer pour proposer une batterie d indicateurs valides des changements ecologiques long terme Application sur le territoire de l observatoire ROSELT OSS de Menzel Habib Tunisie Tentative Identification of a Kit of Data to be Observed or Measured for Purposes of Proposing a Range of Validated Indicators of Long Term Ecological Changes Application to the Domain of the ROSELT OSS of Menzel Habib Tunisia Forthcoming ROSELT OSS 2003d Fiches techniques descripteurs indicateurs cologiques Ecological Descriptors Indicators Technical Files Forthcoming ROSELT OSS 2003e Biodiversit animale et v g tale dans les zones arides et semi arides circum sahariennes Animal and Plant Biodiversity in circum Saharan Arid and Semi Arid Areas Forthcoming ROSELT OSS 2003f Projet de charte sur la gestion et la diffusion des donn es et des produits dans ROSELT OSS Forthcoming ROSELT OSS 2003g Working Document on the Charter for the Management and
61. ng to their sensitivity to the physical degradation of soils Delabre 1998 This sensitivity was determined by using the Pi ri relation 1991 which allows a definition of the structural stability of soils St by considering the organic matter and fine elements contents clays fine limons silts in the Sahel Thresholds were established by this author for purposes of defining the states of the soils and their degradation risks The results of the study reveal that over 50 of the stations studied are degraded 32 or present high degradation risk 23 Figure n 13 Situation of the stations sampled in the ROSELT OSS Observatory of Banizoumbou Niger according to Pi ri classification The curves 9 7 and 5 represent the thresholds of sensitivity to the physical degradation of the soils Delabre 1998 St 9o Organic Matter 100 Clays Fine Limons silts Soils sufficiently provided in organic matter Low risks 27 igh ri 0 23 High risks o Stations 9 7 Clays Fine limons silts 329 Degraded 6 8 10 ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 32 4 4 2 Synthetic indicator on regional scale The harmonisation of data processing based on the vegetation maps of certain observatories has made it possible to identify a first indicator at regional level an indicator of relative degradation related to the total plant cover or woody cover according to rainfall and t
62. nisia has formed the subject of a synchronic study Jauffret 2001 ROSELT OSS 2003 c Of this one may mention for the sake of illustration the study on the evolution of the height of perennial species along the gradient of degradation of soils and vegetation The study revealed based on a statistical analysis that the height of these species significantly decreases as degradation increases The measured height of the species in situ reveals the considerable plasticity of the species of certain dwarf shrubs in particular which varies simultaneously according to environmental factors grazing pressure and climatic and edaphic conditions as shown by the figure below ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 31 Figure 12 Decrease in plant height Result of the statistical test Highly significant Jauffret 2001 ROSELT OSS 2003c 12000 10000 8000 6000 Plant Height 4000 2000 0 pem E Medium degradation Degradation High degradation Degradation level The whole set of results obtained in the ROSELT OSS Observatory of Menzel Habib has been published under the form of a Scientific Document entitled SD N 4 Ecological Indicators of Land Degradation Applied in Mediterranean Zones ROSELT OSS 2004 The ROSELT OSS Observatory of Banizoumbou Niger has formed the subject of among others a synchronic study related to the classification of measurement stations accordi
63. nitoring of flora and vegetation e Evaluation and monitoring of the rural populations and their resources exploitation practices Evaluation and monitoring of soils edaphic parameters and surface condition e Cartography and monitoring of landscape units Three other leaflets are being developed ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 22 e Evaluation and monitoring of the climatic parameters e Evaluation and monitoring of the water resources both groundwater and surface water Evaluation and monitoring of the fauna Figure n 3 Principles of common sampling of the long term monitoring mechanism ROSELT OSS 2003 a b sampling according to a human based division of the P di observatory s territory c sampling according to an ecological division of the observatory s territory d nsites e on old measurements sites f along a gradient Administrative or customary boundaries Biophysical divisions Present measurements sites stations or plots stations or plots Villages rural centres Settlements Water points oe ap Transects The ROSELT OSS Methodological Guidebook for West Africa will be gradually drafted in 2004 4 2 2 The conceptual and technical documents The conceptual and technical documents have been developed with a view to capitalising the experiences already acquired in the pilot observatories selected Of these texts it is worth mentioning the documen
64. ntific studies related to the dvnamics of the ecosvstems the agrosvstems and the social svstems may also be undertaken with a view to enhancing the understanding of certain phenomena Among such works it is worth mentioning Cf Bibliographical References e the scientific synthesis drafted by the Moroccan Tunisian and Egyptian teams issued in 2002 and 2003 after 4 years of field work e the activities reports produced by Mali Mauritania Niger Senegal and Algeria in 2002 and Cape Verde in 2003 which report on the outcomes achieved after 2 years of operational implementation of the ROSELT OSS programme in these countries ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 24 Figure n 5 Example of Scientific Report and Activities Report developed by the countries UMMERITY CF ALE m inu i SM El Obicrsatarg ETA Rapport d activit de Bourem Mali 7 BILAN DES ACTIVITES Data and Information CAMPAGNE 2001 2002 Janvier 2003 4 2 4 The LEIS ROSELT OSS The LEIS ROSELT OSS Local Environment Information System ROSELT OSS is a conceptual and computer tool that is gradually developed in each observatories of the network The objective of the LEIS ROSELT OSS is to collect data of a varied character ranging from the biophysical to the socio economic spatialised or not and to focus their processing on the development of products that are useful f
