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Wireshark User's Guide

1. 02 11 p lus Prism II mon ieee 802 11 radio I T E op B i 802 11 bsd IE T E 802 11 plus BS J 802 11 avs IE T F E 802 11 plus AVS WI linux sl l frelay Frame Relay frelay with directio Linux coo ked mode capture n Frame Relay with Directional itor mode header 802 11 Wireless LAN with radio information D WLAN header LAN header chdle Cisco HDLC ios Cisco IOS internal ltalk Localtalk pflog old OpenBSD PF Firewall logs pre 3 4 hhdlc HiPath HDLC docsis Data Over Cable Service Interfac cosine CoSine L2 debug log whdlc Wellfleet HDLC sdl SDLC tzsp Tazmen sniffer protocol Specification nc OpenBSD enc 4 encapsulating interface pflog OpenBSD PF Firewall logs chdlc with direction Cisco HDLC with Directional bluetooth h4 Bluetooth H4 mtp2 SS7 MTP2 mtp3 SS7 MTP3 irda IrDA user0O USER 0 userl USER 1 user2 USER 2 user3 USER 3 user4 USER 4 user5 USER 5 user6 USER 6 user7 USER 7 user8 USER 8 user9 USER 9 userl0 USER 10 userll USER 11 userl2 USER 12 userl3 USER 13 userl4 USER 14 userl5 USER 15 symantec Symantec Enterprise Firewall ap1394 Apple IP over IEEE 1394 bacnet ms tp BACnet MS TP default is the same as t he F lt capture type gt capture file
2. ec ceececeeeeeeeeeeeeecenneeeenees 196 D6 editcap Edit captitre 1168 cci2 devoisdgacdse vse Oai EEEE biota nde EOTS E SPAS EUEN ES 197 D 7 mergecap Merging multiple capture files into one 0 ee eee ee cence ener eee 201 D 8 text2pceap Converting ASCII hexdumps to network captures eeeeeeeee eee 204 D 9 idl2wrs Creating dissectors from CORBA IDL files 1 00 cee ceeeeeeeeeceneeee ee eee 207 D91 What 1s 162 arinn coe coves ae ce rp ohea gobs ea ee reese 207 D922 Why dO ths tech vs ieoned chavs dabestasssebthacty setawsatest snotesetaesspubtlacweensaeeniet 207 D93 HOW to seId 2 Wis wists eb aad olive ee dsk a eels ate deh wos dnl uegedeh Uses ene 207 D94 TODOS sass eed geseveutaceyentd ates virus ssi Sedgnon deen ses ep ete SEEE RE E EES 209 D 9 5 Limitations 5 jesse ecee coven ses bs conn ceed oye EE EEE EEEE IKEE EE AECE SE E 209 Di9 6 NOTES rronin aa a E A O a e E AE atta 209 E This Document s License GPL kesrentires a ioaren r E EREE ORE EERE 211 vii Preface 1 Foreword Wireshark is one of those programs that many network managers would love to be able to use but they are often prevented from getting what they would like from Wireshark because of the lack of document ation This document is part of an effort by the Wireshark team to improve the usability of Wireshark We hope that you find it useful and look forward to your comments Vili Preface 2
3. 20 Building and Installing Wireshark 2 6 Troubleshooting during the install on Unix A number of errors can occur during the installation process Some hints on solving these are provided here If the configure stage fails you will need to find out why You can check the file config log in the source directory to find out what failed The last few lines of this file should help in determining the problem The standard problems are that you do not have GTK on your system or you do not have a recent enough version of GTK The configure will also fail if you do not have libpcap at least the required include files on your system Another common problem is for the final compile and link stage to terminate with a complaint of Out put too long This is likely to be caused by an antiquated sed such as the one shipped with Solaris Since sed is used by the libtool script to construct the final link command this leads to mysterious prob lems This can be resolved by downloading a recent version of sed from http directory fsf org GNU sed html If you cannot determine what the problems are send mail to the wireshark dev mailing list explaining your problem and including the output from config log and anything else you think is relevant like a trace of the make stage 21 Building and Installing Wireshark 2 Building from source under Windows It is recommended to use the binary installer for Windows until y
4. Packet Range All packets 120 Selected packet only 1 C Specify a packet range Lo o If the Captured button is set default all packets from the selected rule will be processed If the Dis played button is set only the currently displayed packets are taken into account to the selected rule e All packets will process all packets e Selected packet only process only the selected packet e Marked packets only process only the marked packets e From first to last marked packet process the packets from the first to the last marked one e Specify a packet range process a user specified range of packets e g specifying 5 10 15 20 will process the packet number five the packets from packet number ten to fifteen inclusive and every packet from number twenty to the end of the capture 102 File Input Output and Printing 5 9 The Packet Format frame The packet format frame is a part of various output related dialog boxes It provides options to select which parts of a packet should be used for the output function Figure 5 18 The Packet Format frame Packet Format Packet summary line Packet details All collapsed As displayed All expanded Packet bytes Each packet on a new page e Packet summary line enable the output of the summary line just as in the Packet List pane e Packet details enable the output of the packet details tree e All collapsed the in
5. Finally patents program will program proprietary patent must be licensed for The precise terms and co modification follow any free program is threatened constantly by software We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free individually obtain patent licenses T Q a no refers to means eit ERMS AND CONDITIONS FO This License applies tice placed by the copyright holder sayi under the terms of this Ge h program any suc her th that is t either ve languag o Say a rba Herei To prevent t i his veryo nditions ne s fr us n effect making the we have made it clear that any or not licensed at all distribution and for copying a F GNU GENERAL PU R COPYIN to any p neral Pu or work work con translati the term modification Activitie covered by t running t is covere Program Whether t 1 You source code as you receive i conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy notice and disclaimer of warranty copyright notices t along wit You may c you may a 2 You Of ity distribut above a Yo b Yo whole part parti If hen nter nnou otic war hese icen lt MO Ere 0a O S A oes no n ther his Li S O he d o nly if independen hat is tr may copy hat refer h the Pro e suc u mus u mus or i thereof s un
6. BOOTP DHCP See Section 8 8 The protocol specific statistics windows HTTP HTTP request response statistics see Section 8 8 The protocol specific statistics windows ISUP Messages See Section 8 8 The protocol specific statistics windows ONC RPC Pro grams See Section 8 8 The protocol specific statistics windows 50 User Interface Menu Item Accelerator Description TCP Stream Graph See Section 8 8 The protocol specific statistics windows 51 User Interface 3 12 The Help menu The Wireshark Help menu contains the fields shown in Table 3 9 Help menu items Figure 3 10 The Help Menu test pcap Wireshark File Edit Yiew Go Capture Analyze Statistics M283 Bw oe ow om g x Por be 3 Bi iaa Supported Protocols User s Guide 4 Filter Manual Pages 4 Expression Ys clear W Apply Wireshar f amp Home Page No Time Source 1 0 000000 192 168 0 2 E about wireshark 192 168 0 2 Gratuitous D User s Guide FAQ s 4 1 025659 192 168 0 2 224 0 0 22 Downloads rship Report Example Files 192 168 0 2 Z 0 C 3196 gt http SYN Frame 11 62 bytes on wire 62 bytes captured Ethernet II Src 192 168 0 2 00 0b 5d 20 cd 02 Dst Netgear_2d 75 9a 00 09 5b 2d 75 9a Internet Protocol Src 192 168 0 2 192 168 0 2 Dst 192 168 0 1 192 168 0 1 Transmission Control Protocol Src Port 3196 3196 Dst Port http 80 Seq 0 Len
7. 01_20050819131503 pcap BBeest1_000 ap WBeest1_00013_20 02_200 3150 0000 508 kestt_00014_20 3 c testi testi _00015_20 pect _00 t11 If available the Help button will lead you to ap Etes 00011 200508 as 0037 20 this section of this User s Guide test t_00006_20050819191507 pcap test _00012_20050319 test _00013_20 gt fe If you don t provide a file extension to the file Fie test _ 20060813181 507 peap Sav Dee nT ARESE poa ie name e g pcap Wireshark will append the Set tt MU standard file extension for that file format Hep Packet Range OCepraed O Displayed Al packets 120 O Selected packet 1 O Range Unix Linux GTK version gt 2 4 Figure 5 5 Save new GTK version _ This is the common Gimp GNOME file save dia log plus some Wireshark extensions Specific for this dialog UOO a e File Input Output and Printing Ethereal Save Capture File As Name Save in folder o X Packet Range All packets O Selected packet only O Specify a packet range Filetype ibpcap tcpdump Ethereal etc Browse for other Folders a e Clicking on the at Browse for other folders will allow you to browse files and folders in your file system Figure 5 6 Save old GTK version Wireshark Save Capture File As Create Dir Delete File Rename File Du subversion acnclude m4 aclocal flags aiepcap h a
8. 123 This dialog box will let you enter a packet number When you press OK Wireshark will jump to that packet 6 8 4 The Go to Corresponding Packet command If a protocol field is selected which points to another packet in the capture file this command will jump to that packet Note As these protocol fields now work like links just as in your Web browser it s easier to simply double click on the field to jump to the corresponding field 6 8 5 The Go to First Packet command This command will simply jump to the first packet displayed 6 8 6 The Go to Last Packet command This command will simply jump to the last packet displayed 125 Working with captured packets 6 9 Marking packets You can mark packets in the Packet List pane A marked packet will be shown with black background regardless of the coloring rules set Marking a packet can be useful to find it later while analyzing in a large capture file A Warning The packet marks are not stored in the capture file or anywhere else so all packet marks will be lost if you close the capture file You can use packet marking to control the output of packets when saving exporting printing To do so an option in the packet range is available see Section 5 8 The Packet Range frame There are three functions to manipulate the marked state of a packet e Mark packet toggle toggles the marked state of a single packet e Mark all packets se
9. Figure 6 8 The Capture Filters and Display Filters dialog boxes 120 Working with captured packets Wireshark Display Filter tpkt_long tpkt_only ethernet broadcast ip broadcast deerpe DCERPC Fault Filter name ip broadcast Filter string ped m 25 25 8 28 New Delete Filter Filter name This button adds a new filter to the list of filters The currently entered val ues from Filter name and Filter string will be used If any of these fields are empty it will be set to new This button deletes the selected filter It will be greyed out if no filter is se lected You can select a filter from this list which will fill in the filter name and fil ter string in the fields down the bottom of the dialog box You can change the name of the currently selected filter here Note The filter name will only be used in this dialog to identify the filter for your convenience it will not be used elsewhere You can add multiple filters with the same name but this is not very useful 121 Working with captured packets Filter string Add Expression OK Apply Save Close You can change the filter string of the currently selected filter here Display Filter only the string will be syntax checked while you are typing Display Filter only This button brings up the Add Expression dialog box which assists in building filter strings You can find
10. The Edit menu or from the pop up menu of the Packet List pane e Set Time Reference toggle Toggles the time reference state of the currently selected packet to on or off Find Next Find the next time referenced packet in the Packet List pane e Find Previous Find the previous time referenced packet in the Packet List pane Figure 6 11 Wireshark showing a time referenced packet test pcap Wireshark File Edit Yiew Go Capture Analyze Statistics Help Say Daol HL F BR a a ter Expression Ys clear WY Apply No Time Source Destination Protocol Info 4 1 025659 192 168 0 2 jgmp mcast net IGMP V3 Membership Report entitication Ox Flags 0x00 Fragment offset 0 Time to live 128 Protocol UDP 0x11 H Header checksum Oxal09 correct Source 192 168 0 2 192 168 0 2 Destination 192 168 0 1 192 168 0 1 09 5b 2d 75 9a 00 5d 20 ca 02 08 OO 45 00 49 18 47 00 00 80 al 09 cO a8 00 02 cO ag O1 Ob d2 00 35 00 46 69 00 21 01 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 09 72 6f 78 79 63 6f Ge 66 p roxyconf 77 30 30 34 07 69 65 6d 65 6e 73 03 6e wa004 s jemens n 00 00 01 00 01 File D test pcap 14 KB 00 00 02 P 120 D 120 M 0 A time referenced packet will be marked with the string REF in the Time column see packet number 10 All subsequent packets will show the time since the last time reference 128 Working with captured packets 129 Chapter 7 Advanced Topics 7 1 Introduction In
11. amp Interfaces S SS See Ay ow gt EIB gt F 2 i aa M Eiter ra trl z gt Expression Ys clear y Apply Restar Destination Protocol Info capture Filters Broadcast ARP Who has 192 168 0 2 Gratuitous No Time 1 0 000000 4 1 025659 192 168 0 2 224 0 0 22 IGMP V3 Membership Report A Frame 11 62 bytes on wire 62 bytes captured Ethernet II Src 192 168 0 2 00 0b 5d 20 cd 02 Dst Netgear_2d 75 9a 00 09 5b 2d 75 9a Internet Protocol Src 192 168 0 2 192 168 0 2 Dst 192 168 0 1 192 168 0 1 Transmission Control Protocol Src Port 3196 3196 Dst Port http 80 Seq O Len O Source port 3196 3196 Destination port http 80 Sequence number O relative sequence number Header length 28 bytes Flags Ox0002 SYN Window size 64240 amp amp amp 02 08 00 45 00 OO 30 18 48 40 00 80 06 61 2c cO a8 OO 02 cO a8 00 01 Oc 7c OO 50 3c 36 95 f8 OO GO OO OO 70 02 fa fO 27 e0 00 00 02 04 05 b4 O1 01 04 02 File D test pcap 14 KB 00 00 02 JP 120 D 120 M 0 2 Table 3 6 Capture menu items Menu Item Accelerator Description Interfaces This menu item brings up a dialog box that shows what s going on at the network interfaces Wireshark knows of see Section 4 4 The Capture Interfaces dialog box Options Ctrl K This menu item brings up the Capture Options dialog box discussed further in Section 4 5 The Capture Options dialog
12. Capturing Live Network Data 81 Chapter 5 File Input Output and Printing 5 1 Introduction This chapter will describe input and output of capture data Open Import capture files in various capture file formats Save Export capture files in various capture file formats Merge capture files together Print packets 82 File Input Output and Printing 5 2 Open capture files 5 2 1 Wireshark can read in previously saved capture files To read them simply select the menu or toolbar item File e Open Wireshark will then pop up the File Open dialog box which is discussed in more detail in Section 5 2 1 The Open Capture File dialog box i It s convenient to use drag and drop S to open a file by simply dragging the desired file from your file manager and dropping it onto Wireshark s main window However drag and drop is not available won t work in all desktop environments If you didn t save the current capture file before you will be asked to do so to prevent data loss this be haviour can be disabled in the preferences In addition to its native file format libpcap format also used by tcpdump WinDump and other libpcap WinPcap based programs Wireshark can read capture files from a large number of other packet capture programs as well See Section 5 2 2 Input File Formats for the list of capture formats Wireshark un derstands The Open Capture File dialog box Th
13. SIP swe Frame 11 62 bytes on wire 62 a i mez Ethernet II Src 192 168 0 2 VoIP Calls lt 00 09 5b 2d 75 9a Internet Protocol Src 192 16 WAP WSP 192 168 0 1 192 168 0 1 Transmission Control Protocol BOOTP DHCP st Port http 80 Seq O Len O Source port 3196 3196 Destination port http 80 Sequence number O relat HTTP Header length 28 bytes IP add Flags 0x0002 SYN ee Window size 64240 ISUP Messages SOS Sb Sd Te oe Oo Multicast Streams b 2d 00 30 18 48 40 00 80 06 ONC RPC Programs OO 01 Smee EET Packet Length a TO 27 e0 00 00 02 04 Port Type TCP Stream Graph ransmission Control Protocol tcp 28 bytes JP 120 D 120 M 0 R Destinations Flow Graph All menu items will bring up a new window showing specific statistical information Table 3 8 Statistics menu items Menu Item Accelerator Description Summary Show information about the data captured see Section 8 2 The Summary window Protocol Hier archy Display a hierarchical tree of protocol statistics see Section 8 3 6 The Protocol Hierarchy window Conversations Display a list of conversations traffic between two endpoints see Section 8 5 2 The Conversations window 49 User Interface Menu Item Accelerator Description Endpoints Display a list of endpoints traffic to from an address se
14. Signed integer 8 bit 16 bit 24 bit 32 bit Boolean A boolean field is present in the protocol decode only if its value is true For example tep flags syn is present and thus true only if the SYN flag is present in a TCP segment header Thus the filter expression tep flags syn will select only those packets for which this flag exists that is TCP segments where the segment header con tains the SYN flag Similarly to find source routed token ring packets use a filter expression of tr sr Ethernet address 6 bytes eth addr ff ff ff ff ff ff IPv4 address ip addr 192 168 0 1 IPv6 address IPX network number String text 115 Working with captured packets Type Example Double precision floating point number 6 4 3 Combining expressions You can combine filter expressions in Wireshark using the logical operators shown in Table 6 6 Display Filter Logical Operations splay FRET LORICA UVperauons Table 6 6 Display Filter Logical Operations English C like Description and example and amp amp Logical AND ip addr 10 0 0 5 and tcp flags fin or ll Logical OR ip addr 10 0 0 5 or ip addr 192 1 1 1 xor NA Logical XOR tr dst 0 3 0 6 29 xor tr src 0 3 0 6 29 not Logical NOT not llc Substring Operator Wireshark allows you to select subsequences of a sequence in rather elaborate ways Aft
15. When reporting crashes with Wireshark it is helpful if you supply the traceback information besides the information mentioned in Reporting Problems You can obtain this traceback information with the following commands gdb whereis wireshark cut f2 d cut d f2 core gt amp bt txt backtrace D 10 Introduction Note Type the characters in the first line verbatim Those are back tics there Note backtrace is a gdb command You should enter it verbatim after the first line shown above but it will not be echoed The D Control D that is press the Control key and the D key together will cause gdb to exit This will leave you with a file called bt t xt in the cur rent directory Include the file with your bug report Note If you do not have gdb available you will have to check out your operating system s de bugger You should mail the traceback to the wireshark dev AT wireshark org mailing list 1 6 7 Reporting Crashes on Windows platforms The Windows distributions don t contain the symbol files pdb because they are very large For this reason it s not possible to create a meaningful backtrace file from it You should report your crash just like other problems using the mechanism described above 11 Introduction 12 Chapter 2 Building and Installing Wireshark 2 1 Introduction As with all things there must be a beginning and so it is with Wireshark To use W
16. 1 0 1 9 to UTC Displayed 02 00 05 00 09 00 10 00 11 00 19 00 Time Local Time An example Let s assume that someone in Los Angeles captured a packet with Wireshark at exactly 2 o clock local time and sends you this capture file The capture file s time stamp will be represented in UTC as 10 o clock You are located in Berlin and will see 11 o clock on your Wireshark display Now you have a phone call video conference or Internet meeting with that one to talk about that capture file As you are both looking at the displayed time on your local computers the one in Los Angeles still sees 2 o clock but you in Berlin will see 11 o clock The time displays are different as both Wireshark displays will show the different local times at the same point in time Conclusion You may not bother about the date time of the time stamp you currently look at unless you must make sure that the date time is as expected So if you get a capture file from a different time zone and or DST you ll have to find out the time zone DST difference between the two local times and men tally adjust the time stamps accordingly In any case make sure that every computer in question has the correct time and time zone setting 137 Advanced Topics 7 5 Packet Reassembling 7 5 1 7 5 2 What is it Network protocols often need to transport large chunks of data which are complete in itself e g when transferring a file The un
17. D 2 tshark Terminal based Wireshark TShark is a terminal oriented version of Wireshark designed for capturing and displaying packets when an interactive user interface isn t necessary or available It supports the same options as wireshark For more information on tshark see the manual pages man tshark 193 Related command line tools D 3 tcpdump Capturing with tcpdump for viewing with Wireshark There are occasions when you want to capture packets using tcpdump rather than wireshark especially when you want to do a remote capture and do not want the network load associated with running Wire shark remotely not to mention all the X traffic polluting your capture However the default tepdump parameters result in a capture file where each packet is truncated be cause tcpdump by default does only capture the first 68 bytes of each packet To ensure that you capture complete packets use the following command tcpdump i lt interface gt s 1500 w lt some file gt You will have to specify the correct interface and the name of a file to save into In addition you will have to terminate the capture with C when you believe you have captured enough packets Note tcpdump is not part of the Wireshark distribution You can get it from ht tp www tcpdump org for various platforms 194 Related command line tools D 4 dumpcap Capturing with dumpcap for viewing with Wireshark Dumpcap is a network traffi
18. DST Daylight Saving Time DST also known as Summer Time is intended to save some daylight during the summer months To do this a lot of countries but not all add an DST hour to the already existing UTC offset So you may need to take another hour or in very rare cases even two hours difference into your time zone calculations Unfortunately the date at which DST actually takes effect is different throughout the world You may also note that the northern and southern hemispheres have opposite DST s e g while it s summer in Europe it s winter in Australia Keep in mind UTC remains the same all year around regardless of DST Further information can be found at http en wikipedia org wiki Daylight saving 135 7 4 1 7 4 2 Advanced Topics Further time zone and DST information can be found at http wwp greenwichmeantime com and ht tp www timeanddate com worldclock Set your computer s time correct If you work with people around the world it s very helpful to set your computer s time and time zone right You should set your computers time and time zone in the correct sequence 1 Set your time zone to your current location 2 Set your computer s clock to the local time This way you will tell your computer both the local time and also the time offset to UTC 2 Tip If you travel around the world it s an often made mistake to adjust the hours of your com puter clock to the local ti
19. This might be the case if you work in a Windows domain environment used in huge company networks The configurations of all programs you use won t be saved on the local hard drive of the computer you are currently working on but on the domain server As Wireshark is using the correct places to store it s profile data your settings will travel with you if you logon to a different computer the next time There is an exception to this The Local Settings folder in your profile data typically something like C Documents and Settings lt username gt Local Settings will not be transferred to the domain server This is the default for temporary capture files A 3 3 Windows temporary folder Wireshark uses the folder which is set by the TMPDIR or TEMP environment variable This variable 185 Files and Folders will be set by the windows installer The default location for temporary files on NT 4 is just C TEMP and in 2000 the default location is some directory under your profile directory but it might have Temporary Files in the path name 186 Files and Folders 187 Appendix B Protocols and Protocol Fields Wireshark distinguishes between protocols e g tcp and protocol fields e g tcp port A comprehensive list of all protocols and protocol fields can be found at ht tp www wireshark org docs dfref 188 Appendix C Wireshark Messages Wireshark provides you with additional
20. Who should read this document The intended audience of this book is anyone using Wireshark This book will explain all the basics and also some of the advanced features that Wireshark provides As Wireshark has become a very complex program since the early days not every feature of Wireshark might be explained in this book This book is not intended to explain network sniffing in general and it will not provide details about spe cific network protocols A lot of useful information regarding these topics can be found at the Wireshark Wiki at http wiki wireshark org By reading this book you will learn how to install Wireshark how to use the basic elements of the graphical user interface like the menu and what s behind some of the advanced features that are maybe not that obvious at first sight It will hopefully guide you around some common problems that frequently appears for new and sometimes even advanced users of Wireshark 1X Preface 3 Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the whole Wireshark team for their assistance In particular the authors would like to thank e Gerald Combs for initiating the Wireshark project and funding to do this documentation e Guy Harris for many helpful hints and a great deal of patience in reviewing this document e Gilbert Ramirez for general encouragement and helpful hints along the way The authors would also like to thank the following people for their helpful fe
21. casts or multicasts This primitive allows you to create complex filter expressions that select bytes or ranges of bytes in packets Please see the tcpdump man page at http www tcpdump org tcpdump _man html for more details Automatic Remote Traffic Filtering If Wireshark is running remotely using e g SSH an exported X11 window a terminal server the remote content has to be transported over the network adding a lot of usually unimportant packets to the actually interesting traffic To avoid this Wireshark tries to figure out if it s remotely connected by looking at some specific envir onment variables and automatically creates a capture filter that matches aspects of the connection The following environment variables are analyzed 77 Capturing Live Network Data SSH_CONNECTION ssh SSH_CLIENT ssh REMOTEHOST tcsh others DISPLAY x11 SESSIONNAME terminal server lt remote IP gt lt remote port gt lt local IP gt lt local port gt lt remote IP gt lt remote port gt lt local port gt lt remote name gt remote name lt display num gt lt remote name gt 78 Capturing Live Network Data 4 9 While a Capture is running While a capture is running the following dialog box is shown Figure 4 3 The Capture Info dialog box pa an L Wireshark Capture from Broadco 4 E x Captured Packets Total STP TCP UCF ICMP ARP OSPF GRE NetBIo
22. e Seconds Deciseconds Centiseconds Milliseconds Microseconds or Nanoseconds The timestamp precision will be forced to the given setting If the actually available precision is smaller zeros will be appended If the precision is larger the remaining decimal places will be cut off Precision example If you have a timestamp and it s displayed using Seconds Since Previous Packet the value might be 1 123456 This will be displayed using the Automatic setting for libpcap files which is microseconds If you use Seconds it would show simply 1 and if you use Nanoseconds it shows 1 123456000 6 10 1 Packet time referencing The user can set time references to packets A time reference is the starting point for all subsequent packet time calculations It will be useful if you want to see the time values relative to a special packet e g the start of a new request It s possible to set multiple time references in the capture file Warning A The time references will not be saved permanently and will be lost when you close the cap ture file Note Time referencing will only be useful if the time display format is set to Seconds Since Beginning of Capture If one of the other time display formats are used time referencing will have no effect and will make no sense either 127 Working with captured packets To work with time references choose one of the Time Reference items in the Edit menu see Sec tion 3 6
23. of the packet Comma Sep summaries in the capture file to a csv file e g used by spread arated Values sheet programs It pops up the Wireshark Export dialog box packet sum which is discussed further in Section 5 6 3 The Export as mary file CSV Comma Separated Values File dialog box Export gt as PSML file This menu item allows you to export the or some of the packets in the capture file to a PSML packet summary markup language XML file It pops up the Wireshark Export dialog box which is discussed further in Section 5 6 4 The Export as PSML File dialog box Export gt as PDML file This menu item allows you to export the or some of the packets in the capture file to a PDML packet details markup language XML file It pops up the Wireshark Export dialog box which is discussed further in Section 5 6 5 The Export as PDML File dialog box Export gt Selec Ctrl H ted Packet This menu item allows you to export the currently selected bytes Bytes in the packet bytes pane to a binary file It pops up the Wireshark Export dialog box which is discussed further in Section 5 6 6 The Export selected packet bytes dialog box Print Ctrl P This menu item allows you to print all or some of the packets in the capture file It pops up the Wireshark Print dialog box which is discussed further in Section 5 7 Printing packets Quit Ctrl Q This menu item al
24. put capture file to the specified encapsulation type for example it will not translate an Ethernet capture to an FDDI capture if an Ethernet capture is read and T fddi is specified Example D 4 Help information available from mergecap mergecap ex h mergecap version 0 10 5 Usage mergecap hva s lt snaplen gt T lt encap type gt F lt capture type gt w lt outfile gt lt infile gt where h produces this help listing v verbose operation default is silent a files should be concatenated not merged Default merges based on frame timestamps s lt snaplen gt truncate packets to lt snaplen gt bytes of data w lt outfile gt sets output filename to lt outfile gt T lt encap type gt encapsulation type to use ther Ethernet 201 Related command line tools tr Token Ring slip SLIP ppp PPP fddi FDDI fddi swapped FD rawip Raw IP arcnet ARCNET arcnet_linux Li atm rfcl1l483 RFC DI with bit swapped MAC addresses nux ARCNET 1483 ATM linux atm clip Linux ATM CLIP lapb LAPB atm pdus ATM PD atm pdus untrunca null NULL ascend Lucen isdn ISDN Us ip over fc RFC 2625 I tion ppp IEEE ppp with direc ieee 802 11 802 PP ted ATM PDUs t Ascend access equipme P over Fibre C P with Directional 11 Wireless LAN untruncated nt hannel Info opp prism IEEE 8
25. 01 OO Ob 20 cd 02 cO a8 00 02 Oo 00 OO 00 OO 00 cO a8 02 Frame frame 42 bytes P 120 D 120 M 0 3 169 Customizing Wireshark 9 4 Control Protocol dissection 9 4 1 The user can control how protocols are dissected Each protocol has its own dissector so dissecting a complete packet will typically involve several dis sectors As Wireshark tries to find the right dissector for each packet using static routes and heuristics guessing it might choose the wrong dissector in your specific case For example Wireshark won t know if you use a common protocol on an uncommon TCP port e g using HTTP on TCP port 800 in stead of the standard port 80 There are two ways to control the relations between protocol dissectors disable a protocol dissector completely or temporarily divert the way Wireshark calls the dissectors The Enabled Protocols dialog box The Enabled Protocols dialog box lets you enable or disable specific protocols all protocols are enabled by default When a protocol is disabled Wireshark stops processing a packet whenever that protocol is encountered Note Disabling a protocol will prevent information about higher layer protocols from being dis played For example suppose you disabled the IP protocol and selected a packet contain ing Ethernet IP TCP and HTTP information The Ethernet information would be dis played but the IP TCP and HTTP information would not disabling IP would preven
26. 01 sec v p 3 Pixels per tick 2 Color ilter udp a Graph 3 Color z iter i rY Axis i i Unit Packets Tick v Graph 4 Color ilter Scale 10 v Graph 5 Color S ilter B Be The user can configure the following things e Graphs e Graph 1 5 enable the graph 1 5 only graph 1 is enabled by default e Color the color of the graph cannot be changed e Filter a display filter for this graph only the packets that pass this filter will be taken into ac count for that graph e Style the style of the graph Line Impulse FBar e X Axis 154 Statistics e Tick interval an interval in x direction lasts 10 1 0 1 0 01 0 001 seconds e Pixels per tick use 10 5 2 1 pixels per tick interval e Y Axis e Unit the unit for the y direction Packets Tick Bytes Tick Advanced e Scale the scale for the y unit 10 20 50 100 200 500 XXX describe the Advanced feature 155 Statistics 8 7 Service Response Time 8 7 1 The service response time is the time between a request and the corresponding response This informa tion is available for many protocols Service response time statistics are currently available for the following protocols e DCE RPC e Fibre Channel e H 225 RAS e LDAP e MGCP e ONC RPC e SMB As an example the DCE RPC service response time is described in more detail Note The other Se
27. 1 and 2 above provided t a la b years cost mac dis cus to tribut c an offer The source code making modifica code means all associated int n the Program is not the inte ts to work writ the right to co collective works based o Accompany it source code nd 2 above Accompany it sam the distribut hose permissio nd thus to eac W a nt of ten e ntrol or with aw License 2 wit hich ona WwW wit give any d under t tomarily used fo Accompany it wit to distribu allowed only for no received the progra N C ht Ce COrrespo m in n accord wit i tions to it rface defini control compila special exception anything that is normally distributed the major components operating system on w form with itself acco If distribu distributio r io ns h t nt t or You may copy and distribute h a writte third party and its terms them as separate works sections as part of a whole which is n of the whole If the P do not apply to But whe a wo must be on the for other lic and every part his section to irely by you k based on the the Program rather he distribution of deriva n the Program nd to of w nsees ext regardless claim righ the ts or inte tive Program on av terms of n offer he information you received as to nding source c
28. ACK packets won t be counted as packets of the higher layer Note A single packet can contain the same protocol more than once In this case the protocol is counted more than once For example in some tunneling configurations the IP layer can appear twice 150 Statistics 8 4 Endpoints 8 4 1 8 4 2 Statistics of the endpoints captured Tip If you are looking for a feature other network tools call a hostlist here is the right place to look The list of Ethernet or IP endpoints is usually what you re looking for What is an Endpoint A network endpoint is the logical endpoint of separate protocol traffic of a specific protocol layer The endpoint statistics of Wireshark will take the following endpoints into account e Ethernet an Ethernet endpoint is identical to the Ethernet s MAC address e Fibre Channel XXX insert info here e FDDI a FDDI endpoint is identical to the FDDI MAC address e IPv4 an IP endpoint is identical to its IP address e IPX XXX insert info here e TCP a TCP endpoint is a combination of the IP address and the TCP port used so different TCP ports on the same IP address are different TCP endpoints e Token Ring a Token Ring endpoint is identical to the Token Ring MAC address e UDP a UDP endpoint is a combination of the IP address and the UDP port used so different UDP ports on the same IP address are different UDP endpoints Broadcast multicast endpoints Broadcast multi
29. ASCII based protocols e g HTTP 2 EBCDIC For the big iron freaks out there 3 HEX Dump This allows you to see all the data This will require a lot of screen space and is best used with binary protocols 4 C Arrays This allows you to import the stream data into your own C program 5 Raw This allows you to load the unaltered stream data into a different program for further examin ation The display will look the same as the ASCII setting but Save As will result in a binary file 132 Advanced Topics 7 3 Time Stamps 7 3 1 7 3 2 7 3 3 Time stamps their precisions and all that can be quite confusing This section will provide you with in formation about what s going on while Wireshark processes time stamps While packets are captured each packet is time stamped as it comes in These time stamps will be saved to the capture file so they also will be available for later analysis So where do these time stamps come from While capturing Wireshark gets the time stamps from the libpcap WinPcap library which in turn gets them from the operating system kernel If the capture data is loaded from a capture file Wireshark obviously gets the data from that file Wireshark internals The internal format that Wireshark uses to keep a packet time stamp consists of the date in days since 1 1 1970 and the time of day in nanoseconds since midnight You can adjust the way Wireshark dis plays the time stamp da
