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1. Outside radius of Circular Hollow Sections mm Neutral axis depth from y y axis for Single Angle 1L shapes mm Radius of gyration about z z axis for angle shapes mm Thickness of angle shapes mm G40 21 group number refer to Table 6 3 CISC Handbook of Steel Construction 1991 LE A Ru Foreign section delimiter or If F SODA considers the section to be Foreign to the shape file DESIGNATION Section name SA Strong Axis section class for prevailing F value WA Weak Axis section class for prevailing Fy value NOTE The section classifications given in the database are for Fy 300 MPa for WWF W HP M S C MC WWT WT ELIL ULIL EL2L LL2L and SL2L shapes and Fy 350 MPa for RHS SHS and CHS shapes for shapes in combined bending and compression SODA internally recalculates the section class if a different F than in the foregoing is specified 1 class 1 2 class 2 3 class 3 4 class 4 The digit 1 2 3 or 4 under the first letter character of SA or WA defines the Axial section class while that under the second letter character defines the Flexural class For CHS WWT WT EL1L UL1L EL2L LL2L and SL2L shapes the Flexural section class has been conservatively set equal to the Axial class For C CHS SHS MC WWT WT ELIL UL1L EL2L LL2L and SL2L shapes the Weak Axis section class has been arbitrarily set equal to the Strong Axis class For sections hav
2. Notation Canadian Section Database The header notation appearing in the nineteen different shape files that comprise the Canadian section database is defined in the following AREA Area of cross section mm D Section depth mm WT Web thickness wall thickness mm B Flange width width of angles and tubing mm TF Flange thickness mm DS Length of back to back leg for Double Angle 2L shapes mm BS Length of outstanding leg for 2L shapes mm IX Moment of inertia about x x axis mm SX Elastic section modulus about x x axis mm RX Radius of gyration about x x axis mm IY Moment of inertia about y y axis mm SY Elastic section modulus about y y axis mm SEx Effective section modulus about x x axis mm SEy Effective section modulus about y y axis mm RY Radius of gyration about y y axis mm Page 94 of 98 Ro RY for space 0 mm for 2L shapes mm R8 RY for space 8 mm for 2L shapes mm R10 RY for space 1 0 mm for 2L shapes mm R12 RY for space 12 mm for 2L shapes mm R16 RY for space 16 mm for 2L shapes mm R20 RY for space 20 mm for 2L shapes mm TJ Torsional constant mm CW Warping constant mm ZX Plastic section modulus about x x axis mm ZY Plastic section modulus about y y axis mm EO Distance from outside face of web to the shear centre for C and MC shapes mm Y Neutral axis depth from x x axis mm
3. Pinned Fixed Supports The common support types at the base of all first story columns of a rectangular moment resistant framework Less common support conditions may be specified in the Nodes screen once the framework has been generated Fixed a support node that cannot rotate or translate in any plane Pinned a support node that can rotate but cannot translate in the X Y plane 2D structure or in the X Y Z Y and X Z planes 3D structure Trusses Only Pinned supports may be specified for a truss A truss will be created with supports at each corner only Default Naming Conventions Regular Frameworks The default names assigned for nodes members and groups may be later viewed in the Nodes Members and Groups worksheets under the Structure Menu Y IZ X Numbering of Column Lines and Story Levels 1 story level Page 40 of 98 1 X Y column line Y Z column line Y Z Column Lines The column line that lies in the Y Z plane of the global co ordinate axis system i e corresponding to an exterior face of the structure is the initial column line in the global X axis direction and is identified as column line O zero in that direction X Y Column Lines The column line that lies in the X Y plane of the global co ordinate axis system i e corresponding to an exterior face of the structure is the initial column line in the global Z axis direction and is identified as column li
4. SODA will only analyze and design once Load Combinations have been entered The following describes items under the Run option of the SODA Menu Bar Save Data From the Menu Bar select Run and place a check beside Save Data before Running Engine and the input data will be automatically saved to the POP file before the sodaengine is executed Review Input Select this option to generate and display a file containing an echo of the input data The input echo provides a means of viewing all data in a tabular format SODA automatically generates a new input echo file prior to running the engine so as to provide a record of the input that generated the current output Run Engine SODA will only analyze and design after Load Combinations have been specified Displacement Constrained The Displacement Constrained field allows the user to specify whether or not Displacement Limits are applied for the current run of the SODA Engine NOTE This runtime option allows the user to readily run SODA both with and without Displacement Limits in order to determine their influence on the Design or Verify results for a structure Constraint Factor A design constraint is a design code requirement of the form Actual lt Allowable This may also be expressed in the form Actual Allowable lt Limit The Constraint Factor provides a means to Relax or Tighten the Limit of all the Design Constraints for the structure in one convenient operation The SO
5. User Interface NOTE Do not apply member loads with a global orientation which is coincident with the longitudinal axial of the member i e Y member loads applied to vertical columns Member Loads are specified at their Service Load Level load factors are subsequently specified when determining the Load Combinations for the structure 3 Determine the magnitudes signs and locations of any Temperature Loads Temperature Loads are applied to the members of the structure A Temperature Load that is applied to a member of length L is defined by a change in temperature of Delta T degrees that causes a change in length of the member Delta L T alpha L where alpha is the coefficient of thermal expansion for the material SODA provides useful default alpha values for steel NOTE A positive Delta T temperature increment causes the member to elongate while a negative value causes the member to shorten A particular Temperature Load may be applied to any or all members of the structure A variety of different Temperature Loads may be applied to different members of the structure 4 Determine the magnitudes signs and locations of any Support Settlements A Support Settlement is a Displacement and or Rotation of fixed magnitude that is imposed at a support node for the structure NOTE It is not possible to impose a settlement in the same sense that a support is itself free to move e g a X axis displacement cannot be imposed at a supp
6. of no concern for an Analysis application SODA internally accounts for the effective Net Area of bolted axial tensile members For a Verify or Design application involving the AISC ASD 89 AISC LRFD 86 AISC LRFD 93 Steel Design Code determine the ratio of effective net area A to net area A for tension members The ratio AJA specifies the reduction in the effective net cross section area at connections SODA provides a default value of 1 0 and allows for user specified values between 0 75 and 1 0 Establish if there are Double Angle Sections for the structure Determine the Gusset Plate Thickness defining the separation distance between back to back Double Angles SODA allows for the standard distances specified in American and Canadian steel design codes The separation distance for double angles is of no concern for an Analysis application Establish if there are Hollow Structural Sections for the structure For a Design or Verify application under the Canadian steel design code CSA SI6 1 M89 and CSA SI6 1 94 SODA allows Hollow Structural Sections to be specified as CLASS H Determine whether to input the node and member data for the structure using the SODA batch facilities A batch facility is applicable for either irregular frameworks or regular rectangular frameworks and automatically establishes node member and fabrication group data If necessary individual batch created data may be subsequently modified in the Nodes Mem
7. Add Modify Delete a Load Name Add For the left hand list box clicking the Add button with the mouse or tabbing to the Add button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to add a new Load Name to the list box If there are blanks in the Load Name or if no name is given a warning message will appear noting what the problem is Modify For the left hand list box clicking the Modify button with the mouse or tabbing to the Modify button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to modify the Load Name which is currently highlighted in the list box NOTE If the Load Name to be modified has not been changed then this action will have no effect If there are blanks in the new Load Name or if no name is given a warning message will appear noting what the problem is Delete For the left hand list box clicking the Delete button with the mouse or tabbing to the Delete button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to delete the Load Name which is currently highlighted in the list box NOTE If the Load Name is part of a previously specified Load Combination SODA will not allow the deletion to occur until the Load Combination has been modified to exclude the Load Name Node The Node name identifies a particular node of the structure to which individual Nodal Force s and or Couple s are applied Selecting from the List Box It is not necessary to type the name of the node Instead click the arrow button beside the
8. Chapter F Beams and Other Flexural Members Clause F1 Design for Flexure Hybrid or built up beams and girders are not accounted for Clauses pertaining to welded shapes are not accounted for F1 2c Tees and Double Angles SODA conservatively assumes the stem is in compression Thus B is a negative value in equation F1 15 Clause F2 Design for Shear F2 1 Web Area Determination F2 2 Design Shear Strength The web plate buckling coefficient is taken as k 5 Chapter H Members under Torsion and Combined Forces Clause H1 Symmetric Members Subject to Bending and Axial Force H1 1 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members in Flexure and Tension H1 2 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members in Flexure and Compression Design on the basis of plastic analysis is not accounted for Chapter L Serviceability Design Considerations Page 81 of 98 Clause L3 Deflections Vibration and Drift L3 1 Deflections The user is responsible for the specification of upper bound deflection values under service loads L3 3 Drift The user is responsible for the specification of upper bound lateral deflection values under static loads seismic and dynamic loads in general are not accounted for Page 82 of 98 SODA Design Constraints cont d AISC LRFD 93 Steel Design Code cont d Appendix B Design Requirements Note the following exceptions B 5 3 b vi v fp Fy Qs where fp 0 90 Section B 5 3 a c for built up members
9. Compression Elements Plate girders are not accounted for Clause B7 Limiting Slenderness Ratios Chapter C Frames and Other Structures Page 80 of 98 Clause C1 Second Order Effects SODA applies formula C1 1 as M B1 M where M is the moment resulting from either a first or second order analysis In the latter case M will include PA moments The PA analysis used by SODA accounts for additional bending moments produced by lateral movement of the structure The B factor accounts for the additional bending moment produced by the column load acting through bending deformations in the member itself In determining Pe K 1 is used unless the user has specified a value for K in the input Clause C2 Frame Stability C2 1 Braced Frames SODA calculates K 1 if the user selects SWAY PREVENTED in the input The user is responsible for the specification of the lay out and characteristics of the vertical bracing system for the structure C2 2 Unbraced Frames SODA calculates K 1 if the user selects SWAY PERMITTED in the input Stiffness reduction due to column inelasticity is not accounted for Plastic design is not accounted for Chapter D Tension Members Clause D1 Design Tensile Strength Chapter E Columns and Other Compression Members Clause E1 Effective Length and Slenderness Limitations E1 1 Effective Length Clause E2 Design Compressive Strength Clause E3 Flexural Torsional Buckling
10. File Import option is selected a dialog box will appear on the screen prompting the user to select a Comma Separated Values CSV ASCII file Click on OK to import the CSV file into SODA as a POP file Click on Cancel to return to the interface without performing the import File Export When the File Export option is selected a dialog box will appear on the screen prompting the user to select the name of the SODA file that is to be saved as a Comma Separated Values CSV ASCII file Click on OK to export the file out of SODA as a CSV ASCII file Click on Cancel to return to the interface without performing the export Print Topology Clicking this item will send the currently displayed structure to the printer Print Output Selecting File Print Output will display a list of input and output files for the current SODA application Clicking on a file name in the list will send the file to the printer Input echo Analysis results Final design verify Summary results Normal report Medium report Detailed report Effective lengths Design history Warnings Errors Batch This option allows users to select multiple reports for printing Printer Set up Select this item to change printers or print options The dialog box that appears is the familiar Windows dialog for printer set up When printing the topology landscape orientation is suggested for structures that are wider than they are tall If no printers appear
11. e jump back Press this button repeatedly to re trace your steps through the help file More detailed information about using Help can be found by selecting Help and then How to Use Help from Page 5 of 98 the menu bar of this window Page 6 of 98 User Support Telephone e mail or fax support is available during normal business hours to all SODA users This support is available to users who are having trouble installing their software whose software appears to behaving strangely and to users who have questions about how SODA works In order to assist the technical support staff for SODA please have the following information available 1 A complete description of the operating hardware including the type of computer graphics card Windows version printer etc 2 A description of the problem including any appropriate input and output 3 The steps taken that resulted in the problem if known This should include information as to whether the file was saved prior to the occurrence of the problem if any of the input was altered if the mouse or keyboard was used etc The most efficient way to report a problem is by sending an e mail containing a copy of the SODA project file as an attachement If the problem description is to be sent by fax be sure to send a sketch of the structure a copy of the Input Echo and any other output report that you think is applicable If the problem description is to be conveyed by mail se
12. e inrer A a a SH Me a E Roues I 97 Customizing a Section Shape E iania posi deus Rp a adore ia aaa ates 97 Page 3 of 98 Copyright Notice Neither the SODA software nor any part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying and recording for any purpose without the written permission of Acronym Software Inc Acronym Software Inc makes no warranties express or implied with respect to the SODA software system described in this manual In no event will Acronym Software Inc be liable for any consequential damages arising from the use of the SODA software system The information contained in this manual is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Acronym Software Inc SODA c Copyright 1985 2005 Acronym Software Inc 22 King Street South Suite 302 Waterloo ON N2J 1N8 Canada Portions Copyright Microsoft Corp 1985 2005 All rights reserved Page 4 of 98 Managing the SODA Windows Environment All windows in the SODA interface are linked to the Structure Topology window Any Node Member Fabrication Group or Load Type that is highlighted in its parent window is also highlighted on the view of the structure displayed in the Structure Topology window Default Windows Configurations The SODA interface windows are arranged into a number of default configurations on the computer screen as follows The
13. ends NOTE The load quantities w a and w b are specified as positive or negative in accordance with the Global X Y Z Axes System An exception to this occurs when the member load is specified as acting in the direction of the local x y or axial axes of the member see the Orientation field Distance to End of Load b L the Decimal Fraction of the member length measured from the Start Node at which a Distributed Load ends Inclined members The fractions a L and b L refer to distances measured along the local longitudinal axis of the member Orientation From the drop down list for this input field to select a load orientation for the member Click the arrow button to produce the following selections NOTE Do not apply member loads with a global orientation which is coincident with the longitudinal axial of the member i e Y member loads applied to vertical columns 2D Structures only Perpendic a distributed load or a point load acting perpendicular to the length of the member The signed direction of a Perpendic type load is dependent on the global axes and is independent of the local axes of the member For horizontal or inclined members the signed direction is based on the global Y axis the load is negative if any component of the load points down For vertical members the global X axis is used the load is negative if the load points to the left 3D Structures only y a distributed load or a point load acting perpen
14. formulated in terms of member sizes The optimization technique is applied to minimize the weight function subject to the constraints imposed by the design conditions so as to achieve an improved lower weight design of the structure The weight optimization problem is reformulated for the new design and the process is repeated until the weight of the structure converges to a minimum after a number of design stages The iterative design process has two phases The first phase involves a few design stages in which member sizes are taken as continuous variables to the weight optimization so as to quickly establish a reasonably well proportioned structure The second phase involves taking standard section sizes as discrete variables to the weight optimization The results of the first phase are used to select an initial standard section for each member of the structure to commence the second design phase Selected at the same time from the section database for each member is an initial set of standard sections from which the design of the member is to be chosen during the first weight optimization of the second phase The discrete variable optimization phase is conducted for a number of design stages until while satisfying all strength and displacement conditions the standard section sizes found for the members correspond to minimum structure weight The SODA design process is remarkably efficient The number of iterations required to achieve the opti
15. hdi taedio Dess does Odor ce a eR UON Rb e edm tee 67 Ijestptr histobys ihe sabercats A aii 67 SODA Structural Topology Menu Commaandis essere 69 SODA View Commands stava ier abo e cotes fibi qu ET ie Attias Gotb UR 69 SODA Graphics C ommads soi es a m up ER e OA eti aed 70 SODA Mode Commands uem roga a xr ia sun eI ia 72 SODA Design Constraints e E rose de 74 TOLUCA ES 74 Strength and Displacement Cons tras ote eg ede quiet cod toe Du RUE lainey 74 AISC ASD 89 Steel Design Code 2 dE tdled buda tese ta A did 75 AISG LRED 36 Steel Design COdGs a 71 AISC LRFD 93 Steel Design Code eed ia e eia dee ad iulii en ete 79 CSA S16 1 M89 LSD of Steel StTUCUDEOS s coa eso Core Eee ree inet t otra CR Ch Oves cust Certa s 83 CSA S16 1 94 LS DoF Steel Structure esse ita 86 SOD DATA ASC isa ao RAE DU ua oa rua eue CE ELI Ad 90 Page 2 of 98 SODA Database Editor mdite ninne e o euet 90 American Section Databasessa aea otto c cA nn m MM a ORAA 90 Notation American Section Database occccnnnnnnnnnnocnnnccnnnononnnananonananananana eene eene eene nenne eene eene 90 Shapes American Section Database eese eee eee eeee eese ette setate nae ttnn sessi asas eaa dass 93 Canadian Section Database narrada daa raten mie tenian lic 94 Notation Canadian Section DataSet li 94 Shapes Canadian Section Database eU Nd 96 User Created Section Databas sss ooieoe re eres t aaa a AA AEEA a A CREE eee 97 Database Guidelines
16. in the most critical combination 7 Loads and Safety Criterion Page 83 of 98 Clause 7 1 Specified Loads 7 1 1 The user is responsible for the specification of dead loads and live loads and wind loads Earthquake loads and dynamic load effects in general are not accounted for The user is responsible for the specification of temperature changes and differential settlement Shrinkage or creep of component materials is not accounted for Clause 7 2 Safety Criterion and Effect of Factored Loads 7 2 1 The user is responsible for the specification of factored loads Overturning uplift and stress reversal are not accounted for 7 2 2 The user is responsible for the factored load combinations 7 2 3 The user is responsible for the specification of the load factors 7 2 4 The user is responsible for the specification of the load combination factor 7 2 5 The user is responsible for the specification of the importance factor 8 Analysis of Structure Clause 8 1 General 8 1 1 Only deflection and strength requirements in Clause 6 are accounted for 8 12 Clause 8 2 Continuous Construction Clause 8 3 Simple Construction 8 3 1 The user is responsible for ensuring a suitable system of bracing as resistance to lateral loads including sway effects Clause 8 4 Elastic Analysis Clause 8 6 Stability Effects 8 6 1 Part b is not accounted for 8 6 2 is not accounted for 9 Design Length
17. is not incorporated Appendix E Columns and Other Compression Members Note the following exceptions E3 Kz max KxL KyL E3 Equation A E3 7 Fe for unsymetric shapes is not accounted for Appendix F Beams and Other Flexural Members Web Tapered Members are excluded CSA SI6 1 M89 LSD of Steel Structures The provisions of the CAN CSA SI6 1 M89 steel design code that are explicitly accounted for by SODA are listed clause by clause in the following 5 Material Standards and Identification Clause 5 1 Standards The user is responsible for acceptable material and product standards and specifications 5 1 3 Structural Steel 6 Design Requirements Clause 6 1 General The only ultimate limit state explicitly accounted for is strength The only serviceability limit state explicitly accounted for is deflections the user is responsible for the specification of deflection limit states The user is responsible for the specification of specified loads The user is responsible for the specification of load factors Camber provisions for expansion and contraction and corrosion protection are not accounted for Clause 6 2 Requirements Under Specified Loads 6 2 1 Deflections 6 2 1 1 The user is responsible for the specification of acceptable deflection limits Clause 6 3 Requirements Under Factored Loads 6 3 1 Strength The user is responsible for the application of the factored loads acting
18. it may be necessary to increase the Maximum Allowable Slenderness Ratio in Compression in order that beam type sections can be selected for such members Depth When the Problem Type is Design the section Depth for the members of the Group can be constrained by the SODA design process so as to satisfy certain fabrication and design requirements Depth Min Max Adequate headroom utility space etc may be ensured by specifying the section Depth to be greater than a Minimum value and or less than a Maximum value The minimum and maximum default values are 0 and 10000 respectively to allow as much design latitude as possible Setting a Fixed Depth The design sections considered for the members of the Group may be constrained to have the same nominal depth by specifying the Minimum and Maximum section Depths to be equal to the required nominal depth value for the specified section Shape Freezing a Designation When the Shape and Designation are together specified the design section for the members of the Group may be frozen to be the specified section by specifying the Min 0 and Max 0 section Depths to both be equal to zero refer to section Designation Units Metric units are mm used for Canadian design codes regardless of the units the user has selected Imperial units inches are used for American design codes regardless of the units the user has selected Nominal vs Actual Depth Sometimes the nominal depth may differ signif
