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The LyX User's Guide - University of Saskatchewan

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1. err clEnqueueReadBuffer queue d_bigwater CL_FALSE 0 bytes bbigwater 0 NULL amp event exitOnFail err read bigwater from device err clWaitForEvents 1 event exitOnFail err wait for readbigwater from device Reshape Flattened Matriz back to 2D array k k 1000 12 1 10 Potential Issues among DEM datasets for flood hazard mapping Algorithm 1 4 WDPM OpenCL kernel C code __kernel void add __global double bigwater _ global double bigdem const double missingvalue const int numrows const int numcols const int offset const int oi const int oj int row col int row1l get_global_id 0 int coli get_global_id 1 int off offset 1 row oi off offx rowl col oj off off col1 if row gt 1 amp amp row lt numrows amp amp col gt 1 amp amp col lt numcols amp amp bigwater row numrows 2 c01 gt 0 0 amp amp bigdem row numrows 2 x col gt missingvalue runoffadd bigwater bigdem row col missingvalue numrows 1 10 Potential Issues among DEM datasets for flood hazard mapping A brief summary of results is provided here for a recent comparison of WDPM runoff maps generated from different digital elevation models DEMs The analysis was conducted for two Prairie locations one located in Saskatchewan and the other in Manitoba The DEM data sources included products derived from Light Detection And Ranging LIDAR aerial photos the National Topographic DataBase NTDB
2. Compiling the source code requires installation of the OpenCL libraries The WDP program code can be compiled using gcc which is a standard part of all Linux distributions and can be downloaded for Windows or OSX at http gcc gnu org The source code consists of three files The C code comprises the model File Purpose WDPMCL Command line c Command line version in C WDPMCL GUI c GUI version in C WDPM py GUI in python To compile the source code under Linux with gcc you first need to have the OpenCL library installed A typical compilation command for the command line version of the program is shown below gcc WDPMCL Command line c 10penCL o WDPMCL The GUI for the WDPM is written in Python and can be executed from the command line using the command python WDPM py 22 3 How to run the WDPM The WDPM can be run either from the graphic user interface GUI or from the command line Most users will prefer the GUI but the command line version is useful to run the WDPM in a script 3 1 GUI The GUI will look slightly different depending on which operating system you are running The image in Figure 3 1 shows the GUI under Linux Mint The File menu only displays the About information or Quits the program Running the program requires the following steps 1 Click on Browse to set the working directory The scratch file if used and reports txt will be written to this directory 2 Select t
3. ww gdal org The GDAL program gdaldem is distributed with the WDPM and was used to create the water maps seen in Figures 1 1 1 2 and 1 3 The use of gdaldem requires a color map which is a text file containing the colors assigned to each depth of water in the output file The WDPM color map file is colormap_black txt which must be stored in the same directory as the WDPM executable The default values in the file are 3 25 0 230 0 001 25 0 230 0 yellow 9999 black This file will set depths between 3 m and 0 001 m to be blue zero depths to be yellow and missing values to be black The specified depths and or colors can be changed by simply editing the file 28 4 Case Study Adaptation for the Land and Infrastructure Resiliency Assessment LIRA The Land and Infrastructure Resiliency Assessment LIRA project is a sub component of the recently concluded Climate Adaptation for Resilience in Agriculture CARA project funded by Agriculture and Agri Food Canada AAFC The impetus for the LIRA project was based on observed flood damages to vital infrastructure and access to essential services in Honduras in 1998 due to Hurricane Mitch Although destruc tion of a similar nature and magnitude is unlikely in most regions of Canada concerns have increased across the Prairies in recent years due to excess moisture conditions rising water tables and severe localized flooding and damage in some locations The key goal of LIRA is to as
4. License Version 1 3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation with no Invariant Sections no Front Cover Texts and no Back Cover Texts A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License 59 6 GNU Free Documentation License If you have Invariant Sections Front Cover Texts and Back Cover Texts replace the with Texts line with this with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES with the Front Cover Texts being LIST and with the Back Cover Texts being LIST If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts or some other combination of the three merge those two alternatives to suit the situation If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license such as the GNU General Public License to permit their use in free software 56 Bibliography Garbrecht J and L W Martz 1997 The assignment of drainage direction over flat surfaces in raster digital elevation models J Hydrol 193 1 4 204 213 doi 10 1016 50022 1694 96 03138 1 Granger R J D M Gray and G E Dyck 1984 Snowmelt Infiltration to frozen Prairie Soils Can J Earth Sci 21 6 669 677 doi 10 1016 0148 9062 85 92399 X Pomeroy J W D M Gray T Brown N R Hedstrom W L Quinton R J Granger and S K Carey 2007 The cold regions hydrological model a platform
5. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text A copy that is not Transparent is called Opaque Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup Texinfo input format BIFX input format SGML or XML using a pub licly available DTD and standard conforming simple HTML PostScript or PDF designed for human modification Examples of transparent image formats include PNG XCF and JPG Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors SGML or XML for which the DTD and or processing tools are not generally available and the machine generated HTML PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only The Title Page means for a printed book the title page itself plus such following pages as are needed to hold legibly the material this License requires to appear in the title page For works in formats which do not have any title page as such Title Page means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work s title preceding the beginning of the body of the text The publisher means any person or entity that distributes copies of the Document to the public A section Entitled XYZ means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language Here XYZ stands for a specific section name me
