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Urban Volume and Quality (UVQ) User Manual 21st June 2010

1. 28 Figure 12 a Simple example of Water Flow screen b Complex example of routing in Water Flow SGl eellecoi cinereo E ente OR ETE E Fare enit e t Rn c eroe Eden 31 Figure 13 a Calibration Variables Partial area soil store screen b Calibration variable 2 layer soil STOKE SCHEIN ee T M 33 Figure 14 Sample Snow Accumulation and Redistribution screen sessesesee 36 Figure 15 Sample Land Block Water Management Features screen sssseeeeee 38 Figure 16 Sample Neighbourhood Scale Management Features screen with the Stormwater amp ASR eM ED ASTI E idet deutet E vede aane os dvds eti aoc AO E OE 40 Figure 17 Sample Neighbourhood Scale Management Features screen with the Wastewater tab club 42 June 2010 Version 1 2 Figure 18 Sample Neighbourhood Scale Management Features screen with the Groundwater and imported Wale ial Da CLIN Ci cose criteri eer ec ex xo Mee iene ice eau R Seka derat ERES 44 Figure 19 Sample of the Study Area Water Management Features screen sssuss 45 Figure 20 Water balance and contaminant balance interaction sese 48 Figure 21 The conceptual representation of the urban water cycle esses 49 Figure 224 Paved area SNOW STONE 2 ae rooted pau tas xe eese rete boe men reped ede repe a Ed 50 Figure 23 The impervious surface runoff proce
2. Content ng ce NR terre 2 UVO development tealm 2 cx ret ree petto sasaa ree es aeS N EE SNAS AEEA BASEAR ENA Rai 2 AcknowledBgenmienis 5 5 6 roter te ERE tabu EEN 2 The philosophy dernier 1 Integrated water mabagemefPtb ssssccccscscteesssccsessecceesteaieesvaccavesacsseevsncoateesdoncueeabocedesioacivevacssenese 1 What UVA IS c E 2 Theurb n water and contaminant DOlance i ice oosina a a a 3 What UV ON COGS ssri re E ERE E ESN 4 G tting Started M T 5 SVStEm PEGUEN Soeren Ena E EE EEE T EEO 5 Gemine round UVO ane IRE EU ME EN EN C ERR E NEIN NS 6 UVQ Modelling Approae i t 6 KEY CONC jor tc 6 Urban Water Vte eios esent totus eur deed foetu a M MD EI M e a 6 ContaminghEconcentidiohs OF TOYUS ce eot itt Deer E P DI te petis 12 Temporal scale vis ER REPE DEREN SI HIA 13 Soana GU ONC Ss crspircidi tette bt eti nicer diruit MM I LE 14 Pervious fhgd impervious GIU eoo erra ote ot aE EEE AERE cule oes sue En Tee pad eeu n 18 Pervious SURFACE are Sesizari a R EE M MI EI MEL IRI ME 18 Imbervious surface Legs escis voti wrist moderiert AIR Dri coma 18 ASSUMP ONS onunu Fem he i roe co etur e a d Fe RH ER OS Po ER tuti FH ehe 19 SHDW DIOEOSSPS 522555 repair er ERIE CIE TROU cela o fetis eoe ie dea OM eei nac d uns tesi Po Pop de eir Io eeu EN Soa eae teer Exon 19 Evaporation from SUFTUDBS cri curet ncsucome NR
3. 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Garden surface runoff depth mm d Volume of paved area runoff spilling onto garden from non effective paved area m 3 hh d Roof runoff depth mm d Roof runoff volume m 3 hh d Diverted roof runoff first flush volume m 3 hh d Volume of roof runoff spilling onto garden from non effective roof area m 3 hh d Volume roof runoff spilling land block stormwater output from non effective roof area m 3 hh d Volume of roof runoff draining to garden via spoondrain m 3 hh d Evaporation from roof mm d Volume of roof runoff entering rainwater tank m 3 hh d Volume of backup water entering rainwater tank from neighbourhood wastewater store m 3 hh d Volume of backup water entering rainwater tank from neighbourhood stormwater store m 3 hh d Demand for water from raintank m 3 hh d Usage of water from raintank m 3 hh d Volume of rainwater tank water used in garden m 3 hh d Volume of rainwater tank water used indoors m 3 hh d Volume of water spilling from rainwater tank m 3 hh d Rainwater tank storage level retained at end of day m 3 Rainwater tank not fully meeting demand event failure 1 yes 0 no Deficit in rainwater m 3 hh d Volume of greywater available for subsurface irrigation m 3 hh d Demand for subsurface greywater irrigation m 3 hh d Usage of greywater via subsurface irrigation m 3 hh d Subsurface greywater not fully meeting demand event failure 1 yes 0 no Deficit in
4. A1 min PS1 PS1 E Ep 100 A1 min PS2 PS2 E Ep T pervious storage 2 percentage area of level pervious store 2 pervious storage 2 capacity Groundwater recharge GWR for partial area store Groundwater recharge is the proportion of the excess soil moisture from the pervious surface store that recharges the groundwater store The equation to calculate groundwater recharge is base flow index groundwater eXcess recharge rainfall GWR BI EXC Infiltration store recharge RIS for partial area store Infiltration store recharge is the runoff amount that flows from the pervious soil stores into the infiltration store This occurs during periods of excess soil moisture storage and acts as a temporary store mimicking the time delay between the rainfall event and the infiltration into the wastewater pipes It is distinct from inflow which occurs in the same day as the rainfall event A user specifies the proportion of the excess soil moisture which flows into the infiltration store via the infiltration index June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 58 of 176 The equation to calculate the infiltration source recharge is infiltration index infiltration excess source recharge 8 rainfall s ede RIS Il EXC Irrigation IR for partial area store Irrigation is the amount of water provided to supplement precipitation to maintain the desired garden condition or growth rate Irrigation is applied
5. e Study area wastewater For more detail of these results screen see Tutorial User defined graphs Report Generation Wizard Mt Gambier Sources for RENS Rainwater Tank J C Utilisation of Spatial scale Graph type p AREA Pie RA Flow or Contaminant FLow FLOVY Nitrogen Phosphorus Suspended Solids June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 141 of 176 Report Generation Wizard Mt Gambier fw a M eds a Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood 2 Report Generation Wizard Mt Gambier Rainwater Tank Frwy AREA ter Tank a ighbourhood Stormwater Store i On site Waste Water Treatment Neighbourhood Wastewater Store Groundwater Store Landblock Stormwater Output Neighbourhood Stormwater Output Landblock Sewerage System Output Report Generation Wizard Mt Gambier Area Yearly Generated result files In addition to the results files accessible through the user interface a number of water and contaminant csv files are generated by UVQ The contaminant files are e Cont Bal Neighbourhood N csv e Cont Bal Study area csv The water flies are e StudyAreaBalance csv e DailyNeighbourhoodn csv e DailyLandBlockn csv e MthlyStudyArea csv e MthlyNBHn csv e YearStudyArea csv June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 142 of 176 e YearNBHn csv Cont Bal Neighbourhood N csv Where N is the neighbourhood number Thi
6. Soil Store Field Capacity Average Volumes Units Scale kL y C ML y Observed Simulated Imported kL y kL y Wastewater kly kL y Stormwater kL y kL y Maximum Daily Drainage Depth Roof Area Maximum Initial Loss Effective Roof Area Paved Area Maximum Initial Loss Effective Paved Area Road Area Maximum Initial Loss Effective Road Area Quality Drainage Factor Ratio c c ALTE Base Flow Recession Constant Wastewater Stormwater Contaminant Sail Store Removal Observed Simulated Observed Simulated Set Soil Removal Capacity to 100 Sodium Calcium te i eu B Magnesium ES As Ni N Lead Mg Cd Zn TOC Arsenic Wastewater Cadmium Infiltration Index Copper Nickel Infiltration Store Recession Zine Percentage Surface Runoff as Inflow Dry Weather Overflow Rate Wastewater System Capacity Enabled Phosphorus Nitrogen TOC Irrigation Garden Trigger to Irrigate HL Open Space Trigger to Irrigate Template Cancel Figure 13 a Calibration Variables Partial area soil store screen b Calibration variable 2 layer soil store screen Table 3 describes the data requirements for the Calibrated Parameters Screen for both partial area and 2 layer soil store concepts Table 3 Calibration Variables Partial Area and 2 layer soil store screen data de
7. Study area subsurface greywater event failure sum of all neighbourhoods Study area onsite wastewater store inflow Study area onsite wastewater store demand Study area onsite wastewater store usage Study area onsite wastewater store spillage Study area onsite wastewater store deficit Study area onsite wastewater store vulnerability Study area onsite wastewater store event failure Total neighbourhood stormwater store inflow in study area Total neighbourhood stormwater store demand in study area Total neighbourhood stormwater store usage in study area Total neighbourhood stormwater store spillage in study area Total neighbourhood stormwater store deficit in study area Total neighbourhood stormwater store event failure in study area Total neighbourhood wastewater store inflow in study area Total neighbourhood wastewater store demand in study area Total neighbourhood wastewater store usage in study area mm y m 3 y m 2 m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y number y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y number y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y ratio number y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y number y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y Version 1 2 Page 159 of 176 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 Total neighbourhood wastewater store spillage in study area Total neighbourhood wastewater store deficit in stu