19. item from the menu bar using the mouse point to the menu title in the menu bar Click the mouse button to cause the menu to drop down over the screen Move the pointer down to the menu item to be selected and click the mouse button To select a menu bar item using the keyboard type Alt then letter to drop the menu down where letter is the first letter in the menu title shown in the menu bar Then either type the underlined letter of the menu item desired or repeatedly press the Down Arrow key until the appropriate menu item is highlighted and then press the Enter or Return key to select the item To highlight the information in a field using the mouse drag the pointer over the field To highlight the information in a field using the keyboard just tab the desired field with the Tab key or Shift Tab or Ctrl Tab keys Page 12 of 98 Modelling the Structure The issues that are of concern when modelling a structure for a SODA application are listed in the following 1 Determine whether the structure is 2D planar or 3D space 2D all loads are applied in the plane of the structure Determine whether the structure is a Truss or a Frame Truss all nodes are pinned loads are applied only at the nodes and not in the span of members Frame nodes may be pinned or fixed loads may be applied both at the nodes and in the span of members Establish whether to Design Verify or Analyze the structure Design determination of a
20. least weight structure in conformance with the strength stability and stiffness displacement provisions of a specified steel code AISC ASD 89 AISC LRFD 86 AISC LRFD 93 CSA SI6 1 M89 or CSA SI6 1 94 Verify comparison of the member capacities and nodal displacements for a given structure with the strength and stiffness provisions of a specified steel design code AISC ASD 89 AISC LRFD 86 AISC LRFD 93 CSA SI6 1 M89 or CSA SI6 1 94 Analysis determination of member forces and nodal displacements for a given structure and loading Determine whether First Order or P Delta behaviour is of concern Either the effects of the interaction between the applied loads and the structure displacements are small and can be ignored First Order behaviour or they are significant and must be accounted for P Delta behaviour Low rise structures with light loading and structures with external bracing may be reasonably modelled using First Order behaviour Unbraced structures in general should be modelled using P Delta behaviour P Delta behaviour should generally be selected for Design or Verification For a Frame structure determine whether side sway is prevented or permitted Side sway prevented sway effects are taken by bracing external to the frame braced frame Side sway permitted sway effects are taken directly by the frame itself unbraced frame Select the Section Database for the members of the structure SODA supports two dat
21. list box of nodes displayed on the screen If any of the data entered for the new node is incorrect a warning message will appear noting what the problem is Insert Node Page 25 of 98 Clicking the Insert button with the mouse or tabbing to the Insert button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to add a new node to the list box of nodes preceding of the node which is currently highlighted This differs from the Add button in that the Add button always appends the node information If any of the data entered for the new node is incorrect a warning message will appear noting what the problem is Modify Node Clicking the Modify button with the mouse or tabbing to the Modify button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to modify the node that is currently highlighted in the list box of nodes displayed on the Screen NOTE If none of the data associated with the node to be modified has been changed then this action will have no effect If any of the data modified for the node is incorrect a warning message will appear noting what the problem is Delete Node Clicking the Delete button with the mouse or tabbing to the Delete button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to delete the node which is currently highlighted in the list box of nodes displayed on the screen NOTE If the node is in use in a nodal load for example SODA will not allow the deletion to occur until the corresponding nodal load has been mo
22. mouse left button while pointing at the desired member in the Structure Topology window the selected member will be highlighted in the Members Page 37 of 98 window Several Members may be selected by clicking on each desired member while holding down the Ctrl key or by creating a selection box around the desired members by clicking and dragging the mouse Add Insert Modify and Delete Member Modify Member Clicking the Modify button with the mouse or tabbing to the Modify button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to modify the Member that is currently highlighted in the list box of Members displayed on the screen NOTE If none of the data associated with the Member to be modified has been changed then this action will have no effect If any of the data modified for the Member is incorrect a warning message will appear noting what the problem is Delete Member Clicking the Delete button with the mouse or tabbing to the Delete button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to delete the Member which is currently highlighted in the list box of Members displayed on the Screen NOTE If the Member is in use in a Member Load for example SODA will inform of this fact and ask whether to proceed with the deletion Deleting a member will delete that member from all the Loads that it is associated with Member List Box This displays all the members that have currently been entered into SODA The user can move up and d
23. tabbing to the Insert button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to add a new Load Combination to the list box preceding of the Load Combination which is currently highlighted This differs from the Add button in that the Add button always appends the Load Combination information Modify Load Combination For the top list box clicking the Modify button with the mouse or tabbing to the Modify button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to modify the Load Combination name currently highlighted in the list box Delete Load Combination For the top list box clicking the Delete button with the mouse or tabbing to the Delete button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to delete the Load Combination currently highlighted in the list box Load Name List Box Lists all specified loads by Name Type and Load Factor The Name and Type fields will not change but the Load Factor may vary for each Load Combination Page 61 of 98 Load Name Names of all previously specified sets of service level Nodal Member Temperature and Settlement Loads e g Dead1 FullSnow Load Type Identifies the nature of the load Nodal Member Temperature Settlement Load Factor A non zero Load Factor indicates that the specified load is part of the currently selected Load Combination Load Factor A non zero Load Factor is specified for each Load Name that is part of the Load Combination NOTE The Load Factor 0 0 for all Load names
24. the bottom list box clicking the Add button with the mouse or tabbing to the Add button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to add a new Node with its associated Displacement Limits to the list box NOTE The Nodes in the bottom list box are associated with the highlighted Load Combination in the top list box If any of the data entered for the new Node is incorrect a warning message will appear noting what the problem is Modify Constrained Node For the bottom list box clicking the Modify button with the mouse or tabbing to the Modify button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to modify the Displacement Limits associated with the Node that is currently highlighted in the list box NOTE The Nodes in the bottom list box are associated with the highlighted Load Combination in the top list box Delete Constrained Node For the bottom list box clicking the Delete button with the mouse or tabbing to the Delete button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to delete the Displacement Limits associated with the Node that is currently highlighted in the list box NOTE The Nodes in the bottom list box are associated with the highlighted Load Combination in the top list box Constrained Node List Box This displays all the nodes for which Displacement Limits have been specified The user can move up and down the list by using the scroll bar on the right hand side of the list box Page 63 of 98 SODA Run Commands
25. to be able to perform graphical selection of elements in a zoomed view In order to zoom in to a rectangle created with a click and drag mouse action the Zoom Mode must be checked in the Mode menu in the Structure Topology window SODA Help Commands The following describes items found under the Help option of both the SODA and Structure Topology Menu Bars Page 72 of 98 Context Sensitive Finding help information for any field of the SODA interface Contents Finding general help information How to Use Help Using the SODA help facilities About SODA SODA copyright and development information The following describes items found under the Help option of the SODA main Menu Bar only User Manual Opens the on line user manual in Acrobat format SODA Website Takes you to the SODA Home page http www acronym ca sodahome html E mail SODA Support Launches an e mail session to SODA support soda acronym ca NOTE Each of the underlined items above is accessed from the Help menu Page 73 of 98 SODA Design Constraints Introduction This Chapter details the strength and stiffness provisions that SODA explicitly accounts for when conducting a Design or Verification of a structure in conformance with each of the five Steel Design Codes AISC ASD 89 American Institute of Steel Construction Specification for Structural Steel Buildings Allowable Stress Design and Plastic Design June 1 1989 AISC LRFD 86 American Institute fo
26. used in the AISC SDA and CISC SDC files must be adhered to The name may be added to existing SDA or SDC files or a new file can be created 4 5 The section having the smallest cross section area must appear first in the file and thereafter sections must be ordered with increasing cross section area 4 6 The data for each section must be placed in the file in accordance with the format fields defined by the number line appearing in the corresponding standard American or Canadian shape file 4 7 Ensure that the name of one of the 17 standard shapes appears in the first line of the shape file itself e g the first line of a file WBM USA could begin 25 W indicating that the file contains 25 W shaped sections Note that the number of sections must end in column 5 and the shape name must start in column 7 Note The above option allows the user to not only create entirely new shape files but to also create subsets of the standard shape files so as to impose user preferences on the design process For example WBM USA could contain just those W shaped sections suitable for beams WCOL USA could contain just column sections and WBC USA could contain just beam column sections or W14 USA could contain just W shaped sections with W14 designations Customizing a Section Shape File The user may customize an existing section shape file using the Database Editor or manually as follows 1 Any section in a shape file can be delineated as bein
27. AJA This field corresponds to the U reduction coefficient the ratio of effective net area A to net area An for tension members This specification is only available for the AISC design codes The specified A A ratio is used to calculate the effective net area for all axial tensile members of the structure Class H Sections Checking this box will cause SODA to use Clause 13 2 2 of CSA S16 1 M89 or CAN CSA S16 1 94 for calculating the axial capacities of all hollow structural sections in the structure Restore Messages This command restores the messages that were previously turned off by checking the Do not ask again box when Windows messages appear Page 23 of 98 SODA Structure Commands Nodes Nodes are used to define the start and end locations of members in the structure This worksheet allows the user to define modify or delete the name and position of each node in the structure It also allows the user to define which nodes are supported and by what type of support A Regular Framework feature can be used to quickly generate nodes and members Nodes Name Each node of the structure is identified by a unique alphanumeric name that may have up to 9 characters e g 2 or Two or NODE2 etc Do not use blanks between characters SODA does not permit node names that differ from one another only by upper and lower case e g Node and NODE are not considered to be unique names Default names are generated when the Regular F
28. DA engine output lists this factor as the Allowable Response Ratio Relax specify a Constraint Factor gt 1 0 Tighten specify a Constraint Factor lt 1 0 For example suppose the design of a structure has been completed using SODA and it is subsequently required to redesign the structure for loads that are 10 greater in magnitude This objective is achieved by specifying the Constraint Factor 0 9 so as to tighten all design constraints by 10 and then running SODA directly i e without having to change the load data in any way Or as another example suppose it is desired to relax the constraints for a design by 5 This objective is directly achieved by specifying the Constraint Factor 1 05 NOTE The Constraint Factor is a Global factor that is uniformly applied to all existing Strength and Displacement design constraints for the structure e g if Displacement Limits exist for the latter example above all of the specified upper bound displacement and or rotation values are increased by 5 Output Format This runtime option allows the user to specify the output format for the numerical data to be either exponent free or exponential NOTE Output units are restricted to those commonly used in practice and are Imperial Metric Page 64 of 98 Force kips kN Moments kip ft kN m Length ft m Displacement in mm Report Detail This runtime option allows the user to specify the level of detail needed in the output Norm
29. ESS 3125 in the AISC Manual of Steel Construction Eighth Edition has the Section Designation 3 5X3 5X 3125 in the AISC Section Database NOTE The section Designations for Pipe Section Shapes CHS in the AISC Section Database are given as NOMINAL DIAMETER X WALL THICKNESS decimal For example the Pipe having NOMINAL DIAMETER 3 1 2 and WALL THICKNESS 226 in the AISC Manual of Steel Construction Eighth Edition has the Section Designation 3 5X 226 in the AISC Section Database NOTE The section Designations for Single and Double Angle Section Shapes IE1L IU1L IE2L IL2L IS2L ME1L MU1L ME2L ML2L and MS2L in the CISC Section Database are given as SIZE X THICKNESS For example the Angle Section having SIZE 125X90 and THICKNESS 13 in the CISC Handbook of Steel Construction Fourth Edition has the section Designation 125X90X13 in the CISC Section Database NOTE The section Designations for Hollow Structural Sections RHS SHS and CHS in the CISC Section Database are given in terms of dimensions that have been soft converted from those specified in the CISC Handbook of Steel Construction Fourth Edition i e dimensions have been rounded to the nearest whole integer with the exception that the two wall thicknesses 2 54 mm and 2 79 mm have been rounded down to 2 mm in all instances to achieve Section Designations that are uniquely different from all others NOTE The section Designations for Rectangular and S
30. Groups displayed on the screen NOTE If none of the data associated with the Group to be modified has been changed then this action will have no effect If any of the data modified for the Group is incorrect a warning message will appear noting what the problem is Delete Group Clicking the Delete button with the mouse or tabbing to the Delete button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to delete the Group which is currently highlighted in the list box of Groups displayed on the screen NOTE If the Group is in use for a Member for example SODA will inform of this fact before proceeding with the deletion If you such a member is deleted it will also be removed from all of the load cases it is a part of Group List Box This displays all the groups that have currently been entered into SODA Although none of the displayed items are directly editable clicking an item in the list box will place its contents in the editable fields above the list box The user can move up and down the list by using the scroll bar on the right hand side of the list box Extended Selection for Analysis only It is possible to modify or delete more than one item at a time by selecting multiple items from the list box Holding down the shift key when clicking will extend the selection from the previously selected line to the line being clicked Holding down the control key Ctrl will add the current line to the selection Multiple lines can also be se
31. L USA UL1L USA EL2L USA LL2L USA SL2L USA gt Note that USA is the file type extension to each section shape filename in the American database Each of the fifteen shape files in the American database contains the properties of the individual steel sections having that shape The number of sections for each shape is given at the top of the file The first section listed in each file has the smallest cross section area for that shape and the sections thereafter are ordered with increasing area so as to facilitate the SODA optimization process Notation American Section Database The header notation appearing in the fifteen different shape files that comprise the American section database is defined in the following AREA Area of cross section in D Section depth in WT Web thickness wall thickness in B Flange width width of angles and tubing in TF Flange thickness in Page 90 of 98 BTF Ratio of the flange width to twice the flange thickness DTW Ratio of the section depth to the web thickness DAF Ratio of the depth to the compression flange area for W M S HP C and MC shapes ID nner diameter for pipe shapes in OD Outer diameter for pipe shapes in FYP Theoretical maximum yield stress Fy ksi based on the width thickness ratio of 1 2 the unstiffened compression flange beyond which a particular shape is not compact Specified as O if greater than 65 ksi FYPPP The
32. Leg Angles with Short Legs back to back Imperial series ME1L Equal Leg Angles Metric series MU1L Unequal Leg Angles Metric series ME2L Two Equal Leg Angles back to back Metric series ML2L Two Unequal Leg Angles with Long Legs back to back Metric series MS2L Two Unequal Leg Angles with Short Legs back to back Metric series CISC Database only AISC Database only For Problem Type Design or Verify a Section Shape is specified by selecting one of the acronym descriptors appearing in the first column of the foregoing table e g W or WWF etc NOTE The user may specify any 4 letter acronym for a shape as long as that same acronym appears in the SDC or SDA file associated with the section database selected in the Title screen For example WCOM might be used to specify a custom database containing only compact W shapes For Problem Type Design the SODA design process may be constrained to only consider sections for a Group that have the same specified nominal depth as follows 1 Specify the Section Shape that is desired for the members of the Group Page 27 of 98 2 Specify the Minimum and Maximum Section Depths for the Group to be both equal to the same nominal section depth For example if Section Shape W and Min Depth Max Depth 16 the SODA design process will only consider W Shapes having a nominal section depth 16 for the members of the group The Section Shape may or may not be spec
33. Node box and select a node name from the drop down list box which appears Forces and Couples Force X Y Z Page 48 of 98 A positive or negative valued service level Nodal Force that is applied to the node in the positive or negative global X Y Z axis direction respectively Couple X Y Z A positive or negative valued service level Nodal Couple that is applied to the node about the global X Y Z axis direction in a positive or negative sense in accordance with the Right hand Screw Rule A Nodal Couple may be applied at a node to reflect the effect of any significant eccentricity arising from the manner in which the members are connected together at the node Loads at Supports A Nodal Force or Couple should not be applied to a support node in a direction or sense for which there is no corresponding degree of freedom to translate or rotate if this is done SODA will inform that such loading will have no affect on the structure response Adding Nodal Loads Graphically With the Nodal Loads window open first add the Load Name and Forces desired and then select a node to load by clicking the mouse right button while pointing at the desired node in the Structure Topology window the selected node will be added in the Nodes List box of the Nodal Loads window Continue to point and click until all desired nodal loads are added to the Nodes List box Add Modify or Delete a Loaded Node Add For the right hand list box clicking the Add bu
34. SODA Structural Optimization Design and Analysis Version 4 0 March 1 2005 User Manual Page 1 of 98 Table of Contents Copyiieht Noceda rss 4 Managing the SODA Windows Environment coooococonoocccccoooncnnncnnnnonononnnnnnnncnnononnncnnnnn cnn eene rennen enn 5 A api cs scende noctes At oM se las ed haan Led e Lexar dea Edda 7 SODA DescriptlOT us cs e A ts oie 8 Oyerview ON O uae 9 Moving Around the A A tits 12 MOI Mitre TGS ERC CUE a etae in bd vegas dus eee Mee neq 13 Modelling the Lodi te oio b e aS a o s aa d en aie ua de e UL GREEN A 16 SODA Men Commands ode ti it out tems itm td 18 SODA Pile Commandos dada 18 SODA Genera bona mds coe eoe ros e ase a e edd cua rape EM eL eius 20 SODA Structure Commands uo oe cass a i 24 INOUGS scatet pde DDR das 24 A pun E dai cae eau ates A A dual de Shey 26 MmbBts sos PR ARE Stee AEE AES D Cp CE ND A e 34 Regular Framework ie aiii teat ar at erre LEON E AAE Ad HRS EUIS ase 38 Irregular Brame WOEPK da m UI 43 Diasonal Brae ry oo 45 Move Nodes m 46 SODA Loads Commands ea t a a ovate Stas 48 Nodal Loads eni eq ot COR OC UIS E a A eos al 48 Member Lor a dt 50 Temperature Ty A Gi do cato is D e ie o dt ie reine ee ite d doi eee niei 55 Support Settlements tese red et e ea ade ed c ale qo NO A AERE 58 Area Loads secado and m te adit dni 60 Load Combinations NET yd das 61 A See das a Ren ra A IL DERI oeuf es 62 SOD Ac Ruti Commands aa os 64 SODA OntputConmimands ismerne esee DU De
35. Select the direction of the beams the Area Load is to be distributed to For Plan Y the available selections are X beams and Z beams for Plan X the selections are Y columns and Z beams and for Plan Z the selections are Y columns and X beams Specified Load Specify the Load Name associated with the Area Load Clicking the arrow at the right end of the field will pop up a list of existing specified loads or the name of a new specified load may be entered If the Load Name specified does not yet exist SODA will ask for confirmation that the new Load Name is to be created Load Intensity This edit field specifies the Intensity of the area Load The Intensity specified either in psf or kPa is then converted to the appropriate member load magnitude by SODA Add Replace Cancel Page 60 of 98 Add Pressing this button will add the resulting member loads to the specified load If any loaded members were already loaded the two loads will be added together if appropriate to give a new combined load magnitude Replace Pressing this button will replace the specified load with the resulting member loads If the specified load was non empty SODA will request confirmation prior to deleting the existing member loads Cancel Pressing this button will exit the dialog box while ignoring the current contents of the Area Loads edit fields Load Combinations SODA will only analyze and design after Load Combinations have been specified The L