6. LIDAR 5 m Runoff Distribution Near Ortho 20 m Runoff Distribution Near Winnipeg Man Winnipeg Man M001 0 25 E 0 26 0 5 SRTM 30 m Runoff Distribution Near CDED 30 m Runoff Distribution Near Winnipeg Man Winnipeg Man Depth E 0 01 0 25 E 0 26 0 5 E 0 51 0 75 E 0 76 1 E 1 01 1 5 1512 E 201 25 E 251 3 EE 3 01 35 Figure 1 9 Runoff distributions for DEMs near Winnipeg MB based on 116 mm of water added 17 2 Installing the WDPM The WDPM may be downloaded from the website of the Centre for Hydrology at http www usask ca hydrology Compiled versions of the WDPM are available for Windows OSX and Linux In addition the source code is freely available 2 1 Program requirements The binary distributions of the WDPM were only compiled for Intel processors and will not work on computers with AMD processors The Intel OpenCL drivers will not work on some older computers these machines may need to have older versions of the drivers installed Even older computers which cannot use the OpenCL option within the WDPM should still be able to run the program in serial mode The selection of the processing mode is shown on on page 23 2 2 Binary distributions The WDPM is available in pre compiled binary versions for the most popular op erating systems Although the program is compiled installation is complex as it is necessary to install drivers for the CPU and GPU parallel processing using OpenCL The binary di
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12. distributed properly it is necessary to breach the roads in the DEM where there are culverts and bridges 1 6 Model inputs and outputs All the DEM and water data file inputs and outputs are ArcGIS ASCII asc files It is assumed that the user has access to a geographical information system GIS program For more information see Section 3 5 3 on page 28 The files used as inputs and or outputs are listed in Table 1 1 Table 1 1 Files used as inputs and outputs for the WDPM Name Description Input Output Mandatory DEM Surface elevations Input Yes Water Water depths Input No Output Water depths Output Yes Scratch Water depths Output No temp asc Water depths Both No report txt Program messages Output No png file Water image Output No colormap_black txt Color map Input No The Water file is specified to change an existing set of water elevations i e to add more water remove water or to drain the water If the DEM initially contains no water then the file name is set to NULL Note that the water file name MUST be specified for the Subtract or Drain modules to be used The Output file contains the depths of water after the execution of the program Once the file has been created it can be used in another run by specifying it as the Water file The Scratch file is similar to the output file except that it is output every 1000 iterations and it overwrites the previous version
13. ee gt fe es PORTER floodingarea _ S _ gt Figure 4 2 Town of Radisson WDPM output above and air photo below 33 4 Case Study Adaptation for the Land and Infrastructure Resiliency Assessment LIRA TRE G a Ea O 0 045 0 09 0 18 Km Lop a py 1 4 Figure 4 3 Centre of town of Radisson WDPM output above and air photo be low 34 4 2 WDPM flood hazard mapping case study results for Redberry Lake Planning Region gt Arda Figure 4 4 South of town of Radisson WDPM output above and air photo below 35 4 Case Study Adaptation for the Land and Infrastructure Resiliency Assessment LIRA Figure 4 5 Borden region and village 36 5 GNU General Public License GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 3 29 June 2007 Copyright C 2007 Free Software Foundation Inc lt http fsf org gt Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document but changing it is not allowed Preamble The GNU General Public License is a free copyleft license for software and other kinds of works The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed to take away your freedom to share and change the works By contrast the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change all versions of a program to make sure it remains free software for all its users We the Free Softwa
14. for basing process representation and model structure on physical evidence Hydrol Process 21 19 2650 2667 doi 10 1002 hyp 6787 Shapiro M and J Westervelt 1992 R MAPCALC An Algebra for GIS and Image Processing Shook K R and J W Pomeroy 2011 Memory effects of depressional storage in Northern Prairie hydrology Hydrol Process 25 25 3890 3898 doi 10 1002 hyp 8381 Shook K J W Pomeroy C Spence and L Boychuk 2013 Storage dynamics simulations in Prairie wetland hydrology models evaluation and parameterization Hydrol Process 27 13 1875 1889 doi 10 1002 hyp 9867 97 Index A runoff fraction 5 25 27 Agriculture and Agri Food Canada AAFC e 1 29 ASTER DEM 14 SRTM DEM 13 step by step instructions 23 C Canadian Digital Elevation Data DEM 13 Cold Regions Hydrological modelling plat form CRHM 27 command line arguments 25 D DEM technical specifications 15 F Free Open Source Software F O S S GIS programs 28 G gdaldem 4 19 28 GDEM DEM 14 L Land and Infrastructure Resiliency As sessment LIRA project 29 O OpenCL 1 9 OpenCL library 22 Ortho DEM 13 P program input and output files 3 R roads in DEMs 3 30 59
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16. pressions Shook and Pomeroy 2011 Shook et al 2013 However the model has also been used to demonstrate the extent of flooding on Prairie landscapes which may be useful for operational purposes 1 4 Program support No support is provided for the use of this program 1 5 Program limitations The WDPM is NOT a hydrological model It does NOT determine the depths of wa ter applied to or removed from the DEM The Centre for Hydrology at the University of Saskatchewan has developed the Cold Regions Hydrological modelling CRHM platform Pomeroy et al 2007 which is capable of modelling the unique hydrological processes of the Canadian Prairies It is hoped that it may eventually be possible to use CRHM s modeled runoff and evaporation fluxes as inputs to the WDPM but this is not feasible at the present time The WDPM is NOT a hydraulic model It CANNOT be used to model the rate of flow in any type of channel It does not have a time step The WDPM requires a DEM to execute and all DEMs are imperfect representa tions of reality Some of the problems with using common DEMs with the WDPM in the Prairies are discussed in Section 1 10 on page 13 It is very important to note 1 6 Model inputs and outputs that the WDPM only operates at elevations above the elevations of the water present when the DEM was constructed In the Canadian Prairies the road network prevents the WDPM from accurately distributing runoff To allow the water to be
17. satellite optical stereo images and space borne radar The spatial resolution of DEMs obtained for the analysis ranged from 5 m to 30 m One site located at Swift Current SK is characterized by an agricultural region surrounding a valley containing Swift Current Creek relief 80 m The second area located west of Winnipeg MB is an agricultural area that contains two nar row drainage channels relief 8 m Several gridded DEMs were obtained at both locations for the comparative analysis which included e 5m LIDAR DEMs Agriculture and Agri Food Canada e 20 m Manitoba and 30 m Saskatchewan Ortho DEMs used primarily for the purpose of rectifying orthophotos for a Saskatchewan based digital mapping program source SGIC group and also for similar mapping in Manitoba e 30 m Canadian Digital Elevation Data CDED DEMs source GeoBase e 30 m void filled downscaled DEMs from the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mis sion Specifically SRTM V3 Source NASA s Jet Propulsion Laboratory Cur 13 1 Introduction rently these data are no longer available online e 30 m ASTER Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Ra diometer Global Digital Elevation Model GDEM and GDEM V2 Source NASA s Jet Propulsion Laboratory Table 1 2 gives a summary of technical specifications for the DEMs as well as potential issues encountered when using these types of elevation data for flood hazard mapping across entire landscapes This include
