USER GUIDE FOR CARBOHYDRATE ANALYSIS COLUMNS
Contents
1. CHO682 Fast CHO 99 8854 amp CHO 99 9853 800 0 4 0 6 80 95 CHO620 Waters CHO 99 9753W 1000 0 5 0 7 90 95 Coregel 87C CHO 99 9860 1000 0 6 1 0 85 95 Coregel 87MM CHO 99 9865 1000 0 6 1 0 85 95 2 4 Column Installation After determining the correct initial test conditions remove the end plugs from the column The end plugs should be saved and tightly inserted in the end fittings when the column is not in use Connect the column to the inlet fitting on the system Orient the column according to the flow arrow on the column the arrow points in the direction of the flow The column can be operated in either flow direction but maximum efficiency is achieved by using the arrow as a flow guide For correct connection the thread must be 10 32 and designed for use with 1 16 OD tubing Push the tubing all the way into the inlet fitting until it is seated and tighten the fitting It is recommended that when first installing the column a piece of outlet tubing is connected to the outlet fitting but not to the system Make sure that you insert other end of outlet tubing into a waste container Close the oven and allow the column to warm up for 5 10 minutes before starting the pump to avoid over pressuring the column It is highly recommended that you set the pressure system shut off at the maximum allowable pressure for the column before starting the pump An alternative start up method is to reduce the initial fl2. SER GUIDE FOR CARBOHYDRATE ANALYSIS COLUMNS 2 TRANSGENOMIC the power of discovery USER GUIDE FOR CARBOHYDRATE ANALYSIS COLUMNS Product Name Coregel 87C CHO6110H USP L 19 CHO882 CHO820 CHO620 CHO411 CHO682 Coregel 87C Coregel 87N Coregel 87MM Document Number 482214 00 Catalog Number CHO 99 5860 CHO 99 7752 CHO 99 8453 CHO 99 8770 CHO 99 8855 CHO 99 9753 CHO 99 9850 CHO 99 9854 CHO 99 9860 CHO 99 9863 CHO 99 9865 Product Name CHO882 CHO782 CHO511 CHO682 CHO611 CHO620 CHO682 CHO820 Coregel 87K Coregel 87P This manual describes the use of following Carbohydrate Columns Catalog Number CHO 99 5882 CHO 99 7770 CHO 99 8500 CHO 99 8854 CHO 99 9751 CHO 99 9753W CHO 99 9853 CHO 99 9855 CHO 99 9862 CHO 99 9864 YOU SHOULD REVIEW THE CONTENTS OF THIS USER GUIDE THOROUGHLY BEFORE INSTALLING YOUR COLUMN IMPROPER USE WILL INVALIDATE THE WARRANTY For additional important information on Carbohydrate Analysis Columns please use the link below to access our Carbohydrate Application Note on our website Carbohydrate Analysis HPLC Columns http www transgenomic com pd chrom Overview asp WARNING Transgenomic Carbohydrate Analysis Columns are packed with polymeric materials that require special care Introduction of ORGANIC SOLVENTS into the column except as described below see Cleaning and Regeneration Procedures will INVALIDATE THE WARRANTY ORGANIC SOLVENTS will swell the polym
3. Return the column to the original flow direction Start the flow at 0 1 mL minute and gradually increase to the normal operating flow rate as long as the column pressure remains below the recommended maximum limit 6 Test the column to see if performance has been restored If it is not restored proceed to the next section 8 2 Cleaning a Contaminated Column Cleaning a contaminated polymeric gel column is problematic due to the material s low cross linkage The low cross linkage limits the types of solvent that can be used to clean the polymer due to swelling and interaction with the hydrophobic polymeric backbone The only solvent recommended for cleaning possible organic contamination is acetonitrile in low concentrations Acetonitrile is a smaller lower molecular weight organic solvent that minimizes the swelling of the polymers However even with acetonitrile it should only be used after all other attempts to clean the polymer have been tried and only if organic contamination is suspected The best way to prevent organic contamination is the frequent use of guard cartridges and by selection of a suitable sample preparation method 8 3 First Cleaning Procedure The first attempt at cleaning a column is to simply flush the column in the inverted position for an extended period of time with mobile phase at high temperature Do not connect the outlet end to the system but allow the solution to flow through the appropriate tubing into a waste