65. ntpellier France 10 14 December 1990 Minist re de la Coop ration Paris 43 74 4 OSET LONG TERM ECOLOGICAL MONITORING OBSERVATORIES NETWORK AOSELIT7OSsS ROSELT OSS PARTNERS AFRICAN COUNTRIES INVOLVED Algeria Cap verde Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Mali Marocco Mauritania Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique sur les R gions Arides CRSTRA Biskra URBT UST Alger Instituto Nacional de Investigacao E Desenvolvimento Agrario INIDA Praia Departement of botany faculty of science University of Alexandria Pastoral Unit Ministry of Agriculture Addis Abeba Minitry of Water Resources Development and Management Nairobi Institut d Economie Rurale IER Bamako Division de Recherche et d Experimentations Foresti res DREF Rabat Direction de l Environnement et de l Am nagement Rural DEAR Nouakchott Niger Minist re de l Hydraulique de l Environnement et de la Lutte Contre la D sertification Niamey Senegal Centre de Suivi Ecologique CSE Dakar Tunisia Institut des R gions Arides IRA M denine EXTENSION Ouganda Ministry of Water Lands and Environment Kampala Chad Minist re de l Environnement et de l Eau N djamena Burkina Faso Leader H FINANCIAL PARTNERS France TET rer Minti ATANES TEAS Institut National de l Environnement et des Recherches Agricoles INERA Ouagadougou Libyan Center for Remote
66. o pastoral load or stocking rate The network structure of ROSELT OSS and the synchronic and diachronic approaches that it allows lead to the development of synthetic indicators based on simple data This work has formed the subject of a report Damman 2002 and a poster issued on the occasion of the 4 Session of the OSS Executive Board held in Bonn Germany March 2003 Figure n 14 Indicator of relative degradation Total plant cover R depending on Rainfall P and Pastoral load or Stocking rate C m a n wi 8 AI Informations produites partir des donn es labor es par les observatoires ROSELT OSS Classes simplifi es et homog n is es de recouvrement v g tal en 90 amo ESSO 5 110 15 120 25 0 75 50 100 N B Cover classes which appear in the graph correspond to simplified and homogenised plant cover classes in 96 as follows Class 0 0 Class 2 5 10 Class 4 15 20 Class 6 25 50 Class 8 75 90 Class 1 0 5 Class 3 10 15 Class 5 20 25 Class 7 50 75 Class 9 90 100 ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 33 This study has evolved according to two phases e the first phase has led to a characterisation of the vegetation based on the use of Land Cover Maps Cartes d Occupation des Terres COT Based on a harmonisation of the data relating to the plant cover of the Land Cover Maps COT
67. on CCD which had been decided at the Rio Summit 1992 More particularly the CCD underscores the development of scientific and technical cooperation in the area of combating desertification and of mitigation of the droughts impacts through the relevant institutions at the national sub regional regional and international levels art 16 17 and 18 It especially highlights the need for Collecting analysing and exchanging relevant short term and long term data and information to ensure systematic observation of land degradation in affected areas and to better understand and assess the processes and effects of droughts and desertification Promoting the transfer acquisition adaptation and development of technology The set up in 1992 of the Sahara and Sahel Observatory OSS belongs in this dynamic of mobilisation of the international community towards combating desertification and the mitigation of drought impacts with a view to mitigating their ecological and socio economic effects The originality of this initiative lies mainly in the fact that it aims not only at better tailoring research and its findings to the service of development but also and above all to start a new dynamic of a cooperation based on a new partnership and solidarity spirit Indeed the task is first of all to make best use of the achievements of the various research works already conducted or in progress then to define new actions by mainly favouring the
68. on criteria 25 observatories or observatory clusters distributed over 77 countries Among these 25 ROSELIVOSS observatories 12 were further selected as pilot observatories intended to serve within a first phase as a basis for refining the concept finalising the techniques and methodologies of data collection and processing and developing reliable relevant and reproducible tools to helo in decision making maps indicators information systems SYNTHESIS viii In the light of these works the founding document of the ROSELIVOSS was drafted in 1995 and synthesis studies providing a reference state in three North African pilot observatories 1995 1997 were conducted A first operational phase was subsequently launched in 1998 in order to perform in situ testing of the data collection and processing methods The insufficient integration between the devices used for the sampling of biophysical and socio economic parameters based on the sectorial approach adopted during this phase did not allow the development of the expected tools to help in decision making The launch of the ROSELVVOSS in West Africa in June 2000 during the Bamako H qa i workshop led to updating the concepts Systems used within the network and to adopting a comprehensive conceptual outline for the study of environmental changes within the ROSELIVOSS The landscape thus developed allows the integra
69. or understanding the causes mechanisms and consequences of desertification as well as for monitoring environmental changes on a local level This computer tool makes it possible to generate based on data collected on the field and integrated within the LEIS ROSELT OSS spatialised uses resources balances and to make thematic maps such as extractions per type of use index maps of a forest pastoral agricultural nature and the Desertification Risk Index map Figure n 6 The LEIS ROSELT OSS SE OoOo OOOO Be Ed gem biin rio pi Dg Ec HALENS dec IE Ok OQ HW On n ____ X77 ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 25 4 2 5 The metadata base One of the ROSELT OSS objectives is the merging and sharing of the data and of the expertise gathered bv all the observatories in order to promote common interest work particularly in the field of prevention and combating of desertification A metadata service a tool for the storage and sharing of information achievements made and data produced within the network is intended to meet this goal It allows referencing the whole body of information relating to the data produced and facilitates their dissemination among the members of the network and more generally among the scientific community decision makers and various other categories of users The objective of this service is e to propose a targeted access