18. shows the removal of 50 mm of water from the water file created from the addition of 100 mm 1 Introduction Figure 1 2 100mm of water added 50mm removed 1 7 3 Drain This module drains the water on the DEM through the lowest point assuming that this point is in the drainage system This module can be the slowest to execute depending on the resolution and the convergence parameters as it moves large volumes of water long distances The purpose of the Drain module is to eliminate the backing up of water over the DEM Figure 1 3 on the facing page shows the draining of the water resulting from the addition of 100 mm as shown in Figure 1 1 on the previous page Note that the stream is now essentially dry If your DEM does not include a stream as is true of many landscapes on the Canadian Prairies then you may not need to run the Drain module 1 8 Algorithm Figure 1 3 100mm of water applied then drained The modules may be executed in varying order For example it may be desired to add water to simulate spring runoff followed by draining and then to remove water to simulate evaporation This could be followed by the addition of water to simulate summer rainfall As was demonstrated by Shook et al 2013 the addition and removal of water are non reversible Each process affects the spatial distribution of water differently 1 8 Algorithm The redistribution algorithm of the WDPM which is used by all three modules
19. the program requires many thousands of iterations to con verge it was adapted to CPU parallel processing in 2010 using the OpenMP API http openmp org This version was used operationally by the LIRA project as described in Section 4 on page 29 The current version has been developed to make the program faster and easier to use The WDPM code was ported from Fortran to C and a graphical user interface was been added by Oluwaseun Sharomi and Ray Spiteri of the Department of Com puter Science at the University of Saskatchewan The parallel processing now uses the OpenCL API http www khronos org opencl which has been found to be faster and which supports the use of Graphical Processing Units GPUs Funding for the recoding of the WDPM was provided by Agriculture and Agri Food Canada AAFC 1 2 Licence The WDPM is distributed under the GPL version 3 The licence is listed in full in Section 5 on page 37 THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM TO THE EXTENT PER MITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM AS IS WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND EITHER EX PRESSED OR IMPLIED INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFEC TIVE YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING REPAI
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21. 000000000 E 00000000000 000 00000000000 00000000000000000 O00000000 000000 000000000 E T 0000000000000 00000000000 080000 0000000000 000000000000000000000 000000000 000000000 000000 00000 0000 0000000000 00000 000000000000 00 000000000000 0000000000000 008 C0000000000000000000000 000000 0000 0000000000 00000 000000000000 000 00000000000 0000000000000000O 000000000 000000000 00000 000000 9000000000 000000000 000000000008 00000000 00000000000000000000000 oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo C T E T E T T 000 0000000000000000000000000000 oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo 0000004 C T E E T T T 3 000 00000000000 00000000000000000 000 000000000000 000 00000000000 0000000000000 00000000000 000000 ee ce sc0e ce ce ee se ce ce ce 4 11 Figure 1 7 Subdivision of the matrix used by the OpenCL version of the WDPM 1 Introduction Algorithm 1 3 WDPM OpenCL host C code for i 0 i lt 1000 i for oi 1 0i lt 4 oi 4 for oj 1 0j lt 4 oj err clSetKernelArg kernel 6 sizeof int void amp oi exitOnFail err set kernel argument oi err clSetKernelArg kernel 7 sizeof int void amp oj exit0nFail err set kernel argument uoj err clEnqueueNDRangeKernel queue kernel 2 NULL global NULL 0 NULL amp event exitOnFail err enqueue kernel wait for kernel this forces execution err clWaitForEvents 1 event exitOnFail err wait for jenqueue kernel clReleaseEvent event
22. 00000000000000000 O0000OOOIOVOIOIOIOICOIIIAAAAAAAA 00000000000000000000000VOOOOOA ODOOOVOOCIOOILICIOOIAIAOIAAAAADA OOOO 0000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000 Figure 1 6 Schematic diagram of array decomposition used by OpenMP version of the WDPM 1 Introduction Algorithm 1 2 Original WDPM Fortran code using OpenMP do a set of iterations and then test for convergence starttime omp_get_wtime do while not done oldwater bigwater do i 1 1000 call omp_set_num threads numslices 0MP PARALLEL do row 2 numrows 1 do col startcols 1 omp_get_thread_num endcols 1 omp_get_thread_num if bigwater row col gt 0 0 and bigdem row col gt missingvalue then call runoff row col end if end do columns end do rows 0OMP END PARALLEL 0OMP BARRIER do spaces between slices if numslices gt 1 then call omp_set_num_threads numboundaries 0MP PARALLEL do row 2 numrows 1 do col boundarystartcols 1 omp_get_thread_num boundaryendcols 1 omp_get_thread_num add check for all cells missing if bigwater row col gt 0 0 and bigdem row col gt missingvalue then call runoff row col end if end do columns end do rows 0OMP END PARALLEL end if end do 1000 iterations k k 1000 OpenCL Open Computing Language is the first open free standard for cross platform parallel programming of modern processors found in persona
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25. CPU GPU Lenovo W520 17 Add 10mm 138 9 59 9 63 7 2 7GHz x 4 nVidia Linux Mint 16 Subtract 10mm 4 9 4 2 3 8 Quadro 2000 Drain 40 0 18 7 19 6 Lenovo T430s i5 Windows 7 64 bit Add 10mm 199 2 ASUS G75VW i7 Add 10mm 163 5 40 3 48 9 2 3GHz x 4 NVIDIA Windows 7 64 bit Subtract 10mm 2 3 1 0 1 2 GeForce GTX 670M Drain 43 2 11 2 14 5 3 5 Tips and tricks 3 5 1 Estimation of spring flooded areas As described previously the WDPM is not a hydrological model However it is possible to use the WDPM to estimate the areas of flooding due to spring runoff The steps are 1 2 Obtain an air photo of the region taken in the previous fall or late summer Establish the initial water distribution Run the WDPM repeatedly adding and removing water by trial and error until the water distribution agrees more or less with the air photo Estimate the total snow accumulation over the winter Because of sublimation and relocation due to blowing snow this will invariably be different from the total snowfall Obviously this is best estimated by a snow survey In the absence of a survey the best method for estimating the snow accumulation is to run the Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling CRHM platform which is available from the Centre for Hydrology You should be advised that CRHM is not like other hydrological models a nd takes some time to learn The fraction of the snow melt water that infiltrates to the soil is best estimated u