8. The amount of wastewater which is already held in the on site wastewater treatment unit store on the Page 39 of 176 Field Description first day of the simulation run Treat the Following Sources Bathroom Laundry The wastewater sources which are directed to the Kitchen Toilet on site wastewater treatment unit One or more can be selected Supplies to Toilet Garden Land block water applications which request water from the on site wastewater treatment unit Either or both can be selected Excess drain to Stormwater Sewer Leach field The destination of excess treated wastewater which flows out of the store Only one can be selected Selecting the leach field allows the user to represent the behaviour of a septic tank Contaminant Removal Efficiency frame Highlighted contaminants Specify the removal efficiency that occurs in the on site wastewater unit for the selected contaminants Imported Water frame Supplies Garden Irrigation When this option is selected imported water is used to provide garden irrigation Neighbourhood scale management feature screen There are three tabs in this screen to describe the alternative water management options available at this scale e Stormwater amp ASR e Wastewater e Groundwater The physical characteristics and process efficiencies of stormwater storage and treatment wastewater storage and treatment aquifer storage and recovery and
9. gt R IV Thick Lines Copy Graph Values Copy Graph Image Copy T able Close Results screen 2 Summary Statistics Land Block Water Usage Neighbourhood 1 June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 120 of 176 Viewing Results Heatherwood Development Tutorial 1 SEE Summary Statistics Technology Performance Other m Select Spatial Scale Neighbourhood 2 gt Study Area AVERAGE LANDBLOCK WATER USAGE NEIGHBOURHOOD 2 i Irrigation kL hh mth Kitchen Bathroom amp Laundry E Toilet 0 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 Graph Controls gt R jw Thick Lines Copy Graph Values Copy Graph Image Copy Table Close Results screen 3 Summary Statistics gt Land Block Water Usage Neighbourhood 2 June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 121 of 176 Viewing Results Heatherwood Development Tutorial 1 Summary Statistics Technology Performance Other Select Spatial Scale Neighbourhood 3 oF C Study Area AVERAGE LANDBLOCK WATER USAGE NEIGHBOURHOOD 3 i Irrigation kL hh mth Kitchen Bathroom amp Laundry E Toilet 0 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 Graph Controls lt gt R IV Thick Lines Copy Graph
10. i Base Flow Recession Constant Wastewater Stormwater Contaminant Soil Store Removal Observed Set Soil Removal Capacity to 100 Boron Potassium B cl 55 70 Es 5 Sodium K N 40 SO4 2 End Chloride Na P 70 TOC Virus Nitrogen Phosphorus Simulated bserved Simulated Wastewater 0 0 Suspended S04 2 Total Organi Infiltration Index Infiltration Store Recession Percentage Surface Runoff as Inflow Faecal Strep Dry Weather Overflow Rate Wastewater System Capacity Enabled Endocrine Di Virus Irrigation Garden Trigger to Irrigate JL e ten Open Space Trigger to Irrigate Template Cancel Calibration is necessary because UVQ model algorithms contain a number of parameters that are not directly measured in the field and you need to calibrate the model to your local conditions This section shows you how to calibrate the model to match the observed wastewater stormwater and imported water quantities within your local area This represents a simple approach to calibration UVQ does not have any auto calibration capabilities hence calibration of UVQ is a manual trial and error process If you have time series data of any of your stormwater wastewater or imported water flows or irrigation requirements it is strongly recommended that you use more complex calibration verification techniques commonly used in wa
11. The concept of an effective paved road or roof area is used to describe the percentage of impervious area connected directly to the drainage system The remaining non effective area drains to the pervious surfaces The concept of maximum initial loss is used to estimate the amount of incident water required to wet an impervious surface prior to runoff commencing These concepts are described further in UVQ Processes and Data descriptions Assumptions A number of assumptions are associated with UVQ and the representation of Snow processes Evaporation from surfaces Combined sewer systems Groundwater store Impervious surfaces Contaminants from impervious surfaces Pervious soil store Partial area 2 layer soil store Irrigation Treatment processes Surface types in road and open space Wastewater exfiltration and overflow processes Wetting and drying of pervious and impervious surfaces Contaminant flows and loads Water supply sources The assumptions associated with these different processes are described in the following sections Snow processes Precipitation falls either as all snow or all rain on any given day depending on the average daily temperature and the user specified snowfall threshold temperature There is no variation in snowfall threshold temperature and melt rate factor due to variations in elevation within the study area The effect of elevation variations is assumed to be minimal There is no variati
12. fertiliser load specified and neighbourhood scale imported water irrigation road runoff stormwater and wastewater stores and groundwater store specified are all possible inputs to the surface store In addition flows from the study area stormwater and wastewater stores are added From this mix operation the load of contaminants from the surface is calculated This load is split between the flow to surface runoff and the flow to subsurface to give two streams with equal concentration Any contaminant load associated with evaporation specified is subtracted from the subsurface flow and then the sludge load is calculated from the user specified soil store removal efficiency Once the sludge is calculated and the contaminants are removed from the store remaining contaminants are either retained within the soil store or flow to infiltration or groundwater stores The calculated concentration of these two streams 117 and 113 is the same June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 82 of 176 Precipitation Fertiliser x 3 2 ES 15 e From tap p A 3 From road p 199 S From storm water store L12 Runoff to ESD 11 8 From wastewater store 2L Open space surface stormwater S Mix operation store or 3 From ground water store p Xi Stormwater S From Study area 111 out Y a amp Storm water store X From study area 110 Evaporation amp wastewater store Retained volume Open space subsurface 202 156 gt 11
13. inflow H overflow _ a b stormwater wastewater discharge um Specified contaminant concentration AK Specified contaminant load Figure 1 The UVQ framework for conventional systems The urban water and contaminant balance The technique of conducting a water balance was initially developed in the 1940 s and 1950 s by Thornthwaite and Mather 1955 to evaluate the importance of different hydrological parameters under a variety of hydrological conditions Gleick 1987 Thornthwaite and Mather 1955 applied the water balance or budget to gain information on periods of moisture surplus and deficit promoting it as a basic tool for evaluation of water resources in rural areas In the last forty years the method has evolved into detailed water balance modelling considering either discrete events or continuous time frames Due to the variety of disciplines applying the technique to a range of problems the term water balance has taken on a multitude of meanings Thornthwaite and Mather 1957 In regard to UVQ the urban water balance is defined as the comprehensive evaluation of the inputs outputs and movements of water within an urban volume Since then the concept of a water balance has been applied to a range of hydrological problems such as stream flow forecasting prediction of lake and reservoir changes irrigation demand and the assessment of human
14. m Roof Area m Paved Area m Percentage of Garden Irrigated 96 Proportion Roof Runoff to Spoondrain ratio Indoor Water Usage amp Contaminants Kitchen L c d Frame Bathroom L c d Toilet L c d Laundry L c d Bathroom Contaminant Loads mg c d Toilet Contaminant Loads mg c d Kitchen Contaminant Loads mg c d June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 162 of 176 Physical Characteristics of Land Blocks and Neighbourhoods Field Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood 2 Neighbourhood 3 Laundry Contaminant Loads mg c d Other Contaminants Frame Road Runoff mg L Roof First Flush mg L Fertiliser to POS mg total Evaporation mg L Ground Water mg L Imported mg L Rainfall mg L Pavement Runoff mg L Roof Runoff mg L Water Flow Stormwater and Wastewater Flow Paths of Neighbourhoods Field Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood 2 Neighbourhood 3 Stormwater from Neighbourhood goes to Wastewater from Neighbourhood goes to June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 163 of 176 Calibration Variables Calibration Variables first cut estimates pre calibration Field Stormwater Frame Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood 2 Neighbourhood 3 Percentage Area of Soil Store 1 Capacity of Soil Store 1 mm Capacity of Soil Store 2 mm Roof Area Maximum Initi
15. neighbourhood or another neighbourhood Road to outside study area If this option is selected snow that falls on the roads within the neighbourhood is removed to outside the study area Paved area redistribution threshold mm Defines the depth of snow which can accumulate on the paved area before action is taken to remove the snow Road area redistribution threshold mm Defines the depth of snow which can accumulate on the road surfaces before action is taken to remove the snow Land Block Water Management Features screen The Land Block Water Management Feature screen details treatment processes and water management options available at the land block scale Figure 15 The physical characteristics and process efficiencies of both raintanks and on site wastewater units are described on this screen In addition direct irrigation with different sources of greywater can be selected as an option Land Block Water Management Features New Project a x e Land Block s within Neighbourhood 1 Rain Tank On Site Wastewater Unit Supplies to First Flush to Treat the Following Sources Storage Capacity kL 4i c Storage Capacity kL r Initial Storage Level kL ju c Exposed Surface me r First Flush kL hi c Initial Storage Level kL r ji a Backup Supply from Supplies to Excess Drain to Storage Backup Trigger Level ratio r c mj Stormwater Store in Neighbourhood No Was
