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2 - 酒井・泉研究室

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1. 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 l 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000 000000 00000000 00000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHH 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000 3000 00000000 000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000 13 00000 60000000000000 Fig1 40000 0 1000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 200000000000000 3000000000000000000 0000000000000000 27 Title 2
2. 3 4 Hurst 5 Fig 1 4 000000 28 IE L3 r3 L3 r3 r3 L1 L3 C3 1 0000000000000 slHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 2 000000000000000 HUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL 000000000000000000000 30000 40000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000 30000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000042017 4 00000000 2 25 0 0 000000000000000000000 4000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000 5000000000000000000 Hurst I 0000 00000000000000000000000 51263700 0000000 000000000000000000000 5000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000
3. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L1 L1 10000000 00000000 00100001 0000000000 Hurst 000000000000000000000 0 0 0 W h z y 4 1 0 000000000012 2 0000000000005004 0 0 0000000000000000000000000 0 00 0000 20 000000 102 Cross sectional line Crack propagation direction Gray levels 240 225um Magnification observation 400 T 2204 human observation 200 4 1804 Stretched zone detected by Hurst Exponent 0 85 0 80 075 0 70 100 Lodcatior Lm 150 0 65 100 Location um 150 200 Fig 4 2 1000 0 Hurst 000000 103 LJ L3 qL L rq s L3 E3 EJ E3 EJ L3 ES EE D OO W zh z y
4. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH2bH 2000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 Fig 3 10 AK 14 00000000 00000000000 0000000000000 2020 0000000000000000000 Fig 59 000000000000000000000 10501 0 000 0 00 00 00 0 0 000 00000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000 000000000000000000000000000000 SEMHHH 000000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHAEHHHHHHHHHHHAXH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000 000 Average Average Average 127 Average 170 Average 205 Contrast Contrast 85 Contrast 70 Contrast 55 Cth 0 05 0 0 50 Cth MAX C 0 05 x0 y0 50 Cth MAX C 0 05 x0 y0 50 Cth 0 05 0 0 50 Cth MAX C 0 05 x0 y0 5096 Striated surface ratio 6 Striated surface ratio 6 Striated surface ratio 6 Striated surface ratio 6 Striated surface ratio 6 fig 3 932 HHHHHHHHHHHHH G6 Average 127 Contrast 16 Cth 0 05 0 0 50 Striated surface ratio 6 Average 127 Contrast 40 Cth MAX C 0 05 x0 y0 x 50 Striated surfa
5. 0000000000000000000000 20000 Hurst I l HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Fig 4 30 4438HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH7 HH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Fig 4 30 4 38 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 20000 Hurst HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 215 45 0 000 1 4 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH IIHHHHHHHH 0000000000000000000000 1 case2 Fig 4 31 000 2 casel Fig 4 33 2 case2 Fig 4 34 4 casel Fig 4 39 4 2 15 440 0 0 0000000 00 0 00000 0 0 0 0 00 00 0000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000000000000 000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH PHHHHHH nm 0000000000000000000000000000 10 0 0000000000000000 154 HHHHHH
6. 1 SERRE AK fig 29 HHHUHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 43 Ooo L3 r3 L3 HHHHHUHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHUHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000 Paris0 0000 000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000 00000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 000020000 00000 00000000 000 LD 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000 0000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH SEMH 3000 3000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHL 000000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH AAD 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000 00000000 0000
7. 0 2750 000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 Ha 0 250 2 0000 00010101001000010100010101 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL e 4 Case2Q 0 0 Fig 4 28 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH U Ha 0 325 00000 0000 000 00 0000 0000 900000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH e 4 Cases 0 0 Fig 4 29 00000000000000000000000000000000 An 0 2750 000000000000000000000 500000 1110 0 0121201010101010101010001101 9 3 0 3250 HH HB D 000 00 00 0 0 00 00 00000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000 00020000 0 0000000000 000000 2 0 0 UU U U 215 4 300 4 380 w 000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 3000 S2WHHHHHHHHH 0 D 4 20 000000000000100000 HarstHHHHHHH SZW HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHS2WHHHHHHHHHHH 10000 HanrstHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHUHHHHH1HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHU x La Ls Le 0000000000000000000000000000000 100 JD 0000000000 10000000000000000000000000 000 11
8. UUUUUUUUUUUU 15 MAGODD force 8 ds 15 TE 0 15 35 HS I HH EHE 16 test eae at Etpe Ne 25 26 29 eo 29 UE METEO 29 OS 31 2 22 PDP 37 41 31 110100 0 0 0 0 00 000 0 0000001000 01 SSSR E RE NE 41 SO 45 33 4 45 E Gee te due ea 46 E g ushana 47 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000 49 49 ES A SD 49 1 25 12 H 1 4 1 50 50 21 GaborlHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH uta a Ga deut 50 a 53 237 teste Sessa tie Mise E 66 55 57 31 11 57 ii u ea yusa astay SO s n Qu ys x 66 4 1 5 66 42 2HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
9. HHHHHH 3DHHHHHH 0000000000 0 50 30kV 0 1kV 0000000 4 5nm slHHHHHH 5 000000 00000 amp 40mm 6 00 7 0000 80000000 B 1 00000 2000 3 000 4 000 5 000 OOH 6 0000 10 300 000 30 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH FRAME REDUCED FRAME SPOT LINE X LINE Y CB MONITOR 0 2 5 20 40 80 160 0 00 00 360 0 000 A B A B A B EXT SEM 576 x 4400 20000 165 125mm UU U 120 90mm 7 0000 00000 00000000 100 75mm 000000000 118 89mm 214 60 70mm 0000000 0000 000 0000 0000 0 90000 00000 0000 10 2550 0000000000 Rapid 0 2 0 8000000000 CHHHHHH 1 0000 9125 10 000 250 H30mm 010 10 2X Y ll 30 x 68mm 3 Z 00 811 40mm 4 00 360 00000 000000 5 00 00 60 01 0000000 200 00000000 6 0000 00000 8 0000 40000 1 00 9 0000 0000 D 1 00 1 00 UD 2 000000 4000 300000 2 6mmPa 4 00000 000000 000 E D D 1 00 0000000000 2 0000 0000000000000 215 1100000000 1100000 2 0000 3000000 4 00000 5 00000 6 7 2 UUUUUUUN CRTO BW 0000000 XQ 2 4um
10. 67 4 3 00000 Gaborl DD 76 ay SLR EDA us 90 5 1 1 4 P 4 111 111010 1 90 5 2 t ET UE 92 53 1 20110102 00212410 ET EE ET BD 92 sa Qu u matta re mee Ms 98 Hurst UU HH BU U D D D BO D U D CL U D LI UU 99 99 11 HHHHHHHHHHHH HarstHHHHHH 100 12 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 14511 1 5 RE TEE CRT 103 105 2 1 Hurst usas quim unde UR ores ur e ERE Ad ds a 105 22 2000000000000000 20000 107 2 3 4 141111 01 tees un s ND s xs 108 eg 110 3 1 ess Saat ea aay 110 3 2 z assay ee been 111 152 41 21000 Hurst 000000000 152 42 _ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH2HHH 860 ODDO 153 4 3 SAWO Z Z Me el Se NER 154 HLS SO ARR Al TS E AR CN CC ND 157 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 158 R SSC do EUM Iu deti 158 Geass 159 2 1 n 159 2 2 1414 E 2 ane 2 eam Sen ie 159 2 3 ELE E mm ee 204 160 ETE ET EE DE EL ETE EE BE BE PEEL Dp ses 162 3 1 ace NEPTIS 162 A UU
11. HHHHHHHHHHH HHHH HHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000 00000000000 00 0000000000 00000000000 00000000000 00 0000000000 HHHHHHH 00000 HHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHH 000000000 0000 0000 000000 000000 00000000 000 0000 0000000 0000000000 00000 0000 000000000 232 0 00000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000 0000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000 0000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHH 000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000 2000000000 0000000000000000 0000000 00000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000 23 3 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000 46 Magnification observation Fig 2 10 Variation of appearance of fracture surface with magnification observa tion HUHHEFig210HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHH
12. gt HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000000000 Fig 2 8 HHHrHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 1kmH10kmHHHHHHHHH 1000000 00 00000 0000 00 kmnHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 8000000 000 0 6 2 80 0 8 0000 00000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000 00000 HHHHHHHHHHHSEMHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 19000 GIE 000 000 000 L3 OO C3 r3 C3 40 Fractal not Fractal Fig 2 8 10001000 00100000000000100000001001 41 23 2 31 0000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 e 000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000 0 20000000000000000000 200000000000000 000000 3 20 3 300000 0 0000000000000000000000000 e 0000000000
13. 0 00000000000000000000000000000000 U 00000000000000000000000000000 104 0 5 gt gt 0 3 0 2 0 1 gt 8 gt 3 8 a E N 50 8 5 1 50 100 150 200 Brightness 354 sem 304 25 4 20 Contrast 154 1004 77 54 0 1 50 100 150 200 Brightness Fig 4 3 Hurst 00 105 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000 30000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000 42 BurstHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHH HHUHHHHH 500000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHH1IHHHH HrstHHHHHHHHHH 20000 HustD HHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHH HrseHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000 4 2 1 Hurst 0 00000 00000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000 24551 HHHHHHHHHH 439000000000 000 HHHHHHHHUHHHHHUHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Oo L3 L3 EJ r C3 C3 O 2 X P h Ax 4 3 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHH Hr
14. 99 100 000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000 00000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000 411 0000000000000 00000 Hurst 0 0000000000000000000 00000000000 0000000000000000000000000 0000 0 00000000 0000000000000000000000000 DOOO 0000 00000000000000 100000 000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000 0000000 30000 000000000000000000000000 000000000000 0 00000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 nd 0000000000000000000 10000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000 Hurst 0 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000 UU 000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000 0000000000 1000000000000 0000000 00000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000 00000000 HrstHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000000000000000 UU 2560000000000000000000000000 Hurst DD D HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000
15. HUHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHH 0000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHH 191 HHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHAE HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 6 2 2 20000 Hurst 00000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000020000 Hurst 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000 50000000000000000000000000000 0000020000 Hurst 000000000000000000000000 6 23 00000000 0000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000 1000000 100000000000000000000000 HUHHHUHHHHHHHHHUHHHUHHHUHHHHHHUHHHHHHUHHHHHH 000000000000000000000 624 HHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 00
16. 248 20041 20 Dun
17. Compute Co occurrence Matricies Compute Textural Features Pre processing Noise Reduction Redistribution of Gray levels Classification between IG and TG IG TG Map or Clustering Dividing into Small Rectangles Rotaion FFT Method Classification between EN ZA and ZB TG Map or Clustering Compute Fracture Area Fractions Redistribution of Gray Levels into 3 bits End Fig 2 2 DOOOOOOO000000000000 32 000000000 1 00000000000 Fig 2 20 400 2 0000000000000000000000000 2 2 7800 3 00000000 MAPHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Fig 2 20 9 1000 0000000000 0000000000000000000000000 0 0000000 1 F1 Angular second moment 2 F2 Contrast 3 F3 Correlation 4 F4 Vaiance 5 F5 Inverse difference moment AY OOOOOOOU00 AG y ACY 00 00005700 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ig 2 3 00000 000000000 0000000000000000000000 000000 0 45 90 135 00000 0 HHHHHHHHHHHHHH 6 7 0 0000000000000 4 0 i 3 P d 6 4 3 Yu o UP dr d 0 0 COR d 6 00000000000000000000000000 P 98 HHHHHHHHH9HHHHHH 400000 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 Fig 23 D000 34 VAR Yo P d 0 1 7 Average P d 9 i j N2 Qui 2 1 IDM Y i 0
18. 0000 05516 50um 300um e RES EIL MESES PEE EM4Q000000000000000000 0000 0557 50um 300um c Ei 15HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 0562 50um 300um EN Ei16HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 0568 50um 300um T MR LEE Ei17HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 0571 50um 300um o xcd rao cewek oe Ei18SHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 0506 50um 300um OPEP MEE OE Ei 19HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 0577 50 wy 300um 13 E 20 0 E 21 E 22 E 23 0 E 24 E 25 E 26 E 27 E 28 E 29 0 E 30 0 E 32 D L3 r3 L3 r3 c c for ES Ge EI ofog HS 4 I LETE 1 12 S S E ES eem Alon ori dud DDD EP EV DE ER HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 50 300um w 50um LL li 1 1 2 1 4 1 4 2 4 3 5 1 5 2 2 4 5 1 2 eser 18 000000000000000000000 44 TEME a A 127 Result of quanti
19. 155 2 Dimensional Hurst Exponent Human observation SZW Average SZW Average Case 1 45 9 42 4 SPECIMEN 1 Case 2 41 1 43 4 2 0 31 5 38 4 3 0 J 134 5 kJ m 3 43 1 35 3 1 35 4 40 9 SPECIMEN 2 Case 2 51 6 47 3 8 5 45 43 4 1 8 J 92 0 kJ m Case 3 54 9 44 3 Case 1 35 3 48 8 SPECIMEN 3 Case 2 28 7 832 972 39 39 3 7 7 J 81 2 kJ m Case 3 35 6 30 Case 1 47 6 42 4 SPECIMEN 4 Case 2 38 4 42 0 4 0 42 40 9 1 9 J 79 1 kJ m Case 3 39 8 38 3 Table 4 2 Result of quantitative evaluation of SZW jum by 2 dimensional hurst exponent and human observation 1 Dimensional Hurst Exponent Roughness SZW Average SZW Average Case 1 x x SPECIMEN 1 Case2 94 6 95 7 1 1 x x Case3 96 7 Case 1 94 6 61 5 SPECIMEN 2 Case 2 x 99 9 5 3 38 3 51 3 9 7 Case 3 105 1 54 0 Case 1 45 0 SPECIMEN 3 2 53 3 49 3 3 4 Case 3 x 49 5 Case 1 95 7 40 5 SPECIMEN 4 Case 2 x 75 7 20 0 89 8 39 5 0 9 3 55 7 38 3 Table 4 3 Result of quantitative evaluation of SZW um by 1 dimensional hurst exponent and roughness 8 156 120 SPECIMEN 4 SPECIMEN 2 2 Dimensional H 1 Dimensional H Roughness 80 60 SZW um
20. 38 line curve plane curved surface solid BRS lt 4 c 3 1 6 2 Fig 2 6 0 00000000 0000000000000000000 10000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 00000 00 0000000000 000000000 100000 2000000 3000000000 0000000000000 2 260 0000000000000000 1 lt Fa lt 200 0000000 2000000000000000000 2 lt Fa lt 300 00000000000 300000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 OHO L3 E3 O z 01001010 66270 000 HHHHHHAHHHHHHUHHHUHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHH N Co r3 N X p 2 7 0 00000000000000000000000000250000000 000000000 7 000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHH 70000000000 5 HHHHH 2 8 000000000000000000000000 2200000000000 00000070 39 Fig 2 7 HHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH UHHHHHH 2 70 000 HHHHHHHHHHH 0 2 7 0000 0000000000000 21 280 000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH TD Fig 28HHHHHHHHHHHH 8kmHH 0000 00 0020 0000 00