26. L software for visualization purposes e Click Finish to exit installer and a Security warning will appear asking to open a VBScript Script file as shown in shown in Figure 2 3 Do you want to open this file Name C Users Oluwaseun Desktop WDPM WDPM run vbs Publisher Unknown Publisher Type VBScript Script File From C Users Oluwaseun Desktop WDPM WDPM run vbs Always ask before opening this file T While files from the Internet can be useful this file type can potentially Y harm your computer If you do not trust the source do not open this b software What s the risk Figure 2 3 VBScript Script file e Click Open to complete installation and a WDPM shortcut will be created on the Desktop to run the program 2 2 2 Linux Installation e Right click the file WDPM_LINUX zip and extract its content e In the terminal go into the extracted WDPM_ LINUX directory e Proceed to change directory into opencl instruction 21 2 Installing the WDPM e Do sudo make all to build install and test the Intel and Nvidia OpenCL drivers e Type WDPM to run WDPM program e The version of the GNU C library glibc required to compile the program is 2 17 You may need to upgrade your Linux distribution to a newer version 2 2 3 Mac OS X Installation e Extract the content of the file WDPM_MAC e In the terminal go into the extracted directory and type WDPM to run the program 2 3 Compiling the source code
27. R OR CORRECTION IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES INCLUDING ANY GENERAL SPECIAL 1 Introduction INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUS TAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES 1 3 What does the WDPM do The purpose of the WDPM is to model the spatial distribution of runoff water on the Canadian Prairies Because of its recent post glacial history the Canadian Prairies do not have a conventional drainage system When excess water runs off the landscape generally due to snow melt in the spring it may trapped in surface depressions ranging in size from puddles to permanent wetlands and may cause local flooding If the depressions are full of water they may connect The WDPM was developed to model the spatial distribution of water over a Prairie landscape as represented by a Digital Elevation Model DEM Originally the pur pose of the program was to determine the fractions of Prairie basins contributing flows to streams as these change dynamically with the storage of water in the de
28. The WDPM User s Guide Version 1 0 Kevin Shook Robert Armstrong Oluwaseun Sharomi Ray Spiteri John Pomeroy March 18 2014 Copyright O 2014 Kevin Shook Robert Armstrong Oluwaseun Sharomi Ray Spi teri John Pomeroy Permission is granted to copy distribute and or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License Version 1 3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation with no Invariant Sections no Front Cover Texts and no Back Cover Texts A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License Contents 1 Introduction Ll What isthe WDPM o aec es 20 aa e A T2 o A A a eae ew oe a le ee ok 1 3 What does the WDPM do 0 0000 eee LA Prog rain SUpPOM Solr pa Sl a PS He PES ee base etek 1 5 Program limitations 6 2 face ti Se eS A a a 1 6 Model inputs and outputs AE LID e Se LE es LE Modules o a due i Sie tae x Wh ee ae OMG eo te ae ee a ay Hee ee IAE TA iai oo nt WES aR ae lew ee Ge alee ee Seek tert gk L2 OU RA O E AOS MOTI 235 sd Shek AAA AA ok A E8 AMPOSTA 1 9 Parallelization ca a e e id a 1 10 Potential Issues among DEM datasets for flood hazard mapping 2 Installing the WDPM 2 1 Program requirements e 8 fice oe Poe Be ee Sete a os 2 2 Binary distributions ooa oS a SB ee e ce 2 2 1 Windows Installation e pla e a a 222 Linux Installation esnie ee aa AE ea e 2 2 3 Mac OS X Installation a oe
29. The purpose of the Scratch file is to allow you to stop the program and to re start it again In this case you would specify the previous Scratch file as the Water file in the new run If the Scratch file is not used the file name is set to NULL The file temp asc is created automatically and is used to improve performance The file is only created after the first 1000 iterations It is automatically deleted after the end of the run In addition to the asc files all model messages that are written to the screen are also logged to the file report txt The model is also capable of reading the run parameters from a text file as described in Section 3 2 4 on page 25 1 Introduction The WDPM can create a simple image of the water output using the open source program gdaldem which is now built in to the WDPM This program is not in tended to be a substitute for a GIS program but does provide the ability to cre ate an image of the water surface as a png file The program requires a file called colormap_black txt which must be in the same directory as the WDPM executable file The structure of the colour map file is explained in Section 3 5 3 on page 28 1 7 Modules The WDPM applies simulated water to a digital elevation model of a Prairie basin using three modules Add Subtract and Drain 1 7 1 Add This module adds a specified depth of water to the basin If the DEM is dry prior to the addition of water a file created containing the w
30. ULL to omit Depth of water to remove mm real Elevation tolerance mm real Specify 0 for serial CPU and 1 for opencl Specify O for OpenCL CPU and 1 for opencl GPU Module name drain DEM file name string Water file name string Output file name string Scratch file name string Optional use NULL to omit Elevation tolerance mm real Drain tolerance m3 real Specify 0 for serial CPU and 1 for opencl Specify O for OpenCL CPU and 1 for opencl GPU When the program is executed correctly then the output is passed to the console and the output is also written to the file report txt Example adding 10 mm of water without a preexisting water file or using a scratch file with a runoff fraction of 1 0 a tolerance of 1 mm using OpenCl with the CPU WDPM add basinb asc NULL water asc NULL 10 0 1 0 1 0 10 3 4 Model execution time The WDPM has been run on a variety of computers to test its execution time All runs were conducted using the same small 471 x 482 elements DEM which was used to produce Figures 1 1 1 3 The execution times for all of the modules for various computers are listed in Table 3 1 All of the Add and Subtract runs used a tolerance of Imm with the Drain runs also using a volume tolerance of 10 m 26 3 5 Tips and tricks Table 3 1 Execution time of the WDPM seconds OpenCL OpenCL Computer Operating System Module Serial
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32. and correcting drainage connectivity e g for culvert locations Ortho DEM models Integer or real E 1 5 Autocorrelation interpolation issues Subjectivity of ancillary data collection Adequate capture of road networks CDED 30 Integer Varies by source data and location Contour artifacts and integer values result in terraced like landscapes SRTM 30 and 90 Real or Integer 12 16 Winter survey backscatter e g low relief dense vegetation and coarseness ASTER 30 Integer E 20 Mole runs and 30 50 m deep pits 1 Introduction Depth E 0 01 0 EE 0 51 E 1 01 E 1 51 E 2 01 E 2 51 E 3 01 EE 3 51 Depth E 0 03 E 0 51 E 1 01 E 1 51 EE 2 01 E 251 E 3 01 EE 3 51 0 5 LIDAR 5 m Runoff Distribution at SRTM 30 m Runoff Distribution at Swift Current Sask Swift Current Sask Depth E 0 01 E 0 51 E 1 01 E 1 51 E 2 01 EE 2 51 EE 3 01 EE 3 51 CDED 30 m Runoff Distribution at Ortho_SGIC 30 m Runoff Distribution at Swift Current Sask Swift Current Sask Depth E 0 01 0 5 E 0 51 1 E 1 01 1 5 En 1 51 2 E 2 01 2 5 MA 2 51 3 E 3 01 3 5 MA 3 51 4 Km Figure 1 8 Runoff distributions for DEMs near Swift Current SK based on 76 mm 16 of water added 1 10 Potential Issues among DEM datasets for flood hazard mapping