70. r ROSELT OSS Observatory of the Steppes of the Upper Plains of the Oran South West Sud ouest oranais Algeria 1978 20 Kilometers Evolution of the plant cover between 1978 1998 Disappearance of the Artemisia herba alba steppes EN important decrease of the Stipa tenacissima steppes Reference URBT CRSTRA Algiers ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 29 ROSELT OSS Observatory of Menzel Habib Tunisia 0 10 Kilometers 10 Kilometers s um SS Evolution of the plant cover between 1978 and 2000 IM Reduction of Rhanterium suaveolens dominated rangelands EN Quasi disappearance of Stipa tenacissima steppes Reference IRA Tunisia The comparison of the evolution of land cover in Algeria and in Tunisia reveals the same phenomena namely o degradation of pastoral areas Stipa tenacissima or Alfa dominated steppes in Algeria and Rhanterium suaveolens dominated steppes in Tunisia whose area has been receding in the two observatories o the change in physiognomy of the steppes and the decrease in their pastoral quality modification of the flora composition in particular by species replacement disappearance or extreme rarefaction of high grazing value species perennial grasses or high economic value species Alfa in plains in the Algerian observatory and in mountains in the Tunisian observatory used for the production of paper replacement by species of lower grazing va
71. rding to the new conceptual model recalled below and this in order to e harmonise the collection and processing of the biophysical and socio economic data with a view to favouring the cross referencing of the whole set of data based in particular on a Local Environment Information System LEIS ROSELT OSS e complement the inventories of work done lists of bibliographical references in order to establish zero reference state diagnoses based on a true valuation of the historical data as well to construct and test the indicators e implement data storage and cataloguing tools data and metadata bases ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 16 Figure n 1 Conceptual model for understanding the mechanisms causes and impacts of desertification and for assistance in decision making Local Environment Information System k Pj EDWE FEE IU l aj LE TT taf od biodiversity ete Tha ET Multi k EL i azing protection ete decision makinc Thus for the two years following the mid term audit effort was focused on activities likely to build multi disciplinary cohesion among the national teams serving in the observatories and on a further valuation of the historical data for the construction of a zero reference state The currently collected data gradually supply a Local Environment Information System LEIS ROSELT OSS allowing in particular the es
72. rs several young competencies have participated in the development of ROSELTI OSS within the Executive Secretariat team and the Regional Coordination team namely Wafa ESSAHLI Mohamed EL GUERROUJ Sandrine JAUFFRET Maud LOIREAU C cile FONTANA Jean Christophe DESCONNETS Eric DELAITRE and Olivia DELANOE Last but not least we would like to commend the unfailing support of our financial partners that have allowed the development of the network OSS is pleased to express its immense gratitude to the French Ministry for Foreign Affairs MAE the Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development MEDD the French Fund for World Environment of the French Development Agency FFEIWAFD to the Directorate of Development and Cooperation of the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs DDC as well as to the Italan Cooperation Agency and the German Cooperation Agency OSS finally acknowledges the highly beneficial decision for this project consisting in setting up within IRD of a Desertification Service Unit and expresses warmest thanks to IRD General Director A special tribute is due to Marc BIED LHARRETON former Executive Director of OSS and President of the French Scientific Committee on Desertification France to have initiated this great African programme The Executive Secretary Ed Ghedli FEZZANI SYNTHESIS vii SVNTHESIS CONTEXT AND ORIGIN GF THE CONCEPT OF LONG TERM ECOLOGICAL
73. rvatory of El Omayed EGYPT first results ROSELIVOSS 2004 Contribution Technique B Recherche des indicateurs de changement cologique et de la biodiversit dans observatoire de Oued Mird MAROC premiers r sultats Technical contribution 6 Research of ecological indicators changes and of biodiversity in the Oued Mird Observatory MOROCCO first results ROSELIVOSS 2004 Contribution Technique 7 Surveillance des changements cologiques dans observatoire HOSELT USS de Bou Hedma TUNISIE premiers r sultats Technical contribution 7 Monitoring of ecological changes in the ROSEL TOSS Observatory of Hadde Bou Hedma TUNISIAJ first results ROSELIVOSS 2004 Contribution Technique 8 Espaces ressources usages premiere application du Systeme dinformation sur l Environnement l chelle Locale sur lobservatoire ROSELI VOSS de Banizournbou NIGER Technical Contribution 8 Space resources uses first application of the Local Environment Information System in the ROSEL TOSS Observatory of Banizoumbou NIGER ROSELIVOSS 2004 Contribution Technique 9 Recherche d indicateurs de desertification par analyse comparative de quelques observatoires ROSELIVOSS Technical contribution 9 Development of Desertification Indicators by Comparative Analysis of a Few ROSELI OSS Observatories ROSEL TOSS 2004 Contribution Technique 10 Une approche spatiale pour la surveillance de la faune Etude de ca
74. ry of Water Environment and Combating Desertification Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development National Action Programme to Combat Desertification Office de Mise en Valeur Agricole de Ouarzazate Ouarzazate Agricultural Development Board Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel Sahara and Sahel Observatory Regional Action Programme to Combat Desertification R seau d Observatoires de Surveillance Ecologique Long Terme Long Term Ecological Monitoring Observatories Network omall and Medium Term Action Programme European Commission Financial Office Sub Regional Action Programme to Combat Desertification Union du Maghreb Arabe Union of Arab Maghreb United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification United Nations Development Programme United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation Unit de Recherche sur les Ressources Biologiques Terrestres Research Unit on Biological Terrestrial Resources NOTE Oued means Wadi ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 7 1 CONTEXT AND ORIGIN OF THE OF LONG TERM ECOLOGICAL MONITORING The circum Saharan zone has undergone in the past five decades far reaching changes with regard to the ecological and agro sylvo pastoral aspects The most salient features of these changes are high degradation of natural resources soils and plant cover significant development in l
