博 士 論 文 切り花ギクに利用可能な黄色LEDパルス光を用いた害虫
Contents
1.2. 6
3. LED
4. LED 2010 2011 2012 20 ms 80 ms
5. 20 3 1 26 0 35 mW m 1 26 0 35 mW m 6 7 61 1 28 T 1
6. 2007 Cathey Borthwick 1961 E 1995 1993 Nakagawa Bguchi
7. 400 800 nm RW 3703 4 X1 1 Gigahertz Optik LED LED
8. x 5 2 LY LED jg 1 1 2006
9. 1 6 1 7 2001 IV 1 6 1I II 0 mW m 20 mW m 1 7 20 mW m
10. 5 20 mW 2 mm 3 2 mm 0 20 mW m 35 50 mW m 20 35 mW m gt gt 20 35 mW DO 20 0 20 mW m em E 1 H HH
11. 3 NT 0 2 6 4 lx mW m ST H 1998 520 540 nm 9 1
12. E LED R 88
13. 1 2 36 7 mW m LED 2 0 1 0 3 mm 2 3 cm EL ye 863 X 1 m 18 17 NS 16 15 14 13 0 110 105 NO 4 100 95 0 2 7 20 ms 80 ms
14. 9 1 16 7 19 1 40 mW m 40 mW m 16 7 50 50
15. 1 7 35 50 mW m II TLI 1 7 4 1 25 T 1 23 1 25 0 mW m 50 mW m 1 25 IV 0mW m 35 50 mW m 4 3 1 25 I I TE
16. 2 LED ali 3 LED ami LED
17. LY LED LY LED FE 19 mW m 61 64 13 LED 1 12 50 Y LED 9 19 mW m 56 PPFD E 0 11 0 14 pmol m s 27 35 mW m
18. 20 100 mW m 1 1000 mW m 2002 2007 2007 2 2 300 mW m 1100 mW m 20 3
19. 9 1 16 7 40 m 16 7 50 50 1 2 1x 1 2 3 2 mW m 1978 1999 2004 2 2010
20. Tukey HSD 5 z 9 LY LED E 50 mW m 84 L ul 3537 1 4 20 ms 80 ms 2 mWim 0 100 100 5 100 100 20 100 100 50 100 56 5 100 100 20 100 100 50 100 100 LY LED 50 2011 7 16 63 2 b
21. Y X 3 0 04 0 06 0 37 1 28 0 22 1 28 T 0 18 1 28 1 28 IV 0 03 Y X
22. 1 0 1 2 5 9 250 mW m 48 22 00 2 00 40 mW m mW NN 0 1 2 5 9 2006 2008 0 1 2 5 9 100 50 33 3 16 7 10 LED
23. 2 1983 SN ul 4 4
24. 86 2 1 1000 mW m 20 20 ms 80 ms
25. 2000 1996 1997 1997 2000 1997
26. 3 1 2 20 ms 80 ms 20 LED 1 30 4 1 LED 2 20 ms 80 ms
27. 2 gt 1 12 cm x 25 12cmx 2 3 6 2 iter D 15 cmXW 32 cm XH 13 cm 3 1 1 1 50 gs 7 1 2 LY LED 1 6 2010 2011 2012 EE
28. Y X mW m 1 22 1 22 I 1 22 0 mW m 35 mW m 4 4 20 35 0 mW m 3 1 22 0 mW m 35 mW m 7 0 50 mW m 9 0 Y X mW m 1 22 20 mW m 35 mW m 7 5 50 mW m 1 22 35 mW m 9 9 0 mW m
29. US 0 9 29 7 1 k 10 cmX 40 cm 2 0 mW m 2 50 m 6 LED 7 1 10 8 17 7 2
30. 1 kHz 40 2012 9 15 1 1 6 1 16 30 7 30 H 10 1 H LED 17 00 7 00 11 1 3 60 7 5 cm x 45 cm 2 1 2 LY LED
31. r 0 777 5 1 6 4lx 12 1 2 LY LED cm cm 124 62 1 4 2 3 122 60 1 4 2 0 Zz NS Ed 196 5 NS 40 170 260 mW m 2
32. Y B 20 mW m 4 3 50 mW m 20 35 mW m 20 mW m 20 mW m 1 21 36 35 mW I 0mW m 1 21 0 mW m 35 mW m 50 mW m 4 3 100 80 60 40 20 1 20 20 ms 80 ms
33. 75 2 386 2000 4 1 11 1995 1 33 253 239 1992 p 67 73 1988 63 983 990 1974 p 131 132 2007 25 61 64
34. 4 2 35 39 3 5mW m 0 mW m 50 mW m 5 mW m mW m 50 50 mW 84 50 mW 84 1 4 3 9 17 4 m ee gt X
35. 3 LED Pulse Width Modulation PWM LED 2 2 1
36. 20 0 mW m IV 1 21 m 1 21 20 mW m 0 20 mW m I 35 mW m 3 1 21 IL 0 mW m 1 21 IY 20 mW m 0 20 mW m 2004 2010
37. 17 EN PPFD PPFD H
38. NN Ck 2012 gE x RA PWM LED HH 1
39. 10 mW m 50 100 mW m 3 LED 50 100 mW m 576 597 nm Cathey Borthwick 1937 1964
40. 1 21 L 1 21 IV 1 21 T 1 21 gt 0 20 mW m 1 4 1
41. 3 4 1 10 2 3 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 30 19 34 27 AU
42. 1 1 cm 20 mW m 10 cm 20 mW m 8 1 10 17 6 19 7 cm
43. 9 16 9 24 30 2 9 16 16 1 mm 16 2 mm 2 7 9 16 106 cm 103 cm 2 7 9 22 9 29 9 24 9 24
44. 8 19 9 24 18 8 4 6 2 4 6 C 771 771 2 1 30 40 30 20 10 771 779 5 7 29 7722 2 2 8 12 8 26 9 9 9 23 T er77 8 4 68713 8719 8 26 9 8 9 16 300 250 200 KK NE 100 50 0 2 3 Oo 771 771