33. anty and limitation of liability provided above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs If you develop a new program and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms To do so attach the following notices to the program It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty and each file should have at least the copyright line and a pointer to where the full notice is found lt one line to give the program s name and a brief idea of what it does gt Copyright C lt year gt lt name of author gt This program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 3 of the License or at your option any later version This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See th
34. ater depths for each cell of the DEM If there is an existing water file then the specified depth of water is added to the existing water and the total is redistributed This module is intended to roughly simulate the addition of excess water to depressional storage by runoff from snowmelt or intense precipitation The addition of water can be slow particularly if a very fine tolerance is used If the basin is to be drained then it is not necessary to use a fine tolerance as the water will be redistributed while being drained If a stream exists in the DEM then the Add module will route water to the stream channel However because of the way that the algorithm works the edges of the DEM acts as dams preventing any the water from leaving the DEM This causes the modeled stream to back up over the landscape as shown in Figure 1 1 1 7 Modules Figure 1 1 100mm of water added To simulate the effects of infiltration of precipitation snowmelt to soil the addition of water allows the use of a runoff fraction 0 1 on the water that is applied to directly to land The runoff fraction is not used on the water applied to existing water 1 7 2 Subtract This module subtracts a specified depth of water from each DEM cell to represent evaporation No spatial variability is in the evaporation is currently allowed This module generally executes very quickly as very little spatial redistribution of water is usually required Figure 1 2
35. c License instead of this License But first please read lt http www gnu org philosophy why not lgpl html gt 48 6 GNU Free Documentation License GNU Free Documentation License Version 1 3 3 November 2008 Copyright C 2000 2001 2002 2007 2008 Free Software Foundation Inc lt http fsf org gt Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license docu ment but changing it is not allowed 0 PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual textbook or other functional and useful document free in the sense of freedom to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it with or without modifying it either commer cially or noncommercially Secondarily this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others This License is a kind of copyleft which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense It complements the GNU General Public License which is a copyleft license designed for free software We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software because free software needs free documentation a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does But this License is not limited to software manuals it can be used for any textual work regardless of subject matter or wh
36. dd a passage of up to five words as a Front Cover Text and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back Cover Text to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version Only one passage of Front Cover Text and one of Back Cover Text may be added by or through arrangements made by any one entity If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of you may not add another but you may replace the old one on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one The author s and publisher s of the Document do not by this License give per mission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version 5 COMBINING DOCUMENTS You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original docu ments unmodified and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers The combined work need only contain one copy of this License and multiple iden tical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents make the title of each such section uni
37. e 2 3 Compiling the source code a 3 How to run the WDPM gk EA a A ct ed BAU ete A Is Se ahs Bt ss 3 2 Module parameters 2 eee ew ei eae oe Ca ee A Sees 4 3 2 1 Add parameters o s 4 4 4 4 3 Aw Re BR Rw ew 3 2 2 Subtract parameters he a Si Swe a 3 2 3 Drain parameters o A A A eke BS 3 2 4 Parameter text tiles e EDS AR IAEA 3 3 Command line a A NS RN cel a ca le 3 4 Model execution time a e AO OB Cg A 29 Tipsandtrieks 42 4 uke Beta sth aS cea ee Rh Bek SE ae SR A 3 5 1 Estimation of spring flooded areas 3 5 2 Contributing fraction aptos Apto rito ets kee ad 3 5 3 Visualizing the output nal id eg WONDOKRKBWNYNNNRK A O q ER OOOO N N bw NN RA 23 23 24 24 24 25 25 25 26 27 21 28 28 Contents 4 Case Study Adaptation for the Land and Infrastructure Resiliency As sessment LIRA 4 1 Flood hazard mapping for LIRA applications 4 2 WDPM flood hazard mapping case study results for Redberry Lake Planning een aac het ere eg dae ae ee ae oh E Ge 5 GNU General Public License 6 GNU Free Documentation License Bibliography Index 29 29 30 37 49 57 59 1 Introduction 1 1 What is the WDPM The Wetland DEM Ponding Model WDPM was developed by the Centre for Hy drology at the University of Saskatchewan to model the distribution of runoff water on the Canadian Prairies The program was originally written in Fortran 95 by Kevin Shook in 2008 Because
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41. f individual flood events and estimates of the resulting water volumes 4 2 WDPM flood hazard mapping case study results for Redberry Lake Planning Region Community stakeholder involvement is a crucial resource for LIRA projects As part of the Redberry Lake pilot study a LIDAR survey was conducted in the fall of 2011 for the Radisson Borden region in Saskatchewan to address community concerns over flood vulnerabilities A validation opportunity for the WDPM flood hazard maps subsequently arose during the spring melt period of 2013 when flood emergencies were declared by both communities The flooding was attributed to saturated conditions and snow melt runoff over frozen soils which filled numerous depressions to their storage capacities Once exceeded the spilling water activated key flow connections between the depressions inundating large areas within the communities The flooding events were captured by ground and aerial photos taken by federal AAFC and provincial agencies special thanks to Frank Fox now retired from Water Security Agency Flood hazard maps generated previously with WDPM made available to the communities were compared to the flood event photos The runoff maps shown here were generated by applying a water depth of 100 mm to the 5 m LiDAR DEMs and are displayed with a GIS overlay of the cadastral fabric for the townships Figures 4 1 through 4 5 demonstrate the validity of flood hazard mapping using the WDPM based on c