30. Frame 23 60 bytes on wire 60 bytes capt Ethernet II Src Netgear_2d 75 9a 00 09 Internet Protocol Src 192 168 0 1 192 Transmission Control Protocol Src Port Source port 1025 1025 Destination port 5000 5000 Sequence number 1 relative sequence number Acknowledgement number 1 relative ack number Header length 20 bytes Z Decade As amp Print Show Packet in New Window 02 00 09 5b 2d 75 9a 08 OO 45 00 00 28 00 7c OO OO 40 06 f9 00 cO a8 OO O1 cO a8 00 02 04 01 13 88 00 OO 67 81 3c 37 7f a 50 10 Oc 00 e7 97 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 File D test pcap 14 KB 00 00 02 Protocol Info gt 5000 1 Win Selected Not Selected and Selected or Selected and not Selected or not Selected gt a ACK Seq 1 Ack ACV Canet tebe 8 0 2 00 0b 5d 20 cd 02 192 168 0 2 0 5000 Seq 1 Ack 1 Len O P 120 D 120 M 0 The following table gives an overview of which functions are available in this pane where to find the corresponding function in the main menu and a short description of each item Table 6 1 The menu items of the Packet List pop up menu Item Identical to main Description menu s item Mark Packet Edit toggle Mark unmark a packet Set Time Refer Edit ence toggle Set reset a time reference 107 Working with captured packets Item Identical to main Description menu
31. Go Capture Analyze Statistics Help Bwaeeawe ogaxe se 8eerF SEES Z Eiter gt dP Expression Ys clear yf Apply No Time Source Destination Protocol Info 31 1 266628 192 168 0 1 192 168 0 TER 1025 gt 5000 ACK Seq 1 Ack 32 1 266819 192 168 0 2 192 168 0 TEP 5000 gt 1025 ACK Seq 1 Ack 33 1 267850 192 168 0 1 192 168 0 TCP 1025 gt 5000 Seqg 510 Ack 20 192 168 0 12 16 as ICE nttp gt 3197 Frame 36 60 bytes on wire 60 bytes captured Ethernet II Src Netgear_2d 75 9a 00 09 5b 2d 75 9a Dst 192 168 0 2 00 0b 5d 20 cd 02 Internet Protocol Src 192 168 0 1 192 168 0 1 Dst 192 168 0 2 192 168 0 2 Transmission Control Protocol Src Port http 80 Dst Port 3197 3197 Seq 20 Ack 190 Len O Source port http 80 Destination port 3197 3197 Sequence number 20 relative sequence number Acknowledgement number 190 relative ack number Header length 20 bytes 02 00 09 5b 2d 75 9a 08 00 45 00 00 28 00 84 00 00 40 06 f8 f8 cO a8 OO O1 cO a8 00 02 00 50 Oc 7d 00 00 68 14 50 11 Oc 00 93 ca 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Ficknowledgement number tcp ack 4 bytes JF 120 D 120 M 0 You can also select and view packets the same way while Wireshark is capturing if you selected Up date list of packets in real time in the Wireshark Capture Preferences dialog box In addition you can view individual packets in a separate window as shown in Figure 6 2 Viewing a 105 Working with capt
32. Note All protocol and field names are entered in lowercase Also don t forget to press enter after entering the filter expression Figure 6 6 Filtering on the TCP protocol 112 Working with captured packets test pcap Wireshark File Edit View Go Capture Analyze Statistics Help Sweoaew roGxre R e overt ti EiGiaa Filter tcp v Expression Clear Apply No Time Source Destination Protocol Info 5 Ds Rb Be 56 192 168 0 2 192 O TCP 3196 gt http J Seg 0 Len 0 M 23 1 251868 192 168 0 192 168 0 2 1025 gt 5000 ACK Seq 1 Ack 1 Win Frame 11 62 bytes on wire 62 bytes captured Ethernet II Src 192 168 0 2 00 0b 5d 20 cd 02 Dst Netgear_2d 75 9a 00 09 5b 2d 75 9a Internet Protocol Src 192 168 0 2 192 168 0 2 Dst 192 168 0 1 192 168 0 1 Transmission Control Protocol Src Port 3196 3196 Dst Port http 80 Seq 0 Len O oo amp wl i 02 08 00 45 00 00 30 18 48 40 00 80 06 61 2c cO a8 00 02 cO a8 00 01 Oc 7c OO 50 3c 36 95 f8 OO 00 00 00 70 02 fa fO 27 e0 00 00 G2 04 05 b4 01 01 04 02 File D test pcap 14 KB 00 00 02 P 120 D 103 M 0 Expert Error 4 As you might have noticed only packets of the TCP protocol are displayed now e g packets 1 10 are hidden The packet numbering will remain as before so the first packet shown is now packet number 11 Note When using a display filter all packets remain in the capture file The display filter only changes the display
33. U ECIMAL Automatically prepends CS as T srcp destp lt input filename gt lt output filename gt l typenum e 13pid i proto s srcp destp tag use for standard input use for standard output tailed debug of parser states h ex or k layer typ h for list of output at all thernet II no a e 0x800 i 46 th in ou u 30 40 ally prepends Et T 50 60 nd dummy SCTP header in Et ication tag ally prepends s 30 40 34 Prepend dummy SCTP header ication tag 0 I S 30 40 34 nu P header wi o ctal Default is hex moer Default is 1 Ethernet numbers Automatically prepends Ether tput DP header wit Ether nd dummy TCP header wit ECIMAL her wi EC ner wi th specified IP protocol automatically turns off d header with specified L3PID in in net header as well default is 64000 h specified dest and source ports net and IP headers as well h specified dest and source ports net and IP headers as well th specified dest source ports IMAL net and IP headers as well th specified dest source ports also prepends a dummy SCTP DATA k header with payload pro tocol identifier ppi text befor me The time the packet as a date tim specified argument is a forma 10 15 14 5476 code th t string of the sort supported has the format code The subsecond compo
34. User Interface 63 Chapter 4 Capturing Live Network Data 4 1 Introduction Capturing live network data is one of the major features of Wireshark The Wireshark capture engine provides the following features e Capture from different kinds of network hardware Ethernet Token Ring ATM e Stop the capture on different triggers like amount of captured data captured time captured number of packets e Simultaneously show decoded packets while keep on capturing e Filter packets reducing the amount of data to be captured see Section 4 8 Filtering while captur Ing e Capturing into multiple files while doing a long term capture and in addition the option to form a ringbuffer of these files keeping only the last x files useful for a very long term capture see Sec tion 4 6 Capture files and file modes The capture engine still lacks the following features e Simultaneous capturing from multiple network interfaces however you can start multiple instances of Wireshark and merge capture files later e Stop capturing or doing some other action depending on the captured data 64 Capturing Live Network Data 4 2 Prerequisites Setting up Wireshark to capture packets for the first time can be tricky Tip A comprehensive guide How To setup a Capture is available at ht tp wiki wireshark org CaptureSetup Here are some common pitfalls e You need to have root
35. a specific trigger condition is reached Multiple files only Switch to the next file after the given number of byte s kilobyte s megabyte s gigabyte s have been cap tured Multiple files only Switch to the next file after the given number of second s minutes s hours s days s have elapsed Multiple files only Form a ring buffer of the capture files with the given number of files Multiple files only Stop capturing after switching to the next file the given number of times 4 5 3 Stop Capture frame 71 Capturing Live Network Data after n packet s after n megabytes s after n minute s Stop capturing after the given number of packets have been cap tured Stop capturing after the given number of byte s kilobyte s megabyte s gigabyte s have been captured This option is greyed out if Use multiple files is selected Stop capturing after the given number of second s minutes s hours s days s have elapsed 4 5 4 Display Options frame 4 5 5 4 5 6 Update list of packets in real time Automatic scrolling in live cap ture Hide capture info dialog This option allows you to specify that Wireshark should update the packet list pane in real time If you do not specify this Wire shark does not display any packets until you stop the capture When you check this Wireshark captures in a separate process and feeds the captures to the display process This option allows
36. are capturing traffic from a Cisco Cable Modem Termination System that is putting DOCSIS traffic onto the Ethernet to be captured select DOCSIS otherwise select Ethernet 75 Capturing Live Network Data 4 8 Filtering while capturing Wireshark uses the libpcap filter language for capture filters This is explained in the tcpdump man page which can be hard to understand so it s explained here to some extent Tip You will find a lot of Capture Filter examples at http wiki wireshark org CaptureFilters You enter the capture filter into the Filter field of the Wireshark Capture Options dialog box as shown in Figure 4 2 The Capture Options dialog box The following is an outline of the syntax of the tep dump capture filter language See the expression option at the tcpdump manual page for details http www tcpdump org tcpdump_man html A capture filter takes the form of a series of primitive expressions connected by conjunctions and or and optionally preceded by not not primitive and or not primitive An example is shown in Example 4 1 A capture filter for telnet that captures traffic to and from a par ticular host Example 4 1 A capture filter for telnet that captures traffic to and from a particular host tcp port 23 and host 10 0 0 5 This example captures telnet traffic to and from the host 10 0 0 5 and shows how to use two primitives and the and conjunction Another exa
37. as specified by the S flag List the data link types supported by the interface and exit This option sets the name of the font used for most text displayed by Wireshark XXX add an example Disable network object name resolution such as hostname TCP and UDP port names Turns on name resolving for particular types of addresses and port numbers the argument is a string that may contain the letters m to enable MAC address resolution n to enable network address res olution and t to enable transport layer port number resolution This overrides n if both N and n are present The letter C en ables concurrent asynchronous DNS lookups Sets a preference or recent value overriding the default value and any value read from a preference recent file The argument to the flag is a string of the form prefname value where prefname is the name of the preference which is the same name that would ap pear in the preference recent file and value is the value to which it should be set Multiple instances of o lt preference settings gt can be given on a single command line An example of setting a single preference would be wireshark o mgcp display_dissect_tree TRUE 163 Customizing Wireshark An example of setting multiple preferences would be wireshark 0 mgcp display_dissect_tree TRUE 0 mgcp udp callagent_port 2627 Tip You can get a list of all available preference strings from the preferences file se
38. box that al lows you to load a capture file for viewing It is dis cussed in more detail in Section 5 2 1 The Open Capture File dialog box Save As File Save As This item allows you to save the current capture file to whatever file you would like It pops up the Save Capture File As dialog box which is discussed fur ther in Section 5 3 1 The Save Capture File As dialog box Note If you currently have a temporary cap 54 User Interface Toolbar Toolbar Item Corresponding Description Icon Menu Item ture file the Save icon will be cal shown instead Close File Close This item closes the current capture If you have not saved the capture you will be asked to save it first Reload View Reload p This item allows you to reload the current capture file E Print File Print he This item allows you to print all or some of the s packets in the capture file It pops up the Wireshark Print dialog box which is discussed further in Sec tion 5 7 Printing packets Find Packet Edit Find Packet This item brings up a dialog box that allows you to find a packet There is further information on finding packets in Section 6 7 Finding packets Go Back Go Go Back This item jumps back in the packet history Go Forward Go Go Forward This item jumps forward in the packet history Go to Packet Go Go to Packet This item b
39. by clicking on the plus minus icons By default all trees are expanded Each row contains the statistical values of one protocol The following columns containing the statistical values are available Protocol this protocol s name e 9 Packets the percentage of protocol packets relative to all packets in the capture e Packets the absolute number of packets of this protocol e Bytes the absolute number of bytes of this protocol e MBit s the bandwidth of this protocol relative to the capture time e End Packets the absolute number of packets of this protocol where this protocol were the highest protocol to decode 149 Statistics End Bytes the absolute number of bytes of this protocol where this protocol were the highest pro tocol to decode End MBit s the bandwidth of this protocol relative to the capture time where this protocol were the highest protocol to decode 3 4 Note Packets will usually contain multiple protocols so more than one protocol will be counted for each packet Example In the screenshot IP has 99 17 and TCP 85 83 which is to gether much more than 100 Note Protocol layers can consist of packets that won t contain any higher layer protocol so the sum of all higher layer packets may not sum up to the protocols packet count Example In the screenshot TCP has 85 83 but the sum of the subprotocols HTTP is much less This may be caused by TCP protocol overhead e g TCP
40. designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software and charge for this service if you wish that you receive source code or can get it if you want it that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs and that you know you can do these things To protect your rights we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software or if you modify it For example if you distribute copies of such a program whether gratis or for a fee you must give the recipients all the rights that you have You must make sure that they too receive or can get the source code And you must show them these terms so they know their rights We protect your rights with two steps 1 copyright the software and 2 offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy distribute and or modify the software Also for each author s protection and ours we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software If the software is modified by someone else and passed on we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors reputations 211 This Document s License GPL
41. e a e e e a E e seeded EEE pE EAE E E A NETE EEEN S St 9 t63 FAO a AE EE E ulead dregs O EE E EA E 9 16 Ae Mailing Lists o eaen ae A a a e te wR a e eh 9 1 6 5 Reportting Proble mss e aane ee A hte 10 1 6 6 Reporting Crashes on UNIX Linux platforms sseeeeeseeserrerrerrrrerrrrresee 10 1 6 7 Reporting Crashes on Windows platforms sessseeeeesesseresrrerrrreerreresre 11 2 Building and Installing Wireshark seseneseessesresueerssrsrrsrrsrerresrerrsrrerrerterrreesreererreees 13 2 1 Introduction es eisereen sE EEEE EE E EEEE EIEEEI E EESE 13 2 2 Obtaining the source and binary distributions cece cece este eee ee eeee een eene eens 14 2 3 Before you build Wireshark under UNIX 00 0 eee cee cee ceeeceeeca seen sean eeaee 15 2 4 Building Wireshark from source under UNIX 00 cece ccee eee ceeeceeece seca sean eenes 18 2 5 Installing the binaries under UNIX 000 0 eee cece eee ceeeceeeceeeca essa eeeu sean eeans 20 2 5 1 Installing from rpm s under RedHat and alike 2 0 0 0 eee eee ee teeeee 20 2 5 2 Installing from deb s under Debian eee cece cece eeeeeece teen seen eeees 20 2 5 3 Installing from portage under Gentoo Linux 1 1 0 0 ccc cece eeeeeeeeee teens 20 2 5 4 Installing from packages under FreeBSD cece ceeeceee eee cece teen eenee 20 2 6 Troubleshooting during the install on Unix 20 0 0 eee ceee eee eeece cece een eeneees 21 2 7 Building from source under
42. engine will grab the packets from the network card and keep the packet data in a relatively small kernel buffer This data is read by Wireshark and saved into the capture file s the user specified Different modes of operation are available when saving this packet data to the capture file s v J v Tip Working with large files several 100 MB s can be quite slow If you plan to do a long term capture or capturing from a high traffic network think about using one of the Mul tiple files options This will spread the captured packets over several smaller files which can be much more pleasant to work with Note Using Multiple files may cut context related information Wireshark keeps context inform ation of the loaded packet data so it can report context related problems like a stream er ror and keeps information about context related protocols e g where data is exchanged at the establishing phase and only referred to in later packets As it keeps this information only for the loaded file using one of the multiple file modes may cut these contexts If the establishing phase is saved in one file and the things you would like to see is in another you might not see some of the valuable context related information Tip Information about the folders used for the capture file s can be found in Appendix A Files and Folders Table 4 1 Capture file mode selected by capture options File option Use
43. file set by hand Wireshark provides some features to handle these file sets in a convenient way How does Wireshark detect the files of a file set A filename in a file set uses the format Prefix_Number_DateTimeSuffix which might look like this test_00001_20060420183910 pcap All files of a file set share the same prefix e g test and suffix e g peap and a varying middle part To find the files of a file set Wireshark scans the directory where the currently loaded file resides and scans for files matching the same filename pattern prefix and suffix than the currently loaded file This simple mechanism usually works well but has it s drawbacks If several file sets were cap tured with the same prefix and suffix Wireshark will detect them as a single file set If files were renamed or spread over several directories the mechanism will fail to find all files of a set The following features in the File Set submenu of the File menu are available to work with file sets in a convenient way e The List Files dialog box will list the files Wireshark has recognized as being part of the current file set e Next File closes the current and opens the next file in the file set e Previous File closes the current and opens the previous file in the file set 5 5 1 The List Files dialog box Figure 5 10 The List Files dialog box 93 File Input Output and Printing Wireshark 17 Files in Set Filename Cre
44. for any sort of L3 packet Include dummy UDP headers before each packet Specify the source and destination UDP ports for the packet in decimal Use this option if your dump is the UDP payload of a packet but does not include any UDP IP or Ethernet headers Note that this automatically includes appropriate Ethernet and IP headers with each packet Example u 1000 69 to make the packets look like TFTP UDP packets 206 Related command line tools D 9 idl2wrs Creating dissectors from CORBA IDL files D 9 1 D 9 2 D 9 3 In an ideal world idl2wrs would be mentioned in the users guide in passing and documented in the de velopers guide As the developers guide has not yet been completed it will be documented here What is it As you have probably guessed from the name idl2wrs takes a user specified IDL file and attempts to build a dissector that can decode the IDL traffic over GIOP The resulting file is C code that should compile okay as a Wireshark dissector idl2wrs basically parses the data struct given to it by the omniidl compiler and using the GIOP API available in packet giop ch generates get_CDR_xxx calls to decode the CORBA traffic on the wire It consists of 4 main files README idl2wrs This document wireshark_be py The main compiler backend wireshark_gen py A helper class that generates the C code idl2wrs A simple shell script wrapper that the end user should use to generate the
45. gethostname will wait until a name is resolved or an error oc curs If the DNS server is unavailable this might take quite a while several seconds The ADNS ser vice will work a bit differently It will also ask the DNS server but it won t wait for the answer It will just return to Wireshark in a very short amount of time The actual and the following address fields won t show the resolved name until the ADNS call returned As mentioned above the values get cached so you can use View Reload to update these fields to show the resolved values hosts name resolution hosts file If DNS name resolution failed Wireshark will try to convert an IP address to the hostname associated with it using a hosts file provided by the user e g 216 239 37 99 gt www google com IPX name resolution network layer ipxnet name resolution ipxnets file XXX add ipxnets name resolution explanation TCP UDP port name resolution transport layer Try to resolve a TCP UDP port e g 80 to something more human readable TCP UDP port conversion system service Wireshark will ask the operating system to convert a TCP or UDP port to its well known name e g 80 gt http XXX mention the role of the etc services file but don t forget the files and folders section 141 Advanced Topics 7 7 Checksums Several network protocols use checksums to ensure data integrity Tip Applying checksums as described here is also kn
46. info e Wireshark related http wiki wireshark org WinPcap e General WinPcap info http www winpcap org 2 8 2 1 Manual WinPcap Installation 2 8 3 2 8 4 The following is only necessary if you want to try a different version than the one included in the Wire shark installer e g because a new WinPcap beta version was released Additional WinPcap versions including newer alpha or beta releases can be downloaded from the fol lowing locations e The main WinPcap site http www winpcap org e The Wiretapped net mirror http www mirrors wiretapped net security packet capture winpcap At the download page you will find a single installer exe called something like auto installer which can be installed under various Windows systems including 9x Me NT4 0 2000 XP Update Wireshark From time to time you may want to update your installed Wireshark to a more recent version If you join Wireshark s announce mailing list you will be informed about new Wireshark versions see Sec tion 1 6 4 Mailing Lists for details how to subscribe to this list New versions of Wireshark usually become available every 4 8 weeks Updating Wireshark is done the same way as installing it you simply download and start the installer exe A reboot is usually not re quired and all your personal settings remain unchanged Update WinPcap New versions of WinPcap are less frequently available maybe only once in a year You will find Win
47. kinds of checksum algorithms an example of an often used checksum algorithm is CRC32 The checksum algorithm actually chosen for a specific network protocol will depend on the expected error rate of the network medium the importance of error detection the processor load to perform the calculation the performance needed and many other things Further information about checksums can be found at http en wikipedia org wiki Checksum 7 7 1 Wireshark checksum validation Wireshark will validate the checksums of several protocols e g IP TCP It will do the same calculation as a normal receiver would do and shows the checksum fields in the packet details with a comment e g correct invalid must be 0x12345678 or alike Checksum validation can be switched off for various protocols in the Wireshark protocol preferences e g to very slightly increase performance If the checksum validation is enabled and it detected an invalid checksum features like packet reas sembling won t be processed This is avoided as incorrect connection data could confuse the internal database 142 Advanced Topics 7 7 2 Checksum offloading The checksum calculation might be done by the network driver protocol driver or even in hardware For example The Ethernet transmitting hardware calculates the Ethernet CRC32 checksum and the re ceiving hardware validates this checksum If the received checksum is wrong Wireshark won t even
48. more details here 165 Customizing Wireshark 9 3 Packet colorization A very useful mechanism available in Wireshark is packet colorization You can set up Wireshark so that it will colorize packets according to a filter This allows you to emphasize the packets you are usu ally interested in Tip Ni You will find a lot of Coloring Rule examples at the Wireshark Wiki Coloring Rules page at http wiki wireshark org ColoringRules To colorize packets select the Coloring Rules menu item from the View menu Wireshark will pop up the Coloring Rules dialog box as shown in Figure 9 1 The Coloring Rules dialog box Figure 9 1 The Coloring Rules dialog box Wireshark Coloring Rules Filter List is processed in order until match is Found Name String i ot cotp cotp C Move selected filter uninterested ipx stp hsrp eigrp cdp up or down Jeepsyn tep flags syn 1 I tepflags fin 1 tep flags reset 1 tcp tcp CEs F Manage Once the Coloring Rules dialog box is up there are a number of buttons you can use depending on whether or not you have any color filters installed already Note You will need to carefully select the order the coloring rules are listed and thus applied as they are applied in order from top to bottom So more specific rules need to be listed be fore more general rules For example if you have a color rule for UDP be
49. more information about the Add Expression dialog in Section 6 5 The Filter Expression dialog box Display Filter only This button applies the selected filter to the current dis play and closes the dialog Display Filter only This button applies the selected filter to the current dis play and keeps the dialog open Save the current settings in this dialog The file location and format is ex plained in Appendix A Files and Folders Close this dialog This will discard unsaved settings 122 Working with captured packets 6 7 Finding packets You can easily find packets once you have captured some packets or have read in a previously saved capture file Simply select the Find Packet menu item from the Edit menu Wireshark will pop up the dialog box shown in Figure 6 9 The Find Packet dialog box 6 7 1 The Find Packet dialog box Figure 6 9 The Find Packet dialog box Wireshark Find Packet Find By Display filter Hex value String acket details LTS You might first select the kind of thing to search for Display filter Simply enter a display filter string into the Filter field select a direction and click on OK For example to find the three way handshake for a connection from host 192 168 0 1 use the fol lowing filter string ip addr 192 168 0 1 and tcp flags syn For more details on display filters see Section 6 3 Filtering packets while viewing
50. mouse click available see details in Figure 6 3 Pop up menu of the Packet List pane 59 User Interface 3 16 The Packet Details pane The packet details pane shows the current packet selected in the Packet List pane in a more detailed form Figure 3 14 The Packet Details pane Frame 1 42 bytes on wire 42 bytes captured Ethernet II Src 192 168 0 2 00 0b 5d 20 cd 02 Ost Broadcast ff ff ff ff ff fh Address Resolution Protocol request gratuitous ARP This pane shows the protocols and protocol fields of the packet selected in the Packet List pane The protocols and fields of the packet are displayed using a tree which can be expanded and collapsed There is a context menu right mouse click available see details in Figure 6 4 Pop up menu of the Packet Details pane Some protocol fields are specially displayed e Generated fields Wireshark itself will generate additional protocol fields which are surrounded by brackets The information in these fields is derived from the known context to other packets in the capture file For example Wireshark is doing a sequence acknowledge analysis of each TCP stream which is displayed in the SEQ ACK analysis fields of the TCP protocol e Links If Wireshark detected a relationship to another packet in the capture file it will generate a link to that packet Links are underlined and displayed in blue If double clicked Wireshark jum
51. of the capture file but not its content You can filter on any protocol that Wireshark understands You can also filter on any field that a dissect or adds to the tree view but only if the dissector has added an abbreviation for the field A list of such fields is available in Wireshark in the Add Expression dialog box You can find more information on the Add Expression dialog box in Section 6 5 The Filter Expression dialog box For example to narrow the packet list pane down to only those packets to or from the IP address 192 168 0 1 use ip addr 192 168 0 1 Note To remove the filter click on the Clear button to the right of the filter field 113 Working with captured packets 6 4 Building display filter expressions 6 4 1 6 4 2 Wireshark provides a simple but powerful display filter language that you can build quite complex filter expressions with You can compare values in packets as well as combine expressions into more specific expressions The following sections provide more information on doing this Tip You will find a lot of Display Filter examples at the Wireshark Wiki Display Filter page at http wiki wireshark org DisplayFilters Display filter fields Every field in the packet details pane can be used as a filter string this will result in showing only the packets where this field exists For example the filter string tep will show all packets containing the tcp protocol The
52. removed gt make lt much output removed gt make install lt much output removed gt Note You may need to change the version number of gtk in Example 2 1 Building GTK from source to match the version of GTK you have downloaded The directory you change to will change if the version of GTK changes and in all cases tar xvf will show you the name of the directory you should change to Note If you use Linux or have GNU tar installed you can use tar zxvf gtk 1 2 10 tar gz It is also possible to use gunzip c or gzcat rather than gzip de on many UNIX systems Note If you downloaded gtk or any other tar file using Windows you may find your file called gtk 1_2 8 tar gz 15 Building and Installing Wireshark You should consult the GTK web site if any errors occur in carrying out the instructions in Ex ample 2 1 Building GTK from source If you have downloaded the source to libpcap the general instructions shown in Example 2 2 Building nd installing libpcap will assist in building it Also if your operating system does not support tcp dump you might also want to download it from the tcpdump web site and install it Example 2 2 Building and installing libpcap gzip dc libpcap 0 9 4 tar Z tar xvf lt much output removed gt cd libpcap 0 9 4 configure lt much output removed gt make lt much output removed gt make install lt much output re
53. resolution of the first three bytes Netgear the second row s address was resolved to an IP ad dress using ARP and the third was resolved to a broadcast unresolved this would still be ff ff ff ff ff ff the last two Ethernet addresses remain unresolved 7 Tip This window will be updated frequently so it will be useful even if you open it before or while you are doing a live capture The protocol specific Endpoint List windows Before the combined window described above was available each of its pages were shown as separate windows Even though the combined window is much more convenient to use these separate windows are still available The main reason is they might process faster for very large capture files However as the functionality is exactly the same as in the combined window they won t be discussed in detail here 152 Statistics 8 5 Conversations Statistics of the captured conversations 8 5 1 What is a Conversation A network conversation is the traffic between two specific endpoints For example an IP conversation is all the traffic between two IP addresses The description of the known endpoint types can be found in Section 8 4 1 What is an Endpoint 8 5 2 The Conversations window Beside the list content the conversations window work the same way as the endpoint ones see Sec tion 8 4 2 The Endpoints window for a description how it works Figure 8 4 The Conversat
54. s item Apply as Filter Analyze Prepare and apply a display filter based on the currently selec ted item Prepare a Filter Analyze Prepare a display filter based on the currently selected item Conversation Fil ter This menu item applies a display filter with the address inform ation from the selected packet E g the IP menu entry will set a filter to show the traffic between the two IP addresses of the current packet XXX add a new section describing this better SCTP XXX add an explanation of this Follow TCP Analyze Stream Allows you to view all the data on a TCP stream between a pair of nodes Follow SSL Analyze Stream Same as Follow TCP Stream but for SSL XXX add a new section describing this better Decode As Analyze Change or apply a new relation between two dissectors Print File Print packets Show Packet in View New Window Display the selected packet in a new window 6 2 2 Pop up menu of the Packet Details pane Figure 6 4 Pop up menu of the Packet Details pane 108 Working with captured packets test pcap Wireshark File Edit View Go Capture Analyze Statistics Help Bwaeeironax a RervenF DR a a Z ster v dP Expression Ysclear Y Apply No Time Source Destination Protocol Info 192 168 0 1 92 168 0 2 CP 1025 gt 5000 KJ Seg 1 Ack 1 win Frame 23 60 bytes on wire 60 bytes capt Ethernet II Src Netgear_2d 75 9a 00 09 8 0 2 00 0b 5d 20 cd 02 In
55. see the packet as the Ethernet hardware internally throws away the packet Higher level checksums are traditionally calculated by the protocol implementation and the completed packet is then handed over to the hardware Recent network hardware can perform advanced features such as IP checksum calculation also known as checksum offloading The network driver won t calculate the checksum itself but simply hand over an empty zero or garbage filled checksum field to the hardware Note Checksum offloading often causes confusion as the network packets to be transmitted are handed over to Wireshark before the checksums are actually calculated Wireshark gets these empty checksums and displays them as invalid even though the packets will con tain valid checksums when they leave the network hardware later Checksum offloading can be confusing and having a lot of invalid messages on the screen can be quite annoying As mentioned above invalid checksums may lead to unreassembled packets making the ana lysis of the packet data much harder You can do two things to avoid this checksum offloading problem e Turn off the checksum offloading in the network driver if this option is available e Turn off checksum validation of the specific protocol in the Wireshark preferences 143 Advanced Topics 144 Chapter 8 Statistics 8 1 Introduction Wireshark provides a wide range of network statistics These statistics rang
56. the many features Wireshark provides e Available for UNIX and Windows e Capture live packet data from a network interface e Display packets with very detailed protocol information e Open and Save packet data captured e Import and Export packet data from and to a lot of other capture programs e Filter packets on many criteria e Search for packets on many criteria e Colorize packet display based on filters e Create various statistics e and a lot more Introduction However to really appreciate its power you have to start using it Figure 1 1 Wireshark captures packets and allows you to examine their content shows Wireshark having captured some packets and waiting for you to examine them Figure 1 1 Wireshark captures packets and allows you to examine their content test pcap Wireshark DAR File Edit View Go Capture Analyze Statistics Help BSweeewiogxs aR a w FT F R aa citer expression Ysclear Y apply No Time Destination Protocol Info 1 0 000000 TE Broadcast ARP Who has 192 168 0 2 Gratuitous 4 1 025659 192 168 0 2 224 0 0 22 IGMP V3 Membership Report 11 1 226156 92 168 0 2 168 0 3196 gt http SYN Seq 0 Len 0 MSS a t Frame 11 62 bytes on wire 62 bytes captured Ethernet II Src 192 168 0 2 00 0b 5d 20 cd 02 Dst Netgear_2d 75 9a 00 09 5b 2d 75 9a Internet Protocol Src 192 168 0 2 192 168 0 2 Dst 192 168 0 1 192 168 0 1 Transmissio
57. you are building Wireshark from source This is covered in more detail below Once you have downloaded the relevant files you can go on to the next step Note While you will find a number of binary packages available on the Wireshark web site you might not find one for your platform and they often tend to be several versions behind the current released version as they are contributed by people who have the platforms they are built for For this reason you might want to pull down the source distribution and build it as the process is relatively simple 14 Building and Installing Wireshark 2 3 Before you build Wireshark under UNIX Before you build Wireshark from sources or install a binary package you must ensure that you have the following other packages installed e GTK The GIMP Tool Kit You will also need Glib Both can be obtained from www gtk org e libpcap the packet capture software that Wireshark uses You can obtain libpcap from www tcpdump org Depending on your system you may be able to install these from binaries e g RPMs or you may need to obtain them in source code form and build them If you have downloaded the source for GTK the instructions shown in Example 2 1 Building GTK from source may provide some help in building it Example 2 1 Building GTK from source gzip de gtk 1 2 10 tar gz tar xvf lt much output removed gt cd gtk 1 2 10 configure lt much output