45. 1 1 1 2 LY LED 1 6 24 LED LED 45 cm X 45 cm LED 2009 10 ms 20 ms E 9 1 16 7 50 100 4 100 2009 3 4 2 1 18 20 ms
46. 113 300 1 LED ul 2006 LY LED 2 18 Sr LY LED 1 LY LED 2010 9 12 10 2 7 5 cm Xx 45 cm 2
47. 1 10 8 6 th 4 0 771 7715 _ 729 8712 8 26 99 9 23 1077 2 5 300 O e 200 g 100 0 771 7715 7 29 8 12 8 26 99 9 23 10 7 2 6 81 4 TZ CZ 000 Md 6 4 TZC LZ 000
48. 2 1983 E 1 1 1 580 nm 1992 1996 LED 4
49. 1 LED 29 1 2008 11 1 5 12 1 6 2 liter D 15 cmXW 32 cm XH 13 cm 3 1 C 40 mW m 1 1
50. Y X mW m 1 14 A Xx 170 mW m Y 20 170 260 mW m 20 Y X mW m 1 14 B X 81 mW m Y 20 81 260 mW 19 LED 180 cm NN 50 7 4 ITTT10 OUTVOTTITWUI 1 13 Y 0 24 X 20 98 0 957 270 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 mW m2 3 0 B09 9
51. n 30 NS 5 1 84 20 18 NS 16 14 0 2 110 105 100 NS R 95 0 2 8 20 ms 80 ms n 30 NS t 5 85
52. 1 5 0 20 mW m 0 mW m m 35 50 mW 0 mW m 20 35 50 mW m 0 50 mW m 4 X 40 20 35 mW m 1 5 Ws6 SHc 49YmTE 2 MM7 2 Tie 70e 2 L 6 6 x 3 The q 60 P 87 9Z 2 0 0 amp 2d 0 6 qe b c 09Z i 2 qc dc e 0 6 6Z
53. PPFD 3 2009 5 1 10 000 LED LED LY LED LED DD 2009 E6 1 4 000 LED LED 1 000 LED 1 LED LY LED 1 1
54. 4 1 15 ERG 24 fc 800 Hz 800 Hz PC 2 kHz 15 s DC fc ERG A ERG Bottom Top Vgr Voltage of Bottom to Top Vsr1 3 Vsr1 3 10 5 5
55. 2010 t lt 15 9 500 2013b 8 6 H 2010 24 Spodoptera litura Fabricius df F 20 H 160 E
56. 2 8 98 cm 2 8 9 26 10 3 2 1 17 4 mm 1 8 100 cm 17 1 mm LED 1 30 2 LED
57. 48 A B 3 LED 16 5 7 E 1 6 20 mW m PPFD 600 700 nm R 580 nm 1997 PPFD 580 nm 600 nm 1 597 nm
58. 0mW m 35 50 mW m 0 mW m 20 35 50 mW m 1 9 Mi 0 mW m 50 mW m 1 9 0mW m 50 mW m 0 mW m 35 50 mW m mm 1 9 0mW m 20 35 50 mW m 0 mW m 20 35 50 mW 0 mW m 35
59. 1 100 mW m 1 mW m Vgr 1 100 mW m 3 1993 1 30 10 20 1993 2006 LED
60. 12 TT 1 1 0 12 1 1 G2 T 2 1 20ms 80 ms NR e 9 16 _ 9718 9725 10 2 _ 109 10716 10 23 10730 0 0 2 2 3 3 1 1 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
61. 0 mW m 0mW m 35 50 mW m 20 mW 1 5 20 mW m 35 50 mW m 1 5 0 20 mW m 0 mW m 20 35 mW m 3 0 50 mW m 4 0 mW m
62. 2008 1 7 1 7 Tukey HSD 5 3 LED 0 A i 1 Ee i LED LED LED LED LED 1 5 5 LED 8 10 mW m s 9 QSH 49mTF 2 MM 1
63. 16 7 33 7 93 100 9 1 32 8 50 19 4 100 23 6 1 3 70 93 93 16 30 7 30 E 33 3 9 1 16 7
64. 2008 12 2 1 1 1 3 3 70 16 30 7 30 r 1 8 1 9 1 1 7 PPFD 10 PPFD PPFD 0 01 0 10 nnmol m lt s
65. 35 50 mW m HI 1 9 1999 20 80 ms 2012b 2012 1 3 1 29 3 0mW m I 0 mW m
66. 20 35 mW m 0mW 1 27 2 2 1 27 TH 20 mW m 35 mW 6L 6 2 5 6 1 QSHc AMIE MM 3 lt 2 Z 4 THTAT 0 0 001 0 q Tez e ZS qolp ef q8Geel 0c 0 0 68 II qecOc e T S qe lt cy wc qOeel cc 0 0 OO0I 0 q lt Z qe cc qeltp q9r6 qOOMI 0c 0 0 OO0I 0 e 891 q 09 eOtp 2699 eZ eal 0 0 0 0 00I serTi ep9 eGEp ec6 ce Oc g B 2 0 0 8 el ae 0 01 Lit 9Y6 Lel cc iD 0 0 ee 7 9 e 9 q 06 eeT re98L eco 0c 0 0 ee 7 9 e ZI q G6 eOT IZ8 eeOgl 0 0 0 0 e 99Z e ZI elie q998 ql Oc 0 0 9c
67. PWM 2 1 LED E 4 1 2 2 2 4 NN 2 7 2 8
68. 2001 N 4 4 0 20 mW m 1 8 1 9 4 4 0 20 mW m 1 27 1 29 4
69. 2 LED 1 30 E 1 2010 31 3 1 mW m ul 3 3 80 ms LED 2 9 16 7 1 10 1 m