75. s au Sud du Maroc la vall e de loued Technical Contribution 10 A spatial approach for the Monitoring of the Fauna Case Study in Southern Morocco The Valley of Oued Mira ROSEL TOSS 2004 Contribution Technique TT Guide ROSEL TOSS pour l valuation et la surveillance des Etats de surface et des sols Technical Contribution 11 ROSELT OSS Guidebook for the Assessment and Monitoring of the Surface State and 501167 ROSELIVOSS 2004 Contribution Technique 72 Systeme de circulation de l Information ROSEL TOSS D finition des m tadonn es et laboration des catalogues de r f rence Technical Contribution 12 ROSELIVOSS Information Circulation System definition of metadata and development of reference catalogue ROSEL 7 0255 2004 Contribution Technique 13 Guide ROSEL 11056 pour la cartographie dynamique la v g tation et des paysages Technical Contribution 13 ROSELIVOSS Guidebook for the dynamic cartography of vegetation and of landscape ROSEL TOSS 2004 Contribution Technique 14 Fiches Techniques pour la construction des indicateurs cologiques ROSELI OSS Technical Contribution 14 Technical Cards for the development of ROSEL 1 1055 ecological indicators ROSELIVOSS 2004 Contribution Technique 15 Synthese comparative de quatre ann es de surveillance environnementale sur trois observatorres ROSELI OSS du Nord de l Afrique Umajed Hadde Bou Hedma et Oued Mira Technical Contribution 1
76. servatoires ROSELT OSS Development of Desertification Indicators by Comparative Analysis of a Few ROSELT OSS Observatories Mast re SILAT Montpellier Delabre E 1998 Caract risation et volution d cosyst mes anthropis s sah liens les milieux post culturaux du sud ouest nig rien Characterisation and Evolution of Anthropised BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES 50 Sahel Ecosystems The Post crop Environments of South Western Niger These Doct Sci PhD Univ Paris VI France 265 p Delaitre E Ghram Messedi A 8 Ben Ouezdou 2003 Apport d un systeme d information a la cartographie des pavsages en milieux arides la region de Menzel Habib face aux risques de d sertification Tunisie M ridionale Contribution of an Information System to the Cartography of Landscapes in Arid Environments The Region of Menzel Habib in the Face of Desertification Risks Southern Tunisia R D Montpellier France Facult des Sciences Humaines et Sociales de Tunis Tunisie Collogue Orleans mars 2003 Genin D 2000 Elevages extensifs Environnements et systemes de production en mutation en Tunisie rurale Essai d analyse a partir des donn es du programme Extensive Stock breeding Environments and Changing Production Systems in Tunisia Tentative Analysis Based on Programme Data DYPEN II CNT CREDIF IRA INRA IRD 44 p Ghram Messedi A in progress Dynamique des paysages en milieux arides l apport de la t l d tection et
77. ses and consequences of desertification e monitoring of the state and long term evolution of the ecological systems and of the resources that they contain e understanding the functioning of these systems and the interactive effects between the populations and their environment at local level particularly with a view to identifying the respective and or synergetic part of the climatic causes climate change and human causes of land degradation The objectives of ROSELT OSS in the field of support for development are e provide reliable and useful decision making products e to develop training in the use of environmental data and information in development plans and projects Ecological monitoring is understood in its broadest sense that is as the study of the dynamics of the natural physical and biological milieu of the human environment including social organisation and land use systems as well as the systems governing the interactions which exist between these various sets or compartments The ultimate objective is not only to analyse and to appreciate the functioning of these systems and their various interactions but also and above all to seek to identify optimal solutions both with regard to the use of the natural resources and to meet the needs of the populations as well as the prevention and compensation of environmental damages It should be pointed out that long term ecological monitoring programmes throughout the
78. ster s Dissertations have been supported and encouraged by OSS and the Regional Operator and the findings of these works Loireau 1998 Hanafi 2000 Jauffret 2001 Damman 2002 Ghram 2003 are presented in international symposia and are in certain cases published Jauffret amp Visser 2003 Jauffret amp Lavorel 2003 The network also organises training sessions on NICTs New Information and Communication Technologies in order to achieve the specific objectives of the ROSELT OSS programme data base metadata base and Local Environment Information Systems LEIS ROSELT OSS Technical backup missions by the Regional Operator accompany the countries in the establishment of their data base and metadata base as well as in the development of their LEIS ROSELT OSS programme thus making it possible to adapt in consultation with the country specialists the tools to their needs and the characteristics proper to each observatory A Desertification Service Unit specific to the ROSELT OSS network has been set up within the Research Development Institute Institut de Recherche pour le D veloppement IRD formerly This initiative will allow the promoting of scientific cooperation on desertification between specialised institutions from the North and the South It is also a favourable factor for ensuring the sustainability of the network and the mobilisation of means assigned to this complex issue Finally on the technical le