36. Steel Structures December 1989 CSA SI6 1 94 Canadian Standards Association Limit States Design of Steel Structures December 1994 The properties of the standard shapes in the Canadian section database are from the CISC Handbook of Steel Construction Fifth Edition 1991 The local buckling classifications of the steel sections in the Canadian database are in accordance with the provisions of the CISC Handbook of Steel Construction CSA SI6 1 M89 Limit States Design of Steel Structures Table 1 For computer application the Canadian section database is defined by the master file CISC SDC This file lists the names of the eighteen files that contain the properties of the nineteen different section shapes that comprise the database i e CISC SDC WWF CDN W CDN WFOR CDN WMIX CDN HP CDN M CDN S CDN C CDN MC CDN RHS CDN SHS CDN CHS CDN WWT CDN WT CDN EL1L CDN UL1L CDN EL2L CDN LL2L CDN SL2L CDN gt Note that CDN is the file type extension to each section shape filename in the Canadian database Each of the nineteen shape files in the Canadian database contains the properties of the individual steel sections having that shape The number of sections for each shape is given at the top of the file The first section listed in each file has the smallest cross section area for that shape and the sections thereafter are ordered with increasing area so as to facilitate the SODA optimization process
37. Structure Topology window appears in all configurations in the lower right of the screen The Nodes Members or Fabrication Groups window appears in the left side of the screen in configuration with the Structure Topology window i e three individual default window configurations The Nodal Loads Member Loads Temperature Loads or Settlement Loads window and associated Load Graphic window respectively appear in the left side and upper right of the screen in configuration with the Structure Topology window i e four individual default window configurations For each default configuration the window appearing in the left side of the screen will be truncated such that all its fields are not visible Click on the up arrow in the top right of the screen or alternatively click on the file drawer in the top left of the screen and select Maximize from the drop down list to maximize the window such that all its fields are visible Then click on the double arrow in the top right of the maximized screen or alternatively click on the file drawer in the top left of the screen and select Restore from the drop down list to restore the window to its default size and location Creating and Saving Windows Configurations The SODA interface windows may be arranged together in any desired configuration on the computer screen Move each window by clicking on its title bar and dragging the window to its new location on the screen Size each window b
38. abases of standard steel sections American 15 different shapes W HP etc Canadian 17 different shapes WWF W etc For each standard shape SODA supports most of the different section designations that are available from American and Canadian steel mills see Database files supplied on diskette with SODA The user has the option to provide a custom section database Determine whether Foreign sections in the database are to be considered Select the Units of measure for Force and Length SODA allows for four different sets of Imperial Units kip in kip ft Ib in Ib ft and for four different sets of Metric Units N mm N m kN mm kN m The choice of units is conditioned somewhat by the specified steel design code and section database Although SODA does allow Metric units to be employed in conjunction with an American code and database and Imperial units to be employed with a Canadian code and database Once specified consistent units must then be used when defining data through the User Interface for the units chosen SODA automatically provides the appropriate Unit Labels for all data fields Page 13 of 98 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 Determine if there are Bolted Connections for the structure SODA allows for Bolted Connections of Axial Tensile members Specify the Bolt Hole Diameter to be slightly larger than that for the bolt itself SODA provides useful default values Bolted connections are
39. abbing to the Add button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to add a new Member and associated loads to the list box Modify Member Load Data For the right hand list box clicking the Modify button with the mouse or tabbing to the Modify button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to modify the loads associated with the Member that is currently highlighted in the list box Delete Member Load Data For the right hand list box clicking the Delete button with the mouse or tabbing to the Delete button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to delete the loads associated with the Member that is currently highlighted in the list box Loaded Member List Box The right hand list box displays all the loaded members that have currently been entered into SODA under the specified load name The user can move up and down the list by using the scroll bar on the right hand side of the list box Above the list box is a pick list with all the member names for the structure Temperature Loads Load Name Each Load Name defines a set of individual Temperature loads that are applied to one or more members of the structure at their service load level Each Load Name is a unique alphanumeric string that may have up to 9 characters e g DL1 or DeadL 1 etc It is desirable to specify a descriptive Load Name that is easily recognized when later specifying the Load Combinations for the structure When later specifying the Load Co
40. al Medium and Detailed are the three options available for Verify and Design tasks Normal Minimum output Recommended during preliminary design Lists the design codes responses of the critical member in each design group Medium Lists the design code responses for all members Recommended during secondary design stage when user wants to redefine member grouping so as to have more members in each group perform at a higher level of efficiency Detailed Maximum output Lists design code equations and values for all members Recommended during the final stage of design to provide a design record Optimization This runtime option allows the user to turn the SODA Optimization capability On or Off for a Design run When the On option is selected the SODA Optimization capability is applied for the Design process to determine a least weight structure When the Off option is selected the SODA Optimization capability is de activated and the Design of the structure is found using only a member by member selection routine NOTE Both options produce feasible designs with that produced by the Optimization On option having the least weight NOTE The Optimization Off option requires the least amount of computer time to find the Design of the structure Behavior Type The First Order and P Delta behaviour types are as previously defined in the Definition worksheet under the General Menu This runtime option allows the user to chan
41. ane Out Of Plane Member Group Select the fabrication Group for the connecting members between copied faces from the drop down list of Group names click on the down arrow beside the Out Of Plane Member Group field The Group must be previously specified in the Group Worksheet under the Structure Menu Number of copies Specify the number of times the selected exterior face of the structure is to be copied i e 1 2 etc Copy offset Specify a uniform offset distance between the copied faces of the structure Copy loads settlements Specify the Nodal Member Temperature Loads and or the Support Settlements that are to be copied for the expanded structure Exclude nodes and members Click on and thereby grey out those nodes and members that are not to appear in the expanded structure Default Naming Conventions Irregular Frameworks The Irregular Framework option automatically names the nodes and members created in the expanded part of the structure as follows Node Name The first two indices define the axes of the plane of the copied face i e x y x z or y z the third index defines the number of the copied face i e 1 2 etc the fourth index is the letter n i e for node the final index is the number of the node in the copied face i e 0 1 2 etc Member Name The first two indices define the axes of the plane of the copied face i e x y x z or y z the third index defines the number of
42. axis of the cross section For vertical columns the default Beta Angle O means that the local minor y axis of the cross section lies in the global X Y plane for the structure i e bending of the column in the global X Y plane takes place about Page 35 of 98 the local strong x axis of the cross section Local member axes are indicated in the Structural Topology when the corresponding check box is filled on the Graphics View Options Menu in the Structural Topology window Effective Length Factors The factors Kx Ky B and B are applicable when the Problem Type is Design or Verify x member top x Effective Length Factor for axial buckling of the member about the local x axis of the cross section Axial slenderness KL r where K K L actual member length r rx Ky Effective Length Factor for axial buckling of the member about the local y axis of the cross section Axial slenderness KL r where K K L actual member length r ry Bt Effective Length Factor defining the unbraced length L of the compression flange for the top of a member in bending about the local x axis i e strong axis of the cross section Note that the top of a member is the surface where the local positive y axis projects from refer to above figure Lu Bi L where L actual member length Use this factor to define the physical bracing of the top flange During the design verify process the physical braced length B L i
43. bal Y axis are grouped together as having common cross section properties i e belonging to the same fabrication group Default 20 Beginning from the base of the structure columns are by default grouped together over two storeys i e a prismatic column extends over storeys 1 and 2 etc Trusses Members cannot be grouped when creating a regular framework for a truss Roof Exterior Groups This option permits the user to specify that members on the exterior of a framework are to be considered as a Page 39 of 98 separate group from that for interior members The intent here is to recognize that roof beams experience different loads than interior floor beams and exterior columns experience different loads than interior columns Default Exterior columns are grouped separate from interior columns at each story level Pinned Fixed Joints This option permits the user to specify either Fixed Fixed or Pinned Pinned as the common Joint Type prevailing at the end sections of all of the global X direction or Z direction members or Y direction columns for a rectangular moment resistant framework Trusses Only Pinned Pinned members may be specified for a truss Section Shape The common Section Shape for the global X direction or Z direction members or Y direction columns for a rectangular framework This field is not available if the problem type is Analysis and no Section Database has been specified under the General Menu
44. been specified for the Group NOTE The Area is specified in units of INCHES 2 Imperial or MILLIMETRES 2 metric Moment of Inertia The Moment of Inertia is specified if the Problem Type is Analysis and a Section Designation has not been specified for the Group The Moment of Inertia for each local member axis is defined below y x z X X I flexural moment of inertia about local x axis of the cross section ly flexural moment of inertia about local y axis of the cross section J torsional moment of inertia about local longitudinal axis of the member NOTE The Moment of Inertia is specified in units of INCHES 4 Imperial or MILLIMETRES 4 Metric Stress Yield Stress The default value for the Yield Stress depends on the specified Section Shape the Design Code and whether the specified Default Units are Imperial or Metric If one of the AISC design codes has been specified then the default values are as follows SECTION SHAPE UNITS YIELD STRESS W HP M S C MC Imperial 36 ksi WT EL1L UL1L EL2L LL2L SL2L Metric 245 MPa RHS SHS CHS Imperial 50 ksi Metric 340 MPa If a Canadian Design Code has been specified then the default values are as follows SECTION SHAPE UNITS YIELD STRESS W WFOR HP M S Metric 300 MPa C MC WT EL1L Page 31 of 98 UL1L EL2L LL2L Imperial 44 ksi SL2L WWF WWT RHS SHS CHS Metric 350 MPa Imperial 50 ksi Depending on the specified Default Units any Yield Stress val
45. bers and Groups worksheets under the Structure Menu If not using a batch input facility point 12 establish the Global Co ordinate Axes relative to the structure The global X axis and Z axis act horizontally and the global Y axis acts vertically The origin of the axis system may be located at any point on the structure NOTE The origin of the axis system is often located at the bottom left hand corner of the front face of the structure with the positive X axis acting horizontally to the right the positive Y axis acting vertically upwards and the positive Z axis acting horizontally outwards the X and Y co ordinates for the nodes of the structure are then generally all positive values while the Z co ordinates of the nodes are generally all negative values this is the origin location adopted by the batch input facility point 12 NOTE It is sometimes convenient to position the axis system such that one or more of the axes are coincident with an axis of symmetry for the structure Establish the Nodes for the structure Foundation connection points fixed pinned roller and spring support nodes Member connection points rigid and pinned free nodes Other points where there is a concern for stresses and displacements e g at the mid span of a girder under heavy loads NOTE For a Design or Verify application SODA internally checks the stress level at the mid span of each member even when a node is not specified there NOTE Fo
46. ble only for the AISC design codes and uses imperial units CISC SDC Canadian Institute of Steel Construction is available only for the Canadian design codes and uses metric units NOTE The AISC Design Codes cannot be used with the CISC Database and the CISC Design Codes cannot be used with the AISC Database Other Any custom database may be specified so long as it conforms to the SODA User Created Section Database None If the problem type is Analysis a database need not be specified If a database is not specified member cross sectional areas and moments of inertia need to be specified in Group Information in addition to cross section designations Include Foreign Sections The CISC section database includes both Canadian and foreign section shapes custom databases may also include foreign sections Foreign sections will only be considered for design if the Include Foreign Sections box is checked Toolbars This menu command activates the toolbars shown on the SODA desktop Units This dialog box defines the units to be used for the SODA application System Select Imperial or Metric Selecting a system of units will cause the Force and Length options to change accordingly Force For imperial units select either kip kilo pounds force or Ib pounds force For metric units select either N Newtons or kN kiloNewtons Length For imperial units select either in inches or ft feet For metric units select e
47. combination Summary results Only available for Verify or Design Lists the governing load combination and code clause for each fabrication group the support reactions for each load combination and the maximum member end forces from among all load combinations Normal report Lists analysis results for each load combination For Design or Verify critical member performance is assessed clause by clause for the prevailing Steel Code and the governing load combination is identified for each fabrication group For Design the cross section designations for the final design of the structure are given along with the total length volume and weight of member required for each fabrication group and the total weight of the structure Medium report Lists all of the Normal report detail In addition for Design or Verify the performance of every member is assessed clause by clause for the prevailing Steel Code and the governing load case for each member is identified Detailed report Lists all of the Medium report detail In addition a great deal of secondary data is provided to enable full tracing and verification of the SODA computer run WARNING the amount of Detailed output is extensive any may make considerable demands on available disk storage space Effective lengths Lists calculated and specified K Ky K L and K L values for all members Design history Lists the design sections found for each design stage as well as the ma
48. ction Designation that is desired for the members of the Group for the final design of the structure e g W16X89 2 Specify the Minimum and Maximum Section Depths for the Group to be both equal to zero 0 Modulus Young s Modulus The default value for the Young s Modulus for Steel depends on whether the specified Default Units are Imperial or Metric UNITS YOUNG S MODULUS Imperial 29000 ksi Metric 200000 MPa While possible it is not advisable to change the foregoing default values for Young s Modulus if the Problem Type is Design or Verify i e since other values are not consistent with the Steel Design Codes supported by SODA Depending on the specified Default Units any Young s Modulus value having the units ksi Imperial or MPa metric may be specified if the Problem Type is Analysis Shear Modulus The default value for the Shear Modulus for steel depends on whether the specified Default Units are Imperial or Metric UNITS SHEAR MODULUS Imperial 11200 ksi Metric 77000 MPa While possible it is not advisable to change the foregoing default values for the Shear Modulus if the Problem Type is Design or Verify i e since other values are not consistent with the steel Design Codes supported by SODA The Shear Modulus is not specified for a 2D structure if the Problem Type is Analysis Page 30 of 98 Section Area The cross section Area is specified if the Problem Type is Analysis and a section Designation has not
49. ctions shape designation on the graphic display and printout Align Text with Member This option only works with True Type fonts When selected this option aligns member names along the axis of the member they refer to This feature is optional because it may slow down screen refresh on some computers Save as default for new files This option when activated will save the currently selected options as default settings for new SODA projects and future sessions of SODA SODA Mode Commands Select Mode In order to select nodes groups members or graphically apply loads in the Structure Topology window the Select Mode must be checked in the Mode menu in the Structure Topology window Starting with version 4 0 double click Zoom in and out and Pan capabilities are available in Select Mode too in order to be able to perform graphical selection of elements in a zoomed view Zoom Mode In this mode the view can be zoomed in and out as needed The zoom in can be performed by a double click of the left button of the mouse in the desired location in the Structure Topology view or by defining the zoom region via a click and drag mouse action The zoom out action is performed by double clicking the right button of the mouse in the zoomed in view Alternatively the Zoom In and Zoom Out commands in the View menu can be used Starting with version 4 0 double click Zoom in and out and Pan capabilities are available in Select Mode too in order
50. dicular to the local longitudinal axis of the member in a direction parallel to the local y axis A y type load has the same positive and negative sense as the local y axis X 7 a distributed load or a point load acting perpendicular to the local longitudinal axis of the member in a direction parallel to the local x axis A x type load has the same positive and negative sense as the local y axis Z 7 a distributed load or a point load acting in the global Z axis direction 2D or 3D Structures Axial a distributed or point load acting along the local longitudinal axis of the member An Axial type load is Page 53 of 98 positive when directed from the Start Node to the End Node of the member Y a distributed load or a point load acting in the global Y axis direction X a distributed load or a point load acting in the global X axis direction Adding Member Loads Graphically With the Member Loads window open first add the Load Name and Member Forces desired and than select a member to load by clicking the mouse right button while pointing at the desired member in the Structure Topology window the selected member will be added in the Members List box of the Member Loads window Continue to point and click until all desired member loads are added to the Members List box View Clicking the VIEW button or double will cause SODA to display the Member Load graphic for the loaded member which is currently highlighted The Load Name Me
51. dified or deleted Nodes List Box This displays all the nodes that have currently been entered into SODA Although none of the displayed items are directly editable clicking an item in the list box will place its contents in the editable fields above the list box The user can move up and down the list by using the scroll bar on the right hand side of the list box Extended Selection Selecting Multiple Nodes It is possible to modify or delete more than one item at a time by selecting multiple items from the list box Holding down the shift key when clicking will extend the selection from the previously selected line to the line being clicked Holding down the control key Ctrl will add the current line to the selection Multiple lines can also be selected by dragging the mouse over lines in the list box Groups A Group is a collection of individual members that all have the same cross section properties SODA produces a design for each group and assigns that design to all members of each group Group Each Group of members is identified by a unique alphanumeric name that may have up to 9 characters e g 4 or FOUR or Group4 etc Default names are generated when the Regular Framework feature is invoked A Group Name is given even for the case of an individual member that has cross section properties that are unique for the structure i e a Group having only one member For Problem Type Design Verify or Analysis all individual m
52. e to initial rainwater or ice Earthquake loads and dynamic load effects in general are not accounted for The user is responsible for the specification of critical combinations of factored loads Clause A5 Design Basis A5 1 Required Strength at Factored Loads Design by plastic analysis is not accounted for Moment reductions at rigid connections are not accounted for A5 2 Limit States A5 3 Design for Strength A5 4 Design for Serviceability and Other Considerations Deflection serviceability is alone accounted for for which the user must specify the appropriate upper bound deflection values Chapter B Design Requirements Clause B2 Net Area For the net area in tension the user is responsible for specifying a bolt hole value that incorporates the effect of a chain of holes extending across a part in any diagonal or zigzag line The net area for shear is not accounted for The user is responsible for specifying the actual bolt hole width Clause B3 Effective Net Area The user is responsible for the specification of the reduction coefficient U Ae An Clause B4 Stability Clause B5 Local Buckling B5 1 Classification of Steel Sections Built up sections are not accounted for For rectangular hollow structural sections the flat width is taken as the total section width minus three times the wall thickness Tapered flanges of rolled sections are not accounted for B5 3 Slender
53. e for ensuring the correct slenderness ratio KL r for each segment for use in Clause 13 8 for example in the SODA Interface specify the effective length factor K 2 0 for each of the two segments of a member that has been divided in half 13 8 3 13 8 4 Part c is not accounted for Clause 13 9 Axial Tension and Bending Part b is not accounted for 15 Beams and Girders Clause 15 4 Reduced Moment Resistance of Girders with Thin Webs 20 Stability of Structures and Individual Members Clause 20 1 Structures 20 1 1 The user is responsible for ensuring that a complete structural system is provided to transfer the factored loads to the foundations The user is responsible for ensuring adequate resistance to torsional deformations Page 89 of 98 SODA Databases The section properties are stored in databases that are used by SODA in conjunction with the corresponding steel design code The databases are organised into files that contain either standard American or Canadian sections or user defined custom sections SODA Database Editor The section properties can be conveniently viewed and edited by using the Database Editor application For instructions on using the Database Editor please consult the on line Help American Section Database The American section database can be used in conjunction with three steel design codes AISC ASD 89 American Institute of Steel Construction Specification for Structural St