4. any signs of damage that may have occurred during shipping Please notify the carrier of any damage and contact Transgenomic Customer Service see Section 10 of this manual It is advisable to save the column box for storage when the column is not in use Document Number 482214 00 4 2 2 Mobile Phase Preparation The only recommended mobile phase is degassed de ionized water The water must be free of metal ions and halides bacteria and particulates filtered through 0 45 micron membrane The minimum recommended purity is 18 MO HPLC grade water meeting the minimum purity requirements is available commercially The only exception is the use of dilute sodium hydroxide mobile phases for the CHO6110OH column which is prepared using high purity sodium hydroxide 99 purity The mobile phase should be degassed using one of the following methods vacuum ultrasonics helium sparging or boiling If practical the flask used to degas the water should also be used as the solvent reservoir as the pouring of degassed water into another flask can introduce air into the flask If using vacuum degassing it is advisable to add a stirring bar to the flask to facilitate the release of gas The water should be degassed for at least 30 minutes before use Boiling is an extremely effective way to degas your solution The water should be boiled for at least 15 minutes once it reaches the boiling point Care should be taken when pouring the boiled water into the
5. container Set the column oven at 80 C 90 C if the column oven does not go up to 80 C use the maximum oven temperature and pump mobile phase through the column for a minimum of 4 hours or simply overnight Use the standard flow rate if pressure is normal or adjust the flow rate down to keep within the maximum pressure recommendation Return the column to the original flow direction Document Number 482214 00 13 and test conditions and check column performance If the performance is not fully or partially restored proceed to the Second Cleaning Procedure 8 4 Second Cleaning Procedure The composition of the Regeneration Solution depends on the metal ligand used in the column see Table 2 below Flush the column using the same method as above First Cleaning Procedure but substitute the normal mobile phase with the Regeneration Solution Adjust the flow rate to 0 2 mL minute If the column pressure exceeds the maximum pressure limit adjust the flow rate to 0 1 mL minute Do not connect the outlet tubing to the system but allow the solution to flow directly into a water container from the column After the Regeneration Solution wash flush the column with water in the inverse flow direction at 0 2 mL minute for 4 hours Properly dispose of the waste solution after this step Return the column to the normal flow direction flow rate and temperature and test the column after equilibrating the column for 30 minutes If the column perform
6. performance flush the column with the normal mobile phase for two hours after the acetonitrile wash If column performance is partially restored you may either increase the time of the flush procedure or increase the acetonitrile solution concentration by increments of 10 v v Do not exceed a concentration of 30 v v acetonitrile 8 7 Fourth Cleaning Procedure Repeat the Regeneration Solution Second Cleaning Procedure wash after the acetonitrile wash SECTION 9 COLUMN WARRANTY Transgenomic carbohydrate analysis columns are under warranty for 30 days from time of installation The warranty is invalidated by improper usage as detailed by this user guide If you believe the column has failed prior to the completion of the warranty period due to a manufacturing defect please contact Transgenomic immediately for instructions on how to return a defective column The cleaning and regeneration procedures detailed above are designed to extend column lifetime due to normal use or contamination If the cleaning and regeneration procedures do not restore column performance please contact Transgenomic Customer Service for further assistance Please be prepared to discuss the steps taken to restore column performance the serial number of the column type of samples and a detailed description or chromatograms illustrating the problems with the separation Document Number 482214 00 15 SECTION 10 CUSTOMER SERVICE amp CONTACT DETAILS Main Te
7. solvent reservoir Fresh mobile phase should be prepared every 24 hours Improper degassing will result in air bubbles especially at high column temperatures that may result in an unstable baseline If spikes or noise are observed on the chromatographic trace stop the pump and degas the solvent Purging of the flow cell may be required to remove trapped air bubbles Please refer to your detector user guide for instructions 2 3 Flow Rate and Temperature The column back pressure is a result of the combination of flow rate and temperature It is extremely important to use a flow rate and temperature that keeps the pressure below the recommended maximum pressure In general if you increase the temperature the flow rate may also be increased do not exceed maximum recommended flow rate and still safely operate below the maximum recommended pressure for the column Since temperature is the key factor in changing the selectivity of your column for certain compounds it is important to remember if you decrease the temperature to enhance a separation you may also need to decrease the flow rate Table 1 Page 6 shows the recommended operating conditions for the carbohydrate analysis columns Document Number 482214 00 5 Column Type Part Number Maximum Pressure PSI Standard Flow Rate mL min Maximum Flow Rate mL min Standard Temperature C Maximum Temperature C Column Type Part Number Maximum Pressure PSI Sta
