PDF file 3.9 MB - ニュートリノ科学研究センター
Contents
1.2. OO CC bis MSB LS
3. CD 4
4. 10 Toy model 33 10 N cm N cml 1 cm 4 6 A bottom Pal 4 6 Py notom 3R Ap 9 R Po Nem 47 38U 232Th KK 0 g8
5. 4 4 2
6. AutoAlarm KamLAND
7. 1 1
8. 4 1 PPO KamLAND Xe 3rd
9. 16 IN 1 4 1 2 0
10. 1 1 7 77 lt solar 7 6x10 eV lt atmospheric my 2 5x10 3eV atmospheric mM gt 2 5x10 eV lt solar 7 6x10 eV lt 2 77 1 1 1 1 mil lt m2 lt ms Normal hierarhcy 723 lt mi mz Inverted Hierarchy 7z 722 723 Degenerated 1 1 8 tw
11. FX
12. m PP pottom Pj bottam Ap 9 gm R Po IPal 4 3 Po m 4 32 T N ml T N m TIN ml 4 4 4 4 1 T sR PP N ml 4 4 m _ 1 Al 4 3 4 5 Pal 4 5 1R Ap g H R Po 2 h
13. 4 1 1 238U 3 5 x 10 13 g g 214Bi 8B solar 10 13 g g 4 1 238U 4 33 4 1 33 IT lt 3 0 x 10 g g 232Th lt 3 0x10 12 g g 40K lt 2 4x10 1g g
14. J PPO PET A C PET J 1 J 1 PET J 110 J 1 K 0 0117
15. KamLAND2 Zen KamLAND2 Zen 60 meV 28 LAB 28 PMT imaging device 37 38 2 KamLAND KamLAND Zen 23 4 eisiio ede oj lole sae ow gi 1 2 700kg KamLAND2 Zen 2 9 KamLAND Zen 24 3 KamLAIND Zen 0v88 2 KamLAND Zen
16. RONS CAD VectorFileUpdate
17. 3
18. GEANT4 1 000 000 136Xe 0 136Xe 0 Fiducial Volume FV FV 136Xe 0z 6 1 1 GEANT4 KamLAND Zen 214Bi 214Po Tag 214Po a KamLAND 6 1
19. E 84 Force N cm 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 5 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Displacement mm E 3 PEN A 50 gm Displacement Force 14 864 88 7 10 N cm 85 F backscatter 7 F 1 7 5 1 Carbon Z 6 o experimental atot Cross section barns atom 10eV 1kev 1MeV _ 1GeV 100Gev Photon Energy F 1
20. 45 C aging bis MSB LS 5 bis MSB LS HH 101 H 1 bis MSB LS LS 15 C 45 C 4 H 8 32 LS LSs
21. 4Bi 214Po Tagl Te2 3 2 3 3 238 238 4 U 4 U 4 468x10yr 2 468x10 yr lt lt 214Pb 1023kev_ 214Bi 48272keV 214PO 214Pb 1023keVN 214Bi 48272keV 214PO 26 8min B 19 9min KE 164 3usec 26 8min Np 19 9min 7 164 3usec Tag2 7687keV Tag1 210Pb 22 3y 210Pb 22 3yr 3 2 Tag1 Bi Po 3 3 Tag2 Bi Po Tag1 214Bi 214Po 214Bi 3272 keV 7 4Po 7687 keV a Tag1 Po 39 Tag1 99 97 214Po o
22. MX2 500 50 mm min 83 E 2 E 2
23. 2013 Xe Xe LS Xe 0z87 Xe 136Xe 1 6 Qpgg 139Ba Xe Xe LS Xe Xe KamLAND LS 2 3 2 3 Xe LS Xe LS Xe N 10 CioH22 0 735 g cm 82 3 PO 1 2 4 OoHi gt 0 875 g cm 17 7 PPO 2 5 C1
24. 1 cm 10 cm 0 B 2 0 gt 0 B 1 0 B 2 B 78 cyclohexane 101 S E 100 5 g 100 99 5 99 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 99 350 400 450 500 550 600 Wavelength nm B 1 3 9 cm KamLAND OT 6 m z
25. 1 LS 5 x2 ndf 71 59 47 Nal 300 Constant 165 4 3 5 E ndf 69 31 47 5 Mean 130 2 0 3 SM Constant 251 1 40 250 Sigma 19 88 0 30 Men T34403 250 Sigma 22 45 0 28 200 200 150 150 100 100 50H h 50F 50 100 150 200 250 300 380 400 450 800 ADC ch ol 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 ADCIch H 10 LSc 137Cs LS H 11 LSo 137Cs Nal 1r Na 1g NSR SR LS
26. 4 51 4 3 7 PEN 265 280 C 3 NL201 J 4 36 8 4 36 NL201 J 4 37 PEN A 4 37 PEN A50 gm 3 1
27. 4 11 4 30 4 29 4 30 P gain g 700F X27ndf 75 21 57 8 Constant 479 7 4 9 S 6oo Mean 1 291e 04 1 283e 01 Sigma 1477 12 7 500 400 300 200 100 Qk L EE 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 Charge ADC 4 29 4 3 KamLAND LS PEN A a 4 46 t t ti N Aexp Bexp Ts J N_ x2 ndf 249 6 222 Q 200 FastAmplitude A 85 23 0 6347 lt TimeOffset t 180 3 0 09599 180 FastTimeConst Ti 27 44 0 2534 160 SlowAmplitude B 11 63 0 808 SlowTimeConst 199 2 18 7 5 140 AdcOffset N 3 365e 090 6546 G 120 FastDecayComponent 100 SlowDecayComponent FastDecayComponent
28. 100 ml KamLAND LS G 6 N 500 ml min x 3 min Rn G 6 PMT 2 Bi Po G a 95 BiPo a 14Bi 14Po 80 950 gsec 163 7 delayed prompt counts 10ch 4000 3000 2000 1000 500 1000 1500 2000 5500 3000 NY 4000 D
29. 20 kHz 2 4
30. o 214Bi 214Po 214Po 7687 keV a Tagl 29 4 4 1 2 KamLAND Zen 214Po 7687 keV a
31. 1 Ap 9 Pal 4 2 4 31 ow 1 0 S 0 9 g A w 0 8 E 2 07 0 6 EF Xe LS Light emission spectrum 0 5 17inch PMT Quantum efficiency 0 4 EE KamLAND LS transmittance 4m 0 3 Xe LS transmittance 1 54m 0 2 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 46o 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 Wavelength nm 4 2 Xe LS PMT KamLAND LS 4 m Xe LS 1 54 m 100 1 1 KamLAND LS DkamLAND LS Xe LS Pxe Ls Mini balloon 4 3 pxe vs Xe LS pkaLANp rs KamLAND LS A pxe Ls PKamLAND LS
32. 3 1 0z2 5 ER DDSI DS2 Da am Total 88 10 Sta xe 2vBB lomAg F i 238U 232Th 3 L 3 10 36xe OvBB 20Bi SKr eo 90 CL UL 1B External gt 10 Spallati 10 E pallation lt 10 10 NN LE 10 1 1 Visible Energy MeV 3 1 KamLAND Zen 1 31 3 1 KamLAND Zen 1 0z2 2 2 3 0 MeV 1 110mAg 10C 1Be 8B solar xy 208TI 214Bi 136Xe 2 72 3 KamLAND Zen 25 110m Ag 110mAg 1 Xe 110mAg
33. Super Kamiokande Super Kamiokande sin202 gt 0 82 5x10 4 lt Am2 lt 6 x 10 eV 90 C L 1 25 13 KamLAND KamLAND 1 4 RSFP KamLAND LMA 14 0 8 0 6 0 4 Survival Probability 0 2 3 V best fit oscillatton Data BG Geo V 2 V best fit oscillation 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 L E km MeV 1 4 KamLAND 15 0
34. TEIIJIN PEN B EMASON BRANSON 20 kHz 40 kHz 20 kHz 1
35. 2 10mAg 10 1 30 19 1 000 m KamLAND 0 3 Hz 12C 0z 7 10C MoGURA C 90 36 Be DC 2C Be 10C
36. PMT HV 400 V 4 24 Vi 4 24 F 2000 4 23 EF 2000 4 25 F 2000 4 43 4 26 380 nm