54. e from the drop down list box that appears Group Name A Group is a collection of individual members that all have the same cross section properties The Group name assigned to each individual Member must be previously specified in the Group worksheet Selecting from the List Box It is not necessary to type the name of the Group Instead click the arrow button beside the Group name box and select a Group from the drop down list box that appears Beta Angle The Beta Angle defines the rotation twisting of a member about its local longitudinal z axis It is recommended that the Beta Angle be specified as either 0 or a multiple of 90 degrees x member x The Beta Angle is measured from a vertical plane containing the local longitudinal z axis of the member to the local weak y axis for the cross section e g the y axis for a wide flange cross section is coincident with the web The positive sense of a Beta Angle is defined by the right hand screw rule i e upon pointing the thumb of the right hand along the local longitudinal z axis of the member from the start node to the end node the direction of curl of the fingers defines the positive sense of the Beta Angle For horizontal girders the default Beta Angle 0 means that the local x axis and local y axis of the cross section are horizontal and vertical respectively e g for a member subject to gravity loading this means that bending takes place about the local strong x
55. e selection and from is the value entered in the FROM field Both Base and Increment values may be negative and any combination of X Y and Z movement is permitted simultaneously Move Cancel Click Move to execute the specified movement operations It is a good idea to save the current file prior to executing a Move command because it cannot be easily undone if you make a mistake To undo a Move you must reverse the effect of the original move by reversing the signs of the Base and Increment values Click Cancel to exit the dialog box and return to the main worksheet View Structure This selection displays the structure on the screen in accordance with the options selected under the Graphics item of the Structure Topology menu bar Page 47 of 98 SODA Loads Commands Nodal Loads Load Name Each Load Name defines a set of individual Nodal Member Temperature or Support Settlement loads that are applied to one or more nodes or members of the structure at their service load level Each Load Name is specified by a unique alphanumeric string that may have up to 9 characters e g DL1 or DeadL1 etc It is desirable to specify a descriptive Load Name that is easily recognized when later specifying the Load Combinations for the structure When later specifying the Load Combinations for the structure a common Load factor is applied to all individual Nodal Member or Temperature loads in each set of loads defined by a Load Name
56. ed the loaded portion of the surface should also be entered Named When the Named option is selected the Named Nodes part of the dialog box becomes available to allow the user to specify a range of loaded members or nodes that have been named differently than the default naming convention of the Regular Framework feature Note with the exception of the Named option the Batch feature may only be used for structures that were previously created using Regular Framework Add Replace Cancel Add Button Adds the new loads to the currently specified Load Name i e that highlighted in the parent window which may or may not be already associated with loaded nodes or members Replace Button Replaces existing loads associated with the currently specified Load Name with the new loads SODA first asks the user if the existing loads are to be overwritten Cancel Button Exits the dialog box Member Loads Load Name If there are blanks in the Load Name or if no name is given a warning message will appear noting the problem Each Load Name is a unique alphanumeric string that may have up to 9 characters e g DL1 or DeadL 1 etc and defines a set of individual Member loads that are applied to one or more members of the structure It is desirable to specify a descriptive Load Name that is easily recognized when later specifying the Load Combinations for the structure Page 50 of 98 When later specifying the Load Combinations
57. eel Buildings Allowable Stress Design and Plastic Design June 1 1989 AISC LRFD 86 American Institute of Steel Construction Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural Steel Buildings September 1 1986 AISC LRFD 93 American Institute of Steel Construction Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural Steel Buildings December 1 1993 The properties of the standard shapes in the American section database are from the AISC Manual of Steel Construction Ninth Edition 1989 The local buckling classifications of the steel sections in the American database are in accordance with the provisions of the AISC Manual of Steel Construction Load and Resistance Factor Design First Edition 1986 Table B5 1 These classifications apply for all section shapes when the AISC LRFD 86 or AISC LRFD 93 design code is applied When the AISC ASD 89 design code is applied however these classifications only apply for WT Single Angle and Double Angle section shapes for all other section shapes the local buckling classifications are established internally by SODA at run time For computer application the American section database is defined by the master file AISC SDA This file lists the names of the fifteen files that contain the properties of the fifteen different section shapes that comprise the database i e AISC SDA W USA HP USA M USA S USA C USA MC USA RHS USA SHS USA CHS USA WT USA EL1
58. embers belonging to a particular Group are automatically assigned the cross section properties specified for the Group For Problem Type Design the SODA design process automatically determines the same cross section designation e g W 12x24 for all individual members that belong to the same Group For Problem Type Design the SODA design process automatically updates the cross section designation e g W12x24 for each Group after each Run Engine activity Shape Page 26 of 98 SODA designs for eighteen different Section Shapes as described in the following table SHAPE SECTION DESCRIPTION WWF Welded Wide Flange W Wide Flange WFOR Foreign W shapes HP Bearing Piles M Miscellaneous Beams and Columns S Standard Beams C Standard Channels MC Miscellaneous Channels RHS Rectangular Hollow Sections Tubing SHS Square Hollow Sections Tubing CHS Circular Hollow Sections Pipe WWT Tees cut from WWF sections WT Tees cut from W Sections EL1L Equal Leg Angles ULIL Unequal Leg Angles EL2L Two Equal Leg Angles back to back LL2L Two Unequal Leg Angles with Long Legs back to back SL2L Two Unequal Leg Angles with Short Legs back to back IE1L Equal Leg Angles Imperial series IU1L Unequal Leg Angles Imperial series IE2L Two Equal Leg Angles back to back Imperial series IL2L Two Unequal Leg Angles with Long Legs back to back Imperial series IS2L Two Unequal
59. es under service loads L3 3 Drift The user is responsible for the specification of upper bound lateral deflection values under static loads seismic and dynamic loads in general are not accounted for Appendix B Design Requirements Note the following exceptions B 5 3 b v v fp Fy Q where f 0 90 Limiting proportions for Tees are not checked Appendix E Columns and Other Compression Members Note the following exceptions E3 Kz max KxL KyL E3 Equation A E3 7 Fe for unsymmetrical shapes is not accounted for Appendix F Beams and Other Flexural Members Web Tapered Members are excluded AISC LRFD 93 Steel Design Code The provisions of the AISC LRFD steel design code that are explicitly accounted for by SODA are listed clause by clause in the following Chapter A General Provisions Clause A2 Limits of Applicability A2 2 Types of Construction Page 79 of 98 For Type FR construction the user is responsible for ensuring proper connections Type PR construction accounts only for simple framing for which the user is responsible for ensuring proper connections Clause A3 Material A3 1 Structural Steel The user is responsible for acceptable material and product standards and specifications Clause A4 Loads and Load Combinations A4 1 Loads Load Factors and Load Combinations The user is responsible for the specification of dead loads live loads wind loads snow loads and loads du
60. files This option when activated will save the currently selected options as default settings for new SODA projects and future sessions of SODA Filters Filters for specified ranges on the X Y Z axes or by structural group are initiated when the corresponding check box is filled on the Graphics View Options Menu in the Structural Topology window Graphics Text Options Options for setting text on diagrams Graphics Text Options This dialog allows the user to control the font type and size that is used to display text when the View Topology or Print Topology option is selected The user can also control what text appears as listed below Font Select a font to be used for displaying text on the graphics screen This is done in the same way as selecting a font for a word processor The printout of the graphics screen will also use this font Size Page 71 of 98 Select a font size to be used for displaying text on the graphics screen and printout This is done in the same way as selecting a font for a word processor Node Names This option turns on or off the displaying of the Node Names on the graphics display and printout Member Names This option turns on or off the displaying of the Member Names on the graphics display and printout Group Names This option turns on or off the displaying of the Group Names on the graphics display and printout Group X Sections This option turns on or off the displaying of the Group X Se
61. for the highlighted Load Name in the left hand list box The user can move up and down the list by using the scroll bar on the right hand side of the list box Above the list box is a pick list with all the member names for the structure View Clicking the VIEW button or double clicking on a member name will cause SODA to display the Temperature Load graphic for the loaded member that is currently highlighted The Load Name Member Name the temperature magnitude and member end nodes are displayed on the Load graphic The Temperature Load graphic depicts an increase in temperature as red in colour and a decrease in temperature as negative and blue in colour The coefficient of thermal expansion is also shown in the graphic Support Settlements Load Name Each Load Name defines a set of individual Support Settlement loads that are applied to one or more nodes of the structure at their service load level Each Load Name is a unique alphanumeric string that may have up to 9 characters e g DL1 or DeadL1 etc Itis desirable to specify a descriptive Load Name that is easily recognized when later specifying the Load Combinations for the structure When later specifying the Load Combinations for the structure a common Load factor is applied to all individual Nodal Member or Temperature loads in each set of loads defined by a Load Name Add Modify Delete a Load Name Add For the left hand list box clicking the Add button with the mou
62. for the structure a common Load factor is applied to all individual Member loads in each set of loads defined by a Load Name Add Modify Delete a Load Name Add For the left hand list box clicking the Add button with the mouse or tabbing to the Add button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to add a new Load Name to the list box Modify For the left hand list box clicking the Modify button with the mouse or tabbing to the Modify button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to modify the Load Name which is currently highlighted in the list box NOTE If the Load Name to be modified has not been changed then this action will have no effect Delete For the left hand list box clicking the Delete button with the mouse or tabbing to the Delete button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to delete the Load Name which is currently highlighted in the list box NOTE If the Load Name is part of a previously specified Load Combination SODA will not allow the deletion to occur until the Load Combination has been modified to exclude the Load Name Member The Member name identifies a particular member of the structure to which an individual Point Load or Distributed Load is applied Selecting from the List Box It is not necessary to type the name of the member Instead click the arrow button beside the Member box and select a member name from the drop down list box Load Type SODA allows for the different Me
63. fort for a Design run First Order behaviour may be adopted for the majority of design stages with P Delta behaviour being adopted only for the final design stages Review Input Select this option to generate and display a file containing an echo of the input data The input echo provides a means of viewing all data in a tabular format SODA automatically generates a new input echo file prior to running the engine so as to provide a record of the input that generated the current output Save Data From the Menu Bar select Run and place a check beside Save Data before Running Engine and the input data will be automatically saved to the POP file before the sodaengine is executed Page 66 of 98 SODA Output Commands The following describes items under the Output option of the SODA Menu Bar Input echo Displays all input data in a tabular format Analysis results Displays forces displacements and reactions for each load combination As an aid to connection design the maximum forces at each member end are listed at the end of this file Final design verify Only available for Verify or Design Lists the cross section designations for the final design of the structure along with the total length volume and weight of member required for each fabrication group Also listed is the performance of the displacement constraints if any the total weight of the structure and the governing code clause fabrication group member and load
64. fy the range of floors or column lines to be loaded The default is all floors or column lines If Partial has been selected the loaded portion of the surface should also be entered Adding Temperature Loads Graphically With the Temperature Loads window open first add the Load Name and Temperature Change desired and then select a member to load by clicking the mouse right button while pointing at the desired member in the Structure Topology window the selected member will be added in the Members List box of the Temperature Loads window Continue to point and click until all desired temperature loads are added to the Members List box Named When the Named option is selected the Named Members part of the dialog box becomes available to allow the user to specify a range of loaded members that have been named differently than the default naming convention of the Regular Framework feature Note with the exception of the Named option the Batch feature may only be used for structures that were previously created using Regular Framework Group Name When the Group Name option is selected the Group Name field of the dialog box becomes available Click on the down arrow to see the list of all member groups Select the name of the group for which all its members are to be loaded with the batch loads Page 57 of 98 Temperature Loaded Member List Box The right hand list box displays all the loaded members that have currently been entered into SODA
65. g Foreign to the file by inserting the character symbol Page 97 of 98 txt in the appropriate data field for the section in the standard American and Canadian databases SODA will not consider the section for design if Foreign Sections NO is then specified in the input data 2 Anew section may be included in a shape file by placing the section data in the file in accordance with the format fields defined by the number line appearing in the corresponding standard American and Canadian shape file The data for the new section is to be located in the file immediately after that for the existing section that has the next smallest cross section area i e sections in a shape file are ordered with increasing area 3 If a section is added or deleted from a file be sure to revise the number at the top of the file to reflect the remaining number of sections Page 98 of 98
66. ge the underlying behaviour of the structure for analysis i e First Order or P Delta without changing any associated data NOTE Refer to the description of the Design Process under RUN SODA where it is noted that this runtime option for Behaviour Type can be used to sometimes decrease overall computational effort for a Design run Bending Coefficients Calculate This option specifies that the value of the Bending Coefficients Cm and C for AISC codes for Canadian codes is to be calculated by SODA according to the moment gradient presence of span loads side sway Page 65 of 98 permitted prevented and type of analysis First Order or P Delta Unity This option conservatively sets the value of the Bending Coefficients to one 1 0 Design Process Continuous This option specifies that the iterative Design Process is to be conducted continuously without user intervention at any design stage until the final design of the structure is found Stage by Stage This option specifies that the iterative Design Process is to be interrupted after each design stage to allow the user to specify different runtime options if required Runtime Options When the Stage by Stage option is selected all of the runtime options noted for the RUN SODA worksheet become available to the user after completion of each design stage i e during the actual execution of the SODA run For example with a view to decreasing the overall computational ef
67. hange occurs Temperature Change Temperature Change the temperature increment in degrees that is applied to the member NOTE Depending on the specified Default Units the Temperature Change is specified in units of DEGREES FAHRENHEIT Imperial or DEGREES CELSIUS Metric Thermal Expansion Coefficient The default value for the Thermal Expansion Coefficient depends on whether or not the Default Units are Imperial or Metric UNITS THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT Imperial 0 650x10 5 per degree Fahrenheit Metric 0 117x10 4 per degree Celsius Add Modify and Delete Temperature Data Add Temperature Load Data For the right hand list box clicking the Add button with the mouse or tabbing to the Add button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to add a new MEMBER with its associated Temperature Load to the list box NOTE The loaded Members in the right hand list box are associated with the highlighted Load Name in the left hand list box If any of the data entered for the new Member is incorrect a warning message will appear noting what the problem is Page 56 of 98 Modify Temperature Load Data For the right hand list box clicking the Modify button with the mouse or tabbing to the Modify button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to modify the Temperature Load associated with the Member that is currently highlighted in the list box NOTE The loaded Members in the right hand list box are associated with the hig
68. hile pointing at the desired support node in the Structure Topology window the selected support node will be added in the Nodes List box of the Support Settlements window Continue to point and click until all desired support settlements are added to the Nodes List box Add Modify Delete Settlements Add Support Settlement Data For the right hand list box clicking the Add button with the mouse or tabbing to the Add button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to add a new support Node with its associated Support Settlements to the list box NOTE The settled support Nodes in the right hand list box are associated with the highlighted Load Name in the left hand list box If any of the data entered for the new support Node is incorrect a warning message will appear noting what Page 59 of 98 the problem is Modify Support Settlement Data For the right hand list box clicking the Modify button with the mouse or tabbing to the Modify button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to modify the settlements associated with the Support Node that is currently highlighted in the list box NOTE The settled support Nodes in the right hand list box are associated with the highlighted Load Name in the left hand list box If any of the data entered for the new support Node is incorrect a warning message will appear noting what the problem is Delete Support Settlement Data For the right hand list box clicking the Delete b
69. hlighted Load Name in the left hand list box If any of the data entered for the new Member is incorrect a warning message will appear noting what the problem is Delete Temperature Load Data For the right hand list box clicking the Delete button with the mouse or tabbing to the Delete button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to delete the Temperature Load associated with the Member that is currently highlighted in the list box NOTE The loaded Members in the right hand list box are associated with the highlighted Load Name in the left hand list box Batch Loads The Batch Load feature allows the user to quickly specify an entire range of members to load Prior to clicking the Batch button the user must enter the member load information Upon clicking the Batch button the following options are presented Load Surface Select the surface to be loaded Plan Y is the plan view as seen along the global Y axis similarly for Plan X and Plan Z Selecting Partial will allow the specification of a range of floor or wall surfaces for loading Excluded Members Allows the user to specify that the exterior or interior X and Z axis beams and Y axis columns lying in the selected Plan X Y or Z surface s are to be excluded from being loaded Similarly for nodes lying in the selected Plan X Y or Z surface s This only works for 3D structures using the member naming convention of the Regular Framework feature Surface Ranges Speci
70. icantly from the actual depth of the section therefore the designer should either customize the database to include only those sections that are of interest or be especially careful in specifying the depth limits Graphical Selection With the Groups window open select a group by clicking the mouse left button while pointing at the desired member of the group in the Structure Topology window the selected group will be highlighted in the Groups window Add Insert Modify and Delete Page 33 of 98 Add Group Clicking the Add button with the mouse or tabbing to the Add button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to add a new Group to the list box of Groups displayed on the screen If any of the data entered for the new Group is incorrect a warning message will appear noting what the problem is Insert Group Clicking the Insert button with the mouse or tabbing to the Insert button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to add a new Group to the list box of Groups preceding of the Group which is currently highlighted This differs from the Add button in that the Add button always appends the Group information If any of the data entered for the new node is incorrect a warning message will appear noting what the problem is Modify Group Clicking the Modify button with the mouse or tabbing to the Modify button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to modify the Group that is currently highlighted in the list box of