21. 40 SPECIMEN 90 confidential limit SPECIMEN 1 80 100 120 140 J kJ m2 Fig 4 42 Relationship between J integral and stretched zone width A indicate SZW evaluated by proposed method 1 dimensional hurst exponent and roughness repectively 52 0000 0000 000 2900 000 0 52 0 0 0 0 HHHHHHHHHHHH HanrseHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 10000000000000000020000 HarstHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000000000000052 0 90 0 0000000000 0000000000 2 30 0000 20000 8000000000000 0000000000000000000 100000 82WHHHHHHHHH 0000000020000 Hurst 100 00 10000 Hurst 00000000 000000 52 000000000000020000 80000000 00000 HUHHHUHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL HHHHHHHS2WHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000000000 157 4 5 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 Hurst 0000000000000000000 10000 HarstHHHHH 0020000 000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 52 000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 U 00000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000 000020000 00000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 r3 r3
22. 1 A WHEL ems FEM model of CT test ANOS WEN R00 SLA tae B 1 B 2 Effect of reflected electron Effect of secondary electron B 3 Principle of measure B 4 Device construction a o aooaa a C 1 Appearance of ERA 4000 SEM El 0000000000000 000000000 OOD 0000000000000 00 00000000 0000 x400 CPD 18 35 66 oe ERE ERES HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Hurst U om ao LET E i R TB 1 TES E EE ER PRAET ET eee aoe ie las n E6 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 0542 w 50pm wy 300um E ET 0 0000 05436 50 300um Mie ui efte dub TTE E8 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 0544 50 300um aux E9 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 0545 w 50 300um ape aha tenet poil E100000000000000000000 0000 0546 w 50um 300um CAVE aaa E11HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 0547 w 50um 3001 E E12HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 0548 50 300um Ss ash res d nen gees i
23. L3 EJ SL E E E Til Ez EEE EAE Ee P 12 4 ET E C3 E3 C3 E3 LUC f E93 E3 EJ EJ 5 1 00 0 000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH OOO L3 rrr Mandelbrot 0 00 0000000 700 000 00000 L3 L3 00000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHPHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000 NANNA HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHH TiAIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 158 159 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Fig 5 1
24. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH zW h z y logz log W h x y loge 1 HHCHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHBH HHHHHHHHHH2HHHH HarstHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000000 SEMHHHHHHH 1000 140000 301 0 00000 00000 000 000 0000 00 00000 0000000000 S Ex raoa EST 00020000000000000000000 000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Daubechies N 2 Hurst 000 Hurst 110 0 000000 000000010000000 000 412 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH PHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHH3HHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL 00000 000000000000000000000000000000 2 0 4 1 000000000000000 0000000 00 0 2 0 0000 0 h 00 0 00 000500000 0000000 00000 h 0000000000 h a h average h ho 0000000000000 00 000 0000000000 00 0 0 000000000000000000000000000 Fig4 300 00 256HH HHBHHHHHHHHHH 20000 LL r3 0 0 0 HmstHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
25. 1 F1 Angular second moment 2 F2 Contrast 000 00000000 HHHHHHHH 3 Correlation 000000000000000000 4 4 Variance 000 2000 00000000000 0 000000000000000000000 L1 5 F5 Inverse difference moment 000000000 2 24 00000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000 0 0 0 0 0 000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000 00000000000000 00 ET EE ES E L3 O L3 L3 L3 L1 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 Fig 2 4 fig 2 5HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 256 512x512 0000000000000000000 0000000000000 0000000000 100000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000 HHHHH12eHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Fig 2 50 00000000 2 1 2 2 2 4 2 5 2 6 8 000004 8 0 0 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH FIASM F2 CON F5 IDM 0 00000000000 000 000000000000000000000 RoRLRZRS3HDO 0000000000 15 2 500000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHH
26. 341 00000000000 000000 0 Fig 3 S Fig 3 9 Fig 3 10 Fig 3 11 00000000 2048 x 2048 Fig 3 8 Fig 3 9Q 2 25 Cr 1MoHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHCTHHHHHHHHHHHHH 108400000 2000ks0 0 00 R 0 50 HHHH 00000000 80000000 108MPa m0 000000 000000 OO U Fig 3 10 Fig 3 11Q 2017 000 0000 0000 000 0000 00000000 lt 000000000000 10820 0000 9000000 R 0 50 0000000000000 Fig 3 10Q 200000000 Fig 3 11 800 11 4 Fig 3 11 59 000000000000000 00000000000 fig3eHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHEig3 9HHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Fig 3 10 A2017T4D 00000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000 2 3 10 0000000000000000000 HHHHHHHH SEM0 00000000 ERA 40000 0 0 D 00 67 16000 120000 06000 0 00 0 00 000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000 SEMHHHH 342 200000000000000000000000000000000 000 000 000 000 000 Fig 3 000 000 1072 000 00000000000000000000010000 100 00000000 00000000 0000000000000 000000000000000 Fig 3 8 Fig 3 9 Fig 3 10 Fig 3 11 00 000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 319000000 IIHHHHHHHHHHHH 3 12 Fig 3 13 Fig 3 14 Fig 3 15 000 AHHHHHHHH 000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
27. 91 OOO lS eet a a a a Ee a a ESL ESI mo no on oo L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 r3 C3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ki 3 2 0 0 0 0 3 000 000 HHHHHHUHHHHHHH 0000000000000 0000000000000 L3 L3 Ed J L3 L3 EJ EJ O 00010 0000 0000 000000000 HHHUHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000 DU 000 HHHHKittlerHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000 00 000000000000000000 000 HUD 000 000 HH 000 DD 000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL HHHHHHHHKittlerHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 6fig 3 27HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHH 0 0 HHHHHHHHHHUHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0 0 0 0 0 0 DU 0000000000000 00000000000000000000000000 0000000000000
28. 30 40 50 6070 0H 0000 0 00 00 0 00 0000 Fig 3 5HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHOH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Intel Pentium Xeon 2 2GHz OS Linux 200000000 63 4096 896 50 6 60 5 Fig 3 5 The distribution of the degree of striation 0 05 ro yo Top left the threshold ratio is 30 Top right the threshold ratio is 40 Bottom left the threshold ratio is 50 Bottom right the threshold ratio is 60 64 n 100 7 87 n 200 7 87 Fig 36 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH n 100 6 62 n 200 6 54 Fig 3 7 Kittler HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 66 fig 3 5HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Hig3 3HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 50 0 000000000 6 25 512 2048 0000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHH KRittlerHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Fig 3 6 37HHHHzHHCHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH UUU 0 0 000000000000000000000000000 00000000 00000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHH 62550 0000 000 000 0 000 000 0 0 000 HHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000000000 34 HHHHHHHH 0 20000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000 000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHH 2 25cr IMoQ 0000000000 2017 14 D 00000000000000000002 25 1 0 000000000 Jiang 00000000 U 2017 140 00 0000 0 00 00 0 0000 00 000
29. L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 b an bn tan K x B 1 B10 5 0000 10 25Kv 0 0000000000000 B 2 2 10002 000000000000000000000000000 0 00000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 08000000 0000 0 20000000000 90000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHzHHHHL HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHB3HHHHHHHHH 00000 HHHHHHHH HHHHH HHHHHHHH 8 40000 210 Secondary Electron Detector Secondary Electron Detector a signal 0 level b signal 0 level a b signal 0 level Fig Principle of measure 211 Uomo dq uU TM Scan coils Secondary electron detectors m E RB Scanning electron microscope Power supplies for column Electron column Scan Amplifier D A converter Image display Floppy Disk lt Add subtract circuit plotter Graphic display A D converter Micro computer Specimen Fig B 4 Device construction SEM ERA 4000 0 D SEM ERA 4000 Fig C 1 Appearance of ERA 4000 SEM device 212 213 2 4000 0 C 2 1 000 1 200000 00000 Inm 2 SEMHHH 45nm C 2 2 HHH 1 2HHHHHHH 2 3HHHHHHHH 2 HH EE 1 000 2 0000 3 00000000 4 000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH UU 1100000000 20000 2200000000 20000 32000 20000 Y II 2320 00000
30. Tables 10000 000 Fis5 85 9HHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHH UU 000000 850 SMPalHHHHHO005HzHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000000 Fig5 10 5 11HHHHCTHHH 0 0 17 0kNHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 8507CHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHH Hg5 12 5 13 0000000 Tables 2000 00000000000000000 000000 ENHHHHHHHHHHHH Fig5 14 5 15 000 lt 000000 125 16 5 170 000 00000000000000000000 1110000000000 000 100 40m0 000000000 0000000000000000000 0 30 15 000000000 00000000000000000000 0 0 0 L3 L3 L3 Co EJ O 169 V notch part 0 05 Fig 5 8 Test piece of DEN 63 5 gt 50 8 lt Fig 5 9 Test piece of CT 170 Fig 5 10 Appearance of test piece of DEN Creep 171 Fig 5 11 Appearance of test piece of DEN Creep fatigue HHHHHHHHHHHHHSHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHYH3HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 1000HHHHHHHHHH Fig 5 18 Fig 5 20 000 3HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 1 00000000000000 Fig 5 18 000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000 3002 000000 2 00000000000000 Fig5 19 00000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000000 LU DD 300 0000000000 sem 000000 172 Fig 5 12 Appearance of test piece of CT 800 C 173 Fig 5 13 Appearance of t
31. 0 27 e yo E andy 3 1 y x y drdy 0 3 2 HHHHHHHHH 3 000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH zo 0 00 0000 00000 00 0000 000000000 0 2 0 0000000000 00000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000006 00000000000 39000 Gabon O 0 0 HHHHHHHHH 3 3 0 3 5 0 00 Gabor 00000000000 000000 0000000 7000000000 900000 HHHHH92UHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000 3 6 000 L3 L3 Ed EJ EJ EJ EJ q B3 EJ L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 EJ EJ EIE IE Ey EE Gy EJ LI 2 Q plo f 0 2 9 gs x 0 8 190 e72 3 3 1 1 2 2 glo 2 0 0 jae 0 y 0 7 3 4 0 n cos sin x 0 sin 0 3 5 ei 1062 07 00 28 Gabor 00000000 900000000 9000000 0 0 00000 0 000000 0 52 Fig 31 The overview of the Gabor mother wavelet 53 SEMO 0000 20 00 0000 GaborHHHHHHHHHWHHHH CH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
32. Detected by local Borst exponent 05 0 55 0 6 0 65 0 7 0 75 08 0 85 09 0 95 1 Local Hurst Exponent Fig E22 0000 0594 w 50 300 000000000000000000 2 2 300 0000000000000 8 81 0000000 00000000000000000000000 0 000000000000 26 7 0 000 Fig E 31 Fig E 6 Fig E 29 0 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 w 300um 0 00000000000000000 000000 32 0000 2 2 HHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HrstHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000000 HrstHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Fig E 32 0 HHsHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHb HH Hurst 0 000000000000000000 HarstHHHHHHH 000000 0000000000000 00000000000000000 237 P Areal 353 Area2 0 8 34 07 i 06 if os ii p S 8 04 M E A 0 3 E 02 5 0 1 1 1 Detected by local hurst exponent 04 0 5 0 6 07 08 09 1 Detected human observation Local Hurst Exponent Fig E 29 000000000 0000000000 0000 0595 50 300um Z Brittle fracture surface c h 0 1mm Brittle fracture surface ratio 26 7 Fig 230 00 00000 00000 000000 00 238 Fig w 50um w 3004m 0 0000 32 239 5 25 2 0 Brittle fracture surface Transition p
33. 4 12 HHHHHHH HHHH eo HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH z h a o y Yo h xo 4 13 hzo vo x y AS nea 4 14 000000000 0000 x be ple W bz by TU Reoyo v y dady 4 15 sif J AY heo yol z 4 16 ad j 1 Ex 4 17 x J 903 29927777 4 18 P 4 19 4 000000000000000000000 00 0000 W Rao yo x A65 Aby Wih x Yo h xo yo a Abr W h a y Aa Ab zo Ab vo 4 20 xd bad y dxdy 0 108 0000 W z 4 Dz by 1W h ax Ab 0 Aby Yo 4 21 0000000 100000 HstHHHHHHHHHH 000000 HHHHHHHHHH 00000 W h x y Yo a at 4 29 HHHHHHHHHHH 00000000 0000000000 0 0000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHH2HHHHH 000000000000000 HHHAWCHHHHH 20000000000000 00000000 000 y yotsw r r0 4w WAE Da gt W h x y 4 23 1 1 5 z rzo gw 2 vo 2 4 23 00 0000 e vo OU 000000 00000000000000000 0000500 vo 080000000 000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
34. 0 0 0 0 L3 LE EI 0 L3 L3 L3 C3 EJ L3 L3 L3 EJ L3 L3 r3 EJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 0 0 0 0 L3 L3 v 0O 000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000 0000 U 1 1 2 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000000 SEMHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000 3000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000 00000000000000 0060 000000000000 000000000 0000 000000000 0 0 000000 0000 0000 00010010 0000 ro Scale SEM um nm Fig 1 1 Relationship between observation scale and device 18 2 0000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00 TH 19600 00000 000 00 21 00000 DL 0 000000000000000000000000000000 0 0 0 0
35. 0000 000000 20020 508 21300 D HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH PHHHHHHPetHHH1H 800HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000 198400 Mandelbrot 0000 0000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000 000000000000000 207955404850 0000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000 1 1 11 00000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000100 0 1000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000 PH 25 1 2 HHHHH
36. SEM i CG x mu fig 56 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHH 107 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000 54 000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 541 HHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH SEMDHHHHHHHHHH 40000 0 HHsEMHHHH 218 570 000 4000 000000000 0 0000 00000 0000 0000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 40000 0000000 Fig 5 7 photograpy of Elionix SEM device 108 0 E E t ED EI 542 TiAlHHHHHHHH Dun 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table 5 1 Chemical composition wt Al Ti Si Mn V 33 4 Bal 0 008 0 01 0 001 lt 0 01 Nb Cr O 0 04 001 lt 001 lt 0 01 lt 0 01 0 029 Nl 0 002 0 0006 Table 5 2 HOO 000000000060 Test piece DEN CT Fracture mode Creep Creep fatigue Creep Creep Temp C 850 850 800 850 Stress Mpa 87 75 87 75 87 75 87 75 Frequency 0 05 Wave form 00100 TiA 000 HHHH 000 0 0000 0000 000000 0000000000000
37. 00 Fig 4 15 Image of fracture surface with stretched zone 4 case 1 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation 125 Magnification observation 400 Stretched zone detected by human observation 600 pixels 225um Crack propagation direction 800 pixels 3001m Fig 4 16 Image of fracture surface with stretched zone 4 case 2 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation 126 Magnification observation 400 600 pixels 2251 Crack propagation direction 800 pixels 00 Fig 4 17 Image of fracture surface with stretched zone 4 case 3 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation 127 w 0um w 4um w 18um w 38um case 0 933 0 949 0 965 0 974 000 1 case 2 0 927 0 942 0 958 0 968 3 0 926 0 938 0 954 0 964 1 0 937 0 953 0 972 0 98 000 2 2 0 919 0 933 0 953 0 966 3 0 936 0 952 0 968 0 977 1 0 919 0 934 0 954 0 966 000 3 case 2 0 934 0 951 0 968 0 976 3 0 903 0 92 0 947 0 964 1 0 921 0 935 0 953 0 962 000 4 case 2 0 915 0 929 0 953 0 968 3 0 925 0 94 0 961 0 973 Table 41 0000000000 128 a s E 9 A a 2 Crack propagation direction k 0 225 800 pixels 300m