8. stabilize after the connection of the outlet end fitting Please refer to the Troubleshooting Section Pages 10 12 in this User Guide if you are experiencing any pressure or baseline problems HINT Excessive dead volume in the system can significantly decrease column efficiency and compromise your separation due to band broadening The tubing length between the outlet of the column and detector should be as short as possible The recommended internal diameter of the tubing is 0 010 inches Small diameter tubing should be used between the column and the detector as well as between the injector and column or guard column Document Number 482214 00 T 2 5 Column Shut Down and Storage To shut down a column correctly turn off the column oven and pump Allow the column to reach ambient temperature before removing it from the system To speed up the column reaching ambient temperature leave the oven compartment open if possible Tightly insert the end plugs that came with the column and place the column in the storage box The only recommended storage solution is the mobile phase Store the column at laboratory temperature since excessive temperature over a long period of time might dry out part of the resin bed Never leave the column in a heated oven for an extended period of time without mobile phase flowing through the column To speed up start up times each day it is possible to reduce the flow rate to 0 2 mL min and leave the oven on over
9. action with carbohydrates and reduce retention times Possible sources of metals or cations include the mobile phase test system components and the sample b Organic materials may bind to the hydrophobic polymeric core and change the capacity of the column Possible sources of organics include the mobile phase test system components and the sample c An increase in temperature can result in decreased retention Check to make sure the oven is operating correctly d If a channel forms in the resin bed there can be a decrease in retention Bed channeling will also result in decreased column efficiency and poor peak shape e Increased flow rates will result in decreased retention time Check to make sure the pump is operating correctly and that the programmed method has not changed Possible causes a loss of column performance due to an increase in retention time a Introduction of metals into the column will cause the metal ligand on the polymer to be displaced over time by the metal contaminant Heavier metals such as lead or iron that bind to the polymer bed can interact strongly with carbohydrates and increase retention times Possible sources of metals include the mobile phase test system components and the sample b Organic materials may bind to the hydrophobic polymeric core and change the capacity of the column Possible sources of organics include the mobile phase test system components and the sample c A decrea
10. ance is not fully or partially restored proceed to the Third Cleaning Procedure TABLE 2 REGENERATION SOLUTIONS Calcium Form Columns 0 1 M Calcium Acetate plus 0 25 g L of Calcium Disodium EDTA Use for only the following columns Coregel 87C CHO 99 5860 USP L 19 CHO 99 8453 CHO820 CHO 99 8855 CHO620 CHO 99 9753 CHO620 CHO 99 9753W CHO820 CHO 99 9855 Coregel 87C CHO 99 9860 Lead Form Columns 0 1 M Lead Nitrate plus 0 25 g L of Disodium Dihydrate EDTA Use for only the following columns CHO882 CHO 99 5882 CHO782 CHO 99 77 70 CHO882 CHO 99 8770 CHO682 CHO 99 8854 CHO682 CHO 99 9853 CHO682 CHO 99 9854 Coregel 87P CHO 99 9864 Sodium Form Columns 0 02 M Disodium Phosphate Na2HPO plus 0 25 g L of Disodium Dihydrate EDTA Use for only the following columns CHO6110H CHO 99 7752 CHO511 CHO 99 8500 CHO611 CHO 99 9751 CHO411 CHO 99 9850 Coregel 87N CHO 99 9863 Potassium Form Columns 0 02 M Disodium Phosphate Na HPO Use for only the following column Coregel 87K CHO 99 9862 Calcium Sodium Form Mixed Mode Column 0 05 M Calcium Acetate plus 0 25 g L of Calcium Disodium EDTA Use for only the following column Coregel 87MM CHO 99 9865 Document Number 482214 00 14 8 6 Third Cleaning Procedure Flush the column using the same method as in the Second Cleaning Procedure however substitute a 10 v v acetonitrile solution for the normal mobile phase Before testing for column
11. chnical and Customer Support Phone 1 775 829 7689 General Technical and Customer Support Phone 888 233 9283 US only Main Technical and Customer Support Email bpoulsen transgenomic com Website Technical Support http www transgenomic com sp SupportRequest asp Head Office Transgenomic Inc 12325 Emmet Street Omaha NE 68164 United States of America Phone 888 233 WAVE US only 1 402 452 5400 Fax 1 402 452 5401 Email info transgenomic com SECTION 11 TRADEMARKS amp COPYRIGHT TRANSGENOMIC the globe logo and the power of discovery are registered trademarks of Transgenomic Inc All other trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners 2008 Transgenomic Inc All rights reserved Document Number 482214 00 16 www transgenomic com Document No 482214 00 06 08