71. ified for the Group if the Problem Type is Analysis if specified the Section Designation common to all members of the Group need alone be given in the Group Member Information if not specified the Section Area and Moments of Inertia common to all members of the Group need instead be given in the Group Member Information NOTE If the Problem Type is Analysis some Groups may be assigned a Section Shape and Designation while other Groups may simple be assigned Area and Moment of Inertia values in the latter case click on unknown in the drop down Designation list to activate the User Defined fields in the Group worksheet Designation A section Designation uniquely identifies an individual section in the specified section Shape file of the Section Database If the Problem Type is Design the section with the largest area or moment of inertia in the specified section Shape file depending on whether the member is functioning axially or flexurally is assigned to the Group by default to commence the SODA application A section Designation is specified for the Group if the Problem Type is Verify i e the Designation existing for the Group for the structure to be verified A section Designation is specified for the Group if the Problem Type is Analysis and a Section Database has been specified under the General Menu NOTE The default section Designations for the CISC Database refer to Canadian sections with the exception that those fo
72. in the Specific Printer field then you must exit SODA and install a printer via the Windows control panel refer to the Windows manual Output Font Select the Font Font Style and Size to be used for the Output reports Page 19 of 98 Exit Click this item to exit SODA and return to Windows If any changes have occurred to the currently opened file the user will be prompted if they wish to save the data SODA General Commands Title Description Project Title A user specified title of the SODA application that may have up to 66 alphanumeric characters Description A user specified description of the structural project Use this area to enter any lengthy descriptions that do not fit in the title field Project Definition The Project Definition describes the overall parameters for the current SODA application Selections made in this dialog box affect the available choices and behaviour of SODA throughout the system The settings may be revised in existing files but care must be taken not to introduce inconsistencies into the structure Dimension A two dimensional 2D or a three dimensional 3D structure Two dimensional structures may later be converted to three dimensional Structure type The type of structure may be either a Frame or a Truss Problem Type The type of problem may be Design Verify or Analysis Design Code A governing steel Design Code is specified whenever the Problem Type is Design or Verify bu
73. ing Conventions X Y Z Directions Y Z The horizontal bays and vertical storeys of a rectangular framework are specified in the global X and Z axis directions horizontal and the global Y axis direction vertical X Bays Storeys The number of bays in the global X axis or Z axis direction and the number of storeys in the global Y axis direction for a rectangular framework Dimension The common width of all bays in the global X axis or Z axis direction and story heights in the global Y axis direction for a rectangular framework Storeys Per Group X Direction comments also apply to the Z Direction Enter the number of storeys of a rectangular framework over which the horizontal members running parallel to the global X axis are grouped together as having common cross section properties i e belonging to the same fabrication group The intent here is to allow the user to specify how often a new beam design group is required The smallest value is 1 indicating that a new group is created for each floor The largest value is the number of storeys which indicates that only one design group will apply over all floors Default 1 The members are grouped together into a single fabrication group for each story Trusses Members cannot be grouped when creating a regular framework for a truss Y Direction Enter the number of storeys of a rectangular framework over which the vertical members running parallel to the glo
74. ing webs in combined flexural and axial compression SODA internally establishes the governing section class accounting for the prevailing Cf Cy ratio refer to Table 1 in Part 1 of the CISC Handbook of Steel Construction 1991 NORMAL USE Normal use of section Page 95 of 98 SURFACE AREA Surface area of section TALPHA Tan Alpha for Z axis orientation of angle sections Shapes Canadian Section Database Below is a screen capture from the SODA Database Editor of a W shape from the Canadian section database i SODA Database Editor MMR 305 0 26402 7730 21589 1840 assesoo 16542 f 3106 i750 1686 13 GEO ESS gave Secor t WT Page 96 of 98 User Created Section Database Any user created section database must consist of sections that conform with the requirements of the American or Canadian steel design codes that are supported by SODA i e AISC ASD 89 AISC LRFD 86 AISC LRFD 93 CSA SI6 1 M89 or CSA SI6 1 94 These databases can be completely created following the instructions below or by creating the master files only which then can be imported and the properties edited using the SODA Database Editor Database Guidelines When creating a custom section database the standard American and Canadian databases supplied with SODA should not be directly modified in any way Instead an entirely new section database should be created using the following guidelines 1 The
75. ith the corresponding maximum values Warnings Lists any SODA generated warnings that occur during a run of the SODA engine Typical warnings concern uplift and excessive deflection Errors Lists any SODA generated non fatal errors that occur during a run of the SODA engine Page 68 of 98 SODA Structural Topology Menu Commands SODA View Commands The following describes items under the View option of the Structure Topology Menu Bar View Structure This selection displays the structure on the screen in accordance with the options selected under the Graphics item of the Structure Topology menu bar Rotating the View The view of the structure may be rotated in adjustable degree increments about the Global Y and Z axes by pressing the Left Right and Up Down arrow keys on the keyboard The rotation step can be adjusted in the Graphics View Options dialog Alternatively the Graphics View Options allow you to directly specify viewing angles Graphic Representation of Supports Fixed and Pinned supports use typical symbols A Roller support is represented by two black circles one atop the other Other supports are represented by a hollow circle with an X through it View Deflections View the deflected shape of the structure for any Load Combination A scale factor makes it possible to increase or decrease the magnitudes of the deflections Only nodal X Y and Z translations are displayed Thus intermediate displacements a
76. ither mm millimetres or m meters Based on these selections Soda will create unit labels as follows Force Length Moment Area I Stress kip in kip in in in ksi Page 21 of 98 kip ft kip ft in in ksi Ib in Ib in in inf ksi Ib ft lb ft in2 in4 ksi mm N mm mm mm MPa m N m mm mm MPa kN mm N m mm mm MPa kN m kN m mm mm MPa moment of inertia kk ksi kips square inch Mpa megapascal Newtons square millimeter OK Button If the user changes any of the above items and data currently exists SODA will prompt as to whether both labels and values should be converted or just labels The second choice allows for the case where the user has entered data under the wrong units and does not want the data converted Fabrication Conditions This dialog box defines the basic fabrication conditions for the SODA application Bolted Connections Bolted connections may be specified for axial members of the structure so that their tensile capacities are calculated based on the cross section net area i e gross area bolt hole area Check this box if all axial members in the structure are to be considered bolted Note that bolts are assumed to pass through the web of the member cross section SODA internally identifies the tensile members of the structure including bending members in axial tension Bolt Hole Diameter This field contains the diameter of the bolt hole to be used assuming Bolted Connectio
77. ive Length and Slenderness Limitations E1 1 Effective Length Clause E2 Design Compressive Strength Clause E3 Flexural Torsional Buckling Chapter F Beams and Other Flexural Members Clause F1 Design for Flexure Hybrid or built up beams and girders are not accounted for Clauses pertaining to welded shapes are not accounted for F1 5 Tees and Double angle Beams SODA conservatively assumes the stem is in compression Thus B is a negative value in equation F1 15 Clause F2 Design for Shear F2 1 Web Area Determination Page 78 of 98 F2 2 Design Shear Strength The web plate buckling coefficient is taken as k 5 Chapter H Members Under Torsion and Combined Forces Clause H1 Symmetric Members Subject to Bending and Axial Force H1 1 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members in Flexure and Tension H1 2 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members in Flexure and Compression H1 2 a Determination of Mu Design on the basis of plastic analysis is not accounted for The term in Eq H1 2 involving the coefficient B2 is ignored The value Mp is the bending moment taken directly from the analysis results n determining Pe K 1 is used unless the user has specified a value for K in the input H1 2 b Determination of M Chapter L Serviceability Design Considerations Clause L3 Deflections Vibration and Drift L3 1 Deflections The user is responsible for the specification of upper bound deflection valu
78. l structure Simultaneous satisfaction of strength and displacement conditions Conformance with all strength provisions of specified steel code Displacement conditions ensure acceptable drift deflection etc Member properties automatically selected from section databases American standard section database Canadian standard section database User created custom databases Automatic calculation of local buckling section classifications American sections Compact Noncompact Slender Canadian sections Class 1 2 3 4 Automatic calculation of effective length factors K and Ky As per Alignment Charts in Guide to Stability Design Criteria for Metal Structures Third Edition 1976 Editor B G Johnston Side sway prevented 0 5 K lt 1 0 Side sway permitted K gt 1 0 Page 10 of 98 Account for external bracing Compression flange bracing Automatic calculation of unbraced compression flange length Practical construction considerations for design Specify groups of members to have common section properties Specify lower and upper bounds on section depths Specify section properties to be frozen at fixed values Convenient presentation of output data Tabulated least weight section designations for members Individual member lengths and total lengths per section type Structure volume and weight Evaluation of member strengths as per provisions of steel code Evaluation of structure stiffness as per displacement condition
79. lan view as seen along the global Y axis similarly for Plan X and Plan Z Selecting Partial will allow the specification of a range of floor or wall surfaces for loading Excluded Members Allows the user to specify that the exterior or interior X and Z axis beams and Y axis columns lying in the selected Plan X Y or Z surface s are to be excluded from being loaded This only works for 3D structures using the member naming convention of the Regular Framework feature Surface Ranges Specify the range of floors or column lines to be loaded The default is all floors or column lines If Partial has been selected the loaded portion of the surface should also be entered Add Replace Cancel Page 54 of 98 Add Button Adds the new loads to the currently specified Load Name i e that highlighted in the parent window which may or may not be already associated with loaded members Replace Button Replaces existing loads associated with the currently specified Load Name with the new loads SODA first asks the user if the existing loads are to be overwritten Cancel Button Exits the dialog box Add Modify and Delete Member Load Data NOTE The loaded Members in the right hand list box are associated with the highlighted Load name in the left hand list box If any of the data entered for the new Member is incorrect a warning message will appear Add Member Load Data For the right hand list box clicking the Add button with the mouse or t
80. lected by dragging the mouse over lines in the list box Members Member Name Each Individual Member of the structure is identified by a unique alphanumeric name that may have up to 9 characters e g 3 or THREE or Beam 3 etc Default names are generated when the Regular Framework feature is invoked Start Node Each Start Node is identified by a unique alphanumeric name that may have up to 9 characters e g 2 or TWO or NODE2 etc All nodes have been previously defined in the Nodes worksheet The Start Node can be assigned to any one of the two ends of the member and the End Node is assigned to Page 34 of 98 the other end of the member Two members cannot have the same Start and End Nodes Selecting from the List Box It is not necessary to type the name of the node Instead click the arrow button beside the node name box and select a node from the drop down list box that appears End Node Each End Node is identified by a unique alphanumeric name that may have up to 9 characters e g 2 or TWO or NODEZ2 etc The Start Node can be assigned to any one of the two ends of the member and the End Node is assigned to the other end of the member The set of Start and End Nodes for a member must be unique i e two members cannot have the same Start and End Nodes Selecting from the List Box It is not necessary to type the name of the node Instead click the arrow button beside the node name box and select a nod
81. les supplied on diskette with SODA A section designation need not be specified for an Analysis application For a Design or Verify application determine the maximum allowable Slenderness Ratios in compression and tension for the members of each Group SODA provides useful default values Establish the individual Member Properties Determine the Start and End nodes for each member Determine the Joint Type defining the end fixity conditions at the Start End nodes of each member SODA allows for Pinned Pinned or Fixed Fixed or Fixed Pinned or Pinned Fixed NOTE The batch input facilities automatically establish the end nodes and joint types for the members point 12 Indicate if a member is compression only or tension only such members are automatically assigned a Pinned Pinned end fixity condition For a Design or Verify application determine whether the structure has Displacement Limits If Displacement Limits are specified establish the particular nodal displacements that are to be constrained and determine their allowable upper bound values Displacement Limits generally need be specified for only a select few of the nodes for the structure For example for a 2D structure maximum story drift is controlled by constraining the X axis displacement at only one column end node for each story of the structure maximum mid span deflection of all similarly loaded beam members belonging to the same Group is co
82. limits bracing to the first story i e from the ground or zero story to the 1st story A Z Bay range of 0 1 limits bracing to the first Z bay i e from the zero bay to the 1st bay Group The generated bracing members are associated with the highlighted fabrication Group in the list box of current Groups New groups cannot be added here this must be done in the Groups worksheet Excluded Surface For the selected Plan X Y or Z the user can specify that diagonal bracing is excluded from either the exterior or interior surface of the structure Bracing Type X 7 cross bracing left leaning single brace right leaning single brace Add Replace and Cancel Add Button Adds the new diagonal braces to the selected Group which may or may not already have members in it Replace Button Replaces all existing members of the selected Group with the new diagonal bracing members To avoid deleting other structural members an independent group should be used for braces Cancel Exits the dialog box Move Nodes This worksheet allows the user to move one or more nodes of a structure Note Example 3 describes in General Title the procedure to create a peaked roof from a flat roof Node Selection The node name is expected to be of the form lt Prefix gt lt Value gt lt Suffix gt The case upper or lower of the letters in the Prefix and Suffix is significant e g a lowercase suffix is considered to be different than a
83. long a member are not shown Load Combinations Contains a list of all Load Combinations for the structure Select a Load Combination to display the corresponding deflected shape of the structure Scale Factor The scale factor serves to magnify the deflection profile of the structure so as to make the deflections easier to view The default scale factor is 100 Cursor Keys The cursor arrow keys are the quick way to rotate the structure about the global X and Y axis Each time you press a left or right cursor key the structure rotates 15 degrees about the Y axis Similarly for the up and down cursor keys and the X axis View Zoom In Double Clicking Selecting this item has the same effect as double clicking the Left mouse button it causes the Zoom factor to double Click and Drag To zoom in on a specific area Page 69 of 98 e imagine a box around the area of interest e place the mouse pointer at one corner of this imaginary box e click and hold down the left mouse button e abox will appear as you drag the mouse diagonally across the area to another corner e release the mouse button and the graphics screen will zoom to the contents of the box Use the Zoom Reset option of the View menu to restore the full view of the structure View Zoom Out Double Clicking Selecting this item has the same effect as double clicking the Right mouse button it causes the Zoom factor to halve View Zoom Reset Select this option to set
84. mber Load Types listed in the following UDL Uniformly Distributed Load TDL Trapezoidal or Triangular Distributed Load Full a distributed load that extends over the full length of the member Partial a distributed load that extends over only part of the length of the member Point Load a concentrated load applied at a point in the span of the member Other DL Other Distributed Loads such as a Partial UDL or a Full or Partial TDL Page 51 of 98 SODA Loads Commands cont d Member Loads cont d Full Yo TOL Partial TOL UOL Unrforaly Distributed Load TOL Trapezoidal Triangular Distributed Load Page 52 of 98 Load Information Load Intensity at Start of Load W a the load Intensity at the location on the member where a Distributed Load begins or the load Magnitude at the point of application of a concentrated Point Load NOTE The load quantities wWa and w b are specified as positive or negative in accordance with the Global X Y Z Axes System An exception to this occurs when the member load is specified as acting in the direction of the local x y or axial axes of the member see the Orientation field Distance to Start of Load a L the Decimal Fraction of the member length measured from the Start Node at which a Distributed Load begins or at which a concentrated Point Load is applied Load Intensity at End of Load w b the load Intensity at the location on the member where a Distributed Load
85. mber Name load magnitude and member end nodes are displayed on the Load graphic The Member Load graphic displays load magnitude and direction with respect to the local axes of the member Thus a global Y axis load applied to an inclined member will be displayed with both local x and y axes components The member is always displayed with the local x axis running from left to right i e from i node to j node as entered in the Members worksheet Batch Loads The Batch Load feature allows the user to quickly specify an entire range of members to load Prior to clicking the Batch button the user must enter the member load information Upon clicking the Batch button the following options are presented Named When the Named option is selected the Named Members Nodes part of the dialog box becomes available to allow the user to specify a range of loaded members or nodes that have been named differently than the default naming convention of the Regular Framework feature Note with the exception of the Named option the Batch feature may only be used for structures that were previously created using Regular Framework Group Name When the Group Name option is selected the Group Name field of the dialog box becomes available Click on the down arrow to see the list of all member groups Select the name of the group for which all its members are to be loaded with the batch loads Load Surface Select the surface to be loaded Plan Y is the p
86. mbinations for the structure a common Load factor is applied to all individual Temperature loads in each set of loads defined by a Load Name Add Modify Delete a Load Name Add For the left hand list box clicking the Add button with the mouse or tabbing to the Add button and pressing Page 55 of 98 Enter will cause SODA to attempt to add a new Load Name to the list box If there are blanks in the Load Name or if no name is given a warning message will appear noting what the problem is Modify For the left hand list box clicking the Modify button with the mouse or tabbing to the Modify button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to modify the Load Name which is currently highlighted in the list box NOTE If the Load Name to be modified has not been changed then this action will have no effect If there are blanks in the new Load Name or if no name is given a warning message will appear noting what the problem is Delete For the left hand list box clicking the Delete button with the mouse or tabbing to the Delete button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to delete the Load Name which is currently highlighted in the list box NOTE If the Load Name is part of a previously specified Load Combination SODA will not allow the deletion to occur until the Load Combination has been modified to exclude the Load Name Member The Member name identifies a particular member of the structure for which a Temperature C
87. me as a Pinned support except cannot rotate about the global Z Z axis Roller along X A Pinned support that is free to translate along the global X X axis Roller along Y A Pinned support that is free to translate along the global Y Y axis Roller along Z A Pinned support that is free to translate along the global Z Z axis Other Nodal Support Conditions Fixed X Y Z A support node that cannot rotate or translate for the corresponding X Y or Z axis direction Spring Value X Y Z The magnitude of the stiffness of a translational or rotational spring support associated with the corresponding X Y or Z axis direction Graphic Representation Fixed and Pinned supports use typical symbols A Roller support is represented by two black circles one atop the other Other supports are represented by a hollow circle with an X through it Graphical Selection With the Nodes window open select a node by clicking the mouse left button while pointing at the desired node in the Structure Topology window the selected node will be highlighted in the Nodes window Several Nodes may be selected by clicking on each desired node while holding down the Ctrl key or by creating a selection box around the desired nodes by clicking and dragging the mouse Add Insert Modify and Delete Nodes Add Node Clicking the Add button with the mouse or tabbing to the Add button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to add a new node to the
88. me for each fabrication group of members in the global X axis direction is assigned by SODA as GXi j ij story range in the global Y axis direction over which all X axis members are in the fabrication group Example GX3 7 a fabrication group consisting of all X axis members over storeys 3 to 7 inclusive Z Direction The default group name for each fabrication group of members in the global Z axis direction is assigned by SODA as GZi j ij story range in the global Y axis direction over which all Z axis member are in the fabrication group Y Direction If vertical exterior and interior members are not separated into different fabrication groups the default group name for each fabrication group of vertical members is assigned by SODA as GYi j i j story range in the global Y axis direction over which all Y axis columns are in the fabrication group Y Direction Exterior Columns Page 42 of 98 The default group NAME for each fabrication group of Exterior Columns is assigned by SODA as ECi j ij story range in the global Y axis direction over which all Y axis exterior members are in the fabrication group Example EC7 7 a fabrication group consisting of all exterior members for story 7 of the structure Y Direction Interior Columns The default group name for each fabrication group of vertical interior members is assigned by SODA as ICi j ij story range in the global Y axis direction over which all Y axis interio