70. E LI 190SA LI 189 LI COR Pe ararmarar 7 00 1 3 1 8 18 11 26 4 22 00 2 00 1 Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density PPFD PPFD PPFD 0 01 0 36 nmol m s PPFD 100 3 PPFD 17 00 LED
71. LED LED LY LED LY LED 1 kHz 10 mW m IT 72 2 1 2 1 3 20 20 ms 80 ms E 1 1 6 11 1
72. 62 0 24 7 2001 IT I NN 20 35 50 mW m 1 9 I 1 8
73. 0mW m 0mW m 20 mW m 35 50 mW m 5 1 1 5 1 5 20 mW m 0mW m m 0mW m 35 50 mW m 1 S
74. LED 63 I 2 m a NT Na LED 8 0 20 mW m 20 35 mW m 20 35 mW 20 35 mW m 35 mW m 0 20 mW m 0 20 mW m E 0 20 mW m 20 35 mW m 0 20 mW m 35 50 mW m
75. 413 8 _ 2 2 3 40 9 Qc ul gt LED 1 m 1 2 mW m 36 7 mW m 7 1 10 8 17 2 34 3 10 3 24 0
76. TI 4 1 27 IL 0mW m 50 mW m 1 27 0 mW m m 20mW m 4 m 0mW m I 35 50 mW m gt 1 27 35 mW m I
77. e 2 1 2 1 8 2 3 NSR2S ga oo oo oo UN OE Ow oo aa gw oo oO DD DD DD OO LT HH 5 230 ha F Helicoverpa armigera Hubner 60 1 7 10 2013a
78. Cathey Borthwick 1957 1964 PPFD 1 2 1963 50 lx 360 mW m 1 1974 1993 2009 4 182 189 mW m 1 2lx 1 2 3 2 mW m 1978 1999
79. 40 mW m 2 20 ms 80 ms 2010 2011 2012 20 1H DU 20 ms 80 ms
80. 80 ms ERG 20 ms 80 ms mW m A 1 1 1000 mW m A 300 mW m 1 16 ERG 2010 10 ms 10 ms gt EX Vsr Y mV X mW m 1 17 Vir E 28 gt Y mV 1 1000 mW m Var M Hm ul Vsr X mW
81. PPFD 0 01 0 10 nmol m s 0 11 0 14 pmol m s Y 0 15 0 36 pmol m s Y cm Y mW m 1 8 1 9 1 10 Il PPFD 0 01 inol m 3 9 cm 1 5 1 S 2 6 mW m 2 6 LED 1 11 48 66 5 9mW m
82. Tukey HSD z 3 1 3 20 ms 93 cm 100 100 45 4 ay 30 1a 9 1 100 100 50 7 a 30 8a 16 7 100 100 54 1 a 31 9a 50 100 100 77 4 b 42 0 b 100 100 56 98 4 c 46 7c 70 2009 2 9 7 Tukey HSD 5 3 31 3 2006 640 nm LED
83. 10 mW m 90 cm 50 mW m 103 cm 100 mW m m 90 cm 50 mW m 107 cm 100 mW m 10 mW m 90 cm 50 mW m 110 cm 100 mW m 115 cm 6 110 cm 10 mW 112 cm 319 nm 376 nm 463 nm 597 nm J NN 646 nm 100 80 60 40 Q 20 A 400 500 600 700 nm 1 2 5 LED 1 3 6 2L 45 cm X 45 cm LED LED 1 4 LED
84. 20 10 Hz 2 9 2 2 1 2
85. 42 30 mW 100 C 5 pg BC Y 0 24 X 77 66 e0 A Y2 0 35 X 64 90 r 0 999 p lt 0 01 Y 0 25 X 55 87 r 0 975 p lt 0 05 5 5 5 r 0 981 p lt 0 05 5 ab oe 0 Y 0 17 X 34 57 20 _ Y 0 07 X 28 56 Ne Y 0 08 X 22 87 0 846 p 0 154 r 0 961 p lt 0 05 r 0 972 p lt 0 05 0 0 20 35 50 mW m 1 22 20 ms 80 ms I IL LY LED Tukey HSD 5 9 E 43 6L
86. PWM 2 LY LED LY LED 20 ms rna 1 2010 2011 2 3 1 LED
87. 1 2 E 1 450 nm 300 500 nm E 1 6 2 Q 450 nm 1992 LY LED LY LED F E 5 9 19 mW m H LY L
88. 1995 2012 4 4 4 4 0 20 mW m 1 6 1 7 1 23 1 25 0 9
89. ERG ERG 2 ERG 27 20 ms 80 ms 1 100 mW m 2 1 100 mW m 80 ms mw 10 ms 500 ms HR 3 20 ms 12 10 8
90. gt LED 2 1 1
91. 1 8 3 0 gt 1 22 T 35 50 mW m 1 22 124 IV 35 mW m 20 mW m 0 mW m Y X 0 17 0 08 1 22
92. 1 1 2 LY LED 1 14
93. LED 25 9 PS ON eS wc 1 1 1 LED 2 LED 3 6 2 3 1 2 3
94. 2010 30 13 21 1997 44 241 248 1992 2000 p 23 CQ 2001 85 217 221 2002 55 18 22 kn
95. 2 20 LED 3 3
96. 1 21 1 21 5 3 2 2 1 20 5 mW 1 20 20 1 21 I Y E 4 1 21 0 08 1 21 0 05 1 21 Y X
97. LED 1m 1 2 mW m 31 4 mW m 7 1 9 29 20 7 36 6 11 5 25 8 2 1 9 16 9 5 2 2 8 4 8 13 1 0 8 13 7 1 9 16 837 2 3
98. ar MA p 33 45 1996 4 34 97 p 27 32 Cs 38 1 7 1997 93 10 14 1993
99. 0 st __ 771 779 7 22 8 4 8 13 8 19 8 26 9 8 9 16 WN24 2 4 79 9 8 15 2 5 8 4 8 13 9 8 9 24 6 8 13 921 2 6 7 22 10 7 70 6 7 1 2 4