58. you to specify that Wireshark should scroll the packet list pane as new packets come in so you are always look ing at the last packet If you do not specify this Wireshark simply adds new packets onto the end of the list but does not scroll the packet list pane This option is greyed out if Update list of pack ets in real time is disabled If this option is checked the following capture info dialog will be hidden Name Resolution frame Enable MAC name resolution Enable network name resolution Enable transport name resolu tion Buttons This option allows you to control whether or not Wireshark trans lates MAC addresses into names see Section 7 6 Name Resolu tion This option allows you to control whether or not Wireshark trans lates network addresses into names see Section 7 6 Name Res olution This option allows you to control whether or not Wireshark trans lates transport addresses into protocols see Section 7 6 Name Resolution Once you have set the values you desire and have selected the options you need simply click on Start to commence the capture or Cancel to cancel the capture If you start a capture Wireshark allows you to stop capturing when you have enough packets captured for details see Section 4 9 While a Capture is running 72 Capturing Live Network Data 4 6 Capture files and file modes While capturing the underlying libpcap capturing
59. your code as well fixing it when API changes or other changes are made and generally keeping it in tune with what is happening with Wireshark So if Wireshark is updated which is done often you can get a new Wireshark version from the website and your changes will already be included without any effort for you The Wireshark source code and binary kits for some platforms are all available on the download page of the Wireshark website http www wireshark org download html Introduction 1 6 Reporting problems and getting help 1 6 1 1 6 2 1 6 3 1 6 4 If you have problems or need help with Wireshark there are several places that may be of interest to you well beside this guide of course Website You will find lots of useful information on the Wireshark homepage at http www wireshark org Wiki The Wireshark Wiki at http wiki wireshark org provides a wide range of information related to Wire shark and packet capturing in general You will find a lot of information not part of this user s guide For example there is an explanation how to capture on a switched network an ongoing effort to build a pro tocol reference and a lot more And best of all if you would like to contribute your knowledge on a specific topic maybe a network protocol you know well you can edit the wiki pages by simply using your web browser FAQ The Frequently Asked Questions will list often asked questions and the correspo
60. 1 The Save Capture File As dialog box File Set gt List Files This menu item allows you to show a list of files in a file set It pops up the Wireshark List File Set dialog box which is dis cussed further in Section 5 5 File Sets File Set gt Next File If the currently loaded file is part of a file set jump to the next file in the set If it isn t part of a file set or just the last file in that set this item is greyed out File Set gt Pre vious File If the currently loaded file is part of a file set jump to the previ ous file in the set If it isn t part of a file set or just the first file in that set this item is greyed out Export gt as Plain Text file This menu item allows you to export all or some of the packets in the capture file to a plain ASCII text file It pops up the Wire shark Export dialog box which is discussed further in Sec tion 5 6 1 The Export as Plain Text File dialog box Export gt as PostScript file This menu item allows you to export the or some of the packets in the capture file to a PostScript file It pops up the Wireshark Export dialog box which is discussed further in Section 5 6 2 The Export as PostScript File dialog box 35 User Interface Menu Item Accelerator Description Export gt as CSy This menu item allows you to export the or some
61. 19161516 pcap test _00014_20050819181517 pcap test _00015_20 test _00016_20 test 00017 20 test 00018 _20 test _00019_20 test 00020 _20 test 00021 _20 Dn j C Hep test1_00007_20050819181508 posp WaesherkAcpdumpy ibpcap 1074 bytes Packets n Fest Packet 20050619181503 Elpsed 0000 01 File pama test1_00007_2006061 St 61508 pcap Files cfiyp AN Files C Filename Format Fae Prepend packets to evesting file Merge packets chronologscaly O Append packets to existing fle Sie Figure 5 8 Merge new GTK version Ethereal Merge with Capture File test cap ibpcap tepdane Exhereal etc 15317 bytes Packets 1 Fra Packet 2004 06 22 2 02 48 Cspeed tme 00 0202 C Unix Linux GTK version gt 2 4 This is the common Gimp GNOME file open dia log plus some Wireshark extensions Figure 5 9 Merge old GTK version Wireuberk Merge with Capture File Renan Fite Unix Linux GTK version lt 2 4 Microsoft Windows GTK1 installed This is the file open dialog of former Gimp GNOME versions plus some Wireshark exten sions 92 File Input Output and Printing 5 5 File Sets When using the Multiple Files option while doing a capture see Section 4 6 Capture files and file modes the capture data is spread over several capture files called a file set As it can become tedious to work with a
62. 3 4 which will display all pack ets containing the IP address 1 2 3 4 Then they use ip addr 1 2 3 4 to see all packets not containing the IP address 1 2 3 4 in it Unfortu nately this does not do the expected Instead that expression will even be true for packets where either source or destination IP address equals 1 2 3 4 The reason for this is that the expression ip addr 1 2 3 4 must be read as the packet contains a field named ip addr with a value different from 1 2 3 4 As an IP datagram contains both a source and a destination address the expression will evaluate to true whenever at least one of the two addresses differs from 1 2 3 4 If you want to filter out all packets containing IP datagrams to or from IP address 1 2 3 4 then the cor rect filter is ip addr 1 2 3 4 as it reads show me all the packets for which it is not true that a field named ip addr exists with a value of 1 2 3 4 or in other words filter out all packets for which there are no occurrences of a field named ip addr with the value 1 2 3 4 117 Working with captured packets 6 5 The Filter Expression dialog box When you are accustomed to Wireshark s filtering system and know what labels you wish to use in your filters it can be very quick to simply type a filter string However if you are new to Wireshark or are working with a slightly unfamiliar protocol it can be very confusing to try to figure out what to type The Filter Expressio
63. 6 Oa Of 10 00 11 There is no limit on the width or number of bytes per line Also the text dump at the end of the line is ig nored Bytes hex numbers can be uppercase or lowercase Any text before the offset is ignored includ ing email forwarding characters gt Any lines of text between the bytestring lines is ignored The offsets are used to track the bytes so offsets must be correct Any line which has only bytes without a leading offset is ignored An offset is recognized as being a hex number longer than two characters Any text after the bytes is ignored e g the character dump Any hex numbers in this text are also ignored An offset of zero is indicative of starting a new packet so a single text file with a series of hexdumps can be converted into a packet capture with multiple packets Multiple packets are read in with timestamps dif fering by one second each In general short of these restrictions text2pcap is pretty liberal about reading in hexdumps and has been tested with a variety of mangled outputs including being forwarded through email multiple times with limited line wrap etc There are a couple of other special features to note Any line where the first non whitespace character is will be ignored as a comment Any line beginning with TEXT2PCAP is a directive and options can be inserted after this command to be processed by text2pcap Currently there are no directives imple mented in the future these may be use
64. Administrator privileges to start a live capture e You need to choose the right network interface to capture packet data from e You need to capture at the right place in the network to see the traffic you want to see e and a lot more If you have any problems setting up your capture environment you should have a look at the guide men tioned above 65 Capturing Live Network Data 4 3 Start Capturing One of the following methods can be used to start capturing packets with Wireshark re e You can get an overview of the available local interfaces using the E Capture Interfaces dialog box see Figure 4 1 The Capture Interfaces dialog box You can start a capture from this dialog box using one of the Capture button s m e You can start capturing using the Hi fg Capture Options dialog box see Figure 4 2 The Cap ture Options dialog box e Ifyou have selected the right capture options before you can immediately start a capture using the Capture Start menu toolbar item The capture process will start immediately e If you already know the name of the capture interface you can start Wireshark from the command line and use the following wireshark i ethO k This will start Wireshark capturing on interface eth0 more details can be found at Section 9 2 Start Wireshark from the command line 66 Capturing Live Network Data 4 4 The Capture Interfaces di
65. E PROGRAM IS WITH YOU OGRAM TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW EXCEPT WHEN STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AN OR OT HER PARTIES IND EI A HER EXPRESSED TIES OF TIRE RISK AS HOULD THE WARRANTY OF ANY ANU D WARR n Eal uZ ZH IN NO EVE 1 ANY COPYR I OQ2HH OU UKHOHDWS POSS If poss D CLUDING ANY F T OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE T LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDER THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING ER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND OR PROGRAM AS PERMITTE ABOVE BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES I STRIBUTE TH GENERAL SPECIAL INCI T HOLDER OR ANY OT p i NTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING PROGRAM INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED 7 INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF ROGRAMS EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTH IBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES How to Apply These Terms you develop a new program and ible use to the public the best E PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER R PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE FAHU am E END O
66. F TERMS AND CONDITIONS to Your New Programs you want it to be of the greatest way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms To do so attach the following not ices to the program It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty an the copyright line and a pointer t lt one line to give the program s Copyright C lt year gt lt name of a This program is free software y it under the terms of the GNU Ge the Free Software Foundation ei at your option any later versi This program is distributed in t but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY withou MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A G d each file should have at least o where the full notice is found name and a brief idea of what it does gt uthor gt ou can redistribute it and or modify neral Public License as published by ther version 2 of the License or on he hope that it will be useful t even the implied warranty of PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the NU General Public License for more details 215 This Document s License GPL You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 59 Temple Place Suite 330 Boston MA 02111 1307 USA Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail If the pro
67. File dialog box Ethereal Export as PostScript file Export to file PostScript files can be easily converted to PDF files using ghostscript s ps2pdf Packet Range Packet Format Captured Displayed Packet summary line All packets 191 Packet details Selected packet only 1 All collapsed s displayed All expanded Specify a packet range C Packet bytes C Each packet on a new page e Export to file frame chooses the file to export the packet data to e The Packet Range frame is described in Section 5 8 The Packet Range frame The Packet Details frame is described in Section 5 9 The Packet Format frame 5 6 3 The Export as CSV Comma Separated Values File dialog box XXX add screenshot 96 File Input Output and Printing Export packet summary into CSV used e g by spreadsheet programs to im export data e Export to file frame chooses the file to export the packet data to e The Packet Range frame is described in Section 5 8 The Packet Range frame 5 6 4 The Export as PSML File dialog box Export packet data into PSML This is an XML based format including only the packet summary Figure 5 13 The Export as PSML File dialog box Ethereal Export as PSML file fal All packets 191 15 Selected packet only 1 Jie Se Sige Sle REO UAGE Waly J Errar Firet Fr aly Sopa ghe
68. Files and Folders A 3 Windows folders Here you will find some details about the folders used in Wireshark on different Windows versions As already mentioned you can find the currently used folders in the About Wireshark dialog A 3 1 Windows profiles Windows uses some special directories to store user configuration files in named the user profile This can be confusing as the default directory location changed from version to version and might also be different for English and internationalized versions of windows Note If you upgraded to a new windows version your profile might be kept in the former loca tion so the defaults mentioned here might not apply The following will try to guide you to the right place where to look for Wireshark s profile data 95 98 ME The default in Windows 95 98 ME is all users work with the same profile which is located at C windows Application Data Wireshark 98 ME with enabled user pro In Windows 98 and ME you can enable separate user profiles In files that case something like C windows Profiles lt username gt Application Data Wireshark is used NT 4 C WINNT Profiles lt username gt Application Data Wireshark 2000 XP C Documents and Set tings lt username gt Application Data Documents and Settings and Application Data might be internationalized A 3 2 Windows NT 2000 XP roaming profiles The following will only be applicable if you are using roaming profiles
69. Hex Value Search for a specific byte sequence in the packet data For example use 00 00 to find the next packet including two null bytes in the packet data String 123 Working with captured packets Find a string in the packet data with various options The value to be found will by syntax checked while you type it in If the syntax check of your value suc ceeded the background of the entry field will turn green if it fails it will turn red You can choose the direction to be searched for e Up Search upwards in the packet list decreasing packet numbers Down Search downwards in the packet list increasing packet numbers 6 7 2 The Find Next command Find Next will continue searching with the same options like in the last Find Packet run 6 7 3 The Find Previous command Find Previous will do the same thing as Find Next but with reverse search direction 124 Working with captured packets 6 8 Go to a specific packet You can easily jump to specific packets with one of the menu items in the Go menu 6 8 1 The Go Back command Go back in the packet history works much like the page history in current web browsers 6 8 2 The Go Forward command Go forward in the packet history works much like the page history in current web browsers 6 8 3 The Go to Packet dialog box Figure 6 10 The Go To Packet dialog box Wireshark Go To Packet fal Packet number
70. N AND MODIFICATION ther work which contains ng it may be distributed The Program below ed on the Program Program or any derivative work under copyright law taining the Program or a portion of it tim or with modifications and or translated into another included without limitation in Each licensee is addressed as you i tion are not The act of from the Program on the Program the the Program s hat you appropriate all the an Cac this License ng a copy and hange for a fee ram or any portion and copy and the terms hese condi of Section 1 tions rominent notices of any change publish that in Program or any harge to all third nds interactively ng for such int or display an notice and a ng that you provide program under the user how to view a copy of this if the Program itself is interactive but normally print such an announcement he Program is not required to print an announcement your work based on 212 This Document s License GPL nes hemselves requirem dentifiable sections of that nd can be reasonably considered independent and separate wor th nts apply to t he modified work as a whole work are not derived from n this License ections when istribute th you distribute his License ntire whole Q9toantab H Thus it your righ exercise In addition with the 33 under Section Sections
71. O Source port 3196 3196 Destination port http 80 Sequence number O relative sequence number Header length 28 bytes Flags Ox0002 SYN Window size 64240 00 09 5b 2d 75 9a 00 0 5d 20 ca 02 08 OO 45 00 00 30 18 48 40 00 80 06 61 2c cO a8 00 02 cO ag eemermOc 7c OO 50 3c 36 95 TB OO OO 00 00 70 02 ta TO 27 e0 00 00 02 04 O5 b4 O1 O1 04 02 Transmission Control Protocol tcp 28 bytes JP 120 D 120 M 0 Table 3 9 Help menu items Menu Item Accelerator Description Contents F1 This menu item brings up a basic help system Supported Pro tocols This menu item brings up a dialog box showing the supported protocols and protocol fields Manual Pages Saa This menu item starts a Web browser showing one of the locally installed html manual pages Wireshark On line gt This menu item starts a Web browser showing the chosen webpage from http www wireshark org 52 User Interface Menu Item Accelerator Description About Wire shark This menu item brings up an information window that provides some information on Wireshark such as the plugins the used folders Note Calling a Web browser might be unsupported in your version of Wireshark If this is the case the corresponding menu items will be hidden Note If calling a Web browser fails on your machine maybe because just nothing happens or the browser is started but no page is shown have a look at the web bro
72. Pcap update instructions where you can download new WinPcap versions Usually you have to reboot the machine after installing a new WinPcap version 23 Building and Installing Wireshark A Warning If you have an older version of WinPcap installed you must un install it before installing the current version Recent versions of the WinPcap installer will take care of this 2 8 5 Uninstall Wireshark You can uninstall Wireshark the usual way using the Add or Remove Programs option inside the Control Panel Select the Wireshark entry to start the uninstallation procedure The Wireshark uninstaller will provide several options which things to be uninstalled the default is to remove the core components but keep the personal settings WinPcap and alike WinPcap won t be uninstalled by default as other programs than Wireshark may use it as well 2 8 6 Uninstall WinPcap You can uninstall WinPcap independently of Wireshark using the WinPcap entry in the Add or Re move Programs of the Control Panel Note After uninstallation of WinPcap you can t capture anything with Wireshark It might be a good idea to reboot Windows afterwards 26 Building and Installing Wireshark 27 Chapter 3 User Interface 3 1 Introduction By now you have installed Wireshark and are most likely keen to get started capturing your first packets In the next chapters we will explore e How the Wireshark user interface work
73. ST Seg 0 Len 0 Frame 11 62 bytes on wire 62 bytes captured Ethernet II Src 192 168 0 2 00 0b 5d 20 cd 02 Dst Netgear_2d 75 9a 00 09 5b 2d 75 9a Internet Protocol Src 192 168 0 2 192 168 0 2 Dst 192 168 0 1 192 168 0 1 Transmission Control Protocol Src Port 3196 3196 Dst Port http 80 Seq O Len O Source port 3196 3196 Destination port http 80 Sequence number O relative sequence number Header length 28 bytes Flags 0x0002 SYN Window size 64240 amp amp amp 20 cd 02 08 OO 45 00 61 2c cO a8 00 02 cO a8 95 f8 00 00 00 00 70 02 030 fa fO 27 e0 OO OO 02 04 05 b4 O1 O1 04 02 File D test pcap 14 KB 00 00 02 P 120 D 120 M 0 T Wireshark s main window consist of parts that are commonly known from many other GUI programs 1 The menu see Section 3 4 The Menu is used to start actions 2 The main toolbar see Section 3 13 The Main toolbar provides quick access to frequently used items from the menu 3 The filter toolbar see Section 3 14 The Filter toolbar provides a way to directly manipulate the currently used display filter see Section 6 3 Filtering packets while viewing 4 The packet list pane see Section 3 15 The Packet List pane displays a summary of each pack et captured By clicking on packets in this pane you control what is displayed in the other two panes 5 The packet details pane see Section 3 16 The Pack
74. This is used by the the capture driver to buffer packet data until that data can be written to disk If you encounter packet drops while capturing try to increase this size This option specifies the maximum number of packets to capture when capturing live data It would be used in conjunction with the k option Print a list of the interfaces on which Wireshark can capture and exit For each network interface a number and an interface name possibly followed by a text description of the interface is printed The interface name or the number can be supplied to the i flag to specify an interface on which to capture This can be useful on systems that don t have a command to list them e g Windows systems or UNIX systems lacking ifconfig a the number can be useful on Windows 2000 and later systems where the interface name is a somewhat complex string Note that can capture means that Wireshark was able to open that device to do a live capture if on your system a program do ing a network capture must be run from an account with special privileges for example as root then if Wireshark is run with the D flag and is not run from such an account it will not list any interfaces This option sets the initial capture filter expression to be used when capturing packets 162 Customizing Wireshark g lt packet number gt h i lt capture interface gt k L m lt font gt n N lt name r
75. Windows cceecceeceeeceeeeceeceeeceeecaeecaeeeeeeaeeaes 22 2 8 Installing Wireshark under Windows cceeceeceeece ence eeceeeceeeeaeeeueeea sean eeane 23 2 8 1 Install Wireshark c so eii ridos soseri sess se ried Er meo ES EPERE REEE S 23 2 8 2 Install WanPeap sotsi sronda e o eer a eeo EPE EE Se Ss 25 2 8 3 Update Wireshark iss ccssisisssetcceecnssig ess oieri ienie r REE Eaa 25 2 8 4 Update WinPcap oisit cei cee cesth nee EEEE EE EEE EEEE EE stevens 25 2 8 5 Uninstall Wireshark jcc ssesssversnicstissesssesinagsvetsassesevtendssessnedk TENDRE OS TEREE Es 26 2 8 6 Uninstall M P aD S a eaa e e E aaaea 26 Se User NS n ee a E E E E ae ascot dames Ue ee 28 3 1 Introduction niere pn nanen ne a EE E EE cats VE eE REEERE A ETD Eaa 28 Wireshark User s Guide 3 2 Statt Witeshatk tsi ea eA made EE e Uae wes habeas Ea S 29 3 3 The Main window aons Ea A E RE S a A AEA 30 3 3 1 Main Window Navigation cece ceee nec ce eece cece cena een eeneeneeeeeeeees 31 SA The Menus hpna ones svg dst a E feces etesh sume R op tuetosteteeate ph a sede eed 32 325 Lhe Eile MeN seeren ood Wea E E EE EEEE O Ma vdrbemses asia grees OS 34 3 0 The Edit ment sizes nieee e E E tapes ta ass AE ates ete sense saas 37 3 7 The View meni siori nnee En eE par EEE Ee E o EEr Earr e Soet 39 3 8 The Go Mens rires nier eade sea wen rece ag poe EES RASEI E SERRE SPOOR TISSET 43 3 9 Th Capture MENU 2 is00J ssesccesd
76. Wireshark User s Guide 20350 for Wireshark 0 99 5 Ulf Lamping Richard Sharpe NS Computer Software and Services P L Ed Warnicke Wireshark User s Guide 20350 for Wireshark 0 99 5 by Ulf Lamping Richard Sharpe and Ed Warnicke Copyright 2004 2007 Ulf Lamping Richard Sharpe Ed Warnicke Permission is granted to copy distribute and or modify this document under the terms of the GNU General Public License Ver sion 2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation All logos and trademarks in this document are property of their respective owner Table of Contents Preface tee eeds ts thea santedeoag rencselosecesda peel saa E E a E E te ETAR a oes viii Le Foreword sis ssi sis ieee des iodat nad a aeee POE ER EEE oE E RTA E Iaea EE EPEE SA VISE ESS viii 2 Who should read this document es eseeseeeseeerrsresrrreerrrrrsrrreerrrresrreresreerrerereeee ix 3 Ackiowledsements a mones oin a E a AU ah S beh ERTAS X 4 About ths COCUMENE missesE vet Va EEA sess sea SEE EE ERNER EP xi 5 Where to get the latest copy of this document essessssserssresrrrrerreresrrerrerrerreees xii 6 Providing feedback about this document ssesessseeeeseeeserrrsrrerrsrerrrsrerrrrrerreersse xiii To Introduction ws EE E E EA ea A a 8 1 1 1 Whatas Wireshark 3s0sors55cs cesnss st ages dace each ssviagussssediusst oan ads vos EEEE EPER In ESEE soe 1 1 1 1 Some intended purposes cee cece ee eeee c
77. a8 00 02 cO a8 95 f8 GO 00 00 00 70 02 030 fa fO 27 e0 OO OO O2 04 05 b4 O1 O1 04 02 File D test pcap 14 KB 00 00 02 P 120 D 120 M 0 Table 3 3 Edit menu items Menu Item Accelerator Description Find Packet Ctrl F This menu item brings up a dialog box that allows you to find a packet by many criteria There is further information on finding packets in Section 6 7 Finding packets Find Next Ctrl N This menu item tries to find the next packet matching the settings from Find Packet Find Previous Ctrl B This menu item tries to find the previous packet matching the set tings from Find Packet 37 User Interface Menu Item Accelerator Description Mark Packet Ctrl M toggle This menu item marks the currently selected packet See Sec tion 6 9 Marking packets for details Find Next Shift Ctrl N Mark Find the next marked packet Find Previous Shift Ctrl B Mark Find the previous marked packet Mark All Pack ets This menu item marks all packets Unmark All Packets This menu item unmarks all marked packets Set Time Refer Ctrl T ence toggle This menu item set a time reference on the currently selected packet See Section 6 10 1 Packet time referencing for more information about the time referenced packets Find Next Ref erence This menu item tries to find the next time referenced packet Find Previ
78. aas ohne deus A e gas Gees tert Sieahm eed aeb econ 133 7 3 Wireshark Internals oionn sige states Goedel eb ntaded Leda weeds EENE 133 T3 2 Capt re file formats orps yer R e obese E E EREE wer EEA 133 TIS ACCUTACY Gis a A A E E N E E RENS 133 TAr TIME ZONES ets a e bac ds Sud a E S A aa T EEES ES 135 7 4 1 Set your computer s time correct sssesssseeersresrreessrrresrreresrrerreresreet 136 7 4 2 Wireshark and Time Zone 25 0ssscascs sco seaeessvisasseceeadsesseaseshoeaassseaeanaee 136 7 5 Packet Reassembling sicoiir cesta e eto erT EES EPE AE T e oE 138 Tesh What 18 1 iere pinees eiie E E E E E EE TES 138 7 5 2 How Wireshark handles it eee eee ce ee ce eece eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeaees 138 7 6 Name Resolution 2555 35 scocs is ecdese deeb ots ssc ninos PSE ast PESEE seis odpseaseeaasvbtesgsevasbesss 140 7 6 1 Name Resolution drawbacks 20 00 00 cece cee ce eeceeeceece eee eeeeeeeeeeaeeeaees 140 7 6 2 Ethernet name resolution MAC layer 20 00 00 ceeee cece eeceereeceereeenereeaneres 140 7 6 3 IP name resolution network layer ceeeeeeeeeeceeeceereeeeeeeeeereeaeenes 141 7 6 4 IPX name resolution network layer ceeceeeeeceeeceeeeeceereeenereeeeeres 141 7 6 5 TCP UDP port name resolution transport layer cece cece cece eee ee ee 141 TT CHECKSUMS ai e us ce iv telah eer yh akties Labatt cede ot Reale et ae tee Seley 142 7 7 1 Wireshark checksum validation cc
79. alog box When you select Interfaces from the Capture menu Wireshark pops up the Capture Interfaces dia log box as shown in Figure 4 1 The Capture Interfaces dialog box A Warning As the Capture Interfaces dialog is showing live captured data it is consuming a lot of system resources Close this dialog as soon as possible to prevent excessive system load Note This dialog box will only show the local interfaces Wireshark knows of As Wireshark might not be able to detect all local interfaces and it cannot detect the remote interfaces available there could be more capture interfaces available than listed Figure 4 1 The Capture Interfaces dialog box Wireshark Capture Interfaces Description Packets Packets s i a Adapter for generic dialup and YPN capture il start igh Options Wl Broadcom Netxtreme Gigabit Ethernet Driver 1s 110 Gt options tn etails Deeb Description The interface description provided by the operating system IP The first IP address Wireshark could resolve from this interface If no address could be resolved e g no DHCP server available unknown will be displayed If more than one IP address could be resolved only the first is shown unpredictable which one in that case Packets The number of packets captured from this interface since this dialog was opened Will be greyed out if no packet was captured in the last second Packets s Number of packets captured in the last se
80. anari Enable network name resolution C after ae s Enable transport name resolution Tip If you are unsure which options to choose in this dialog box just try keeping the defaults as this should work well in many cases You can set the following fields in this dialog box 69 Capturing Live Network Data 4 5 1 Capture frame Interface IP address Link layer header type Buffer size n megabyte s Capture packets in promiscuous mode Limit each packet to n bytes This field specifies the interface you want to capture on You can only capture on one interface and you can only capture on inter faces that Wireshark has found on the system It is a drop down list so simply click on the button on the right hand side and select the interface you want It defaults to the first non loopback inter face that supports capturing and if there are none the first loop back interface On some systems loopback interfaces cannot be used for capturing loopback interfaces are not available on Win dows platforms This field performs the same function as the i lt interface gt com mand line option The IP address es of the selected interface If no address could be resolved from the system unknown will be shown Unless you are in the rare situation that you need this just keep the default For a detailed description see Section 4 7 Link layer header type Ent
81. and Installing Wireshark 2 5 Installing the binaries under UNIX In general installing the binary under your version of UNIX will be specific to the installation methods used with your version of UNIX For example under AIX you would use smit to install the Wireshark binary package while under Tru64 UNIX formerly Digital UNIX you would use setld 2 5 1 Installing from rpm s under RedHat and alike Use the following command to install the Wireshark RPM that you have downloaded from the Wire shark web site rpm ivh wireshark 0 99 5 1386 rpm If the above step fails because of missing dependencies install the dependencies first and then retry the step above See Example 2 3 Installing required RPMs under RedHat Linux 6 2 and beyond for in formation on what RPMs you will need to have installed 2 5 2 Installing from deb s under Debian Use the following command to install Wireshark under Debian apt get install wireshark apt get should take care of all of the dependency issues for you 2 5 3 Installing from portage under Gentoo Linux Use the following command to install Wireshark under Gentoo Linux with all of the extra features USE adns gtk ipv6 portaudio snmp ssl kerberos threads selinux emerge wireshark 2 5 4 Installing from packages under FreeBSD Use the following command to install Wireshark under FreeBSD pkg_add r wireshark pkg_add should take care of all of the dependency issues for you
82. apture Analyze Statistics Help Open ctrlt O Open Recent gt a a gt D T 2 Bia Q Q Merge X Close Ctrlew gt P Expression Ysclear Y Apply Destination Protocol Info e A save s Shift Ctrl 5 0 2 Broadcast ARP Who has 192 168 0 2 Gratuitous File Set gt by as Plain Text file as PostScript file Print P amp prit Gore as CSV Comma Separated Values packet summary file a Quit mito as XML PSML packet summary file J as XML PDML packet details file http SYN Seq 0 Len 0 M55 A gt Frame 11 62 bytes on wire 62 bytes captured Ethernet II Src 192 168 0 2 O00 0b 5d 20 cd 02 Dst Netgear_2d 75 9a 00 09 5b 2d 75 9a Internet Protocol Src 192 168 0 2 192 168 0 2 Dst 192 168 0 1 192 168 0 1 Transmission Control Protocol Src Port 3196 3196 Dst Port http 80 Seq O Len O Source port 3196 3196 Destination port http 80 Sequence number O relative sequence number Header length 28 bytes Flags Ox0002 SYN Window size 64240 O amp 02 08 00 45 00 61 2c cO a8 00 02 cO a8 95 f8 00 00 00 00 70 02 030 fa fO 27 e0 OO OO O2 04 05 b4 O1 O1 04 02 File D test pcap 14 KB 00 00 02 P 120 D 120 M 0 Table 3 2 File menu items Menu Item Accelerator Description Open Ctrl O This menu item brings up the file open dialog box that allows you to load a capture file for viewing It is discuss
83. ated Last Modified Size test1_00002_20050819181505 peap 2005 05 19 18 15 test1_00003_20050819181505 pcap 2005 08 test1_00004_20050819181506 pcap test1_00005_20050819181507 pcap test1_00006_20050819181507 pcap test1_00007_20050819181508 pcap test1_00008_20050819181509 pcap test1_00009_20050819181510 pcap test1_00010_20050819181512 pcap test1_00011_20050819181513 pcap test1_00012_20050819181514 pcap test1_00013_20050819181516 pcap test1_00014_20050819181517 pcap test1_00015_20050819181518 pcap test1_00016_20050819181518 peap 2005 05 1 test1_00017_20050819181518 peap 2005 09 Each line contains information about a file of the file set in directory D Fileset e Filename the name of the file If you click on the filename or the radio button left to it the current file will be closed and the corresponding capture file will be opened e Created the creation time of the file e Last Modified the last time the file was modified e Size the size of the file The last line will contain info about the currently used directory where all of the files in the file set can be found The content of this dialog box is updated each time a capture file is opened closed The Close button will well close the dialog box 94 File Input Output and Printing 5 6 Exporting data Wireshark provides several ways and formats to export packet data This section describes ge
84. ay and time references 1970 01 01 01 02 03 12345 Note 6 4 The fields Time of Day Date and Time of Day Seconds Since Beginning of Capture and Seconds Since Previous Packet are mutually ex clusive Time Display Format gt Time Selecting this tells Wireshark to display time stamps in time of of Day day format see Section 6 10 Time display formats and time ref 01 02 03 12345 erences 6 Time Display Format gt Selecting this tells Wireshark to display time stamps in seconds Seconds Since since beginning of capture format see Section 6 10 Time dis Beginning of play formats and time references Capture 123 123456 Time Display Format gt Selecting this tells Wireshark to display time stamps in seconds Seconds Since since previous packet format see Section 6 10 Time display Previous Pack et 1 123456 formats and time references Time Display Format gt Time Display Format gt Auto Selecting this tells Wireshark to display time stamps with the pre matic File cision given by the capture file format used see Section 6 10 Format Preci sion 6 Time display formats and time references 4 Note The fields Automatic Seconds and seconds are mutually exclusive Time Display Format gt Seconds 0 Selecting this tells Wireshark to display time stamps with a preci sion of one second see Section 6 10 Time dis
85. bled_protos cols k disabled_protos APPDATA Wireshark disabled_protos ethers Ethernet name res etc ethers WIRESHARK ethers olution HOME wireshar APPDATA Wireshark ethers k ethers manuf Ethernet name res etc manuf WIRESHARK manuf olution HOME wireshar APPDATA Wireshark manuf k manuf hosts IPv4 and _ IJPv6 etc hosts WIRESHARK hosts name resolution HOME wireshar APPDATA Wireshark hosts k hosts ipxnets IPX name resolu etc ipxnets WIRESHARK ipxnets tion HOME wireshar APPDATA Wireshark ipxnets k ipxnets plugins Plugin directories JW TRESHARK plugins lt version gt ust APPDATA Wireshark plugins share wire shark plugins 180 Files and Folders File Folder Description Unix Linux Windows folders folders temp 4 4 usr loc al share wire shark plugins HOME wireshar k plugins Temporary files Environment Environment TMPDIR or TEMP TMPDIR Windows folders APPDATA points to the personal configuration folder typically C Documents and Settings lt username gt Application Data for further details have a look at Section A 3 1 Windows profiles WIRESHARK points to the Wireshark program folder typically C Program Files Wireshark Unix Linux folders The etc folder is the global Wireshark configuration folder The folder actually used on your system may vary maybe something like usr local etc p