16. pervious and impervious surfaces due to the differing hydrological response of these surface types Impervious surfaces can be further divided up into roofs roads and paved areas Pervious surfaces include grassed areas such as lawns and parks as well as garden beds and bare soil Therefore four surface types are used in the model i pervious areas ii roofs iii paved areas and iv roads with each surface generating runoff This equation only applies at the neighbourhood scale The equation to calculate the total amount of water discharged as stormwater runoff in a separate sewer systems is impervious stormwater surface runoff ina baseflow overflow runoff pervious separate Meroe system runoff inflow a TM Sws IRUN SRUN BF ISI OF The main stormwater processes are e Impervious surface runoff process e Pervious soil store process June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 51 of 176 e Groundwater baseflow store process e Inflow process e Infiltration process Impervious surface runoff process Impervious surface runoff is the amount of water shed from the paving roof or road within a neighbourhood or study area The equation to determine the amount of impervious surface runoff is calculated in the same way for each surface The surface type specified in the equation changes to reflect the surface required The paving area is used in this example Figure 23 illustrates the impervious surface runoff process r
17. space store From Neighbourhood A Figure 38 Total study area evaporation contaminant inputs June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 87 of 176 The water system variation processes This section describes the water system variation processes e Stormwater store operation e Wastewater treatment and storage operation e Aquifer and recovery operation e Transfer of water between neighbourhoods e Assessing performance of a reuse scheme Stormwater store operation Land block rain tanks neighbourhood and study area stormwater stores can be represented as simple tanks or reservoirs The water surface within a stormwater store can be assumed to remain horizontal due to the relatively small size of it Therefore the volume held within the store is directly related to the elevation of the free surface Overflow equals the volume of inflow which exceeds the available storage of the store All water held within the storage can be assumed to be available for use i e the active storage equals the storage capacity The operation of the stormwater store can be represented by the water balance equation S m Sea tina Th Cus Og EP where S is the stormwater storage volume at the end of the current time step In is the inflow of stormwater runoff ff is the first flush of stormwater diverted from the inflow C is the volume of stormwater taken from the store for water consumption O is the amount of overflow E is the evaporation from the stormwater
18. with a shared local park and roads Alternatively the land blocks in the neighbourhood could be used for commercial industrial or institutional purposes To simplify the modelling process a neighbourhood is made up of numerous groups of land blocks that are used for the same purpose such as residential industrial or commercial and share facilities such as public open space and local access loads The configuration of a neighbourhood components may change based on how land blocks within a neighbourhood are used A neighbourhood that simulates an industrial area may only contain industrial land blocks and roads Figure 43 While a neighbourhood that simulates an area used for institutional purposes such as large university campuses may contain the institutional land blocks a number of open spaces and roads Alternatively a neighbourhood may contain solely open space or solely roads or solely land blocks Figure 43 An example industrial neighbourhood To model the neighbourhood you must define the road and pubic open space areas as well as the land block characteristics contained in the neighbourhood June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 95 of 176 The proposed Heatherwood development has three neighbourhoods a residential an industrial and a commercial neighbourhood with different pervious and impervious surface area configurations water usage rates wastewater characteristics and water pollutant characteristics The area within each of the
19. 3 y number y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y Number of times neighbourhood scale wastewater store failed to fully meet demand Volume available for neighbourhood scale ASR injection Demand for neighbourhood scale ASR recovery Amount of water injected into ASR in the neighbourhood Amount of water recovered form ASR in the neighbourhood number y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y Version 1 2 Page 157 of 176 YearStudyArea csv 62 63 64 65 66 Deficit of water available for recovery from ASR m 3 y Number of times ASR in neighbourhood failed to fully meet demand recovery Annual volumetric vulnerability of ASR in neighbourhood Net transfer of water into or out of neighbourhood Leakage from imported water pipes number y ratio m 3 y mm y The annual study area scale output file is called YearlyStudyArea csv This file contains information on the water balance components of the study area as well as information on the performance of each water management method The header lists the items contained the output file in order These items are written a line for each year in the simulation period The file consists of 76 items in the following order June 2010 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Year Precipitation Potential evaporation Study area total pervious area actual evaporation Study area actual evaporation Study area garden actual evap
20. 43338 44883 45515 14190 44927 M Deficit of Stormwater kL 1019218 2906817 1581895 882330 1069876 185860 1462572 206520 590228 2830348 1526062 1505802 1873945 698137 1065282 52 Spillage of Stormwater kL 247053 73793 162560 168802 259330 234733 191750 195622 471671 140094 177753 307883 320763 508899 246876 60 No of event failures days 114 245 163 125 119 53 151 58 66 279 140 163 187 64 108 liabil 7 2 3 5 4 18 3 16 4 2 3 3 2 2 4 Neighbourhood Stormwater Store kL mth Study Area Total 5000004 5000004 Demand 4000004 A Inflow 3000004 kL mth J Deficit 200000 A Spillage 100000 j o T LIES ally RF i A A Usage 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1964 1963 1965 1967 1969 1874 1873 1975 1977 1979 1884 1983 1985 r Graph Controls lt gt v Thick Lines Copy Graph Values Copy Graph Image Copy Table Close We will now investigate the use of a Neighbourhood Wastewater Store 11 Before beginning erase all the information entered in the Neighbourhood Stormwater Store screen setting the Storage Capacity to zero will disable the rest of the stormwater store information 12 Still on the Neighbourhood screen click on the Wastewater tab and create a Wastewater Store of 1000 kL with an exposed surface of 100 m and an initial storage of 800 kL The contaminant removal efficiencies can be set at 6096 5096 and 9096 13 Check the Collect Wastewate
21. Draft Guidelines for Sewerage Systems Use of Reclaimed Water National Health and Medical Research Council Report No 14 Oaksford E T 1985 Artificial Recharge Methods Hydraulics and Monitoring Artificial Recharge of Groundwater Boston Butterworth Publishers pp 69 128 O Loughlin G 1991 Workshop on the ILSAX Program IEAust Pavelic P Gerges N Z Dillon P J and Armstrong D 1992 The Potential for Storage and Re Use of Adelaide s Stormwater Runoff Using the Upper Quaternary Groundwater System Centre for Groundwater Studies Report No 40 Power N A Volker R E and Stark K P 1981 Deterministic Models for Predicting Residential Water Consumption Water Resources Bulletin Vol 17 6 pp 1042 1049 Version 1 2 Page 168 of 176 June 2010 Semadeni Davies A Lundberg A and Bengtsson L Radiation balance of urban snow a water management perspective Cold Regions Science and Technology Volume 33 Issue 1 October 2001 pp 59 76 Speers A amp Mitchell G 2000 Integrated Urban Water Cycle In National Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design 30 31 August Melbourne Melbourne Water van de Griend A A and Engman E T 1985 Partial Area Hydrology and Remote Sensing Journal of Hydrology Vol 81 1985 pp 211 251 Water Authority of Western Australia 1987 Domestic Water Use in Perth Western Australia Working Papers Vol 2 Perth Water Authority of Western Australia Wes
22. E for partial area soil store eese 58 Groundwater recharge GWR for partial area store 59 Infiltration store recharge RIS for partial area store esee 59 Irrigation IR for partial ar a STONE x2 sss otto iet poet iia inana aiaa eaaa 60 Pervious surface runoff SRUN for partial area store ssessesee nennen 61 Actual evaporation Ea for 2 layer store iii e te ap FR tH a an 63 Upper store actual evaporation E i cca enisi raa ipea Hore inea a EREEREER Eiriki 65 Lower store actual evaporation Ecz 1 dies ic iade nasi ago HE Rp Rosada ERaS 65 DANIGE EE ETT T CDU a 65 Upper soll store drainage DEO Jo siut osos atas anode Sects aoe tea che sees HER ded Han MSN 65 Lower soll store drainage Drain trt iater te Ea i eos ad ER Erie esu aepo dea dp End 65 Groundwater recharge GWR for 2 layer soil store sess 66 Infiltration store recharge RIS for 2 layer soil store essen 66 Irrigation IRV doro 2 ayer sollStofe acetate tito E ate best isebadeate ota 67 Pervious Surface Runoff SRUN for a 2 layer soil store essen 67 IGPOUNOWOLER DIOGESS ui suos scita tt ipsoett E Rogue oc psue esu aP Ca cn Naso eua EN 68 Groundwater orage GW S ossis ste spevkte cie dettes teste etaed eros tarde ttn te tie destecp fase eto 68 BasefloW BE ic isuiei i enpro EH rod Ro eg pias RE Era daz d Rage uL PARU ARRA Rag pida 68 NAOMI IS ROCESS re strenue tee M tI IM I