12. cy or change in retention times of more than 596 it may be time to change the guard column Replace the guard column and check to see if system performance returns to the previous level The frequency of changing the guard column depends on the nature of the sample and the level of sample preparation SECTION 4 SAMPLES 4 1 Sample Preparation Column lifetimes can be extended using sample preparation techniques You should avoid or minimize introduction of organic materials particulates salts acids or acidic samples and heavy metals into the column by either the mobile phase or samples The type of possible contaminants will determine the sample preparation technique s Please review the sample preparation products available from Transgenomic on our website www transgenomic com in the Chromatography Solid Phase Extraction section There are also many companies specializing in sample preparation solutions that may have products specifically designed for your sample needs If you are unable to use sample preparation to remove potential contaminants the Transgenomic guard columns will offer universal protection against most types of contamination although guard column lifetimes may be short Minimally all samples should be filtered though a 0 45 micron pore or smaller filter prior to injection to remove particulates It is also recommended that an in line filter with a minimum porosity of 0 45 micron be used between the injector an
13. d and the resin bed can be irreversibly disturbed Changes in selectivity can also affect the resolution of peaks as carbohydrates can have a relatively different interaction with the ligand resulting in a shift in peak patterns Possible sources of metals or cations include the mobile phase test system components and the sample b Organic materials may bind to the hydrophobic polymeric core and change the way the polymer interacts with the sample Possible sources of organics include the mobile phase test system components and the sample Document Number 482214 00 1 1 c An increase or decrease in temperature can result in loss of resolution or change in selectivity between compounds as they elute at different times relative to each other Check to make sure the oven is operating correctly d Compression of the column polymer bed will result in loss of resolution due to peak broadening and poor peak shape Frequently retention times remain constant Bed compression is usually due to excessive pressure e Test system component failure due to malfunctioning parts or contamination can result in loss of resolution Possible causes for a loss of column performance due to a decrease in retention time a Introduction of metals or cations into the column will cause the metal ligand on the polymer to be displaced over time by the metal contaminant or cation Smaller cations such as hydrogen can displace metals that have a stronger inter
14. d column especially if no guard columns are used 4 2 Sample Volume and Concentration Transgenomic carbohydrate analysis columns are typically tested using a 20 uL injection volume The recommended injection volume range is 10 100 uL but column efficiency and peak resolution is dependent on the concentration of the compounds Injection volumes greater than 100 uL are possible but the increased volume may lead to band broadening due to sample overloading or exceed the limits of the detector Document Number 482214 00 9 Carbohydrate standards used by Transgenomic typically range from 1 0 10 0 mg mL It is possible to inject amounts greater that 10 mg mL but loss of resolution can occur due to exceeding the ligand exchange capacity of the polymer Monitor the column efficiency versus sample concentration to determine the limits of your particular sample SECTION 5 DETECTION AND SENSITIVITY A variety of detectors can be used for carbohydrate detection The simplicity of the water mobile phase and the requirement of only isocratic conditions enable chromatographers to choose from among photometers refractometers and electrochemical detectors However by far the most commonly used instrument for carbohydrate analysis is the dual refractive index detector All of the Transgenomic Carbohydrate Analysis Columns are tested using refractive index detectors Because carbohydrates do not absorb ultraviolet light to any measurable extent the