38. 00000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 423 HHHHHHHHHHH HHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HmrseHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000 Fig440 000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000000 57 0 00000000000 00 HHHHHHHHHH L1 L1 SOO HHHS2WHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHH L 109 fig HHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000 Fig44HHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000 HmstHHHHHHHHHHHHH Hurst 0 0 10000000000000000000000000000 2 HarstHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000 28 450 000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HrstHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HunrstHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000 Hurst OU 30000 0 00000000000000000000000000 300000000 0000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000 2 4 50 00000 20000 Hurst 00000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000020000 Hurst 0000000 0 000000000000020000 8500 0000000000000 0 00000000000000006 20000 Hurst 0000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000 U 110 Location
39. 00000000000000000000 Fig B1Q000 00000000000000000000000000 00000000000000 6 10000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000 00000 50 0000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000 L3 L3 L3 E3 0 0 0 L3 2100000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000 000000 000000 00 000000000000 Hurst 00O U Fig E30 00000000 000000000000 00 0 00000000000000000 HmstHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000 00000000000000 000000 0 LJ L3 L L oe a 223 224 I 7114 PI 2 EM Bia ca JR Fig E1 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000 225 Fig E2 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 x400 Hurst 90 0 00000000000000000 000 20 0 00000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000 HHHHH 50000000000000000000000000000 0000 00 0 00000000 0000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HarseHHHHHHH HH HH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHUHHHHHH Fig
40. 0000000000000000000000 slHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHTablec1 1HHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0 0000000000000000000000000000 10000000 1100000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000 00000 e e 0000 0000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000 000000000 00000000 000000000 OO 000000000000 000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000000000000000000 00000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000 00000000 000000000 000000000 00000000000 00000000000 00000000 00000000000 0000000 00000000000 0000000000 0000000 26
41. Charles Chui An introduction to wavelets Academic Press 1992 247 68 69 70 71 72 73 ss 74 as 75 76 TX 78 79 80 81 82 Bruno Josso David R Burton and Michael J Lalor Wavelet strategy for surface roughness analysis and characterization Cumputer methods in applied mechanics and engineering Vol 191 pp 829 842 2001 Jiebo Luo and Anddreas E Savakis Self suprevised texture segmentation using complementary types of features Pattern Recognition Vol 34 pp 2071 2082 2001 Franci Lahajnar and Stanislav Kovacic Rotation invariant texture classifica tion Pattern Recognition Letters Vol Article in press 2003 Rutuparna Panda and B N Chatterji Unsupervised texture segmentation using tuned filters in gaborian space Pattern Recognition Letters Vol 18 pp 445 453 1997 N Otsu A threshold selection method from gray level histgrams IEEE Trans Sys Man and Cybernetics Vol SMC 9 No 1 pp 62 66 1979 HH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHH HHHHHHH Vol J63 D No 4 349 356 1980 J Kittler and J Illingworth Minimum error thresholding Pattern Recognition Vol 19 No 1 pp 41 47 1986 HHHHUHHHHHHHHH HHHHH HUHHHHHUHHHHHHHH H 000 1997 ASTM International Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness Designation E1820 01 2001 00000 0000 0000 0000 0000000000 0101
42. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH fig 3 12 3 13 3 14 3 15 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH PHHH 00000 10 OO AHHHHHHH Fig 3 12 3 13 3 14 3 150 0 0000000000000 0000000000 Bes pose pos poses Fig 3 8 3 9 3 10 3 11D0 00 00000 CgHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH SHH HHH 16 3 17 3 18 3 19HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 5 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0 00000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000 0000000 Fig 3 12 3 13 3 14 3 159 000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 L3 L3 L3 O L3 C3 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH NSHH HHHHHHHHHHHH 16 3 170 Fig 3 000000 20 40 0 0000000000 Fig 3 18 3 19 0 0000000000 20 30 0 0 10 15 0 000 Fig 3 16 HHHHHHUHHHHSHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Fig 3 8 Fig 3 9 000 256 2600 00000 000 00000 66000 Fig 3 20H Fig 3 200 0 OOO O O Fig 3 18H O Fig 3 19 0 000 D 0 256x 25600 00000 00 00006 00000 BI UFig 3 22 3 23 HHHHHHHHHUUHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH UFig 3 8 0000000000000 000 0 0000 000 000 000 OU Fig 3 17 Fig 3 90 00000000000000 SHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 18100000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000 2 3 190 00 00000000 000000000000000000000000000000 0 0 0 LL r3 68 Fig 3 8 SEM image of CrMo fatigue fracture surface casel x800 69 Fig 3 9 SEM image of CrMo fatigue fracture surface 2
43. 0 45 Fig 4 23 Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of Fig 4 11 0 0 2 case 3 134 Magnification observation 400 Crack propagation direction 800 pixels 3004 Hth 0 225 Hth 0 25 Hth 0 275 Hth 0 3 Hth 0 3 25 Fig 4 24 Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of Fig 4 12 0 0 3 case 1 135 Magnification observation 400 600 pixels 225 Crack propagation direction 3 i 800 pixels 300 Hth 0 25 Htn 0 275 Hin 0 3 Hth 0 325 Hth 0 35 Fig 4 25 Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of Fig 4 13 00 3 case 2 136 Crack propagation direction 600 pixels 225 800 pixels 300m Hth 0 25 Hth 0 275 Hth 0 3 Hth 0 325 Hth 0 35 Fig 4 26 Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of Fig 4 14 00 3 case 3 137 800 eem 300 Hth 0 2 Magnification observation 400 600 pixels 225m Crack propagation direction 0 225 0 25 Hth 0 275 Hth 0 3 Fig 4 27 Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of Fig 4 15 4 case 1 138 a a e 5 2 5 Crack propagation direction 800 pixels EU Hth 0 25 Hth 0 275 0 325 0 35 Fig 4 28 Distribution of 2 dimension
44. 136 137 138 10 4 30 4 31 4 32 4 33 4 34 4 35 4 36 4 37 4 38 4 39 4 40 4 41 4 42 5 1 5 2 5 9 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 5 10 5 11 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line 0 O 1 case 1 w 18um 140 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line O 1 case 2 w 18um 141 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line 1 1 case 3 w 18um 142 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line 2 case 1 w 18um 143 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line 2 2 case 2 w 18um 144 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line 2 case 3 w 18um 145 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line O0 3 3 case 1 w 18um 146 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line 3 case 2 w 18um 147 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line 3 case 3 w 18um 148 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broke
45. 229 Location mm Detected by local hurst exponent 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 1 Detected by human observation Local Hurst Exponent Fg E 0000 0543 50 300um Areal 4 Area2 Area3 4 8 8 3 Detected by local hurst exponent 04 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 1 Detected by human observation Local Hurst Exponent Fig 8 0000 054 50 300m 230 1 4 2 Area3 J Area4 8 0 1 1 Detected by local hurst exponent 0 4 0 5 0 6 07 0 8 0 9 1 Detected by human observation Local Hurst Exponent Fig 9 0000 0545 50 300um Areal 4 Area2 Area3 Area4 8 8 3 Detected by local hurst exponent 04 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 1 Detected by human observation Local Hurst Exponent Fig E 10 0000 0546 50 300um Location mm 0 1 1 Detected local hurst exponent 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1 Detected by human observation Local Hurst Exponent Fig 0470 50 300um 281 Detected local hurst exponent Detected by human observation 0 0 55 0 6 0 65 07 075 08 085 09 095 1
46. 60 YOO 18 45umQ 000000 00000000000000 40960 An 00 100000 40960 1000 000000 00 0000 0 000 250 0000 HHHHHHHH 20 40960 0000000000 0 1 1000 0000 10 00000 000000000 000000 000 HHHHHHHHH 1 00000000 000 CRTOOOUOO 2 00000 11000000000000 000 CRTHHHHHH 3 000000 000 CRTOOOUOO 4 00000 0000000 100000000 200 000 020000000000000 000000 5 00 000000000000000000 6 CRTO OOO 000000000 00000 0000 20000000 00000 0000 You HHHHHH HH 40960 0 00 D D 40960 H 00 0000 000 x000 250 0000 0 3 L1 0 0000000 QooMB D HH 000000000 4 0000 1 6 8 5 0000 00000000 CRTHHHHHHHHHH 000000000 0000000000 0000 1 00000 216 10 HHHHHHHHHH 0000000000 HHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHH 0000000000 0000000 0000000000 0000000000 0000000000 0000000000 0000000000 HHHHHHH UUUUUUUUU 0000000000 0000000000 0000000000 0 00000000000000000000000 0000000 00000000000000000 0000000 0 000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000 OO 000 000000000 000000000 000000000000 000000 000 00 000000000 000 000000000000000000 00000000000 0000000000000 OO 000000000 000000 000 000 Ra Rs U UU U U U e RM 1000000 e UL 00000000 0
47. Area4 5 T 5 5078 E 04 27 p 02 wi gt 0 1 Detected local hurst exponent 0 3 Detected by human observation 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 1 Local Hurst Exponent Fig E 18 000000000 0000000000 0000 0576 50 30047 Location mm Detected by local hurst exponent 04 0 5 0 6 0 7 08 09 1 Detected by human observation Local Hurst Exponent Fig E 19 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 077 w 50pm 300um 0 9 Areal 08 1 2 Area3 4 04 05 0 6 07 08 0 9 1 Local Hurst Exponent Location mm Detected by local hurst exponent Detected by human observation Fig E 20 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 0583 50 300um 234 Location mm kr 0 Detected local hurst exponent 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1 Detected human observation Local Hurst Exponent Fig E21 0000 0840 50 300 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 05 04 0 3 0 2 m 0 Detected local hurst exponent 055 06 065 07 0 75 08 085 09 0 95 1 Detected by human observation Local Hurst Exponent Fig E22 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 0585 50 300 0 9 1 4 Area2 Area3 4 8 4 ff 2 0 e tgo Sq o Detected by local hu
48. 0 30 e 20000 Hurst 0 40 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000 0000 Hurst O O DO O 00000000000000000020000 HurstHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000 0 00000000000 0000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 O 50 0000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000 000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000 70 00000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHFig2 9HHHH No 2 Hurst SZW 2 Hurst v SZW v
49. 0000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000 000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000 000000000 e 000000000 e 20000 Hurst 000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 L3 L3 c m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HUHHHH 0 000000 000000 0 0 000000 0 000000 L3 L3 L3 L3 oo OOO E 0 189 190 000000000 000000000 000000000 000000000 000000000 0 0 0 0 0 LJ 00 0000000000000000 0 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHH Hurst 0000000000000000000000 0000000000000 800 000000000 000000000000000
50. 5 2 3 000000000 02 2000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000 300000 1 0000000000 2 00000000000000 3 00000000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000 00000000000000000000000000 20000000 S 0 0000000000000000000000000000 20000000 00000000000000000000000 Fal Fy slope 1 5 1 HUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000 161 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 OOO 200000000 0000000000000000 4D 5 2 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Re 900000000 HUHHHHHHHPHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHUHHHHHHHH Ce 79 5 3 HHHHHHHHHHH 5 10 00 logL lege 000 0950 egeD D D HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 5000000 0000 Rs 1 41 5 4 00000000000 RDO 000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH7 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHSHHHHfHHHH 55 00000000000 S f f 5 5 0 000000000000000000000000000 8000000 OO 0000000000000 8 5 2 5 6 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 310000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000 000 9HHHHHH 90000000 00000000000000000000000000000000 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 r3 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0 000000 0 000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000 01
51. Ductile fracture surface Streched zone 4 Pi omm P Fatigue fracture surface 1 2 SZW SZWu 2 3 Local hurst exponent H Fig 45 00000000000 Herst 0 O00 HHHHHHHH 2 000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 2 280 00 I L U U 0 0000000000000000000000 20 00000000000 0 000000000000000000000000218 4 5000 2 0 Lal 0000 5297 0000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000 SZW 5276000000 000 0 000000 0 52 0 0000000000000 000 0000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Fig 4 5HHHH 20000 HrstHHHHHHHH E zo yo 0 zoHHHHHH 000 Fm 0000000 82WHHHHHHHH 43 431 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH STPG370 HHHHHHHHHH CRevronHHHHCTHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHH ASTM 1820 111 0000000000000 0000000 0000000000000000 6 000000000 000000000 400000000000000 30 000000000000000000 111 4 32 110 00000 0 00000000000000000000000 212000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 2560 00000 20000 HumrstHHHHHHHHHHHAWCHHHHHH 0 4 18 384m HHHUHHH 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EE E EZ ESI HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0 00 18 0000000000600 w 13 CPU Intel Pentium Xeon 2 2GHz OS Linux 1111 111 9000 000000 SEMO OOO Fig 4 309 4 380000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000 4000 00 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH400HHH 800x600
52. FRACTURE AND COMPLEXITY Vol 1 No 1 pp19 30 2003 00 0000 00000 000000000000 00000 00000 OOO 000000000000 0000000000 sq 00000 0 19980 0000000000000000000000 00000000 12900 D 0000 19990 000000000000000000 00000000 0000 50 19990 0000000000 1700000000000000000000 HH 0000 000 U 19990 HHHHHHH45HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000 00000 0 20000 240 241 6 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000 46000000000000 HHHHHHH 00000000 0000 20010 7 00000000000000000000000000 9010 00 1241 0000000000000 46HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0 0000000 0000 May 2001H 8 000000 000000000 000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000 200100 00000000 9 00000000000000000 0000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH TiAIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHH SeD 2001 10 0000 0000 0000 000000000000000000 HHHHHHHH 47000 000 0 0 0 00000 00000 00000 000 0000 2002 1 000000 0000000000000000000000000000 000 510000000000000000 May 2002 12 000000 0 00 0 000 00 0 000 0 00 0000000000000 HHHHHHHH 2002000000000 0 2002 13 000000 00 00000 0 0 0 000 00 0 00 0 00 42017 T40 0 HHHHHHHHH 4800 0000 0 0 0 00000 00000 0000 0000 000 0 Mar 2003 14 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 20030 000000000 2003 15 00000000000 HHHH
53. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHAoHH L3 L3 L3 L3 r 0 0 0 54 AiG 0 Y Ai C fx0 y0 Arr1 Ai 1 C fx0 y0 Fig 3 2 The flow chart of the method to detect the striation region HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHAoHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH AoHHHHHHH 0000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
54. 0 211 wa k log Falk 3 17 000000 0000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000 3 3 0000000000 HHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHUHHHUHHHHHHHHHH 331 00000000000000000 000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000 58 2 5 3 30 2048 x 2048 HHHHHHHHHHHHHH 512 51200 00 80 0 000 0000000 0 0 05 0 0 D 010 sin 001000 000000000 00 NSH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHH 6 25 0 000000000 89000 000000000 25600 000000 000000 000000 59 2048 pixels 2048 pixels Fig 3 3 The image of the fracture surface in which the striation is simulated 60 0000 HHHUFig3 3HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHH 3 18 00000000000000000 D IPs HHHH 000 900000000000002 7 00000000 0000000000000000 Fis s 30000 700000000 P f U 000 Fig 3 40 000 P f Ps f 0 2d0 3 18 0 61 510 Frequency f Hz 0 0 05 0 1 0 15 0 2 Fig 3 4 The relationship between the frequency f and the frequency evaluation function P f calculated from Fig 3 3 using FFT 62 0000000000000 215 340 4HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 15 3 30 000000 7 0 050 000000000 C f 0 05 xo U 0000
55. 0000 00 9 0000 9 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH plg h g NOOOO 2000000000 200000 5 5 00 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHH S00 10 000000000000 500 400000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHkHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH wi k p g wa k p g 3 9 9251 9252 9 8 gt 9 9 k ga k p gp g wa k 3 10 9251 9252 o1 k g 5 p g wilk o2 k g 0 p g welk 3 11 9 1 4 52 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 909 3 12 ow k 3 13 ow k gt w k oF oB k 2 t k g k 3 14 0001 OOOO 680 0000 57 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000 2 n k 280 3 15 OT 2000000 0000000000920 00 000 000 000 000 0 0000 0000 000000000000000 0 0 0000000000000000000000000 IIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000000000000000000 0 Kittler O 0 000000 000000000000000000000 0000000000000 0000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 7 1 2 0 00 9000 0308 00000000000000000 P k 1 wi E log wa k log 1 1 2 J p g log p g 0 3 16 HHHH 0 0000000 HH KitterlH
56. 1521 24 8 Se S224 HHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 0000000000000 000000 00000 30000 25 0000 30000 1520 00000000 5 50 0000 000000000 0000000000 25 510 FRSATA 45 479 3 40 30000 3 00 000000000 5 00000000000 5 45 479 3 4 30000 00000000000 SI 00000000000 5 45 479 3 4 0000000 00000 00000000 30000 1 190 ERSATA 5 45 47 40 0000 0000 050 0000000000000000 00 0 790 000 AHHHHHH 00000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 3100000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 30000 L1 322110 20001010 0 00 00001000000000000 0 300000000000000 30000000000000000 00000000000000000000 5 2544 5 00000000000000000000030000000000 000 90000 0 0 00000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000 3000000 00000 0000 00000 0000 3000000000 0 E E ES ESI 0 0 0 0 0 L3 L3 Ed EJ 20 0000003000000000 00 FRASTA FRacture Surface Analysis l 2 00000 000 000 0 0 00000000000000000000 0000 0 000 000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000030000000000000000000 000 00000000 0
57. 4 36 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line 0 3 case 1 18 OFT Magnification observation 400 600 pixels SZWu 57 Aum Crack propagation direction 800 pixels 0 10 0 15 0 20 0 25 0 30 2 Dimensional Hurst Exponent Fig 4 37 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line 3 case 2 18 AVI Magnification observation 400 600 pixels SZWm 71 2um Crack propagation direction 800 pixels 0 10 0 15 0 20 0 25 0 30 2 Dimensional Hurst Exponent Fig 4 38 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line 3 case 3 18 7 Magnification observation 400 o X a Stretched zone detected by human observation SZWu 95 2Um Crack propagation direction 800 pixels 0 10 0 15 0 20 0 25 0 30 2 Dimensional Hurst Exponent Fig 4 39 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line 0 4 case 1 18 Magnification observation 400 Stretched zone detected by observation 600 pixels SZWu 76 8um Crack propagation direction 800 pixels 0 20 0 25 0 30 0 35 2 Dimensional Hurs
58. B d4 3 3 DOOD a 000000 OO MEST ED TG wes Sem m uec M Sut RU ER AS y a ees one oeste a Bb OE 52 GB TJ iD RE x ELS a a a AS e 22 20000 0 00000000000 23 000000000000000000000000 24 O00000000000000000 NC eS SS MEER ele Ec ES PRA ST sate TRECE 925 23 ZUR TREES EST EO ER a bud za Gere ankaqa E Bo SEM 30000000 00000000 SEM 4000 EE esie Sate var ac hy S s Po etur anuo iud ARS as a naya h Sas aa AE IAEA SARS a ea Sr RD LSS 162 164 167 167 168 178 179 179 180 181 182 189 189 190 190 191 191 191 193 198 198 198 198 195 196 197 197 197 206 C 4000 0 00 1 2 00 UU E 0000 SEM ERA 4000 0 0 SEM ERA 4000 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 SEM ERA 8800FE 0000
59. CT 85090 Creep fracture surface of test piece of Creep fatigue fracture surface of test piece of DEN Creep fracture surface of test piece of 800 Creep fatigue fracture surface of test piece of CT 8500 Illustration of the frature model of TiAl intergranular fracture left The photography of the frature surface of TiAl intergranular frac Eure 541000 Illustration of the frature model of TiAl transgranular fracture left The photography of the frature surface of TiAl transgranular frac 10001 18 es Ge eS eee Illustration of the frature model of TiAl transgranular fracture left The photography of the frature surface of TiAl intergranular frac ture 01000018 No SE EE EE TEN Illustration of the box counting method The shaded boxes COUR MIT Result of box counting method Variations of fractal dimension of TiAl transgranular fracture sur face creep with magnification of observation Variations of fractal dimension of TiAl intergranular fracture sur face creep with magnification of observation Variations of fractal dimension of TiAl intergranular fracture sur face creep fatigue with magnification of observation Variations of coefficient of variation with magnification scale DEA ate
60. Fig 3 8 using FFT 80 2 0x 109 0 0 LT Mum 0 2 04 06 08 1 2 Fig 3 22 Relationship between wave length and wave length evaluation function P A calculated from striation area Fig 3 10 using FFT 81 5x10 4x10 3x10 2x10 1x10 0 01 0 1 Fig 3 23 Relationship between wave length and wave length evaluation function P A calculated from striation area in Fig 3 11 using FFT 82 m 63 striated surface ratio 47 Q NN WON pe WN 122 Gag striated surface ratio 32 8 min striated surface ratio 71 9 max 2 7 22 2 striation not striation 2 unknown 272 NS gt Fig 3 24 The judgement result of the striated surface area Fig 3 8 and the striated surface ratio Top left the threshold ratio is 15 Top right the threhold ratio is 20 Bottom right the striated area judged by the human observation 83 striated surface ratio 26 striated surface ratio 14 tt striated surface ratio 6 3 min NN striated surface ratio 29 9 220 221112 ITTTT ss striation not striation __ 2 unknown Fig 3 25 The judgement result of the striated surface area Fig 3 9 and the striated surface ratio
61. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000 0 00000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL 00000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0 0 0000000000010000000000000000 00000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000 312 0000000000 00000000000 00000000 001010 00000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000 0000000 0000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000 0000000 0 0 00000000000000000000 00000000 0 0 000000000000000000 000000000000000000 000000000000000000 0000000 32 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 3 21 Gabor O00000 00000000 0000000000000 0000000000000000000000000 200000000 100000200000000000000000 3 12 0000 00000 5 0000000000000 54 0 000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000 00000 00 00 0 00000000600 HHHHHHHHHHHHH 2 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 000000
62. Koch curve 52 DU 521 HHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000 20000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Mandelbrot O O U U fractus HHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 5 2 2 HHHHHHH 0 0000000000000000000000 155 1100000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000 00000000 100000000 40000 160 FUN NSN N N INAN ZA IN NO A E A X K R X 5 I SCOP SCOP eS MEL Fig 5 2 Sierpinski gasket Fig 5 3 Cantor curtains 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000 Figs 2530 000
63. L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 0 0 0 0 0 0 00000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000 2010000000000 0000000000 Fig 5 6HHHH MHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHSEMH 30 003000000000000030000000000 00005 00000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000 00000000000 03000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000 OOO 000000 00000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHUHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH L3 r3 L3 EJ EJ r3 mo oo 165 B lt A Macroscopic C Microscopic Fractal dimension Charactaristic length Scale um Fig 5 5 The relationship between fractal dimension and observation scale 166 lr
64. Local Hurst Exponent Fig 0000 05483 50pm w 300m 0 Dt e Spo ato pe 0 55 06 065 07 075 08 085 09 095 1 Detected by human observation Local Hurst Exponent Fig E13 0000 0510 50 300um Location mm Detected by local hurst exponent 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 1 Detected by human observation Local Hurst Exponent Fig E 14 00000000 0000000000 0000 0570 50 300m 232 Location mm Detected by local hurst exponent 04 05 0 6 07 08 0 9 1 Detected by human observation Local Hurst Exponent Fig 15 0000 0562 w 50 300um 0 9 Areal 08 Area2 Area3 Area4 07 0 6 0 5 04 Location mm 0 3 0 2 0 1 Detected by local hurst exponent 0 w Detected by human observation 0 4 0 5 0 6 07 0 8 0 9 1 Local Hurst Exponent Fig E 16 0000 06806 50 300um 0 9 0 8 F 07 0 6 051 04 Location mm 0 3 021 01 Detected by local hurst exponent 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 1 Detected by human observation Local Hurst Exponent Fig HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 0571 50 300um 233 0 9 1 08 4 2 E Area3 07 4
65. Top left the threshold ratio is 15 Top right the threhold ratio is 20 Bottom right the striated area judged by the human observation 84 Striated surface ratio 71 1 SS Striation N magnification 2000 Striated surface ratio 57 8 unknown not striation Striated surface ratio 65 6 unknown striation Fig 3 26 The judgement result of the striated surface area in Fig 3 10 and the striated surface ratio Top left the threshold ratio is 10 Top right the threhold ratio is 15 Bottom right the striated area judged by the human observation 85 Striated surface ratio 56 5 Striation j S NS de EX NN Unkown NS NS Striated surface ratio 56 3 unknown NON Striation Striated surface ratio 81 296 unknown Striation Fig 3 27 The judgement result of the striated surface area in Fig 3 11 and the striated surface ratio Top left the threshold ratio is 1096 right the threhold ratio is 1596 Bottom right the striated area judged by the human observation 86 Ohtsu 5 Kittler S striated surface ratio 33 9 striated surface ratio 24 0 striated surface ratio 71 9 max DU 1 striated surface ratio 32 89 min 177 f EEE ss striation not striation E 55 gt Fig 3 28 The judgement result of the striated surface area in Fig 3 8 using Ohtsu s a
66. Variations of fractal dimension of TiAl intergranular fracture sur face creep with magnification of observation 187 3 0 2 9 L 27 1 5 264 amb us 4 e ME 9 S 24 2 3 Intergranular fracture creep fatigue 10 100 1000 Scale um Fig 5 25 Variations of fractal dimension of TiAl intergranular fracture sur face creep fatigue with magnification of observation 188 Coefficient of variation 0 08 0 06 0 04 0 02 0 00 tl fracture creep 9 Intergranular fracture creep Intergranular fracture creep fatigue AIS 10 100 1000 Scale Fig 5 26 Variations of coefficient of variation with magnification scale 060 UU 61 000000 000000000 000000000 000 0 000 000 000 000 000 000 r3 L3 OL r3 E3 r3 000000 0 0 0 0 0 OO EJ EE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000 0 0 0000 0 Uu L3 L3 OOH OOOH 0 0000 0000 sEMHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000000000000000000000000
67. 0 0 HHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 0000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH2HHHH Hurst HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHH 20000 HustD D UD Fig 4 20 Ay 0 325 Fig 4 22 0 25 Fig 4 25 Hj 0 275 2 HunrstHHHHHUHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HUHHHHHH2HHHH HarstHHHUHHHHHHHHHHH HUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 200 00000000000000000000000000000000 20000 000000000000000000000000 Fo E ere EX eee oao d LJ L3 C3 E3 L3 L3 L3 Oo Fos EO oo L3 Hm L3 r3 BJ r3 E3 E HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 20000 HustD D D HHHHHHHHHHHHH2HHHH Hurst 0000 00000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0 000 0 0 HOD HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000 442 0000000000 0000000020000 Hurst O HOD UD 0000000600000
68. 0 0 m 0 0 0 0 3 Case3 000000000 0 0 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000000000000000000000000 0 00 00000000 000000000005 2 00000000000000000000000000000000 3 1 Fig 4 24 0 300000000000000000000000000000 0 3250 00000000000000000000 00000000 0 000000000000000000000000 000 0 0 0 00000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 0000 0 0000000000000000000 Fig 4 25 00000 0000 Fig 4 26 Hy 0 2751 00000000 00 00 0 0 00000 00 0 0 00 00 0 000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000 00000 0000000000000 e 4 1 00 Fig 4 27 114 Hy 0 275 030 010100 000 0 00 0 00 00 0 00 0 000
69. 0 0000000000 00000000 0 000000000000000000 O a 0 0 0 0 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0 0 0 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000 gg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 EE EJ EJ E DODO EJ ELE EL mo oom om omo mo oo mo oom EE ET E E
70. 0 HHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000 19800 0 00000000000000000000000000000000 0000000 0 0 0 iti pis 0 000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000 FRASTAQ 000000000000000000000000000000 1 10 000 0 0 2000 0010000000000 30000000 0 0 0 Table 13 0000000000000 0000 HHHHHHH 0000 30000 00000000000000000007 FG 0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 11 1 SHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH gt U OOOOOOOOO O 33740 484400 OODOOODOOD 8 0000 00000000 000000000000000000 gt 0000000 000 00000 0000 30000 15440 n 2541 0000 000000000000 36 15 45 47 0000 000000000000 36 15 45 47 0000 HHHHHH 19 HHH 0000 000000 30000 1521 2408 9 0000000000078 SCC 30000