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43. he OpenMP version of the WDPM code The colors in the figure represent how the data was split among available processors In this case all nodes with the same colour will be processed by the same processor in serial one after the other but in parallel run at the same time with nodes of other colors in the different region but in the same position of the other sub matrices The Fortran 95 code that processes the nodes is given in Algorithm 1 2 The matrix which holds the water depths is called bigwater as it is 1 array cell larger on each edge than the water matrix to avoid having to check the boundaries Similarly the matrix which holds the DEM is called bigdem as it is also 1 array cell larger on each edge than the original DEM The code first processes the sub matrices referred to as slices When all slices have been finished the code then processes the regions in between the slices which are referred to as boundaries 0000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000OV0VOVVOOOA 0000000000000 00000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000 9000000000000000000000000000000 000 aaa 000 ae 0000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000 O000OOOOIOOOOIOIIIOCIIIIIAIAA O000OOOIOOIOOIIIIOIIOIAIIAAA 000 HOODIA 0000000000000 00000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000 P O00OOOOOVOOVOOIOIOIOOIIIAIAADAIA 0 00000 OOS 0808888888868 888S8SO8O8888H 0000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000
44. he method Add Subtract Drain or TextFile Once you have selected the method the appropriate module components will be activated 3 Click on Browse to set the DEM file 4 Click on Browse to set the Water input file if it is required If it is not used the file name is set to NULL 5 Now set the parameters for the module that you have selected 6 Click on Process to set the calculation method and select either Serial or OpenCL processing 7 If you selected OpenCL select either CPU or GPU for the parallel processing 8 Click on the Start button to begin execution 9 When the program has completed execution you can create a simple image from the output asc file Click on the Browse button to choose the file and then the Convert button When the program runs it outputs to the right hand side of the screen The run information includes statistics about the DEM and the water file if used Each 1000 iterations the model also outputs the change in the water which allows you to see how quickly it is converging All of these outputs are stored in the file report txt in the current directory 23 3 How to run the WDPM File Working Directory brows Methods DEM File Water File Output File Scratch File Add Components Subtract Components Drain Components Computation Settings Load from file Output to PNG Figure 3 1 The WDPM GUI Linux version You can abort the run at any time by clic
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47. is taken from Shapiro and Westervelt 1992 The algorithm and its implementation in the WDPM are described in Shook and Pomeroy 2011 and Shook et al 2013 Unlike the D8 direction of drainage algorithm used by programs such as TOPAZ Gar brecht and Martz 1997 the Shipiro and Westervelt SW algorithm allows drainage in more than one direction as shown in Figure 1 4 Most importantly the SW algo rithm actually moves simulated water over the landscape When water is added it runs into surface depressions When water is removed the water levels in the depres sions are reduced Therefore the WDPM does not require the DEM to be processed to remove pits before it is used It also means that the landscape drainage changes dynamically as water is added or removed 1 Introduction Conventional Shapiro and Westervelt D8 algorithm algorithm 7 Figure 1 4 D8 and Shapiro and Westervelt algorithms Unlike D8 drainage the SW algorithm is iterative The algorithm is applied to each element in the DEM as shown in the schematic diagram in Figure 1 5 Each is compared separately to its 8 neighbours looking at the water surface elevation Y Flow SS Water Figure 1 5 Schematic side view of the Shapiro and Westervelt water distribution algorithm Each iteration consists of selecting each cell in the DEM one at a time and ap plying Algorithm 1 1 to the selected cell and its neighbours Algor
48. is value then the run will terminate Either condition will terminate the run 3 2 4 Parameter text files The parameters can also be stored in simple text files A sample file used for the Add module is shown below The comments must NOT be included Note that parameters and their order are the same as shown in Section 3 3 Line Meaning add module to be used C basin5 asc DEM file NULL input water file C waterfiles asc output file NULL scratch file 10 add 10 mm 1 runoff fraction 1 elevation tolerence 1mm 1 OpenCL 0 GPU 3 3 Command line The command version of the WDPM is not distributed as a binary file but must be created by compiling the program from the source code file WDPMCL Command line c as described in Section 3 3 The command line arguments are the same for all op erating systems The required arguments are output to the file report txt if the program is run without arguments as shown here Module name add DEM file name string Water file name string Output file name string Scratch file name string Optional use NULL to omit Depth of water to add mm real Water runoff fraction real Elevation tolerance mm real Specify O for serial CPU and 1 for opencl 25 3 How to run the WDPM Specify O for OpenCL CPU and 1 for opencl GPU Module name subtract DEM file name string Water file name string Output file name string Scratch file name string Optional use N
49. ithm 1 1 Pseudocode for Shapiro and Westervelt algorithm as implemented by the WDPM if water surface elevation of selected cell gt that of the neighbour cell if selected cell DEM elevation gt neighbour cell DEM then move one eighth of the water in the selected cell to the neighbour cell else move one eighth of the difference in water elevation to the neighbour cell end if end if At each iteration the algorithm is imperfect as the depth of water transferred may be result in an inaccurate representation of the final water surface However over many thousands of iterations the movement of water will result in a realistic water surface where the local water elevation is constrained by the landscape The termination of the algorithm occurs when the change in the water surface between successive iterations is smaller than the specified tolerance 1 9 Parallelization 1 9 Parallelization The WDPM can be run as a conventional serial program where one instruction at a time is executed or in parallel The parallel processing uses the OpenCL API The original WDPM Fortran code employed an algorithm that subdivided the water matrix into mutually exclusive sub matrices each sub matrix being assigned to a separate process The sub matrices were separated by two columns to avoid concurrent writes While this algorithm is every effective with OpenMP it created problems for OpenCL Figure 1 6 illustrates the matrix decomposition used in t