86. box and allows you to start capturing packets Start Immediately start capturing packets with the same settings than the last time 45 User Interface Menu Item Accelerator Description Stop Ctrl E This menu item stops the currently running capture see Sec tion 4 9 1 Stop the running capture Restart This menu item stops the currently running capture and starts again with the same options this is just for convenience Capture Fil ters This menu item brings up a dialog box that allows you to create and edit capture filters You can name filters and you can save them for future use More detail on this subject is provided in Section 6 6 Defining and saving filters 46 User Interface 3 10 The Analyze menu The Wireshark Analyze menu contains the fields shown in Table 3 7 Analyze menu items Figure 3 8 The Analyze Menu test pcap Wireshark File Edit View Go Capture EUEVEJA Statistics Help Display Filters m B EJ E Ed Q a Apply as Filter J Selected zx B a Q Prepare a Filter gt Not Selected 4 Filter Firewall ACL Rules wand Selected pM Ys clear Y Apply or Selected and not Selected or not Selected No Time Source Enabled Protocols Shift Ctrl R 1 0 000000 192 14 33 Decode AS as 192 168 0 2 Gratuitous query AT lt O0 gt lt 0 3 User Specified Decodes TT 4 1 025659 192 14 Foll
87. c dump tool It lets you capture packet data from a live network and write the packets to a file Dumpcap s native capture file format is libpcap format which is also the format used by Wireshark tcpdump and various other tools Without any options set it will use the pcap library to capture traffic from the first available network in terface and writes the received raw packet data along with the packets time stamps into a libpcap file Packet capturing is performed with the pcap library The capture filter syntax follows the rules of the pcap library Example D 1 Help information available from dumpcap Dumpcap 0 99 0 Capture network packets and dump them into a libpcap file See http www wireshark org for more information Usage dumpcap options Capture interface i lt interface gt name or idx of interface def first none loopback f lt capture filter gt packet filter in libpcap filter syntax s lt snaplen gt packet snapshot length def 65535 p don t capture in promiscuous mode B lt buffer size gt size of kernel buffer def 1MB y lt link type gt link layer type def first appropriate D print list of interfaces and exit L print list of link layer types of iface and exit Stop conditions c lt packet count gt stop after n packets def infinite a lt autostop cond gt duration NUM stop after NUM seconds filesize NUM stop this file after NUM KB files NUM stop after NUM file
88. cast traffic will be shown separately as additional endpoints Of course as these endpoints are virtual endpoints the real traffic will be received by all multicast some of the listed unicast endpoints The Endpoints window This window shows statistics about the endpoints captured Figure 8 3 The Endpoints window 151 8 4 3 Statistics Endpoints test pcap Ethernet 5 TCP 11 UDP 10 Ethernet Endpoints Address Packets Tx Packets Tx Bytes Rx Packets Rx Bytes Netgear_2d 75 9a 114 7313 52 5515 192 168 0 2 120 6060 62 7313 Broadcast 3 z 01 00 5e 00 00 16 2 Apply as Filter gt Selected 01 00 5e 7f ff fa 1 Prepare a Filter gt Not Selected Find Frame o and Selected Colorize Host Traffic vor Selected and not Selected vor not Selected Name resolution Gin For each supported protocol a tab is shown in this window The tab labels shows the number of end points captured e g the tab label Ethernet 5 tells you that five ethernet endpoints have been cap tured If no endpoints of a specific protocol were captured the tab label will be grayed out although the related page can still be selected Each row in the list shows the statistical values for exactly one endpoint Name resolution will be done if selected in the window and if it is active for the specific protocol layer MAC layer for the selected Ethernet endpoints page As you might have noticed the first row has a name
89. ce installation no don t install otherwise use defaults user settings e D sets the default installation directory INSTDIR overriding InstallDir and InstallDirRegKey It must be the last parameter used in the command line and must not contain any quotes even if the path contains spaces Example wireshark setup 0 99 5 exe NCRC S desktopicon yes quicklaunchicon no D C Program Files Foo 2 8 1 2 Components Beside the usual installer options like where to install the program there are several optional compon ents 23 Building and Installing Wireshark Tip If you are unsure which settings to select just keep the default settings The Components both Wireshark GTK1 and 2 cannot be installed at the same time Wireshark GTK1 Wireshark is a GUI network protocol analyzer Wireshark GTK2 Wireshark is a GUI network protocol analyzer using the modern GTK2 GUI toolkit recommended GTK Wimp GTKWimp is the GTK2 windows impersonator native Win32 look and feel recom mended TShark TShark is a command line based network protocol analyzer The dissection extensions for Wireshark and TShark Dissector Plugins Plugins with some extended dissections Tree Statistics Plugins Plugins with some extended statistics Mate Meta Analysis and Tracing Engine experimental user configurable extension s of the display filter engine see http wiki wireshark org Mate for details Lua Plug
90. ch version is given a distinguishing version number If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and any later version you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation If the Program does not specify a version number of this License you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation 10 If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different write to the author to ask for permission For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation write to the Free Software Foundation we sometimes make exceptions for this Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally m pa NO WARRANTY D FR T E OF CHARGE THERE IS NO WARRANTY ECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSE PR TH AiO ee O TUO Fl ADORDWDHO H OVID OGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE YOU ASSUME PAIR OR CORRE L2 wH HH EI w THE PROGRAM AS IS WITHOUT IED INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLI RCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE THE THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF TH
91. cond Will be greyed out if no packet was captured in the last second Stop Stop a currently running capture Capture Start a capture on this interface immediately using the settings from the last capture Options Open the Capture Options dialog with this interface selected see Sec tion 4 5 The Capture Options dialog box 67 Capturing Live Network Data Details Win32 only Open a dialog with detailed information about the interface Close Close this dialog box 68 Capturing Live Network Data 4 5 The Capture Options dialog box When you select Start from the Capture menu or use the corresponding item in the Main toolbar Wireshark pops up the Capture Options dialog box as shown in Figure 4 2 The Capture Options dialog box Figure 4 2 The Capture Options dialog box Wireshark Capture Options Capture Interface Broadcom Netxtreme Gigabit Ethernet Driver Device NPF_ 4C4DB8EB AC95 4B46 9 IP address 157 163 15 28 ethernet Buffer size 1 Y megabyte s Capture packets in promiscuous mode C Limit each packet to 65 bytes BA capture Filter rCapture File s Display Options File Update list of packets in real time C Use multiple files Automatic scrolling in live capture Hide capture info dialog rName Resolution Enable MAC name resolution Stop Capture O after J
92. copy of this documentation can always be found at http www wireshark org docs usersguide Preface 6 Providing feedback about this document Should you have any feedback about this document please send them to the authors through wireshark dev AT wireshark org xiii Preface xiv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1 What is Wireshark 1 1 1 1 1 2 Wireshark is a network packet analyzer A network packet analyzer will try to capture network packets and tries to display that packet data as detailed as possible You could think of a network packet analyzer as a measuring device used to examine what s going on inside a network cable just like a voltmeter is used by an electrician to examine what s going on inside an electric cable but at a higher level of course In the past such tools were either very expensive proprietary or both However with the advent of Wireshark all that has changed Wireshark is perhaps one of the best open source packet analyzers available today Some intended purposes Here are some examples people use Wireshark for e network administrators use it to troubleshoot network problems e network security engineers use it to examine security problems e developers use it to debug protocol implementations e people use it to learn network protocol internals Beside these examples Wireshark can be helpful in many other situations too Features The following are some of
93. ctly Other capture file formats such as the Microsoft Network Monitor DOS based Sniffer and Network In struments Observer formats save the arrival time of packets as local time values Internally to Wireshark time stamps are represented in UTC this means that when reading capture files that save the arrival time of packets as local time values Wireshark must convert those local time values to UTC values Wireshark in turn will display the time stamps always in local time The displaying computer will con vert them from UTC to local time and displays this local time For capture files saving the arrival time of packets as UTC values this means that the arrival time will be displayed as the local time in your 136 Advanced Topics time zone which might not be the same as the arrival time in the time zone in which the packet was cap tured For capture files saving the arrival time of packets as local time values the conversion to UTC will be done using your time zone s offset from UTC and DST rules which means the conversion will not be done correctly the conversion back to local time for display might undo this correctly in which case the arrival time will be displayed as the arrival time in which the packet was captured Table 7 1 Time zone examples for UTC arrival times without DST Los Angeles New York Madrid London Berlin Tokyo Capture File 10 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 UTC Local Offset 8 5
94. d maybe already got an answer That way you don t have to wait until someone answers your question 1 6 5 Reporting Problems J Note Before reporting any problems please make sure you have installed the latest version of Wireshark When reporting problems with Wireshark it is helpful if you supply the following information 1 The version number of Wireshark and the dependent libraries linked with it eg GTK etc You can obtain this with the command wireshark v 2 Information about the platform you run Wireshark on 3 A detailed description of your problem 4 Ifyou get an error warning message copy the text of that message and also a few lines before and after it if there are some so others may find the place where things go wrong Please don t give something like I get a warning while doing x as this won t give a good idea where to look at 2 O 1 6 6 Don t send large files Do not send large files gt 100KB to the mailing lists just place a note that further data is available on request Large files will only annoy a lot of people on the list who are not in terested in your specific problem If required you will be asked for further data by the per sons who really can help you Don t send confidential information If you send captured data to the mailing lists be sure they don t contain any sensitive or confidential information like passwords or such Reporting Crashes on UNIX Linux platforms
95. d to give more fine grained control on the dump and the way it should be processed e g timestamps encapsulation type etc Text2pcap also allows the user to read in dumps of application level data by inserting dummy L2 L3 and L4 headers before each packet The user can elect to insert Ethernet headers Ethernet and IP or Ethernet IP and UDP headers before each packet This allows Wireshark or any other full packet de coder to handle these dumps Example D 6 Help information available for text2pcap text2pcap exe h 204 Related command line tools Usage text2pcap m max packet S srcp destp tag xe h d q o hlo u srcp destp t timefmt where lt input filename gt specifies input filename lt output filename gt specifies output filename options hex oct typenum 13pid proto max packet srcp destp srcp destp timefmt w lt filename gt q o hexloct srcp dstp tag srcep dstp ppi are one or more of t Display this help message he following Generat d Parse offse Specify lin See net bpf Generate L EX xample UO Fl DECIMAL Example Prepe in D Example Prepe Gn D Automatic Example Prepe and verif Automatic Example and verif chun Example Treats th by strpti Example ZH M S NOTE Prepend dummy repend dummy I Max packet leng nd dummy
96. der after BLIC LICENSE G DISTRIB rogram or o blic License and a work bas La on is distribution and modifica han copyi cens ng they ar r Program is not restricted its conte of havi ue depends nd distribute v in a kd gram may modify your copy or copies of thus forming a work based on the Program h modifications or work under provided that you also meet all of t cause the modified files to stating that you changed the files and t cause any work that n part contains or is to be licensed a the terms of thi he modi n you t ru ac ncemen e that ranty condi se E th an tio Exc fied program nor must cause it w tive use in the most ordinary way ncluding an appr ere is no warran d that users may ns and telling eption outside its scope erbatim copies of any medium harge a fee for the physical act of transferri t your option offer warranty protection in exc the Prog carry p the date you dis a whole at no c License S S mally reads comma hen started runni to pr opriate copyright ty or else sayi redistribute the and the outpu nts constitute a work based ng been made by running on what the Program does provided keep in to this License and to the absence of any warranty and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of tribute or derived from the UTIO
97. derlying protocol might not be able to handle that chunk size e g limitation of the network packet size or is stream based like TCP which doesn t know data chunks at all In that case the network protocol has to handle that chunk boundaries itself and if required spreading the data over multiple packets It obviously also needs a mechanism to find back the chunk boundaries on the receiving side Tip Wireshark calls this mechanism reassembling although a specific protocol specification might use a different term for this e g desegmentation defragmentation How Wireshark handles it For some of the network protocols Wireshark knows of a mechanism is implemented to find decode and display these chunks of data Wireshark will try to find the corresponding packets of this chunk and will show the combined data as additional pages in the Packet Bytes pane for information about this pane see Section 3 17 The Packet Bytes pane Figure 7 2 The Packet Bytes pane with a reassembled tab 08 00 06 ab 04 53 08 00 O06 6b 7f bd 08 SeaecSes sKenneke A 0010 01 48 33 c7 00 OO 1e 11 dd 51 bc aS 08 Oa bc ag eH3 cece Qes 0020 09 32 41 af OF 04 01 34 OO b4 04 OO 2e OO 10 00 s2 sssef sevscece 0030 OO OO 00 OO a0 de 97 Gc d1 11 82 71 00 57 80 fO l G W v Frame 342 bytes Reassembled DCE RPC 1604 bytes Note Reassembling might take place at several protocol layers so it s possible that mult
98. dis sector from the IDL file s Why do this It is important to understand what CORBA traffic looks like over GIOP IIOP and to help build a tool that can assist in troubleshooting CORBA interworking This was especially the case after seeing a lot of discussions about how particular IDL types are represented inside an octet stream I have also had comments feedback that this tool would be good for say a CORBA class when teaching students what CORBA traffic looks like on the wire It is also COOL to work on a great Open Source project such as the case with Wireshark ht tp www wireshark org How to use idl2wrs To use the idl2wrs to generate Wireshark dissectors you need the following Prerequisites to using idl2wrs 1 Python must be installed See http python org 2 omniid from the the omniORB package must be available See http omniorb sourceforge net 3 Of course you need Wireshark installed to compile the code and tweak it if required idl2wrs is part of the standard Wireshark distribution 207 Related command line tools To use idl2wrs to generate an Wireshark dissector from an idl file use the following procedure Procedure for converting a CORBA idl file into a Wireshark dissector li To write the C code to stdout idl2wrs lt your file idl gt eg idl2wrs echo idl To write to a file just redirect the output idl2wrs echo idl gt packet test idl c You may wish to comment out the reg
99. e Open Capture File dialog box allows you to search for a capture file containing previously cap tured packets for display in Wireshark Table 5 1 The system specific Open Capture File dialog box shows some examples of the Wireshark Open File Dialog box 4 The dialog appearance depends on your system The appearance of this dialog depends on the system and GTK toolkit version used However the functionality remains basically the same on either system Common dialog behaviour on all systems e Select files and directories e Click the Open Ok button to accept your selected file and open it e Click the Cancel button to go back to Wireshark and not load a capture file Wireshark extensions to the standard behaviour of these dialogs e View file preview information like the filesize the number of packets if you ve selected a cap ture file e Specify a display filter with the Filter button and filter field This filter will be used when opening the new file The text field background becomes green for a valid filter string and red for an invalid one Clicking on the Filter button causes Wireshark to pop up the Filters dialog box which is dis cussed further in Section 6 3 Filtering packets while viewing XXX we need a better description of these read filters 83 File Input Output and Printing e Specify which name resolution is to be performed for all packets by clicking on one of the
100. e Appendix A Files and Folders p Don t put the interface into promiscuous mode Note that the in terface might be in promiscuous mode for some other reason hence p cannot be used to ensure that the only traffic that is cap tured is traffic sent to or from the machine on which Wireshark is running broadcast traffic and multicast traffic to addresses re ceived by that machine Q This option forces Wireshark to exit when capturing is complete It can be used with the c option It must be used in conjunction with the i and w options r lt infile gt This option provides the name of a capture file for Wireshark to read and display This capture file can be in one of the formats Wireshark understands R lt read display filter gt This option specifies a display filter to be applied when reading packets from a capture file The syntax of this filter is that of the display filters discussed in Section 6 3 Filtering packets while viewing Packets not matching the filter are discarded s lt capture snaplen gt This option specifies the snapshot length to use when capturing packets Wireshark will only capture lt snaplen gt bytes of data for each packet S This option specifies that Wireshark will display packets as it cap tures them This is done by capturing in one process and display ing them in a separate process This is the same as Update list of packets in real time in the Capture Options dialog box
101. e Sec tion 8 4 2 The Endpoints window IO Graphs Display user specified graphs e g the number of packets in the course of time see Section 8 6 The IO Graphs window Conversation List Display a list of conversations obsoleted by the combined win dow of Conversations above see Section 8 5 3 The protocol specific Conversation List windows Endpoint List Display a list of endpoints obsoleted by the combined window of Endpoints above see Section 8 4 3 The protocol specific End point List windows Service Re sponse Time Display the time between a request and the corresponding re sponse see Section 8 7 Service Response Time ANSI See Section 8 8 The protocol specific statistics windows GSM See Section 8 8 The protocol specific statistics windows H 225 See Section 8 8 The protocol specific statistics windows ISUP Message Types See Section 8 8 The protocol specific statistics windows MTP3 See Section 8 8 The protocol specific statistics windows RTP See Section 8 8 The protocol specific statistics windows SCTP See Section 8 8 The protocol specific statistics windows SIP See Section 8 8 The protocol specific statistics windows VoIP Calls See Section 8 8 The protocol specific statistics windows WAP WSP See Section 8 8 The protocol specific statistics windows
102. e along with the object code 4 void However You may not copy except as expressly provided under t otherwise to copy modify modify a and will automatically termina parties who have received copies sublicense or Any attempt rights tion of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place access to copy the source code from n of the source code then offering equivalent the same place counts as n though third parties are not or distribute the Program his License sublicense or distribute the Program is te your rights under this License from you under 213 This Document s License GPL this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance 5 You are not required to accept this License since you have not Signed it However nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License Therefore by this License infringement or excuse you from distribute so as Tet ES TAS a EO modifying or distributing the Program or any work based on the Program you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so and all its terms and conditions for copying distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it 6 Each time you redistribute the Program or a
103. e fo ae ae EHAN ab LOPS Were aaan O Specify a packet range O e Export to file frame chooses the file to export the packet data to e The Packet Range frame is described in Section 5 8 The Packet Range frame There s no such thing as a packet details frame for PSML export as the packet format is defined by the PSML specification 5 6 5 The Export as PDML File dialog box Export packet data into PDML This is an XML based format including the packet details The PDML 97 File Input Output and Printing file specification is available at PDML specification The PDML specification is not officially released and Wireshark s implementation of it is still in an early beta state so please expect changes in future Wireshark versions Figure 5 14 The Export as PDML File dialog box Ethereal Export as PDML file fal All packets 131 Selected packet only apbad masbate am larked GaECKEts of ly eee roe E eee R E bee Grom HESE Gio last Marne C Specify a packet range tt t TCTCtisdC e Export to file frame chooses the file to export the packet data to e The Packet Range frame is described in Section 5 8 The Packet Range frame There s no such thing as a packet details frame for PDML export as the packet format is defined by the PDML specification 5 6 6 The Export selected packet bytes dialog box Export the bytes selected in the Packet Bytes pan
104. e from general information about the loaded capture file like the number of cap tured packets to statistics about specific protocols e g statistics about the number of HTTP requests and responses captured e General statistics e Summary about the capture file e Protocol Hierarchy of the captured packets e Endpoints e g traffic to and from an IP addresses e Conversations e g traffic between specific IP addresses e IO Graphs visualizing the number of packets or similar in time e Protocol specific statistics e Service Response Time between request and response of some protocols e Various other protocol specific statistics Note The protocol specific statistics requires detailed knowledge about the specific protocol Unless you are familiar with that protocol statistics about it will be pretty hard to under stand 145 Statistics 8 2 The Summary window General statistics about the current capture file Figure 8 1 The Summary window 146 Statistics Wireshark Summary File Mame D itest poap Length 15317 bytes Format wWiresharkitcpdumpi libpcap Packet size limit 65535 bytes Time First packet 2004 06 22 20 02 48 Lask packet 2004 06 22 20 02 50 Elapsed 00 00 02 Display Display Filter Marked packets Traffic Captured Displayed Between first and last packet 2 113 sec Packets 120 Avg packets sec 56 759 Avg packet size 111 000 bytes Bytes 13373 Avg byb
105. e into a raw binary file Figure 5 15 The Export Selected Packet Bytes dialog box 98 File Input Output and Printing Ethereal Export Selected Packet Bytes mB Mame Save in folder e Debug_GTK2 Will save 28 bytes of raw binary data to specified file Browse For other Folders e Name the filename to export the packet data to e The Save in folder field lets you select the folder to save to from some predefined folders e Browse for other folders provides a flexible way to choose a folder 99 File Input Output and Printing 5 7 Printing packets To print packets select the Print menu item from the File menu When you do this Wireshark pops up the Print dialog box as shown in Figure 5 16 The Print dialog box 5 7 1 The Print dialog box Figure 5 16 The Print dialog box Wireshark Print Printer PostScript C Output to file Packet Range All packets Selected packet only 1 Allcollapsed Specify a packet range L_ Packet bytes Packet Format Captured Displayed Packet summary line 11 Packet details s displayed All expanded C Each packet on a new page The following fields are available in the Print dialog box Printer This field contains a pair of mutually exclusive radio buttons Plain Text specifies that the packet print should be in plain text PostScript spec
106. e resolution to be done calling system network services like the gethostname function and or evaluate from Wireshark specific con figuration files For details about the configuration files Wireshark uses for name resolution and alike see Appendix A Files and Folders The name resolution feature can be en disabled separately for the protocol layers of the following sec tions Name Resolution drawbacks Name resolution can be invaluable while working with Wireshark and may even save you hours of work Unfortunately it also has it s drawbacks e Name resolution will often fail The name to be resolved might simply be unknown by the name servers asked or the servers are just not available and the name is also not found in Wireshark s con figuration files e The resolved names are not stored in the capture file or somewhere else So the resolved names might not be available if you open the capture file later or on a different machine Each time you open a capture file it may look slightly different maybe simply because you can t connect to a name server which you could connect before e DNS may add additional packets to your capture file You may see packets to from your machine in your capture file which are caused by name resolution network services of the machine Wire shark captures from XXX are there any other such packets than DNS ones e Resolved DNS names are cached by Wireshark This is required for acceptable performa
107. ece eee cece ne ceneeeeeeeeeeeeseeesaeeeaees 1 11 2 Fe tUre Si nepina eene seagate seamtosa wag e Stiees esas A seep tote y es ved Gaeta ease 1 1 1 3 Live capture from many different network media cece cece eee eeee ee ee 2 1 1 4 Import files from many other capture programs ceeeseeeeeeeeeeeeereeeeer 2 1 1 5 Export files for many other capture programs ceeceeeeeeeeeeeee seen eeee es 2 1 1 6 Many protocol decoders 2 0 0 0 cece cece eiti i 3 1 157 Open Source SoftWare 5 s c2casepeenescseveeatosyeundss Senta she pp e E e E E E 3 1 1 8 What Wireshark is not icenic oe ce cece eee ece E a TEE a peee EEE 3 1 2 System Requirements sses n gs becdessr web E S texcuuuldas uyecetesosesk teed 4 1 2 1 Gene ral Remarks oios seh ess Seeder tee tes os Weal ohn acetic vended gala weed 4 1 2 2 Microsoft WINdOWS psor sadeses scenes esye arp vine EE E E vee ceent E 4 12 3 Um LINUR ooro erasan a coca E AE S EEEE E TEE SEIE ERSE oss 5 1 3 Where to get Wireshark bisesti i ienei sa beth asao T E p 6 1 4 A brief history of Wireshark cececceecece sec eeneceeeecneeeeaeeneeaeeecaeeneeaeeneeaeener 7 1 5 Development and maintenance of Wireshark 0 ccc cece cece eee ee eee ece ence eect eeeeee es 8 1 6 Reporting problems and getting help 20 0 0 cece cece eee ec ce eece een cen eeneeeneeeee es 9 16 1 WebSite sierpe nerone sha vated esteetag E e I E DatseasapsoaG yas EE EE ER be 9 1 62 Wi
108. eceeeeeceeececeeeceeeeeeeereeesereeanenes 142 7 7 2 Checksum offloading 2 0 0 0 ccs cece eiers ence EEEa EEEE E 143 Su STAUISHES oier seta eenchssas Magis E a ths datag Us pooladsidenthas E e ses EET 145 8 1 AMtrOGUC HON ssn sissy es has s e aee E EKAS EE E PEET E EEO ENEEK EEE oetes ies 145 8 2 The Summary Window 5 5 sssc05s sess iesi ne prae a TEE a ISE REEE EE E ETSE R KIs tease 146 8 3 The Protocol Hierarchy window esesssesesseerrsresrreeerreresrrerrrrrsrrreerreresreee 149 8 amp 4 Endpoints sie a e EE E E E E R EE E E E R e 151 vi Wireshark User s Guide 8 4 1 What is an Endpoint 2 0 00 cece cece eea A seca eeceecaeeea esau sean sean eeags 151 8 4 2 The Endpoints Window sen e e ence ce na RE EEE E aE 151 8 4 3 The protocol specific Endpoint List windows ssseeeesseeeeererrereereeees 152 8 5 Conversations hissa e S a fa e E cae E EEEE a YES 153 8 5 1 What is a Conversation oss ionivei estn a ere 153 8 5 2 The Conversations Window sssessseesereessreressrererrrerrereserererreersreee 153 8 5 3 The protocol specific Conversation List windows sssseecseeerreeeereees 153 8 6 The IO Graphs Window ss 0 5 sc esesvons gfsccksegeasbeend ssothaeseshotea di sedsdessseveeagastonecsns 154 8 7 Service Response Time 2 0 0 0 terre oeeo ero EEE EEE EET SEEE EEEE 156 8 7 1 The Service Response Time DCE RPC window cseeecssceserererrerrsreee 156 8 8 The protocol specific s
109. ed in more detail in Section 5 2 1 The Open Capture File dialog box Open Recent This menu item shows a submenu containing the recently opened capture files Clicking on one of the submenu items will open the corresponding capture file directly Merge This menu item brings up the merge file dialog box that allows you to merge a capture file into the currently loaded one It is dis cussed in more detail in Section 5 4 Merging capture files 34 User Interface Menu Item Accelerator Description Close Ctrl W This menu item closes the current capture If you haven t saved the capture you will be asked to do so first this can be disabled by a preference setting Ctrl S This menu item saves the current capture If you have not set a default capture file name perhaps with the w lt capfile gt option Wireshark pops up the Save Capture File As dialog box which is discussed further in Section 5 3 1 The Save Capture File As dialog box 2 4 Note If you have already saved the current capture this menu item will be greyed out Note You cannot save a live capture while it is in pro gress You must stop the capture in order to save Save As Shift Ctrl S This menu item allows you to save the current capture file to whatever file you would like It pops up the Save Capture File As dialog box which is discussed further in Section 5 3
110. edback on this document e Pat Eyler for his suggestions on improving the example on generating a backtrace e Martin Regner for his various suggestions and corrections e Graeme Hewson for a lot of grammatical corrections The authors would like to acknowledge those man page and README authors for the Wireshark project from who sections of this document borrow heavily e Scott Renfro from whose mergecap man page Section D 7 mergecap Merging multiple capture files into one is derived e Ashok Narayanan from whose text2pcap man page Section D 8 text2pcap Converting ASCII hexdumps to network captures is derived e Frank Singleton from whose README idl2wrs Section D 9 idl2wrs Creating dissectors from CORBA IDL files is derived Preface 4 About this document This book was originally developed by Richard Sharpe with funds provided from the Wireshark Fund It was updated by Ed Warnicke and more recently redesigned and updated by Ulf Lamping It is written in DocBook XML You will find some specially marked parts in this book This is a warning You should pay attention to a warning as otherwise data loss might occur 4 This is a note A note will point you to common mistakes and things that might not be obvious This is a tip Tips will be helpful for your everyday work using Wireshark xi Preface 5 Where to get the latest copy of this document The latest
111. eeeeenees 105 6 1 Viewing packets you have captured cece cece eeeecneec eee cneca tena eeneeeueeeueeeenees 105 6 2 POP UP MENUS erenneren ee es o eE Seas EE EE a des E E E resem tay 107 6 2 1 Pop up menu of the Packet List pane eeesseeessserrsresrrererrrresrrerrsre 107 6 2 2 Pop up menu of the Packet Details pane sseeeseseeseerrssreresrrrrreresreee 108 6 2 3 Pop up menu of the Packet Bytes pane sesseeeseseesrerrssrerrsrrerrsrrsreee 110 6 3 Filtering packets while viewing e ssseeisseesresrsrrsrrrrrerrsrerrsrrerreresrrresrrrerere 112 6 4 Building display filter expressions cece cece cece eee c eee ee eceeece cena eens eeneeennees 114 6 4 1 Display filter fields 025s sovscoscvadsethvevads p a ea DE eA ea Er a Ep psoas SEENA 114 6 4 2Comparing vales onns eiea E E EE E a E E R Ea Sere 114 6 4 3 Combining Expressions in inienn nie E p e E ao E a ee oE ASS 116 644 Acommon Mistake ss inie ankre TE dak E cee dad a 117 6 5 The Filter Expression dialog bOX ssssesssesseseresreresrrerrsrerrsrrerreresrrressreerere 118 6 6 Defining and saving filters sciiicet eeir recne riset rereset res eese ri o eerie Tenis 120 6 7 Finding packets sipe iis paip r a Ea E EE EEEE bos EEE E 123 6 7 1 The Find Packet dialog box 2 0 0 0 eee cece eee cence eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenees 123 6 7 2 The Find Next command 0c s sc 65 ose konnar irepo nes Es i ERE ES SEE 124 6 7 3 The Find Pre
112. ees are ex panded when you display a packet This menu item collapses the tree view of all packets in the capture list Apply as Filter Analyze Prepare and apply a display filter based on the currently selec 109 Working with captured packets Item Identical to main menu s item Description ted item name Prepare a Filter Analyze Prepare a display filter based on the currently selected item Follow TCP Analyze Stream Allows you to view all the data on a TCP stream between a pair of nodes Follow SSL Analyze Stream Same as Follow TCP Stream but for SSL XXX add a new section describing this better Wiki Protocol Page Show the wiki page corresponding to the currently selected protocol in your web browser Filter Field Ref erence Show the filter field reference web page corresponding to the currently selected protocol in your web browser Protocol Prefer ences The menu item takes you to the properties dialog and selects the page corresponding to the protocol if there are properties associated with the highlighted field More information on pref erences can be found in Figure 9 8 The preferences dialog box Decode As Analyze Change or apply a new relation between two dissectors Resolve Name View Causes a name resolution to be performed for the selected packet but NOT every packet in the capture Go to Corres Go pondin
113. ees eceacesesyteghstgude been cheeses bocdse EST SEIE EEE ESS 45 3 10 The Analyze menu ieies o e o a E E ETES 47 3 1 The Statistics menu siss e yee neona E AERES EAE ENE sues sachsen 49 312 The Help Menu sr ent E a E T E E A E EAE ES 52 3 132 The Maine toolbar ieee a ea aar Ea E AES 54 33145 The Bilt r toolbars sien ee sete ete E Sok eae E EENE 57 3 15 The Packet List panei 2 o iecsusvesuees cuansspvselenonsoumecsppnrigioe tansspetedsbepeueesses eens 59 3 16 The Packet Details pane enriren ronen eE E E ETE EEES 60 3 17 The Packet Bytes pane s sesreio eneen nsen sab TE E E TEES 61 3 18 TheStatusbar ostiis ee Ene E EKO EE ETRE EESE EE ET EESTE ETRE 62 4 Capturing Live Network Data sisp ssscsser rondoo rs konene ei EEEE EESE eSEE E ERPE TETERE SS 64 As Tntroduct On sns eronsa e are E E EEO E E EEE E EEE OE ET gees 64 4 2 PLETeQUASILES seserinis ich sa EE E E E E AE E REEE POE ESTES EEES 65 4 3 Start Capturing seene ninae oren E E EEK EEE SEE E EEN EEE E eiii 66 4 4 The Capture Interfaces dialog bOX nseseisseessseesresrrssreerrrerrsrrerrrresrrersrreerse 67 4 5 The Capture Options dialog bOX ssessssssesseesesrrsrrsrrsrrerrrrerrsresrrrresreeesrrrerere 69 45s Capture ame a kesh is ees RA eae aes 70 4 5 2 Capture File s frame cccccceeceeceecceeccreeeececssenssesscuseeesenescneesness 71 4 5 3 Stop Captures frame soni sccc3 8becectasectettin eenat el AE TEE ER tes ek 71 4 5 4 Display Opt