100. 1963 NX35 HH 589 nm 2000 0 06 0 08 pmol m s 15 E R 3 AlIGaInP Y LED LED Si Eu Europium EH
101. 100 mW m 1 7 cm 50 100 mW m 13 17 cm 3 9 cm 3 2009 22 00 2 00 20 LED 50 100 mW m 18 25
102. 2 ny mm K WS KN
103. 80 ms 1 19 2012 4 4 2011 5 12 5 27 2 LY LED 0 5 20 30 mW m 0mW m 1 1 8 19 87 17 00 7 00
104. 31 2 a 31 6 ab 39 7 c 46 9 d 31 2 a 31 2 a 33 6 b Tukey HSD 3 zx 9 38 s Z k 5 0 SH 49YmT 2 4 dT TIT AI TT 1 24 s Sm 08 Sm0Z 12 c60 0 9 706 0 08 1Z X 00 IT0 9 0680 bc S X TI 0 lt AI GM Oc cg OZ 0 0 0 0 c00 gt 9 86 0 D s00 gt 9 196 0 D TZ X
105. 6 7 cm 3 HER 20 1 22 0 20 mW m 1 22 0 20 mW m 5 0 3 1 24 II IV 0 20 mW m 1 24 0 20 mW m
106. 20 mW m 5 0 35 mW m 8 2 I 0 mW m 20 mW m 50 mW m 17 6 1 22 12 3 E 20 35 50 mW m 0 mW m 50 mW m 1 6 0mW m 20 mW m 50 mW m m 1 6 1 22 I 0 mW m 12 4 50 mW m 50 mW m 35
107. 93 100 23 6 mW m 0 mW m 17 4 20 0 mW m m 100 40 mW m 1 56 0 mW m 30 1 20 84 56 1 4
108. 3 E 5 LED H LED LED LED
109. 10 cmX 45 cm 2 7 14 1 36 1 7 14 3 2010 6 19 5 1 20 ms 1 30 9m 1 8 m 6 m LED 6 17 7 6 LED
110. 87 1 LED LED PWM 1 m 9 16 mW m 50 PWM 1 kHz
111. s 6 SH 49YmT XJ XY AI T 1 34 2 Z Sm 08 Sm0Z 2 MW Oc eg Oz 0 Oc cg 0Z 0 0 L500 4d cb60 a 7 0 C 00 lt 00 gt 9 9860 cs00 gt 9 8960 OIL0 9 0680 5c X510 A ILce IT0 IA C X700 7 3 1 i N I d N 1I Ot WE G00 gt 4 1980 9 0 i bh9 96 X C0 lt 100 gt 4 0660 vy V 09 89 cb X E10 lt q J I 08 47 Al 8 0 0 00 00 00 00 00 00 68 68 00 I vAYs 6 6 MR MM 9 00I 00
112. 1 1 LED 1 1 2
113. EX 1 31 gt 10 24 E 3 m 1978 1999 1 2 3 2 mW m 3 2 6 9 1 mW 2 H 20 35 mW m 1 8 m 6m 1 8 m 3 m 1 4 86 3 2 PWM
114. Vpr 1 C 300 mW m B rk ERG 20 mW m 1 16 A 50 ERG 20 ms E 1 1000 oR 1 16 2 300 1000 mW m 100 mW m 300 mW m 2002 2010 1 2 mW m B
115. 10 mW m 50 100 mW m
116. p 28 45 1983 p 4 33 2006 3 LED LED p 35 49 1991 41 1 9 8 503 307 90 2009 Rl ni6 dn LED Ets 54 ERG 64 76 82 TZ 2007 LED
117. 1 26 T 0 mW m rE 1 26 H 0 mW m 35 50 mW m 6 4 6 7 50 mW m lt 6H dT A AT 7 E s2 6 SH 49YmT XY 4 T TI E 2 2 ST 08 Sr0Z Ge GMW Oc SE 0 0 Oc SE OZ 0 ce OZ 0 sa s OI OI OI PO OI OZ 00 0Z OZ e OE Oc 0 OE av e vV gv
118. 1996 269 Ei i 1 2000 1997 IT 2007 2010 2000 2000 1995 2001 2002 1997
119. 34 47 48 92 1978 8 1 29 1999 53 209 211 2006 9 8 8 11 1997 93 71 75 1992 2003 2004
120. 65 1 LY LED PWM 19 H 3 2 80 ms T LY LED PWM 1 30 cm 1 6 1 30 2010 7 12 5 3 gt LK
121. 89 2009 LED Hennayake 2004 73 2 226 2009 10 11 Cathey H M andH A Borthwick 1957 Photoreversibility of floral initati
122. LY LED m 71 4 1 4 PWM 60 mW m LY LED 1 kHz 3 1 7
123. gt 2 1991 2004 2009 1 LY LED 400 nm
124. 1 4 2 1 3 LY LED 1 3 2004 1 1 4 LY LED 170 mW m 80 mW m
125. 10 mW m 0 90 cm 8 1 7 H 0 50 mW m 8 10 mW m 0 mW m 24 mW m 3 50mW m 10 mW m
126. PPFD 0 00 0 10 0 20 0 30 0 40 PPFD umolm s 1 7 PPFD 100 100 110 100 Y 261 56 67 21 r 0 889 oo 8 80 70 6e0 0 00 0 02 0 04 0 06 0 08 0 10 PPFD umolm 2 s 1 8 PPFD 14 120 Y 383 63 X 60 21 100 r 0 843 80 cm 0 00 0 02 0 04 0 06 0 08 0 10 PPFD umolm 2s 1 9 PPFD Y 150 17 X 27 09 r 0 768 a DY CO OO URD TD 00
127. 1 C 1 1 18 6 kg 100 m 10 kg 100 m 1 2 LY LED 1 6 1 2 22 00 2 00 16 30 7 30 2 1 13 180 cm 50 3 260 mW m 11 12 41
128. 6 9 cm 1 10 1 10 PWM 11 10 22 1 32 Y X mW m Y 22 X 143 mW m 1 32 64 mW m A Y 22 LY LED 4