50. king on the End button The Clear button clears the previous run information from the screen 3 2 Module parameters In addition to the basic parameters each module has its own set of run parameters 3 2 1 Add parameters 1 Depth of water mm This is the depth of water added to the entire DEM There is no spatial variability 2 Water runoff fraction 0 1 Setting the runoff fraction allows some of the water applied to dry ground to infiltrate the soil while not affecting any of the water applied to existing water if you are using a water file 3 Elevation tolerance mm If the maximum change in the water depth at any location in the DEM is smaller than this value then the run will terminate 3 2 2 Subtract parameters 1 Depth of water mm This is the depth of water subtracted from the entire DEM There is no spatial variability but where the existing water depth is smaller than this value the resulting depth is set to zero 2 Elevation tolerance mm If the maximum change in the water depth in 1000 iterations at any location in the DEM is smaller than this value then the run will terminate 24 3 3 Command line 3 2 3 Drain parameters 1 Elevation tolerance mm If the maximum change in the water depth in 1000 iterations at any location in the DEM is smaller than this value then the run will terminate 2 Drain tolerance m If the volume of water draining in 1000 iterations is smaller than th
51. l computers servers and handheld embedded devices OpenCL greatly improves speed and re sponsiveness for a wide spectrum of applications in many categories The problem 10 1 9 Parallelization more work to get the task done than it is supposed to The implementation of the Figure 1 7 illustrates the slices used by the OpenCL version of the WDPM in which every node with the same colour is processed individually by a unique thread The OpenCl code consists of two pieces the host and the kernel The host code sits on the CPU and send instructions to the devices which do the parallel processing The C code of the Shapiro and Westervelt algorithm host is shown in Algorithm 1 3 Shapiro and Westervelt algorithm was changed by noting that the goal is to process The kernel code is executed in parallel by each of the available devices CPU and or all the nodes without concurrent writing to the same point in the matrix The entire GPU The C code of the Shapiro and Westervelt algorithm kernel is shown in 1 4 caused by the Fortran OpenMP algorithm in OpenCL is that the OpenCL will do matrix was divided into 9 slices such that concurrency will not be violated O S _S6_S S6_ S656 60 s s6 O0000000000000 0000000000 000004 0000000000 000000000 0000000000 CO 000000000000 0000000000000000000 O00000000 000000000 00000000000 G0 00000000 0000000000 00000 0000 CO 000 00000000000 00000000000000000 000 000000000000 000 00000000000 0
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53. ling techniques exist today which can be used to generate flood risk based hazard maps Unfortunately the standard approaches used to de velop such maps are incapable of identifying hazards in outlying areas not directly 29 4 Case Study Adaptation for the Land and Infrastructure Resiliency Assessment LIRA connected to the main drainage channels The WDPM was introduced to LIRA specifically because of the model s capacity to generate spatially explicit distributed runoff maps across entire landscapes even where no streams exist A limitation of the current modelling strategy is that the WDPM does not directly model hydrology or hydrodynamics In the short term however application of WDPM has helped to circumvent key difficulties that restrict standard approaches from flood hazard mapping within most Prairie basins In recent LIRA pilot studies the application of WDPM has allowed for diagnostic assessments of runoff accumulation zones and hydrographic connectivity This has in cluded backwater ponding hazards upstream of road intersections and other potential impoundments which bisect water flow paths A benefit of this ad hoc approach for LIRA stakeholders has been that diagnostic flood hazard maps for entire landscapes have been provided to decision makers for the first time A general distinction be tween flood hazard zones identified using standard hydraulic methods and those from WDPM is currently defined by the probabilistic analysis o
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57. omparisons of flood extents for large ponded areas and along primary flow paths as seen in the images These areas are linked by numbered location in the maps and photos Figure 4 1 shows results for the Radisson Lake area where water flows along a circuitous course from location 1 to location 4 Figure 4 2 shows results of hazard mapping for the town of Radisson In this case an extensive area was flooded just 30 4 2 WDPM flood hazard mapping case study results for Redberry Lake Planning Region northwest of the town To partly mitigate flooding water was pumped from location 1 to 2 and water flowed into the town from the west The water flowed directly through town along a natural drainage path captured by the LiDAR data Figure 4 3 and was confined by inflatable barriers which potentially stopped more extensive flooding as depicted by the hazard map In Figure 4 3 the water can be seen exiting the town to the southeast from two pathways at locations 1 and 5 and inundating field sized areas toward the south a flood path contributing flow toward the southeast was also captured along location 7 Results for the village of Borden are shown in Figure 4 5 Borden receives excess overland flows from the Radisson area Water enters Borden from the southwest along location 1 and flows directly through town along location 3 and to the east toward location 2 to the north where a large ponding area can be seen at location 4 Water then flows southea
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61. ormats Poorly captured terrain features in past versions of Ortho DEM based products are also a key concern This type of problem is partly due to the subjectivity of capturing relevant surface features and systematic issues related to photogrammetric techniques used for developing DEMs i e hardware software and data formats In more extreme cases representative land surfaces may even appear nonsensical Figure 1 9 shows an example based on the SRTM runoff map at the Manitoba lo cation This critical issue can be attributed to the difficulties of capturing elevation information using space borne radar or optical techniques over areas of very low relief or dense vegetation canopies and where limited ground control points exist This is also a severe problem for ASTER DEMs versions 1 and 2 both of which have been observed to contain large pits in the order of 30 50 m deep and mole run artifacts that appear as positive curvilinear surface features not shown here Such anomalies can be partly attributed to insufficient scene stacks over a particular region In such cases DEMs for these areas have no practical value for overland runoff simulations 14 1 10 Potential Issues among DEM datasets for flood hazard mapping Table 1 2 Technical specifications of DEMs DEM Dataset Cell Resolution m Standard Format Vertical Accuracy m General Issues LiDAR 5 real 0 3 0 5 Cost data volume