37. 430 nm EX 380nm gt 10F 5 09E E 0 8 5 07E 0 6E 0 5E eo 03 i CN i i i i 0 EE RN 0 ES j Et j Ec j j 360 350 40 450 500 550 600 650 700 Wavelength nm EM 4 26 1 PEN A KamLAND LS 4 44 4 3 4 2 4 27 4 11 43 Fast Component Liqht Output Component
38. B T be WinoCV VyoC Vigo We Ngo Vie an0 1 42 0 1 41 1 5 Gell mann
39. 10 Super Kamiokande o 7 1 000m lh SN D Vd 000 NN LLLTW w FE 7 77 PMT d 1 D PMT 20inch 225 20inch 554 N 17inch 1325 D We 4 2 1 KamLAND 2 KamLAND KamLAND Zen 17 2 1 1 Outer Detector OD 20 m 20 m 3 000 225 20inch PMT
40. 28 77 B U 3900 4 31 0 1 10 cm 1 B 1 0 cm 6 10 cm 8 KamLAND
41. JIS E 1 E 1 E 1 JIS 1 cmx 3 cm ZTA 500 500 500 N 0 1 N
42. Xe 59 5 5 1 PEN PolyEthylene Naphthalate KamLAND LS Xe LS PEN 400 nm 450 nm PMT 400 lt 440 nm 5 2 bis MSB PPO 370 nm 425 nm bis MSB
43. 2 1 Am 5 486 MeV a 60 keV ADC o 241Am Al Collimator Film sample Linear Fan I O 4 9 a GateGenerator HV Signal 4 10 PEN A 125 gm o 2 mm 5 MeV o keV 241Am 60 keV 4 11 PPO 1 mm 4 12
44. I 106 1 20 kHz BRANSON 3 12 MM 4 40 kHz I 5 I 6 T 107 I 4 1 5 40 kHz I 6
45. 214Bi 238U C 4 2 PPO PPO 2 5 4 5 4 6 PPO KamLAND 4 5 5g L PPO 4 6 PPO KamLAND LS PET PolyEthylene Terephtalate PET
46. 150 meV Xe 390 kg 1 58 m 25 pm 6 6 VE MeV 15 cm VE MeV 136Xe 2z 7 2 30 x 104 yr KamLAND Zen 31 Xe 0z 7 4 55T6 5g x 1026 yr QRPA 48 150 meV 298T 214Bi 10C 11Be 8B solar v 136Xe 27 110mAg 214Bi 99 7 10C MoGURA 6 68 90 36 GEANT4 1 000 000 6 1 FV
47. 1 2 0 mp 2 0 0 1 26 3 Va mp 1 27 1 27 Lp 7 1 28 p mp Libr Pa 0 Vrdr 0 1 29 Pp r 3 1 F935 dR Vion VrPr 1 30 a Lp mp Vidrn LRP 1 31
48. mgg 2 1 68 Mo 0 1 8 17 pp gt leV lt 102 103 103 102 101 eV 1 8 20 2 47 1 meV 2 1 6
49. R amp D 1 2 1930 W Pauli 1 1 2 2 gt e 1 1 1 2 7 1 1932 J Chadwik E Fermi 1934
50. bis MSB LENA Low Energy Neutrino Astronomy 46 bis MSB KamLAND LS 47 LS Xe Xe LS bis MSB 0 01 g L 47 5 3 bis MSB LS 5 3 1 F 2000 0 008 g L bis MSB LS 4 3 3
51. 1 cm 10 cm 9 cm U 3900 10 cm OK on 3 1 0 5
52. RCNS 2 Rn 2
53. max gt F 1 F 2 F 87 Nal F 5 477keV y 185keV Nal Je7Os Y 662keV 2inch PMT HV 1800V Discriminator GateGenerator F 5 BackScatter F 1 180 160 160 F 2 F 1 9 180
54. C 2 K 0 0117 52 238U 10 12g g 232Th 10 2g g K K 0 g g A 9 11 lt 1 0x105 12 A 2 3 2 0 x 104 2 3 B 20 28 lt 1 0 x 10 12 24 420 lt 1 0 x 10 12 G 150 590 1 2 x 10 140 80 D 229U 2Th 238 lsotope B deca Sa B decay 230 226 222 218 7263keV 214 210 5407keV 206 Pb 206 stable 81 82 83 84 85 86 88 90 91 92 D 1 28U D 28U 332Th 232 232Th 405x10 4083keV 228 Ra 228 Ac 228Th 228 575y 459 6 15h P127 1913y ev 224 224 Ra 3 66d 220 220Rn 55 6s 6405keV 216 6907keV dj212 Po 212 0 299x10 3 8954keV 208 Pb 208 stable 81 82 83 84 86 8 0 Ee D 2 232Th 82 E
55. 0v28 0 x88 214Bi Xe 238U 2 8U 214Bi 9 136Xe 0z82 3Bi Bi Po KamLAND o o 14Bi
56. KamLAND Zen E 3 50 gm PPN A 2 mm 72 N cm 10 N cm 4 6 25 gm 36 N cm
57. G 23Bi 3Po a 92 2inch PMT HV 1800V G 4 I Discriminator 214B _ 1msec delay 1 5msec veto 200nsec delay 250nsec width prompt 200nsec delay 2 idth 50nsec wid daaved Logic F O LAM Stop start CAMAC Coincidence 1MHz Clock Generator 214Po CAMAOC ADO 1 5 msec veto G G GateGenerator prompt event 1 msec delayed event LAM scaler G 2 G 4 CAMAC TOYO CC 7700 prompt ADC REPIO RPC 022 delayed ADC HOSHIN C0009 scaler Kaizu works KC3122 G 3 G 4 PMT PMT number H1161 50 RC5301 Model number H1161 model Tube diameter 2inch Spectral response range 300 600 nm Dynode structure line of stages 12 Q E at peak 26 Window material Borosihicate Glass Photocathcade Bialkali Overall voltage 2000 V Bleeder current 1 23 mA G 3Bi 3Po
58. va 2 alz vi va gt Uilva 1 9 vilz t eitly z 0 1 10 3 problem anomaly 1 B 2 Er 9 E 1 1 11 m E p o valz t 2 ie Zz 0 0 6 1 12 1 8 o 8 Pe vglval z t 1 13 1 14 2 Am a 2Re 8 g7 exD 2 1 15 7 c Am m2 mj 2 VR 9 1 9 ve cos 0 v1 sin 0
59. 2 136Xe KamLAND Zen 214Bi Xe 238U U 14Bi 8 136Xe 0 88 214Bi 214Bi 14Po KamLAND 4
60. PEN A 4 8 PEN A KamLAND Xe LS vertex resolution 4 8 PEN A 4 a 214Po 7687 keV o KamLAND LS 72 1 430 nm 7rast 27 44 0 2534 nsec Tulow 199 2 18 7 nsec PC LS 380 nm 400 nm 238U 214Bi
61. 208T 214Bi 10C 11Be B solar v 136Xe 27 136Xe 0 3 05 x 10 2 4 35 x 10 2 26 1 90 x 10 1 07 6 17 13 9 2 50 x 10 1 64 x 10 3 1 07 x 10 3 6 75 x 10 3 2 39 x 10 2 5 00 x 10 1 60 x 10 2 Xe 700 kg 6 3 Xe 1 9Xe 0z 6 3 Xe 700 kg 1 208T 214Bi 10C 11Be 8B solar v 136Xe 27 136Xe 0 3 36 x 10 2 7 01 x 10 4 32 3 63 x 10 1 2 04 10 4 27 83 3 33 x 10 2 64 x 10 3 1 47 x 10 3 9 32 x 10 3 3 30 x 10 2 9 09 x 10 3 13 x 10 2 6 2 FV 6 2 1 90 C 1 136Xe 0 ai Vpc Ai
62. 41 42 PET PET A PEN PolyEthylene INaphthalate PEN PolyEthylene Naphthalate 41 42 PET PEN A 4 34 4 7 PET O I 8 4 8 PEN 4 35 4 3 4 3 1 o o PMT 25 mmx25 mm 2 mm 1Am 4 9
63. Entries 7048 X2 ndf 133 5 62 350 Constant 202 1 3 6 SN Mean 168 7 0 3 Sigma 23 15 0 29 c 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 100 200 390 400 890 600 700 800 900160g 5 8 LS bis MSB 0 024 g 120ml 137Cs LS Na 1r 5 10 bis MSB 137Cs Gaussian ft bis MSB 1 bis MSB h_Nal Entries 10315 X2 ndf 605 6 96 E Constant 322 7 4 6 NN Mean 485 0 3 gg 50E Sigma 24 01 0 24 c 8 300
64. Ar Ar K 4 4 s 4 5 50 g 125 gm 4 56 4 4 IOP Agilent Technologies 7500 ICP MS Th 232amu U 238amu RE 1600 W 0 70 L min
65. PEN A PC PEN A PC PEN A PC PO U 3900 4 31 B 10cm 4 31 U 3900 33 4 32 PEN A 9 cm 4 12 PEN A PO 4 33 PEN A PC 9 cm 4 12 BEN A PC 9 cm 0 5 PC PEN A KamLAND Zen PO 4 48 100