79. t rinaire EMVT Mr Francois MONICAT Programme Manager Mr Idriss ALFAROUKH Director of INSAH and Mr Metovo LAOMAIBAO and Khassoum DIEVE the INSAH Research Department as well as Mr Gaoussou TRAORE and Mr Sibiri QUEDRAOGO who have consecutively served as Sub regional Coordinator for West Africa Mr Musa MBENGA CILSS Executive Secretary for his unfailing support to OSS and its programmes The operating of the network could not have run so smoothly without the contribution of the national teams and in particular that of the national correspondents Mr Abdelaziz GAQUAR General Director of CRSTRA Biskra Algeria Mr Koudier MEDIGUNI the late Scientific Coordinator of the Observatory of the Steopes of the Upper Plains of the South West of Oran URBT Algiers Algeria Mrs Dalila NEDJRABUI Scientific Coordinator of the Observatory of the Steppes of the Upper Plains of the South West of Oran URBT Algiers Algeria Mr Mohamed ABDELRAZIK Professor at the University of Alexanaria National and Scientific Coordinator of the Observatory of Omayed Egypt Mr Abderrahmane Director of DREF Rabat Morocco Mr Mohamed VASSIN National and Scientific Coordinator of the Observatory of Oued Mird DREF Rabat Morocco Mr Abdelouahed EL GHARBAGUI Director of ORMVAQC Morocco Mr Ahmed RAMDANE Scientific Coordinator of the Observatory of ssougul ORMVAO Morocco Mr Houcine KHATTELI Na
80. t on biodiversity ROSELT OSS 2004 SD n 5 drafted by a group of specialists working in the pilot observatories the series of documents relating to Indicators developed based on the works conducted in the ROSELT OSS Observatory of Menzel Habib in Tunisia and the technical files on ecological descriptors indicators ROSELT OSS 2004 SD n 4 and TC n 4 the Charter on the management and dissemination of data and products within ROSELT OSS the document relating to the Local Environment Information System ROSELT OSS 2004 TC n 3 Past measurements sites ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 23 Figure n 4 Examples of Conceptual and Technical Documents Organisation fonctionnement et m thodes de ROSELT OSS Collection ROSELT OSS Document Scientifique N 2 Y f d E Tox k AN A l 5 MER tote ars EL 0599 butior th uc n 7 y L l Lot ki M 2 4 2 3 The scientific and technical reports Developed the countries based on a plan validated the whole network the scientific reports were made the whole observatories Their objective is to offer a svnthesis of the data collected during the observation vears and to propose the broad lines of interpretation of these data focused on the definition of a minimum set of parameters to be adopted as well as of indicators to be produced in the long term and at lower cost More in depth scie
81. tablishment of practical balances tapping vs availability of the resources under space related models cf Figure 1 opecial effort has been made with a view to defining a minimum data set to be collected at lower cost which would allow for a spatialisation of the data their possible extrapolation to larger zones and their integration within models of space and resources use The final objective of such operations was in fact to provide a characterisation of the state of the environment at the various stages of its evolution ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 17 Offer the possibility of conducting prospective studies on the dynamics of the environments based on simulations and modelling techniques undertake an in depth analysis of specific topics desertification biodiversity sand encroachment pastoralism farming activities etc Within the framework of the ROSELT OSS programme the data sets thus defined correspond to the following set up gt Bio phvsical data set e climate rainfalls quantity and spatial and temporal distribution meteorological data e soil and water quality and spatial distribution soil surface conditions pedology surface hydrology and hydro geology e vegetation production structure quality spatial distribution and floral diversity e fauna structure and spatial distribution of livestock and wild fauna gt Socio economic data set e human populat
82. te of the art in the field of monitoring evaluation of desertification research projects development projects and to use the results acguired for purooses of proposing an overall framework for an operational implementation of the NAP CD monitoring evaluation systems The substantial contribution of the ROSELIVOSS has been largely underscored particularly with regard to control over the desertification process and to the promotion of development support actions The results already obtained by the ROSELIVOSS in Tunisia lindicators prospective simulations deriving trom the LEIS ROSELI OSS and desertification risk index map will be gradually displayed on the Tunisian site of the System of Information Sharing on Desertification and the Environment SC DE updated in the framework of the SMAP project More specific studies on the national environmental monitoring devices have been conducted in Algerif Egypt and Morocco they are in process of validation by the National Coordination Institutions ONC in these countries it is worth pointing out that the data and metadata bases in process of establishment in each of the member countries of the network reoresent a major asset for the countries in the field of management and dissemination of data that help in decision making Finally the whole set of the products developed and of the results obtained are regularly presented during international events colloquia seminars J and on the occ
83. ters to be monitored such as these are described in the agreements signed between OSS and the national observatories which did not allow for developing decision making tools The launch of the ROSELT OSS programme in West Africa in June 2000 at the Bamako meeting allowed an updating of the concepts used within the network and for adopting a global conceptual scheme Figure 1 developed by the Regional Operator together with OSS for the study of environmental changes within ROSELT OSS with a particular focus on a conceptual development of the landscape approach while the founding document actually proposed a list of data to be collected for the exclusive purpose of characterising desertification from an ecological standpoint This spatial approach allows to include the set of biophysical and socio economic data as well as to study the impact of uses on natural resources with a view to developing the decision making aids expected reliable data on land degradation in arid zones relevant biophysical and socio economic indicators on desertification a state of the environment of the OSS zone space related uses resources balance prospective scenarios etc The mid term audit conducted towards the end of the year 2000 by OSS in the countries of North Africa Egypt Morocco and Tunisia has highlighted a lack of scientific coordination in these countries and the need to direct or plan the activities of the North Africa observatories acco