114. ems For example everyone in your team is working in the same time zone than yourself What are time zones People expect that the time reflects the sunset Dawn should be in the morning maybe around 06 00 and dusk in the evening maybe at 20 00 These times will obviously vary depending on the season It would be very confusing if everyone on earth would use the same global time as this would correspond to the sunset only at a small part of the world For that reason the earth is split into several different time zones each zone with a local time that corresponds to the local sunset The time zone s base time is UTC Coordinated Universal Time or Zulu Time military and avi ation The older term GMT Greenwich Mean Time shouldn t be used as it is slightly incorrect up to 0 9 seconds difference to UTC The UTC base time equals to 0 based at Greenwich Eng land and all time zones have an offset to UTC between 12 to 14 hours For example If you live in Berlin you are in a time zone one hour earlier than UTC so you are in time zone 1 time difference in hours compared to UTC If it s 3 o clock in Berlin it s 2 o clock in UTC at the same moment Be aware that at a few places on earth don t use time zones with even hour offsets e g New Delhi uses UTC 05 30 Further information can be found at http en wikipedia org wiki Time zone and ht tp en wikipedia org wiki Coordinated Universal Time What is daylight saving time
115. epcap_loader c arpcap_loades h Siepcap_losder obi alert_box c alert_box h alert_box oby AUTHORS aclocal falback aenl debian Debug Debug _GTK1 Debug _GTK2 diameter doc Packet Range v Selected packet only 1 vy Marked pocket Allpackets s From first to last marked pack w Specily a packet range File type Wireshatk tepdump libpcap Selection Tiap subversion OK Cancel Unix Linux GTK version lt 2 4 Microsoft Windows GTK1 installed This is the file save dialog of former Gimp GNOME versions plus some Wireshark exten sions With this dialog box you can perform the following actions 88 5 3 2 File Input Output and Printing 1 Type in the name of the file you wish to save the captured packets in as a standard file name in your file system 2 Select the directory to save the file into 3 Select the range of the packets to be saved see Section 5 8 The Packet Range frame 4 Specify the format of the saved capture file by clicking on the File type drop down box You can choose from the types described in Section 5 3 2 Output File Formats E The selection of capture formats may be reduced Some capture formats may not be available depending on the packet types captured p File formats can be converted Nu You can convert capture files from one format to another by reading in a capture file and writing it out using a diff
116. er a label you can place a pair of brackets containing a comma separated list of range specifiers eth src 0 3 00 00 83 The example above uses the n m format to specify a single range In this case n is the beginning offset and m is the length of the range being specified eth src 1 2 00 83 The example above uses the n m format to specify a single range In this case 116 Working with captured packets English C like Description and example n is the beginning offset and m is the ending offset eth srce 4 00 00 83 00 The example above uses the m format which takes everything from the be ginning of a sequence to offset m It is equivalent to 0 m eth src 4 20 20 The example above uses the n format which takes everything from offset n to the end of the sequence eth src 2 83 The example above uses the n format to specify a single range In this case the element in the sequence at offset n is selected This is equivalent to n 1 eth src 0 3 1 2 4 4 2 00 00 83 00 83 00 00 83 00 20 20 83 Wireshark allows you to string together single ranges in a comma separated list to form compound ranges as shown above 6 4 4 A common mistake A Warning Using the operator on combined expressions like eth addr ip addr tcp port udp port and alike will probably not work as expected Often people use a filter string to display something like ip addr 1 2
117. er the buffer size to be used while capturing This is the size of the kernel buffer which will keep the captured packets until they are written to disk If you encounter packet drops try increasing this value Note sy This option is only available on Windows platforms This checkbox allows you to specify that Wireshark should put the interface in promiscuous mode when capturing If you do not specify this Wireshark will only capture the packets going to or from your computer not all packets on your LAN segment Note If some other process has put the interface in promiscuous mode you may be capturing in promis cuous mode even if you turn off this option Note I WW Even in promiscuous mode you still won t necessar ily see all packets on your LAN segment see http www wireshark org fag html promiscsniff for some more explanations This field allows you to specify the maximum amount of data that will be captured for each packet and is sometimes referred to as the snaplen If disabled the default is 65535 which will be suffi cient for most protocols Some rules of thumb Capturing Live Network Data Capture Filter e If you are unsure just keep the default value e If you don t need all of the data in a packet for example if you only need the link layer IP and TCP headers you might want to choose a small snapshot length as less CPU time is required for copying packets less buffer space is re
118. erent format 5 Click on the Save Ok button to accept your selected file and save to it If Wireshark has a problem saving the captured packets to the file you specified it will display an error dialog box After click ing OK on that error dialog box you can try again 6 Click on the Cancel button to go back to Wireshark and not save the captured packets Output File Formats to Wireshark can save the packet data in it s native file format libpcap and in the file formats of some other protocol analyzers so other tools can read the capture data A File formats have different time stamp accuracys Saving from the currently used to a different file format may reduce the time stamp accur acy see the Section 7 3 Time Stamps for details The following file formats can be saved by Wireshark with the known file extensions e libpcap tcpdump and various other tools using tcpdump s capture format pcap cap dmp e Accellent 5Views 5vw e HP UX s nettl TRCO TRC1 e Microsoft Network Monitor NetMon cap e Network Associates Sniffer DOS cap enc tre fdc syc e Network Associates Sniffer Windows cap Network Instruments Observer version 9 bfr e Novell LANalyzer tr1 89 File Input Output and Printing e Sun snoop snoop cap e Visual Networks Visual UpTime traffic If the above tools will be more helpful than Wireshark is a different question T
119. ervice Interface Specification cosine CoSine L2 debug log whdlc Wellfleet HDLC sdlc SDLC tzsp Tazmen sniffer protocol nc OpenBSD enc 4 encapsulating interface pflog OpenBSD PF Firewall logs chdlc with direction Cisco HDLC with Directional Info bluetooth h4 Bluetooth H4 mtp2 SS7 MTP2 mtp3 SS7 MTP3 irda IrDA user0 USER 0 userl USER 1 user2 USER 2 user3 USER 3 user4 USER 4 user5 USER 5 user6 USER 6 user7 USER 7 198 Related command line tools ser8 ser9 serl10 serll serl2 ser13 serl4 serl5 symantec Symantec ap1394 Apple IP over I 1394 bacnet ms tp BACn MS T raw icmp nettl Raw ICMP raw icmpv6 nettl Raw ICM gprs llc GPRS LLC juniper atml Juniper ATM1 juniper atm2 Juniper ATM2 redback Redback SmartEdge rawip nettl Raw IP with nettl headers ther nettl Ethernet with nettl headers tr netel Token Ring with nettl headers fddi nettl FDDI with nettl headers unknown nettl Unknown link layer type with nettl headers mtp2 with phdr MTP2 with pseudoheader juniper pppoe Juniper PPPoE gcom tiel GCOM TIE1 gcom serial GCOM Serial x25 nettl X25 with nettl headers k12 K12 protocol analyzer juniper mlppp Juniper MLPPP juniper mlfr Juniper MLFR jJuniper ether Juniper Ethernet juniper ppp Juniper PPP juniper frelay Juniper Frame Relay jJuniper chdlc Juniper C HDLC jJuniper ggsn Juniper GGSN lapd LAPD dct2000 Catapult DCT2000 ber ASN 1 Ba
120. es and Folders Wireshark uses a number of files and folders while it is running Some of these reside in the personal configuration folder and are used to maintain information between runs of Wireshark while some of them are maintained in system areas v The content format of the configuration files is the same on all platforms However to match the differ Tip A list of the folders Wireshark actually uses can be found under the Folders tab in the dia log box coming up when you select About Wireshark from the Help menu ent policies for unix and windows platforms different folders for these files are used Table A 1 Configuration files and folders overview File Folder Description Unix Linux Windows folders folders preferences Settings from the WIRESHARK wireshark conf Preferences dialog etc wire APPDATA Wireshark preferences box shark conf HOME wireshar k preferences recent Recent GUI set HOME wireshar APPDATA Wireshark recent tings e g recent k recent files lists cfilters Capture filters HOME wireshar WIRESHARK cfilters k cfilters APPDATA Wireshark cfilters dfilters Display filters HOME wireshar WIRESHARK dfilters k dfilters APPDATA Wireshark dfilters colorfilters Coloring rules HOME wireshar WIRESHARK colorfilters k colorfilters APPDATA Wireshark colorfilters dis Disabled proto HOME wireshar WIRESHARK disabled_protos a
121. es sec 6326 662 Avg MBit sec 0 051 e File general information about the capture file e Time the timestamps when the first and the last packet were capturing and the time between them 147 Statistics Capture information from the time when the capture was done only available if the packet data was captured from the network and not loaded from a file Display some display related information Traffic some statistics of the network traffic seen If a display filter is set you will see values in both columns The values in the Captured column will remain the same as before while the values in the Displayed column will reflect the values corresponding to the packets shown in the display 148 Statistics 8 3 The Protocol Hierarchy window The protocol hierarchy of the captured packets Figure 8 2 The Protocol Hierarchy window Wireshark Protocol Hierarchy Statistics Packets Packets Mbit s End Packets End Bytes End Mbit s 100 00 13373 Ethernet 100 00 Address Resolution Protocol 0 83 Internet Protocol 99 17 User Datagram Protocol 10 83 NetBIOS Name Service 4 17 Domain Name Service 5 00 Data 1 67 Internet Control Message Protocol 0 83 Internet Group Management Protocol 1 67 E Transmission Control Protocol 85 83 Data 16 67 Malformed Packet 2 50 Ne noawmoore oo N U O O This is a tree of all the protocols in the capture You can collapse or expand subtrees
122. ese menu items will change the current display filter but won t apply the changed filter Depending on the chosen menu item the 47 User Interface Menu Item Accelerator Description current display filter string will be replaced or appended to by the selected protocol field in the packet details pane Firewall ACL Rules This allows you to create command line ACL rules for many dif ferent firewall products including Cisco IOS Linux Netfilter iptables OpenBSD pf and Windows Firewall via netsh Rules for MAC addresses IPv4 addresses TCP and UDP ports and IPv4 port combinations are supported It is assumed that the rules will be applied to an outside interface Enabled Proto cols Shift Ctrl R This menu item allows the user to enable disable protocol dis sectors see Section 9 4 1 The Enabled Protocols dialog box Decode As This menu item allows the user to force Wireshark to decode cer tain packets as a particular protocol see Section 9 4 2 User Spe cified Decodes User Specified Decodes This menu item allows the user to force Wireshark to decode cer tain packets as a particular protocol see Section 9 4 3 Show User Specified Decodes Follow TCP Stream This menu item brings up a separate window and displays all the TCP segments captured that are on the same TCP connection as a selected packet see Section 7 2 F
123. esolving flags gt 0 lt preference recent settings gt After reading in a capture file using the r flag go to the given packet number The h option requests Wireshark to print its version and usage in structions as shown above and exit Set the name of the network interface or pipe to use for live pack et capture Network interface names should match one of the names listed in wireshark D described above a number as reported by wire shark D can also be used If you re using UNIX netstat i or if config a might also work to list interface names although not all versions of UNIX support the a flag to ifconfig If no interface is specified Wireshark searches the list of inter faces choosing the first non loopback interface if there are any non loopback interfaces and choosing the first loopback interface if there are no non loopback interfaces if there are no interfaces Wireshark reports an error and doesn t start the capture Pipe names should be either the name of a FIFO named pipe or to read data from the standard input Data read from pipes must be in standard libpcap format The k option specifies that Wireshark should start capturing packets immediately This option requires the use of the i para meter to specify the interface that packet capture will occur from This option turns on automatic scrolling if the packet list pane is being updated automatically as packets arrive during a capture
124. et Details pane displays the packet selec ted in the packet list pane in more detail 30 User Interface 6 The packet bytes pane see Section 3 17 The Packet Bytes pane displays the data from the packet selected in the packet list pane and highlights the field selected in the packet details pane 7 The statusbar see Section 3 18 The Statusbar shows some detailed information about the cur rent program state and the captured data Tip N The layout of the main window can be customized by changing preference settings See Section 9 5 Preferences for details 3 3 1 Main Window Navigation Packet list and detail navigation can be done entirely from the keyboard Table 3 1 Keyboard Naviga tion shows a list of keystrokes that will let you quickly move around a capture file See Table 3 5 Go menu items for additional navigation keystrokes Table 3 1 Keyboard Navigation Accelerator Description Tab Shift Tab Move between screen elements e g from the toolbars to the packet list to the packet detail Down Move to the next packet or detail item Up Move to the previous packet or detail item Ctrl Down F8 Move to the next packet even if the packet list isn t focused Ctrl Up F7 Move to the previous packet even if the packet list isn t focused Left In the packet detail closes the selected tree item If it s already closed jumps t
125. ew name Wireshark Introduction 1 5 Development and maintenance of Wireshark Wireshark was initially developed by Gerald Combs Ongoing development and maintenance of Wire shark is handled by the Wireshark team a loose group of individuals who fix bugs and provide new functionality There have also been a large number of people who have contributed protocol dissectors to Wireshark and it is expected that this will continue You can find a list of the people who have contributed code to Wireshark by checking the about dialog box of Wireshark or at the authors page on the Wireshark web site Wireshark is an open source software project and is released under the GNU General Public Licence GPL All source code is freely available under the GPL You are welcome to modify Wireshark to suit your own needs and it would be appreciated if you contribute your improvements back to the Wireshark team You gain three benefits by contributing your improvements back to the community e Other people who find your contributions useful will appreciate them and you will know that you have helped people in the same way that the developers of Wireshark have helped people e The developers of Wireshark might improve your changes even more as there s always room for im provements Or they may implement some advanced things on top of your code which can be useful for yourself too e The maintainers and developers of Wireshark will maintain
126. first input file type to write 202 Related command line tools S W T F libpcap libpcap tcpdump Wireshark etc rh6_llibpcap RedHat Linux 6 1 libpcap tcpdump suse6_3libpcap SuSE Linux 6 3 libpcap tcpdump modlibpcap modified libpcap tcpdump nokialibpcap Nokia libpcap tcpdump lanalyzer Novell LANalyzer ngsniffer Network Associates Sniffer DOS based snoop Sun snoop netmonl Microsoft Network Monitor 1 x netmon2 Microsoft Network Monitor 2 x ngwsniffer_1_1 Network Associates Sniffer Windows based 1 1 ngwsniffer_2_0 Network Associates Sniffer Windows based 2 00x visual Visual Networks traffic capture 5views Accellent 5Views capture niobserverv9 Network Instruments Observer version 9 default is libpcap Prints the version and options and exits Causes mergecap to print a number of messages while it s working Causes the frame timestamps to be ignored writing all packets from the first input file followed by all packets from the second input file By default when a is not specified the contents of the input files are merged in chronological order based on each frame s timestamp Note when merging mergecap assumes that packets within a capture file are already in chronological order Sets the snapshot length to use when writing the data Sets the output filename Sets the packet encapsulation type of the output capture file Sets the file forma
127. fo from the Packet Details pane in all collapsed state e As displayed the info from the Packet Details pane in the current state e All expanded the info from the Packet Details pane in all expanded state e Packet bytes enable the output of the packet bytes just as in the Packet Bytes pane e Each packet on a new page put each packet on a separate page e g when saving printing to a text file this will put a form feed character between the packets 103 File Input Output and Printing 104 Chapter 6 Working with captured packets 6 1 Viewing packets you have captured Once you have captured some packets or you have opened a previously saved capture file you can view the packets that are displayed in the packet list pane by simply clicking on a packet in the packet list pane which will bring up the selected packet in the tree view and byte view panes You can then expand any part of the tree view by clicking on the plus sign the symbol itself may vary to the left of that part of the payload and you can select individual fields by clicking on them in the tree view pane An example with a TCP packet selected is shown in Figure 6 1 Wireshark with a TCP packet selected for viewing It also has the Acknowledgment number in the TCP header selected which shows up in the byte view as the selected bytes Figure 6 1 Wireshark with a TCP packet selected for viewing test pcap Wireshark File Edit View
128. for an unsaved file first If your current data wasn t saved before you will be asked to save it first before this dialog box is shown Most controls of this dialog will work the same way as described in the Open Capture File dialog box see Section 5 2 1 The Open Capture File dialog box Specific controls of this merge dialog are Prepend packets to existing file Prepend the packets from the selected file before the currently loaded packets Merge packets chronologically Merge both the packets from the selected and currently loaded file in chronological order Append packets to existing file Append the packets from the selected file after the currently loaded packets Table 5 3 The system specific Merge Capture File As dialog box Microsoft Windows GTK2 installed Figure 5 7 Merge on native Windows This is the common Windows file open dialog plus some Wireshark extensions 91 File Input Output and Printing Wireshark Merge with capture file Look jn O heset test t_00001 _20050819181503 peap testi _O0002_20080819181805 pcap test _C0003_20050819181505 pcap testi _00004_20050819191505 pcap testi _00005_20050319181507 pcap test _00006_20050819161507 pcap 1 _00007_20050819161508 pcep Torem test _00008_20050819161509 pcap testi _00009_20080819161510 pcap test 00010 _20050819181512 pcap test 00011 2005031918151 3 pcap test _00012_20050819181514 pcap testi _00013_200508
129. fore the one for DNS the color rule for DNS will never be applied as DNS uses UDP so the UDP rule will be matching first If this is the first time you have used Coloring Rules click on the New button which will bring up the Edit color filter dialog box as shown in Figure 9 2 The Edit Color Filter dialog box 166 Customizing Wireshark Figure 9 2 The Edit Color Filter dialog box Wireshark Edit Color Filter Filter Name fr Foreground Color Background Color In the Edit Color dialog box simply enter a name for the color filter and enter a filter string in the Filter text field Figure 9 2 The Edit Color Filter dialog box shows the values arp and arp which means that the name of the color filter is arp and the filter will select protocols of type arp Once you have entered these values you can choose a foreground and background color for packets that match the filter expression Click on Foreground color or Background color to achieve this and Wireshark will pop up the Choose foreground background color for protocol dialog box as shown in Figure 9 3 The Choose color dialog box rDisplay Colors Figure 9 3 The Choose color dialog box 167 Customizing Wireshark Wireshark Choose background color for arp Hue Red 214 Saturation Green 231 Value Blue 255 Select the color you desire for the selected packets and cl
130. g The background will turn red if you enter an in complete or invalid string and will become green when you enter a valid string You can click on the pull down arrow to select a previously entered filter string from a list The entries in the pull down list will re main available even after a program restart Note After you ve changed something in this field don t forget to press the Apply button or the Enter Return key to apply this filter string to the display Note This field is also where the current filter in effect is dis played Expression The middle button labeled Add Expression opens a dialog box that lets you edit a display filter from a list of protocol fields described in Section 6 5 The Filter Expression dialog box Clear Reset the current display filter and clears the edit area Apply Apply the current value in the edit area as the new display filter Note Applying a display filter on large capture files might take quite a long time 57 User Interface Toolbar Toolbar Item Description Icon 58 User Interface 3 15 The Packet List pane The packet list pane displays all the packets in the current capture file Figure 3 13 The Packet List pane No Time Source Destination Protocol Info A 000000 192 O 2 Ta ARP who 3 4 0 726445 192 168 0 2 224 0 0 22 IGMP V3 Membership Report A i E Each line in the pac
131. g Packet If the selected field has a corresponding packet go to it Cor responding packets will usually be a request response packet pair or such 6 2 3 Pop up menu of the Packet Bytes pane Figure 6 5 Pop up menu of the Packet Bytes pane 110 Working with captured packets test pcap Wireshark File Edit View Go Capture Analyze Statistics Help Saylar F 2 FiGaa Eiter v Expression Clear Apply No Source Destination Protocol Info 192 1 2 Broadcast ARP Who has 4 1 025659 192 168 0 2 224 0 0 22 IGMP V3 Membership Report ots CRT ey specu Ethernet II Src 192 168 0 2 00 0b 5d 20 cd 02 Dst Broadcast ff ff ff ff ff ff Address Resolution Protocol request gratuitous ARP Hardware type Ethernet 0x0001 Protocol type IP Ox0800 Hardware size 6 Protocol size 4 Opcode request Ox0001 Sender MAC address 192 168 0 2 00 0b 5d 20 cd 02 Sender IP address 192 168 0 2 192 168 0 2 Target MAC address 00 00 00_00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Target IP address 192 168 0 2 192 168 0 2 00 0 Sd 20 cd 02 08 06 OO O1 06 04 00 01 00 Ob 5d 20 cd 02 ME F 00 OO 00 00 cO a8 00 02 py 4 All Information Export Selected Packet Bytes Text Only ender IP address arp src proto_ipv4 4 bytes P 120 D 120 M 0 K The following table gives an overview of which functions are available in this pane where to find the corresponding function in the main menu and a short description of each
132. gram is interactive make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode Gnomovision version 69 Copyright C year name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY for details type show w This is free software and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions type show c for details The hypothetical commands show w and show c should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License Of course the commands you use may be called something other than show w and show c they could even be mouse clicks or menu items whatever suits your program You should also get your employer if you work as a programmer or your school if any to sign a copyright disclaimer for the program if necessary Here is a sample alter the names Yoyodyne Inc hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program Gnomovision which makes passes at compilers written by James Hacker lt signature of Ty Coon gt 1 April 1989 Ty Coon President of Vice This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs If your program is a subroutine library you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library If this is what you want to do use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License 216
133. gs you ll have to save the set tings by clicking the Save button e The OK button will apply the preferences settings and close the dialog The Apply button will apply the preferences settings and keep the dialog open e The Save button will apply the preferences settings save the settings on the hard disk and keep the dialog open e The Cancel button will restore all preferences settings to the last saved state Figure 9 8 The preferences dialog box 175 Customizing Wireshark Wireshark Preferences UB User Interface v 176 Customizing Wireshark 177 Appendix A Files and Folders A 1 Capture Files A 1 1 A 1 2 To understand which information will remain available after the captured packets are saved to a capture file it s helpful to know a bit about the capture file contents Wireshark uses the libpcap file format as the default format to save captured packets this format exists for a long time and it s pretty simple However it has some drawbacks it s not extensible and lacks some information that would be really helpful e g being able to add a comment to a packet the prob lems start here would be really nice In addition to the libpcap format Wireshark supports several different capture file formats However the problems described above also applies for these formats too A new capture file format PCAP Next Generation Dump File Format is currently under developmen
134. hird party protocol analyzers may require specific file extensions Other protocol analyzers than Wireshark may require that the file has a certain file exten sion in order to read the files you generate with Wireshark e g cap for Network Associates Sniffer Windows 90 File Input Output and Printing 5 4 Merging capture files 5 4 1 Sometimes you need to merge several capture files into one For example this can be useful if you have captured simultaneously from multiple interfaces at once e g using multiple instances of Wireshark Merging capture files can be done in three ways e Use the menu item Merge from the File menu to open the merge dialog see Section 5 4 1 The Merge with Capture File dialog box This menu item will be disabled until you have loaded a capture file e Use drag and drop to drop multiple files on the main window Wireshark will try to merge the packets in chronological order from the dropped files into a newly created temporary file If you drop only a single file it will simply replace a maybe existing one e Use the mergecap tool which is a command line tool to merge capture files This tool provides the most options to merge capture files see Section D 7 mergecap Merging multiple capture files into one The Merge with Capture File dialog box This dialog box let you select a file to be merged into the currently loaded file E You will be prompted
135. ibraries Wireshark depends on are no longer sup porting these systems BTW Microsoft no longer supports 98 ME since July 11 2006 Introduction e Windows CE and the embedded NT XP versions are not supported e 64 bit processors run Wireshark in 32 bit emulation called WoW64 at least WinPcap 4 0 beta 1 is required for that e Multi monitor setups are supported but may behave a bit strangely 1 2 3 Unix Linux Wireshark currently runs on most UNIX platforms The system requirements should be comparable to the Windows values listed above Binary packages are available for at least the following platforms e Apple Mac OS X e Debian GNU Linux e FreeBSD e Gentoo Linux e HP UX e Mandriva Linux e NetBSD e OpenPKG e Red Hat Fedora Enterprise Linux e Path Linux e Sun Solaris i386 e Sun Solaris Sparc If a binary package is not available for your platform you should download the source and try to build it Please report your experiences to wireshark dev AT wireshark org Introduction 1 3 Where to get Wireshark You can get the latest copy of the program from the Wireshark website ht tp www wireshark org download html The website allows you to choose from among several mirrors for downloading A new Wireshark version will typically become available every 4 8 weeks If you want to be notified about new Wireshark releases you should subscribe to the wireshark an nounce mailing list You w
136. ick on OK Note You must select a color in the colorbar next to the colorwheel to load values into the RGB values Alternatively you can set the values to select the color you want Figure 9 4 Using color filters with Wireshark shows an example of several color filters being used in Wireshark You may not like the color choices however feel free to choose your own If you are uncertain which coloring rule actually took place for a specific packet have a look at the Coloring Rule Name and Coloring Rule String fields Figure 9 4 Using color filters with Wireshark 168 Customizing Wireshark test pcap Wireshark File Edit Yiew Go Capture Analyze Statistics Help BSwaeewiogx s es Q8eoeF 2 S Hiaa Meier F dP Expression Yi clear Apply No Time Source Destination Protocol Info Broadcast ARP Who has 192 168 4 1 025659 192 168 0 2 224 0 0 22 IGMP V3 Membership Report me Frame 1 42 bytes on wire 42 bytes captured Arrival Time Jun 22 2004 20 02 48 863096000 Time delta from previous packet 0 000000000 seconds Time since reference or first frame 0 000000000 seconds Frame Number 1 Packet Length 42 bytes Capture Length 42 bytes Frame is marked False Protocols in frame eth arp Coloring Rule Name arp Coloring Rule String arp 2 Sthernet TT Cer 197 IAR A D FARA rae Rats Arnadraat OF FF FF FF FF FF EFEFEF TETT O0 Ob 20 cd 02 08 06 00 O1 08 OO 06 04 OO
137. ied decodes 5 OK Apply the currently selected decode and close the dialog box 6 Apply Apply the currently selected decode and keep the dialog box open 7 Cancel Cancel the changes and close the dialog box Show User Specified Decodes This dialog box shows the currently active user specified decodes Figure 9 7 The Decode As Show dialog box Wireshark Decode As Show PB Table Yale Initial Current ALALA Sa Te De TS TOE ECS CO ee EO Oe a OES OPES SSS OSC Se DS CE PO ALILI z TCP pork 3196 none AIM SE RCCL CE TEC UE TTT CECE TCT A Cr Peer Er TEEPE ETO T CTT EL CECE Ce TCP TEC C reer rere rer rT Tt rere tr a Ter Ty UDP port 3193 none ADP 173 Customizing Wireshark 1 OK Close this dialog box 2 Clear Removes all user specified decodes 174 Customizing Wireshark 9 5 Preferences There are a number of preferences you can set Simply select the Preferences menu item from the Edit menu and Wireshark will pop up the Preferences dialog box as shown in Figure 9 8 The preferences dialog box with the User Interface page as default On the left side is a tree where you can select the page to be shown Note Preference settings are added frequently For a recent explanation of the preference pages and their settings have a look at the Wireshark Wiki Preferences page at ht tp wiki wireshark org Preferences A Warning The OK or Apply button will not save the preference settin
138. ifies that the packet print process should use PostScript to gen erate a better print output on PostScript aware printers Output to file specifies that printing be done to a file which name is entered in the field or selected using the browse button 100 File Input Output and Printing This field is where you enter the file to print to if you have selected Print to a file or you can click the button to browse the filesystem It is greyed out if Print to a file is not selected e Print command specifies that a command be used for printing Note These Print command fields are not available on windows plat forms This field specifies the command to use for printing It is typically Ipr You would change it to specify a particular queue if you need to print to a queue other than the default An example might be lpr Pmypostscript This field is greyed out if Output to file is checked above Packet Range Select the packets to be printed see Section 5 8 The Packet Range frame Packet Format Select the output format of the packets to be printed You can choose how each packet is printed see Figure 5 18 The Packet Format frame 101 File Input Output and Printing 5 8 The Packet Range frame The packet range frame is a part of various output related dialog boxes It provides options to select which packets should be processed by the output function Figure 5 17 The Packet Range frame
139. iles cece cece eee ceeeeeeeen teenies 185 A 3 3 Windows temporary folder 2 0 0 0 ece eee ce cece ence neces ceeeeeeeeeeeeneeeaes 185 B Protocols and Protocol Fields oss 5 0 0 cscscess cusses cosdessssvoeadascosecss csetaodsscssdeassveiesgseutee sees 188 C Wireshark Messages os 25s deccoss sv os erei iE e E EER NEEE SEINO EEE 189 Cul Packet List Messages o accacssssothods seat seaboehy ean a a EEE ETSY 189 C 1 1 Malformed Packet rnern in REE EEE EEEE EESE 189 C 1 2 Packet size limited during capture eee eee cence eeeeeeeeeeenes 189 C2 Packet Details Messages iinne n E tive dese ssevbaas E det 190 C 2 1 Response in frame 123 cece cecc cece eee eceeeceeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeaes 190 G22 Request in frame 123 p ee docs cusses eeted ged vermeorntwnces vents ovepecondes so end 190 C 2 3 Time from request 0 123 seconds ccceeeceeeeeceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeener 190 D Related command line tools psies eien sa yek dazed ee daaesGobtlas davetaee tee Rasda seb Qeey tend 192 Did Sntro duction ais stu N id set os atts ed eee Aa eT ae Mle 192 D 2 tshark Terminal based Wireshark 200 00 cece cece ccee cece nee cece cena een eeneeeneeeeees 193 D 3 tcpdump Capturing with tcpdump for viewing with Wireshark 000 194 D 4 dumpcap Capturing with dumpcap for viewing with Wireshark 000 195 D 5 capinfos Print information about capture files
140. iles of type All Files v recognize the selected file as a capture file it should grey out the Open button Filename test _00004_200508 Format WiresharkAcpdump MAC name resolution Size 1031 bytes Network name resolution Packets 9 Z Transport name resolution Fast Packet 2005 08 19 1815 06 Elapsed 00 00 00 Unix Linux GTK version gt 2 4 Figure 5 2 Open new GTK version This is the common Gimp GNOME file open dia log plus some Wireshark extensions Specific for this dialog e The Add button allows you to add a direct ory selected in the right hand pane to the fa vorites list on the left Those changes are per sistent e The Remove button allows you to remove a selected directory from that list again the 84 File Input Output and Printing 7 Ere troropert name resetiter items like Home Desktop and Filesys tem cannot be removed e If Wireshark doesn t recognize the selected file as a capture file it will grey out the Open button i Enable WAL paren yeechton od Enti ram rane indon J Enable bare name cotin Teban T Amme a Unix Linux GTK version lt 2 4 Microsoft Windows GTK1 installed This is the file open dialog of former Gimp GNOME versions plus some Wireshark exten sions Specific for this dialog e If Wireshark doesn t recognize the selected file as a capture file it will grey
141. ill find more details in Section 1 6 4 Mailing Lists Introduction 1 4 A brief history of Wireshark In late 1997 Gerald Combs needed a tool for tracking down networking problems and wanted to learn more about networking so he started writing Ethereal the former name of the Wireshark project as a way to solve both problems Ethereal was initially released after several pauses in development in July 1998 as version 0 2 0 With in days patches bug reports and words of encouragement started arriving so Ethereal was on its way to success Not long after that Gilbert Ramirez saw its potential and contributed a low level dissector to it In October 1998 Guy Harris of Network Appliance was looking for something better than tcpview so he started applying patches and contributing dissectors to Ethereal In late 1998 Richard Sharpe who was giving TCP IP courses saw its potential on such courses and started looking at it to see if it supported the protocols he needed While it didn t at that point new pro tocols could be easily added So he started contributing dissectors and contributing patches The list of people who have contributed to Ethereal has become very long since then and almost all of them started with a protocol that they needed that Ethereal did not already handle So they copied an ex isting dissector and contributed the code back to the team In 2006 the project moved house and re emerged under a n