23. II MD 69 Inptratiom LINE BFOCeSSI c iunii it tese ied tes demo MeNO MM ate IL UE 69 HAN ERAT Lay Mckee do 2 INES ox cies ctus ere eee eee eee ene reer ree eee 69 Imported water Supply DIOCESSOS 1 v maii exo et Id esbnacesdhg ties sekciusdcssnasebsnssaetaeseasbbedbetanssdy its 70 Indoor water USAGE WU iiit Ebene n tib cayo po a E AE PLE d Ro da AS RP MARKERS 70 DIS 4010 A 48D re E 71 June 2010 Version 1 2 Wastewater generation DFOBESSES s d pereat eum aE icm adau nics enean aues dup a npa 72 UWastewaterdisedarge W Jeene tons coder sert der aestetur eredi eoe EAS 72 Wastewater EXIHEFatiOn TEXE c ses crconccnesnsestecsentesaecariareasediesecesacarantacsagedenlteseedspscbeuaercenses 72 Sau e OF EE TETTE DUREE 73 Dry Weather oVelfloW OF jy pirena R PIA eOs R E FIs ELO Du SEU a dns ee 73 Wastewater System Capacity overflow OFywet essent nnne 73 DOPE PI SIOS AEE EII RR RN PET RENE 74 Contaminant operations ccce e es rete e ues aE lues uen AEREE 75 Use DE FOLIO ccostaseuteeticct od aiebant toco aan E tuit ded elgutees a teet MM EE RR 75 IMIX ODGFOLIORS 22 1 oseitesce Marc batum dan quo A um ita usu ct S DART DP END M PME DPI MI ETE 76 Ay ITTeforzolor depiloliuem I 76 Oud e if Complex sludge saronno aa aa a a a 78 Retamed Vole Sisirain tees ptus E E N A MG TRE euo dues 80 Contaminant operations between spatial scales oe tet E eA 80 Rainwater tan esercit
24. Land Blocks and Neighbourhoods eene 164 Uode dp M E 165 avito c m 166 BUH Ba NY e 168 Appendix I Contaminant Flow Diagrams cccscccccccccsssssssecececeesseesesseaeeesesseesssseaeens 172 June 2010 Version 1 2 Table of figures Figure 1 The UVQ framework for conventional systems eessssesseseseeeeeeer enne 3 Figure 2 The conceptual representation of the urban water cycle essseseeeee 4 Figure 3 Integrated conventional urban water system enne 7 Figure 4 An example of a residential land block c cccccccccesssseceeeeeceesesecseeeseeseesessseeeeseesseseatess 14 Figure 5 An example land block used as an industrial site seen 15 Figure 6 An example of a residential neighbourhood seen 16 Figure 7 An example industrial neighbourhood esses eene neni 16 Figure 8 An example study area eire ot ena ona ee 3X He EY REY Hed EY YEA FUE KR RE eA dae 17 Figure 9 Example of stormwater and wastewater flows between neighbourhoods as represented in Uo 18 Figure 10 Sample Project Information screen eene 26 Figure 11 Sample Physical Characteristics of Land Blocks and Neighbourhoods screen
25. POS 152 e Assumed road load 194 e Assumed groundwater load 192 e Public open space soil store sludge 202 e Public open space retained volume 156 e Other Neighbourhood SW store in 136 137 e Other Neighbourhood WW store in 142 146 e To land block 50 151 150 99 e From land block 43 133 130 40 122 e Study area SW store in 111 e Study area WW store in 110 e Evaporation 153 e Stormwater out 154 e Wastewater out 155 Cont Bal Study area csv This file contains details of all input and output flows and contaminant loads for the total study area Flows are reported in kL and masses are reported as raw data values i e if input concentrations in specified in mg L the output loads reported in this file are in mg or if input concentrations are in cfu L the outputs loads are in cfu Contaminant streams reported in this file are detailed below e Imported Water 161 e Precipitation 160 e Evaporation 162 163 164 e Total SW out 175 e Total WW out 178 StudyAreaBalance csv The daily study area scale water balance file is called StudyAreaBalance csv This file contains information on the water balance components of the whole area that was simulated The header lists the items contained the output file in order These items are written a new line for each day in the simulation period The file consists of 31 items in the following order June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 144
26. Recovery Rate kL d The maximum volume of water that can be pumped out recovered from of the aquifer store each day Wastewater tab Figure 17 is a sample of the Neighbourhood Water Management Feature screen with the Wastewater tab active June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 42 of 176 Neighbourhood Water Management Features New Project i r Neighbourhood 1 Stormwater amp ASR Wastewater Groundwater amp Imported Water Wastewater Store kL Exposed Surface n Initial Storage Level kL Storage Capacity Contaminant Removal Efficiency Wastewater Store Supplies Go To Naf Pb Ca As Ma Cd Garden Open Space Toilet Table 7 describes the data requirements for the Wastewater tab in the Neighbourhood Scale Management Feature screen Template Cancel Figure 17 Sample Neighbourhood Scale Management Features screen with the Wastewater tab active Table 7 Wastewater tab in the Neighbourhood scale management feature screen data descriptions Field Wastewater store frame Description Storage Capacity kL The maximum volume of water that the wastewater store can hold All of this volume is available for use Exposed Surface m The surface area of the wastewater store which is open to the elements rather than covered Initial Storage Level kL The amount of wastewater which is already held in the store on the first day of the simu
27. Values Copy Graph Image Copy Table Close Results screen 4 Summary Statistics gt Land Block Water Usage Neighbourhood 3 June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 122 of 176 Viewing Results Heatherwood Development Tutorial 1 Summary Statistics Technology Performance Other Select Spatial Scale Eton d Study Area AVERAGE LANDBLOCK WATER USAGE Study Area m WB inigation 200 kL hh mth Kitchen Bathroom amp Laundry 100 W Toilet 0 1960 1962 1964 1966 19068 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1995 Graph Controls lt gt R WV Thick Lines Copy Graph Values Copy Graph Image Copy Table Close Results screen 5 Summary Statistics gt Land Block Water Usage whole Study Area June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 123 of 176 Viewing Results Heatherwood Development Tutorial 1 Summary Statistics Technology Performance Other Table Type Water C Contaminant LANDBLOCK IRRIGATION GARDEN areal depth mm NEIGHBOURHOOD 1 1960 1961 Irrigation Demand Irrigation Supplied Actual Evaporation Percolation to Groundwater 20 kL hh mth 10 0 1960 1961 1962 1964 1963 1966 1965 1968 1967 1970 1969 1972 1971 Graph Controls 1973 SER Select Spatial Scale Neighbourhood 1 af C Study Area Demand P Supplied 1974 1976 1975 1
28. about the e pervious surface store characteristics e impervious surface store characteristics e baseflow characteristics Estimating pervious surface store characteristics For UVQ to simulate the soil stores accurately you must specify which soil store type which will best represent the soil stores within your study area and estimate the capacity of these soil stores to hold water If you are unsure which soil store type is most appropriate for your site then select one of the two available and during model calibration you can investigate which enables you to fit the observed stormwater flows more closely It is estimated that the Heatherwood Development site has a partial area soil store type with a capacity of 150 mm in soil store 1 and 300 mm in soil store 2 and that soil store 1 covers 15 percent of the gardens and open space These values are assumed to be the same for each neighbourhood If you are using the worksheets on the Project Information worksheet specify the Soil Store Type as Partial Area On the Calibration Variables worksheet enter the percentage area of soil store 1 in the Percentage Area of Soil Store 1 field the soil store capacity for soil store 1 and 2 in the Capacity of Soil Store 1 and Capacity of Soil Store 2 fields in the Stormwater frame section of the worksheet Remember these values are the same for each neighbourhood Estimating the impervious surface store characteristics The impervious surface store
29. an end year of 1985 and click OK 9 Once Run is complete from View gt Results screen select Technology Performance Neighbourhood Stormwater 10 As is demonstrated by the deficit failure and reliability statistics and the graph the 4500 kL Stormwater Store cannot meet the demands of open space and garden irrigation Exercise 4 As an exercise remove Garden Irrigation as a demand on the Stormwater Store click on the Select Neighbourhoods button for Garden Irrigation then click on Neighbourhood 1 so it is not highlighted any more now click OK Run the model then go back to the results screen and see what impact this has Exercise 5 As an exercise try limiting the size of the Stormwater Store as much as possible whilst still maintaining an Average Annual Deficit of zero June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 131 of 176 S Viewing Results Heatherwood Development project Summary Statistics Technology Performance Other Table Type Water Neighbourhood Contaminant Study Area NEIGHBOURHOOD STORMWATER SYSTEM PERFORMANCE Study Area Select Spatial Scale Demand for Stormwater kL 1058695 2969135 1636167 926847 1109443 227359 1502707 246108 517345 2893424 1569400 1550685 1919461 712327 1110209 Supply of Stormwater kL 286360 135283 218128 213364 299443 276280 231874 235320 494584 203122 224003 353689 366116 522876 291833 Use of Stormwater kL 39477 62218 54272 44516 38568 41493 40134 33583 27117 63076
30. and outputs sssssss 87 Figure 37 Study area wastewater store contaminant inputs and outputs ussuusss 87 Figure 38 Total study area evaporation contaminant inputs 88 Fig re 39 Structure of the stormwater SOME oco eon ori tror reor Cn rec oe cus CHR pee rape uad 90 Figure 40 Structure of the wastewater treatment and storage unit essssssssssss 91 Figure 41 Aquifer storage and recovery system structure ssssseseeeeeeenennen ene 92 Figure 42 Aniexample study ared issciro de venie etre deeem ax Ei lesa Xa cioe ae Ora Let x REG 95 June 2010 Version 1 2 Figure 43 Figure 44 Figure 45 Figure 46 Figure 47 An example industrial neighbourhood irridet nto Feeder bea nnao e 97 Heatherwood study area neighbourhoods esseseeeeeeeeenee nennen 97 Residential land OOK s tese ren pee t perdete en ee os tnb urat eae keeps edet ides 98 Heatherwood project residential neighbourhood surface configuration 100 The Heatherwood development project stormwater and wastewater system olay eee E teta A tian utut eol ede piti eda Teer O ere ede dress 105 Figure 48 June 2010 The impervious surface runoff DroCess ecciesia nere rata een en nina na ninh nnne din 108 Version 1 2 Table of tables Table 1 Methods for available in UVQ for using stormwater and wastewater 10 Table 2 Contami