66. PolyEthyleneNaphthalate bis MSB 14Bi 1 7 Xe 700 kg 4 5 23 meV 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 3 2 4 4 1 4 2 4 3 PO SE PE SR RN EAE 020 PS PS ek KamLAND KamLAND Zen Ia 2 1 1 Outer Detector OD SDAA MELe er 2 L oe 2 1 2 Inner Detector ID 4 2 1 3 KaimbLAND Zen RE 600 08 6 KamLAND Zen 0 88 oO AO DO gt gt 3 2 1 3 2 2 Fiduci
67. PPO JJ PET A PET 42 PEN A 4 38 4 3 2 222Rn 14Po a GC PEN A PMT 2Rn BiPo 14Po 7 687 keV o PEN A
68. 4 41 4 55 4 3 10 NTT PEN 4 42 125 gm PEN A 4 4 42 PEN 30 105 C K ICP MS 238U 232Th e ICP MS
69. 90 40 90 380 lt 420 nm KamLAND Zen 24 Toy model Im Ap P Ap V9 A rR 9 41 9
70. ce 3 KamLAND Zen 27 136Xe 3 4 4Bi 214Po Tag1 ti es 25 gm Tag1 14Bi 52 5 39 ETag1 Ea X 8 52 5 3 1 Tag2 214Pb 214Bi 214Bi 24Pb 19 9 min time window 1 ertex Tag2 1 time window 3Bi 40 cm vertex 67 8 39 KK lt 10 1T g g 25 gm time window hour lt gt kam L S 40cm 3 5 24P
71. 12 BiPo
72. 0 0 1956 F Reines C L Cowan Jr 8 9 CdCls 2 1962 Schwarz 15 GeV Be ne p pj e 1 3 vn 1 4 1 3 gt 1 4 1 4
73. 214Po 7687 keV a G_1 a 24Bi 14Po 4Po 7687 keV o 222Rn 3 82day 6155keV Qa 1023keV 214Pb 26 8min 214DPO 164 3usec Delayed 22 3yn G 1 2Rn G 214Bi 214Po a 90 Rn 222Rn G 2 Valve Rn Glove Box Exhaust OUT IN Fo Rnarbubbing Valve Rn case Valve G 2 Rn 2Rn 2Rn Po N dN AV G1 N t oe G 2 Ao Nt 0 7 2
74. 5 65 5 4 Xe LS bis MSB 425 nm bis MSB 66 6 0z2 6 1 PEN A bis MSB KamLAND Zen 0 88
75. 700 kg 2 m Xe 700 kg 6 1 6 1 2 0z2 136Xe 0 6 2 2 3 2 8 MeV V T events 20ke a CD Trrmm REA IN Om TTIT 4 5 Visible Energy MeV 6 2 136Xe 0 136Xe 27 1g 2g 2 MeV 136Xe 0
76. PEN 4 52 4 3 8 PEN A 1 cmx 3 cm ZTA 500 4 38 E 4 38 ZTA 500 MX2 500 4 39
77. 214Bi 0z22 3 2 1 24Bi 214Bi 8 gt 0v288 238U 214Bi 214Bi
78. B solar 1 3 B Xe LS 208T1 208T 2 6 MeV gt 0z22 KamLAND LS 3 7 MeV 208T 0 88 Xe LS 214Bi SE 44
79. Xe LS Xe KamLAND LS 4 7 6 PET PolyEthyleneTerephthalate PEN PEN PolyEthyleneNaphthalate PET 45 Xe 4 7 45 cc m2 24h atm xm 25 C 35 C 25 C 6 20 85 140 450 66 25 77 140 140 11 25 520 2 300 12 25 1100 3 200 PET Poly Ethylene Telephthalate 25 43 430 PETG 50 50 150 50 1 800 10 100 25 8 100 37 000 0 92 50 3 900 7 200 16 500 0 955 25 2 900 7 600 4 58 4 4 KamLAND LS Xe LS
80. conservative PEN A 214Po 433 keV KamLAND 300 443 keV 6 1 PEN A 2 Po 443 keV KamLAND 300 keV 300 keV 6 6 MeV 35 6 6 10 0 443 keV 6 1 0 443 MeV conservative 3g 99 7 14Bi 4 6 bis MSB 6 2 n Aa x TO x O 6 2 A i A 7 A Q PMT A 6 1 6 1
81. 4 27 43 N t 4exp Bexp 4 11 PEN A 4Am MoGURA Module for General Use Rapid Application MoGURA 36 P 4 2 4 2 36 Gain ch P gain H gain IM gain L gain 1 GHz 200 MHz 200 MHz 200 MHz 5mV 20mV 25mV 100mV 250mV 1V 2 5mV 10V 0 1 mV 0 5 mV 5 mV 50 mV x120 x24 x2 4 x0 24 1 4 29 4 45 241Am Al Collimator Film sample LAM Signal 4 28 MoGURA waveform
82. RA i 3 1 2 3 3 4
83. 2001 DONUT 10 2002 LEP Z 3 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 c t 9 8 b 1 6 72 T 0 Ze Vp 1 3 0
84. 1 2 3 50 51 C CH N CH Hs AN ch O NA NI CH A 2 PC A 1 PPO A 3 bis MSB 50 e e e e o KamLAND LS MeV o 1 13 35 KamLAND LS Xe LS 15
85. 3 PPO PET A KamLAND LS Xe LS 111 80 Transmittance Transmittance 4 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 1 1 _1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1_1 1 800 350 400 450 500 550 600 oo 350 400 450 500 550 600 Wavelength nm Wavelength nm 3 PPO 1 mm J 4 PET A 50 an 112 113 1 H Murayama Neutrino Physics http hitoshi berkeley edu neutrino 2 T Yanagida in Proceedings of the workshop on Unified Theory and Baryon Number of the CGI 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Uninverse eds O Sawada and A Sugamoto KEK 1979 p 95 M Gell Mann Pramond and R Slansky in S
86. 4 13 222Rn 219Po 214Bi 214Po 2 3 o KamLAND LS 222Rn G PEN A KamLAND LS as 5 TR A lt 4 13 Po 4 14 4Po Rn 3 G KamLAND LS 214Po a 17 12 5 0 539 isible energy 614 26 9 keV KamLAND LS PEN A dela
87. LS 7 Nal Nal 1c 477 keV 5 3 LS HV 750V Nal 2inch PMT y 185keV 8 Nal 37Cs Y 662keV HV 1800V Discriminator GateGenerator 5 3 BackScatter 5 4 5 9 Entries 7044 FE Entri 1044 Qi 350 Mean 154 8 0 3 2 met 2 Sigma 23 62 0 34 Constant 329 4 6 300 Q 350 Mean 483 1 0 3 8 Sigma 23 83 0 23 250E 3 300E 200E 250E 150 200E 100F 150 50 100 Ol fffrliaiilirnnlrirrttrisfinmrlraii 50 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 ADCIch oE 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 000 6
88. 2 1 41 og Fi 7 Tmo Ga Tg mr mo 1 ee Ms mr 1 44 mMD MR 1 10 5 a a a mn saa nnn 1 5 a ic RS 1 I 1 i pr py oD ei ot py pr Ti 10 1 102 10 1 10 10 19 1 1 1 1 1 1409 110 10 102 Mass eV 1 5 17 Yr C UW VW VY 1 45 4 br 2 Vr Yr 0 7 W747W VepMV 1 46 Lp rM mp ziNg 7z2 mLVLVe 72pV 7 Ws c 1 47 mr 7777 MD Ve zz r 0 h c 1 48 Yr vL Ve vp VR NR Ve NE vp R Ve D NrR 7 M bir cos Yr sin 27 sin cos 7 Yin COS OP sin 5 Sin 0OVP cos
89. 2 U 10 g g Th 10 g g K ER 10 g g lt 3 0 lt 3 0 lt 205 1 x 103 lt 24 PET lt 5 lt 5 0 2 x 103 0 0234 Xe J 2 J 3 J 4 3 1 mirror Light source Integrating sphere diaphragm Film sample J 2 PMT 1 nm PMT 30 3