142. in experimental a language for prototyping and scripting see ht tp wiki wireshark org Lua for details SNMP MIBs SNMP MIBs for a more detailed SNMP dissection The Tools Editcap Editcap is a program that reads a capture file and writes some or all of the packets into an other capture file Text2Pcap Text2pcap is a program that reads in an ASCII hex dump and writes the data into a libpcap style capture file Mergecap Mergecap is a program that combines multiple saved capture files into a single output file Capinfos Capinfos is a program that provides information on capture files The Additional Tasks Start Menu Shortcuts add some start menu shortcuts Desktop Icon add an Wireshark icon to the desktop Quick Launch Icon add an Wireshark icon to the Explorer quick launch toolbar Associate file extensions to Wireshark Associate standard network trace files to Wireshark 24 Building and Installing Wireshark 2 8 2 Install WinPcap Note As mentioned above the Wireshark installer takes care of the installation of Win Pcap so usually you don t have to worry about WinPcap at all If you do not have WinPcap installed you will be able to open saved capture files but you will not be able to capture live network traffic While running the Wireshark installer detects which WinPcap version is currently installed and will in stall WinPcap if none or an older version is detected More WinPcap
143. information generated out of the plain packet data or it may need to indicate dissection problems Messages generated by Wireshark are usually placed in paren theses C 1 Packet List Messages These messages might appear in the packet list C 1 1 Malformed Packet Malformed packet means that the protocol dissector can t work out the contents of the packet any fur ther This can have various reasons e Wrong dissector Wireshark erroneously has chosen the wrong protocol dissector for this packet This will happen e g if you are using a protocol not on it s well known TCP or UDP port You may try AnalyzelDecode As to circumvent this problem e Packet not reassembled The packet is longer than a single frame and it is not reassembled see Sec tion 7 5 Packet Reassembling for further details e Packet is malformed The packet is actually wrong malformed meaning that a part of the packet is just not as expected not following the protocol specifications e Dissector is buggy The corresponding protocol dissector is simply buggy or still incomplete Any of the above is possible You ll have to look into the specific situation to determine what it is You could disable the dissector by disabling the protocol on the Analyze menu and check how Wireshark dis plays the packet then You could if it s TCP enable reassembly for TCP and the specific dissector if possible in the EditlPreferences menu You could check the packet conten
144. ions window Conversations test pcap Ethernet 4 TCP 9 UDP 7 Ethernet Conversations Address Address B Packets Bytes Packets A gt B Bytes A gt B Packets 4 lt B Bytes 4 lt B 192 168 0 2 01 00 5e 7f ff fa 1 175 1 175 192 168 0 2 01 00 5e 00 00 16 2 108 2 108 192 168 0 2 Broadcast 3 262 3 262 Netgear 2d 75 2 165 0 letgear 2d 75 9a_192 168 0 2 Apply as Filter gt Selected A lt gt B Prepare a Filter gt Not Selected gt B Find Packet and Selected lt B Colorize Conversation vor Selected A lt gt ANY and not Selected A gt ANY vor not Selected 4 lt ANY ANY lt gt B ANY lt B ANY gt B Name resolution Gin 8 5 3 The protocol specific Conversation List windows Before the combined window described above was available each of its pages were shown as separate windows Even though the combined window is much more convenient to use these separate windows are still available The main reason is they might process faster for very large capture files However as the functionality is exactly the same as in the combined window they won t be discussed in detail here 153 Statistics 8 6 The IO Graphs window User configurable graph of the captured network packets You can define up to five differently colored graphs Figure 8 5 The IO Graphs window Wireshark IO Graphs test pcap lt Graphs rx Axis Graph 1 Color AZ Eiter Tick interval 0
145. ions frame s pe sces Fook sesnsee ie a E E dees EEA eaS 72 4 5 5 Name Resolution frame cece cece cece cece ences eceneceneceeeeeeeeeeeaeeeaeeeaes 72 45 0 Button assises maiores adra SEET PSEA TEREE svete aE E deduses EPOS ESTONE ass 72 4 6 Capture files and file modes 0 0 0 cece cece cece cece cece nace nee neeeneeeaeeeeeeeeeeaees 73 4 7 Link layer header type ssena eeni nea E PN ET o Ss 75 4 8 Filtering while capturing seeessseesesseesrerrsrrerrsrrserrresrrresrreeesrrerrrresrreeerereere 76 4 8 1 Automatic Remote Traffic Filtering seeesseeerssresrreessrrrrerrerrsrrerreresreee 77 4 9 While a Capture 18 runnin S52 e 00 sg cee seen sae Ee es oh vod eee ONEA E a an 79 4 9 1 Stop the running capture 2 0 e aE E E EE E 79 4 9 2 Restart a running Capture sessy seocepesess pinige enep vass p o Eep Sp inse 80 5 File Input Output and Printing 20 0 0 eee c cee ce ence eece eee eeceeeceeeeaeseaeseu seen eens eeaee 82 ee A KALK EE G LETSA NLO o M Arae ee EEE EEEE EE EEE dey ahlnan tue chesti eed Sas AE ES 82 52 Open Capture leS aa a a ei le ea ele A a 83 5 2 1 The Open Capture File dialog Dox 2 0 0 0 cece cece ceeecneeeeeeceeeneeneens 83 5 2 2 Input File Formats sici i rosna geasie cst eegis teen E G 85 5 32 Saving captured packets csecsen se oe cccatesas bedso ss sees tases EErEE EEES 87 5 3 1 The Save Capture File As dialog box 0 ec c eee ceee cece eeeeaeece een eeneens 87 5 3 2 Output File Fo
146. iple tabs in the Packet Bytes pane appear Note You will find the reassembled data in the last packet of the chunk An example In a HTTP GET response the requested data e g a HTML page is returned Wireshark will show the hex dump of the data in a new tab Uncompressed entity body in the Packet Bytes pane Reassembling is enabled in the preferences by default The defaults were changed from disabled to en abled in September 2005 If you created your preference settings before this date you might look if reas sembling is actually enabled as it can be extremely helpful while analyzing network packets The enabling or disabling of the reassemble settings of a protocol typically requires two things 138 Advanced Topics 1 the lower level protocol e g TCP must support reassembly Often this reassembly can be enabled or disabled via the protocol preferences 2 the higher level protocol e g HTTP must use the reassembly mechanism to reassemble fragmen ted protocol data This too can often be enabled or disabled via the protocol preferences The tooltip of the higher level protocol setting will notify you if and which lower level protocol setting has to be considered too 139 Advanced Topics 7 6 Name Resolution 7 6 1 7 6 2 Name resolution tries to resolve some of the numerical address values into a human readable format There are two possible ways to do these conversations depending on th
147. ireshark you must e Obtain a binary package for your operating system or e Obtain the source and build Wireshark for your operating system Currently only two or three Linux distributions ship Wireshark and they are commonly shipping an out of date version No other versions of UNIX ship Wireshark so far and Microsoft does not ship it with any version of Windows For that reason you will need to know where to get the latest version of Wireshark and how to install it This chapter shows you how to obtain source and binary packages and how to build Wireshark from source should you choose to do so The following are the general steps you would use 1 Download the relevant package for your needs e g source or binary distribution 2 Build the source into a binary if you have downloaded the source This may involve building and or installing other necessary packages 3 Install the binaries into their final destinations 13 Building and Installing Wireshark 2 2 Obtaining the source and binary distributions You can obtain both source and binary distributions from the Wireshark web site ht tp www wireshark org Simply select the download link and then select either the source package or binary package of your choice from the mirror site closest to you E Download all required files In general unless you have already downloaded Wireshark before you will most likely need to download several source packages if
148. ister_giop_user_module code and that will leave you with heuristic dissection If you don t want to use the shell script wrapper then try steps 3 or 4 instead To write the C code to stdout Usage omniidl p b wireshark_be lt your file idl gt eg omniidl p b wireshark_be echo idl To write to a file just redirect the output omniidl p b wireshark_be echo idl gt packet test idl c You may wish to comment out the register_giop_user_module code and that will leave you with heuristic dissection Copy the resulting C code to your Wireshark src directory edit the two make files to include the packet test idl c cp packet test idl c dir where wireshark lives edit Makefile am edit Makefile nmake Run configure configure or autogen sh Compile the code make 208 Related command line tools 8 Good Luck D 9 4 TODO 1 Exception code not generated yet but can be added manually 2 Enums not converted to symbolic values yet but can be added manually 3 Add command line options etc 4 More I am sure D 9 5 Limitations See the TODO list inside packet giop c D 9 6 Notes 1 The p option passed to omniidl indicates that the wireshark_be py and wireshark_gen py are residing in the current directory This may need tweaking if you place these files somewhere else 2 Ifit complains about being unable to find some modules eg tempfile py you may want
149. item Table 6 3 The menu items of the Packet Bytes pop up menu Item Identical to main Description menu s item Copy All Inform ation Copy the selected XXX all packet data to the clipboard XXX in which format Copy Text Only Copy the selected packet data to the clipboard XXX in which format Export Selected File Packet Bytes This menu item is the same as the File menu item of the same name It allows you to export raw packet bytes to a binary file 111 Working with captured packets 6 3 Filtering packets while viewing Wireshark has two filtering languages One used when capturing packets and one used when displaying packets In this section we explore that second type of filter Display filters The first one has already been dealt with in Section 4 8 Filtering while capturing Display filters allow you to concentrate on the packets you are interested in while hiding the currently uninteresting ones They allow you to select packets by e Protocol e The presence of a field The values of fields e A comparison between fields e and a lot more To select packets based on protocol type simply type the protocol you are interested in in the Filter field in the filter toolbar of the Wireshark window and press enter to initiate the filter Figure 6 6 Filtering on the TCP protocol shows an example of what happens when you type tep in the filter field
150. ket list corresponds to one packet in the capture file If you select a line in this pane more details will be displayed in the Packet Details and Packet Bytes panes While dissecting a packet Wireshark will place information from the protocol dissectors into the columns As higher level protocols might overwrite information from lower levels you will typically see the information from the highest possible level only For example let s look at a packet containing TCP inside IP inside an Ethernet packet The Ethernet dis sector will write its data such as the Ethernet addresses the IP dissector will overwrite this by its own such as the IP addresses the TCP dissector will overwrite the IP information and so on There are a lot of different columns available Which columns are displayed can be selected by prefer ence settings see Section 9 5 Preferences The default columns will show e No The number of the packet in the capture file This number won t change even if a display filter is used e Time The timestamp of the packet The presentation format of this timestamp can be changed see Section 6 10 Time display formats and time references e Source The address where this packet is coming from e Destination The address where this packet is going to e Protocol The protocol name in a short perhaps abbreviated version e Info Additional information about the packet content There is a context menu right
151. l pages might contain data picked from multiple packets The context menu right mouse click of the tab labels will show a list of all available pages This can be helpful if the size in the pane is too small for all the tab labels 61 User Interface 3 18 The Statusbar The statusbar displays informational messages In general the left side will show context related information while the right side will show the current number of packets Figure 3 17 The initial Statusbar Ready to load or capture No Packets This statusbar is shown while no capture file is loaded e g when Wireshark is started Figure 3 18 The Statusbar with a loaded capture file File test cap 14 KB 00 00 02 P 120 D 120 M 0 fi The left side shows information about the capture file its name its size and the elapsed time while it was being captured The right side shows the current number of packets in the capture file The following values are dis played e P the number of captured packets e D the number of packets currently being displayed e M the number of marked packets Figure 3 19 The Statusbar with a selected protocol field Ppcode arp opcode 2 bytes JP 120 D 120 M 0 fc This is displayed if you have selected a protocol field from the Packet Details pane Tip The value between the brackets in this example arp opcode can be used as a display fil ter string representing the selected protocol field 62
152. lows you to quit from Wireshark Wireshark will ask to save your capture file if you haven t saved it before this can be disabled by a preference setting 36 User Interface 3 6 The Edit menu The Wireshark Edit menu contains the fields shown in Table 3 3 Edit menu items Figure 3 4 The Edit Menu test pcap Wireshark File ig View Go Capture Analyze Statistics Help a Find Packet Ctrl F Find Next aren e B8B e e Fg BIg QA Find Previous Ctrl B ee KA d Expression Clear y Apply Mark Packet toggle Ctrl M w Find Next Mark Shift Ctrl N Find Previous Mark Shift Ctrl B Mark All Packets Unmark All Packets Destination Protocol Info e Broadcast ARP Who has 192 168 0 2 Gratuitous 224 0 0 22 IGMP v3 Membership Report Set Time Reference toggle Ctrl T Find Next Reference Find Previous Reference at i X Preferences Shift Ctrl P A gt Frame 11 62 bytes on wire 62 bytes captured Ethernet II Src 192 168 0 2 O00 0b 5d 20 cd 02 Dst Netgear_2d 75 9a 00 09 5b 2d 75 9a Internet Protocol Src 192 168 0 2 192 168 0 2 Dst 192 168 0 1 192 168 0 1 Transmission Control Protocol Src Port 3196 3196 Dst Port http 80 Seq O Len O Source port 3196 3196 Destination port http 80 Sequence number O relative sequence number Header length 28 bytes Flags Ox0002 SYN Window size 64240 amp amp amp 02 08 00 45 00 61 2c cO
153. me Don t adjust the hours but your time zone setting instead For your computer the time is essentially the same as before you are simply in a different time zone with a different local time Tip You can use the Network Time Protocol NTP to automatically adjust your computer to the correct time by synchronizing it to Internet NTP clock servers NTP clients are avail able for all operating systems that Wireshark supports and for a lot more for examples see http www ntp org Wireshark and Time Zones So what s the relationship between Wireshark and time zones anyway Wireshark s native capture file format libpcap format and some other capture file formats such as the Windows Sniffer EtherPeek AiroPeek and Sun snoop formats save the arrival time of packets as UTC values UN X systems and Windows NT based systems Windows NT 4 0 Windows 2000 Windows XP Windows Server 2003 Windows Vista represent time internally as UTC When Wireshark is cap turing no conversion is necessary However if the system time zone is not set correctly the system s UTC time might not be correctly set even if the system clock appears to display correct local time Win dows 9x based systems Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows Me represent time internally as local time When capturing WinPcap has to convert the time to UTC before supplying it to Wireshark If the system s time zone is not set correctly that conversion will not be done corre
154. me in so you are always look ing at the last packet If you do not specify this Wireshark simply adds new packets onto the end of the list but does not scroll the packet list pane Zoom In Ctrl Zoom into the packet data increase the font size Zoom Out Ctrl Zoom out of the packet data decrease the font size Normal Size Ctrl Set zoom level back to 100 set font size back to normal Resize All Columns Resize all column widths so the content will fit into it Note Resizing may take a significant amount of time es pecially if a large capture file is loaded Expand Sub This menu item expands the currently selected subtree in the 41 User Interface Menu Item Accelerator Description trees packet details tree Expand All Wireshark keeps a list of all the protocol subtrees that are expan ded and uses it to ensure that the correct subtrees are expanded when you display a packet This menu item expands all subtrees in all packets in the capture Collapse All This menu item collapses the tree view of all packets in the cap ture list Coloring Rules This menu item brings up a dialog box that allows you to color packets in the packet list pane according to filter expressions you choose It can be very useful for spotting certain types of packets see Section 9 3 Packet colorization Show Packet in New Window This menu item brings up the selected packet i
155. moved gt Note The directory you should change to will depend on the version of libpcap you have down loaded In all cases tar xvf will show you the name of the directory that has been un packed Under RedHat 6 x and beyond and distributions based on it like Mandrake you can simply install each of the packages you need from RPMs Most Linux systems will install GTK and GLib in any case however you will probably need to install the devel versions of each of these packages The commands shown in Example 2 3 Installing required RPMs under RedHat Linux 6 2 and beyond will install all the needed RPMs if they are not already installed Example 2 3 Installing required RPMs under RedHat Linux 6 2 and beyond cd mnt cdrom RedHat RPMS rpm ivh glib 1 2 6 3 1386 rpm rpm ivh glib devel 1 2 6 3 1386 rpm rpm ivh gtk 1 2 6 7 1386 rpm rpm ivh gtk devel 1 2 6 7 1386 rpm rpm ivh libpcap 0 4 19 1i386 rpm Note If you are using a version of RedHat later than 6 2 the required RPMs have most likely changed Simply use the correct RPMs from your distribution Under Debian you can install Wireshark using apt get apt get will handle any dependency issues for 16 Building and Installing Wireshark you Example 2 4 Installing debs under Debian shows how to do this Example 2 4 Installing debs under Debian apt get install wireshark dev 17 Building and Installing Wiresha
156. mple is shown in Example 4 2 Capturing all telnet traffic not from 10 0 0 5 and shows how to capture all telnet traffic except that from 10 0 0 5 Example 4 2 Capturing all telnet traffic not from 10 0 0 5 tcp port 23 and not host 10 0 0 5 XXX add examples to the following list A primitive is simply one of the following srcldst host lt host gt This primitive allows you to filter on a host IP address or name You can optionally precede the primitive with the keyword srcldst to specify that you are only interested in source or destina tion addresses If these are not present packets where the spe cified address appears as either the source or the destination ad 76 4 8 1 Capturing Live Network Data ether srcldst host lt ehost gt gateway host lt host gt srcldst net lt net gt mask lt mask gt l len lt len gt tcpludp sreldst port lt port gt lesslgreater lt length gt iplether proto lt protocol gt etherlip broadcastlmulticast lt expr gt relop lt expr gt dress will be selected This primitive allows you to filter on Ethernet host addresses You can optionally include the keyword sreldst between the keywords ether and host to specify that you are only interested in source or destination addresses If these are not present packets where the specified address appears in either the source or destin ation address will be selected This primitive allows you to fil
157. multiple Ring buffer Mode Resulting filename s files option with n files op used tion Single temporary etherXXXXXX_ where file XXXXXX is a unique number foo cap Single named file foo cap foo cap x Multiple files foo_00001_20040205110 continuous 102 cap foo_00002_20040205110 102 cap foo cap x x Multiple files foo_00001_20040205110 ring buffer 102 cap foo_00002_20040205110 102 cap Single temporary file A temporary file will be created and used this is the default 73 Capturing Live Network Data Single named file Multiple files continuous Multiple files ring buffer After the capturing is stopped this file can be saved later under a user specified name A single capture file will be used If you want to place the new capture file to a specific folder choose this mode Like the Single named file mode but a new file is created and used after reaching one of the multiple file switch conditions one of the Next file every values Much like Multiple files continuous reaching one of the mul tiple files switch conditions one of the Next file every val ues will switch to the next file This will be a newly created file if value of Ring buffer with n files is not reached otherwise it will replace the oldest of the formerly used files thus forming a ring This mode will limit the maximum disk usage even for an unlim ited amoun
158. n You can specify individual re cords or a range of records 200 Related command line tools D 7 mergecap Merging multiple capture files into one Mergecap is a program that combines multiple saved capture files into a single output file specified by the w argument Mergecap knows how to read libpcap capture files including those of tcpdump In ad dition Mergecap can read capture files from snoop including Shomiti and atmsnoop LanAlyzer Sniffer compressed or uncompressed Microsoft Network Monitor AIX s iptrace NetXray Sniffer Pro RADCOM s WAN LAN analyzer Lucent Ascend router debug output HP UX s nettl and the dump output from Toshiba s ISDN routers There is no need to tell Mergecap what type of file you are reading it will determine the file type by itself Mergecap is also capable of reading any of these file formats if they are compressed using gzip Mergecap recognizes this directly from the file the gz ex tension is not required for this purpose By default it writes the capture file in libpcap format and writes all of the packets in both input capture files to the output file The F flag can be used to specify the format in which to write the capture file it can write the file in libpcap format standard libpcap format a modified format used by some patched versions of libpcap the format used by Red Hat Linux 6 1 or the format used by SuSE Linux 6 3 snoop format uncompressed Sniffer format Microsof
159. n 6 6 Defining and saving filters TL Coloring Rules View Coloring ai Rules This item brings up a dialog box that allows you col or packets in the packet list pane according to filter expressions you choose It can be very useful for spotting certain types of packets More detail on this subject is provided in Section 9 3 Packet coloriza tion Preferences Edit Preferences This item brings up a dialog box that allows you to set preferences for many parameters that control Wireshark You can also save your preferences so Wireshark will use them the next time you start it More detail is provided in Section 9 5 Preferences Help Help Contents This item brings up help dialog box 56 User Interface 3 14 The Filter toolbar The filter toolbar lets you quickly edit and apply display filters More information on display filters is available in Section 6 3 Filtering packets while viewing Figure 3 12 The Filter toolbar Miter 7 dp Expression Yx gear y Apply Table 3 11 Filter toolbar items Toolbar Toolbar Item Description Icon Filter ES Brings up the filter construction dialog described in Figure 6 8 The Capture Filters and Display Filters dialog boxes Filter input The area to enter or edit a display filter string see Section 6 4 Building display filter expressions A syntax check of your filter string is done while you are typin
160. n Control Protocol Src Port 3196 3196 Dst Port http 80 Seq 0 Len O Source port 3196 3196 Destination port http 80 Sequence number O relative sequence number Header length 28 bytes Flags Ox0002 SYN Window size 64240 H E DEE 02 08 00 45 00 61 2c cO a8 00 02 cO a8 95 f8 00 00 00 00 70 02 030 fa fO 27 e0 OO OO O2 04 05 b4 O1 O1 04 02 File D test pcap 14 KB 00 00 02 P 120 D 120 M 0 1 1 3 Live capture from many different network media Wireshark can capture traffic from many different network media types and despite it s name including wireless LAN as well Which media types are supported depends on many things like the operating sys tem you are using An overview of the supported media types can be found at http wiki wireshark org CaptureSetup NetworkMedia 1 1 4 Import files from many other capture programs Wireshark can open packets captured from a large number of other capture programs For a list of input formats see Section 5 2 2 Input File Formats 1 1 5 Export files for many other capture programs Wireshark can save packets captured in a large number of formats of other capture programs For a list of output formats see Section 5 3 2 Output File Formats Introduction 1 1 6 Many protocol decoders 1 1 7 1 1 8 There are protocol decoders or dissectors as they are known in Wireshark for a great many protocols see Appendix B Protocols and Prot
161. n a separate win dow The separate window shows only the tree view and byte view panes Reload Ctrl R This menu item allows you to reload the current capture file 42 User Interface 3 8 The Go menu The Wireshark Go menu contains the fields shown in Table 3 5 Go menu items Figure 3 6 The Go Menu test pcap Wireshark File Edit View Mei Capture Analyze Statistics Help Bw ols tle geo o F 2 BiBiaa Go to Packet Ctrl G M Eiter o t aa ng Packs A gt Expression Ys clear y Apply No Time T First Packet ati Protocol Info e a ood amp Last Packet ARP Who has 192 168 0 2 Gratuitous 4 1 025659 192 168 0 2 224 0 0 22 IGMP V3 Membership Report A Frame 11 62 bytes on wire 62 bytes captured Ethernet II Src 192 168 0 2 00 0b 5d 20 cd 02 Dst Netgear_2d 75 9a 00 09 5b 2d 75 9a Internet Protocol Src 192 168 0 2 192 168 0 2 Dst 192 168 0 1 192 168 0 1 Transmission Control Protocol Src Port 3196 3196 Dst Port http 80 Seq O Len O Source port 3196 3196 Destination port http 80 Sequence number O relative sequence number Header length 28 bytes Flags Ox0002 SYN Window size 64240 amp amp amp 02 08 00 45 00 OO 30 18 48 40 00 80 06 61 2c cO a8 OO 02 cO a8 00 01 Oc 7c OO 50 3c 36 95 f8 OO GO OO OO 70 02 fa fO 27 e0 00 00 02 04 05 b4 01 01 04 02 File D test pcap 14 KB 00 00 02 P 120 D 120 M 0 R Table 3 5 Go menu i
162. n dialog box helps with this Tip N The Filter Expression dialog box is an excellent way to learn how to write Wireshark display filter strings Figure 6 7 The Filter Expression dialog box Wireshark Filter Expression Field name Relation 2dparityfec i is present 3COMXNS 3GPP2 A11 802 11 MGT 802 11 Radiotap 802 3 Slow protocols 9P AALI 4AL3 4 AARP ACAP ACP133 ACSE ACtrace ADP AFP a H o amp amp A 4 amp amp Fe amp When you first bring up the Filter Expression dialog box you are shown a tree list of field names organ ized by protocol and a box for selecting a relation Field Name Select a protocol field from the protocol field tree Every protocol with filterable fields is listed at the top level By clicking on the next to a protocol name you can get a list of the field names available for filtering for that protocol Relation Select a relation from the list of available relation The is present is a unary relation which is true if the selected field is present in a packet All other listed relations are binary relations which require additional data e g a Value to match to complete 118 Working with captured packets When you select a field from the field name list and select a binary relation such as the equality relation you will be given the opportunity to enter a value and possibly some range information Value You may enter an appropriate
163. name resolution check buttons Details about name resolution can be found in Section 7 6 Name Resol ution Save a lot of time on huge capture files You can change the display filter and name resolution settings later while viewing the packets However for huge capture files it can take a significant amount of extra time changing these settings later so in such situations it can be a good idea to set at least the filter in advance here Table 5 1 The system specific Open Capture File dialog box Microsoft Windows GTK2 installed Figure 5 1 Open on native Windows This is the common Windows file open dialog plus some Wireshark extensions Wireshark Open Capture File Look in C2 tileset J0 2 pem test1_00001_20050819161503 pcap Beests_00007_20050819181508 pcap testi _00002_20050819181S05 pcap a 00008 _20050819181S09 pcap If available the Help button will lead you to Specific for this dialog test _00003_2005081918150S pcap test _00009_20050819181510 pcap oe era BB eest1_00004_20050619161506 peap Mitesti_00010_20050819181512 pcap this section of this User s Guide test _00005_20050819181507 pcap Beests_o0011_20050819181513 pcap testi _00006_20050819161507 pcap Mitest _00012_20050819181514 c30 lle XXX the Filter button currently doesn t lt i ma gt work on Windows Fi est1_00004_20050819181506 pcap zoi pie n laaa e XXX missing feature If Wireshark doesn t F
164. nce However if the name resolution information should change while Wireshark is running Wireshark won t notice a change to the name resolution information once it s get cached If this information changes while Wireshark is running e g a new DHCP lease takes effect Wireshark won t notice it XXX is this true for all or only for DNS info 3 Tip The name resolution in the packet list is done while the list is filled If a name could be re solved after a packet was added to the list that former entry won t be changed As the name resolution results are cached you can use View Reload to rebuild the packet list this time with the correctly resolved names However this isn t possible while a capture is in progress Ethernet name resolution MAC layer Try to resolve an Ethernet MAC address e g 00 09 5b 01 02 03 to something more human readable ARP name resolution system service Wireshark will ask the operating system to convert an Ethernet address to the corresponding IP address e g 00 09 5b 01 02 03 gt 192 168 0 1 Ethernet codes ethers file If the ARP name resolution failed Wireshark tries to convert the Ethernet address to a known device name which has been assigned by the user using an ethers file e g 00 09 5b 01 02 03 gt homerouter 140 7 6 3 7 6 4 7 6 5 Advanced Topics Ethernet manufacturer codes manuf file If both ARP and ethers didn t returned a result Wireshark tries to conve
165. nding answers Read the FAQ Before sending any mail to the mailing lists below be sure to read the FAQ as it will often answer the question s you might have This will save yourself and others a lot of time keep in mind that a lot of people are subscribed to the mailing lists You will find the FAQ inside Wireshark by clicking the menu item Help Contents and selecting the FAQ page in the upcoming dialog An online version is available at the Wireshark website http www wireshark org faq html You might prefer this online version as it s typically more up to date and the HTML format is easier to use Mailing Lists There are several mailing lists of specific Wireshark topics available wireshark announce This mailing list will inform you about new program releases which usu ally appear about every 4 8 weeks wireshark users This list is for users of Wireshark People post questions about building and using Wireshark others hopefully provide answers wireshark dev This list is for Wireshark developers If you want to start developing a pro tocol dissector join this list You can subscribe to each of these lists from the Wireshark web site http www wireshark org Simply select the mailing lists link on the left hand side of the site The lists are archived at the Wireshark web site as well Introduction v Tip You can search in the list archives to see if someone asked the same question some time before an
166. nent delimiter must be specified but no pattern is required th remaining number is assumed to be fractions of a second Write the capture file generated by text2pcap to lt filename gt The default is to write to standard output Display the help message Displays debugging information during the process Can be used multiple times to generate more debugging information Be completely quiet during the process Specify the radix for the offsets hex or octal Defaults to hex This cor 205 Related command line tools e 3pid u srcport destport responds to the A option for od Specify the link layer type of this packet Default is Ethernet 1 See net bpf h for the complete list of possible encapsulations Note that this op tion should be used if your dump is a complete hex dump of an encapsu lated packet and you wish to specify the exact type of encapsulation Ex ample 1 7 for ARCNet packets Include a dummy Ethernet header before each packet Specify the L3PID for the Ethernet header in hex Use this option if your dump has Layer 3 header and payload e g IP header but no Layer 2 encapsulation Ex ample e 0x806 to specify an ARP packet For IP packets instead of generating a fake Ethernet header you can also use l 12 to indicate a raw IP packet to Wireshark Note that 1 12 does not work for any non IP Layer 3 packet e g ARP whereas generating a dummy Ethernet header with e works
167. neral ways to export data from Wireshark Note There are more specialized functions to export specific data which will be described at the appropriate places XXX add detailed descriptions of the output formats and some sample output too 5 6 1 The Export as Plain Text File dialog box Export packet data into a plain ASCII text file much like the format used to print packets Figure 5 11 The Export as Plain Text File dialog box Ethereal Export as Plain Text File Export to file Packet Range Packet Format Captured Displayed Packet summary line All packets 191 Packet details Selected packet only 1 All collapsed s displayed All expanded Specify a packet range C Packet bytes _ Each packet on a new page J t e Export to file frame chooses the file to export the packet data to e The Packet Range frame is described in Section 5 8 The Packet Range frame e The Packet Details frame is described in Section 5 9 The Packet Format frame 95 File Input Output and Printing 5 6 2 The Export as PostScript File dialog box Export packet data into PostScript much like the format used to print packets Tip You can easily convert PostScript files to PDF files using ghostscript For example export to a file named foo ps and then call ps2pdf foo ps Figure 5 12 The Export as PostScript
168. ny work based on the Program the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients exercise of the rights granted herein You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to nsequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent for any other reason not limited to patent issues conditions are imposed on you whether by court order agreement or otherwise that contradict the conditions of this License they do not the conditions of this License If you cannot to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations then as a consequence you may not distribu license would no te the Program at all For example if a patent t permit royalty free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you then ircumstances Bet FQ BHO TO H the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other t is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any a
169. o the parent node Right In the packet detail opens the selected tree item Backspace In the packet detail jumps to the parent node Return Enter In the packet detail toggles the selected tree item Additionally typing anywhere in the main window will start filling in a display filter 31 User Interface 3 4 The Menu The Wireshark menu sits on top of the Wireshark window An example is shown in Figure 3 2 The Menu Note Menu items will be greyed out if the corresponding feature isn t available For example you cannot save a capture file if you didn t capture or load any data before Figure 3 2 The Menu File Edit view Go Capture Analyze Statistics Help It contains the following items File Edit View Go Capture Analyze Statistics Help This menu contains items to open and merge capture files save print export capture files in whole or in part and to quit from Wireshark See Section 3 5 The File menu This menu contains items to find a packet time reference or mark one or more packets set your preferences cut copy and paste are not presently implemented See Sec tion 3 6 The Edit menu This menu controls the display of the captured data including the colorization of pack ets zooming the font show a packet in a separate window expand and collapse trees in packet details See Section 3 7 The View menu This men
170. ocessor lots of memory and disk space is a good idea here e If Wireshark is running out of memory it crashes see http wiki wireshark org KnownBugs OQutOfMemory for details and workarounds e Wireshark won t benefit much from Multiprocessor Hyperthread systems except perhaps during an Update list of packets in real time capture where capturing traffic runs in one process and dissect ing and displaying packets runs in another process and the two processes could run on two pro cessors Microsoft Windows e Windows 2000 XP Home XP Pro XP Tablet PC XP Media Center or Server 2003 XP Pro recom mended e 32 bit Pentium or alike recommended 400MHz or greater 64 bit processors in WoW64 emula tion see remarks below e 128MB RAM system memory recommended 256MBytes or greater e 60MB available disk space plus size of user s capture files e g 100MB extra e 800 600 1280 1024 or higher recommended resolution with at least 256 colors e A supported network card for capturing e Ethernet any card supported by Windows should do e WLAN see the MicroLogix support list no capturing of 802 11 headers and non data frames e Other media See http wiki wireshark org CaptureSetup NetworkMedia Remarks e Windows Vista should work but as it s still beta you might encounter new bugs e Windows 95 98 ME and NT won t work with Wireshark The last known version to work was Eth ereal 0 99 0 which includes WinPcap 3 1 The l