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69. s issues related to project resources systematic errors in elevation data and land surface representation anomalies Resource issues can be a general limitation simply based on the cost to acquire DEM data and the technical skills required to process massive and complex datasets e g LIDAR point clouds and DEMs However systematic data errors and land surface representation issues are more critical concerns for generating realistic runoff maps with WDPM Figures 1 8 and 1 9 show examples of WDPM runoff distribution maps generated for the different DEMs The maps were derived by applying a uniform water depth of 73 mm to all Swift Current DEMs and 116 mm to the Manitoba DEMs Strictly for reference purposes the different depths applied are equivalent to the maximum 24 hour accumulated rainfall totals for the 1 100 year return periods at these locations which also serves to highlight differences in the local climates Runoff maps are also included for the same water depths applied to the 5 m LiDAR DEMs for relative comparisons against the expected runoff distributions Contrasts among the runoff maps observed in both cases suggest differences in DEM technical specifications and terrain representation issues are important concerns for flood hazard mapping The resulting maps highlight potential issues such as terrace like incoherent runoff patterns generated on CDED surfaces for both landscapes which are attributed to the use of integer storage f
70. sing CRHM however it can also be estimated using the procedures described in Granger et al 1984 which can be downloaded from the Centre for Hydrology website at http www usask ca hydrology ListPubs php Apply the total water equivalent depth of the accumulated snowcover using the WDPM Add module Set the runoff fraction equal to 1 the infiltration fraction The output of the WDPM when drained if necessary will be an estimate of the spring water distribution 27 3 How to run the WDPM 3 5 2 Contributing fraction The fraction of the basin contributing flow can be estimated by adding a small depth of water to an existing water file followed by draining The contributing fraction is then calculated from the change in volume which can be obtained from the file report txt The process is described in Shook and Pomeroy 2011 Shook et al 2013 3 5 3 Visualizing the output The WDPM is intended to be used with a GIS program as operational use generally requires the program output to be overlaid on top of the DEM and or infrastructure There are several Free Open Source Software F O S S GIS programs available such as QGIS www qgis org SAGA http www saga gis org en index htm1 and WhiteBox http www uoguelph ca hydrogeo Whitebox The WDPM can also produce a very simple water map from the output file using the Geospatial Data Abstraction Library GDAL which is a free set of command line GIS tools http
71. sist decision makers in identifying locations across their landscape that may be vulnerable to extreme overland flood events and poten tial cost effective mitigation and adaptation strategies LIRA is designed to integrate local knowledge science e g hydrology and climate GIS technology and economics into a cost benefit analysis framework Numerous inputs are required for the eco nomic analysis just one of which is a flood hazard map A critical question asked by the LIRA process is whether any economic assets or essential transportation and emergency services routes are located in flood hazard zones or may be impacted by flood damages incurred elsewhere 4 1 Flood hazard mapping for LIRA applications The basic goal of flood hazard mapping is to identify the spatial extents within a landscape that may be covered by flood waters or potential hot spots where flood damages may be a concern Flood hazard maps have typically been developed using flood frequency analysis and hydraulic modelling techniques and so have only been possible along primary waterways Essentially such products identify flood hazard zones where any developments should be protected restricted or not permitted at all Unfortunately existing maps such as those developed through the Federal Disaster Reduction Program from the 1980 s have fallen into disuse Effective use of these mapping products would require updates for the recent climate conditions More advanced model
72. st through the town along locations 5 7 and turns sharply to the east passing under a secondary road location 8 close to the main highway Despite the simplicity of the WDPM simulations the results are surprisingly detailed and the flood hazard map depicts much of the observed flooding in the photo accurately When a greater depth of water was applied to the DEM the gap between locations 1 and 2 was filled in more accurately The relative accuracy of spatially distributed runoff information for other pilot studies has also been verified against runoff masks classified from remote sensing im agery and most importantly the past experiences of community stakeholders The general accuracy and encouraging feedback from the towns of Radisson and Borden have served to validate the usefulness of a simple diagnostic tool for providing spa tially distributed runoff information that has not been previous available It may be possible to improve upon the methods further by driving the WDPM runoff simula tions with estimates generated through a physically based modelling framework that considers Prairie cold region hydrological process directly 31 4 Case Study Adaptation for the Land and Infrastructure Resiliency Assessment LIRA Figure 4 1 Radisson Lake WDPM output above and air photo below 32 4 2 WDPM flood hazard mapping case study results for Redberry Lake Planning Region IOOC NatEr lt AS iene PUMPING e re
73. stributions only include the GUI version of the program They also include the program gdaldem which is Free Open Source Softeware F O S S used to plot the water distribution 2 2 1 Windows Installation e Right click the file WDPM_WIN zip and click Extract here e This will extract the content of the zipped file into a directory called WDPM e Open WDPM directory and click on Setup bat e This will bring up the screen shown in Figure 2 1 19 2 Installing the WDPM l ff 4 con Y A ae e A Intel SDK Tor OpenCUSAPDpIICationsi201 3 pe s y j WI DINAANAN Figure 2 1 Intel CPU Only Runtime Package e Click Next and follow other instructions to install e Click Finish to exit and User Account Control will request permission to install Intel SDK for OpenCL Applications e Clicking Yes will bring up the screen shown in Figure 2 2 Figure 2 2 Intel CPU GPU Driver Package 20 2 2 Binary distributions e Click Extract to extract installation files and click Install e Click Next and follow all other instructions to install e Click Finish to exit installer and a dialog will come up asking to install Python 2 7 6 e Click Next and follow all other instructions to install e This should install Python on the C drive directly not in the Program files directory e Click Finish to exit Python installer and User Account Control will request permission to install GDA
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