90. O OPp e Zeoneremt kx z c 86 F 30 07 y ya 0 5 2714 y 2 _ O 5 9 de 55 27 e eS Q 1175 63 Fe Q 2823 9 Sse IE co SS ue 9 94 496 967 11 2 W 661 659 gt cc 99 925 Z5 44 VES SS 2505 768 1 1 ps 9 lt 0 0229 gt 12 9 2 TSS 2158 64 o sg ps TT 5 8x10 4 76 62 1 2 283 41 0057 150 4 1332 518 0 713 ps 5 6 727 2 FW TN 137Pa stable of 1 stable 56 28Ni F 2 37Cs 53 153 F 3 60Co 53 F 4 F 4 UTU F 1 Ee PE 1 1 cos moc moc 0 511 MeV 9 180
91. LS LSc LSp bis MSB LS LS bis MSB H 1 bis MSB LS bis MSB g 120 ml LSA 0 15 C LSs 0 45 C 8 LSc 0 012 15 C LSp 0 012 45 C 8 100F o1 5 90E 1 80 G 70 E1 ge 8 DE 1 50F Decane LS w o bis MSB 1 40 4month storage in 15degC 30 Decane LS w o bis MSB 0 4month storage in 45degC 20F 0 10F EE EE 350 400 450 500 550 600 080L ET EE EE Wavelength nm 350 400 450 500 550 600 Wave
92. 1 mm I 108 PEN B 1 cmx 3 cm ZTA 500 oO 8 oa 5 SS6SSS 6 20 15 10F 5 0 05 1 1 5 2 2 5 3 Displacement mm 1 7 _ PEN B 1 7 PEN B PEN
93. 7687 keV o KamLAND visible energy A KamLAND 300 keV 35 Po 300 keV visible energy KamLAND LS 380 nm KamLAND LS 390 nm o Puls Shape Discrimination PSD
94. 5 60 5 1 bis MSB 5 2 nm Normalized gt 1 0F E 5 0 9 Decane LS wio bis MSB 5 eee ee OO OO MO 00 350 400 450 500 550 600 Wavelength nm EM 5 2 bis MSB LS 340 nm 10 nm bis MSB LS bis MSB 0 008 g L LS bis MSB 425 nm 5 61 5 3 2 137Cs 477 keV F bis MSB
95. 7 Beer Lambert T er B 3 B 3 cm cm glcm 7 9 cm em B 4 0 0 79 C C 1
96. KamLAND Zen A filler Iler C 1 K 0 0117 52 KamLAND Zen A 238 10 12g g 232Th 10 72g g KK 10 g g A 0 6 1 1 1 3 x 104 1 5 B lt 0 1 lt 0 1 2 5 x 103 2 5 CC 0 8 lt 0 1 6 0 x 103 0 29 D 1 0 15 0 1 5 x 103 0 18 E fller 6 8 x 10 3 2 x 10 2 6 x 10 304 E fller 86 5 0 x 102 lt 1 0 x 105 12 F fller 1 2 x 102 2 7 x 102 lt 1 0 x 105 12 F Iller lt 5 lt 5 lt 1 0 x 105 12 C 2 C 1
97. 1 1 0 693 G 1 54 4 Bateman 1 2 i_17V1 0 G 4 0 Ax 2Rn Ai 0 10000 G 3 Rn 200 G 3Bi 3Po a 91 G 1 At 210T A T min 222Rn 3 8235 day 1 259 x 10 4 218Po 3 10 min 0 2236 14pb 26 8 min 0 02586 214Bi 19 9 min 0 03483 210Po 164 3 sec 2 531 x 109 1 Ce Ce else Ss Radioactivity decay min 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 00 50 100 150 200 250 300 Time min G 3 t 0 2 22Rn 10000 lt 22Rn 210Pb 218At 210T 22Bi Po
98. 0 90 L min 3 1 3 4 5 SpectrAA 55B K 766 5 nm 4 6 40K 232Th 238U 4 6 K 0 0117 22U 10 g g Th 10 g g KCYK 0 g g PEN 25 lt 5 lt 0 1 x 103 lt 0 0117 PEN A 125 gm 36 lt 5 0 2 x 103 0 0234 4K lt 2 4 x 10 g g 2Th 238U lt 3 0 x 10 22 g g 238U 4Bi 4 4 3 11 KamLAND Zen
99. 66 6 1 5 66 6tT 66 6 1 2 08 68 6B JREVS 2AL SE SO 68 6 1 4 136Xe 0z 70 6 2 rr 70 6 2 1 90 OC L 70 6 2 2 0 71 6 3 73 7 74 75 B 77 C 79 D 28U 2 2Th 80 E 82 F 85 G 3Bi 214Po a 89 H 109 113 1 1 1 0 1 2
100. reg O 1 32 CT O7 Os Cg OT 1 33 1 B mt mt ob eoOe OW 00 Wirod VY 1 34 Lu 3 mw mr mg 1 35 to MM g z 1 rg 1 c c 1 C c 1 rp amu amu brbg Babi smu Wrap 1 36 Lp jimp 37 Cr mp Prdn Vidr 1 38 Ca ma ibn Trg 1 39 pr mp Pide Pie mB dh Mabidr hc 1 40 mp rw mr rm hc 1 41 e a
101. 554 20inch PMT 1 325 17inch PMT 20inch PMT KamLAND Kamiokande 17inch PMT KamLAND 1 9 17inch PMT 20inch PMT 17inch PMT 44 3 EVOH 5 135 pum 2 KamLAND KamLAND Zen 18 2 2 17inchPMT 20inchPMT Quantum efficiency 10 ai 3 iiil iiiiliVi 10 250 300 350 4
102. 50 60 70 80 90 100110120 Fiducial Volume Ratio 2 6 5 Xe 700 kg FOM 40 50 60 70 80 90 100110 120 Fiducial Volume Ratio 2 6 4 2 FOM FOM 40 50 60 70 80 90 100110 120 Fiducial Volume Ratio 9 6 6 Xe 700 kg FOM 6 70 6 1 4 Xe 0 FV100 136Xe 0 6 2 214Bi 136Xe 07 136Xe 2 6 2 2 1
103. KamLAND LS delayed 4 15 4Bi24Po KamLAND LS prompt prompt delayed 4 8 N p0 wp 48 4 40 Delayed Accidental Time prompt delayed X2 ndf 90 99 54 time Constant 1212 12 2 8 1 Entries 1463988 g 800 Mean 2473 2 9 E Mean 907 8 Sigma 132 4 1 4 8 105 RMS 207 1 1000 F po 5738 40 7 L half ll 1 alf life 164 6 1 4 a E p2 28 16 5 56 10 E 600 YE 400 10 EE 200F 1 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 time scaler usec LM 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 ADC ch 4 17 24Bi 4Po KamLAND LS prompt delayed 4 18 214Bi 224Po KamLAND LS delayed delayed prompt F 700F 500 a 8 600 400 s00 300 400 300 200 200 100 joo EE 1 Li Ti 0 0 5
104. Na lz Nal 0 X ndf 403 97147 5 80F SE Constant 50 98 1 12 70F Mean 848 7 1 3 Si Sigma 64 98 1 15 60 50 40 30 20 10 a i nm dt nhn nl 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 ADC ch G 13 3137Cs Nal 17 G 3Bi 3Po a 97 LS _ x Indf 282 7 232 Nal p1 1904 8 1 Constant 202 8 3 0 8 dl p2 136 7 7 4 3250 lean 964 4 1 2 Ps Sis igma 88 94 1 16 p4 2204 8 0 p5 85 18 5 10 200 60 p6 5 429 0 311 i150 40 10oF 20 50 FI 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 ora L ADCIch 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 ADC ch G 14 Co LS Nal
105. PN 75 A 1 3 2 Nal A 1 A 2 PolyEthylen Naphthalate PEN PolyEthylen Terephta late PET 41 42
106. 1 RT 4em 1 HL 1 4 7 1 1 KB 7o ko 7 gt 6 k 4exp kg7 ko 4exp E kgTo a k 4exp 1 H 2 B ek We ei 70 H 4 7 70 In k ko const x T Ty H 5 75 75 4 amp o HH 100 H 1
107. Na i 3 lg H 104 LS 5 FF X2 ndf 87 97 42 Nal 3 Constant 155 7 3 4 5 X2 ndf 73 22 47 00 Mean 120 3 0 4 SE Constant 243 3 4 0 a 250 Sigma 19 71 0 34 Mean 472 7 0 3 250 6 Sigma 21 82 0 28 200 200 150H 150 100 100 50H 50 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 ADClch 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 ADC ch1 H 13 LSp 137Cs NaI 1 H 2 LS ADC ch LSA 122 6 0 3 10 3 LSs 110 0 3 LSc 130 2 0 3 8 5 3 LSp 120 3 0 4 H 2 H 7