84. the strong points of a national network composed of lighter sites These sites need to be preferably located according to the ecological and socio economic gradients in order to take into consideration the spatial variation of environmental changes These national environmental monitoring mechanisms constitute one of the key pillars of the NAP CCD such as recommended by the CCD and such as designed by the OSS and its partners Accordingly the OSS does not spare any effort to clarify this concept of monitoring evaluation and to highlight the contribution of the ROSELT OSS network in the implementation of development and environmental protection programmes The participation by the members of the Executive Secretariat in the scientific and technical events organised T The CILSS the UMA and 7 African pilot countries which were joined by the GRULAC and China in the framework of a working group set up pursuant to a recommendation by CoP4 ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 43 at national or regional level UMA CILSS IGAD stems from the wish to seize these opportunities offered for a more in depth consideration jointly with the national partners of these major topics Moreover and in order to foster the integration of these programmes in the monitoring evaluation systems of the NAP CCD of its member countries the OSS has implemented in Tunisia in Morocco and at UMA level the SMAP project Monitoring Evalu
85. ting of zones of balance or misbalance between extractions and resources and this by going back the construction chain and identifying the causes of the case of balance or misbalance ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 34 Figure n 15 Development of a spatialised annual fodder balance based on the fodder availability and the fodder extraction maps Loireau 1998 ROSELT OSS Niger 2003 PASTORAL RESOURCES Fodder availability map Fodder extraction map Spatialised annual fodder balance fu i i Figure n 16 Development of a spatialised annual wood energy balance based on the wood energy availability and the wood energy extraction maps Loireau 1998 ROSELT OSS Niger 2003 WOOD ENERGY RESOURCES Wood energy availability Wood energy extraction Spatialised annual wood map map energy balance Figure n 17 Development of a sensitivity index map of soils to degradation based on homogeneous practices units maps and landscape units maps Loireau 1998 ROSELT OSS Niger 2003 Balance of farming activity in terms of soil degradation Map of homogeneous Map of landscape units Sensitivity index map of practices units agricultural herbaceous and soils to degradation ligneous biomasses y E ai ines n ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 35 e the comparison of the spatialised balances modular balances annual fodder balance annual wood energy balance and sensitivity inde
86. tion of the whole set of biophysical socio economic data and the study of the impact of uses on the natural resources and this with a view to developing products that helo in decision making such as reliable data soll degradation in arid zones biophysical and socio economic indicators state of the enwronment of the OSS m region spatialised resources uses Social Agricultural grazing i ms forestry halieutic balances prospective scenarios 4 protection etc Help in Particular effort was made in order to decision makinc define a minimum data set to be collected at lower cost and which would allow the spatialisation of data their possible extrapolation to larger Zones and their integration within models of use of both space and resources THE ROSEL 0S9 PRODUCTS DEVELOPMENT USE AND DISSEMINATION The ROSEL TOSS products may be distributed as follows o Previous achievements development of reference states under the form of thematic maps such as c land use maps and physical features maps lpedology geomorphology 7 o scientific and technical documents which are gradually issued as part of the c BUSEL USS Scientific and Technical Collection such as the methodological guidebook and its thematic leaflets including Vegetation Socio economic Features Fauna J the national scientific and technical reports o Local Environment Information System LEIS ROSEL TOSS
87. tional Coordinator Director General of IRA Medenine Tunisia Mr Mongi SGHAIER Scientific Coordinator of the Observatory of Menzel Habib Medenine Tunisia Mr Rachid BOUKCHINA Scientific Coordinator of the Observatory of Hadde Bou Hedma Gabes Tunisia Mr Antonio EVORA FERREIRA QUERIDO National HOSELT Coordinator President of INIDA Praia Lape Verde Mr Joe SPENCER Scientific Coordinator of the Observatory of Ribeira Seca INIDA Praia Cape Verde Mr Bino Director General of IER Bamako Mall Mr Fadiala DEMBELE National and Scientific Coordinator of the Observatory of Bamba Bourem Circle IER Gao Mal Mr Mohamed OULD HAMZA National and Scientific Coordinator of Observatory of Nouakchott Mauritanie Mr Wata ISSOUFOU National ROSELT Coordinator MHELCD Niamey Niger Mr Maxime Scientific Coordinator of the Observatory of Toroal Tondikandia Dandiantou observatories set University of Niamey Niger Mr Aboubacar ICHAOU Scientific Coordinator of the Observatory of Dandiantou Tondikandia Dandiantou observatories set MHELCD Niamey Niger Mr Moktar MANG Director General of CSE Dakar Senegal ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Mr Magatte BA National and Scientific Coordinator of the Observatory of Ferlo CSE Dakar Senegal Vr Fred MWANGEO National ROSELT Coordinator MWAMD Nairobi Kenja During these yea
88. tories at the time of inception of the ROSELT OSS activities They involve on the whole two main fields the biophysical data climate soil and water vegetation and fauna and the socio economic data socio economic features uses and practices The volume and quality of the data collected vary from one observatory to the other The reference state zero state of an observatory is represented by the land cover maps COT which give the features and location of the vegetation units phvsionomic units defined by dominant species their stratum their cover and their density as well as the vegetation forms that translate the uses the maps related to the physical features of the territory concerned and which inform on the major topographic pedological and geomorphological sets The national teams entrusted with the collection and processing of the data now focus on a valuation of the whole body of existing record data The purpose is to make these data accessible and usable for performing diachronic analyses and thus identify the relevant indicators that reveal the evolution of the biophysical and socio economic systems and their interactions in both time and space at landscape level 350000 360000 370000 340000 ee ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 20 Carte n 2 Land Cover map of the ROSELT OSS Observatory of Oued Mird MOROCCO Baudat ROSELT OSS Morocco 2003 490000 500000 510000 520000
