コミュニケーション歯耳語に着目 したメニュ一体系の設計
Contents
1. I 9 3 3 4 5 IS 318 24 4 Vol 10 No 3 2008 1 DVD Fig 1 Photograph of a participant2. 9Z4 30 6 SG32U 2 SO IS DVD IS
3. lt SS Oops 2 48 5 IS 1S Task4
4. 10 Scatter Gather Task4 Fig 10 Anexample of user s exploration strategy by use of the Scatter ather browser Task4 10 X abel following heuristics 2 4
5. 4 3 9 Task1 Task4 Task4 3 Task1 Looks fine to me What s this 3
6. Task1 2 Task1 Task4 3 Task4 Task1 Tcant do it this way
7. UI 19GS0208 ee 1 Peirce C S 2 1986 1997 Chandler D Semiotics The Basics Routledge 2007 de Souza C S The Semiotic Engineering of Human Computer Interaction The MIT Press 2005 2001 Pirolli P and Card 5S K Information Forag ing Models of Browsers for Very Large Document Spaces Proceedings of the Advanced Visual Inter faces Workshop AVI 98 pp 83 93 1998 Pirolli P and Card S K Information Foraging Psychological Revie
8. DVD 322 28 Vol 10 No 3 2008 Scatter Gather DVD recorder Percent Frequency Rank order 7 TS Fig 7 Comparison of IS ranking distribution if the correct pathways of menu were selected Scatter Gather 4 4 IS 7
9. Task1 Task4 UI 4 3 1 de Souza DVD
10. 1 2 3 1 Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University 2 He is currently with Nissan Motor Co Ltd 3 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd communicative breakdown informnation scent menu system usability be UI DVD UI
11. 1 Gather DVD UI 6 a HS 2 DVD
12. BS de Souza communicative breakdown 1 AA sign or representamen is something which stands to somebody for something in some respect or capacity J16 TL Austin J Searle speech act theory ilocution ys perlocution 13 1
13. 1 4 2 1 OHC i 000 hl 1 DVD Table 1 State distribution of participants finishing each task DVD recorder
14. MC WV 3 2 1 2008 2 1 5 2 1999 2003 2005 2007 2001 2003 IEBEE 2005
15. IS 4 4 IS IS DVD 5 2 11
16. Where is it2 it Task4 Where is it UI What s this What now Task4
17. 0 00 38 00047 i here is it Tcant do it this way gt 2 DVD Task1 Fig 2 An analyzed discourse between a participant and the DVD recorder Task1
18. UI 2 1S IS 9 C C WW lt 3 7 3 Li Bi gt WW S IEQ 2
19. Scatter Gather ATM2I 5 1 Scatter Gather Scatter Gather 0 2 Scatter
20. DVD DVD UI 4 1 30 50 12 30 4 40 4 50 4 DVD DVD DIGA DMR EX100 4 Task1 Task4 Task1 Task2 BS Task3 2 Task4
21. NNN de Souza 2 T 8 1 Complete failnre la T give up
22. 4 Scatter Gather Table 4 State distribution of participants finishing each task Scatter ather 100 Scatter Gather DVD recorder 80 60 Selection rate Task2 Task3 8 TS Fig 8 Rates at which the participants se lections include the clusters with the highest IS value 5 3 4 DVD Task4 3 188kI
23. IEEE 1998 1992 1994 RR TL CE 327 Vol 10 No 3 2008 326 34
24. 193 261 Version 2 3 3 e e e 1 IIIb 1 2 IHDD THDD e 1 3 1211 193
25. DVD DVD 6 5 Task1 9 Task2 6 Task1 G G DVD OOOO
26. 1S DVD recorder Scatter Gather 8 Task2 IS 2 IS 1 2 IS 0 047 7 12 10 IS 1 IS
27. IS UI 00 05 Na Scatter Gather UI
28. 2 ACT IF Pb SNIF ACT 8 1 WwW 7 Pirolli J1 7 R B gt 7 3 Di 3 2 R Ri RS TS 9 C C g L R SN 4 2 6 7 4
29. Where is it Help 3 UI Information Scent IS 3 1 Pirolli
30. IS 2 3 IS IS 4 35 30 25 20 Frequency of selection Rank order 5 1S DVD Fig 5 Frequency of participants selection of menu items with respect to their rank order of IS value DVD recorder