108. 2 N Bohr 0 ww 0 02 0 018 14C 1N e v 0 016 0 014 0 012 0 01 0 008 0 006 0 004 0 002 0 1 T 1 T T 1 0 0 02 0 04 0 06 0 08 0 1 0 12 0 14 0 16 electron kinetic energy MeV 1 2 C 5 0 E Fermi 6 7 7 e 1 2 E Fermi 0
109. Co TTTTTTTTTTTTT Transmittance 9cm 2 TO CD Cn O sk PC w o film 2month storage in 45degC PC w film 2month storage in 45degC 4 32 PEN A PC 9 cm 450 1 1 1 550 600 Wavelength nm 500 MI PEN A PO 9 cm 0 Io i QI Transmittance rati mk a O1 TT TT i 0 95 0 90 0 85 Co ol 4 33 CD 400 450 500 550 600 Wavelength nm PEN A PC 9 cm PEN A PC 9 cm 4 gt 49 4 3 6 U 3900 4 31 B 4 34 Xe LS Xe LS flm 1cmx5cm 10cm 1cm
110. 7 9 180 y 9 180 137Cs 662 keV 477 keV 185 keV 60Co 1173 keV 963 2 keV 209 8 keV 1332 5 keV 1118 1 keV 214 4 keV F 2 9 160 gt 9 160 y 9 160 137Cs 662 keV 473 55 keV 188 45 keV 60Co 1173 keV 957 87 keV 215 13 keV 1332 5 keV 1112 54 keV 219 96 keV F 88 F 6 BackScatter 89 G 214Bi 214Po o 3Bi 214Po a o o 5 MeV a 3 cm 222Rn
111. 1 5 4p He 2e 2ve 26 73 MeV 1 5 pp chein 1 3 OCNO Homestake 7O1 Ar 1 6 12 1 3 ve Cl e Ar 1 6 1 7 1 7 1 2 Kamiokande D e D
112. 4 30 PO KamLAND LS Xe LS PC 1 2 4 4 1 PO PC 4 1 30 PC POC KamLAND LS PMT 4 2 380 420 nm KamLAND Zen
113. 45 C LS 15 LS w OM bis MSB LS LS bis MSB bis MSB LS KamLAND LS LS 105 PEN PolyEthyleneNaphthalate 265 280 C
114. PPOnylon BG run PPOnylon Am run nylon w o PPO Am run 241Am 41Am PPO 600 900 1000 ADC PEN A a PPO PET A PPO 100 ADC ch PPO 4 11 PPO 4 37 Counts 10ch PET BG run PET 2 Am run 10 700 800 900 1000 ADC 4 12 PET A 1 mm 41Am
115. lz 2 G 15 YOo Nal 17 G 4 Back scatterd electron energy keV ADC ch 0 pedestal 83 45 0 06 473 55 137Cs 863 1 1 9 957 87 50Co 1904 8 1 1112 54 50Co 2204 8 0 G 10 G 16 KamLAND LS 214Po o 1 G 5 ET KamLAND LS 214Po 7687 keV a 1 7687 keV x 614 26 9 keV visible G 6 12 5 0 539 isible energy ov 35
116. 2 tan 20 mR ML mi 2 le 77 ez mr 47 m 777 EkmMpk Mk mgr 6EK 1 k 1 2 m1 m2 7 ex gm b Yir e aYir cos0 0 ElVR sim 0 7 e1 gt Vor ez 5 sin 6 7 eoVR cos 0 7 es 1 52 1 53 1 11 Yrr ecxz ek ek fn kz ek 1 56 er CP CD M 701 772 2 gt 1 57 7 mp mp 20 Mh mp ma 3may1 4mp mp ma Sm 1 58 Me MR 2 2 27 m2 1 4 5 manll 2 2mr gt mp 1 59 R el 1 e 1 1 60 1 2 M 1 54
117. 238U 232Th 40K RR CR AOE VOD REDE D 110mAg 214Bi 3 2 136Xe 2 2 0z2 1 77 2z29 2z 3 KamLAND Zen 26 0z72 0 7 2z8 2 3 3 2
118. 250 200 150 100 50 oE 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1206 140 1600 1800 2000 5 7 LS bis MSB 0 010 g 120ml 137Cs Na 1r h_Nal Entries 10611 X2 ndf 670 7 96 E Constant 333 7 4 7 CN Mean 484 7 0 2 gg 50E Sigma 23 77 0 23 8 300 250 EF 200 150 100 50 oE 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 ADCIch1 5 9 LS bis MSB 0 024 g 120ml 237Cs Nal 1r 5 63 Light Intensity Ratio 5 10 bis MSB LS 1 20 1 15 1 10 1 05 1 00 0 95 0 90 0 85 0 80 1 1 1 0 15 0 20 0 25 loade
119. 1 55 v cosd vp vp sind NE Np 1 61 N sind vr vp cos0 N NP 1 62 pr XN 9 7 1 63 m 1 5 2 0 KamLAND Zen 2 22 0z29 2
120. 3 136Xe 3 KamLAND Zen 2 4Bi FV FV 2016 Xe 700 kg 214Bi 214Bi FV 3 2 3 Tag1 a o
121. KamLAND KamLAND 10 C 2 KamLAND KamLAND KamLAND 15 C 30 C 45 C 10 C 2 45 8
122. LS bis MSB 0 008 g L LS 5 12 bis MSB _bis MSB LS pis MSB LS 5 1 bis MSB 390 nm 425 nm 5 11 bis MSB LS 390 nm 100 2 0 0 0 B 390 nm bis MSB LS 0 bis MSB 5 12 425 nm bis MSB
123. Se Constant 256 4 40 5 Mean 473 5 0 3 250 Sigma 21 71 0 26 200F 150F ioo 50 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 ADC ch H 7 LS 7Os Nar 1 7 H 103 LS lt xX ndf 74 89 42 Nal Constant 179 3 3 9 2 ndf 84 37 47 oo 110 0 3 Ssoo Constant 256 2 4 1 TE Sigma 18 380 34 Mean 473 2 0 3 e 250 250 Sigma 22 15 0 28 200 0 TH 150 100 H 100 50 50 00 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 800 ADCIch ot unlink 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 ADC ch H 8 LSs 7Os LS H 9 LSs 137Cs NaI 1r Na
124. 14 Hidelberg Moscow Ge 11 kg Ge 0zg2Z 1 69 21 Ta gt 1 9x10 yr mgg lt 350 meV 90 C L 1 69 6zg 0 32 0 03 eV 0z KK Claim 715 2 231631 x10 ma 1 70 22 KamLAND Zen EXO 31 GERDA GERmanium Detector Array experiment Ge 14 66 kg 86 Ge KK Claim Q 23 7 2 1x10 yr 90 C L 1 71 EXO 200 Enriched Xenon Observatory 136Xe 175 kg TPC Time Projection Chamber APD Avalanche PhotoDiodes 1 6 2 615 keV 2012 7 24 Th gt 1 6 x102
125. V 7W m ee 2 lt 10 6 7 Nier Nier Ar t D QRPA 150 meV 136Xe 0 1 67 Ai k 6 8 100 000 1 6 4 Ns ms 136Xe 0z Ni Events year ms meV Ni lt Ni
126. a 93 Signal Discriminator II 200nsec delay G G 1 1 prompt ADC gate 250nsec width G G 2 delayed coin gate 1msec width 1 1 I Coincidence1 delayed trigger 1 250nsec width 1 200nsec delay 1 1 G G 4 delaytime window 1 From start to stop signal mt a 1 Coincidence2 AL scaler count G 5 G 4 delayed event 1 msec 1 msec delay G G 6 Coincidence2 scaler count stop G G 3 gate LAM ADC scaler count clear scaler 1000 event BiPo event prompt spectrum single spectrum G G 3 delayed ADC gate G 1Bi 3Po a 94 KumLAND LS a KamLAND LS a 1 13 35 BiPo a
127. 1 320 kg 2 383 kg KamLAND KamLAND Zen KamLAND Zen 1 EXO 200 120 250 meV 1 9 81 2014 KamLAND Zen KK Claim IT gt 2 6x10 yr 7mgg lt 140 gt 280 meV 90 C L 1 75 30 lt Excluded lt KK Claim lt KamLAND Zen arXiv 1409 0077 140 280meV 103 103 101 mmin leV 1 9 KamLAND Zen 140 280 meV 90 O L 30 16 2 KamLAND KamLAND Zen KamLAND 0z KamLAND Zen 2 1 KamLAND KamLAND Kamioka Liquid scintillator Anti Neutrino Detector Kamiokande 1 000 m