129. 2 70 mW NN S0 PWM 1 kHz LED PWM 50 PWM 1 kHz 50 PWM 1 kHz
130. 1 22 T 0 07 1 22 I 0 15 1 24 0 14 1 24 I 0 07 1 24 TV 1 24 I 60 Y X 1 22 H 1 22 T 1 22 1 24 IT 1 24 1 24 IV 1 24
131. 44 II IV I 1 23 20 35 mW m 50 mW m 4 1 23 4 1 23 I II I 1 23 0 mW m 50 mW m 3 6 3 8
132. x H13 cm 3 1 1 597 nm AlGalnP LED LED GMSZV01200A 450 nm 570nm LY LED LY LED 560 nm LED LY LED 3 LED 1 6 LY LED Ba O Sr LED FL20S Y F Si Eu Buropium AlIGamP LED 2008 9 YLED 5 F Nm 24 9 23 1
133. 35 mW m X mW m 1 26 1 26 10 1 Y 1 26 20 35 mW m 20 35 mW m II 20 50 mW m 0 mW m 0mW m I 0mW m 50 mW m 3 3 20 35 50 mW m
134. LY LED 3 2 1 1989 2 7 6 cm 1 PWM 2012a 20 mW m 50 PWM 1 100 kHz 20 mW m 20 mW m
135. 8 2003 3 J Pa 242 a 1 1 A B C D 2000 2006 1 0 LED
136. LED 9 16 mW m 2 3 4 3 2 20 35 mW m 1m 3 3 2 LY LED
137. 3 a 22 167 174 gt 84 1 6 E LED EE 2009 LED 10 2 614 1998 10 82 83 2006 LED 91 2010 E 1 6 2011
138. RJ gt 2 2 3 RJ 67 D 460 cmXW 90 cm XH 30 cm 0 mW m 20 ms 80 ms LY LED 1 m 20 mW m 10 30 17 00 7 00 9 10 4
139. 1 28 I 1 28 1 28 T 1 28 1 28 1 28 T 1 28 IV 20 mW m 10 3 17 6 cm g 3 7 4 5 5 9 1 8 1 9
140. 2 m 50 mW m 1 7 3 LV 0 mW m 1 7 0 mW m 1 7 4S 35 mW m 3 9 X mW m 1 24 IL 1 24 1 24 I 1 24 50 mW m 1 24 0 mW m 50 mW m 7 0 I 50 mW IV 35 50 mW 20 35 50 mW m 3 0 11 6 35 50 3
141. 2007 LED 2002 sl sj p 117 121 81 ali DD 2 1 143 R 2000 100 50 54 2012a f 11 2012b LED
142. 1 21 I 0mW m 22 6 IL 0 mW m 24 0 50 mW m 2 2 2 2 1 21 IV 0 mW m 22 8 3 0 X mW m 5 20 iii 20 mW m 19 3 84 20 mW m 9 3 1 20 5 mW m 2 20 1 20 100 84 100 1 4 5 20 50 mW m
143. 2007 2010 2000 1993 2001 2002 1978 1 1997 gt BE 1 2003
144. 4 2012 8 27 9 95 12 LY LED 1 19 2007 X 34 0 20 35 30 mW m 1 1 11 25 74 16 30 7 30 3 2012 4 28 5 15 LY LED 0 20 35 50 mW m 8 17 94
145. 20 35 mW m 0 20 mW m iD 4 H 1 mW m 20 mW m LED 1 2 1 LED E LED
146. LED LED NT 4 mi 4
147. f 1 qe LT 9 T 9 68 8 P SII 00I se e 9 9 9c 3 6 p OII 0c Me BI pode0E 6T p Sh ja 99 9 lt 8 0I RY4 qe I 9 6 3 CS P II 00 sw qe 9 T e L I 9 LS 3j LL p LOI 0c Po8c lt P Op pp I9 od 89 OT sw qe LT e 9 9 LS 3 TS p OII 00I SN ode 8 9 tS 3 8 p gOI 0 PSI lt lt qe cc pq bc do9c OI NY Po 8 c po I 3D9 8 2 6 00 Sy P 9 e qe Cc d6 gh e cc 0c BI PodCc 8TI e 6Z qe eh e th 0I Po E 6 qe IE 23de Oh 9 gh 00I a paqe e LT 2d LE poqe TE qe SS 0S pode0E 81TI qe ec 932de Lh e gh 0I BI2 Po6c 18TI 9 0c 8 Tb PB Gh 0 mo 3 CT ft 3 amp 0 6 z E 2 0 Z HI 1 3 2 3
148. 3 16 10 6 LY LED 1 2 LY LED 1 6 1 5 cm LY LED PC G850 V ERG 20 1 10 s ERG 1 ERG 5 20 ms 80 ms 1 10 20 30 100 300 500
149. Qt 0 EE lt SU 08 sw 0Z SC9 6S9 7 69S PD669 J 9S 9 9 60 J 59 q STh q LLe Pe CE q 0 S q 00c LT HMS SG QG 2 GS oOo 2q qe GSG _ G QG 0 IS 0 IS 1 9 6 6 9 1 9 6 9 9 IS 8 SS 9 cs 6 9 CS 906 8 6 2 EE 4 QHTATE q 0 Z 0c q 1 GZ cc lt e 0 2 0 Z 0 p 9VTc 0c 2 87Z cc Wi 0z 2 8 0 2 lt Z 0c 2q 9 cZ cc 2 de 2 0Z e 0 Z 0 2 69Z 0c q eZ cc a qe I Z 0 8 9 0 mA ae EE 6 9 41
150. 0 mW m 50 mW m 1988 35 mW m 0 mW m X 0 17 1 21 0 07 39
151. 61 503 507 19 34 40 2010 581 585 2001 1997 70 2000 35 124 127 LED PWM 3 1 174 11 2 263 LED
152. LY LED 10 1 8 4 18C 14 3 kg 100 m 580 nm 1998 8 18 has 1x E 1 8 m 7 20 2 6cm Xx 48cm 2 1 6 FL20S Y F
153. TI TI e 9 8Z e II e 6Z e TI 8 amp Z e 6 1 e eZ e peI e lt 6I e 1I9 e 0Z e 89 e 0Z de 69 e 99Z q LO e 8 e 6 1 e Zeh e el e 6 Sh e 9I e L Sh e 91 e ZSI 68 e eS8I e TOI e 87 e 601 e 09I e 801 6L Z 7 dHTAT d IE dd 0 lt 2 8 0c de 80E qeTlp 92d OZ cc e Oc qectp qe S899 0 A e 6 6 s 6c 9 0 9 8 SE e 9 lt 9 q 0c q LCE e 9 9 q TLL cc s 9 0 9 6 88 s 69 0 OR e 6 6 e 8 19 e 19 0 q69 991I9 2 69 0c qe O TE qe 6SS q 8 c9 cc e TICc se qe S 8S 0 Tc ec lt S 0 q Cec e 9 T 69 0c e 0Oe e q Z lt 9 cc s 9 Oc e e 88 0 4 e T 0 se6c kB 6SS 0 mo HAD 0 6 Z Sm 08 SO 0Z 48
154. 1 15 ERG BRG ERG 100 um 10 um LED ERG BE AMP 02 CMRR 80 dB S N 60 dB DC 100 kHz 3 dB 1000 Low Pass Filter 23
155. 14 II m 35 mW m 7 7 1993 1978 LY LED 2009 2011 4 5 1 1974 1 2 lx 1 2 3 2 mW m 50 lx 360 mW m 1 29 35 0 mW m 6 3 6 5 cm
156. 231 2968B HTZT 2 TK q 9 d CS OS 9 ChE q TC9 q 698 SE q 90c q 8 d 9 0Z P 69Z P 6 P 9S 0 P CZ 6Z q OS qe CZ SC qe LIE 2 qe 0 P 8 amp Z qe Oc 0Z P 9 P 60Z 9Z 0 9 TLE d 60 2 86 OS 9 d 99 2d 6C6 SE qclilce qe 9LS q 66 0Z 2 P_ 89C P 8h 5 619 0 9 CC d 69S 2976 OS 9d9C OO q 66 2 qe O C qe 9 qe 0 0Z J Z P 8Z CC x 99S 0 UU MU GG GG 0 6 57 IL 4 gt 20 35 50 mW m IV 4 1 29 1 3
157. LED 1 ns 10 LED Light Emitting Diode LED 1997 F 2002 2007 1 2 5 9 2000 AIGaInP LED
158. 18 00 6 00 4 2012 8 27 9 12 LY LED 0 20 35 50 mW m 11 22 71 16 30 7 30 3
159. 50 PWM 1 kHz LY LED LY LED K RD100V75W 10 1 30 20 ms 80 ms LED LED DD 9 12 cm x 12 cm 1 31 67 2 1 m 9 16 mW m
160. 1 p 147 153 2010 LED 54 196 2012 LED 56 151 156 2011 LED 5 213 93
161. 1 jek ks WN 9 3 UL 1 9g 35g 7 24 25 91g 1 LED 20 ms 16 9 2007
162. HIT 01 69 Y 0 25 X 13 57 r 0 93 p lt 0 01 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 mW m Y 0 56X 14 15 r 0 89 p lt 0 01 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 mW m2 Y 0 47X 12 62 r 0 89 p lt 0 01 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 mW m 1 32 LY LED 50 PWM 1 kHz A B LY LED C TLY LED 1 kHz 11 10 11 10 Xx 70
163. X 64 mW m 1 32 B LY LED 1 kHz 3 73 mW m Y 22 X 73 mW m 1 32 C 3 r 68 6 62 dSHc 2 60 MM gt QQ q d II e SIC q 6 9 9 e Ocl 9q ZI 2 8 9 LS q 601 2 61 ec wc 6ZI e 8II q lt 8 q 9 BH3 2 06 q 6t qe 8 wc 6ZI e lt II e 08 x 8S Wo 3 Wo lt z H 4 E 2 6 seK 2
164. 50 100 100 56 45 4 cm 9 1 16 7 50 32 cm 100 53 cm 30 1 9 1 16 7 50 11 9 100 16 6 16 7 50 9 1 100 30 9 1 16 7 50 100 1 18 20 ms
165. 17 8 1 28 0 mW m 20 mW m 6 2 35 mW m 10 4 50 mW m 7 9 1 28 L 0 mW m 20 mW m 35 mW m 6 7 50 mW m 14 3 1 28 I 0mW m 20 mW m 8 1 35 mW m 16 7 50 mW m 20 9 1 28 0mW m 20 35 50 mW m 2 8 4 2 x 1 28 0 mW m 20 35 50 mW m 10 0 16 2
166. 1 6 50 mW m 35 50 mW m 0 mW 0 35 mW m 20 30 30 mW m 3 m 20 35 mW m 1 6 20 35 50 mW m 3 0 mW 50 mW m 0 20 mW m 0mW m 20 35 mW m m 1 6
167. gt 6 As 6 dSHO 49Y0TE 2 MM 2 29 SH 158 4 dHTAT 0 TI 0 6C 9 qe T S q 0 88 LO EI 0S 0 0 8 8C qe q 6th 8CZ6 2d LSCI 9 0 0 8 6Z q ZS qe h 9 8 q LIcI 0Z 0 II 0 g 0 6 07 0 0 TI 0 q 09 6 8 dE Tb q 698 q CZ 0 0 9 0 qe Tb qe TL q 9 qe T SL d T 6II 2 AT 0 68 0 CCE q LL C6E 679 GO 0Z 0 00 0 q 8 g 6 qe CZ OO I 0 0 68 TI 6 6 6 q 8 0 q 66 0 0 68 II Tt we wzZ9e we69 rc8 ce 0 00I 0 O 9 0 S 0Z 0 L9 96 6 8 6 TEE 8 9 0 I I I mo MW 0 E lt N Sm 08 Sm0Z 9
168. 1 26 20 35 mW m 1 25 IV 0 mW m Y 35 50 mW m lt X mW m 1 26 49 0 mW m 6 3 0mW m 20 mW m 1 26
169. 50 mW m 1 8 0 mW m 20 35 mW m 30 mW m 0mW m 35 50 mW 0mW m 20 mW m 0mW m m 1 8 1 8 0mW m 20 35 mW m 1 8 1 8 20 35 0 mW m 50 mW m
170. 0 mW m 50 mW m 35 50 mW m 35 50 mW m 6 s HTXT kK S 2 SH 49mT X A IL 1 2 J lt SO 08 SU 0Z 0 O 09 08 001 P 5 MW mo 6Z US 46 16 THTAI
171. 0 mW m x a 50 mW m 1 8 1 8 0 mW m 20 35 mW m 50 mW m 1 8 0 mW m 0 mW m 35 50 mW m 20 mW m 1 8 1 8 0mW m 0 mW m 20 50 mW m HI I 1 8 1 8 35 mW m
172. 1000 mW m 8 2 ERG 1 16 ERG 20 mW m 1 16 A 50 mW m 1 16 B 300 mW m 1 16 C 20 ms ERG 20 mW m 1 16 A 530 mW m 1 16 B ERG 300 mW m 1 16 C 2 25 5 ERG signal vV E Varl Var2 Br3 EN
173. e IS e ITI erOE eet evegr66 cc 0 0 es e iC e TI Ee YG 0G66 6 0 0 gL lt e Tc e TI e906 REEL e0OO 0 A mm I I C 0 YA 0 0 lt 0 sZ ST 08 ST0Z 8 53 Z 26H QHTXT E sZ 6 6 SH ASmT 44 TT 4 TL I EF lt SW 08 su 0z Z 1 MW 0 Ol OZ
174. 2 2002 2007 1995 2002 50 1 1 10 ms 10 2009 10 ms 20 ms 2 ERG 1995 1978 1997
175. Top Bottom 0 200 400 600 800 1000 ms UE 3 8 WMm 0 200 400 600 800 1000 ms 300 mW m2 0 200 400 600 800 1000 ms 1 16 20 ms 80 ms ERG 26 ERG 1 17 A Vgr1 3 20 ms 80 ms Var F m 1 17 Var 1 17 B 1 17 3 mW m 1 16 B B
176. VDL 0 00 0 02 0 04 0 06 0 08 0 10 PPFD umol m 2s 1 10 PPFD 15 Y LED LY LED LY LED F 1 11 LED 2008 9 23 Tukey HSD n 3 es 0 5 9 19 0 5 9 19 5 9 19 5 9 19 mW m Y LED LY LED LY LED F 1 12 LED
177. 14 P 1 7 1 2008 1 48 3 3 22 00 50 mW m 18 100 mW m 2 0 1 5 100 mW m 21 20 100 10 5 90 cm 90 cm
178. LED E26 64 1 NN E
179. 0800 4d 0Z6 0 D 0z GS X810 9I TE X 60 ILE XZZ0 0 4 Or 2 s 2 Ls00 4d ch60 D 09 09 100 gt 7 660 D 09 06 9 X 8 0 lt IIL0 9 688 0 19 0 IET8 X060 09 ece0 9 7790 D 0 0 19 X900 00I ll 09 08 00 V dq 08 00 00 56 E 2 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 68 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 79 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 L9 0 0 AI I gt 9 00 90 OTI 60I CS CB FB G Ic LI cLl 9 l CS QG QG G 86 66 0 86 STS QG FB G 08 8 Ol 8 0 G G PN 0 SH 49Y0LE NE CS 8 6 SB G 99 6 0 CS FB FH G 6 6S 6S 8 STS QG FB G 69 q 6 q 86 C MM 9 6T Z SO 08 SO 0Z x
180. 20 mW m I 0 mW 1963 E 5 20 35 0 mW m 1 2010 2004 20 ms Y D 1 19 H r 58 1963 H 3 1 LY LED 0 mW m
181. 50 mW m 0mW m 35 50 mW m 1 9 5S 6 u gt 6 2 2 HTXT QSH AmT XY z A I kG GE 1 4 Sm 08 Sm0Z 82 lt Tm A Oc sg 0 0 Oc cg Oc 0 0 0 0 4 SO0S0 9 ce 0 8cI0 9 lt b80 06 ITTE XXE00 0 I00 gt 9 1660 0
182. 1995 37 19 24 Nakagawa T Eguchi E 1994 Difference in flicker fusion frequencies of the five spectral photoreceptor types in the swallowtail butterfly s compound eye Zool Sci 11 759 762 2013a 20 lt http www maff so jp j tokei kouhyou kaki_orosi index html gt 2013b 24 lt http www maff go jp toke1 kouhyou sakumotu sakkyou_kaki pdf sakutuke_kaki_12s pdf gt 1963 9 87 97 1996 38 23 24
183. 2 766 1 2 597 646 nm 5 LED LED 45 cm X 45 cm 1 3 E 10 50 100 mW m 3 LED 1 lt 2 00 E 2 1 4 0
184. 7 30 12 cmx 1 LED 6 12 cm 5 X 1m Xx LY LED LED LED E26 I 20 ms 80 ms LED 1 1 8 m 4 1 2 kx m LED 35 mW m 1m
185. N OE II N lt Y gt 3 54 Y mW m 1 28 1 28 1 0 mW m 20 mW m 35 mW m 4 6 50 mW m 11 3 1 28 T 0mW m 20 mW m 7 3 35 mW 1 28 m 14 8 50 mW m