71. 0 HHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Richradson HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Richardson 0000000 00000 0000 3000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 2400000000000 2 lt lt 3000000 5 7 5 5 0000000 551 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Fig 5 22 0 000000000000000000000000000000000000 7 00000 0 0000000000000 0000000 NU D 0000000000000000 00000000000000000000 180 Stress LOWE M EN Fe k CC Tug 92 19 9KU 1 i kx 67990289 Stress Fig 5 20 Illustration of the frature model of TiAl transgranular fracture left The photography of the frature surface of TiAl intergranular fracture 1000 right 1000 190000070 0000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000129 5 220 0000 25 2 9560 000000000000000000 0 170 100 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000 5 5 2 HHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 250 100000 00000000 30000000000000000 Fig 5 23 5 24 5 25 000000000 600000 235 245 25000 0 00006 00000 00 0 DU 00000000000000000000000000000000 m l HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 420000 300000000000 5231 0000000000000 01 HHHHHEFijg5 24HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL HHHHHHH
72. 0 Technical report 2002 0000 00000000000000000000000000000 00000 Master s thesis U 1998 000000000 00000000 0000000 2002 000000000 1 5100000 0000000000000 00000000 000000 00000010 00 p 5 1997 0000 0000 000 00000 Vol 42 483 287 292 2001 OO 0000 000 0000000 0000000 0000 1986 00000000000000 1998 0000000000000000 00000000000000000 000000 20030 0 00000 000000000 000000 000000000000000 00000000 HUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000 00000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HUHHHHHHHHHHHHHH2HHHHHHHHHHH 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0000 0000000000000000 000 9Cr12CrHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000 000 50000000000000 00000000000000000 0 0 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 500 TiAIHHHHHHHH 0 0 0 0 00000000 moo Er EE 0 0 0 0 0 HUHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000
73. 0 10016 0000000000000000000000000000 0 0 000000000000000000000000000 0000000000 0 0 0 0 0 53 HHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 531 HHHHHHHHH 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000 2 5 40 0000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 5 3 2 10000000 00 UO UU 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000 0000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 lt lt 10 00 00000000000 00000000600 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHH HHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000006 20000000000 000000000 0 0000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000 70000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHeHHHHH 4 100
74. 0 25 0 275 Hin 0 3 0 325 Fig 4 18 Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of Fig 4 6 0 0 1 case 1 129 600 pixels 2254 Crack propagation direction 0 225 0 25 0 275 0 3 Fig 4 19 Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of 12 47 000 1 case 2 130 D s E 5 4 5 o o S 50 8 o E o oO 800 pixels 3001m 0 275 3 0 325 0 35 Fig 4 20 Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of Fig 4 8 0 00 1 case 3 131 Hth 0 25 600 pixels 2251 Crack propagation direction E 800 pixels 300m Hth 0 275 Hth 0 3 Hth 0 325 Hth 0 35 Fig 4 21 Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of Fig 4 9 00 2 case 1 132 3 n a A 5 2 Stretched zone detected by human observation Crack propagation direction 800 pixels 300 0 225 0 25 0 275 0 3 Fig 4 22 Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of Fig 4 10 0 0 2 case 2 133 Magnification observation 400 600 pixels 225um Crack propagation direction 800 pixels 300m Hth 0 3 5 Hth 0 375 Hth 0 4 E 0 425
75. 0 4 10 10 10 Fig A 6 a W N R 0 1 201 da dN 10 m Fig DOO DDD R 0 1 100 202 a W 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 N cycle Fig A 8 a W N R 0 2 203 da dN w 10 m Fig A 9 000000 R 0 2 100 204 0 7 0 6 0 5 a W 0 4 10 N cycle Fig 10 R 0 5 205 da dN AK MPa4 m Fig All OO OO DO R 0 5 SEMH3HHHHHHI SEM ERA 4000 00 D B 1 1 0000 SEMO 0000 000 000 0000 00 CRTHHH HHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHH 880 11521 0 0 00 0 880 1152 1 000 000 000000000 00000 100000000000 000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000 2 0 000000000 B 1 2 DDD SBMHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHS5000HHHHH CRTHHHH 00mmQ 000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 100 1 5000 20m0 0000000000 880 x 11520000000 010000000 20um x 1 1152 20nm 000 5000 00 000000 0000000000000000001 20 000000000000000000000000000 000 20 0000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 100 00000 880 115200000 0 10000000 100x 1 1152 0 1mm 00000 000000000 0 10 0 2mmQ 0000 0 000000000000000000000000000000000 1 3 00000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000 0 10 000000000000000
76. 00 000000000000000000020000 8000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000020000 8 00000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 44 000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHUHHHH Table 2 10 00000 Table 21 000000000000000000 HHHHHH HHHH HHHHHHH 0000000000 20000 Hurst 0000000 HHHHHHHHH HHHHHH HHHHHHHHH HHHH HHHHH HHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHH HHHHHHH HHHH 00000 0000 00000 0000 0000000 0000 HHHHHH HHHH HHHHHHHH HHHHHH HHHHHHHH HHHHHHH 000 00000 0000 HHHHHH HHHHHHHH 0000 000000 000000 0000 HHHHHH 000000 000000 0000 000000 HHHHHH HHHHHH 000000 000000 HHHHHH HHHHHH 000 0000 HHHHHH HHHHHH HHHHHH HHHHHH HHHHHH SCC HHHHHH HHHHHH HHHHHH SCC HHHHHH 000000 0000000000000 0000 00000 0000000000000 000 HHHHHH 00000 0000 45
77. 00 000 00000 000 00000 000 000 MOTU 0000000000 BATCH 000 1000000 0000000000 0000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000 0 00000 0000 000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000 1800000000000 00000020000000 00 0000000 0 000000000000000 FILED 00000 U FILEN 00000000000000000000000000000 000000000 000 0000 00000000 FILEHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000000000000 217 24 1 00 W540 x D750 x H1350mm 265kg 2 00 W 1000 D750 H1200mm 90kg 3 000000 W500 x D260 x H410mm 30kg 00 D 8 8800 02 SEM I D D 1 5mm 30kV 5mm1kV x20 x600 000 000 20 WHHHHHH 0 30 30kV HHHH 0 30 3 0kV 10VHHHH 3 00 10 0kV 100VHHHH 100 30kV 1kVH 0000 0000600 800000 HHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHH 2100000 40 152x 5m 00000 50 30 000 10 10 00 000000 X 0 40mm 00 80mm Z 4 36mm 7 450 10000 3600 00 0000 50000000 2 R DC OO 000000 0000000000000 0000 50 00000 30 000 Z 2 mm O 00000 10 000 120000 0000 HHHHH 20000 218 219 20000 A B 000 20000 0000 410000
78. 00 000 00 000000000000000000000000000000000 163 fractal Not fractal Magnification observation Fig 5 4 Illustration of the fracture surface morphogy at variout scales 104 L3 L3 r3 E3 Oooo LE EH Gar A L3 L3 r3 L3 L3 L3 B3 E3 E3 E3 C3 C3 cc J i L3 Ed Ed Ed Ed Ed EJ EJ EJ E3 EJ EJ EJ EJ EJ EJ EJ HHdUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHUHHHzIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000 5 33 000000000 0000000000000 00000000000000000 Figs 50 20000000 0000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHEig54HHHHHHHHH HUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHH BCH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHH CB 000000000 000000000 HHHHHHHBHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000 3000000000000 TE TT TDS RIH HE BEE Tol 77 00 300000000 SEMO 2000000000002 000000000 000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000 2000 000000000000000000000000000 00000 3000000000000020000000000 0000000000000000 70 000000000000 3 L3 L3 L3
79. 000 1 2 8 01 0 2 05 500 600 900 0000 50 120 450 0000 4 87 5 19 4 87 Hz 10 10 10 Table A 4 70000000 197 HHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHH HHHH 3 1 0000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 1 0000000000027000000000000000000 CT u 2 0 ASTM E813 810 0000000000000 OF GF c F cs E A 1 000 1 BW E F ____ F _ BE X 1 Ler P 0 0 OOOO 2 ANSYSe 0r 0000 T ud IU d Fig A 4 000 0000000 700000000000 00 00000000 OOO Fig 000000000000000000005000000000000000 Uu 00000000000 0 cl c2 4 5 4 1813 87 576 791 21 3694 4 8567 7847 4 Table A5 00000000000 Fig A 5HHHHHHHHHHH O 4 1 eo cs Table A 5 000 3 2 HHHHHH Fig A 6 A 7 A 8 A 9 A 10 A 110 000000000 as W NHHHHHHHH 00000 Fig A 6 A 7HHR 0 1HHHHHHHHHHHEig A 8 A 9H 0 0 20000 215 10 110 0 0 50 0000000000 198 OCT 2002 11 05 20 Fig 4 FEM model of test piece 199 60 50 40 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 a W Fig A 5 OO 00 0 8 0 9 200 0 7 0 6 0 5 j
80. 0000 0000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 206 207 Detector 000 000 0000000 0000000 Image of Reflected Electron ELI 9 7 Specimen nM Reflected Electron Secondary Electron Fig B 1 Effect of reflected electron HHHHHUHHHHHHH 00000000 HHHHHHH Fig B 1 0 HHHHHHHHHHHHHH CRTHHHHHHHHHH CRTHHHHHHH 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000 0000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000060 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 DU HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Fig B 2 208 Image of Reflected Electron Detector 10 Specimen w Reflected Electron Secondary Electron Fig B 2 Effect of secondary electron 209 B 2 HHHHHHHHHHH B 2 1 00001 000000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000000 000 000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000 90000 08 000000000 0500000000000000000000 a 6 0 0000 10 90 7500000000000000
81. 0000000 0000 0000 0000000000000 00000000000 1200x9000 000000 600x450 0000 000000 1200x900 0000 CRT 190000000 CRT S O 0000 260x195mm PICTURE SPOT L WAVE FORM PHOTO TV Rapid Medim S1ow1 4 Photol 4 Frame 0000006000000 0000000000000 060000 0000000000 00000 00000000000 0000000 X Y 30u UD DD 360 1l 0000000000000 HD 00000 00000000000 00 HHHHHHHHH 0 000 0000 00000000 00000 0000000 00000 uult PC ATO OO 0S MS WINDOWS NT 0000 0000 000000 000000 000000 10000 00000 0 utut 5000 00000000 2 6x10 4Pa 2x10 6Torr 00000 4000000000 0000 2801 sec 00000000 00000 000000000 0000 160 min 0000 201 0 in 220 000000 0000 201 sec x 20 0000600 HHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000000000 0000 000000000 0000 0000000 CRTHHHH HHHHHH 200000 Inm 00000 00000 0000 XHHHYHHHHH 000000 4 0960 LINE X 4 0960 LINE Y 000000000 250 000 0 00000 19000 CRT HHHHHH 0000 HHHHHHHHHH 00000 00000000 DISTANCEQ 0D XY utut 200000 0000 00000 HD FD 0000 256MB U J DUHBD 00000
82. 0000000 0000000 1981 15 0000000000000000000 90000000 0000 O 2000 16 0000000000000 0000000000000 0000 1983 17 Saka and 5 Abe Fib hvem observation of the configuration of cracks and the defect structure near the cracks in si J Electron Microsc Vol 1 pp 45 57 1997 18 0000 00 0 0000 00000 000000000000000 000000 000000000 A Vol 54 No 507 pp 2061 2068 11 1988 19 0000 0000 0000 000000000000000 3000 000 00 Vol 39 444 1311 1316 1989 20 00000 000 00000 3000000 Vol 34 No 381 648 652 1984 21 0 0000 0000 000 0000 000 5 000000000 000 000000000 Vol 53 494 1961 1965 10 1987 22 00000 0000 0000000 3000000 000 Vol 72 No 15 2126 2132 1986 23 00000 0000 000000000000000000 2 000 Vol 40 6 660 664 1988 24 Kohji Minoshima Tatsuya Suezaki Kenjiro Komai Genetic algorithms for high precision reconstructions of three dimensional topographies using stereo fractographs Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Struc tures Vol 23 No 5 435 444 2000 25 Tadao Suginuma Measurement of surface topography using sem with two secondary electron detecters J Electron Microsc Vol 34 No 4 pp 328 337 1985 26 OO000 0000 000000000000000000 1 000 Vol 40 No 5 pp 553 560 1988 27 Benoit B Mandelbrot Fractal character of fracture s
83. 0000000 00000 000000000 00000 0000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL Rmax 0 0 15000000000 0000 0000 10 00000 10 0000 CRT1H 0000000 10 0000 10 00000000 20 00000 30 UUUUU IU 00000 000 10 00000 000 00000 100000000 00000 000000000 0000000000 00000000 0000000 HHHHHHH 00000000000 HHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHLH 00000010 HHHHHHH UUUUUUU O00 2000000 222 0000 100V 100 3kVA 50 60 71 100V 100 2kVA 50 60Hz1 0 0 100 30000000 2000000100 oO ET 1 30m0 00000000000000 20 C 5 C UD 60000 000 0 32 10 D 260 P POO 0000 0 2 TOO 2600 000 1 em200 00 20 41 1 4000 0001 00000000 2 PT 1 4000 0000 50 10 cm2 1 4000 0000000000000 25 0000000000000 0000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHH 00000 0000000 100 150x925 x1 650mm 350kg 000 1 200 800 750mm 100 000000 260x570x410mm 130kg HHHHHHH 360x700x460mm 40 UPS HHHHH HHHH 1 00 00 00100 100 1 20000 00000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000 00000000000000000 00000000000 e 000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHH
84. 000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 00000 iADHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000000 00000 000 000000000000 0000000000 21 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHSEMHHHHH1980HHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHTablel 1HHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000 0 00000000000000100000000 100000000000 210 00000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000060 000000000000000000000 e 000000 0000000000000000000000 000000000000000 0000000000000000005 000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000 00000 11 000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 8 D 16000 12000 000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHH 22 10000000000000000000000000000 11997 541 421 29 E fig 2 1 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 31 e 000000000 e 0000000000000 0000 221 0000000000000 000000000000000000 0 000000 HHHHHHUHHHEig22HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL
85. 0000000000 D 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 2 25Crr1MoHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000000 2050 0000000 0000000000000 Fig3 240 0 477 Fig 3 25 0 47000000 00O Fig 3 2400 0000000000000000 71 9 0000 32 8 0 00000000000000000 Fig 3 250 000000000 06 370 297 0 000000000 00000000000000 14 0 00000000 000000000000000000000000000000 A2017 T40 0 00000000000000000000000000000 D 3 26 0 00 00000 1550 000 0000000000000 000 0000000000 65 5 000000000000000 000 0 unknown 0000000000000000000000000000002 3 27 00000000 19 0000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000 3 5 3 00000000 000000000000 L3 L3 rT L3 HHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000 SEMHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHAEHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHAEHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 93 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH PH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHAdobeHH Photo Shop7 00 000 fig3 3HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHFig33HHHHHHHsmHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000 HHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH fig3 3HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000000000000000
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88. 00000000000 020000 0 00000000000000000 0000000000000 0 000000000000000 20000 Hurst U 00000000000000000000000000 0000000000020000 HmrstHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL HHHHHHHHH2HHHH HarstHHHHUHHHHHL 0000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000 0 0 OOM r3 L3 r3 HHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000 000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 6 2 HHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 621 HHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHH 0 0 0 oo ES Ez E E oo oo oo mm a aaa Ed EST oo oo oo oO