128. 45 C a Transmittance ratio_ IO a Co O1 TT TUTTITTT LT Li rl 1 400 450 500 550 600 Wavelength nm Co Oi OL HH5 LS bis MSB LSc LSp 0 H 6 i LS 15 C 6 13 LS X2 ndf 57 55 42 5 2800 Constant 165 9 3 5 a Mean 122 6 0 3 250 Sigma 19 55 0 32 200 150 100 50H Oil da bol 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 ADC ch1 H 6 LS 137Cs LS Nal 1z LS HL 6 Nal X2 ndf 54 42 47 cE
129. Xe PolyEthyleneNaphthalate PEN A bis MSB 5 40 meV KamLAD Zen 2nd 5 a 1 7 Xe 700 kg 4 5 23 meV
130. 100 ml KamLAND LS 1 mm KamLAND LS KamLAND LS PMT G 2 Bi Po a 98 IO 1800 RE RE SS 1400 1200 Back scattered electron energy keV 600 x2 ndf 2835 2 po 0 5162 0 02231 p1 16 28 33 9 1600 DN ee RR ARERR aR ona 1 000 EE ER RN i Ran 800 ee ly 400 Ce 2 Sa 200 ES 1 1 1 1 500 1000 1500 1 1 1 2000 2500 LS back scatter peak ADC ch G 16 ADCO 99 H KamLAND KamLAND
131. PET A 1 mm 2 2 mm o Bi Po 4 36 Rate lcounts 10ch 0 200 400 600 8 4 10 PEN A 125 gm 00 27Am Source run 241Am Source run w Al board Background run 1000 241Am 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 ADClch 10 Counts 10ch 10 4 11 PPO 1 mm Ho
132. veto 2 1 2 Inner Detector ID KamLAND 13 m 1 000 17inch 20inch PMT 7 2 1 2 1 N 12 CsH2e 0 749 g cm 53 250 CrHsnp2 0 795 g cm 47 0 77690 g cm PMT OD 225 20inch PMT ID
133. 0 05 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 45 5 year 6 9 2 2 7 5 40 meV 700 kg 6 10 4 5 5 23 meV an8dida S Bfediecton 10 re 0 0 5 1 15 2 25 3 3 5 4 4 5 5 year 6 10 Xe 700 kg KamLAND Zen 2nd 6 11 KamLAND Zen 2nd phase KamLAND Zen 2nd phase wl scintillation balloon 2 KamLAND Zen Xe700kg phase OE w scintillation balloon lt mpp
134. 1 6 18 2z77 2 2 2 1 64 27 2p 2e 2 1 64 0 12 136 NM 4 136Xe Betadecay x 4 48Ca Beta decay x Was D D 6 H H Double beta decay Qp Qpp ouble beta decay O 4 27MeV 2 47MeV 136Ba 0 1 6 Xe Ca 2 1 0 GV MV
135. neutron capture 1 Thermalized neutron 210psec 1 7 2 22MeV 1 2 5 KamLAND 2 2 KamLAND Zen KamLAND Zen Zero neutrino double beta decay search KamLAND 0 88 136Xe 2 6 KamLAND lt EA NN 5 i i NN Xe Xe LS 1 TY kJ NN NN II NN NNN 3 16m 2 6 KamLAND Zen 2 KamLAND KamLAND Zen 21 Xe KamLAND Zen 136Xe Xe 4 1 3 2 wt 6Xe
136. PEN A 1 49 lg cm 7Insec Xnax nm 1 25 1 62 32 447 100 1 16 1 62 6 410 70 1 03 lt 1 05 1 58 2 0 5 430 60 5 0 86 1 05 lt 1 5 3 0 5 425 70 10 A 2 49 Nal TI CsI TI ZnS Ag BGO YAP Ce LSO Ce GSO Ce Lil Eu Zef 53 54 30 83 39 71 64 52 plg cm3 3 67 4 51 4 09 7 13 5 55 7 35 7 13 4 08 1 85 1 79 2 36 2 15 1 93 1 82 1 85 4 08 rlnsec 230 1000 70 300 28 11 36 30 60 1400 dAmax hm 415 565 450 480 347 420 440 470 100 45 130 12 40 76 20 25 30 35 76 PPO bis MSB KamLAND 2
137. SlowDecayComponent Data 80 60 40 20 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 time nsec 4 30 PEN A PSD 4 3 KamLAND LS 44 nsec nsec PEN A 199 2 18 7 27 44 0 2534 7 259 0 685 KamLAND LS 8 6 4 0 2 15 4 47 4 3 5 PO PC PEN A 120 ml PC 45 C 8 PC H 2 16 PC PEN A PO PC
138. 2 8 4 9 kgf cm 32 370 450 nm 99 33 C 1 KE 12 1500 ry ee EA 7 60 2 8 34 2 3 KamLAND Zen 0z22 KK claim KamLAND Zen 2 2016 Xe 700 kg 700 kg Xe
139. 3rd cross section 3 KamLAND
140. a G 4 214Bi 214Po a G 5 1 msec gate clock scaler TDC scaler TDC 1 gsec 1 msec 0 LAM Oharge ADO clear OCAMAO ADC 2 scaler 3 0 sec 1 gsec Discriminator threshold 400 mV T LAM OAMAC LAM LAM
141. gt meVl 10 ii 0 0 5 1 1 5 2 2 5 3 3 5 4 4 5 5 year 6 11 KamLAND Zen 2 2 Xe 700 kg 6 3 14Bi KamLAND Zen 2 5 40 meV Xe 700 kg 23 meV 74 7 PEN A KamLAND Zen 14Bi PEN A bis MSB PEN A
142. v2 1 16 vy cos0 vi cos 0 v2 1 17 1 13 2 Pe vp LD vel0 lvalt 1 18 sin cos EAI ll 1 19 Am sin 20 sin lt 4p 2 1 20 sin 20sin lt E 2 HH ku 1 21 3 LEP 3 3 3 1 9 Maki Nakagawa Sakata MNS Uei Uez Ues Umns Un Us Os 1 22 Ur U2 LUr3 1 0 0 C13 0 grse 9 C12 s12 0 0 C23 S23 0 1 0 512 C12 0 1 23 0 523 C23 5136i 0 C13 0 0 1 6 C12C13 812C13 S13E 5 9 a 512C23 C12823813 C12C23 S12523513E 823C13 1 24 8 8 812C23 C12C235136 C12523 812C238136 C23C13 1 7 S55 Mi TN WE sin 5 cij cos 0 CP
143. yr mgg lt 140 380 meV 90 C L 1 72 2014 25 Te gt 1 2 x 10 yr 90 C L 1 73 SNO 130Te 30 800 kg 26 3 5 2015 KamLAND Zen SNO LAB Linear Alkyle Benzene 27 KamLAND 28 CUORE The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events TeOs 130Te 11 kg CUORE0 206 kg 130Te 5 Th gt 2 1x10 yr mgg lt 24 81 meV 68 C L 1 74 29 0 15 KamLAND Zen 136Xe
144. 00 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 ADClch ADClch 4 20 14Bi 214Po PEN 4 19 4Bi 14Po PEN A prompt A delayed 4 41 Delayed Accidental Time prompt delayed 5 x ndf 100 4 67 time 70oF Constant 645 6 7 6 lt 10 Entries 1151501 Mean 1782 2 5 E S Mean 938 5 8 600 Sigma 148 9 1 7 9 RMS 142 E po 2057 24 8 500 io half_life 162 2 3 E p2 16 29 3 32 400 10 300 10 200 10 E 100 0 40 200 800 406 80 6 9 3 06 1000 time scaler sec 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3509 4000 DC ch 4 21 24Bi 214Po PEN A prompt delayed 4 22 4Bi 214Po PEN A delayed n Po 164 3 gsec 4Bi pro