171. ocol Fields Open Source Software Wireshark is an open source software project and is released under the GNU General Public Licence GPL You can freely use Wireshark on any number of computers you like without worrying about li cense keys or fees or such In addition all source code is freely available under the GPL Because of that it is very easy for people to add new protocols to Wireshark either as plugins or built into the source and they often do What Wireshark is not Here are some things Wireshark does not provide e Wireshark isn t an intrusion detection system It will not warn you when someone does strange things on your network that he she isn t allowed to do However if strange things happen Wireshark might help you figure out what is really going on e Wireshark will not manipulate things on the network it will only measure things from it Wire shark doesn t send packets on the network or do other active things except for name resolutions but even that can be disabled Introduction 1 2 System Requirements 1 2 1 1 2 2 What you ll need to get Wireshark up and running General Remarks e The values below are the minimum requirements and only rules of thumb for use on a moderately used network e Working with a busy network can easily produce huge memory and disk space usage For example Capturing on a fully saturated 1OOMBit s Ethernet will produce 750MBytes min Having a fast pr
172. ode ncommercial tion and ins compiler mpanies the executable valid for at least for a charge no more than your of physically performing source distribution hine readable copy of the corresponding source code rms of Sections 1 and 2 above o r software interchange tomarily used for software interchange a comp t n or This alterna complete p and so on the tive distribution and only if you object code or executable form with h Subsection b above However rogram ks in those n you rk based terms of the ho wrote it contest nt is to or mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program Program a storage or distributio the scope of this olume of n medium does not bring the other work under or a work based on it in object code or executable form under the terms of hat you also do one of the following h the complete corresponding machine readable must be distributed under th medium cus Sections er three lete o be a medium offer is such for a work means the preferred form of the work for For an executable work the source code for all modules it contains tion files source lus any plus the scripts used to tallation of the executable the source code distributed need not include in either source or binary kernel hich the executable runs as of the unless that component eve compelled to copy the sourc
173. ollowing TCP streams Follow SSL Stream Same functionality as Follow TCP Stream but for SSL streams XXX how to provide the SSL keys Expert Info Open a dialog showing some expert information about the cap tured packets in a log style display The amount of information will depend on the protocol and varies from very detailed to none existing This is currently a work in progress XXX add a new section about this and link from here Expert Info Composite Same information as in Expert Info but trying to group items together for faster analysis 48 User Interface 3 11 The Statistics menu The Wireshark Statistics menu contains the fields shown in Table 3 8 Statistics menu items Figure 3 9 The Statistics Menu test pcap Wireshark File Edit View Go Capture Analyze RSG Bw oo w e goer gt eF BiGiaa Protocol Hierarchy Conversations w Filter Endpoints KA d Expression Ys clear y Apply 10 Graphs A No Time Source Protocol Info 1 0 000000 192 168 0 2 Conversation List ARP Who has 192 168 0 2 Gratuitous 2 92 168 0 Endpoint List SN ERG aN STATES g Service se Time 4 1 025659 192 168 0 2 AEO ses e seul Ale gt AFP bmbership Report ANSI DCE RPC Fax T38 Analysis Fibre Channel GSM H 225 RAS H 225 LDAP stration NB NE MTPS NP gt http SYN Seq 0 Len 0 M55 RTP ONC RPC v SCTP scsi gt
174. ou want to start developing Wireshark on the Windows platform For further information how to build Wireshark for Windows from the sources have a look at the Devel opment Wiki http wiki wireshark org Development for the latest available development documenta tion 22 Building and Installing Wireshark 2 8 Installing Wireshark under Windows In this section we explore installing Wireshark under Windows from the binary packages 2 8 1 Install Wireshark You may acquire a binary installer of Wireshark named something like wireshark setup xX y zZ exe Simply download the Wireshark installer from http www wireshark org download html releases and execute it Note The WinPcap installer has become part of the main Wireshark installer so you don t need to download and install two separate packages 2 8 1 1 Command line options You can simply start the Wireshark installer without any command line parameters it will show you the usual interactive installer There are some command line parameters available e NCRC disables the CRC check e S runs the installer or uninstaller silently with default values Please note The silent installer won t install WinPCap e desktopicon installation of the desktop icon yes force installation no don t install otherwise use defaults user settings This option can be useful for a silent installer e quicklaunchicon installation of the quick launch icon yes for
175. ous Reference This menu item tries to find the previous time referenced packet Preferences Shift Ctrl P This menu item brings up a dialog box that allows you to set preferences for many parameters that control Wireshark You can also save your preferences so Wireshark will use them the next time you start it More detail is provided in Section 9 5 Preferences 38 User Interface 3 7 The View menu The Wireshark View menu contains the fields shown in Table 3 4 View menu items Figure 3 5 The View Menu test pcap Wireshark File Edit BYES Go Capture Analyze Statistics Help Bul o BIB a tEE a a Statusbar ay 4 Filter v lt p Expression Ys clear y Apply Packet List Packet Details Packet Bytes Destination Protocol Info Broadcast ARP Who has 192 168 0 2 Gratuitou Time Display Format Date and Time of Day 1970 01 01 01 02 03 123456 Name Resolution Time of Day 01 02 03 123456 p Report v Colorize Packet List Seconds Since Beginning of Capture 123 123456 v Auto Scroll in Live Capture Seconds Since Previous Packet 1 123456 Q Zoom In Ctrl Automatic File Format Precision Q Zoom Out Ctrl Seconds 0 i Q Normal Size Ctrl Deciseconds 0 1 LSYNJ Seq 0 Len 0 MS5 E Resize All Columns Centiseconds 0 12 Miliseconds 0 123 gt Microseconds 0 123456 Nanoseconds 0 123456789 5b 2d 75 9a 192 168 0 2 Dst 192 168 0 1 192 168 0 1 Transm 48 Coloring Rule
176. out the Ok but ton 5 2 2 Input File Formats The following file formats from other capture tools can be opened by Wireshark e libpcap tcpdump and various other tools using tcpdump s capture format e Sun snoop and atmsnoop e Shomiti Finisar Surveyor captures e Novell LANalyzer captures e Microsoft Network Monitor captures e AIX s iptrace captures e Cinco Networks NetXray captures e Network Associates Windows based Sniffer and Sniffer Pro captures 85 File Input Output and Printing e Network General Network Associates DOS based Sniffer compressed or uncompressed captures e AG Group WildPackets EtherPeek TokenPeek AiroPeek EtherHelp PacketGrabber captures e RADCOM s WAN LAN Analyzer captures e Network Instruments Observer version 9 captures e Lucent Ascend router debug output e HP UX s nettl e Toshiba s ISDN routers dump output e ISDN4BSD i4btrace utility e traces from the EyeSDN USB SO e IPLog format from the Cisco Secure Intrusion Detection System e pppd logs pppdump format e the output from VMS s TCPIPtrace TCPtrace UCX TRACE utilities e the text output from the DBS Etherwatch VMS utility e Visual Networks Visual UpTime traffic capture e the output from CoSine L2 debug e the output from Accellent s 5Views LAN agents e Endace Measurement Systems ERF format captures e Linux Bluez Bluetooth stack hcidump w traces e Catapult DCT2000 out files 4 Open a file may fail due to invalid
177. ow TCP Stream IGMP V3 Membership Report Expert Info Expert Info Composite 3196 gt http SYN A Frame 11 62 bytes on wire 62 bytes captured Ethernet II Src 192 168 0 2 00 0b 5d 20 cd 02 Dst Netgear_2d 75 9a 00 09 5b 2d 75 9a Internet Protocol Src 192 168 0 2 192 168 0 2 Dst 192 168 0 1 192 168 0 1 Transmission Control Protocol Src Port 3196 3196 Dst Port http 80 Seq 0 Len O Source port 3196 3196 Destination port http 80 Sequence number O relative sequence number Header length 28 bytes Flags Ox0002 SYN Window size 64240 HDH LE E 02 08 00 45 00 00 30 18 48 40 00 80 06 61 2c cO a8 OO 02 cO a8 o0 01 Ta r OO OO OO 00 70 O2 ta TO 27 e0 00 00 02 04 O5 b4 O1 O1 04 02 Transmission Control Protocol tcp 28 bytes JP 120 D 120 M 0 Table 3 7 Analyze menu items Menu Item Accelerator Description Display Fil ters This menu item brings up a dialog box that allows you to create and edit display filters You can name filters and you can save them for future use More detail on this subject is provided in Section 6 6 Defining and saving filters Apply as Filter gt we These menu items will change the current display filter and apply the changed filter immediately Depending on the chosen menu item the current display filter string will be replaced or appended to by the selected protocol field in the packet details pane Prepare a Fil ter gt Th
178. own as redundancy check What are checksums for Checksums are used to ensure the integrity of data portions for data transmission or storage A checksum is basically a calculated summary of such a data portion Network data transmissions often produce errors such as toggled missing or duplicated bits As a result the data received might not be identical to the data transmitted which is obviously a bad thing Because of these transmission errors network protocols very often use checksums to detect such errors The transmitter will calculate a checksum of the data and transmits the data together with the checksum The receiver will calculate the checksum of the received data with the same al gorithm as the transmitter If the received and calculated checksums don t match a transmission error has occured Some checksum algorithms are able to recover simple errors by calculating where the expected error must be and repairing it If there are errors that cannot be recovered the receiving side throws away the packet Depending on the network protocol this data loss is simply ignored or the sending side needs to detect this loss somehow and retransmits the required packet s Using a checksum drastically reduces the number of undetected transmission errors However the usual checksum algorithms cannot guarantee an error detection of 100 so a very small number of transmission errors may remain undetected There are several different
179. p accuracy is provided by Wireshark Well Wireshark doesn t cre ate any time stamps itself but simply gets them from somewhere else and displays them So accuracy will depend on the capture system operating system performance that you use Because of this the above question is difficult to answer in a general way Note USB connected network adapters often provide a very bad time stamp accuracy The in coming packets have to take a long and winding road to travel through the USB cable 133 Advanced Topics until they actually reach the kernel As the incoming packets are time stamped when they are processed by the kernel this time stamping mechanism becomes very inaccurate Conclusion don t use USB connected NIC s when you need precise time stamp accuracy XXX are there any such NIC s that stamps already on the USB hardware 134 Advanced Topics 7 4 Time Zones If you travel across the planet time zones can be confusing If you get a capture file from somewhere around the world time zones can even be a lot more confusing First of all there are two reasons why you may not need to think about time zones at all e You are only interested in the time differences between the packet time stamps and don t need to know the exact date and time of the captured packets which is often the case e You don t get capture files from different time zones than your own so there are simply no time zone probl
180. packet types It may not be possible to read some formats dependent on the packet types captured Ether net captures are usually supported for most file formats but other packet types e g token ring packets may not be possible to read from all file formats 86 File Input Output and Printing 5 3 Saving captured packets You can save captured packets simply by using the Save As menu item from the File menu under Wireshark You can choose which packets to save and which file format to be used A Saving may reduce the available information Saving the captured packets will slightly reduce the amount of information e g the num ber of dropped packets will be lost see Section A 1 Capture Files for details 5 3 1 The Save Capture File As dialog box The Save Capture File As dialog box allows you to save the current capture to a file Table 5 2 The system specific Save Capture File As dialog box shows some examples of this dialog box 4 The dialog appearance depends on your system The appearance of this dialog depends on the system and GTK toolkit version used However the functionality remains basically the same on either system Table 5 2 The system specific Save Capture File As dialog box Microsoft Windows GTK2 installed Figure 5 4 Save on native Windows This is the common Windows file save dialog plus some Wireshark extensions JO 0 M Specific for this dialog
181. play formats and time references 40 User Interface Menu Item Accelerator Description Time Display Format gt Selecting this tells Wireshark to display time stamps with a preci seconds 0 sion of one second decisecond centisecond millisecond micro second or nanosecond see Section 6 10 Time display formats and time references Name Resolu tion gt Resolve This item allows you to trigger a name resolve of the current Name packet only see Section 7 6 Name Resolution Name Resolu tion gt Enable This item allows you to control whether or not Wireshark trans for MAC Layer lates MAC addresses into names see Section 7 6 Name Resolu tion Name Resolu tion gt Enable This item allows you to control whether or not Wireshark trans for Network lates network addresses into names see Section 7 6 Name Res Layer olution Name Resolu tion gt Enable This item allows you to control whether or not Wireshark trans for Transport lates transport addresses into names see Section 7 6 Name Res Layer olution Colorize Packet List This item allows you to control whether or not Wireshark should colorize the packet list Note Enabling colorization will slow down the display of new packets while capturing loading capture files Auto Scroll in Live Capture This item allows you to specify that Wireshark should scroll the packet list pane as new packets co
182. ps to the corresponding packet 60 User Interface 3 17 The Packet Bytes pane The packet bytes pane shows the data of the current packet selected in the Packet List pane in a hex dump style Figure 3 15 The Packet Bytes pane TT TT TF TT TF TT 00 Ob Sd 20 cd 02 08 06 OO Ol aaccccce cucnee 0010 08 OO 06 04 00 01 00 Ob Sd 20 cd 02 cO aS OO O2 ee ss 0020 00 00 00 00 00 OO cO AB 00 02 ee so As usual for a hexdump the left side shows the offset in the packet data in the middle the packet data is shown in a hexadecimal representation and on the right the corresponding ASCH characters or if not appropriate are displayed There is a context menu right mouse click available see details in Figure 6 5 Pop up menu of the Packet Bytes pane Depending on the packet data sometimes more than one page is available e g when Wireshark has re assembled some packets into a single chunk of data see Section 7 5 Packet Reassembling In this case there are some additional tabs shown at the bottom of the pane to let you select the page you want to see Figure 3 16 The Packet Bytes pane with tabs 00 06 ab 04 53 08 06 6b 7f bd 08 0010 01 48 33 c7 00 OO 1e 11 dd 51 be aS 08 Oa be as 0020 09 32 41 af OF 04 01 34 OO b4 04 OO 2e OO 10 00 0030 OO OO OO OO a0 de 97 Gc d1 11 82 71 OO 57 80 TO Frame 342 bytes Reassembled DCE RPC 1604 bytes lt Note The additiona
183. quired for packets and thus perhaps fewer packets will be dropped if traffic is very heavy e If you don t capture all of the data in a packet you might find that the packet data you want is in the part that s dropped or that reassembly isn t possible as the data required for reas sembly is missing This field allows you to specify a capture filter Capture filters are discussed in more details in Section 4 8 Filtering while captur ing It defaults to empty or no filter You can also click on the button labelled Capture Filter and Wireshark will bring up the Capture Filters dialog box and allow you to create and or select a filter Please see Section 6 6 Defining and saving filters 4 5 2 Capture File s frame An explanation about capture file usage can be found in Section 4 6 Capture files and file modes File Use multiple files Next file every n megabyte s Next file every n minute s Ring buffer with n files Stop capture after n file s This field allows you to specify the file name that will be used for the capture file This field is left blank by default If the field is left blank the capture data will be stored in a temporary file see Section 4 6 Capture files and file modes for details You can also click on the button to the right of this field to browse through the filesystem Instead of using a single file Wireshark will automatically switch to a new one if
184. r option gt B lt capture buffer size gt c lt capture packet count gt f lt capture filter gt g lt packet number gt i lt capture interface gt m lt font gt N lt name resolving flags gt o lt preference recent setting gt r lt infile gt R lt read display filter gt s lt capture snaplen gt t lt time stamp format gt w lt savefile gt y lt capture link type gt X lt eXtension option gt z lt statistics gt lt infile gt We will examine each of the command line options in turn The first thing to notice is that issuing the command wireshark by itself will bring up Wireshark However you can include as many of the command line parameters as you like Their meanings are as follows in alphabetical order XXX is the alphabetical order a good choice Maybe better task based a lt capture autostop condition gt Specify a criterion that specifies when Wireshark is to stop writ ing to a capture file The criterion is of the form test value where test is one of duration value Stop writing to a capture file after value of seconds have elapsed filesize value Stop writing to a capture file after it reaches a size of value kilobytes where a kilobyte is 1000 bytes not 1024 bytes If this option is used together with the b op tion Wireshark will stop writing to the current capture file and switch to the next one if filesize is reached files
185. re is a complete list of all filter fields available through the menu item Help Supported Protocols in the page Display Filter Fields of the upcoming dialog XXX add some more info here and a link to the statusbar info Comparing values You can build display filters that compare values using a number of different comparison operators They are shown in Table 6 4 Display Filter comparison operators Tip You can use English and C like terms in the same way they can even be mixed in a filter string Table 6 4 Display Filter comparison operators English C like Description and example eq Equal ip addr 10 0 0 5 ne l Not equal ip addr 10 0 0 5 gt gt Greater than frame pkt_len gt 10 114 Working with captured packets English C like Description and example It lt Less than frame pkt_len lt 128 ge gt Greater than or equal to frame pkt_len ge 0x100 le lt Less than or equal to frame pkt_len lt 0x20 In addition all protocol fields are typed Table 6 5 Display Filter Field Types provides a list of the types and example of how to express them Table 6 5 Display Filter Field Types Type Example Unsigned integer 8 bit 16 bit 24 bit 32 bit You can express integers in decimal octal or hexadecimal The following display filters are equivalent ip len le 1500 ip len le 02734 ip len le 0x436
186. references wireshark conf This file contains your Wireshark preferences including defaults recent cfilters for capturing and displaying packets It is a simple text file con taining statements of the form variable value The settings from this file are read in at program start and written to disk when you press the Save button in the Preferences dia log box This file contains various GUI related settings like the main win dow position and size the recent files list and such It is a simple text file containing statements of the form variable value It is read at program start and written at program exit This file contains all the capture filters that you have defined and saved It consists of one or more lines where each line has the following format lt filter name gt lt filter string gt The settings from this file are read in at program start and written 181 Files and Folders dfilters colorfilters disabled_protos ethers to disk when you press the Save button in the Capture Filters dialog box This file contains all the display filters that you have defined and saved It consists of one or more lines where each line has the following format lt filter name gt lt filter string gt The settings from this file are read in at program start and written to disk when you press the Save button in the Display Filters dialog box This file contains all the color filters tha
187. rings up a dialog box that allows you to specify a packet number to go to that packet Go To _ First Go First Packet Packet This item jumps to the first packet of the capture file Go To Last Pack Go Last Packet et This item jumps to the last packet of the capture file Colorize View Colorize Colorize the packet list or not Auto Scroll in View Auto Scroll Live Capture in Live Capture Auto scroll packet list while doing a live capture or not Zoom In View Zoom In Zoom into the packet data increase the font size Zoom Out View Zoom Out Zoom out of the packet data decrease the font size Normal Size View Normal Size Set zoom level back to 100 55 User Interface Toolbar Toolbar Item Corresponding Description Icon Menu Item E Resize Columns View Resize ia Columns Resize columns so the content fits into them W Capture Filters Capture Capture di Filters This item brings up a dialog box that allows you to create and edit capture filters You can name filters and you can save them for future use More detail on this subject is provided in Section 6 6 Defining and saving filters Display Filters Analyze Display ES Filters This item brings up a dialog box that allows you to create and edit display filters You can name filters and you can save them for future use More detail on this subject is provided in Sectio
188. rk 2 4 Building Wireshark from source under UNIX Use the following general steps if you are building Wireshark from source under a UNIX operating sys tem Unpack the source from its gzip d tar file If you are using Linux or your version of UNIX uses GNU tar you can use the following command tar zxvf wireshark 0 99 5 tar gz For other versions of UNIX You will want to use the following commands gzip d wireshark 0 99 5 tar gz tar xvf wireshark 0 99 5 tar Note Note 4 The pipeline gzip dc wireshark 0 99 5 tar gz tar xvf will work here as well If you have downloaded the Wireshark tarball under Windows you may find that your browser has created a file with underscores rather than periods in its file name Change directory to the Wireshark source directory Configure your source so it will build correctly for your version of UNIX You can do this with the following command configure If this step fails you will have to rectify the problems and rerun configure Troubleshooting hints are provided in Section 2 6 Troubleshooting during the install on Unix Build the sources into a binary with the make command For example make Install the software in its final destination using the command make install 18 Building and Installing Wireshark Once you have installed Wireshark with make install above you should be able to run it by entering wireshark 19 Building
189. rk s default behaviour will usually suit your needs pretty well However as you become more familiar with Wireshark it can be customized in various ways to suit your needs even better In this chapter we explore e How to start Wireshark with command line parameters e How to colorize the packet list e How to control protocol dissection e How to use the various preference settings 160 Customizing Wireshark 9 2 Start Wireshark from the command line You can start Wireshark from the command line but it can also be started from most Window managers as well In this section we will look at starting it from the command line Wireshark supports a large number of command line parameters To see what they are simply enter the command wireshark h and the help information shown in Example 9 1 Help information available from Wireshark or something similar should be printed Example 9 1 Help information available from Wireshark Version 0 99 0 Copyright 1998 2006 Gerald Combs lt gerald wireshark org gt and contributors Compiled with GTK 2 6 9 with GLib 2 6 6 with WinPcap version unknown with libz 1 2 3 with libpcre 6 4 with Net SNMP 5 2 2 with ADNS with Lua 5 1 Running with WinPcap version 3 1 packet dll version 3 1 0 27 based on libpcap version 0 9 x on Windows XP Service Pack 2 build 2600 wireshark vh DklLnpQS a lt capture autostop condition gt b lt capture ring buffe
190. rmats ss are scechscbtaigivcssaesssveiaagdsesstesscdsseass E EEPOS REEERE S 89 5 4 Merging capture files 2220 sics he asaini eu S Teea ES ESEE EEE EEEE SEES 91 5 4 1 The Merge with Capture File dialog DOX ssssesseessesrereeersrrerrsresrreees 91 59 BILE Sets yano Peer ea a vos N E AE E O E N NE EEE E RE 93 5 5 1 The List Files dialog box cciseecsretens ei gesin eE aa ERa EEES 93 J0 Exporung data 2553 6 cots pei che a aa a aE eE a EEA E E Ea 95 5 6 1 The Export as Plain Text File dialog box sssceneseesseseeseeeesrrerrerrerreees 95 5 6 2 The Export as PostScript File dialog Dox 0 ceeeeneee eee eneeeeeees 96 5 6 3 The Export as CSV Comma Separated Values File dialog box 96 5 6 4 The Export as PSML File dialog DOX 0 0 cece cece cnee ee eeee een eenneees 97 5 6 5 The Export as PDML File dialog box 2 0 0 0 cece cece ceee eee cece eeneeen eens 97 5 6 6 The Export selected packet bytes dialog bOX 00 0 0 cece ceeeeeee cece eeee eee eeeees 98 X k Printing packets sieni esor an Svar g beste Marketi A ESEE EE 100 31 1 The Print dialog DOX ccrois a a e E E aE EES 100 Wireshark User s Guide 5 8 The Packet Range Trame i ig ous see ei r ita ce eek Mae edie oar sees 102 2 9 The Packet Hormat framen naen a ta wat adage ude rested hss davetaes tee asdarebdacestens 103 6 Working with captured packets 20 0 0 cece cece cece ence ee ceeeeeeeeaeeea ceca eeaa eeu eeuee
191. rotocols in the list 171 Customizing Wireshark 2 Disable All Disable all protocols in the list 3 Invert Toggle the state of all protocols in the list 4 OK Apply the changes and close the dialog box 5 Apply Apply the changes and keep the dialog box open 6 Save Save the settings to the disabled_protos see Appendix A Files and Folders for details 7 Cancel Cancel the changes and close the dialog box 9 4 2 User Specified Decodes The Decode As functionality let you temporarily divert specific protocol dissections This might be useful for example if you do some uncommon experiments on your network Figure 9 6 The Decode As dialog box Wireshark Decode As Link Network Transport TCP source 3196 w portis as Do not decode Show Current Clear E The content of this dialog box depends on the selected packet when it was opened A Warning The user specified decodes can not be saved If you quit Wireshark these settings will be lost 172 9 4 3 Customizing Wireshark 1 Decode Decode packets the selected way 2 Do not decode Do not decode packets the selected way 3 Link Network Transport Specify the network layer at which Decode As should take place Which of these pages are available depends on the content of the selected packet when this dialog box was opened 4 Show Current Open a dialog box showing the current list of user specif
192. rt the first 3 bytes of an ethernet address to an abbreviated manufacturer name which has been assigned by the IEC e g 00 09 5b 01 02 03 gt Netgear_01 02 03 IP name resolution network layer Try to resolve an IP address e g 216 239 37 99 to something more human readable DNS ADNS name resolution system library service Wireshark will ask the operating system or the ADNS library to convert an IP address to the hostname associated with it e g 216 239 37 99 gt www 1 google com The DNS service is using synchronous calls to the DNS server So Wireshark will stop responding until a response to a DNS request is returned If possible you might consider using the ADNS library which won t wait for a network response Warning A Enabling network name resolution when your name server is unavailable may significantly slow down Wireshark while it waits for all of the name server requests to time out Use ADNS in that case DNS vs ADNS here s a short comparison Both mechanisms are used to convert an IP address to some human readable domain name The usual DNS call gethostname will try to convert the address to a name To do this it will first ask the systems hosts file e g etc hosts if it finds a matching entry If that fails it will ask the configured DNS server s about the name So the real difference between DNS and ADNS comes when the system has to wait for the DNS server about a name resolution The system call
193. rvice Response Time windows will work the same way or only slightly dif ferent compared to the following description The Service Response Time DCE RPC window The service response time of DCE RPC is the time between the request and the corresponding response First of all you have to select the DCE RPC interface Figure 8 6 The Compute DCE RPC statistics window Wireshark Compute DCE RPC SRT statistics Program ATSYC EPM Version Beej ooo 156 Statistics You can optionally set a display filter to reduce the amount of packets Figure 8 7 The DCE RPC Statistic for window DCE RPC Service Response Time statistics for EPM major version 3 test SEE DCE RPC Service Response Time statistics for EPM major version 3 test pcap Filter ndex Procedure Cals Min SRT lax SRT Avg SRT Each row corresponds to a method of the interface selected so the EPM interface in version 3 has 7 methods For each method the number of calls and the statistics of the SRT time is calculated 157 Statistics 8 8 The protocol specific statistics windows The protocol specific statistics windows display detailed information of specific protocols and might be described in a later version of this document Some of these statistics are described at the http wiki wireshark org Statistics pages 158 Statistics 159 Chapter 9 Customizing Wireshark 9 1 Introduction Wiresha
194. s rt 3196 3196 Dst Port http 80 Seq 0 Len O A Expand All Collapse All amp amp Show Packet in New Window Seq Reload Ctrl R Header length 28 bytes Flags Ox0002 SYN Window size 64240 huence number 02 08 00 45 00 61 2c cO a8 00 02 cO a8 95 f8 00 00 00 00 70 02 030 fa fO 27 e0 OO OO O2 04 05 b4 O1 O1 04 02 File D test pcap 14 KB 00 00 02 P 120 D 120 M 0 Table 3 4 View menu items Menu Item Accelerator Description Main Toolbar This menu item hides or shows the main toolbar see Sec tion 3 13 The Main toolbar Filter Toolbar This menu item hides or shows the filter toolbar see Sec tion 3 14 The Filter toolbar Statusbar This menu item hides or shows the statusbar see Section 3 18 The Statusbar Packet List This menu item hides or shows the packet list pane see Sec 39 User Interface Menu Item Accelerator Description tion 3 15 The Packet List pane Packet Details This menu item hides or shows the packet details pane see Sec tion 3 16 The Packet Details pane Packet Bytes This menu item hides or shows the packet bytes pane see Sec tion 3 17 The Packet Bytes pane Time Display Format gt Date and Time of Selecting this tells Wireshark to display the time stamps in date and time of day format see Section 6 10 Time display formats D
195. s Output files w lt filename gt name of file to sav def tempfile b lt ringbuffer opt gt duration NUM switch to next file after NUM secs filesize NUM switch to next file after NUM KB files NUM ringbuffer replace after NUM files Miscellaneous y print version information and exit h display this help and exit Example dumpcap i eth0 a duration 60 w output pcap Capture network packets from interface ethO until 60s passed into output pcap Use Ctrl C to stop capturing at any time 195 Related command line tools D 5 capinfos Print information about capture files Included with Wireshark is a small utility called capinfos which is a command line utility to print in formation about binary capture files Example D 2 Help information available from capinfos capinfos h Usage capinfos t c s d u a e y i z h lt capfile gt where t display the capture type of lt capfile gt c count the number of packets s display the size of the file d display the total length of all packets in the file in bytes u display the capture duration in seconds a display the capture start time e display the capture end time y display average data rate in bytes i display average data rate in bits z display average packet size in bytes h produces this help listing If no data flags are given default is to displa
196. s e How to capture packets in Wireshark e How to view packets in Wireshark e How to filter packets in Wireshark e and many other things 28 User Interface 3 2 Start Wireshark You can start Wireshark from your shell or window manager v 2 Tip When starting Wireshark it s possible to specify optional settings using the command line See Section 9 2 Start Wireshark from the command line for details Note In the following chapters a lot of screenshots from Wireshark will be shown As Wire shark runs on many different platforms and there are different versions of the underlying GUI toolkit GTK 1 x 2 x used your screen might look different from the provided screenshots But as there are no real differences in functionality these screenshots should still be well understandable 29 User Interface 3 3 The Main window Lets look at Wireshark s user interface Figure 3 1 The Main window shows Wireshark as you would usually see it after some packets captured or loaded how to do this will be described later Figure 3 1 The Main window test pcap Wireshark File Edit View Go Capture Analyze Statistics Help Sweeaee oHBxe a Q evrF zt BiGiaa Miter gt expression Ysclear Y Apply No Time Source Destination Protocol Info 1 0 000000 192 168 0 2 Broadcast ARP Who has 192 168 0 2 Gratuitous 4 1 025659 192 168 0 2 224 0 0 22 IGMP V3 Membership Report gt http I
197. s IPs VINES Other Running This dialog box will inform you about the number of captured packets and the time since the capture was started The selection of which protocols are counted cannot be changed Tip This Capture Info dialog box can be hidden using the Hide capture info dialog option in the Capture Options dialog box 4 9 1 Stop the running capture A running capture session will be stopped in one of the following ways 79 4 9 2 Capturing Live Network Data 1 Using the e Stop button from the Capture Info dialog box Note The Capture Info dialog box might be hidden if the option Hide capture info dialog is used 2 Using the menu item oa Stop 3 Using the toolbar item Cl Stop 4 Pressing the accelerator keys Ctrl E 5 The capture will be automatically stopped if one of the Stop Conditions is exceeded e g the max imum amount of data was captured Restart a running capture A running capture session can be restarted with the same capture options than the last time this will re move all packets previously captured This can be useful if some uninteresting packets are captured and there s no need to keep them Restart is a convenience function and equivalent to a capture stop following by an immediate capture start A restart can be triggered in one of the following ways 1 Using the menu item Capture F ig Restart 2 Using the toolbar item 80
198. s Observer V9 lanalyzer Novell LANalyzer snoop Sun snoop EES Tektronix K12xx 32 bit rf5 format visual Visual Networks traffic capture editcap exe F editcap exe option requires an argument T editcap exe The available encapsulation types for T ther Ethernet tr Token Ring slip SLIP ppp PPP fddi FDDI fddi swapped FDDI with bit swapped MAC addresses rawip Raw IP arcnet ARCNET arcnet_linux Linux ARCNET atm rfcl483 RFC 1483 ATM linux atm clip Linux ATM CLIP lapb LAPB atm pdus ATM PDUs atm pdus untruncated ATM PDUs untruncated null NULL ascend Lucent Ascend access equipment isdn ISDN ip over fc RFC 2625 IP over Fibre Channel ppp with direction PPP with Directional Info ieee 802 11 IEEE 802 11 Wireless LAN prism IEEE 802 11 plus Prism II monitor mode header ieee 802 11 radio IEEE 802 11 Wireless LAN with radio information ieee 802 11 radiotap IEEE 802 11 plus radiotap WLAN header 1 802 11l avs IEEE 802 11 plus AVS WLAN header linux sll Linux cooked mode capture frelay Frame Relay frelay with direction Frame Relay with Directional Info chdlc Cisco HDLC ios Cisco IOS internal ltalk Localtalk pflog old OpenBSD PF Firewall logs pre 3 4 hhdlc HiPath HDLC docsis Data Over Cable S