89. 000000000000 0000000 00000000000000000000000 Fig3 32 00000 0000000000000 21 3 8330 0000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 255 8 00 0000000000 9000000000000000000 HUHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH SEMH 000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 50 HHHHHHHHH 6 0000 000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000 0000000 et 000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000 0000 x t Average a t Auerage z 0 000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000 0 r3 LILI Ez L3 a Ed EJ F T LE i 000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 S40 00000000000000000000 4 4 00000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 gt G 0000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000 0000000 2200000000000000000000000000
90. 0000000000000 0000000000000 000000000 0 000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH UU 00 00000000000000000 Fig 3 28 3 29 3 30 3 319 000000 00 00 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 HHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH UUUUU U 6 3 2800 000000000000 000000060 0000000000000000000000021 3 290 0000 0000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH unknonw U ttr 00000000000000000000000000 00000000000 6 3 90 000 000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0 000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000 Kittler 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 DU 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 0 0 0 000 000 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ez L1 E 92 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGaborHHHH 00000000000000 0000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 3 1 00 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 000000 3 5 2 0 000
91. 0000000000000 0000000000000000000000000 0000 maa 2 1 2 2 HHHHHHHHHHHHHH 212 212 213 213 213 213 217 218 225 223 225 226 236 240 248 11 Relationship between observation scale and device 17 1 2 Striation Material A2017 T4 Magnification observation 2000 CPD indicates the Crack Propagation Direction 21 1 3 Illustration of texture analysis of fracture surface 23 12 01 TE ees fi vee dante 27 21 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHU 30 z 31 2 32 dig eo ee hs 33 24 LG 35 25 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 36 26 0000000000 27 000000000000000000000000000000 39 28 111100 0 00000000000000000000000 88 8 144 0 hoes 40 29 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 42 2 10 Variation of appearance of fracture surface with magnification ob Servatione dele the in we dug n wl dap aA 46 2 2 EJ p oB 2 4 a 47 24125108 el DP ER e 48 3 1 The overview of the Gabor mother wavelet 52 3 2 The flow chart of the method to detect the striation region 54 3 3 The image of the fracture surface in which the striation is simulated 59 3 4 Th
92. 00000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 0 184 LL LLL cFLILLLL NLLLLLL AAT Tr asr mage Fig 5 21 Illustration of the box counting method The shaded boxes are counted 185 un o Ge 8 5 Z 3 0 2 9 2 8 2 7 E 2 6 ps e 24 2 3 v mag 100 mag 150 mag 300 mag 400 mag 600 mag 800 mag 1000 o mag 1200 o mag 1500 10 Box size um Fig 5 22 Result of box counting method Calculated characteristic length using fractal analysis 3 u Characteristic length using human seeing m fracture creep 10 100 1000 Scale um Fig 5 23 Variations of fractal dimension of transgranular fracture sur face creep with magnification of observation 186 3 0 2 9 2 8 2 7 2 6 2 5 24 Fractal dimension 2 3 p Calculated characteristic length using fractal analysis 4 Characteristic length using human seeing 4 Intergranular fracture creep 100 1000 Scale um Fig 5 24
93. 00000000000000000000 Hurst O D D HHHHHHHHHHH Fig 420 000000000 HmstHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000 STPG370HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000 40000000000000000000000000 29 16384 101 2600 00000 000000000 U 0 00000000 Fig420 0000000000 HmstHHH1HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000 90000000000 10000000000 Hurst HHHHHHHHHHHHHH 200000 2HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000 000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000 0000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000 OU HHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000000000000000000000010 50000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000 HurstH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 3000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHH BCH HHHHHH 0 300000000000000000000000000 um 0000000 0000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000 2 000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000 000 000 000 Ooo L3 SN 0 0 0 ET E Ga
94. 00000000000000000000000 a 0380 00000 00000000000000000 0 325 0 350000000 0 000000000000000 0000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Du Ooo Ooo HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Ha 0 3 00000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHH 2 CaselQ Fig 4 21 0 325 0 3SHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000 0 275 030 00000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000 2 Case2 Fig 4 22 0 251 0000000000000000000000000000 0 380 000 0 000 0 0 00 0000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0 0 0000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000 2 Fig 4 23 00000000000000000000000000 00000 000000000000000 9 350 00000000000 0000000000 L3 L3 r3 118 m HHHHHH 000000 000000 0 2 0 2750 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
95. 000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000 0 0 O 1 EE Ez E E 2 EZ HUHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000 TiAIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH L1 L1 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH N OOO TiAIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 183 rrr L3 L3 r3 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000 000000000000000000000000 000 HUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHTiAIHH 000000000000000000000000 200000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHH 000000000 00 0000000 10 10 506 0000000 0 000000000000000
96. 000000000000000000000000000 70000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 15 1 2 000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000 00000000000 0000000000000 000 00 0000000 0000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ParisHHH AEHHHHHHHH 0000000000000000000000000000 0000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000 80000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000 0000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000 000 amp 00000000000000000000000000000 Jiang HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00 0 0000000000000 HH 5 00 8 0 000 0000 00 HHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00 0000 0 00 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000 21 Fig 1 2 Striation Material 2017 4 Magnification observation 2000 CPD indicates the Crack Propagation Direction 22 00000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000 1 000000000 2 0000000000000
97. 0000000000000000000000000000 OU Gabo 000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 OO 00 000000000000 000000000000000000 2 25Cr IMoQ A2017 T4Q 0000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000 0000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHH 040 UU Hurst Dn D DD D UU E E EE 41 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000 5000000 HHHHHHHHEjg41HHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000 00000000000000000 3000 oo a E ESSE a a m S L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 0 000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000 0000000000000 Best 0 000000000 5 0 0 HUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000 r rtc nn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 P A 1 10 100
98. 000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 aagana L3 L3 r3 r3 E3 r3 0 0 0 0 0 0 HHHHHHHHHHHHHH Co Co 0 L3 L3 Ed EJ EJ EJ EJ EJ L1 15 10 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000 sm MHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Se 9 SEM IOI TEE EIE 00000000000000 30000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 000 200000 0000 30000000000 sHHHHHHHHHHH 00000 00 0000 00000 0 00000 000000000 L3 L3 L3 L3 r3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 OO o Lr 00000000000 2000000000000000 T
99. 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000000000000000 192 000000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHH HHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000 00000 0 3000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000 A 2 0000 0 00000000000000 2017 14000 00000 0000 00 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Table A 1H A2017 T4HHHHHHH Table A 2 A2017 T4 30 000000000 2 2 00000000000000 FigA1HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH UU05mmQ 000000000 0000000000000000000000000000 0000000 UU 60mm 00 2410000 Mg Mn Si Bal 3 700 0 600 0400 0 400 Table A 1 A2017 T4Q 0000000 000 193 194 Table A 2 Mechanical properties of A2017 T4 alloy 00 2 MPa OB MPa V 270 485 23 8 Table Physical properties of A2017 T4 alloy Young s module GPa Poisson ratio 71 5 0 33 12 0
100. 24 2 HOLES B 24 0 48 A 0 1 Fig A1 00000000 195 Fig A 2 000000 2 3 0000 Fig A2000000000000000 2 1 3 0000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHDAHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHPCHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHL HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHH HHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 196 Iro HSV DPM 600 4825 Keyence E NR 2000 DA12 4 PCI Timer Trigger USB CompaqPC Fig A 3 0000000 Timer Trigger HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 2000 00000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH GOHzHHHHH20HHHH 200HyHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000000000000000000 A 2 4 OOOO 00000000000000000000 Table A 4Q 0000000000000000 0 1 0 2 0 50 300000000 238000000000 44 5000000000 0
101. 39000000000000000 15 202 00000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 Fig 3 24 3 250 00 0 0 000000 0 0000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Fis 3 24 3 250 00000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH mnknownHHHHHHHH 00 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH unknown 00 000000000 00000000 215 3 10 3 110 0000000000000 10761570 000 Fig 3 26 3 270 0000 0 Fig 3 28 Fig 3 29 Fig 3 30 Fig 3 31 0000000 0 0 00000000000000000000000 TT Fig 3 17 Judgement result of striated surface area in Fig 3 9 using frequency region B Left Threshold ratio is 20 Right Threshold ratio is 40 Fig 3 18 Judgement result of striated surface area in Fig 3 10 using frequency region B83 Left Threshold ratio is 20 Right Threshold ratio is 30 8 O ue a 22 en Fig 3 19 Judgement result of striated surface area in Fig 3 11 using frequency region 808864 Left Threshold ratio is 10 Right Threshold ratio is 15 5x10 P A 4x 10 3x10 2x10 1x10 casel x 0 1 1 Fig 3 20 Relationship between wave length and wave length evaluation function P A calculated from striation area in Fig 3 8 using FFT 9 8x10 P A 7x10 6x10 5 10 4x10 19 3x10 2x10 Aum 0 1 1 2 8 Bi 1x10 Fig 3 21 Relationship between wave length and wave length evaluation function P A calculated from striation area in
102. 3HHUHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000000000000000000000 0000000 Fig 1 3HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH SCCHHHHHHHHHHH 16 0 CTGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 300000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH L1 L1 sO 0 Eo ES EE EE r3 L3 LJ r3 rc L3 L3 L3 r3 L3 r3 E LJ EJ EIE EJ EERE EEE ES E E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L3 L3 L3 Manual Analysis Texture Analysis Striation Z 2 Unknown SS Non Striation Image of fracture surface gray scale Fig 1 3 Illustration of texture analysis of fracture surface 66 24 DO mo om om mm om om
103. 5 Magnification observation 400 Stretched zone detected by human observation 600 pixels 2254 Crack propagation direction 800 pixels 3008 Fig 4 6 Image of fracture surface with stretched zone 1 case 1 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation 116 Magnification observation 400 Stretched zone detected human observation 600 pixels 2254 Crack propagation direction 800 pixels 300 Fig 4 7 Image of fracture surface with stretched zone 000 1 case 2 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation 117 Magnification observation 400 Stretched zone detected by human observation 600 pixels 2254 Crack propagation direction 800 pixels 300 Fig 4 8 Image of fracture surface with stretched zone 0 O O 1 case 3 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation 118 Magnification observation 400 Stretched zone detected by human observation 600 pixels 2251 Crack propagation direction 800 pixels 3001m Fig 4 9 Image of fracture surface with stretched zone 2 case 1 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation 119 Magnification observation 400 Stretched zone detected by human observation E SSH SA 600 pixels 225um Crack propagation direction 800 pixels 3001m Fig 4 10 Image of fracture surfa
104. 800 70 Fig 3 10 The SEM image of A2017 T4 fatigue fracture surface case3 x 2000 AK 11 4MPa m 71 Fig 3 11 The SEM image of A2017 T4 fatigue fracture surface case4 x800 5 9M Pa m 12 1 6 10 4 P A 1 4x10 1 2x10 1 0x10 8 0x10 6 0x10 4 0x10 2 0x10 0 0 0 1 Fig 3 12 Relationship between wave length and wave length evaluation function P A calculated from Fig 3 8 3 1 0 10 P A 8 0x10 6 0x10 4 0x10 2 0x10 0 0 0 1 1 Fig 3 13 Relationship between wave length wave length evaluation function calculated from Fig 3 9 74 P A lx10 B uj 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 1 2 Fig 3 14 Relationship between wave length and wave length evaluation function P A calculated from Fig 3 10 15 6 0 107 P A 4 0 107 2 0 10 0 0 0 1 1 Fig 3 15 Relationship between wave length and wave length evaluation function P A calculated from Fig 3 11 Fig 3 16 Judgement result of striated surface area Fig 3 8 using frequency region Left Threshold ratio is 20 Right Threshold ratio is 40 HHHHHHHHHHH PDHHHHHHH 502HHHHHHHHHHHHHH 343 00000 GaborHHHHHHHHHHHH Breet Bee Bee Bee 1 000000000000000 000000000000002 3 24 3 25 Fig3 8
105. 990 51 0000 00 0000 0000000000000000000000 No 45 1312 1322 1979 246 52 HH SEMHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH PhD thesis O 0 2002 53 00000000000000000 CABING VRHHHHHHHHH 54 55 56 20000000000000 00 2003 0000 0000000 0000 1977 0000 0000 00000000000000000000 000000 00 Vol 45 No 3 340 345 1996 0000000000000 0000 000000 0000 00000 11 1983 157 000000000 0000000000 0000000 1 1991 58 000 00000 0000 1983 59 Petr Hausild Ivan Nedbal Clotilde Berdin and Claude Prioul The influence 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 of ductile tearing on fracture energy in the ductile to brittle transition tem perature range Materials Science and Engineering Vol A355 pp 164 174 2002 0000 0000000000000000000000000000 00007 Master s thesis U U 2000 1 Simonsen H Hansen Phys Rev No 58 2779 2787 1998 R M Haralick Shanmugam and I Dinstein Textural features for image classification IEEE transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics No SMC 3 6 pp 610 621 1973 OO 0 00000000000000000000 00 Vol 29 pp 198 203 4 1980 OO 0 0000 0000 1993 000 0000000000000 00 000000000 1995 HHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000 1999