145. 00 450 500 550 600 650 700 Wavelength nm 2 3 17inchPMT Liquid Scintillator LS A KamLAND 2 2 KamLAND LS KamLAND LS PPO PO N 12 1 PO 100 2 KamLAND KamLAND Zen 19 2 2 KamLAND LS N 12 Ci2H26 0 749 g cm 80 PO 1 2 4 CoH gt 0 875 g cm 20 PPO 2 5 CsH1iNO 1 36 g l KamLAND LS 0 77721 g cm 9 1 0F 8 9E 9cm LS transmittance g 08E LS light emission at EX340 20 7 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 095o 400 450 500 5
146. 00132 4 9 visible energy PEN A 14Po visible energy 443 19 1 keV visible 4 10 KamLAND LS KamLAND 300 keV 1 1 mm 4 42 4 3 3 F 2000 4 23 4 24 Xe PMT 4 25 Hg 435 8 nm 5 nm F 2000
147. 10 G 2 Bi 4Po a 96 ADC 900o 137Cs BiPo a delayed ADC ADC F 2inch PMT Discriminator HV 1800V Discriminator G 11 BiPo G 11 200nsec delay 250nsec width 200nsec delay 250nsec width Coincidence Gate Generator BiPo delayed ADC LS ADC ADO energy G 12CG 15 G 16 LS X2 ndf 278 6 266 1 20 Constant 20 48 0 59 8 Mean 863 1 1 9 e 100 Sigma 89 62 4 1 83 80 60 40 20 cP ADC ch G 12 137Cs LS
148. 10 N cm 53 7 N cm 4 6 25 gm PEN A25 gm 27 N cm 25 x 10 6 50 x 10 6 i Po5 pm IN cml so jum X 4 53 QI Force N cm 40 30 20 i 5 0 5 1 1 5 2 2 5 3 35 4 45 5 Displacement mm 4 39 PEN A 10 N cm Displacemnt Force 0 93 53 7 PEN 4 54 4 3 9 4 40 4 41
149. 3 KamLAND 2014 2010 a 2011 KamLAND Zen H Nakamura T Yamada Y Shirakawa et al 2013 Optimized mounting of a polyethylene napthalate scintillation material in a radiation detector Applied Radiation and Isotopes 80 84 H Nakamura T Yamada Y Shirakawa et al 2011 Evidence of deep blue photon emission 115 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 at high eficiency by common plastic EPL 95 22001 W R Leo 1987 Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments Springer Verlag Itaru Shimizu 2005 An Evidence for Spectral Distortion of Reactor Anti Neutrinos and A Study of Three Flavor Neutrino Oscillation lt 5 gt 51 6
150. 4 34 LS 10 cm PEN A 50 gm LS 4 35 1 00 EE oe a a i Transmittance 2 60 A RE a a PEN film 50um Si Rs Decane LS 9cm 50 400 450 500 550 600 Wavelength nm 4 35 LS 9 cm LS PEN A50 gm 4 50 PEN 390 nm 400 nm 90 25 pum B OO 25 gm PEN A 93 25Xx10 6 25 pm 7 50 jum 50x10 5 4 13
151. 5 4 LS bis MSB 7Os LS 5 5 LS bis MSB 137Cs Na TNat 1r 1r rs gt a 5 Entries 6931 2 ndf 204 62 E Constant 204 9 3 8 A 350E Mean 166 6 0 3 Sigma 21 99 0 29 300 8 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 100 200 300 400 890 600 700 800 900160g 5 6 LS bis MSB 0 010 g 120ml 137Cs LS Na 17
152. 50 600 Wavelength nm 2 4 KamLAND LS U 3900 9 cm F 2000 340 nm 2 1 3 KamLAND 2 1 2 5 511 keV gt 2 210 psec 2 22 MeV gt ep n eT 2 1 2 KamLAND KamLAND Zen 20 Prompt signal min 7 511keV positron electron annihilation Delayed signal
153. 5HIINO 2 7 g 1 Xe 3 0 wt Xe LS 0 76068 g cm 9 1 0F 9cm LS transmittance g 08E LS light emission at EX340 0 7E 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 1 095o 400 450 500 550 600 Wavelength nm 2 7 Xe LS U 3900 B 9 cm F 2000 340 nm 2 KamLAND KamLAND Zen 22 Xe LS KamLAND 0z27 EVOH 24
154. 6 1 3 FV FV 6 3 Figure Of Merit FOM FOM FOM 6 3 vB sS 0 136Xe 0z FOM 6 3 6 4 FV 214Bi FV 100 700 kg 6 5 6 6 FV100 Xe 6 69 sg OE 3 agE Bi e 8B Xe2v 8 30Feic XeOv lt TBe Total O1 120 40 50 60 70 80 90 1001 Fiducial Volume Ratio 22 6 3 2 40F 24Bi BB Fsoe Fe TI Xe2v 30F c Xe0v 1 25 Be Total Nn
155. Clch BiPo prompt Time prompt delayed 5 time 0 Entrles 1147881 Mean 849 8 RMS 272 2 p0 8468 52 0 half life 163 9 1 3 10 p2 241 3 8 2 10 10 E reel 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 time G 9 Scaler usec 163 9 1 3 sec Bi 164 3 usec 1 3 gsec 3Bi 164 3 sec delayed 5000 counts 10ch 4000 3000 2000 1000 ce 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 NO 4000 DClch G 8 BiPo delayed Delayed Accidental 5 5000 ndf 590 7 67 Constant 4422 25 6 Mean 1193 0 5 ae Sigma 109 6 0 5 3000 2000 1000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 DClch G 10 delayed ADO ch 214Po 1193 0 5 delayed G
156. G M 1 65 0z27 1 66 27 2D 2e 1 66 Q 1 7 2708 0 dN d E Q 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 1 0 E Q 1 7 19 0z 7 I17 0 a 0v 0v 2 2 G M mga 1 67 0 13 gg am maeths UB maei 1 68 e 2 e s CP U 7 1 3 2 9 G 7A70
157. KamLAND Zen Bi 26 OP 0 26 KamLAND Zen 136Xe 0z2 0 828
158. M Wurm et al 2012 The next generation liquid scintillator neutrino observatory LENA arXiv 1104 5620 2012 2 V A Rodin et al 2007 Assessment of uncertains in QRPA 0v88 decay nuclear matrix ele ments Nucl Phys A 793 213 1981 2003 1973 Vol 42 No6 635 2011 KamLAND Zen 30 3 R B Firestone 1999 Table of Isotopes Eighth Edition 1999 Update 2006 Francis Halzen Alan D Martin 1984 QUARKS AND LEPTONS An Introductory Cource im Modern Particle Physics Wiley
159. Po 214Bi 2 KamLAND KamLAND Zen 3 KamLAND Zen 4 5 6 7
160. al Volume FV y 9 8 8 2 29 2 0 eoNII 4 3 1 4 3 2 4 3 3 4 3 4 a Oo I 13 16 16 17 17 19 20 22 24 24 26 26 27 28 iii 4 3 5 PO rr 47 4 3 6 rr 49 4 3 7 rr 51 4 3 8 52 4 3 9 54 4 3 10 55 4 3 11 DO OS AIA28S SA CO oe eS 57 4 4 EN 58 5 59 5 1 59 5 2 9 EE 7 IEEE 59 5 3 bis MSB LS 59 5 3 1 UI 59 5 832 2 61 5 3 3 Ir 64 5 4 RS NC 65 6
161. b 214Bi Tag2 time window vertex 39 3 2 2 Fiducial Volume FV Tag1 Tag2 214Bi KamLAND Zen Fiducial Volume FV KamLAND Zen 1 FV 1 35 m 20 cm FV 14Bi FV 5 3 KamLAND Zen 28 FV 4 4 V V 1 54 3 1 35 3 9 3 32 63 3 2 all 4 37 1 54