31. 319 Vol 10 No 3 2008 35 Task1 30 Task4 25 6 a 20 6 15 10 5 0 SSSSSS S55SSSS Igiveup Looks fne Where js What What now Whaream Oops Icantdot Whats Help Why I can do Thanks to me 1t happened I this way this doesn t it otherwise but no thanks Ia Ib Ta Ilb Ilc Ia IIb Complete Failure Temporary Failure Partial Failure 3 DVD Fig 3 Frequency distribution of commnunicative breakdowns when operating the DVD recorder 2 IS Table 2 TInformation scents of menu items in KINOU SENTAKU screen G Task1 1 168 2 704 95 1 331 1 373 1 139 0 976 Task2 0 898 1 539 1 530 1 260 1 304 0 839 1 292 Task3 1 100 1 535 1 511 1 218 1 283 1 032 1 305 Task4 1 052 2 137 2 106 1 478 1 564 1 062 1 218 3 IS Table 3 Inmformation scents of menu items in SONOTA NO KINOU screen
32. RE 2 i Piroli WWW UM H21 IS eS UI IS Latent Semantic Analysis LSA 13 1 9 Pirolli 3 2
33. HDD Task1 1 048 2 513 0 983 1 179 1 078 1 175 Task2 0 825 1 066 1 099 1 671 2 036 0 873 Task3 0 958 1 284 1 136 1 860 1 695 1 069 Task4 0 951 1 528 1 074 1 797 1 659 1 059 1 KTINOU SENTAKU7 reprinted from the manual 60 4 Fig 4 Screenshot of 2 MEG 4 520 26 2 IS 2 IS 3
34. 2 C S Pierce semiotics sign representamen object Gnterpretant HI II eK semiosis RW C S de Souza Semiotic Engi neering
35. 2007 1994 1996 2006 IPEB 33 1983 1986 1994 2002 2005 1991 1992
36. 71 2 ee Pr 5 CYP Pr li 1 1 23 PY 8 p 5 7 NSP 4 7 7 I a 7 2 7 9 2 Mei ei CER IS 3 2 2
37. TS Task1 4 DVD recorder 9 Scatter Gather TS Nr 5 2 4 1 4 1 OE 4 1 6 0 DVD
38. EC commuanicative breakdown UI Information Scent I6h L191 UT 2 3 4 2 DVD 5 UI 6 315 Vol 10 INo 3 2008
39. 1 8 PEG 2 3 BCAS b 6 Scatter Gather UI Fig 6 User interface developed for search ing the DVD functions to which Scat ter ather algorithm is applied 4 4 6 b 5 0 Scatter
40. GE UL I RT OE discourse
41. Vol 10 No 3 2008 Analysis and Proposal of Hierarchical Menu Design from the Perspective of Communicative Breakdown Yukio Horiguchi t Yuji Kuroda Hiroaki Nakanishi Tetsuo Sawaragi t Tsuyoshi Inoue and Satoshi Matsuura 3 Abstract Asfor digital electric appliances peripheral functions are likely to be shoved to the out of the way corners of menu hierarchy because fagship functions have Drece dence of visibility and accessibility than they do Those functions are therefore likely to cause various breakdowns in human machine communication when users are exploring a particular function of them from among a lot of menu items organized in hierarchy In order to analyze the factors of and to find some solutions to such breakdowns we apply a couple of analysis methods i e communicative breakdown analysis and informnation scent analysis to user behaviors of menu selection This paper explains our analyses of user behaviors when users tried to operate a DVD recorder with many functions they had never used Another menu systemn experimentally developed based on the Scat ter Gather algorithmn is then introduced and experirmented in termns of communicative breakdown and informmation scent Keywords havioral
42. Optimal Eoraging Theory 6 1h 1 WWW World Wide Web 3 IL e Information Patch Model e Information Scent Model Information Foraging Theory e lnformation Diet Model Information Patch Model Information Diet Model Information Scent Model
43. Pirolli ACT IF II SNIF ACT 5 JR Anderson ACT R HO WWW IS IS 1IS spreading activation network 3 2 1
44. 9 Scatter Gather Fig 9 Frequency distribution of commnunicative breakdowns when operating the Scatter Gather browser 0 00 00 0 0 00 15 1 1 0 00 22 2 2 0 00 35 Scatter 0 00 49 C 0 01 15 3 3 0 01 24 2 2 0 01 25 Scatter 0 01 33 C6 0 01 52 4 4 0 02 07 Scatter 0 02 10 C61 0 02 26 3 3 0 02 28 Scatter 0 02 31 C612 0 02 37 2 2 0 02 39 3