15. egeneration and Cleaning Procedures 13 15 8 1 Expanding he Resin Bed EEN 13 8 2 Cleaning a Contaminated Column 13 8 3 First Cleaning Procedure eee eeeeeeeesaeeeeneeeaes 13 8 4 Second Cleaning Procedure oee eenen 14 Table 2 Regeneration Solutions oon eenen ennen 14 8 5 Third Cleaning brocedure cessere 15 8 6 Fourth Cleaning brocedure eneen 15 Section 9 Colum WAA EE 15 section 10 Customer Service amp Contact Details 16 Section 11 Trademarks amp Copyright oenen eenen 16 Document Number 482214 00 3 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION Ligand exchange is the preferred method for the separation of many sugars and sugar alcohols due to the use of a simple water mobile phase In ligand exchange the negatively charged hydroxyl groups on the carbohydrate molecules interact with the positively charged metal loaded groups on the chromatography substrates The carbohydrates are eluted by the polar water eluent which competes for the sites on the metal ion Besides the ligand exchange mechanism several secondary mechanisms processes are also involved in the separation of the carbohydrates including size exclusion and normal phase partitioning HPLC columns packed with low cross linked polymers gels serve as the primary packing material for carbohydrate analysis columns In order to maximize the separation of a wide variety of samples Transgenomic has developed the most com
16. ers which causes increased column pressure If the column pressure exceeds the maximum recommended limit the warranty is invalidated The test system must be completely free of organics metals particulates or other possible contaminants prior to column installation Please make sure the test system is thoroughly rinsed with deionized water before installing the column Refer to your instrument Users Manual for instructions on cleaning your test system Document Number 482214 00 2 Table of Contents Section 1 Introduchon nne 4 Section 2 Column Installation Hrocecdures nennen 4 8 2 1 Collin INSPECHOM scio rn ye vote MEE EE 4 2 2 Mobile Phase Hreparaton nenn 5 2 3 Flow Rate and Temperature 5 Table 1 Recommended Test Conditions 5 2 4 Column Installation onee ennen 7 2 5 Column Shut Down and Gtorage 8 SECON o GUANG COMASS EE 8 9 3 1 Guard Column Overview naven a eeen 8 3 2 Guard Column Installation oneens 8 3 3 Guard Column Replacement onee een eeen 9 SCHONE Sail le 9 10 4T SamplePIEPalal on nee oe eoe eet yv D m Ere u n ete 9 4 2 Sample Volume and Concentration 9 Section 5 Detection and Gensitivify eenen eenen eenen 10 SECHON EE LEET Storage nn EA e ie 10 Section 7 TTOUDICSNOOUNG DEE 10 12 7 1 Problem High Back Hressure cece cece eee cease teen eens 10 7 2 Problem Decrease in Column Performance 11 Section 8 R
17. ndard Flow Rate mL min Maximum Flow Rate mL min Standard Temperature C Maximum Temperature C Column Type Part Number Maximum Pressure PSI Standard Flow Rate mL min Maximum Flow Rate mL min Standard Temperature C Maximum Temperature C Column Type Part Number Maximum Pressure PSI Standard Flow Rate mL min Maximum Flow Rate mL min Standard Temperature C Maximum Temperature C Column Type Part Number Maximum Pressure PSI Standard Flow Rate mL min Maximum Flow Rate mL min Standard Temperature Maximum Temperature TABLE 1 Recommended Test Conditions for Carbohydrate Analysis Columns Coregel 87C Fast CHO 99 5860 1000 0 6 1 0 85 95 USP L 19 CHO 99 8453 1000 0 2 0 5 30 95 CHO820 Fast CHO 99 8855 800 0 5 1 0 90 95 CHO411 CHO 99 9850 800 0 4 0 6 85 95 Coregel 87K CHO 99 9862 1000 0 6 1 0 85 95 Document Number 482214 00 CHO882 Fast CHO 99 5882 800 0 5 0 8 80 95 CHO511 CHO 99 8500 1000 0 4 0 6 85 95 CHO611 CHO 99 9751 1000 0 5 0 7 90 95 CHO682 CHO 99 9854 1200 0 4 0 5 80 95 Coregel 87N CHO 99 9863 1000 0 6 1 0 85 95 CHO6110H CHO 99 7752 1000 0 5 1 0 90 90 CHO882 CHO 99 8770 1000 0 5 0 8 80 95 CHO620 CHO 99 9753 1000 0 5 0 7 90 95 CHO820 CHO 99 9855 1000 0 5 1 0 90 95 Coregel 87P CHO 99 9864 1000 1 0 1 0 85 95 CHO782 CHO 99 7770 1000 0 5 0 7 70 95
18. night Make sure there is enough eluent to last until the next day Briefly turn off the pump the next day and replace the mobile phase with fresh degassed eluent Start the pump increase the flow rate to the desired setting and the column is now ready for testing SECTION 3 GUARD COLUMNS 3 1 Guard Column Overview Guard columns are an extremely effective method for protecting the analytical column Because guard columns are packed with the same type of polymers used in the analytical column contaminants which would foul the polymer in the analytical column will usually be filtered out first by the guard columns Many types of contaminants such as metals organics and particulate matter can be prevented from entering the analytical column with the use of a guard column Transgenomic guard columns are available either in a stainless steel 50 x 4 6 mm column format or in 20 x 4 0 mm PEEK cartridges with titanium frits that fit into a reusable stainless steel holder The 50 x 4 6 mm column format is recommended for relatively clean samples and when additional resolution is needed for the separation The 20 x 4 0 mm cartridges are the most commonly used Transgenomic guard columns when sample preparation is minimal or excluded due to the necessity of maintaining sample integrity 3 2 Guard Column Installation Guard columns should be installed following the same method as the analytical column However the guard column will reach temperat