162. d bis MSB g L 1 1 0 05 0 10 1 bis MSB bis MSB 5 64 5 3 3 U 3900 B 9 cm 0 90 10 0 85 100F o1 20F 5 90 O soE lk G F 70 E1 10 amp E gg g 50E 1 05F 50F 1 00 40 Decane LS w o bis MSB 30E 0 0 95 AR 20 50 400 450 500 550 600 WavelengthInml 08056 7 490 0 260 260 300 20 340 360 80 600 Wavelength nm 5 11 Xe L bis MSB L 9 cm 5 12 LS 1 bis MSB LS 5 11 bis MSB
163. eft 90 C L 6 71 90 CL area N N left tot 6 7 90 C L 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 N leven1year 6 8 90 C L Confidence belt Niert Ntot Nsigna1 pc 9 event year 64 meV 6 2 2 6 9 QRPA 1 7 m meV 136Xe 0z m meV 6 72 10
164. gt d V 99 76 0 24 d p 3He y 3He 4He 4He 2p 3He 4He 7Be yY 859 6 pp 0 00002 7Be p 8B Y 7Li p 4He 4He 15 pp Il 0 018 pp Ill 1 3 pp chein V Ve measured lt 1 1 8 V Ve observed 2 0 2 0
165. length nm H 2 LSA LSs 9 cm H 3 LS w o bis MSB LSs LSA H 2 H 3 LS H 4 H 5 bis MSB LS 420 nm H 102 100F 5 90 soE E 70 5 60F EE G 50F bis MSB loaded Decane LS 40 1 4month storage in 15degC 30 bis MSB loaded Decane LS 4month storage in 45degC 20 1 10 3250 400 450 500 550 600 Wavelength nm H 4 LSc LSp 9 cm 380 nm 070 0
166. lse shape discrimination in oxy genated and deoxygenated solutions of Hinear alkyl benzene for the SNO experiment Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 640 119 2013 Xe http cuore lbl gov index html K Asakura et al 2014 Results from KamLAND Zen arXiv 1409 0077v1 physics ins detl A Gando et al 2013 Limit on Neutrinoless 96 Decay of 136Xe from the First Phase of KamLAND Zen and Comparison with the Positive Claim in 6Ge Phys Rev Lett 110 062502 Azusa Gando 2012 First Results of Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay Search with KamLAND Zen 2012 2013 KamLAND Zen 136Xe 2014 Limit on Majorana Neutrino Mass with Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay from KamLAND Zen 2013 KamLAND Zen VC 201
167. mpt 24Po delayed prompt delayed 90 nsec 800 1000 nsec delayed Delayed Accidental 4Po 7687 keV o ADO KamLAND LS 164 6 1 4 gsec 214Po 164 3 psec PEN A 162 2 3 gsec Delayed o 4 18 4 22 KamLAND LS PEN A PEN A 4Po ADC ch KamLAND LS 214Po IADC ch 0 721 0
168. ss limit from tritium 2 decay Rep Prog Phys 71 8 J J G6mez Cadenas et al 2012 The Seach for neutrinoless double beta decay Riv Nuovo Cim 35 29 Kai Zuber 2011 Neutrino Physics Second Edition CRO Press F T Avienone IIL S R Elliott J Engel 2007 Double beta decay Majorana neutrinos and neutrino mass Rev Mod Phys 80 481 Particle Data Group 2013 114 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 142 H V Klapdor Kleingrothaus et al 2001 Latest results from the HIDELBERG MOSCOW double beta decay experirment Eur Phys J A 12 147 154 H V Klapdor Kleingrothaus et al 2006 The evidence for the observation of Onu beta beta decay The identifcation of Onu beta beta events from the full spectra Mod Phys Lett A 21 1547 M Agostini et al 2013 Results on Neutrinoless Double 2 Decay of 7 Ge from phase I of the GERDA Experiment Phys Rev Lett 111 122503 M Auger et al 2012 Search for Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay in 9Xe with EXO 200 Phys Rev Lett 109 032505 J B Albert et al 2014 Search for Majoron emitting modes of double beta decay of 136Xe with EXO 200 Phys Rev Lett 90 092004 Steven Biller et al 2014 SNO with Tellurium arXiv 1405 3401v1 physics ins detl H M O Keeffe et al 2001 Scintillation decay time and pu
169. upergravity eds P van Niewwen huizen and D Freedman North holland Ams terdam 1979 M Fukugita and T Yanagida 1986 Baryogenesis Without Grand Unifcation Phys Rev Lett 174 45 W Pauli 1930 Letter to L Meitner and her colleagues letter open the participants of the conference in Tubingen T2K http t2k experiment org ja neutrinos a briet history E Fermi 1933 An Attempt at a Theory of Beta Rays Ricercha Scient 2 2 E Fermi 1934 Towards the Theory of 8 Rays Z Phys 88 161 F Reines and C L Cowan Jr 1956 The Neutrino Nature 178 446 C L Cowan et al 1956 Detection of the Free Neutrino a Confirmation Science 124 103 K Kodama et al 2001 Observation of tau neutrino interactions Phys Lett B 504 218 The LEP Oollaborations 2002 A Combination of Preliminary Electroweak Measurements and Constraints on the Standard Model arXiv Ihep ex 0212036 J N Bahcall and R Davis 1976 Solar Neutrinos A Scientifc Puzzle SOIENCE 191 264 Y Fukuda et al 1998 Evidence for Oscillation of Atmospheric Neutrinos Phys Rev Lett 81 1562 S Abe et al 2008 Precision Measurement of Neutrino Oscillation Parameters with Kam LAND Phys Rev Lett 100 221803 A Gando et al 2011 Constrains on 013 from a three Havor oscillation analysis of reactor antineutrinos at kamland Phys Rev D 83 052002 E W Otten and C Weinheimer 2008 Neutrino ma
170. yed 214Po ADO PEN A visible energy 125 um 8 1 mm 8 1 mm 214Bi 4 39 LS 200nsec delay 250nsec width prompt 200nsec delay 1msec delay 250nsec width deMayed Logic F O LAM StOD 8 1 9 start 1 5msec veto CAMAC Clock Generator Discriminator 4 14 214Bi 214Po KamLAND LS 1 mm PEN A 214Po delayed prompt F c 8 5 1400 000 81200 9 800 1000 800 600 L 600 400 400 200F 200 0 lmirrliiailmmmnlirirurlnnrnliiiil 1 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 ADC ch ADC ch 4 16 4Bi 14pPo
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