199. sic Encoding Rules W CO 10 11 12 13 14 15 w a a a a G w w J DIII u u u u u u u u Enterprise Firewall ri ry E B Py p with nettl headers Pv6 with nettl headers HS5 HFS Where each option has the following meaning T This option specifies that the frames listed should be kept not de leted The default is to delete the listed frames h This option provides help y This option specifies verbose operation The default is silent oper T encap type F capture type ation This option specifies the frame encapsulation type to use It is mainly for converting funny captures to something that Wire shark can deal with The default frame encapsulation type is the same as the input en capsulation This option specifies the capture file format to write the output file in 199 Related command line tools The default is libpcap format s snaplen Specifies that packets should be truncated to snaplen bytes of data t time adjustment Specifies the time adjustment to be applied to selected packets infile This parameter specifies the input file to use It must be present outfile This parameter specifies the output file to use It must be present record record This optional parameter specifies the records to include or ex clude depending on the r optio
200. t which will fix these drawbacks However it still might take a while until the new file format is ready and Wireshark can use it Libpcap File Contents At the start of each libpcap capture file some basic information is stored like a magic number to identify the libpcap file format The most interesting information of this file start is the link layer type Ethernet Token Ring The following data is saved for each packet e the timestamp with millisecond resolution e the packet length as it was on the wire e the packet length as it s saved in the file e the packet s raw bytes A detailed description of the libpcap file format can be found at http wiki wireshark org Development LibpcapFileFormat Not Saved in the Capture File Probably even more interesting for the everyday Wireshark usage is to know the things that are not saved in the capture file e current selections selected packet e name resolution information see Section 7 6 Name Resolution for details A Warning The name resolution information is rebuild each time Wireshark is restarted so this in formation even might change when the capture file is reopened on the same machine later 178 Files and Folders the number of packets dropped while capturing packet marks set with Edit Mark Packet time references set with Edit Time Reference the current display filter 179 Files and Folders A 2 Configuration Fil
201. t lt time stamp format gt This option sets the format of packet timestamps that are dis played in the packet list window The format can be one of e rrelative which specifies timestamps are displayed relative to the first packet captured e a absolute which specifies that actual times be displayed for all packets e ad absolute with date which specifies that actual dates and times be displayed for all packets e ddelta which specifies that timestamps are relative to the pre vious packet e e epoch which specifies that timestamps are seconds since epoch Jan 1 1970 00 00 00 164 Customizing Wireshark V The v option requests Wireshark to print out its version informa tion and exit w lt savefile gt This option sets the name of the savefile to be used when saving a capture file y lt capture link type gt If a capture is started from the command line with k set the data link type to use while capturing packets The values reported by L are the values that can be used X lt eXtension option gt Specify an option to be passed to a TShark module The eXten sion option is in the form extension_key value where exten sion_key can be lua_script lua_script_filename Tell Wireshark to load the given script in addition to the default Lua scripts Z lt statistics string gt Get Wireshark to collect various types of statistics and display the result in a window that updates in semi real time XXX add
202. t Network Monitor 1 x format and the format used by Windows based versions of the Sniffer software Packets from the input files are merged in chronological order based on each frame s timestamp unless the a flag is specified Mergecap assumes that frames within a single capture file are already stored in chronological order When the a flag is specified packets are copied directly from each input file to the output file independent of each frame s timestamp If the s flag is used to specify a snapshot length frames in the input file with more captured data than the specified snapshot length will have only the amount of data specified by the snapshot length written to the output file This may be useful if the program that is to read the output file cannot handle packets larger than a certain size for example the versions of snoop in Solaris 2 5 1 and Solaris 2 6 appear to reject Ethernet frames larger than the standard Ethernet MTU making them incapable of handling gig abit Ethernet captures if jumbo frames were used If the T flag is used to specify an encapsulation type the encapsulation type of the output capture file will be forced to the specified type rather than being the type appropriate to the encapsulation type of the input capture file Note that this merely forces the encapsulation type of the output file to be the spe cified type the packet headers of the packets will not be translated from the encapsulation type of the in
203. t it and the other protocols from being displayed Figure 9 5 The Enabled Protocols dialog box 170 Customizing Wireshark Wireshark Enabled Protocols Enabled Protocols v Description 2 2dparityfec Pro MPEG Code of Practice 3 release 2 FEC 3COMXNS 3Com XNS Encapsulation 3GPP2 411 3GPP2 411 802 11 MGT IEEE 802 11 wireless LAN management frame 802 11 Radiotap IEEE 802 11 Radiotap Capture header 802 3 Slow protocols Slow Protocols 9P Plan 9 9P AAL1 ATM AALI AAL3 4 ATM 4AL3 4 AARP Appletalk Address Resolution Protocol ACAP Application Configuration Access Protocol ACP133 ACP133 Attribute Syntaxes ACSE 150 8650 1 OSI Association Control Service ACtrace 4udioCodes Trunk Trace ADP Aruba 4ruba Discovery Protocol AFP Apple Filing Protocol AFS RX Andrew File System AF5 AH Authentication Header AIM AOL Instant Messenger AIM Administration AIM Administrative v gt CS CS CS CS CSCS CSS SSS SSCS SSCS SS Disabling a protocol prevents higher layer protocols from being displayed Enable All Disable All Te T To disable or enable a protocol simply click on it using the mouse or press the space bar when the pro tocol is highlighted A Warning You have to use the Save button to save your settings The OK or Apply buttons will not save your changes permanently so they will be lost when Wireshark is closed You can choose from the following actions 1 Enable All Enable all p
204. t of capture input data keeping the latest captured data 74 Capturing Live Network Data 4 7 Link layer header type In the usual case you won t have to choose this link layer header type The following paragraphs de scribe the exceptional cases where selecting this type is possible so you will have a guide of what to do If you are capturing on an 802 11 device on some versions of BSD this might offer a choice of Ether net or 802 11 Ethernet will cause the captured packets to have fake Ethernet headers 802 11 will cause them to have IEEE 802 11 headers Unless the capture needs to be read by an application that doesn t support 802 11 headers you should select 802 11 If you are capturing on an Endace DAG card connected to a synchronous serial line this might offer a choice of PPP over serial or Cisco HDLC if the protocol on the serial line is PPP select PPP over serial and if the protocol on the serial line is Cisco HDLC select Cisco HDLC If you are capturing on an Endace DAG card connected to an ATM network this might offer a choice of RFC 1483 IP over ATM or Sun raw ATM If the only traffic being captured is RFC 1483 LLC encapsulated IP or if the capture needs to be read by an application that doesn t support Sun ATM head ers select RFC 1483 IP over ATM otherwise select Sun raw ATM If you are capturing on an Ethernet device this might offer a choice of Ethernet or DOCSIS If you
205. t of the output capture file A simple example merging dhcp capture libpcap and imap 1 libpcap into out file libpcap is shown below Example D 5 Simple example of using mergecap mergecap w outfile libpcap dhcp capture libpcap imap 1 libpcap 203 Related command line tools D 8 text2pcap Converting ASCII hexdumps to network captures There may be some occasions when you wish to convert a hex dump of some network traffic into a libp cap file Text2pcap is a program that reads in an ASCII hex dump and writes the data described into a libpcap style capture file text2pcap can read hexdumps with multiple packets in them and build a capture file of multiple packets text2pcap is also capable of generating dummy Ethernet IP and UDP headers in order to build fully processable packet dumps from hexdumps of application level data only Text2pcap understands a hexdump of the form generated by od A x t x1 In other words each byte is individually displayed and surrounded with a space Each line begins with an offset describing the posi tion in the file The offset is a hex number can also be octal see o of more than two hex digits Here is a sample dump that text2pcap can recognize 000000 000008 000010 000018 000020 000028 000030 00 5a 03 ee 03 16 01 e0 a0 68 33 80 a2 01 le b9 00 Of 94 Oa Of a7 12 00 19 04 00 TO 05 08 00 08 00 03 03 6f 00 00 WE 00 50 80 00 4
206. t output packets whose given time format as YYYY PT C ou split the packet tput to MM DD h acket gt lt packet gt d by lt choplen gt bytes n 0 0 and 1 0 incl te will be randomly changed default is to delete them naplen gt bytes of data ected packets ative seconds timesta e g 0 5 mp is before the h mm ss mp is after the h mm ss timesta M DD h different files with set an emp set th defaul an emp a the output file ty E optio e output file is the same ty T optio type d n will 1 encapsu as the n will 1 nd exit display this help a verbose output n argument F ture file types for F libpcap nanosecond libpcap modlibpcap Modified tcpdump libpcap nokialibpcap Nokia rh6_llibpcap RedHa tcpdump libpcap 6 1 tcpdump libpcap suse6_3libpcap SuSI 5views Gl 6 3 tcpdump libpcap Accellent 5Views capture dct2000 Catapult DCT2000 trace out format trace NetMon 1 x nettl HP UX nettl netmonl Microsoft netmon2 Microsoft NetMon 2 x maximum of lt packets per fil gt each efault is libpcap ist the file types lation type input file ist the encapsulation types 197 Related command line tools ngsniffer NA Sniffer DOS ngwsniffer_1_1 NA Sniffer Windows 1 1 ngwsniffer_2_0 NA Sniffer Windows 2 00x niobserverv9 Network Instrument
207. t the mark state of all packets e Unmark all packets reset the mark state of all packets These mark function are available from the Edit menu and the Mark packet toggle function is also available from the pop up menu of the Packet List pane 126 Working with captured packets 6 10 Time display formats and time references While packets are captured each packet is timestamped These timestamps will be saved to the capture file so they will be available for later analysis A detailed description of timestamps timezones and alike can be found at Section 7 3 Time Stamps The timestamp presentation format and the precision in the packet list can be chosen using the View menu see Figure 3 5 The View Menu The available presentation formats are e Date and Time of Day 1970 01 01 01 02 03 123456 The absolute date and time of the day when the packet was captured e Time of Day 01 02 03 123456 The absolute time of the day when the packet was captured e Seconds Since Beginning of Capture 123 123456 The time relative to the start of the capture file or the first Time Reference before this packet see Section 6 10 1 Packet time referencing e Seconds Since Previous Packet 1 123456 The time relative to the previous packet The available precisions aka the number of displayed decimal places are e Automatic The timestamp precision of the loaded capture file format will be used the default
208. t you have defined and saved It consists of one or more lines where each line has the following format lt filter name gt lt filter string gt lt bg RGB 16 bit gt lt fg RGB 16 bit gt The settings from this file are read in at program start and written to disk when you press the Save button in the Coloring Rules dialog box Each line in this file specifies a disabled protocol name The fol lowing are some examples tcp udp The settings from this file are read in at program start and written to disk when you press the Save button in the Enabled Protocols dialog box When Wireshark is trying to translate Ethernet hardware ad dresses to names it consults the files listed in Table A 1 G Configuration files and folders overview If an address is not found in etc ethers Wireshark looks in HOME wireshark ethers Each line in these files consists of one hardware address and name separated by whitespace The digits of hardware addresses are separated by colons dashes or periods The following are some examples ff ff ff ff ff ff Broadcast c0 00 ff ff ff ff TR_broadcast 00 2b 08 93 4b al Freds_machine The settings from this file are read in at program start and never 182 Files and Folders manuf hosts ipxnets plugins folder temp folder written by Wireshark Wireshark uses the files listed in Table A 1 Configuration files and folders overview
209. ta in the packet list see the Time Display Format item in the Section 3 7 The View menu for details While reading or writing capture files Wireshark converts the time stamp data between the capture file format and the internal format as required While capturing Wireshark uses the libpcap WinPcap capture library which supports microsecond res olution Unless you are working with specialized capturing hardware this resolution should be adequate Capture file formats Every capture file format that Wireshark knows support time stamps The time stamp precision suppor ted by a specific capture file format differs widely and varies from one second 0 to one nanosecond 0 123456789 Most file formats store the time stamps with a fixed precision e g microseconds while some file formats are even capable to store the time stamp precision itself whatever the benefit may be The common libpcap capture file format that is used by Wireshark and a lot of other tools supports a fixed microsecond resolution 0 123456 only Note Writing data into a capture file format that doesn t provide the capability to store the actual precision will lead to loss of information Example If you load a capture file with nano second resolution and store the capture data to a libpcap file with microsecond resolution Wireshark obviously must reduce the precision from nanosecond to microsecond Accuracy It s often asked Which time stam
210. tatistics WinNdOWS ssessseeessseresresereresrrrrsrreerereerreees 158 9 Customizing Wireshark seeren er eas E ETa E E E OE AE TEENE SE eS 160 O21 Introduction zeessen n E ea aE e aE A e E e A E ESS 160 9 2 Start Wireshark from the command line 0 0 0 0 cece eee ee eee eece cece eeneeeneeeneees 161 9 3 Packet colorization ooreen ssdeteoy R n EE E EE toss eenwsshoted gees vem nOA 166 9 4 Control Protocol dissection sir nener ee re E seca ceca cena E ER E EEn e aNs 170 9 4 1 The Enabled Protocols dialog bOX 0 0 0 0 eecceeceeeceeeeeeeeeeeen teen es 170 9 4 2 User Specified Decodes 0 0 eect ce cece scence ence eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeaees 172 9 4 3 Show User Specified Decodes 2 0 00 i eee onoir nii epesi esi isi ro 3E tsia 173 9 5 PLELELEN CES oossoo e e buoys Ses EE aE ESE Te ine eho Ole E E E 175 A Flesand Folders atoeran e aeea e E E e E ES 178 A T Capture Files seses erikseen ae EEEE ET EESE s EEEE E TEES 178 A 1 1 Libpcap File Contents xursseit ire ieee Ee E A EER E 178 A 1 2 Not Saved in the Capture File 0 0 0 0 eee cece eee ence eeeeeeeeeeeeeeenees 178 A 2 Configuration Files and Folders ccccecesececseeceuseeeeeeceneeeeueeeeeesceaueseeneees 180 A3 Windows folders eroe Mines on otante gy sunds a E swan sept eta shes h eetees teed deeb AE ss Seer 185 A 3 1 Windows profiles ccseeeceeecccneeeeeececeeeceueeecessccueeceuseeeasceuseseeees 185 A 3 2 Windows NT 2000 XP roaming prof
211. tems Menu Item Accelerator Description Back Alt Left Jump to the recently visited packet in the packet history much like the page history in a web browser Forward Alt Right Jump to the next visited packet in the packet history much like the page history in a web browser Go to Packet Ctrl G Bring up a dialog box that allows you to specify a packet number and then goes to that packet See Section 6 8 Go to a specific packet for details Go to Corres ponding Packet Go to the corresponding packet of the currently selected protocol 43 User Interface Menu Item Accelerator Description field If the selected field doesn t correspond to a packet this item is greyed out Previous Pack Ctrl Up et Move to the previous packet in the list This can be used to move to the previous packet even if the packet list doesn t have key board focus Next Packet Ctrl Down Move to the next packet in the list This can be used to move to the previous packet even if the packet list doesn t have keyboard focus First Packet Jump to the first packet of the capture file Last Packet Jump to the last packet of the capture file 44 User Interface 3 9 The Capture menu The Wireshark Capture menu contains the fields shown in Table 3 6 Capture menu items Figure 3 7 The Capture Menu test pcap Wireshark File Edit View Go Ise a Analyze Statistics Help
212. tents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any uch claims this section has the sole purpose of protecting the ntegrity of the free software distribution system which is mplemented by public license practices Many people have mad enerous contributions to the wide range of software distributed hrough that system in reliance on consistent application of that ystem it is up to the author donor to decide if he or she is willing o distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot mpose that choice This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License 8 If the distribution and or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces th original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded In such case this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License 9 The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and or new versions of the General Public License from time to time Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns 214 This Document s License GPL Ea
213. ter on packets that used host as a gateway That is where the Ethernet source or destination was host but neither the source nor destination IP address was host This primitive allows you to filter on network numbers You can optionally precede this primitive with the keyword sreldst to spe cify that you are only interested in a source or destination net work If neither of these are present packets will be selected that have the specified network in either the source or destination ad dress In addition you can specify either the netmask or the CIDR prefix for the network if they are different from your own This primitive allows you to filter on TCP and UDP port num bers You can optionally precede this primitive with the keywords srcldst and tepludp which allow you to specify that you are only interested in source or destination ports and TCP or UDP packets respectively The keywords tepludp must appear before srcldst If these are not specified packets will be selected for both the TCP and UDP protocols and when the specified address appears in either the source or destination port field This primitive allows you to filter on packets whose length was less than or equal to the specified length or greater than or equal to the specified length respectively This primitive allows you to filter on the specified protocol at either the Ethernet layer or the IP layer This primitive allows you to filter on either Ethernet or IP broad
214. ternet Protocol Src 192 168 0 1 192 Expand Subtrees 192 168 0 2 Transmission Control Protocol Src Port Expand all O 5000 Seq 1 Ack 1 Len O Source port 1025 1025 Collapse All Destination port 5000 5000 Sequence number 1 relative sequenc Apply as Filter id Selected Acknowledgement number 1 relative Prepare a Filter gt Not Selected Header length 20 bytes Follow TCP Stream and Selected Flags 0x0010 ACK Follow SSL Strea wor Selected Window size 3072 and not Selected Checksum Oxe797 correct Wiki Protocol Page or not Selected Filter Field Reference Protocol Preferences Copy a Ob 00 09 5b EERI 2 Decode As 28 7 40 06 f9 cO a8 O 02 00 00 6 3c 37 74 00 e7 97 oo 00 00 00 rame Frame 60 bytes P 120 D 120 M 0 2 The following table gives an overview of which functions are available in this pane where to find the corresponding function in the main menu and a short description of each item Table 6 2 The menu items of the Packet Details pop up menu Item Identical to main Description menu s item Copy Copy the displayed text of the selected field to the system clip board Expand Subtrees View Expand the currently selected subtree Expand All View Expand all subtrees in all packets in the capture Collapse All View Wireshark keeps a list of all the protocol subtrees that are ex panded and uses it to ensure that the correct subtr
215. th 0 Pragma no cache HTTP 1 0 200 OK onnection close Server UPnP 1 0 UPnP Device Host 1 0 imeout Second 1800 SID uuid cf save As Eb erint Entire conversation 368 bytes v ascii EBCDIC O Hex Dump C Arrays O Raw Ko Help Ea Filter Out This Stream The stream content is displayed in the same sequence as it appeared on the network Traffic from A to B 131 Advanced Topics is marked in red while traffic from B to A is marked in blue If you like you can change these colors in the Edit Preferences Colors page Non printable characters will be replaced by dots XXX What about line wrapping maximum line length and CRNL conversions The stream content won t be updated while doing a live capture To get the latest content you ll have to reopen the dialog You can choose from the following actions 1 Save As Save the stream data in the currently selected format 2 Print Print the stream data in the currently selected format 3 Direction Choose the stream direction to be displayed Entire conversation data from A to B only or data from B to A only 4 Filter out this stream Apply a display filter removing the current TCP stream data from the dis play 5 Close Close this dialog box leaving the current display filter in effect You can choose to view the data in one of the following formats 1 ASCII In this view you see the data from each direction in ASCII Obviously best for
216. this chapter some of the advanced features of Wireshark will be described 130 Advanced Topics 7 2 Following TCP streams If you are working with TCP based protocols it can be very helpful to see the data from a TCP stream in the way that the application layer sees it Perhaps you are looking for passwords in a Telnet stream or you are trying to make sense of a data stream Maybe you just need a display filter to show only the packets of that TCP stream If so Wireshark s ability to follow a TCP stream will be useful to you Simply select a TCP packet in the packet list of the stream connection you are interested in and then se lect the Follow TCP Stream menu item from the Wireshark Tools menu or use the context menu in the packet list Wireshark will set an appropriate display filter and pop up a dialog box with all the data from the TCP stream laid out in order as shown in Figure 7 1 The Follow TCP Stream dialog box Note It is worthwhile noting that Follow TCP Stream installs a display filter to select all the packets in the TCP stream you have selected 7 2 1 The Follow TCP Stream dialog box Figure 7 1 The Follow TCP Stream dialog box Follow TCP Stream Ce Stream Content SUBSCRIBE upnp service Layer3Forwarding HTTP 1 1 NT upnp event allback lt http 192 168 0 2 5000 notify gt jimeout Second 1800 User Agent Mozilla 4 0 compatible UPnP 1 0 Windows NT 5 1 Host 192 168 0 1 ontent Leng
217. to check if PYTHONPATH is set correctly On my Linux box it is PYTHONPATH usr lib python1 5 209 Related command line tools 210 Appendix E This Document s License GPL As with the original licence and documentation distributed with Wireshark this document is covered by the GNU General Public Licence GNU GPL If you haven t read the GPL before please do so It explains all the things that you are allowed to do with this code and documentation GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 2 June 1991 Copyright C 1989 1991 Free Software Foundation Inc 59 Temple Place Suite 330 Boston MA 02111 1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document but changing it is not allowed Preamble The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it By contrast the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software to make sure the software is free for all its users This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation s software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead You can apply it to your programs too When we speak of free software we are referring to freedom not price Our General Public Licenses are
218. to translate the first three bytes of an Ether net address into a manufacturers name This file has the same format as the ethers file except addresses are three bytes long An example is 00 00 01 Xerox XEROX CORPORATION The settings from this file are read in at program start and never written by Wireshark Wireshark uses the files listed in Table A 1 Configuration files and folders overview to translate IPv4 and IPv6 addresses into names This file has the same format as the usual etc hosts file in unix systems An example is Comments must be prepended by th sign 192 168 0 1 homeserver The settings from this file are read in at program start and never written by Wireshark Wireshark uses the files listed in Table A 1 Configuration files and folders overview to translate IPX network numbers into names An example is CO A8 2C 00 HR c0 a8 1c 00 CEO 00 00 BE EF IT_Server1 110 FileServer3 The settings from this file are read in at program start and never written by Wireshark Wireshark searches for plugins in the directories listed in Ta ble A 1 Configuration files and folders overview They are searched in the order listed If you start a new capture and don t specify a filename for it Wireshark uses this directory to place that file in see Section 4 6 Capture files and file modes 183 Files and Folders 184
219. ts yourself by reading the packet bytes and comparing it to the protocol specification This could reveal a dissector bug Or you could find out that the packet is indeed wrong C 1 2 Packet size limited during capture The packet size was limited during capture see Limit each packet to n bytes at the Section 4 5 The Capture Options dialog box While dissecting the current protocol dissector was simply running out of packet bytes and had to give up There s nothing else you can do now except to repeat the whole cap ture process again with a higher or no packet size limitation 189 Wireshark Messages C 2 Packet Details Messages These messages might appear in the packet details C 2 1 Response in frame 123 The current packet is the request of a detected request response pair You can directly jump to the cor responding response packet just by double clicking on this message C 2 2 Request in frame 123 Same as Response in frame 123 above but the other way round C 2 3 Time from request 0 123 seconds The time between the request and the response packets 190 Wireshark Messages 191 Appendix D Related command line tools D 1 Introduction Beside the Wireshark GUI application there are some command line tools which can be helpful for do ing some more specialized things These tools will be described in this chapter 192 Related command line tools
220. u contains items to go to a specific packet See Section 3 8 The Go menu This menu allows you to start and stop captures and to edit capture filters See Sec tion 3 9 The Capture menu This menu contains items to manipulate display filters enable or disable the dissection of protocols configure user specified decodes and follow a TCP stream See Sec tion 3 10 The Analyze menu This menu contains menu items to display various statistic windows including a sum mary of the packets that have been captured display protocol hierarchy statistics and much more See Section 3 11 The Statistics menu This menu contains items to help the user like access to some basic help a list of the supported protocols manual pages online access to some of the webpages and the usual about dialog See Section 3 12 The Help menu Each of these menu items is described in more detail in the sections that follow Tip You can access menu items directly or by pressing the corresponding accelerator keys which are shown at the right side of the menu For example you can press the Control or 32 User Interface Strg in German and the K keys together to open the capture dialog 33 User Interface 3 5 The File menu The Wireshark file menu contains the fields shown in Table 3 2 File menu items Figure 3 3 The File Menu test pcap Wireshark AG Edit View Go C
221. ured packets packet in a separate window Do this by selecting the packet you are interested in the packet list pane and then select Show Packet in New Windows from the Display menu This allows you to easily com pare two or even more packets Figure 6 2 Viewing a packet in a separate window 36 1 274987 192 168 0 1 192 168 0 2 TCP http gt 3197 FIN ACK Seq 20 Ack 190 Win 3072Len 0 MBX Ethernet II Src Internet Protocol Src 192 168 0 1 192 168 0 1 Dst 192 168 0 2 192 168 0 2 Transmission Control Protocol Src Port http 80 Dst Port 3197 3197 Seq 20 Ack 190 Len O Cormeen nanba btte SONS Il amp cd 02 00 09 75 9a 08 00 45 00 00 00 40 06 cO a8 OO 01 cO af Oc 7d 00 00 3c 38 dd 9b 50 11 ca 00 00 00 00 106 Working with captured packets 6 2 Pop up menus You can bring up a pop up menu over either the Packet List Packet Details or Packet Bytes pane by clicking your right mouse button at the corresponding pane Figure 6 3 Pop up menu of the Packet List pane test pcap Wireshark File Edit View Go Capture Analyze Statistics Help 6 2 1 Pop up menu of the Packet List pane BweeewioGxs aR a o FT BiG aa citer y 4 Expression Ys clear yf Apply No Time Source Destination Mark Packet toggle Set Time Reference toggle Apply as Filter Prepare a Filter Conversation Filter 31 1 266628 33 4 aceon 192 168 0 1 ERSE Follow TCP Stream
222. value Stop writing to capture files after value number of files were written 161 Customizing Wireshark b lt capture ring buffer option gt B lt capture buffer size Win32 only gt c lt capture packet count gt D f lt capture filter gt If a maximum capture file size was specified cause Wireshark to run in ring buffer mode with the specified number of files In ring buffer mode Wireshark will write to several capture files Their name is based on the number of the file and on the creation date and time When the first capture file fills up Wireshark will switch to writ ing to the next file until it fills up the last file at which point it ll discard the data in the first file unless O is specified in which case the number of files is unlimited and start writing to that file and so on If the optional duration is specified Wireshark will switch also to the next file when the specified number of seconds has elapsed even if the current file is not completely fills up duration value Switch to the next file after value seconds have elapsed even if the current file is not completely filled up filesize value Switch to the next file after it reaches a size of value kilobytes where a kilobyte is 1000 bytes not 1024 bytes files value Begin again with the first file after value number of files were written form a ring buffer Win32 only set capture buffer size in MB default is 1MB
223. value in the Value text box The Value will also indicate the type of value for the field name you have selected like character string Predefined values Some of the protocol fields have predefined values available much like enum s in C If the selected protocol field has such values defined you can choose one of them here Range XXX add an explanation here OK When you have built a satisfactory expression click OK and a filter string will be built for you Cancel You can leave the Add Expression dialog box without any effect by clicking the Cancel button 119 Working with captured packets 6 6 Defining and saving filters You can define filters with Wireshark and give them labels for later use This can save time in remem bering and retyping some of the more complex filters you use To define a new filter or edit an existing one select the Capture Filters menu item from the Capture menu or the Display Filters menu item from the Analyze menu Wireshark will then pop up the Filters dialog as shown in Figure 6 8 The Capture Filters and Display Filters dialog boxes Note The mechanisms for defining and saving capture filters and display filters are almost identical So both will be described here differences between these two will be marked as such A Warning You must use Save to save your filters permanently Ok or Apply will not save the filters so they will be lost when you close Wireshark
224. vious command s esseseesssserrsrrsrrrerrrsreerrererrrresrreresse 124 6 8 Go to a specific packet ssc se ccptessisotiacessse ssa sed ee iE E eE E EERTE 125 6 8 1 The Go Back command 2 0 0 0 cece eec cence ence eeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaees 125 6 8 2 The Go Forward command cece cece eee eee ce eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenees 125 6 8 3 The Go to Packet dialog DOX 0 eee cee ce ee cence eee eeeeeeeeeeaeeeaees 125 6 8 4 The Go to Corresponding Packet command e cece cece eeeeeeeeeeeeen es 125 6 8 5 The Go to First Packet command eee ceee cece eeceeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeees 125 6 8 6 The Go to Last Packet command cece eee eeceeeceeeceeeeeeeeaeeenes 125 6 9 Markna packets cor 2acesshedstes vost ace dgueagers socedaa on E R ass dase onus osetia EA 126 6 10 Time display formats and time references cece cece cece cence ece nner eeeee es 127 6 10 1 Packet time Teferencing i sscs es eens gsscossees seviaagdecssessedeaassssosesssseosacses 127 Ts Advanced Topics cauri eroa ge leeevn cys gaa E tan E est dive gdate es EEE SEIO EEES 130 FT Vs IMttOducnOn Sireenin oh setae sss e a sea detaases E a a a a pease at SY 130 7 2 Following TCP streams sccccc0 escccsseeeccossaecesssnvecdessavencostaeeceesseueurestseeereeseeny 131 7 2 1 The Follow TCP Stream dialog bOX 20 0 cece cece eeceeeceeeee teen eeenes 131 TOS TIME Stamps chases soteiseesh e A E tater sy dus
225. wser setting in the pref erences dialog 53 User Interface 3 13 The Main toolbar The main toolbar provides quick access to frequently used items from the menu This toolbar cannot be customized by the user but it can be hidden using the View menu if the space on the screen is needed to show even more packet data As in the menu only the items useful in the current program state will be available The others will be greyed out e g you cannot save a capture file if you haven t loaded one Figure 3 11 The Main toolbar BAA oG eS OervMF 2 FG QQ Table 3 10 Main toolbar items Toolbar Toolbar Item Corresponding Description Icon Menu Item j Interfaces Capture Inter JA faces This item brings up the Capture Interfaces List dialog box discussed further in Section 4 3 Start Captur ing Options Capture Options This item brings up the Capture Options dialog box discussed further in Section 4 3 Start Capturing and allows you to start capturing packets Start Capture Start This item starts capturing packets with the options form the last time Stop Capture Stop This item stops the currently running live capture process Section 4 3 Start Capturing Restart Capture Restart This item stops the currently running live capture process and restarts it again for convenience 7 Open File Open a This item brings up the file open dialog
226. y all statistics 196 Related command line tools D 6 editcap Edit capture files Included with Wireshark is a small utility called editcap which is a command line utility for working with capture files Its main function is to remove packets from capture files but it can also be used to convert capture files from one format to another as well as print information about capture files Example D 3 Help information available from editcap editcap exe h A single packet or a range of pac Usage Editcap 0 99 3 Edit and or translate the format of capture files See http www wireshark org for editcap options kets lt choplen gt lt error probability gt E S A lt snaplen gt lt time adjustment gt lt start time gt lt stop time gt Output File s c lt packets per file gt F lt capture type gt T lt encap type gt Miscellaneous h SEN editcap exe F editcap exe editcap exe option requires a The available cap libpcap Wireshark tcpdump nseclibpcap Wireshark more information lt infile gt lt outfile gt lt p kets can be selecte chop each packet at the end remove duplicate packets set the probability betwee that a particular packet by keep the selected packets truncate packets to max lt s adjust the timestamp of sel lt time adjustment gt is in rel don t output packets whose given time format as YYYY don

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