19. ow rate setting to half of the recommended flow rate and increase it once the column is fully up to temperature Start the pump and monitor the pressure Please note that it is very common when first connecting a polymeric gel column after storage that a small amount of yellow liquid elutes from the column This material is a polysulfonate formed during column storage which is not harmful to the column or test system and will clear from the column after a couple of minutes The pressure should gradually increase after starting the flow but remain lower than the maximum recommended pressure As the column becomes fully heated you will see a drop in pressure Once the pressure stabilizes compare the pressure to the pressure recorded on the chromatogram sent with the column Although there will be some system to system differences the pressure should be approximately the same as the one recorded on the chromatogram assuming the same flow rate and temperature conditions are used After 30 minutes connect the outlet fitting from the system to the outlet end fitting Warning The column will be hot and you should use heat insulated gloves The pressure should be approximately the same as before connecting the outlet end fitting although detectors will typically add a small amount of pressure to the system If the pressure is below the maximum limit and the baseline is stable the column is ready for testing It may take a few minutes for the baseline to
20. plete line of carbohydrate analysis columns available on the market by combining ligand exchange metals size exclusion and partitioning cross linkage of polymer particle size column efficiency and column size speed versus resolution In general polymeric gels are resistant to chemical degradation therefore if treated correctly the columns will last for many injections However compared to other typical chromatographic media such as silica or highly cross linked polymers polymeric gels are more susceptible to failure due to excessive operating back pressures Pump flow rates and column oven temperatures must be carefully maintained and monitored to ensure that the column is operated below the recommended pressure maximum Also polymeric gels are not compatible with solvents except under the strict conditions outlined in the Regeneration and Cleaning Procedures Section 8 The small pore sizes in gels make the packed column bed an excellent depth filter Therefore it is highly recommended that the mobile phases are passed through a filtering system which can be either off line or by using in bottle filters or in line filters with a porosity of 0 45 micrometers or smaller SECTION 2 COLUMN INSTALLATION PROCEDURES 2 1 Column Inspection Carefully unpack the column from the shipping box Although columns are very resilient to shock it is possible for the polymer bed to crack if it is dropped on a hard surface Examine the column for
21. ressure for the column All Transgenomic columns are thoroughly tested prior to shipment and are supplied with a sample chromatogram illustrating performance of the particular column 7 1 Problem High Back Pressure Follow the steps below to determine the source of high pressure If the column pressure returns to the expected range after any of the steps you may return to normal column testing Document Number 482214 00 10 Step 1 Turn off pump Remove the column and connect a coupler to the inlet and outlet fittings Turn on the pump and check the system pressure Isolate the source of the high pressure by checking and replacing the individual components Refer to the instrument manuals for recommendations on replacing or repairing parts Step 2 Measure the column oven temperature to make sure that it is operating at the current setting Ovens operating below the temperature setting will lead to higher pressure Step 3 Turn off the pump Remove the analytical column but leave in place the guard column Connect the outlet fitting to the guard column and turn on the pump If the guard column is the source of the high pressure replace or regenerate the guard column Step 4 If the high pressure is isolated to the analytical column please refer to the section on Regeneration and Cleaning Procedures Pages 13 15 7 2 Problem Decrease in Column Performance Decreases in column performance over time are normal due to unavoidable accum
22. se in temperature can result in increased retention Check to make sure the oven is operating correctly d Decreased flow rates will result in increased retention time Check to make sure the pump is operating correctly or that the programmed method has not changed Document Number 482214 00 12 SECTION 8 REGENERATION AND CLEANING PROCEDURES 8 1 Expanding the Resin Bed The first step in treating a column that has high pressure or loss of resolution due to bed compression is to try to expand the resin bed back to its original position This step may also remove any possible particulates that may be trapped in the inlet end of the column end fitting which can also lead to high pressure Turn off the pump and let the column bed relax for 5 minutes 2 Reverse the flow direction of the column Do not connect the outlet side to the system in case of particulates Connect the outlet end with the appropriate tubing and let the solution feed into a waste container 3 Make sure that the pressure maximum on the system is set to the recommended pressure maximum for the column and that the column has warmed up to temperature before starting the pump 4 Start the flow rate at 0 1 mL minute using the normal mobile phase and temperature for the column Monitor the pressure to make sure it is below the maximum limit Leave the flow on for at 2 hours If the pressure drops over this time you may have removed some particulates or contaminants 5