89. ts as well as on the need for long term monitoring within observatories distributed in the circum Saharan zone The inventory of Potential Area Candidates Territoires Candidats Potentiels TCP carried out by the countries concerned has led to the choice of 25 observatories or clusters of observatories labelled ROSELT OSS distributed over 11 countries cf Map 1 and Table 1 out of which 12 were selected as pilot observatories that is ones that are intended to serve within a first phase as a basis for e refining the concept and finalising the data collection and processing techniques and methodologies e test the working hypotheses in light of the knowledge acquired on the processes of desertification with a view to producing at lower cost reliable relevant and replicable tools for assistance in decision making maps indicators information systems Map n 1 Location of the ROSELT OSS Observatories in Africa Thn em DObzerealcre labellis Observations piloti E Precip slions Nairobi E a i This choice and this selection have been made an ad hoc Scientific Committee and based on a scientific audit according to criteria that are directly connected to the objectives sought namely a study of the dynamics of ecological systems the land use systems and the social systems Among the selection criteria the following ones are worth mentionin
90. uropean Commission These initiatives are likely to promote scientific cooperation on desertification among the specialised institutions from both North and South and will help toward the sustainability of the network and the mobilisation of the means allotted to this complex Issue Monitoring Evaluation M amp E of and SRAP to combat desertification International Sub Regional Impact of the CCD implementation Environment state report to the CoP sd M amp E of the NAP SRAP implementation National Spatial observations Dashboard M amp E of the desertification Local Long term ecological observations Information sharing Internet Gatewav information svstem metadatabase LIST OF ROSELT OSS PRODUCTS xiii LIST OF ROSELT OSS PRODUCTS Beside all publications mentionned in references the ROSELI OSS products may be distributed as follows o Previous achievements development of reference conditions under the form of thematic maps such as land use maps and physical features maps o scientific documents which are gradually issued as part of the c ROSELIVOSS Scientific and Technical Collection such as the methodological guidebook and its thematic leaflets such as flora and vegetation socio economic features fauna J technical and concept related documents u national scientific and technical reports o Local Environment Information System LEIS ROSEL TOSS
91. ution of land use in Niger has led to highlighting an indicator related to an increase in cereal cropping cereal cropping and fallow at the expense of rangelands It emerges from the comparison that the cereal cropping areas passed from 12 to 71 between 1950 and 1992 Loireau 1998 This diachronic comparison may be carried out in more depth thanks to the detailed study of practices particularly the duration of fallow and its evolution over time Figure n 10 Evolution of the age classes of fallow from 1950 to 1995 Loireau 1998 1 Age ND gt 1 of fallow 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 B 1975 a Three evolution phases of duration of fallow may be described o first phase 1950 1965 increase of the average age of fallow from 3 years to 9 years in response to demographic growth and thanks to the availability of land the traditional system based on perennial crops and short duration fallow has been replaced by a marked extensification of long duration fallow o second phase 1965 1973 stabilisation of a new more complex crop system based on short duration and long duration fallow average age of about 8 years o third phase 1973 1995 saturation of the easily cultivable space intensification and reduction of the average age of fallow and return to the situation of 1950 Figure n 11 Evolution of land cove
92. veillance Environnementale au Mali par Alain et Abdou Yehiga Preliminary Study for the Set up of a National Environmental Monitoring Network in Mali Edition IARE by Alain Gerbe and Abdou Yehiga Maiga April 1998 40 p ROSELT OSS CSE IARE 1998 Rapport final ROSELT au S n gal Rapport de valorisation des donn es d j acquises au cours des ann es pr c dentes sur l Observatoire ROSELT du Ferlo Final ROSELT Report in Senegal Report on Valuing Acquired Data in the Course of Previous Years in the ROSELT Observatory of Ferlo By Aliou Diouf CSE March 1998 33 p annexes ROSELT OSS CSE IARE 1998 Cartes d occupation des terres de l Observatoire ROSELT du Ferlo 3 cartes couleur au 1 50 000 site de Lingu re site de Souil ne site de Widou Land Use Maps of the Lands of the ROSELT Observatory of Ferlo Site of Widou March 1998 ROSELT OSS DEAR ROSELT Mauritania 1998 Rapport provisoire Elaboration d une carte d occupation des terres de la r gion de Nouakchott et valorisation des donn es Brutes etlou interpr t es d j acquises au cours des ann es pr c dentes Draft Report Development of a Land Use Map for the Region of Nouakchott and Valuation of the Untreated and or Interpreted Data Already Acquired in the Course of Previous Years By Mohamed Chy Ould Saleck July 1998 26 pages ROSELT OSS DEAR ROSELT Mauritania 1998 Carte provisoire Carte d occupation des terr