31. area runoff gt recharge NFS INF NEAR PS1 RIS PS2 pervious surface bore set eee runoff SRUN extraction exiiltration H BE EXF Y v effective impervious surface runoff IRUN groundwater H recharge GWR Vv NV lt baseflow __ groundwater lt BF store GWS inflow ISI 5 overflow OF p v stormwater wastewater runoff Sw discharge Ww Figure 21 The conceptual representation of the urban water cycle At land block scale see section Spatial scales water use wastewater yield stormwater runoff and groundwater recharge processes are modelled Information about the site such as land use and water demands along with daily precipitation and potential evaporation data are required as input The user has to specify the type of water supply and disposal system operating on the site At neighbourhood scale see section Spatial scalesSpatial scales there are a number of processes which are simulated stormwater base flow leakage from the reticulation system stormwater inflow infiltration to and exfiltration from the wastewater network wastewater overflows and non metered water use Equation notation For some algorithms describing water flows the minimum or maximum value calculated from a given formula is the required value In these instances the variabl
32. characteristics that UVQ requires to calculate the volume of surface runoff are the June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 106 of 176 e Maximum initial loss e Fffective impervious surfaces area UVQ uses the area maximum initial loss and the effective surface area parameters to calculate the effective impervious surface runoff and the non effective impervious surface runoff when simulating the main stormwater processes In UVQ each impervious surface is modelled as a single storage runoff saturation excess process The water retained in each store represents the initial losses due to interception and depression storage Figure 48 illustrates this process Effective impervious surface runoff is the amount of water from impervious surfaces road paved and roof that contributes to the total stormwater flow Runoff from impervious surfaces which are not directly connected to the stormwater drainage system and drain onto adjacent pervious surfaces is known as non effective surface runoff rain and evaporation snowmelt effective impervious surface runoff area maximum impervious surface storage initial loss road paving roof non effective lt 5 impervious runoff impervious area Figure 48 The impervious surface runoff process Estimating maximum initial loss The maximum initial loss is how many millimetres of water an impervious surface can store before runoff occurs Table 11 shows the initial estimates of impervious surfac
33. enata mes EVE EE duaen usuras e aeta 20 June 2010 Version 1 2 Comoe Sewer SV SUC IIS ess trait nm ei tob testen ede M E o ME DELL LUI M CREE 20 Groundwater SLOPE ite sat detm expeti Ian eeetanacetsdeseadeesnadtencasolases socedecane dep eaaeo aeeai acess 20 impervio RET TO LOTES REI EROR 21 Contaminants from impervious surfaces ssssccccccccesessssscecececeenessssecscecensnesasacseeseseneneaseseeess 21 Pervious SOIL Store auci ttt ae tpa e USER MUN iade MM es edades esu CM sigeitigiaaleiaceer 21 Partal area approa 0 PRENNE TTE CIC TOO a 0 D 2 2 0 22 2 IGV El SON Store dDDEOQG a aiiecidetevcestere ideae eripe Ese 2 MEER cid een Et Eod ee ed ER ERES R 22 IGAO er 22 PIFeattmelt DFOCOSSOSuviscatestabestia logie rant tuens pubem oo ER t dactantaten seeder sciesactgasanenstantanetentiatens 22 Wastewater exfiltration and overflow processes ssssessss eese 22 Wetting and drying of pervious and impervious surfaces essen 23 Other contaminant balance ASSUMPTIONS s ssficsss csecsdedbsissssssssaiespsasinsessiaasasperaascseeaunessystanansita 23 Supply Source pteferentes ui ista etin raa EE Pad R E Pa adc REX AER ARE HM AREE pad d RR PAM R REF PA ERR pa 23 Data descriptions t rr RF rea vare ERR v Dv Pr IURIS XE LIU Ra 25 PIOJECE information SCHEIN ERROR TEE ET E E TEE 26 Physical char ctellstieS SCFBBI ica assis eir tiet eee Metas utem sue cupa erba luae ud 28 Videt
34. flushing in any neighbourhood the Select Neighbourhoods function Any combination of neighbourhoods can be selected from this Selecting this option enables drop down list Specify the removal efficiency that occurs in the study area wastewater store for the selected contaminants Storage Capacity kL The maximum volume of water that the study area stormwater store can hold All of this volume is available for use Exposed Surface m The surface area of the study area stormwater store which is open to the elements rather than covered First Flush kL Initial Storage Level kL The volume of stormwater that is diverted away from the study area stormwater store This is done when the initial flow of stormwater runoff is of lower quality than the remaining runoff and has the effect of improving the overall quality of water in the store The amount of stormwater which is already held in the store on the first day of the simulation run June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 46 of 176 Field Data Description Supplies Select Neighbourhoods frame Garden Irrigation The water in the stormwater store can be used for garden irrigation in any neighbourhood Selecting this option enables the Select Neighbourhoods function Any combination of neighbourhoods can be selected from this drop down list Open Space Irrigation The water in the stormwater store can be used for open space irrigation in any nei
35. groundwater use are described on this screen Stormwater amp ASR tab Figure 16 shows the default Neighbourhood scale management feature screen with the Stormwater amp ASR tab active June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 40 of 176 Neighbourhood Water Management Features New Project 1 Neighbourhood 1 Stormwater amp ASR Wastewater Groundwater amp Imported Water Stormwater Store Storage Capacity kL First Flush kL Exposed Surface mF Initial Storage Level kL Contaminant Removal Efficiency PEE E CNN E GN ii Mgp c e mep Sources r r r r Stormwater Store Supplies Go To Garden Irrigation fd Select Neighbourhoods Open Space Irrigation ky Select Neighbourhoods Toilet Select Neighbourhoods Aquifer Storage amp Recovery Storage Capacity xj kL Storage Level i kL Maximum Recharge Rate kL d Maximum Recovery Rate kL d Template Cancel Figure 16 Sample Neighbourhood Scale Management Features screen with the Stormwater amp ASR tab active Table 6 describes the data requirements for the Stormwater amp ASR tab in the Neighbourhood Scale Management Feature screen Table 6 Stormwater amp ASR tab in the Neighbourhood scale management feature screen data descriptions Field Stormwater store frame Description Storage Capacity kL The maximum volume of water that the stormwater store can hold All of this volume is available for us
36. i JM a t oma 1 i i i E X 25 32 i I a Specify load or l 24 x i i i l Concentration i 29 37 69 Y 30 9 y aso po 4 i i i 1 26 i C Calculate sludge i EEE a ee a 38 I eee Sn ee bees eee eee Wc he nat Se i 1 4 Difference between m D AOT l Tcu uu PE Z2 L1 ee Ree ieee E a L Gee specified streams in and i On site Waste 1 specified streams out Water Treatment i June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 171 of 176 Legend Land Block Scale Contaminant Flows Rain Tap Water Tank Water Black Water eee eee eee een Grey Water i Precipitation Storm Water rm mmr reese Ground Water Q other neighbourhood Located at this level Located at another level 4 PONE Y2 64 On site Waste akari ad sp 8 Surface to subsurface flux Y Pervious Soil Sto PSS sub surface 200 A I A ALL 2 4 is la y 3 4 9 7 7 7 ri T1 F dzrz 1 3308 9B 71 2 75 74 2 do i I L L L I i L eee eee i Link at another level D vio ae Infiltration Study area Storm I Apo Streams 3 i Water Store Neighbourhood Eii 5 CC anann P i V0 i ra i I I i 1 1 27165 rdg E cad idu Storm Water Store Identical flows at different scales L I I I L 1 Po pe LLILIIIIII 4 Study area i Neighbourhood Waste Water T e I S NN NE Wa
37. in neighbourhood storage depth mm d 92 Daily neighbourhood water balance check mm d 93 Garden amp POS irrigation demand depth mm d 94 Garden amp POS irrigation demand volume m 3 d 95 Garden irrigation demand volume m 3 d 96 Garden amp POS irrigation volume supplied m 3 d 97 Daily neighbourhood groundwater recharge depth mm d 98 neighbourhood stormwater store inflow m 3 d 99 neighbourhood stormwater store precipitation input m 3 d 100 neighbourhood stormwater store evaporation m 3 d 101 neighbourhood stormwater store spillage m 3 d 102 neighbourhood stormwater store usage m 3 d 103 neighbourhood stormwater store retained volume m 3 d 104 neighbourhood wastewater store inflow m 3 d 105 neighbourhood wastewater store precipitation input m 3 d 106 neighbourhood wastewater store evaporation m 3 d 107 neighbourhood wastewater store spillage m 3 d 108 neighbourhood wastewater store usage m 3 d 109 neighbourhood wastewater store retained volume m 3 d 110 stormwater used from any neighbourhood store m 3 d 111 wastewater used from any neighbourhood store m 3 d MthlyNBHn csv The monthly neighbourhood scale output file is called MthlyNBHn csv where n is the neighbourhood number This file contains information on the water balance components of the neighbourhood as well as information on the performance of each water management method The header lists the items contained the output file in order These items are written a lin
38. nns 77 Table 15 Complex sludge operations in WV Qi scscvivssecucecaccucccanssccevededncexsedasexosdspencetednnavecatunvonsatteves 79 Table 16 Number and area of Heatherwood land blocks eee 99 Table 17 Heatherwood land block pervious and impervious surface dimensions 100 Table 18 Heatherwood neighbourhood surface area dimensions ssssssss 101 Table 19 Heatherwood indoor water usage ssssssesseeeseeeeeeeee enne enne enne nnns 102 June 2010 Version 1 2 Table 20 Table 21 Table 22 Table 23 Table 24 Table 25 Table 26 Table 27 Table 28 Table 29 Table 30 Table 31 June 2010 Heatherwood water usage contaminant values ssessssseseeeeennenenns 102 Heatherwood water system leakage parameters sss 103 Heatherwood percentage irrigated area values essesseseeeeeeeenes 103 Estimated Heatherwood irrigation values eesesseseeeeeee enne 104 Neighbourhood wastewater configuration identifiers esses 105 Estimated Heatherwood infiltration parameters ssseeeeeneeenes 106 Estimated Heatherwood maximum initial loss parameters 109 Estimated Heatherwood effective impervious surface parameters 109 Estimated Heatherwood baseflow characteristics esse 110 Heathierwood c