45. 1 UI 5 PC H81 DVD s 27 R S Taylor 9 visceral need con scious need
46. 25 1 TF IDF 91 Ward 23 321 146 ED 8 iD 8 HO5O iB CAS JPEG TIFF MP3 12 G2 5 IMP3 gt
47. DVD Scatter Gather Task4 7 IS 1 2 1S 0 755 0 461 323 Vol 10 No 3 2008 35 Task1 30 Task4 25 8 5 20 oO 15 Fr 10 5 0 ed Igiveup Looks fine Where js it What What now Whare am I Oops Icantdoit What s this Help Why doesnt Ican do Thanks but to me happened this way 1t otherwise no thanks Ia Ib Ila Ilb Ilc IIla IIlb Complete Failure Temp orary Failure Partial Failure
48. Pirolli P Schank P Hearst M A and Diehl C Scatter Gather Browsing Communicates the Topic Structure of a Very Large Text Collection Proceedings of CHI 96 Conference pp 213 220 1996 1 18 1 pp 59 65 2003 Polson P G and Lewis C H Theory Based Design for Pasily Learned Interfaces Human Computer Interaction 5 pp 191 220 1990 DVD DMR EX300 DMR EX100 http chasen legacy sourceforge jJp deeiza Austin Searle speech act theory Bl 31 Gllocution 325 Vol 10 No 3 2008 perlocution locution
49. Ib TLooks fne to me Temporary failure Ila Where js it22 What happend What now Where am I1 OopsP T can t do it this way 11 IIb llc 9Z6
50. analysis 1 UI UI
51. 32 8 What s this Help Why doesnt it7 IIT Partial failunre IIla Tcan do otherwise Thanks but no thanks 2 IS DVD 25
52. 3732 2002 45 12 pp 1030 1035 2006 Budiu R Royer C and Pirolli P Modeling In formation Scent A Comparison of LSA PMI and GLSA Similarity Measures on Common Tests and Corpora Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2006 CHI2006 2006 Suchman L A Plans and Situated Actions The Problem of Human Machine Communication Cambridge University Press 1987 A 1999 34 pp 297 302 2007 1999 Cutting D R Karger D R Pedersen J O and Tukey J W Scatter Gather A Cluster based Approach to Browsing Large Document Collec tions Proceedings of the 15th Annual Inter national ACM SIGIR Conference pp 318 329 1992 Cutting D R Karger D R and Pedersen J 0O Constant Interaction Time Scatter Gather Brows ing of Very Large Document Collections Proceed ings of the 16th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference pp 126 135 1993
53. operating the DVD recorder in the experiment DVD 4 1 SO NR 4 ee
54. w 106 pp 643 675 1999 Pirolli P The Use of Proximal Information Scent to Forage for Distal Content on the World Wide Web A Kirlik Ed Adaptive Perspectives on Human Technology Interaction Methods and Models for Cognitive Engineering and Human Computer Interaction Oxford University Press pp 247 266 2006 Pirolli P Information Foraging Theory Adap tive Interaction with Information Oxford Univer sity Press 2007 Anderson J R and Lebiere C The Atomic Com ponents of Thought Lawrence Erlbaum 1998 Chi E Pirolli P and Pitkow J The Scent of a 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 117 21 122 123 124 25 26 1 Site A System for Analyzing and Predicting Infor mation Scent Usage and Usability of a Web Site Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2000 CHI2000 pp 161 168 2005 Pirolli P Fu W Chi E and Farahat A Infor mation Scent and Web Navigation Theory Mod els and Automated Usability Evaluation Proceed ings of Human Computer Interaction International 2005 2005 Landauer T Foltz P W and Laham D Intro duction to Latent Semantic Analysis Discourse Processes 25 pp 259 284 1998 LSA Markov 43 12 pp 3722
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