106. E3HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000 000000 HUHHHHHHHHHHH HrstHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHUHHHHHHHHHUHHHUHHHHH 8500000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHH 2 HHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Fig E4Q 00000000 1000 0000000 SM490BHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHUSM490BHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHH Table E1E2HHHHHHHHHHH sEMHHHHHH 8800 0 U 40 0 1000 000000000000 12000 1000000000 0000000000 8192 819200000000 226 Local hurst exponent H Transition point ductile brittle transition area brittle ductile fracture surface fracture surface Crack propagation direction um Fig 3 0000000000000000000000000 HustH Si Mn 5 Bal 0 18 0 55 1 6 0 035 0 035 Table E 1 5 490808 Ll Ll mass HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Hurst 000 00000000 2 1 000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 2 6 60 Fig E 29n 0002 0000 HanrstHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHH 2 1 50 000 Mpa 0000 Mpa 000 325 490 610 17 Table E 2 5 490 8 00000 227 Fig 4 0000000000000 228 Fig ES HDOD HOUDDU 0 i i qoo 14 Detected local hurst exponent 0 5 0 55 0 6 0 65 0 7 0 75 0 8 0 85 0 9 0 95 1 Local Hurst Exponent Location mm D 100um Detected by human observation Fg E6 0000 0542 50 30073
107. HHHHCABINH VRHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 41 00000 00000000 O May 2003 16 000000 0000 000 00 0 0000 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 000000000 MM amp M2003HHHHHHHHHHHHH 2003 1 0000000000000000000 1 0000 00000 4000 0000 00000 000 00000 0 000 000000 2 0000000000 8800 00000 00000 00000 0000 000000 3 UU 00 0000 00000 00000 00000 6 00 0006 000 00000 000000000 1 56 525 298 303 1990 410000 0000 00000 00000 SCCHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000000000000000 000000000 54 500 670 678 4 1988 5 00000 0000 000000000000000000 1 000 Vol 40 No 5 553 560 1988 6 0000 00000000000 000 1993 70000 00000 0000 1986 S 0000 000 00000000 000000000000000000 000000000 2000 000100 00101000 LUL pp 199 204 2003 0 R E Peterson Handbook of Experimental Stress Analysis p 593 Wiley 1950 10 Derek Hull Fractography Cambridge University Press 1999 11 C A Zappfe and M C Clogg Fractography a new tool for metallurgical research Trans ASM No 34 pp 71 107 1945 112 C A Zappfe and G A Moore A microfractographic study of the cleavage of hydorogenized ferrite Trans AIME Vol 145 p 335 1943 13 Bernard M Strauss and Suil K Putatunda Quantitative Methods in Frac tography STP 1085 ASTM 1990 242 243 14 0000 900000
108. HHHHH Vol 56 No 530 pp 2091 2097 1990 41 0000 0000 00000 0000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHH Vol 54 504 1559 1565 8 1988 42 Lech Czarnecki Andrzej Garbacz and Joanna Kurach On the characteriza tion of polymer concrete fracture surface Cement amp Concrete Composites Vol 23 pp 399 409 2001 43 L T Dougan P S Addison and W M C McKenzie Fractal analysis of frac ture Mechanical Research Communications Vol 27 No 4 pp 383 392 2000 44 OOOO 0O00 0000 00000 000000000 SEMHHHH 0000 0000 Vol 21 No 6 pp 2 5 1983 45 T Kobayashi and D Shockey Frasta new way to analyze fracture surfaces Adv Materials and Processes Vol 140 No 5 pp 28 34 1991 46 T Kobayashi and D Shockey Fracture analysis via frasta Adv Materials and Processes Vol 140 No 6 pp 28 34 1991 47 T Kobayashi and D Shockey A fractographic investigation of thermal em brittlement in cast duplex stainless steel Metallurgical Transactions No 18A pp 1941 1949 November 1987 48 00 0 0000 0000 0000 STMHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHH 000000000 A Vol 57 No 541 2237 2243 1991 49 F M BORODICH Some fractal models of fracture J Mech Phys Solids Vol 45 No 2 pp 239 259 1997 50 R H DAUSKARDT F HAUBENSAK and R O RITCHIE On the interpre tation of the fractal character of fracture surfaces Aeta metall mater Vol 38 No 2 pp 143 159 1
109. HHHHHHHH 36 Location N p CON Location Location Location fig 2 5 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHH 37 0000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000 Fi 50 0000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 ON lt 1 Fig2 2HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHMAPHHHHHHH HHH HHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHFIHESHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000000000 MAPHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHUHHHUHHHH HHHMAPHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHMAPHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHH2HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH MAPHHHH 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHnHHHHHHHHHHHnHHHHHHUHHHHHHL HHHHHHH 0000 00000000000 010000000 1000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000 000000 0000000000000 0000000000000000000000000 2 2 2 0000000000 0000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000
110. HHHHHHHHHGaborHH HHwHHHHHHHHHH 1000 900000000000000 00000000000 0000 00000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000 HHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000 00000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHH 00 2 0000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH CHHHHHH 7HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0 0000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000 000000 EJ EJ EJ Oooo L3 r3 E3 EJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L3 L3 o r3 O LT r3 g L3 r4 r3 L3 L3 27 Cot sw 1 18 c 7 0 3 7 0 000 0000 00000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000 0700 50 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHeeoHHHHHHHHHHzH 100000000000 7 90 000000 3 2 2 0000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Fig3 2 000 HUHHHHHHHHHHHHH7UHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 700 20000000000000000000000000000000 000000 4000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 7 0000000 000 00000000000 0000000 0000000000 Ao 0000
111. HHHHHHHHHHH 4 HHHHHHHFig 5 25HHHHH 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 181 L3 L3 WOO E LI EJ J Gay 5 Fig 5 230 00 000D 53 HHHHHHHH 0000 0000 0000 000000 Fig s 0000 L3 L3 r3 0 0 0 0 0 L L3 r3 r3 C3 cr r3 0 0 000 000000 000 0 000 00000000000 L3 HHHHHHHH 00000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000 0 0000000000000 L1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00000 00000 00000 00000000 030000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000 2 9000000000000000000000 00000 200gm 000 00000000000000 HHHHHH TiAIHHHHHHHHH 300m 0000 00000 00000 00000 00000 H
112. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0 0000 0000 5 0 23 5 24 5 000 2900000 0 06000 DU 000 200 IU UD iAlHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 300 0000000000 00000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LJ EES EE EI La q ESI J L3 L3 0000000 Figd26000000000000000000000 00000000000000000 5 70000 7000000000000 0000000000000000 02 lt n lt 80m0 000000000 Do 182 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 300000000000000000000000000 300000 00000000000000000000000 40000000000 200 0 00000000000000000000 000000000 200um 0000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHL 00000000000000000 Fig 5 2600 000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHH Fig s 2600 00000 HUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0 000000000000000000000000 0 L3 00000000000000000000000000000 4 EI T 0 0 0 5 6 HHUHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHUHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000
113. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHH 8SZWHH2HHHH HstHHHHHHH 57 000000000 4 20 0000000 40000000000 14 0 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH SZWO 00000000 zw 4 amp 5 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 4 4 3 SZWHHH 0000000 8SZWHHHHHHHHHHHHH SZWH 0000000000000000000 O CJ SZW 4 24 HHHHCHHHHHHHHHHH 89000000 090000000000 HH 547 lt lt 143 0 70000 kJ m 0000 STPGQO0 00000 191 0GPa Q 0000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH S2WHHHHHHHHHHH HH OOOO 4240000 82WHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 1 HHHH 0 0000000 8 szwO 00000 Table 4 30 00000 Fig 4 42 4 2 4 30 0 42911 0000 000000000000 00000 J kJ m 0 57 0000004000000000000 000 0 00000000 52 0000090000000000 S2WH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 90 0 D 00000000000 S2WHHHHH2HHHH HarstHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHH 90 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000 S2WHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHTable 42HHHHHHHHHH1HHHH HarstHHHHHHHHHHHH S2WHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIHHHH HarseHHHHHHH902UH
114. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHI HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 7000 000 000 00000 HHHAiHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ce HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 1000000000000 01000100 0 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH CCF 20 U 00000000000 00000 Kf 0 gt OOO 000 000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH2HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000 3 2 3 2 0000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 39000 0000000000000 Cratio X xo yo 3 8 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH1IHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHI 56 00000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH2 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH KittlerHHHHHHH 029 000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHH2HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 2000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 7 000000 0 240 000000 900000000000 000000600 HHHHHHHHHHHH tole 6 2 0
115. HHHHHHHHHL 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000 2 3 4 000 000000 0 0 00000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000 000000000 0000000000000 0 0000 000 du 000000000 e 00 0000 0000 000 00 000 0000 00 0 000 0000 0000 e 0000 000000000000 000 CgHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL 0 000000000000000000000000000000000000 47 P A FFT 2 0x 109 0 0 DEEP um 02 04 06 08 1 2 Fig 2 11 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000000000000000000000000000000 9 HHHHUHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000 0 000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000 000000000 00000 000 000000 00000 Hig 2 11H fig 2 12HHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHUHHHHHHHHHH 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000
116. HHHHHHUHHHHHHHHH1HHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0 000000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHH Daubechies N 2 0 0000000 HHHHHHTable 4 1H 0 4 22 00000000000000 0000 0000000 Table 4 1 HHgHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHSEMH 00000000000000000000 HarstHHHHHHHHHHHHH 3800000000000000000000 000020000 Hurst 0000000000 Fig 4 180 429 0000000000 0000059 0000000000 Hin HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH2HHHH HUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000 e 1 Casel Fig 4 18 0 00 0000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0 25 0 2750 0 000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000 e 1 Case2Q Fig 4 19 Ay 0 250 0000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 000000 00000000000000000000 112 L3 r3 C3 L1 Li CoO r3 ROS O rrr oo Oo OOO Ha 9 30000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000 0000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000 0 27500000000000000000 900000 000 1 Fig 4 20 03HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000
117. al local hurst exponent of Fig 4 16 00 4 case 2 139 Magnification observation 400 600 pixels 22511 Crack propagation direction L 800 pixels 3008 4 Hth 0 25 m Hth 0 3 Hth 0 225 Hth 0 275 Hth 0 325 Fig 4 29 Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of Fig 4 17 4 case 3 Magnification observation 400 Stretched zone detected by human observation SZWu 9 1 8m Crack propagation direction 600 pixels L 0 800 pixels 0 10 0 15 0 20 0 25 0 30 2 Dimensional Hurst Exponent Fig 4 30 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line 1 case 1 18 OVI Magnification observation 400 Stretched Zone detected human observation SZWi 82 2Lm Crack propagation direction 600 pixels 800 pixels 0 10 0 15 0 20 0 25 0 30 2 Dimensional Hurst Exponent Fig 4 31 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line 1 case 2 18 IPT Magnification observation 400 Stretched zone eteetedd by human observation SZWu 86 2um 600 pixels Crack propagation direction Lo 800 pixels 0 10 0 15 0 20 0 25 0 30 0 35 2 Dimensional Hurst Exponent Fig 4 32 Result of detecti
118. ce ratio 6 Average 127 Contrast 80 Cth MAX C 0 05 x0 y0 x 50 Striated surface ratio 6 Average 127 Contrast 104 Cth MAX C 0 05 x0 y0 50 Striated surface ratio 6 Fig 3 33 OOO 000 00 00 0 0 00 DU Average 127 Contrast 127 Cth MAX C 0 05 x0 y0 50 Striated surface ratio 6 96 97 da dN UT R 2 2b 2 R AK 2110 15 15120 40 D RM ES E CIh MAX C 209 5 9 m AK 11 4MPay m _ Hig 3 9 EHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 98 r3 C ooo L3 L3 r3 rt L3 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH vo 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 3 6 00000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000
119. ce with stretched zone 2 case 2 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation 120 Magnification observation 400 600 pixels 225um Crack propagation direction 800 pixels 3001m Fig 4 11 Image of fracture surface with stretched zone 2 case 3 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation 121 Magnification observation 400 Stretched zone detected by human observation 600 pixels 225um Crack propagation direction 800 pixels 3001m Fig 4 12 Image of fracture surface with stretched zone 3 case 1 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation 122 Magnification observation 400 600 pixels 2251 SEA QE X p Crack propagation direction 800 pixels 3001m Fig 4 13 Image of fracture surface with stretched zone 3 case 2 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation 123 Magnification observation 400 5 Stretched zone detected by human observation 600 pixels 225um Crack propagation direction 800 pixels 3001m Fig 4 14 Image of fracture surface with stretched zone 3 case 3 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation 124 Magnification observation 400 600 pixels 2251 Stretched zone detected by human observation Crack propagation direction 800 pixels
120. e relationship between the frequency and the frequency evalua LIOR TOs acu etes ed 61 3 5 distribution of the degree of striation C f 0 05 o Yo 63 36 ODD g l s s s ssasa 64 3 7 Kittler ODDO 65 3 8 The SEM image of CrMo fatigue fracture surface casel x800 68 3 9 The SEM image of CrMo fatigue fracture surface case2 x800 69 3 10 3 11 3 12 3 13 3 14 3 15 3 16 3 17 3 18 3 19 3 20 3 21 3 22 3 23 3 24 The SEM image of A2017 T4 fatigue fracture surface case3 x2000 uso AM ns pu KAD SEO drap WR dE The SEM image of A2017 T4 fatigue fracture surface case4 x 800 AK SO VEDI X ee Relationship between wave length and wave length evaluation func OR a Aaaa o a ar ad E a a e a AAN Relationship between wave length and wave length evaluation func MORE 5 2 p E d aa SS Relationship between wave length and wave length evaluation func IORI da Relationship between wave length and wave length evaluation func Hom MC Judgement result of striated surface area in Fig 3 8using frequency region B Left Threshold ratio is 20 Right Threshold ratio BAO a erita PM Judgement result of striated surface area in Fig 3 9using frequency region B Left Threshold ratio is 20 Right Threshold ratio Judgement re