39. of 176 June 2010 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Year Month Day Precipitation depth mm d Rain depth mm d Snow depth mm d Bulk imported water depth mm d Actual evaporation depth mm d Surface stormwater outflow depth mm d Stormwater baseflow depth mm d Total stormwater outflow depth mm d Wastewater outflow depth mm d Groundwater recharge depth mm d Total irrigation demand depth for land block gardens and open space mm d Total irrigation depth supplied to land block gardens and open space mm d Change in total study area storage depth mm d Water balance depth of study area mm d Precipitation volume m3 d Rain volume m3 d Snow volume m3 d Bulk imported water volume m3 d Actual evaporation volume m3 d Surface stormwater outflow volume m3 d Stormwater baseflow volume m3 d Total stormwater outflow volume m3 d Wastewater outflow volume m3 d Groundwater recharge volume m3 d Total irrigation demand volume for land block gardens and open space m3 d Total irrigation volume supplied to land block gardens and open space m3 d Change in total study area storage volume m3 d Water balance volume of study area m3 d Version 1 2 Page 145 of 176 DailyLandBlockn csv The daily land block scale water balance file is called DailyLandBlockn csv where n is the neighbourhood number So there is a separate land
40. of rainwater tank water Volume of water spilling from rainwater tanks mm mth mm mth mm mth mm mth mm mth mm mth mm mth mm mth mm mth mm mth mm mth mm mth mm mth mm mth mm mth m 3 mth mm mth number mth mm mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth mm mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth Number of times rain tanks in neighbourhood failed to fully meet demand number mth Subsurface greywater available for irrigation Version 1 2 m 3 mth Page 151 of 176 35 Demand for subsurface greywater irrigation water m 3 mth 36 Use of subsurface greywater irrigation water m 3 mth 37 Deficit of subsurface greywater irrigation water m 3 mth 38 Spillage from subsurface greywater irrigation water m 3 mth 39 Number of times subsurface greywater irrigation systems in neighbourhood failed to fully meet demand number mth 40 Inflow to on site wastewater store m 3 mth 41 Demand for on site wastewater m 3 mth 42 Oncsite wastewater store usage m 3 mth 43 Spillage from on site wastewater store m 3 mth 44 Deficit of on site wastewater store m 3 mth 45 Monthly volumetric vulnerability of on site wastewater store ratio 46 Number of times on site treated wastewater store in neighbourhood failed to fully meet demand number mth 47 Inflow to neighbourhood scale stormwater storage m 3 mth 48 Demand for neighbourhood scale stormwater storage m 3 mth 49 Use of neighbo
41. or open space areas A common example of a land block is a residential property that contains a house a driveway and a garden Figure 45 Land blocks may also represent commercial industrial or institutional sites such as a shop factory or a school June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 96 of 176 Figure 45 Residential land block To model the land block you must specify the roof area the pervious surface areas garden open areas and the impervious surface areas roof road paving Modelling the land block allows you to investigate the effect of the land block characteristics such as size occupancy water demands and the cumulative effect of individuals water usage habits on a study area Varying land use and garden watering patterns are also accounted for at the land block scale within a neighbourhood UVQ treats land blocks within a neighbourhood homogeneously You must identify the number of land blocks within each of your neighbourhoods and calculate their average size For the Heatherwood project the number of residential land blocks in Neighbourhood 1 is 711 In the commercial neighbourhood the commercial buildings will be modelled as one and in the industrial neighbourhood there are 75 identical industrial plots Table 1 summarizes this information and provides the data required for the average land block size within each neighbourhood Table 1 Number and area of Heatherwood land blocks Data Requirement Neighbour
42. profiles for the different water streams This information is generated from known parameters of the study area or literature values A contaminant database is provided with UVQ to provide information on contaminant concentrations which may not be available for the study area The Physical Characteristics screen for Neighbourhood 1 the residential neighbourhood of the Heatherwood Development project is shown below June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 113 of 176 Physical Characteristics of Land Blocks and Neighbourhoods Heatherwood Development Tutorial 1 v MESE r Measured Quantities for Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood Indoor Water Usage amp Contaminants Total Area Road Area Kitchen Bathroom Toilet Laundry 132 L c d Bathroom Contaminant Loads ma c d B cl 5S 3990 F St K N 238 S042 End Na P 42 TOC Virus N E a Open Space Area XN Percentage of Open Space Irrigated x Imported Supply Leakage Wastewater as E xfiltration Number of Land Blocks Land Block s Block Area Average Occupancy Garden Area Other Contaminants Roof First Flush Fertliser to POS Evaporation Groundwater Fertiliser to Garden Imported Rainfall Pavement Runoff Roof Runoff RoadRunoff e ES Roof Area Imported Contaminants mg L SEEN c ss c co K w m sep End J a ua P ow roch ves mm 3 amp Paved Area en Percentage of Garden Irrigated m r3
43. s stormwater system Groundwater store The groundwater store is assumed to be an unconfined aquifer Groundwater recharge spreads uniformly over the entire groundwater store below a neighbourhood transmisivity is assumed to be infinite This assumption has little effect on model accuracy unless there is a large amount of water recharging at a fixed point within the modelled area Any impact on base flow estimation is not significant and does not warrant more sophisticated modelling of the groundwater store June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 20 of 176 There is no deep seepage from the groundwater store The groundwater store is an infinite source of water and the only discharge from the store is though base flow and or extraction by a bore Impervious surfaces All roof paved and road area is 10096 impervious The maximum initial loss from an impervious surface and the effective impervious area are assumed to be constant throughout a rain event and for all seasons during a year The runoff from unconnected impervious areas is assumed to spread evenly across the entire adjacent pervious area therefore being added to both pervious stores in equal areal depths Roof and paved area runoff spills onto the pervious area within the same land block Any road runoff from unconnected areas non effective area spills onto all pervious area within the neighbourhood In actuality the runoff would spill onto the edge of the adjacent pervious area and ca
44. soil stores and irrigation In this section of the manual particular portions of the complex flow diagrams are presented in order to provide the user with understanding of the flows between spatial scales and the range of flows represented Full flow diagrams representing all these flows are given in Appendix I Contaminant Flow Diagrams All contaminant streams have a distinct stream number which identifies them within the contaminant code The stream numbers relate to the specific volume load and thus concentration for each contaminant specified by the user These stream numbers are used in the following diagrams in order to allow the user to track paths in Wizard Results Interface Results The following diagrams and explanations describe all input and output contaminant loads and concentrations from individual processes represented in UVQ Not all the inputs and outputs represented will be calculated for every UVQ modelling simulation as streams will be switched on and off by user specified choices The numbers signify the stream identifier and streams marked with a yellow cross are those which are specified either directly by the user or by a use operation June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 79 of 176 Notation Rainwater tank The rainwater tank collects flows and their associated contaminants from the roof specified and the neighbourhood wastewater and stormwater stores calculated There is no potable backup represented to the rain tank If
45. store P is the precipitation entering the stormwater store Inf is the infiltration from the store to groundwater when the store is acting as an infiltration basin and S is the storage volume at the end of the previous time step Figure 39 illustrates the structure of this conceptual model of a stormwater store Figure 39 Structure of the stormwater store The storage volume cannot exceed the storage capacity or drop below zero empty storage at any time The volume of water taken from the stormwater store for consumption is dependent on the volume available in the store once overflow and evaporation have been removed Evaporation from an open water surface is assumed to occur at the potential evaporation rate as no transpiration occurs and equals the area of uncovered open water surface multiplied by the potential evaporative demand of the given day The amount of precipitation falling directly into the surface of the stormwater store also depends on the area of open water surface if any The subscript sw in the symbols refers to the fact that these quantities relate to the operation of a stormwater store June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 88 of 176 The first flush of runoff generated from a small impervious surface such as a roof may contain higher concentrations of pollutants than the rest of the flow this first flush may or may not be of sufficient quality to be used for the purpose selected Duncan and Wight 1991 Stormwater runo