93. vel pursuing the present activities will make it possible to finalise the metadata base develop the indicators expected and establish prospective scenarios thanks to the Local Environment Information System of the various observatories The products for help towards decision making will be extended to the Monitoring Evaluation oystems of the NAP CCD National Action Programme to Combat Desertification which are gradually established especially in Tunisia and Morocco in the framework of implementation of the conventions relating in particular to combating against desertification as well as to biological diversity It is worth mentioning that the effort invested by OSS to mobilise the countries concerned and their scientific and technical institutions as well as to integrate the ROSELT OSS programme in the environmental strategies has led to the introduction of the ROSELT OSS programme in the NAP of Tunisia Morocco Niger Senegal Mali and Algeria The same approach has been conducted with Egypt and with Kenya whose respective NAPs are in progress The ROSELT OSS observation sites which are actually field laboratories allowing an elucidation of the functioning of the ecological and socio economic systems as well as the population environment interactions provide a set of useful indicators for environmental monitoring The ROSELT OSS observatories thus participate in the national environmental monitoring devices They need to make up
94. ver such conditions are often difficult to find in developing countries particularly in Africa The lack of synergy between the national institutions has often proved to be an impediment to a proper progress of the programme and has induced at its Inception a slackening of the pace of the implementation of its activities Much effort had to be invested in order to get the message across to the institutions concerned that the OSS 15 not a funding agency and that the means that they provide need on the one hand to incept a national effort in this regard and on the other hand to build up the teams and the institutions involved he implementation of this unusual approach has been arduous resulting in certain cases in delays due to the insufficiency of the means provided in view of the efforts required Yet in spite of such handicaps which seem a priori to be difficult to overcome the ROSELI OSS programme was launched and it became established in several OSS member countries This inception phase has been above all a phase of training set uo of teams and finalisation from a conceptual and methodological point of view The active work of the network the exchanges between the members not to forget the strengthening of the North South partnership and the building of national capacities have made it possible to extend to the countries of the South the methodological and technological develooments indispensable for a mastery over the dissemination of
95. whole bodv of data of anv tvpe having been collected in the past untreated or developed data documents studies in order to lav down the foundations for a comparison with identical data collected at a more recent time ROSEL T OSS 2003 b The past diachronic approach makes it possible to rapidly identify relevant indicators and to define the series of data to be measured in the framework of the long term ROSELT OSS monitoring ROSELT OSS 2001 a In the framework of implementation of the ROSELT OSS programme in the observatories the past data as well as the data collected since 1998 are gradually collected within data bases and described in the metadata bases The cartographic data are geo referenced and integrated within Geographical Information Systems GIS The building of such data bases and the establishment of reference states t allow for comparisons in time and in space Thus the preliminary works related to a comparison of the thematic maps past and or present have already led to the identification of indicators at local level posters presented at the 4 session of the Executive Board Bonn 2003 Figure n 9 Evolution of land use ROSELT OSS Observatory of Torodi Tondikandia Dandiantou 1950 _ 1975 1992 36 Significant extension of cultivated areas and fallows Reference DE Faculty of Agronomy Niger ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 28 The comparison of evol
96. world are numerous and varied One may mention inter alia the GEMS Global Environment Monitoring System programme of UNEP the GTOS Global Terrestrial Observing System programme which is one of the projects of the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme IGBP that brings together various international governmental organisations and NGOs and the various LTER Long Term Ecological Research networks of American universities It is also worth pointing out that the ROSELT OSS programme has considerably drawn upon the recommendations of the meeting organised jointly by IGBP MAB UNESCO and OSS in July 1992 in Fontainebleau France and which has in addition served to give birth to the GTOS programme From a conceptual point of view the ROSELT OSS programme is quite close to the Man And Biosphere programme MAB of UNESCO and more especially to its core concern which revolves around the concept of Biosphere Reserves Indeed it shares with this concept several objectives and functions especially that of continuous surveillance monitoring which is equally a core concern for the GTOS programme United Nations Environment Programme Global Terrestrial Observing System founding document ROSELT OSS 1995 ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 10 Several ROSELT OSS sites are part of the global network of Biosphere Reserves such as the National Park of Boucle du in Mali the
97. x of soils to degradation based on the spatial reference units allows the establishment of a global multi use balance for the whole observatory s territory This balance makes it possible not only to report on the state of the landscape at a given time but also to appreciate by going up the whole construction chain the respective part of the biophysical and the socio economic factors and hence to interpret this state This leads us also to develop a map of desertification risk index for the whole observatory Figure n 18 Desertification risk index for the ROSELT OSS Observatory of Torodi Tondikandia Dandiantou c Banizoumbou Niger Loireau 1998 ROSELT OSS Niger 2003 Coordinates UTM Million m e Villages On iron pan plateaux pastoral and forestry uses aad 0 10 Very Low EE 10 17 very Low 117 34 Medium Out of iron pan plateaux agricultural pastoral and forestry uses 0 17 Very Low 17 34 Low 134 56 Medium 56 81 High 181 100 Very high Degraded zones 5 Kilometres The LEIS ROSELT OSS is in process of development in the other ROSELT OSS observatories of the network and the early results on Tunisia and on Senegal are due to be available during the first quarter of 2004 ROSELT OSS ACHIEVEMENTS AND RETROSPECTIVE OVERVIEW 37 5 INTEGRATION OF ROSELT OSS IN THE NAP CCD NATIONAL ACTION PROGRAMME TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION AND USE OF ITS

View full document [PDF 2.57 MB]

Contents

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents