モノクロラミン消毒による浴槽レジオネラ属菌の衛生対策
Contents
1. 3 DPD FAS 0 1mg L 3 HS GC MS 15 g L2. pH 1 2 pH8 4 1L
3. 2002 7 295 1811 12 12 15 0214004 15 2 14
4. 2 3mg L 2 1 3 5 1 1
5. 1 1 I 1
6. 1 1 3mg L DPD DPD FAS HS GC MS 2 DPD DPD DPD FAS
7. 1 2005 3 04mg L 15mg L 22 17 1 3
8. pH Cl HCIO HCIO 110 J Natl Inst Public Health 59 2 2010 CIO HCIO CIO pH pKa 7 5
9. V 19 21 H19 015 1 1 2005 79 365 74 2 Kuroki T Ishihara T Ito K Kura F Bathwater asso ciated cases of legionellosis in japan with a special focus on Legionella concentrations in water Jpn J Infect Dis 2009 62 3 201 5 3
10. 2m pH8 4 4m h 40C 2 GVPC R2A 2
11. DPD FAS 3 2 DPD DPD FAS 2 1 1 DPD
12. A 1 B 2 mgL mgL 1 IN mgIL 2 0 1 0 mgIL 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 1 3 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 1 3 6 0 1 2 8 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 6 2 6 0 1 0 9 0 2 2 7 0 2 0 4 0 2 2 5 2 5 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 6 0 1 0 7 1 3 2 5 2 5 0 2 0 6 0 2 2 5 0 2 0 6 2 1 2 3 2 6 0 1 1 6 1 8 2 3 0 1 1 2 3 2 2 6 3 0 0 2 1 0 1 4 2 6 0 1 1 0 1 8 2 6 2 6 0 1 1 2 3 5 2 8 0 2 0 8 3 4 2 7 27 0 1 1 0 3 6 2 6 0 2 0 8 1 5 2 5 2 7 0 1 1 0 1 7 3 0 0 1 0 3 0 6 27 2 7 0 1 0 8 8 2 2 0 1 0 8 3 7 2 6 2 7 0 1 1 2 3 9 2 7 0 1 1 4 3 8 2 8 2 6 0 1 0 8 2 10 2 7 0 1 1 0 2 9 2 6 2 7 0 1 0 8 1 11 3 1 0 1 0 6 2 10 2 4 2 5 0 1 1 2 2 12 2 6 0 2 1 0 3 11 2 7 2 6 0 1 1 0 2 1 3 1 0 1 0 4 1 12 2 4 2 6 0 1 0 8 1 14 2 4 0 2 0 8 0 13 2 3 2 5 0 1 0 8 1 15 3 1 0 1 0 0 14 2 4 2 5 0 1 0 0
13. DPD 1 A 1 ea ws CmOytOomr CFU mL 50mL lt 10 lt 10 0 1 lt 10 lt 10 0 2 lt 10 lt 10 0 3 lt 10 lt 10 0 5 lt 10 lt 10 0 8 lt 10 lt 10 0 10 lt 10 lt 10 0 12 lt 10 lt 10 0 15 lt 10 lt 10 0 44 2 2x10 2 5x10 B 2 a i CrUA00mL CFU mL 50mL lt 10 lt 10 0 1 lt 10 lt 10 0 3 lt 10 lt 10 0 7 lt 10 lt 10 0 11 lt 10 20 0 14 lt 10 10 0 15 7 5x10 3 1x10 9 5 112 J Natl Inst Public Health 59 2 2010 2
14. DPD 4 DPD FAS 3 2B 1 DPD
15. 162 8640 1 23 1 1 23 1 Toyama Shinjyuku ku Tokyo 162 8640 Japan Tel 81 3 5285 1111 Fax 81 3 5285 1173 izmym nih go jp 22 6 16 J Natl Inst Public Health 59 2 2010 109 HS GC MS Abstract Objectives Microbiological contamination of whirlpool baths with Legionella a causative agent of pneumonia is an important issue in Japan The Chlorination of such bath water has been required during emergencies following several outbreaks of legionellosis and chlorination has been established as
16. NH HCIO NH Cl HO pH NH CI HOCI NHCL H O NHC1 HOCI gt NCI H O 1L pH8 4 6 90ml 10 112 5ml 125 2m 3mg L WHO 2
17. 2008 36 11 749 56 4 White GC Handbook of chlorination and alternative disinfectants 4th edition New York J Wiley 1998 5 Seidel C McGuire M Summers RS Via S Have utilities switched to chloramines Am Water Works Assoc 2005 97 87 97 6 Flannery B Gelling LB Vugia Dj Weintraub JM Salerno J Conroy MJ et al Reducing Legionella colonization in water systems with monochloramine Emerg Infect Dis 2006 12 4 588 96 7 H19 015 20 2009 8 WHO Monochloramine in drinking water Back ground document for development of WHO Guide lines for Drinking water Quality Geneva WHO 2004 9 Lee W Westerhoff P Formation of organic chlora mines during water disinfection chlorination versus chloramination Water Res 2009 43 2233 9 APHA AWWA WEF Standard methods for the examination of water amp wastewater 21th edition Washington DC America
18. DPD FAS HS GC MS L 1 2m 3mg L 2 1
19. Standard Methods 21 2005 DPD FAS J Natl Inst Public Health 59 2 2010 111 DPD FAS 5 DPD FAS DPD DPD DPD FAS DPD HSGC MS Agilent 6890N 5975C Agilent Technologies 9 HSGC MS 15 x g L DPD FAS
20. a 1 2 3 1 ND 15 3 0 3 NM 2 4 2 2 2 5 2 4 14 1 1 2 2 8 ND no data IS J Natl Inst Public Health 59 2 2010 DPD 2B DFD
21. 3 LVM_ p DPD HACH DPD 2 Monochlor F HACH
22. 2010 Vol 59 No 2 p 109 115 lt gt Ny 4 A cs Zh Sanitary Control of Bathing Water with Monochloramine Disinfection Prevention of Legionella Contamination Kanji SUGIYAMA Koji KosAkA Shinji IZUMIYAMA Kunio AcATA Takuro Enpo Department of Microbiology Shizuoka Institute of Environment and Hygiene 2 Department of Water Supply Engineering National Institute of Public Health Department of Parasitology National Institute of Infectious Diseases 9 sukuba Research Laboratories Aquas Corporation Department of Microbiology National Institute of Infectious Diseases
23. 1 1 8 0 1 0 0 1 1 7 1 7 0 1 0 0 2 1 4 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 1 9 0 1 0 0 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 3 0 7 0 9 0 1 0 0 4 0 4 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 0 3 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 DPD 8 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 2 9 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 8 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 11 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 15 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 NAO 0 HS DPD DPD FAS 2 2 GCMS 3 03 MD 2 4 0 1 2 5 2 6 ND 0 9 PT 1 es a SS ON 2 5 0 1 2 5 2 6 ND 0 1 5 6 a A 4 2 6 0 1 2 6 2 6 ND a
24. method the salicylate method and the HS GC MS method Results Microbiological contamination was suppressed successfully in the bath during the two week period by daily disinfection using monochloramine Legionella and or host amoebae were not detected and heterotrophic plate counts were zero or very low The DPD titrimetric method the DPD colorimetmc method the indophenol method and the salicylate method all produced almost the same measurements of the bath water so the measurements of total residual chlorine free chlorine plus combined chlorine could be considered as the monochloramine concentrations A small amount of dichloramine was detected with the DPD ttrimetric method but no trichloramine was detected This absence of trichloramine was confirmed by using the sensitive HSGC MS method and volunteers noticed Hittle odor during bathing which provides additional evidence supporting the idea regarding the odor mentioned above This monochloramine disinfection was successful in suppressing the typical chlorine odor Conclusions Wefound monochloramine disinfection to be very recommendable as a measure for the sanitary control and the prevention of Legionella contamination in alkaline bath water Keywords Legionella bath monochloramine disinfection chlorine I
25. n Public Health Associa tion 2005 Tao H Chen ZL Li X Yang YL Li GB Salicylate spectrometric determination of inorganic monochlo ramine Anal Chim Acta 2008 615 184 90 10 11 114 J Natl Inst Public Health 59 2 2010 12 19 2008 13 Kosaka K Seki K Kimura N Kobayashi Y Asami M Determination of trichloramine in drinking water us ing head space gas chromatography mass spectrome try Water Sci Technol Water Supply 2010 10 1 23 9 J Natl Inst Public Health 59 2 2010 115
26. the usual measure until now However chlorination has some difficulty in maintaining the cleanliness of bath water and detections of Legionella are being reported even now Chlorine in bath water sometimes reacts with substances that occur naturally in or are added to hot or cold springs or wells Residual active chlorine hypochlorous acid also decreases under the condition of high pH Strict maintenance of adequate chlorination levels is also unpopular with guests at facilities due to the strong odor of chlorination the odor Hikely comes from trichloramine An alternative measure is demanded to avoid those problems In this study we focused on monochloramine disinfection as an alternative measure which is applied for municipal drinking water in the USA in order to prevent biofilms and disinfection by products We applied monochloramine dsinfection to a whirlpool bath model running in our laboratory Methods Monochloramine concentration was maintained at around 3 mg L while volunteers took baths in the whirlpool bath for 2 weeks A monochloramine solution was added to the bath water immediately after it was made by mixing diluted sodium hypochlorite and ammonium chloride in a beaker of well water pH 8 4 Amoebae Legionella and heterotrophic bacteria were monitored during the test by using the usual culture methods Chlorine concentrations were measured by the N N diethyl p phenylenediamine DPD ferrous titrimetric and colorimetric methods the indophenol
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