46. strategies The tutorial uses a scenario involving a proposed residential commercial and industrial development project to guide you step by step through the simulation process Because of the amount of data you collate throughout the tutorial you may find it useful to use worksheets provided see section Worksheets to record the simulation parameters as you progress through the tutorial The information required for each worksheet is arranged to match the format of the screens into which you will enter the data within UVQ The simulation process UVQ is a tool that simulates conventional and innovative water systems within an urban area The first step is to simulate the conventional water system through collection of data and calibration Once the model is calibrated for the conventional system the configuration of the integrated water system can be manipulated to ascertain the consequences of altering the system on a number of factors the amount of water and contaminants imported into an urban area via the reticulation system and other sources the amount of water and contaminants exported out in the form of stormwater and wastewater and the amount of water and contaminants residing in the system Data input Conventional servicing Metropolis City is the fastest growing city in the nation Because they have reached the limit of the water resources and have significant degradation of the region s waterways due to the stormwater and wastewa
47. study area see below Viewing the Results of a Run 16 Click OK to close the Calibration screen saving the changes since the Run 17 Click the View drop down menu and select the menu option Results June 2010 a Results screen 1 screen shot below shows the Summary statistics gt Water and Contaminant Balance screen the water balance results specifically You can alternate between water and contaminant results by selecting either option You can also select whether to examine the results for the entire study area or for each individual neighbourhood The contaminant results are shown in either loads or concentrations Results screen 2 screen shot shows the Summary Statistics Land Block Water Usage option for Neighbourhood 1 The graph shows the irrigation demand is highly variable whereas the kitchen bathroom and toilet uses are constant Results screens 3 to 5 show the Land Block Water Usage for the other Neighbourhoods and for the entire study area Results screens 6 and 7 show the Summary Statistics Land Block Irrigation and Summary Statistics Public Open Space and Household Irrigation options These show the monthly irrigation requirements in more detail The contaminant option in all these results screens will provide detail of the total run contaminant loads or average concentrations Results Screens 8 and 9 provide more detail of the contaminant values These screens are accessed through the Other Other Grap
48. surface area characteristics the water usage rates the wastewater characteristics and the stormwater characteristics within the urban area This section shows you how to define the urban area in a manner that allows UVQ to simulate the water cycle To simulate the urban area UVQ requires that you define the e spatial dimensions of the urban area it is simulating e surface area characteristics of each spatial area e water usage rates within each spatial area e wastewater characteristics of each spatial area e stormwater characteristics of each spatial area e contaminant characteristics of each spatial area Defining the spatial dimensions This section shows you how to define the spatial dimensions of the urban area in a manner that allows UVQ to simulate it accurately UVQ uses three spatial scales to represent the urban area the land block the neighbourhood and the study area UVQ uses these scales to capture the surface area configuration water usage rate and wastewater contaminant inputs within the urban area to estimate the quality and quantity of the stormwater and wastewater produced Defining your study area dimensions The study area is the largest spatial scale used within UVQ is the total size of the urban area you are simulating A study area represents an urban area containing a number of neighbourhoods and can have mixture of land uses such as residential industrial commercial and institutional These neighbourhoods
49. the observed wastewater volume match Be consistent in your approach and only vary one parameter at a time Re Run the simulation and check whether the observed and simulated wastewater volumes now match At the end of this process you will have a complete set of initial parameters This iterative process should continue until all three simulated outputs are fitted as well as possible In the later iterations of this process the effect of any change in each calibration parameter value should be assessed in terms of the impact on all three outputs If the new parameter value improved the fit of one of the outputs but has a significant negative impact on one or two of the outputs the new value should not be used A similar process can be used for the contaminants although if literature values have been used for input loads and concentrations you may need to change these in the Physical Characteristics screen until a match between observed and simulated values is achieved Version 1 2 Page 117 of 176 15 Once you are have achieved good correlation between observed and simulated values rerun the model with the Daily Monthly and Yearly output files switched on Check results in the Results screen or in the output files For a description of the content of the output files see Results section of this document The results screen will show you tabulated and graphical water and contaminant balances for each neighbourhood and the entire
50. the potential rate the soil moisture content in the pervious stores pervious store level and the maximum capacity of the vegetative cover to transpire Epc Figure 27 illustrates the calculation of the 2 layer pervious surface evapotranspiration actual potential evapotranspiration evapotranspi ration Capacity of vegetative cover to transpire Ej Ep potential on dayt E actual on dayt 0 LS 075 LS max LS max soil moisture storage level Figure 27 2 layer pervious surface evapotranspiration calculation The actual evapotranspiration from each 2 layer pervious store is calculated separately as can be seen in the equation The equation to calculate the total actual evapotranspiration rate from a 2 layer pervious area is actual lower store actual evapotranspiration evapotranspiration L E SEa TE upper store actual evapotranspiration June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 63 of 176 Upper store actual evaporation E Sources Evap from top store LS1 first If LS1 is between LS1max and 75 of LS1max E4 min E Epc LS1 Else Ex min LS1 0 75LSmax Epe Ep Then if Ea is less than the potential evaporation the evaporation from the lower store is calculated Lower store actual evaporation E 2 If LS2 is between LSmax and 75 of LSmax Ea min E Ea Epo LS2 Else Ea2 min LS2 0 75LSmax Epc Ep Earl Drainage The 2 layer pervious soil store executes drainage in the upper soil
51. the stormwater store Collect Open Space runoff Stormwater Store Supplies Go To frame When this option is selected then the runoff from the neighbourhood open space is directed into the stormwater store Garden Irrigation The water in the stormwater store can be used for garden irrigation in any neighbourhood Selecting this option enables the Select Neighbourhoods function Any combination of neighbourhoods can be selected from this drop down list Open Space Irrigation The water in the stormwater store can be used for open space irrigation in this the Neighbourhoods function Any combination of neighbourhoods can be selected from this drop any neighbourhood Selecting option enables Select down list Toilet Aquifer Storage and Recovery frame Select this option to use the water in the stormwater store for toilet flushing in any neighbourhood this the Neighbourhoods function Any combination of neighbourhoods can be selected from this drop Selecting option enables Select down list Storage Capacity kL The maximum volume of water that can be held in the underground aquifer store All of this volume is available for use Storage Level kL The amount of water which is already held in the aquifer store on the first day of the simulation run Max Recharge Rate kL d The maximum volume of water that can be pumped into injected into the aquifer store each day Max
52. the upper limit on actual evapotranspiration is a linear function of available water in each of the stores June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 56 of 176 The maximum amount of evapotranspiration that can occur in a given day due to climatic conditions is termed E the potential evapotranspiration rate and is provided as input to the model by the user in the form of the climate file see Climate Input File Actual evapotranspiration is calculated by UVQ to represent the amount which did actually evapotranspire in that day given the potential rate the soil moisture content in the pervious stores pervious store level and the maximum capacity of the vegetative cover to transpire E Figure 25 illustrates the calculation of the pervious surface evapotranspiration actual potential evapotranspiration evapotranspiration Capacity of vegetative cover to transpire Epc E potential on dayt Ea actual on dayt Empty PS pervious store Capacity PSc level on day t soil moisture storage level Figure 25 The calculation of pervious surface evapotranspiration for the partial area storage method The equation to calculate the actual evapotranspiration rate from a partial pervious area is June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 57 of 176 Plant controlled pervious actual storage 1 maximum evapotranspiration level evapotranspiration percentage area pervious potential of pervious storage 1 evapotranspiration store 1 capacity rate i n E