89. me members Account for compression only and tension only members Net area calculation for bolted tension members Various gusset plate thicknesses for double angles Page 9 of 98 Account for first order and P delta behaviour Small displacements first order behaviour Second order displacements P delta behaviour Account for a variety of applied loads and external effects Nodal loads point loads couples Member loads point loads full and partial uniformly distributed loads full and partial trapezoidal triangular distributed loads Temperature loads Support settlements Design or verification in accordance with five different steel codes AISC ASD 89 American Institute of Steel Construction Specification for Structural Steel Buildings Allowable Stress Design and Plastic Design June 1 1989 AISC LRFD 86 American Institute of Steel Construction Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural Steel Buildings September 1 1986 AISC LRFD 93 American Institute of Steel Construction Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural Steel Buildings December 1 1993 CSA SI6 1 M89 Canadian Standards Association Limit States Design of Steel Structures December 1989 CSA SI6 1 94 Canadian Standards Association Limit States Design of Steel Structures December 1994 Optimized design for proper strength and stiffness performance Optimization automatically determines least weight stee
90. members Displacement Limits X TRAN The maximum Translation allowed at the node in the global X axis direction X ROTN The maximum Rotation allowed at the node about the global X axis direction Y TRAN The maximum Translation allowed at the node in the global Y axis direction Y ROTN The maximum Rotation allowed at the node about the global Y axis direction Z TRAN The maximum Translation allowed at the node in the global Z axis direction Z ROTN The maximum Rotation allowed at the node about the global Z axis direction Notes Page 62 of 98 Each Displacement Limit is specified as a Positive value that is uniformly applied by SODA to constrain both senses of possible action e g left or right up or down clockwise or counter clockwise Each Displacement Limit is specified as a Factored multiple of its service level value consistent with the design Load Factor s on the service loads e g if the X axis translation at a node is to be less than 0 75 in under service loads and the design load factor on the service loads is 1 5 then specify X TRAN 0 75 X 1 5 1 125 in A rotation limit cannot be specified for a pinned node it will have no effect on structure response A displacement or rotation limit cannot be specified as zero 0 value and should not be specified as a restrictively small value an infeasible design situation will likely result Add Modify Delete Constrained Node Add Constrained Node For
91. mized design is generally small and almost totally independent of the complexity of the structure The structural and sensitivity analysis routines employed by SODA are based upon the conventional Displacement Method of analysis for elastic material behaviour Page 8 of 98 Overview and Limits SODA has the following major functions and features Easy creation of input data Mouse or keyboard interaction Microsoft Windows environment Windows XP 2000 WindowsNT and 98 Simple screen prompts all options visible On line help messages Imperial or Metric units kip Ib in ft N KN mm m Useful default values Young s modulus yield stress etc Identification of members and nodes using alphanumeric names Fast generation of structure topologies Fast generation of diagonal bracing Fast generation of applied loads Fast generation of design load combinations Practical construction considerations Graphics capability Display structure topology Display member names and or node names Display fabrication group names Display applied loads Display structure deflected shape Display member shear force bending moment and deformation diagrams Isometric Projection and Plan views Tilt and Rotate features Pan and Zoom features Design verification Code check or analysis of 2D and 3D frames and trusses Up to 2 000 members and 1 500 nodes Up to 100 load cases Fixed pinned roller or spring supports Pin releases for fra
92. mple m3y2z4 horizontal member that spans bay 3 in the X axis direction at story level 2 in the Y axis direction Page 41 of 98 and in column line 4 in the Z axis direction Z Direction The default member name for each horizontal member in the global Z axis direction is assigned by SODA as xiyjmk i column line no in global X axis direction j story level no in global Y axis direction k bay no in global Z axis direction over which the member spans i e from column line k 1 to k Example x2y2m2 horizontal member that spans bay 2 in the Z axis direction at story level 2 in the Y axis direction and in column line 2 in the X axis direction Y Direction The default member name for each vertical member in the global Y axis direction is assigned by SODA as ximjzk i column line no in global X axis direction j story level no in global Y axis direction over which the column spans i e from story j 1 to j k column line no in global Z axis direction Example x3m4z1 vertical column that spans story 4 in the Y axis direction at the intersection of column line 3 in the X axis direction and column line 1 in the Z axis direction Group Naming Conventions The group name is expected to be of the form GXi j GYi j and GZi j where G denotes a Group name X Y and Z denote members parallel to each axis respectively and i j is the story range over which a fabrication group applies X Direction The default group na
93. mpleted in a single computer run In addition to its unique design capability SODA features a windowing user interface that speeds both data entry and editing The user interface has been developed in the Microsoft Windows environment Information is quickly entered in a spreadsheet format using both the keyboard and a mouse All data fields are clearly labelled with all options visible to the user Movement through the data screens is expedited by drop down menus An on line help facility can be instantly accessed with a single keystroke SODA provides a printable graphics display view of the structure on the screen A zoom and pan capability allows the user to magnify the display of any part of the structure A rotate display capability permits the structure to be viewed from any angle The loading on the structure may be viewed graphically as well as the deflected shape and member shear force bending moment and deformation diagrams Underlying Theory The SODA design process involves the co ordinated use of elastic structural analysis first order sensitivity analysis and a continuous discrete optimization technique For the initial trial design of the structure which is automatically selected by SODA structural and sensitivity analyses are conducted and the strength and displacement design conditions are formulated explicitly in terms of member cross section sizes through the use of first order Taylor s series The structure weight function is
94. n 13 3 1 It is assumed that the capacity of singly symmetric double angle sections may be safely calculated by Clause 13 3 1 13 3 2 Clause 13 4 Shear 13 4 1 1 Elastic Analysis Webs are considered to be un stiffened such that a h infinity tau 1 neta 0 and k 5 34 13 4 1 3 Maximum Slenderness Clause 13 5 Bending Laterally Supported Members Part c i is not accounted for Part c iii Calculates Mr by the Alternative method Clause 13 6 Bending Laterally Unsupported Members Part c and d are not accounted for Clause 13 8 Axial Compression and Bending The detailed methods of determining the resistance of columns subject to biaxial bending given in Appendix F are not considered Page 85 of 98 13 8 1 For Part b SODA will only set K 1 if the user has specified K calc in the input 13 8 2 For Part b SODA will only set K 1 if the user has specified K calc in the input For a member divided into two or more segments the user is responsible for ensuring the correct slenderness ratio KL r for each segment for use in Clause 13 8 for example in the SODA Interface specify the effective length factor K 2 0 for each of the two segments of a member that has been divided in half 13 8 3 13 8 4 Part c is not accounted for Clause 13 9 Axial Tension and Bending Part b is not accounted for 15 Beams and Girders Clause 15 4 Reduced Moment Re
95. n uppercase SUFFIX Nodes to be moved are selected by specifying the lt Prefix gt and lt Suffix gt and central lt value gt of the node names The node names may be those generated by the Regular Framework command or they may have been manually entered into SODA Page 46 of 98 Prefix The string lt Prefix gt which begins the names of all the nodes to be moved e g Moving x1y1 through x9y1 the prefix is x Suffix The string Suffix which ends the names of all the nodes to be moved e g Moving x1y1 through x9y1 the suffix is y1 From The central value of the first node to be moved If no value is entered O is assumed To The central value of the last node to be moved If no value is entered 9999 is assumed Note The From value and To value must respectively correspond to the beginning and end of a sequence of nodes having central values that progressively increment by one 1 To move a single node specify From value To value Movement The Base and Increment values determine the distance by which each selected node is moved The movement units are the current distance units The selected nodes may be moved in any global axis direction each of X Y and Z directions have Base and Increment movement values The actual distance a node is moved is determined by the following formula Movement base increment num from where num is the node number as determined by th
96. n the list by using the scroll bar on the right hand side of the list box Above the list box is a pick list with all the node names for the structure View Clicking the VIEW button or double will cause SODA to display the Nodal Load graphic for the loaded node or Page 49 of 98 member which is currently highlighted The Load Name Node Name the load magnitude and the nodal co ordinates are displayed on the Load graphic Single and double headed arrows are used to indicate Forces and Moments respectively in the Nodal Load graphic The sign convention follows the Right Hand Screw rule Batch Loads The Batch Load feature allows the user to quickly specify an entire range of nodes to load Prior to clicking the Batch button the user must enter the nodal member load information Upon clicking the Batch button the following options are presented Load Surface Select the surface to be loaded Plan Y is the plan view as seen along the global Y axis similarly for Plan X and Plan Z Selecting Partial will allow the specification of a range of floor or wall surfaces for loading Excluded Nodes Allows the user to specify that the exterior or interior nodes lying in the selected Plan X Y or Z surface s This only works for 3D structures using the node naming convention of the Regular Framework feature Surface Ranges Specify the range of floors or column lines to be loaded The default is all floors or column lines If Partial has been select
97. nd a copy of the data file for which the error occurred Place this file on disk put the disk in a stiff package and mail it along with the error description On the exterior of the package write Do Not Fold or X ray Acronym Software Inc 22 King Street South Suite 302 Waterloo ON N2J 1N8 Canada web site http www acronym ca email soda acronym ca voice 519 885 2454 fax 519 885 1407 Page 7 of 98 SODA Description Introduction SODA is a Structural Optimization Design and Analysis computer program for use by structural engineers The program has been developed over many years by a research group in the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Waterloo Canada in conjunction with a broad base of practising engineers throughout North America to ensure that the program meets the practical needs of the structural engineering community Besides having the capabilities to perform verification Code checking and analysis SODA has the capability to automatically design least weight steel frameworks under static loads The user need only input data concerning the structural geometry member properties and loading conditions SODA will automatically select the members from a database of standard sections so as to minimize the weight of the entire structure while satisfying all design code requirements for strength and displacement In other words a steel design generated by SODA is feasible of least weight and co
98. ne O zero in that direction X Z Story Levels The story level that lies in the X Z plane of the global co ordinate axis system i e corresponding to the support foundation level for the structure is the initial story level in the global Y axis direction and is identified as story level 0 zero Node Naming Conventions Each default node name is assigned by SODA as xiyjzk i column line no in global X axis direction j story level no in global Y axis direction k column line no in global Z axis direction Example X3y1z2 node at intersection of members corresponding to column line 3 in that X axis direction story level 1 in the Y axis direction and column line 2 in the Z axis direction x2y0z1 support node at the base i e story level 0 of the column member in column line 2 in the X axis direction and column line 1 in Z axis direction Member Naming Conventions The member name is expected to be of the form xiyjzk where i j K denotes the x column line the y story level and z column line respectively One of x y and Z is replaced by an m to indicate a member parallel to that axis X Direction The default member name for each horizontal member in the global X axis direction is assigned by SODA as miyjzk i bay no in global X axis direction over which the member spans i e from column line i 1 to i j story level no in global Y axis direction k column line no in global Z axis direction Exa
99. nodes of the member The full length of the member is used as the unbraced length This situation is typical for trusses B 1 B 1 Indicates no bracing between the start and end nodes of the member The full length of the member is used as the unbraced length K Calc Ky Calc Page 36 of 98 Indicates SODA will calculate K or Ky based on the relative stiffnesses of members framing into the start and end nodes of the member The method used is that outlined in the appendices of both Canadian and American handbooks of steel design Calculated values appear in the SODA output file of Effective Lengths Bt gt 1 Bb 1 During the design verify process the physical bracing B L and B L is compared to the unbraced lengths produced by the bending moment diagram The smaller of the two values will be used for each flange However if a B or By value is specified as greater than unity then B L or B L will be used instead of the lengths from the moment diagram refer to the Special Situations note below Special Situations and Recommendations If a member is divided into two or more segments by placing node s in span the user must directly provide the value of Kx Ky Bi and B for each of the segments so as to reflect the total length of the member For example set K K B B 2 0 for each of the two segments of a member with a mid span node and no lateral bracing Joint Type Compression only Tension only The Join
100. ns was specified for the calculation of the cross section area for all members of the structure Any positive numeric value is acceptable In order to have more than one bolt at each connection it is necessary to specify a multiple of the actual bolt hole diameter E g for two 0 8125 in bolts specify 2 x 0 8125 1 625 in Hole Diameter Bolt Diameter Note that design codes require that the bolt hole be larger than the bolt diameter by 1 16 inches or 2 mm The user must make this allowance when specifying the size of the bolt hole because SODA does not do it automatically Units Millimetres are used for Canadian design codes regardless of the units the user has selected Inches are used for American design codes regardless of the units the user has selected Double Angle Gusset Plate This number specifies the thickness of the gusset plate for back to back double angles Depending on the current design code several different values are available U S codes 0 0 0 375 or 0 75 in Page 22 of 98 Canadian codes 0 0 8 0 10 0 12 0 16 0 or 20 0 mm The gusset plate thickness is used by SODA to calculate the Y axis radius of gyration of all double angle sections in the structure Default 0 375 in U S codes or 10 0 mm Canadian codes Units Millimetres are used for Canadian design codes regardless of the units the user has selected Inches are used for American design codes regardless of the units the user has selected
101. ntrolled by constraining the Y axis deflection at a node located at mid span of only one of the members Page 15 of 98 Modelling the Loads The issues that are of concern when modelling the loads on a structure for a SODA application are listed in the following 1 Determine the magnitudes signs and locations of any Nodal Loads Nodal Loads are concentrated point forces and couples acting at the nodes of the structure that are applied and signed with reference to the Global Co ordinate Axes An inclined point force is represented by its projections in the global axis directions Nodal Loads are specified at their Service Load Level load factors are subsequently specified when determining the Load Combinations for the structure 2 Determine the magnitudes signs and locations of any Member Loads Member Loads are concentrated point forces and distributed loading acting in the span of the members for the structure that are applied and signed with reference to the Global Co ordinate Axes An exception to this occurs for loads oriented along the longitudinal axis of the member SODA allows for the Basic Member Load types of Point Load Full and Partial Uniformly Distributed Load Full and Partial Trapezoidal Triangular Distributed Load NOTE Any combination of the Basic Member Loads may be applied to a member simply by repeatedly applying the individual basic loads to the member one at a time in the Member Loads Worksheet of the
102. oad Combinations worksheet allows the user to define combinations of loads for the structure Each Load Combination is some combination of the previously defined Load Names each of which refers to a set of service level Nodal Member Temperature or Settlement loads A Load Factor is specified for each Load Name within each Load Combination A zero Load Factor excludes a Load Name from a Load Combination Load Combination Name Each specified Load Combination is identified by a unique alphanumeric name that may have up to 59 characters e g LOAD COMBINATION 2 or 1 5 DEAD1 1 0 SNOW3 1 7 LIVE2 etc NOTE A Load Combination is the summed combination of one or more individual Load Names that are each multiplied by a Load factor Load Combination List Box This displays all the Load Combinations that have currently been entered into SODA Although none of the displayed items are directly editable clicking an item in the list box will place its contents in the editable field above the list box The user can move up and down the list by using the scroll bar on the right hand side of the list box Add Insert Modify Delete Load Combination Add Load Combination For the top list box clicking the Add button with the mouse or tabbing to the Add button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to add a new Load Combination to the list box Insert Load Combination For the top list box clicking the Insert button with the mouse or
103. of bays and storys Surface Ranges Numbering of Surfaces Bays and Storeys 1 Y Storeys Surfaces 0 Y and Z origin 1 Z Bays Surfaces 0 1 2 3 4 X Bays Surfaces The above figure indicates the numbering to use when specifying a range of bays or storys on which to place diagonal bracing Note the following definitions Surfaces bracing is placed on a surface Bays a surface spans between two bays Storeys a surface spans between two storeys Surface Range When specifying a surface range the start and end values may have the same number indicating that only one surface will be braced If no surface range is entered a range is 0 0 is assumed which will limit bracing to the first surface labeled as 0 in the above figure Bay and Storey Ranges When specifying a bay or story range the start and end values must be different or else there is no distance for the brace to span Page 45 of 98 SODA will not warn the user if a zero range is entered and no bracing will be generated X Surface Bracing Bracing may be limited to a range of X Surfaces Y Storeys and Z Bays Y Surface Bracing Bracing may be limited to a range of X Bays Y Surfaces and Z Bays Z Surface Bracing Bracing may be limited to a range of X Bays Y Storeys and Z Surfaces Example An X Surface range of 0 1 limits X surface bracing to the zero and 1st X Bays A Y Story range of 0 1
104. olt hole value that incorporates the effect of a chain of holes extending across a part in any diagonal or zigzag line The net area for shear is not accounted for The user is responsible for specifying the actual bolt hole width Page 77 of 98 Clause B3 Effective Net Area The user is responsible for the specification of the reduction coefficient U A A Clause B5 Local Buckling B5 1 Classification of Steel Sections Built up sections are not accounted for For rectangular hollow structural sections the flat width is taken as the total section width minus three times the wall thickness Tapered flanges of rolled sections are not accounted for B5 3 Slender Compression Elements Plate girders are not accounted for Clause B7 Limiting Slenderness Ratios Rods in tension are not accounted for Chapter C Frames and Other Structures Clause C1 Second Order Effects Clause C2 Frame Stability C2 1 Braced Frames SODA calculates K 1 if the user selects SWAY PREVENTED in the input The user is responsible for the specification of the lay out and characteristics of the vertical bracing system for the structure C2 2 Unbraced Frames SODA calculates K 1 if the user selects SWAY PERMITTED in the input Plastic design is not accounted for Chapter D Tension Members Clause D1 Design Tensile Strength Chapter E Columns and Other Compression Members Clause E1 Effect
105. ontal and Vertical fields to zero or multiples of 90 degrees Horizontal Angle This value specifies the Horizontal Angle at which the structure is viewed Increasing this angle which can also be done using the right arrow key while in the graphics display will rotate the structure about the Y axis in a counter clockwise direction Decreasing the angle left arrow key will rotate the structure in a clockwise direction Vertical Angle This value specifies the Vertical Angle at which the structure is viewed Increasing this angle which can also be done using the up arrow key while in the graphics display will rotate the structure about the X axis in a counter clockwise direction Decreasing the angle down arrow key will rotate the structure in a clockwise direction Rotation Step This editable field allows the user to set the angle that the structure is rotated with at every arrow keystroke It is useful when you need to view certain elements of the structure that would normally be covered by other elements Show large nodes This allows for a larger symbol to be displayed for the structure s nodes in case the support type needs to be more visible Thick highlighted elements This option when checked causes the currently selected members or nodes to be drawn using a larger line width than the non selected elements This is useful for large structures where the selected element is not easily visible in the view Save as default for new
106. oretical maximum yield stress F ksi based on the depth thickness ratio of the web below which a particular shape may be considered compact for any condition of combined bending and axial stresses Specified as 0 if greater than 65 ksi RT Radius of gyration of a section comprising the compression flange plus 1 3 of the compression web area taken about an axis in the plane of the web for W M S and HP shapes in IX Moment of inertia about x x axis in SX Elastic section modulus about x x axis in RX Radius of gyration about x x axis in IY Moment of inertia about y y axis in SY Elastic section modulus about y y axis in RY Radius of gyration about y y axis in RYO RY for space 0 in for Double Angle 2L shapes in RY3 8 RY for space 3 8 in for 2L shapes in RY3 4 RY for space 3 4 in for 2L shapes in RO Shear centre co ordinate in ROO RO for space 0 in for 2L shapes in R03 8 RO for space 3 8 in for 2L shapes in RO3 4 RO for space 3 4 in for 2L shapes in H Flexural Constant HO H for space 0 in for 2L shapes H3 8 H for space 3 8 in for 2L shapes H3 4 H for space 3 4 in for 2L shapes TJ Torsional constant in CW Warping Constant in ZX a Plastic section modulus about x x axis in b Centroid of section in x direction from outer web face for CM and MC shapes in ZY a Plastic section modulus about y