23. ulation of chemicals on the functional sites of the polymer compression or settling of the resin bed due to exposure to a constant flow of solution and changes in selectivity due to hydrophobic interaction of the polymeric backbone to trace organics from solutions or samples introduced to the column However if loss of performance occurs prior to the end of the warranty period or after only a minimum number of sample injections it is almost always caused by excessive column pressure or introduction of contaminants A decrease in column performance is usually apparent by a loss of efficiency band broadening or poor peak shape a change in selectivity peaks elute at different times relative to other peaks or changes in retention time If the loss of column performance prevents you from correctly analyzing your sample you will need to either regenerate or replace your analytical column It is important to identify the cause of loss of column performance before installing a new or regenerated column Possible causes for a loss of column performance due to a decrease in resolution or change in selectivity a Introduction of metals or cations into the column will cause the metal ligand on the polymer to be displaced over time by the metal contaminant or cation Because different types of ligands interact selectively with carbohydrates when the intended ligand is displaced by another metal or cation the selectivity of the column will be altere
24. ure within a couple of minutes and will need to be flushed for only a couple of minutes prior to connecting to the column The guard column can be connected directly to the column either using the Transgenomic Column Coupler Part Number 282013 or with 1 16 tubing and 10 32 thread fittings If possible insert the guard column into the heater for improved efficiency and lower pressure It may not be practical to use the direct coupler due to size constraints in some commercial ovens especially when using the 300 mm length analytical columns It may be possible to use 1 16 tubing and bend the tubing in order to fit the guard column and column into the oven If the guard column will not fit into the Document Number 482214 00 8 oven use the shortest possible length of tubing 0 010 inch diameter to connect the guard column outside of the oven to the analytical column 3 3 Guard Column Replacement The guard column will add approximately 25 psi to 100 psi of pressure to the system depending on the type and whether it can be installed inside of the oven Record the pressure of the system with the guard column and analytical column in place After the initial test note the efficiency and retention times of the compounds with a fresh guard column installed Monitor the pressure and chromatographic performance for signs of guard column contamination If the pressure of the guard column increases 100 psi or there is a loss of column efficien
25. use of ultraviolet UV detectors is precluded For carbohydrates increased sensitivity can often be achieved by the use of post column reaction together with a photometric or fluorometric detector Remember that sensitivity of detection is ultimately determined by the type of detector chosen the role of the column is simply to separate the compounds of interest SECTION 6 COLUMN STORAGE The column storage solution is the same purity water as used for testing The end plugs must be tightly inserted to prevent the column bed from drying out Place the column in the column shipping box and place in climate controlled environment The column should not be exposed to temperatures above 24 C during storage For prolonged periods of storage more than one month it is recommended to store the column in a refrigerator 4 C Do not allow the column to freeze as this can result in a cracked column bed Allow the column to reach ambient temperature before installing the column on the test system SECTION 7 TROUBLESHOOTING The following section is intended as an aid in locating sources of performance loss Because of the nature of polymeric materials and the manufacturing procedures employed by Transgenomic it is highly unusual for a column to lose performance due to manufacturing problems In our experience nearly all early column failures are a result of the introduction of contaminants into the column or exceeding the maximum recommended p
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