121. est piece of 850 C 174 Fig 5 14 Creep fracture surface of test piece of DEN 175 Fig 5 15 Creep fatigue fracture surface of test piece of DEN 176 Fig 5 16 Creep fracture surface of test piece of CT 800 C 177 Fig 5 17 Creep fatigue fracture surface of test piece of CT 850 C 178 Stress 12811311 10 4 08 Stress Fig 5 18 Illustration of the frature model of TiAl intergranular fracture left The photography of the frature surface of TiAl intergranular fracture 1000 right s 0000000000000000 Fig 5 2000 000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000 300 000000 0 0000300000000000010 2000000000 2500 10000 0000000000000030000000000000000000000 000000 3000000000000000000000000000000 30000 1000900000000000000000 600000 000000 5 4 3 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000121 5 210 0000000000000 0000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000 0000000000000000000000000 00000000 W 5 790 0000000200000000000000000000 179 Stress NS Stress Fig 5 19 Illustration of the frature model of TiAl transgranular fracture left The photography of the frature surface of transgranular fracture 1000 right HHHHHHHHHHHHHH 70000 7 00000000000000
122. h stretched zone 000 1 case 2 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation 4 8 Image of fracture surface with stretched zone 000 1 case 3 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation 4 9 Image of fracture surface with stretched zone 000 2 case 1 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation 4 10 Image of fracture surface with stretched zone 000 2 case 2 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation 115 116 117 118 119 4 11 4 12 4 13 4 14 4 15 4 16 4 17 4 18 4 19 4 20 4 21 4 22 4 23 4 24 4 25 4 26 4 27 4 28 4 29 Image of fracture surface with stretched zone 000 2 case 3 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation Image of fracture surface with stretched zone 000 3 case 1 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation Image of fracture surface with stretched zone 000 3 case 2 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation Image of fracture surface with stretched zone 000 3 case 3 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation Image of fracture surface with stretched zone 000 4 case 1 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation Image of fracture surface with stretched zone 000 4 case 2 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by h
123. n line and human observation white line O0 4 case 1 w 18um 149 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line O0 O 4 case 2 w 18um 150 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line O 4 case 3 w 18um 151 Relationship between J integral and stretched zone width A and indicate SZW evaluated by proposed method 1 dimensional hurst exponent and roughness repectively 156 Koch CUVE dA 159 Sierpinski gasket 2 iocos Dona etr te usss hun d 160 Cantor CUR e ack bere E aro pr at iba er er Price ux 3 160 Illustration of the fracture surface morphogy at variout scales 163 The relationship between fractal dimension and observation scale 165 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 166 photograpy of Elionix SEM device 167 Test piece of DEN c astu duse de xor e cube SUD S 169 Test pieceof OT 169 Appearance of test piece of DEN 170 Appearance of test piece of DEN Creep fatigue 171 5 12 5 13 5 14 5 15 5 16 5 17 5 18 5 19 5 20 5 21 5 22 5 23 5 24 5 25 5 26 2 3 4 5 A 6 8 9 Appearance of test piece of 80090 Appearance of test piece of
124. nd Kitter s thresholding method 87 Ohtsu s method Kittler s method striated surface ratio 36 0 striated surface ratio 13 7 bg striated surface ratio 6 3 min eH striated surface ratio 29 79 max Her HE 11211411 ss striation not striation dp 22 unknown 21111111 21111111 Fig 3 29 The judgement result of the striated surface area in Fig 3 9 using Ohtsu s and Kittler s thresholding method 88 Ohtsu s method Kittler s method Striated surface ratio 62 1 sae SS Striation magnification 2000 Striated surface ratio 57 8 unknown not striation Striated surface ratio 62 5 unknown striation Fig 3 30 The judgement result of the striated surface area in Fig 3 10 using Ohtsu s and Kittler s thresholding method 89 Striated surface ratio 42 3 NN Striation Unkown Striated surface ratio 56 3 unknown NON Striation Striated surface ratio 81 2 unknown Striation Fig 3 31 The judgement result of the striated surface area in Fig 3 11 using Ohtsu s and Kittler s thresholding method 90 OOH E3 E3 EJ L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 3 5 3 5 1 00000000000000 HHHuanknowwHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHanknownHHHHHHHHH 500000000000000000000000
125. oint detected local hurst exponent Location mm Ductile gt Ductile fracture surface 0 45 0 50 0 55 0 60 0 65 0 70 0 75 0 80 Local Hurst Exponent Fig 232 504m HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHUfigE3HHHHHUHHHUHHHUHHHHHHHUHHHHUHHHHHHHHHH 00000000 HmrstHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 00000000000 0 61 0 650 0000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000 0000000000000000000000 000000000000000000 0000000000 0000 HH HHHHHHH 1 1 2 gt HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHTiAIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHTiAIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 440 0000000000000000000000000000 HANDO D 00000000000000000000000000 TiAIHHHHHH U LU 0000 00000000000000000000000000 TiALD D D D UI U 000000000000 0000 1 350 No 30 Sep 2001 Kenta YAMAGIWA Satoshi IZUMI Shinsuke 5 Estimate of Fatigue on using Wavelet Transform MESOMECHANICS OF COMPUTATION AND DESIGN OF USE SPECIFIC MATERIALS pp 306 314 000000 2 0000 00000000 L 00000100 A Toshimitsu Yokobori Jr Shinsuke Sakai Kenta Yamagiwa Nobori Yoshida Quantitative characterization of fracture surface of full lamellar TiAl under high temperature creep and fatigue conditions on the basis of frac tal concept STRENGTH
126. on of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line 1 case 3 18 Magnification observation 400 EJ L 600 pixels Stretched zone detected by human observation SZWu 70 8um Crack propagation direction 800 pixels 0 20 0 25 0 30 2 Dimensional Hurst Exponent Fig 4 33 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line 2 case 1 18 Magnification observation 400 600 pixels Stretched zone detected by human observation E SZWu 109 8um Crack propagation direction S00pixels 0 10 0 15 0 20 0 25 0 30 2 Dimensional Hurst Exponent Fig 4 34 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line 0 2 case 2 18 Magnification observation 400 600 pixels SZWu 109 8um Crack propagation direction 800 pixels 0 20 0 25 0 30 0 35 0 40 0 45 2 Dimensional Hurst Exponent Fig 4 35 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line 2 case 3 18 Crack propagation direction Magnification observation 400 600 pixels SZWu 70 6um 800 pixel 0 10 0 15 0 20 0 25 0 30 2 Dimensional Hurst Exponent Fig
127. p right the threhold ratio is 15 Bottom right the striated area judged by the human observation 3 27 The judgement result of the striated surface area in Fig 3 11and the striated surface ratio Top left the threshold ratio is 10 Top right the threhold ratio is 15 Bottom right the striated area judged by the human observation 3 28 The judgement result of the striated surface area in Fig 3 8using Ohtsu s and Kitter s thresholding method 3 29 The judgement result of the striated surface area in Fig 3 9using Ohtsu s and Kittler s thresholding method 3 30 The judgement result of the striated surface area in Fig 3 10using Ohtsu s and Kittler s thresholding method 3 31 The judgement result of the striated surface area in Fig 3 11using Ohtsu s and Kittler s thresholding method 3 32 ess sss 3383 HHEH PPT tee ss as Ess 3 34 000000000000000 41 DO000000000000000 O00000 429311 RJ JT Harst h EEE e ox ess EE s woa 4 3 MA Harst 1 dp P E E t So 4A 45 000000000000 Harst 4 6 Image of fracture surface with stretched zone 000 1 case 1 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation 4 7 Image of fracture surface wit
128. rst exponent 0 5 0 55 0 6 0 65 0 7 0 75 0 8 0 85 0 9 0 95 1 Detected by human observation Local Hurst Exponent Fig 23 00000000 0000000000 0000 0587 w 50 300um 235 0 9 0 8 F 07 0 6 F 05 0 4 Location mm 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 1 Detected local hurst exponent 04 05 06 0 7 08 09 1 Detected human observation Local Hurst Exponent Fig 24 0000 0590 50 w 300m 0 9 1 4 Area2 Area3 1 Area4 0 8 07 0 6 0 5 04 0 2 0 1 0 Detected local hurst exponent 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 1 Detected by human observation Local Hurst Exponent Fig 25 0000 0591 50 300 Location mm Detected by local hurst exponent 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 08 09 1 Detected by human observation Local Hurst Exponent Fig 2 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 0592 50 w 300 236 RERE 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Detected by local hurst exponent 0 5 0 55 0 6 0 65 0 7 0 75 0 8 0 85 0 9 0 95 1 Detected by human observation Local Hurst Exponent Fig E27 0000 0593 50 300um 0 9 ost H EH a 0 6 5 05 0 4 Location mm 0 2 01 Detected by human observation
129. stHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 4 4 HHHHHHHHHH 700 00 zoHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000 106 has 2 h zo z 4 5 A hag 4 6 46000 64 0 00000 W h z b xo a A FW zo 4 7 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 2 a x a 4 8 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHzoHHHHHHelHHHHHHHHH WU HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 200000000000 000 uU uiu HHHHHHHHHHHHH 000 50000000000000 000 Eig 5 21 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000 Hurst 0 00000 0 0 0 0 0 L Simonsenf 0 0000 AWC Averaged Wavelet Coefficient 0 000 AWCHHHHzoHHHHHHHHHHHHH Wih x xoa t xot 0 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Wih z xoa t 0000 0000000000 0 0 0 Win z zo a gt 4 9 HUHHHUHHHHHzoHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HarstHHHHHHH 000 0000000000000000000000000000000 Fall Hurst 4 10 HHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHH HunrstHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHH 00000000000000 0 0000 00 0000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 4400 08 00000000000 107 422 2000000000 000000 20000 Hurst 000200000000000000000 Hurst 00000000000 000 2000000000 0000 W h a bx by oe h x y dxdy 4 11 0000 00 0 2 y 0 00000000000 00000 4 3 0 0000 h z y X P h Az
130. sult of striated surface area in Fig 3 10using frequency region Left Threshold ratio is 20 Right Threshold ratio gp c P PT Judgement result of striated surface area in Fig 3 11using frequency region Bg Left Threshold ratio is 10 Right Threshold ratio Relationship between wave length A and wave length evaluation function P A calculated from striation area in Fig 3 8using FFT Relationship between wave length A and wave length evaluation function P A calculated from striation area in Fig 3 8using FFT Relationship between wave length A and wave length evaluation function P A calculated from striation area in Fig 3 10using FFT Relationship between wave length A and wave length evaluation function P A calculated from striation area in Fig 3 11using FFT judgement result of the striated surface area in Fig 3 8and the striated surface ratio Top left the threshold ratio is 1596 right the threhold ratio is 2096 Bottom right the striated area judged by the human observation o a0 a a a a 18 9 80 81 3 25 The judgement result of the striated surface area Fig 3 9and the striated surface ratio Top left the threshold ratio is 15 Top right the threhold ratio is 20 Bottom right the striated area judged by the human observation 3 26 The judgement result of the striated surface area in Fig 3 10and the striated surface ratio Top left the threshold ratio is 10 To
131. t Exponent Fig 4 40 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line 4 case 2 18 OST Magnification observation 400 SZWu 79 5um 600 pixels Crack propagation direction I 800 pixels 0 10 0 15 0 20 0 25 0 30 2 Dimensional Hurst Exponent Fig 4 41 Result of detection of stretched zone by proposed method broken line and human observation white line 4 case 3 18 191 152 44 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000057 000000 2100000000000000000 441 20000 0 000000000 Fig 4 180 4290 0 00000000000 20000 Hust 0000000 000000 20000 HaretHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000 20000 HarstHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHHHHH Fig425 00000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000020000 Hurt 000000000000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHU2HHHH 8500000000000 00000 0000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OO HurstHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Fig 4 19 4 20 4 21 4 22 4 27 4 29 000 2HHHHHHHHUHHHHHHSEMHHH 00000000000000000000 0 0000000 Fig 4210 0000000000000 0 0
132. tative evaluation of SZW jum by 2 dimensional hurst exponent and human observation 155 Result of quantitative evaluation of SZW jum by 1 dimensional hurst exponent and roughness 155 Chemical composition wt 168 EJ JD P PJ EU EI e e 168 1 4 Eo as see tee ee eae A 193 Mechanical properties of 2017 4 alloy 194 Physical properties of A2017 T4 alloy 194 enin A Ske ER 196 EJ S EE a 197 5 4900 0 0 mass 226 5 40 226 14 010 UU 11 00000 111 00000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHH L1 L1 0000000000 0000000060000 0000000000000 HHHHHHH 00000000000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 50 0 000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000 SEM O 0000000 000000000 SEM 00100000000 000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000 SCCHHHHHHHHHUHHHHHHHH 0 0000000000000000000000000000 ASTMO STP Metals Handbook 00000000 0 00000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 1 10000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000
133. uman observation Image of fracture surface with stretched zone 000 4 case 3 White lines indicate stretched zone detected by human observation Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of Fig 4 6 0 Aas dite Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of Fig 4 7 0 tab Case eri ee Sh Se eee e te ye d 26 Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of Fig 4 8 Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of Fig 4 9 0 62 08 SS Ro SE oet Ss Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of Fig 4 10 SE SS SO T Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of Fig 4 11 B rcs P AE TR Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of Fig 4 12 Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of Fig 4 13 DD Cm Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of Fig 4 14 2 AAA MAN hee sar Bike d urbe he ee al 42 Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of Fig 4 15 ERI bs Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of Fig 4 16 Distribution of 2 dimensional local hurst exponent of Fig 4 17 RI ae ee SW 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135
134. urfaces of metals NA TURE Vol 308 721 722 April 1984 244 2 00 0 00000 0000 0000000000000 300000 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHH 2 298 305 1991 29 00000000000000000 0000000000000000 HHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHH AD Vol 66 No 667 456 463 2002 30 Alexander 5 Balankin The effect of fracture surface morphology on the crack mechanics in a brittle material International Journal of Fracture Vol 76 pp R63 R70 6 1995 B11HHHHHHHHHHHH TiAIHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 3 1999 3821HHHHH HHHH HHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 000000 00 Vol 54 3 340 345 1996 33 00 00000 00000 000000000000000000000 0000000000000 0 48 0 D HL D UL D L pp 265 266 000 000000 5 1999 34 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 0000000000 11 1998 35 000 000000 00 0000000000000000000 49 50 00 1996 36 000000000000000000 HHHHH TIAIHHHHHH 0000000000000000000000 0000000 7500 00000000000 1 646 647 1998 37 00000 9 000000000000000000000000000 PhD thesis 0 00000 1998 38 Alberto Carpinteri and Francesco Mainardi FRACTALS AND FRAC TIONAL CALCULUS IN CONTINUUM MECHANICS Springer Wien New York 1997 39 0000 00000 0000 0000 00000000 00 vol 35 No 389 95 105 1986 245 40 0000 00 0 0000 0000000000000000000 HHHHHHHHHHHH HHHH

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