107. ort node having a horizontal X axis roller Support Settlement displacements and rotations are imposed and signed with reference to the Global Co ordinate Axes A particular Support Settlement may be imposed at any or all support nodes for the structure A variety of different Support Settlements may be imposed at different support nodes for the structure 5 Determine the Load Combinations for the structure Each Load Combination is the factored summation of one or more of the previously specified Nodal Loads and or Member Loads and or Temperature Loads and or Support Settlements SODA provides the unique capability to generate any particular Load Combination for the structure by Page 16 of 98 simply assigning load factors to the individual loads Nodal Member etc that contribute to the combination e A different load factor may be assigned to each of the individual loads Nodal Member etc that contribute to a particular Load Combination Page 17 of 98 SODA Menu Commands File Commands for loading and saving SODA files General Commands for describing the project Structure Commands for creating structures Loads Commands for creating and modifying loads Run Commands for running the engine Output Commands for viewing output files Help Commands to access SODA help The following describes items contained in the Structure Topology Menu Bar View Commands for viewing structure topology Graphics Structure topolog
108. ovisions underlying the strength and displacement constraints imposed by SODA are listed clause by clause in this On Line Manual for each of the five steel design codes supported by SODA see Related Topics below For reasons of space the number and title of each code clause is alone given the user is referred to the design code itself for the written descriptions of the provisions Any exceptions or specific interpretations made by SODA for a code provision are noted Any code clause that is not listed is not considered by SODA Page 74 of 98 AISC ASD 89 Steel Design Code Allowable Stress Design and Plastic Design The provisions of the AISC 89 steel design code that are explicitly accounted for by SODA are listed clause by clause in the following Chapter A General Provisions Clause A2 Limits of Applicability A2 2 Types of Construction Type 3 construction is not accounted for For Type 1 construction design based on plastic analysis is not accounted for For Type 1 and 2 construction the user is responsible for ensuring proper connections Clause A3 Material A3 1 Structural Steel The user is responsible for acceptable material and product standards and specifications Clause A4 Loads and Forces A4 1 Dead Load and Live Load The user is responsible for the specification of dead loads The user is responsible for the specification of live loads including any snow loads The user is responsible for
109. own the list by using the scroll bar on the right hand side of the list box Extended Selection It is possible to modify or delete more than one item at a time by selecting multiple items from the list box Holding down the shift key when clicking will extend the selection from the previously selected line to the line being clicked Holding down the control key Ctrl will add the current line to the selection Multiple lines can also be selected by dragging the mouse over lines in the list box Regular Framework This dialog box allows the user to specify a rectangular framework in a single batch operation Specifically SODA automatically assigns default names to all nodes members and fabrication groups default values for material modulus design stresses section depth limits maximum allowable slenderness ratios and effective length factors default fabrication groupings end fixity conditions section shape designations and support type The default names assignments and values for nodes members groups supports material etc may be later modified in the Nodes Members and Groups worksheets under the Structure Menu Bracing members may be subsequently added to either a truss or a flexural frame with the Diagonal Bracing feature X Y Z Directions Bays Storey Dimension Storeys Per Group Roof Exterior Groups Pinned Fixed Joints Section Shape Page 38 of 98 Beta Angle Pinned Fixed Supports Default Nam
110. pectively in the Support Settlement graphic The sign convention follows the Right Hand Screw rule Node The Node name identifies a particular support node of the structure at which Displacement and or Rotation Settlement is imposed Support Settlements DISP X A positive or negative valued Displacement that is imposed at the support node in the positive or negative global X axis direction ROTN X A positive or negative valued Rotation that is imposed at the support node about the global X axis in a positive or negative sense in accordance with the Right hand Screw Rule DISP Y A positive or negative valued Displacement that is imposed at the support node in the positive or negative global Y axis direction ROTN Y A positive or negative valued Rotation that is imposed at the support node about the global X axis direction in a positive or negative sense in accordance with the Right hand Screw Rule DISP Z A positive or negative valued Displacement that is imposed at the support node in the positive or negative global Z axis direction ROTN Z A positive or negative valued Rotation that is imposed at the support node about the global Z axis direction in a positive or negative sense in accordance with the Right hand Screw Rule Adding Support Settlements Graphically With the Support Settlements window open first add the Load Name and Settlements desired and then select a support node to settle by clicking the mouse right button w
111. primary name of the master file that lists the names of the shape files comprising the database should be unique e g INHOUSE and should NOT be that for the standard American or Canadian section database i e AISC or CISC 2 The file type extension to the primary name of the master file should be SDA if the database is comprised of American shapes and SDC if the database is comprised of Canadian shapes e g INHOUSE SDA or INHOUSE SDC 3 The maximum number of sections in a section shape file is limited to 700 4 Each of the section shape files comprising the database may be created as follows 4 1 AII sections in a file must have the same shape and this shape must correspond to one of the 17 different section shapes supported by SODA WWF W HP M S C MC RHS SHS CHS WWT WT EL1L UL1L EL2L LL2L SL2L 4 2 The primary name of the file may be one of the seventeen different shape filenames supported by SODA WWF W etc Alternatively any one to four 1 to 4 letter acronym may be used e g A or AB or ABC or ABCD 4 3 The file type extension is at the discretion of the user and may be selected to reflect whether the sections are American e g AMR or Canadian e g CAN shapes The file type extensions USA and CDN should not be used so as to avoid confusion with the standard American and Canadian shape files 4 4 The primary name and extension must appear in the SDA or SDC file The spacing format
112. quare Hollow Section Shapes RHS and SHS in the CISC Section Database are given as OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS X WALL THICKNESS For example the Rectangular Hollow Section having OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS 101 6X76 2 and WALL THICKNESS 9 53 in the CISC Handbook of Steel Construction Fourth Edition has the section Designation 102X76X10 in the CISC Section Database NOTE The section Designations for Round Hollow Section Shapes CHS in the CISC Section Database are given as OUTSIDE DIAMETER X WALL THICKNESS For example the Round Hollow Section having OUTSIDE DIAMETER 323 9 and WALL THICKNESS Page 29 of 98 6 35 in the CISC Handbook of Steel Construction Fourth Edition has the Section Designation 324X6 in the CISC Section Database For the specified section Shape the corresponding default section Designation e g as shown in the foregoing table is assigned to the Group to commence the SODA design process when the Problem Type is DESIGN While possible it is NOT necessary to change the default section Designation in fact the SODA design process is quite insensitive to its initial starting point and will generally find the same final minimum weight section for the members of the Group regardless of the initial default section Designation given For Problem Type Design the section Designation for a Group may be frozen at a user specified designation that remains unchanged by the SODA design process as follows 1 Specify the se
113. r Steel Construction Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural Steel Buildings September 1 1986 AISC LRFD 93 American Institute for Steel Construction Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural Steel Buildings December 1 1993 CSA SI6 1 M89 Canadian Standards Association Limit States Design of Steel Structures December 1989 CSA SI6 1 94 Canadian Standards Association Limit States Design of Steel Structures December 1994 It is important to note that SODA makes no engineering judgements of its own and that it is solely the user s responsibility to ensure that the topology loading and other details for the structure are correctly identified In other words the onus is on the user to correctly specify the design or verification problem to SODA Moreover it is also the responsibility of the user to confirm that the results produced by SODA are correct Strength and Displacement Constraints The strength constraints imposed by SODA refer to the strength stability provisions of the specified steel design code for the proportioning of members to ensure that the structure has sufficient capacity to withstand the applied loading The displacement constraints imposed by SODA refer to the upper bound values for nodal displacements that are specified by the user in the SODA Interface to ensure that the structure has sufficient stiffness for the applied loading The specific pr
114. r a Design or Verify application it is necessary to specify a node at a point in the span of a member when the displacement there is to be controlled or checked Node names may be alphanumeric e g A or 1 or Al etc and they may be assigned without concern for the bandwidth of the stiffness matrix for the structure SODA internally re indexes the nodes to achieve the minimum bandwidth NOTE The batch input facilities automatically establish default names for the nodes Establish the fabrication Groups of members for the structure Page 14 of 98 16 17 18 For ease and convenience of data input as well as to satisfy fabrication requirements group together all individual members that are required or known to have the same cross section properties Establish the Group Member Section Properties Establish values for elastic Moduli Young s shear and for Design and Verify applications the Yield Stress and Ultimate Stress SODA provides useful default values Determine the section Shape for each Group of members SODA supports seventeen different standard steel section shapes W WWF C WT etc A section shape need not be specified for an Analysis application For a Verify or Analysis application determine the section Designation for each Group of members For each of seventeen different shapes SODA supports most section designations available from American and Canadian steel mills refer to the section database fi
115. r columns are in the fabrication group Irregular Framework This series of dialog boxes allows the user to specify an irregular framework in one batch operation Initially the user creates a single 2D or 3D module of the structure containing the irregular geometry features that are to be automatically copied in an expanded structure Thereafter The dialog box IRREGULAR FRAMEWORK EXPANSION identifies the plane of an exterior face of the current structure that is to be copied in the expanded structure The dialog box IRREGULAR FRAMEWORK FACE VERIFICATION highlights the face of the structure to be copied and provides an opportunity to save the file before proceeding The dialog box IRREGULAR FRAMEWORK DEFINITION identifies the number of times the face is to be copied the spacing between copied faces the fabrication group for the out of plane members connecting the copied faces and the loads that are also to be copied for the expanded structure The nodes and members in the expanded structure are assigned default names which may be later viewed in the Nodes and Members worksheets under the Structure Menu X Y and Y Z and X Z Planes Page 43 of 98 Z1 Each pair of axes X Y Y Z and X Z defines a principal plane of the structure that may be copied using the Irregular Framework command Front nearest Back furthest Copy either the front nearest or back furthest exterior face of the structure that lies in the selected principal pl
116. r the WFOR M and MC Section Shapes refer to a Foreign section since there are no corresponding section shapes available from Canadian mills The section Designation for each of the different section Shapes has a form similar to that given in the AISC or CISC Steel Design Manuals except that it contains no letter characters other than the times symbol X In fact the usual letter characters are contained in the section Shape name The user is encouraged to consult the Database section Shape files on disk to become familiar with the conventions employed by SODA for section Designations also refer to the following NOTES NOTE The section Designations for Single and Double Angle Section Shapes EL1L UL1L EL2L LL2L and SL2L in the AISC Section Database are given in decimal form rather than fraction form using the following decimal equivalents Fraction Decimal 1 8 125 3 16 1875 1 4 25 5 16 3125 3 8 375 7 16 4375 1 2 5 9 16 5625 5 8 625 3 4 75 7 8 875 Page 28 of 98 For example the Angle Section L3 1 2X2 1 2X7 16 in the AISC Manual of Steel Construction Eighth Edition has the Section Designation 3 5X2 5X 4375 in the AISC Section Database NOTE The section Designations for Structural Tubing Section Shapes RHS and SHS in the AISC Section Database are given as NOMINAL SIZE X WALL THICKNESS decimal For example the Square Structural Tubing having NOMINAL SIZE 3 5X3 5 and WALL THICKN
117. ramework feature is invoked X Y Z Co ordinates The X Y Z co ordinates for each node of the structure are specified in accordance with the user defined Global X Y Z Axis System The Z co ordinate is zero for 2D structures Y IZ X X COORD The horizontal distance in a direction orthogonal to the horizontal z axis that the node is from the origin of the axes system a positive or negative value Y COORD The vertical distance that the node is from the origin of the axes system a positive or negative number Z COORD The horizontal distance in a direction orthogonal to the horizontal x axis that the node is from the origin of the axes system a positive or negative value Support Type Support Type defines the support condition for a node None A free node that can rotate and translate in the X Y plane 2D structure or in the X Y Z Y and X Z planes 3D structure This is the default support condition Fixed A support node that cannot rotate or translate in the X Y plane 2D structure or in the X Y Z Y and X Z planes 3D structure Page 24 of 98 Pinned A support node that can rotate but cannot translate in the X Y plane 2D structure or in the X Y Z Y and X Z planes 3D structure Pinned except X Same as a Pinned support except cannot rotate about the global X X axis Pinned except Y Same as a Pinned support except cannot rotate about the global Y Y axis Pinned except Z Sa
118. re not accounted for B5 2 Slender Compression Elements Plate girders are not accounted for Clause B7 Limiting Slenderness Ratios Rods in tension are not accounted for Chapter C Frames and Other Structures Clause C1 General The user is responsible to ensure overall stability Chapter D Tension Members Clause D1 Allowable Stress Block shear strength is not checked Chapter E Columns and Other Compression Members Clause E1 Effective Length and Slenderness Ratio Clause E2 Allowable Stress Chapter F Beams and Other Flexural Members Clause F1 Hybrid or built up beams and members are not accounted for Moment reduction where members are continuous over supports or rigidly framed to columns is not accounted for It is the responsibility of the user to specify Cb 1 for cantilever beams Clause F2 Clause F3 Clause F4 Kv 5 34 Chapter G Plate Girders Clause G1 Web Slenderness Limitation The effect of transverse stiffeners is not accounted for Clause G2 Allowable Bending Stress Re 1 0 Chapter H Combined Stresses Clause H1 Axial Compression and Bending Page 76 of 98 Clause H2 Axial Tension and Bending Appendix B Design Requirements Note the following exceptions Section B 5 2 b vp v0 6 Fy Qs Limiting proportions for tees are not checked AISC LRFD 86 Steel Design Code The provisions of the AISC LRFD steel design code that are explicitly accounted for b
119. responsible for the application of the factored loads acting in the most critical combination Page 86 of 98 7 Loads and Safety Criterion Clause 7 1 Specified Loads 7 1 1 The user is responsible for the specification of dead loads and live loads and wind loads Earthquake loads and dynamic load effects in general are not accounted for The user is responsible for the specification of temperature changes and differential settlement Shrinkage or creep of component materials is not accounted for Clause 7 2 Safety Criterion and Effect of Factored Loads 7 2 1 The user is responsible for the specification of factored loads Overturning uplift and stress reversal are not accounted for 7 2 2 The user is responsible for the factored load combinations 7 2 3 The user is responsible for the specification of the load factors 7 2 4 The user is responsible for the specification of the load combination factor 7 2 5 The user is responsible for the specification of the importance factor 8 Analysis of Structure Clause 8 1 General 8 1 1 Only deflection and strength requirements in Clause 6 are accounted for 8 12 Clause 8 2 Continuous Construction Clause 8 3 Simple Construction 8 3 1 The user is responsible for ensuring a suitable system of bracing as resistance to lateral loads including sway effects Clause 8 4 Elastic Analysis Clause 8 6 Stability Effects 8 6 1 Part b is not accoun
120. rtaining the width of bolt holes 12 3 4 The critical net area of the part is taken to be one of the limit values in a b or c 13 Member and Connection Resistance Clause 13 1 General The user is responsible for the determination of factored loads in accordance with Clause 7 2 Clause 13 2 Axial Tension Part b is not accounted for Clause 13 3 Axial Compression 13 3 1 It is assumed that the capacity of singly symmetric double angle sections may be safely calculated by Clause 13 3 1 SODA applies n 2 24 for all WWF shapes Clause 13 4 Shear 13 4 1 1 Elastic Analysis Webs are considered to be unstiffened such that a h infinity tau 1 neta O and kv 5 34 13 4 1 3 Maximum Slenderness Clause 13 5 Bending Laterally Supported Members Part c i is not accounted for Part c iii Calculates Mr by the Alternative method Page 88 of 98 Clause 13 6 Bending Laterally Unsupported Members Part c and d are not accounted for Clause 13 8 Axial Compression and Bending The detailed methods of determining the resistance of columns subject to biaxial bending given in Appendix F are not considered 13 8 1 For Part b SODA will only set K 1 if the user has specified K calc in the input 13 8 2 For Part b SODA will only set K 1 if the user has specified K calc in the input For a member divided into two or more segments the user is responsibl
121. s Analysis results for each load case Three levels of report detail normal medium detailed Files Once SODA is installed the following files will be found in the SODA directory SODA Help files SODA HLP SODA User Interface files SODA EXE SODA Engine files SODAENG EXE SODA Database files AISC SDA USA CISC SDC CDN Page 11 of 98 Moving Around the Screen When using SODA it is necessary to move to specific areas or fields in the screen and make selections from them The following are some of the basic actions To move the cursor to a field in a screen or window using the mouse point at the field and click the button To move the cursor to a field using the keyboard press the Tab key and cursor arrow keys as often as necessary The cursor will move to successive fields until it is positioned in the correct field Press Shift and Tab i e Shift Tab at the same time to cause the cursor to move in the reverse direction If the screen has two distinct parts to it it may be necessary to press the Ctrl and Tab keys at the same time to move the cursor from one half to the other The Tab key will then move the cursor through the fields in the part of the screen that the cursor is in To select an object using the keyboard repeatedly press Tab and possibly the Ctrl and Tab keys and the cursor keys until the cursor is positioned on the object then press the Space Bar to cause the object to be selected To select an
122. s compared to the unbraced length produced by the bending moment diagram Except for certain conditions Bt gt 1 the smaller of the two values will be used as Ly Bb Effective Length Factor defining the unbraced length L of the compression flange for the bottom of a member in bending about the local x axis i e strong axis of the cross section Ly Bp L where L actual member length Use this factor to define the physical bracing of the bottom flange During the design verify process the physical braced length Bp L is compared to the unbraced length produced by the bending moment diagram Except for certain conditions By 1 the smaller of the two values will be used as Lu Note B and B factors corresponding to bending about the local y axis i e weak axis of the cross section are not required because weak axis bending capacity is not dependent upon the unbraced member length for the design codes supported by SODA K 70 K 0 Indicates full bracing against axial buckling of the member about the local x or y axis of the cross section Kx 0 is rare but Ky 0 is possible for members whose flanges are continuously secured to wall floor or roofing assemblies B 0 B 0 Indicates full bracing of the top or bottom flange against lateral buckling Bt 0 or Bb 0 is possible for members whose flanges are continuously secured to wall floor or roofing assemblies K 21 K 1 Indicates no bracing between the start and end
123. s of Members Clause 9 1 Simple Span Flexural Members The effect of any significant moment or eccentricity arising from the manner in which a beam girder or truss may actually be connected or supported is not accounted for Clause 9 2 Continuous Span Flexural Members Clause 9 3 Compression Members 9 3 1 9 32 9 3 3 10 Slenderness Ratios Clause 10 1 General Clause 10 2 Maximum Slenderness Ratio 10 2 1 10 2 2 Page 84 of 98 11 Width Thickness Ratios Compression Elements Clause 11 1 Classification of Sections 11 1 1 11 1 2 11 1 3 Clause 11 2 Maximum Width Thickness Ratios of Elements Subject to Compression Clause 11 3 Width and Thickness 11 3 1 Part a is not accounted for 11 3 2 Parts a and c are not accounted for 11 3 3 12 Gross and Net Areas Clause 12 1 Application Clause 12 2 Gross Area Clause 12 3 Net Area 12 3 1 The calculation of net width and area of parts containing holes in accordance with Clause 12 3 3 is not accounted for 12 3 2 The user is responsible for ascertaining the width of bolt holes 12 3 4 The critical net area of the part is taken to be one of the limit values in a b or c 13 Member and Connection Resistance Clause 13 1 General The user is responsible for the determination of factored loads in accordance with Clause 7 2 Clause 13 2 Axial Tension Part b is not accounted for Clause 13 3 Axial Compressio