186. gt a 6 2 liter D15cm X W 32 cm LED 45 cm X 45 cm gt HAS94P Hikari 4 5 9 19 mW m 3 1 1 100 80 60 40 20 400 500 600 700 800 nm 1 6 AIGaInP Y LED LY LED LY LED F 12 2
187. 1 24 II 0 mW m 1 6 IL 0mW m Y X mW m 1 24 s 0 mW m 7 0 1 8 20 mW m Y m 6 4 m 7 4 12 6 1 24 LY 35 mW m 5 0 0 mW 1 24 1 24 rn 0 mW m 2 mW m 0mW m
188. 1 jx 1 2 mW m 10 ms 20 ms 2010 2011 2012 20 mW m 20 ms 80 ms 20 mW m 2 20 ms 80 ms 20 mW m ERG 2 1 ERG
189. 2007 10 30 gt 3 ES 11 20 1 3 7 5 LED LED E LED H 1992 4 6 2 liter D 15 cmXW 32 cm 1 V V 7 1 9gs 463 519 376 7 6 6
190. FE LED 2002 1999 B Cathey Borthwick 1957 1964 HH 1 BR SC 1997 1 LED 1 XH 13 cm
191. 0 0 1 2 2 20ms 80 ms V 9 16 9 18 9 25 10 2 10 9 10 16 10 23 10 30 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 74 2 1 30 2 2 1 B 1 px H LED JA
192. Md 8I 6 4 TZ CZ 000 nA 8 4 000 nA SI 8 4 000 dd 0I 8 lt 4 000Z lt 7 8 lt amp 4 000 4 82 4 lt 74 006T ATK ECR AATEL RATELL Lg 2 TZEZ clZ lt 4 4 6 lt TZ 9 L 2 Z 82
193. Y 0 4726 log X 1 7876 0 9351 8 Vpr mV 0 200 400 600 800 1000 mW m Y 1 0811 log X 3 7566 r 0 9933 n 8 Vpr mV 0 200 400 600 800 1000 mW m 1 17 20 ms 80 ms ERG Bottom Top Vs A B 28 1 17 1 1000 mW m Var 100 1000 mW m Vsr 4 mV
194. ag 10r 2 e 0 3 Or vy 1 8 vV _ vV gt 0c V V 0c 0c 0c I 09 09 09 50 9 A A A A Y 0 18 X 63 45 r 0 825 p 0 173 Y 0 15 X 76 11 Y 0 11X 73 36 r 0 919 p 0 081 r 0 761 p 0 239 Y 0 06 X 41 61 r 0 560 p 0 440 Y 0 04 41 63 Y 0 05 X 34 20 r 0 918 p 0 082 r 0 557 p 0 443 0 20 35 50 mW m 1 26 20 ms 80 ms I II Tukey HSD z 9 LY LED 51 5 mW m 1 8 20 35
195. 0 0 0 cS8 CC XS00 3 2q dP 6 O O Or TS 09 09 5 9 gv 09 c00 gt 9 956 0 1 08 08 gbZ XST0 lt 08 I00 gt 9 966 0 ITv XEE0 A 001 001 001I 690 0 9 Zc60 Z0 lt Z XX800 0c oe gt qq Or Cs 09 c90 0 9 7ZC6 0 eL XITO A 08 001 39 50 mW m 7 5 mW m 51 6 20 mW Te m 5 3 35 mW m 11 1 21 0 50 mW m 16 3 1 21 IV 0 mW m 45 9 20 mW m 0mW m 0 mW m 35 50 mW m 0 mW m
196. 1994 2002 1 Electro Retino Gram ERG 50 1 1 10 ms 10 x 100 10 ms 2007
197. 28 20 mW m 1 28 0 1 28 IY 0 20 mW m 6 2 7 3 1 28 1 0 20 mW m 3 1 28 H IV 0 20 mW m 4 2 10 0 1 28 20 mW m 0 mW m
198. 5 7 29 8 12 8 26 9 9 9 23 7 4 7 10 7 19 7 25 8 3 8 11 8 25 9 1 9 10 2 3 gt 9718 78 30 10
199. 6 8 V V 3 LY LED Wy Mg LY LED 1 6 2009 8 24 25 m E 20 E 2 1242 liter 1 4 16 10 30 2 7 2 1
200. ED AlGamP LY LED Ba O Sr LED LED LY LED 1 1 463 nm LY LED EH
201. gt gt 9 22 Y 0 51 X 21 63 0 950 228 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 mW m2 1 14 LY LED A B 11 12 11 12 x 20 20 r m 2 1 2 LY LED 3
202. mW m 1 21 y 8 35 mW m 1 7 1 21 1 21 m 5 0 0 mW m 35 mW m 3 1 47 9 1 21 20 35 mW m 8 8 50 mW m 22 0 50 mW m Y E 5 8 48 3 20 mW m 68 7 2 3 3 50 mW m 5 4 56 5 20 mW m 1 4 1 4 20 50 mW m
203. on in chrysanthemum Bot Gaz 119 71 76 CatheyH M and H A Borthwich 1961 Cychc lighting for controlling flowering of Chrysanthemum Proc Amer Soc Hort Sci 78 545 552 Cathey H M and H A Borthwick 1964 Significance of dark reversion of phytochrome in flowering of Chrysanthemum morifolium Bot Gaz 125 232 236 2012 EOD heating 11 505 513 1995 p 67 68 2003 p 9 14 2000 47 129 131 1989
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