124. s section classes for three different yield stress values Fy 36 42 and 50 ksi 36 42 and 46 ksi for RHS and SHS shapes NOTE C Compact N Non compact S Slender The letter character C N or S under the first digit of the yield stress value defines the Axial section class while that under the second digit defines the Flexural class For CHS WT EL1L ULIL EL2L LL2L and SL2L shapes the Flexural section class has been arbitrarily set equal to the Axial class For C MC WT ELIL UL1L EL2L LL2L and SL2L shapes the Weak Axis section class has been arbitrarily set equal to the Strong Axis class The classifications apply for all section shapes when the AISC LRFD 86 or AISC LRFD 93 design code is applied but only for WT Single and Double Angle section shapes when the AISC ASD 89 design code is applied the section classes for other shapes are established internally by SODA at runtime Page 92 of 98 Shapes American Section Database Below is a screen capture from the SODA Database Editor of a W shape from the American section database m SODA Database Editor sesos ME ssp xem E 330 ances sae sooo T6 ooe f c m Jaye Sector Page 93 of 98 rur E Canadian Section Database The Canadian section database can be used in conjunction with the steel design codes CSA SI6 1 M89 Canadian Standards Association Limit States Design of
125. se or tabbing to the Add button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to add a new Load Name to the list box If there are blanks in the Load Name or if no name is given a warning message will appear noting what the problem is Modify For the left hand list box clicking the Modify button with the mouse or tabbing to the Modify button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to modify the Load Name which is currently highlighted in the list box NOTE If the Load Name to be modified has not been changed then this action will have no effect If there are blanks in the new Load Name or if no name is given a warning message will appear noting what the problem is Delete For the left hand list box clicking the Delete button with the mouse or tabbing to the Delete button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to delete the Load Name which is currently highlighted in the list box NOTE If the Load Name is part of a previously specified Load Combination SODA will not allow the deletion to occur until the Load Combination has been modified to exclude the Load Name View Clicking the VIEW button will cause SODA to display the Support Settlement Load graphic for the support node which is currently highlighted Page 58 of 98 The Load Name Node the settlement magnitude and the nodal co ordinates are displayed on the Load graphic Single and double headed arrows are used to indicate Translation and Rotation res
126. sistance of Girders with Thin Webs 20 Stability of Structures and Individual Members Clause 20 1 General 20 1 1 The user is responsible for ensuring that a complete structural system is provided to transfer the factored loads to the foundations The user is responsible for ensuring adequate resistance to torsional deformations CSA SI6 1 94 LSD of Steel Structures The provisions of the CAN CSA SI6 1 94 steel design code that are explicitly accounted for by SODA are listed clause by clause in the following 5 Material Standards and ldentification Clause 5 1 Standards The user is responsible for acceptable material and product standards and specifications 5 1 3 Structural Steel 6 Design Requirements Clause 6 1 General The only ultimate limit state explicitly accounted for is strength The only serviceability limit state explicitly accounted for is deflections the user is responsible for the specification of deflection limit states The user is responsible for the specification of specified loads The user is responsible for the specification of load factors Camber provisions for expansion and contraction and corrosion protection are not accounted for Clause 6 2 Requirements Under Specified Loads 6 2 1 Deflections 6 2 1 1 The user is responsible for the specification of acceptable deflection limits Clause 6 3 Requirements Under Factored Loads 6 3 1 Strength The user is
127. t Types define the end fixity conditions at the member Start Node gt End Node o o PINNED PINNED FIXED FIXED 0 FIXED PINNED o PINNED FIXED Only the PINNED PINNED condition may be specified for a Truss member whereas any one of the four end fixity conditions may be specified for a Frame member The Joint Type field is also used to define a member as being Compression only or Tension only C C COMPRESSION ONLY T T TENSION ONLY A member defined as C C or T T is automatically specified to have PINNED PINNED end fixity condition Add Insert Modify and Delete Member Add Member Clicking the Add button with the mouse or tabbing to the Add button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to add a new Member to the list box of Members displayed on the screen If any of the data entered for the new Member is incorrect a warning message will appear noting what the problem is Insert Member Clicking the Insert button with the mouse or tabbing to the Insert button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to add a new Member to the list box of Members preceding of the Member which is currently highlighted This differs from the Add button in that the Add button always appends the Member information If any of the data entered for the new node is incorrect a warning message will appear noting what the problem is Graphical Selection With the Members window open select a member by clicking the
128. t not when the Problem Type is Analysis For a specified Design or Verify problem SODA automatically accounts for the relevant strength related provisions of the governing Design Code Displacement related provisions are independently specified by the user later in the input The user may select one of the following governing Steel Design Codes AISC ASD 89 AISC LRFD 86 AISC LRFD 93 CSA S16 1 M89 or CSA S16 1 94 Behaviour Type The type of displacement theory for Design or Verify problems may be either First Order or P Delta 2nd order Section Database The section database describes the section shapes available for Design or Verify SODA automatically selects the standard database AISC SDA for U S design codes and CISC SDC for Canadian design codes but a different or custom database may also be selected Section databases are not used for Analysis Page 20 of 98 NOTE The name of the section database to be used for the SODA application is specified in Section Database dialog box while the particular Section Shape to be assigned to each individual member of the structure is specified later in the Group Information Database file The database file to be used Each of the databases contains a list of filenames corresponding to the different section shapes The Standard Shapes are the same for both U S and Canadian databases except for the WWF and WWT sections AISC SDA American Institute of Steel Construction is availa
129. ted for 8 6 2 is not accounted for 9 Design Lengths of Members Clause 9 1 Simple Span Flexural Members The effect of any significant moment or eccentricity arising from the manner in which a beam girder or truss may actually be connected or supported is not accounted for Clause 9 2 Continuous Span Flexural Members Clause 9 3 Compression Members 9 3 1 9 32 9 3 3 10 Slenderness Ratios Clause 10 1 General Clause 10 2 Maximum Slenderness Ratio 10 2 1 Page 87 of 98 10 22 11 Width Thickness Ratios Compression Elements Clause 1 1 1 Classification of Sections 11 1 1 11 1 2 11 1 3 Clause 11 2 Maximum Width Thickness Ratios of Elements Subject to Compression The h w limits in Table 1 are not applied to webs in pure compression Instead a limit of 670 VFy is used as indicated by the commentary in the steel handbook published by CISC The user may override this interpretation and enforce strict interpretation of Table 1 by changing the StrictTable1 parameter in the SODA INI file Clause 11 3 Width and Thickness 11 3 1 Part a is not accounted for 11 3 2 Parts a and c are not accounted for 11 3 3 12 Gross and Net Areas Clause 12 1 Application Clause 12 2 Gross Area Clause 12 3 Net Area 12 3 1 The calculation of net width and area of parts containing holes in accordance with Clause 12 3 3 is not accounted for 12 3 2 The user is responsible for asce
130. that are not part of the Load Combination NOTE Specify the Load factor as a Negative value if the load is to participate in the Load Combination in a sense opposite to that originally specified Modify Load Factor For the bottom list box clicking the Modify button with the mouse or tabbing to the Modify button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to modify the Load factor of the Load Name that is currently highlighted in the list box Displacement Limits Load Combination Select Load Combination s for which Displacement Limits are to be imposed at one or more Nodes of the structure NOTE Typically Displacement Limits need be specified for only a select few of the Load Combinations e g for those that cause maximum story drift and or maximum beam deflection etc Constrained Node Select name of node s at which the magnitude of displacement and or rotation is to be constrained to be no greater than a specified upper bound value NOTE Typically Displacement Limits need be specified at only a few nodes for each Load Combination e g maximum story drift in the global X axis direction is controlled by constraining the X axis displacement at the top end node of one column line for each story of the structure or the maximum mid span deflection of all beam members belonging to the same Group that are similarly loaded is controlled by constraining the Y axis displacement at a node located at mid span of only one of the beam
131. the Zoom to 100 SODA Graphics Commands The following describes items under the Options selection of the Structure Topology Menu Bar Show Member Fixity Member end fixity is displayed in the Structure Topology view when this corresponding menu item is checked on the Graphics Menu Graphics Axes Menu Items From the Menu Bar of the Structure Topology window select Graphics A check beside Show Structure Axes causes the global axes to be shown in the Structure Topology window A check beside Show Structure Orientation Axes causes an icon of the global axes to be shown in the Structure Topology window A check beside Show Local Member Axes causes the local axes to be shown on each member in the Structure Topology window Local member axes colour coding y and z are red and x is grey x member x Graphics View Options This option selects the viewing mode for the graphics display Isometric View The Isometric View corresponds to a perspective three dimensional representation of the structure It allows the selection of the horizontal and vertical viewing angles Projection View The Projection View allows the selection of the horizontal and vertical viewing angles and always has a Page 70 of 98 vertical Y axis and a horizontal X axis Plan X Plan Y and Plan Z Select one of the X Y or Z plan views to show the structure as viewed along the X Y or Z axis respectively This is a shortcut method for setting the Horiz
132. the copied face i e 1 2 etc the fourth index is the letter m i e for member the final index is the number of the member in the copied face i e 0 1 2 etc Name of Connecting Member Between Copied Faces The first and third indices are the axis orientation of the member i e x y or z the second index is the number of the face at which the member starts i e O 1 2 etc the fourth index is the number of the face at which the member ends i e 1 2 etc the fifth index is the letter m i e for member the final index is the number of the member between copied faces i e 1 2 etc The default names assigned to nodes and members may be later viewed in the Nodes and Members worksheets under the Structure Menu Page 44 of 98 Diagonal Bracing This feature generates single or x bracing patterns in regular frame and truss structures lt should only be used on structures generated by the Regular Framework feature as it depends upon the default node naming convention used by Regular Framework Surface Y IZ X Plan X Y Z Select a surface on which to place the bracing Plan X Y or Z refers to the surface of the structure that is orthogonal to the global X Y or Z axis directions e g Plan X surfaces are viewed by looking along the X axis Partial Leave this check box blank to place bracing on all surfaces of the selected plan Checking this box will permit the user to specify a range
133. the specification of any probable arrangement of loads resulting in the highest stresses A4 4 Wind The user is responsible for the specification of wind loads Clause A5 Design Basis A5 1 Allowable Stresses Design by plastic analysis is not accounted for Moment reductions at rigid connections are not accounted for A5 2 Wind and Seismic Stresses The 1 3 increase in allowable stresses is not accounted for the capability exists however to reduce loads by 25 or to allow a 33 overstress A5 4 Design for Serviceability and Other Considerations Deflection serviceability is alone accounted for for which the user must specify the appropriate upper bound deflection values Serviceability of connections is the responsibility of the user Chapter B Design Requirements Clause B2 Net Area For the net area in tension the user Is responsible for specifying a bolt hole value that incorporates the effect of a chain of holes extending across a part in any diagonal or zigzag line Clause B3 Effective Net Area The user is responsible for the specification of the reduction coefficient U A An Clause B4 Stability Page 75 of 98 Clause B5 Local Buckling B5 1 Classification of Steel Sections Plates are not accounted for Built up sections are not accounted for For rectangular hollow structural sections the inside corner radius is not accounted for Tapered flanges of rolled sections a
134. tton with the mouse or tabbing to the Add button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to add a new Node and associated loads to the list box NOTE The loaded Nodes in the right hand list box are associated with the highlighted Load name in the left hand list box If any of the data entered for the new Node is incorrect a warning message will appear noting the problem Modify For the right hand list box clicking the Modify button with the mouse or tabbing to the Modify button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to modify the Nodal Forces and or Couples associated with the Node that is currently highlighted in the list box NOTE The loaded Nodes in the right hand list box are associated with the highlighted Load name in the left hand list box If any of the data entered for the new Node is incorrect a warning message will appear noting the problem Delete For the right hand list box clicking the Delete button with the mouse or tabbing to the Delete button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to delete the Nodal Forces and or Couples associated with the Node that is currently highlighted in the list box NOTE The loaded Nodes in the right hand list box are associated with the highlighted Load Name in the left hand list box Nodal Loads List Box The right hand list box displays all the loaded nodes that have currently been entered into SODA under the specified load name The user can move up and dow
135. ue having the units ksi Imperial or MPa Metric may be specified if the Problem Type is Design or Verify Ultimate Stress The default value for the Ultimate Stress depends on the specified Section Shape and whether the specified Default Units are Imperial or Metric If one of the AISC design codes has been specified then the default values are as follows SECTION SHAPE UNITS ULTIMATE STRESS W HP M S C MC Imperial 58 ksi WT EL1L UL1L Metric 395 MPa EL2L LL2L SL2L RHS SHS Imperial 62 ksi Metric 425 MPa CHS Imperial 70 ksi Metric 480 MPa If a Canadian Design Code has been specified then the default values are as follows SECTION SHAPE UNITS ULTIMATE STRESS W WFOR HP M S Metric 450 MPa C MC WT EL1L UL1L EL2L LL2L Imperial 66 ksi SL2L RHS SHS CHS WWF WWT Depending on the specified Default Units any Ultimate Stress value having the units ksi Imperial or MPa Metric may be specified if the Problem Type is Design or Verify Page 32 of 98 Max Allow KL r The Maximum Allowable Slenderness Ratios in Compression and Tension depend on the specified Steel Design Code MAX ALLOW SLENDERNESS RATIOS CODE TENSION COMPRESSION AISC 240 200 CISC 300 200 For Problem Type Design or Verify any change in the above given Maximum Allowable Slenderness Ratios should be in conformance with the specified Steel Design Code NOTE Since SODA treats horizontal members as beam columns even when they experience small axial load
136. utton with the mouse or tabbing to the Delete button and pressing Enter will cause SODA to attempt to delete the Settlements associated with the Support Node that is currently highlighted in the list box NOTE The settled support Nodes in the right hand list box are associated with the highlighted Load Name in the left hand list box Settled Support Node List Box The right hand list box displays all the support nodes that have currently been entered into SODA for the highlighted Load Name in the left hand list box The user can move up and down the list by using the scroll bar on the right hand side of the list box Above the list box is a pick list with all the node names for the structure Area Loads The Area Loads dialog box allows the quick specification of a load to be applied on an area This load is then automatically converted by SODA to a member load of appropriate magnitude and direction Area loads are only available for 3D structures created with the Regular Framework feature Load Surface Select the surface to be loaded Plan Y is the plan view as seen along the global Y axis similarly for Plan X and Plan Z Selecting Partial will allow the specification of a range of floor or wall surfaces for loading Surface Ranges Specify the range of floors or column lines to be loaded The default is all floors or column lines If Partial has been selected the loaded portion of the surface should also be entered Distributed To
137. ximum response ratio for each design stage Member Diagrams Page 67 of 98 This dialog box allows the examination of moment shear and deformation effects of individual load cases on individual members Moment shear and deformation diagrams are displayed along with maximum values for each plus the axial force for the given member The deformation diagram is superimposed on the moment diagram as a dashed line The member forces and deformations are relative to the local x y z axes Regardless of how a member is oriented in the structure it is displayed with the i node start node at the left of the diagram and the j node end node at the right This can lead to some confusion when viewing weak axis diagrams or column member diagrams Member Selects the member whose diagrams are to be displayed Load Combination Selects the load combination for which the member diagrams are to be displayed Bending Axis Selects either the strong axis or weak axis for bending of the member for the moment shear and deformation displays This choice is not available for 2D structures Maximums The maximum positive and negative moment M shear V and deformation D values are shown along with the positions at which these maximums occur The total length L of the member from start to end node and the axial force P are also shown Printing Diagrams Select Print to print the moment shear and deformation diagrams for the member along w
138. y SODA are listed clause by clause in the following Chapter A General Provisions Clause A2 Limits of Applicability A2 2 Types of Construction For Type FR construction the user is responsible for ensuring proper connections Type PR construction accounts only for simple framing for which the user is responsible for ensuring proper connections Clause A3 Material A3 1 Structural Steel The user is responsible for acceptable material and product standards and specifications Clause A4 Loads and Load Combinations A4 1 Loads Load Factors and Load Combinations The user is responsible for the specification of dead loads live loads wind loads snow loads and loads due to initial rainwater or ice Earthquake loads and dynamic load effects in general are not accounted for The user is responsible for the specification of critical combinations of factored loads Clause A5 Design Basis A5 1 Required Strength at Factored Loads Design by plastic analysis is not accounted for Moment reductions at rigid connections are not accounted for A5 2 Limit States A5 3 Design for Strength A5 4 Design for Serviceability and Other Considerations Deflection serviceability is alone accounted for for which the user must specify the appropriate upper bound deflection values Chapter B Design Requirements Clause B2 Net Area For the net area in tension the user is responsible for specifying a b
139. y axis in b Centroid of section in y direction from outer top flange face for WT shapes in Page 91 of 98 c Distance from outside face of web to the shear centre for C and MC shapes in Y Neutral axis depth from x x axis for angle shapes in X Neutral axis depth from y y axis for angle shapes in OS36 Axial stress reduction factor 0 for FY 36 ksi QS50 Axial stress reduction factor 0 for FY 50 ksi QSC36 Axial stress reduction factor 0 for FY 36 ksi for Double Angle 2L shapes in contact OSC50 Q for F 50 ksi for 2L shapes in contact OSS36 Q for Fy 36 ksi for 2L shapes that are separated QSS50 0 for Fy 50 ksi for 2L shapes that are separated RZ Radius of gyration about z z axis for Single Angle 1L shapes in TANA Tan Alpha for 1L shapes T Thickness of 1L shapes in K Distance from outer face of flange to web toe fillet of rolled shape in RI Minimum fillet radius design value in RA Maximum fillet radius detailing value in flange toe value for M S C and MC shapes NT Tensile grouping number per ASTM A6 1 through 5 WGT Section weight Ib ft F Foreign section delimiter or If F SODA considers the section to be Foreign to the shape file DESIGNATION Section name SA 36 4250 Strong Axis section classes for three different yield stress values F 36 42 and 50 ksi 36 42 and 46 ksi for RHS and SHS shapes WA 36 4250 Weak Axi
140. y moving the mouse pointer slowly over the border of the window until the pointer changes to a double arrow pointer and then clicking on the border and dragging it until the window is the desired size or the allowable lower bound size is reached To save a windows configuration select File Save Workspace from the SODA menu bar Thereafter each window in the configuration will open to its saved location and size Basics you should know about using Help Highlighted Text Click once on any underlined highlighted text to access more information about a topic Important Toolbar Buttons Click the Help Topics button on the above toolbar to return to the Help Topics dialog This dialog contains three tabbed windows 1 The Contents tab displays the table of contents for the On line Help 2 The Index tab is used to perform a keyword search Every topic in the help file has one or more keywords associated with it Use keyword search to jump directly to a help topic A listbox indicates which keywords are used in the help file You can pick a keyword from the list or type it in As you enter each letter of the keyword the list will change to show those words that most closely match what you type Press the Enter key and the associated help topic s will be displayed there could be more than one Press Enter again to see the contents of the highlighted help topic 3 Click the Back button on the above toolbar to return to the previous help topic i
141. y viewing options Help Commands to access SODA help SODA File Commands The following describes items under the File option of the SODA Menu Bar File New This command creates a new empty file If the current file has not been saved since the last changes SODA will allow it to be saved before creating the new sheet File Open This command opens an existing worksheet If the current file has not been saved since the last changes SODA will allow it to be saved before creating the new sheet If you press Cancel instead of selecting a file to open SODA will create a new empty file instead File Save The Save option is used to re save an existing file that is one that has been previously saved The filename that is displayed on the Title Bar is automatically used This option is greyed out not available if the data is unchanged since the last save was made The shortcut key for doing a Save is Ctrl S To save a file that has not been previously saved or to save an existing file with a new name select the Save As option File Save As When the File Save As option is selected a dialog box will appear on the screen prompting the user for a filename Clicking on OK will write the file data to the filename and return you to the interface If the file already exists you will be prompted if you wish to over write it Click on Cancel to return to the interface without performing the save Page 18 of 98 File Import When the

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