53. there is no water to supply the user specified end uses then these demands will be met with imported water Within the rainwater tank contaminants from the input streams are mixed user specified removal occurs and the sludge load calculated a volume and associated contaminants is retained and the remaining contaminant load in the output streams is calculated The rainwater tank can supply indoor uses kitchen bathroom laundry and toilet and the land block garden Overflow is directed to the neighbourhood stormwater system The contaminant concentration in all rainwater tank output streams and in the retained volume will be the same x 3 a Retained 4 From roof Z volume To kitchen 6 i To Bathroom From 84 5 neighbourhood To laundry 2 wastewater Rainwater tank 10 S store To toilet 3 From a o gt To garden 8 neighbourhood m y stormwater 199 To stormwater store Complex sludge out Figure 30 Rainwater tank contaminant inputs and outputs On site wastewater store treatment The on site wastewater store or treatment process collects wastewater from the kitchen bathroom toilet and laundry Within the on site wastewater store contaminants are mixed user specified removal occurs and the sludge load is calculated A volume and associated contaminants is retained and the remaining contaminant load and concentration in output streams is calculated The contaminant concentration in all output stream
54. to calculate the groundwater storage is groundwater storage level of bore previous day leakage extraction groundwater groundwater base flow from wastewater Md UL water exfiltration Tm GWS 4 um v BE EXF Baseflow BF Base flow is the amount of water drained from the groundwater store that contributes to the total stormwater flow The groundwater store is drained according to a recession function creating base flow The equation to calculate the base flow is June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 67 of 176 base flow recession constant groundwater base flow storage level ess a BF BRC GWS Inflow ISI process Inflow is the amount of stormwater that flows into the wastewater system rapidly due to poor or aged drainage infrastructure The inflow amount is represented as a proportion of the total surface runoff generated The equation to calculate the inflow is inflow pervious surface percentage runoff of surface impervious flow as inflow surface runoff pide ISI I SRUN IRUN Infiltration INF process Infiltration is the amount of water from the temporary infiltration store that drains into the wastewater system The equation to calculate the infiltration amount is infiltration recess constant infiltration infiltration store EE INF IRC v INFS Infiltration storage INFS Infiltration storage is the amount of water contained within a temporary infiltration store This
55. wastewater capacity LL Wwcap 0 Septic disposal occurs when a septic tank and leach field is used to treat and dispose of the wastewater generated within a land block The wastewater is added to the soil stores June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 73 of 176 Contaminant operations The contaminant concentrations and loads in UVQ track the flow paths calculated in the water balance The user provides specified contaminant concentrations or loads for the flow paths and contaminant input points as shown in Table 1 Table 1 Specified contaminants and their units User specified contaminants Bathroom mg c d Kitchen mg c d Toilet mg c d Laundry mg c d Imported water mg l Rainfall mg l Pavement runoff mg l Roof runoff mg l Road runoff mg l Fertiliser to POS mg l Evaporation mg l Ground water mg l Roof first flush mg l The contaminants to be investigated are selected by the user Selection will depend upon the purpose of the modelling simulation The removal of a specific contaminant through a soil store or treatment process is user specified and so distinction can be made between removal efficiencies for different contaminants For example an on site wastewater system septic tank will remove a high percentage of suspended solids and the user can specify a 7096 removal efficiency for this contaminant However an on site wastewater treatment process septic tank will not remove
56. 406 Observed Stormwater mg L N 7 2 N 0 57 N 7 2 P 0 39 P 0 29 P 1 16 SS 88 SS 120 SS 157 Observed study area contaminants Quality frame Calibration Variables screen Observed Wastewater mg L N91 Average domestic P 11 SS 376 Observed Stormwater mg L N 7 0 Australian mean P 0 88 SS 133 If you are using the worksheets enter the contaminants on the Calibration variables worksheet June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 111 of 176 Tutorial 1 Conventional servicing There follows a tutorial in which the previously described Heatherwood Development project is used as a case study It is recommended that you read all prior sections of the User Manual prior to beginning the tutorial to ensure the concepts of the model are understood Open the tutorial file 1 2 Open UVQ From the File drop down menu click the Open Project option Open Tutorial1 uvq which will be located in the input directory of your installation package Project Information screen 3 From the Edit drop down menu select the Project option and the screen below will be shown Here you can specify the area number of neighbourhoods within the area Soil Store Type and Contaminants The information for the Heatherwood Development project is given as below Fields with a yellow background are mandatory Project Information Heatherwood Development Tutorial 1 E Project Description Heatherwood Development Tutorial 1 S
57. 7 f Infiltration To Groundwater Figure 33 Public open space soil store contaminant inputs and outputs Neighbourhood stormwater store treatment Flows and contaminants to the neighbourhood stormwater store can originate from the following stormwater runoff sources e Land Blocks e Public open space e Roads specified e Overflow from the wastewater store within the neighbourhood e Flows from other neighbourhoods e Precipitation to the surface of the store The user specifies which sources are collected All these contaminants loads are mixed within the store and any load associated with the evaporation stream specified is subtracted The stormwater store sludge is then calculated based on the user specified removal efficiency The appropriate removal efficiency specified will depend on the contaminant and the type of process being modelled For example if a simple retention basin is being represented removal of suspended material will be between 40 and 60 If a higher level of treatment is assumed i e microfiltration then up to 100 of suspended material will be removed Some suggested values for removal efficiencies of different process for different contaminants are given in Australian Runoff Quality 2004 June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 83 of 176 Once the calculated sludge load is removed from the contaminants in the store the remaining contaminants are either retained within the stormwater store or flow to the land blo
58. 978 1977 1980 1979 1982 1981 1984 1983 1985 E Bu R V Thick Lines Copy Graph Values Copy Graph Image Copy Table Close Results screen 6 Summary Statistics gt Land Block Irrigation June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 124 of 176 5 Viewing Results Heatherwood Development Tutorial 1 Summary Statistics Technology Performance Other Table Type Water Contaminant Select Spatial Scale Irrigation Demand Irrigation Supplied Actual Evaporation Percolation to Groundwater 30000 25000 30000 P 4 Demand 15000 10000 5000 P Supplied 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 Graph Controls lt gt R V Thick Lines Copy Graph Values Copy Graph Image Copy Table Results screen 7 Summary Statistics gt Public Open Space and Household Irrigation June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 125 of 176 Report Generation Wizard Heatherwood Development Tutorial 1 Flow or Contaminant Spatial scale Graph type Sources for Suspended So Y ESSE Landblock Stormwater Output v Neighbourhood1 Load Histogram Y Utilisation of Load Histogram Load Monthly Line Load Yearly Line Concentration Monthly Line Concentration Yearly Line Source of Suspended So for N1 Landblock Stormwater Output W 63 Rainwater Tank to Storm Water B 76
59. Garden Irrigated J x k N 011 so si End dis N Roof Runoff to Spoondrain ratio Nal P 0007 TOC Virus N A Water Outputs Mate from Neighbourhood Goes to Stormwater from Neighbourhood Goes to Template E Tam Select Neighbourhood Please select which neighbourhoods that you would like to send these values to Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood 2 Neighbourhood 3 Finally click on the Template button and select Neighbourhoods to copy the data to June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 135 of 176 e The land block fields are only enabled when you specify the number of land blocks greater than O within a neighbourhood in the Number of Land Blocks field Notice how the Land Block fields become active when you specify the Number of land blocks here Physical Characteristics of Land Blocks and Neighbourhoods Heat ierwood Devel lopment Project e Remember to save your work regularly To save your work return to the main window and click the Save button June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 136 of 176 e The way the stormwater and wastewater flows between neighbourhoods in the study area is specified in the Neighbourhood Wastewater and Stormwater Flow Links screen Use these buttons to select the wastewater link edit mode Drag and drop the N1 icon on top of the N3 icon to create the wastewater link Neighbourhood Wastewater and Stormwater Flow Hinks J Waste Wate
60. Garden runoffto Storm Water E 55 Pavement Runoff to Storm Water E 80 Land Block Storm Water Output 0 63 Rainwater Tank to Storm Water 55 Pavement Runoff to Storm Water 76 Garden runoff to Storm Water 90 Land Block Storm Water Output Paths omitted because 77 Roof to Storm Water output they have zero flow 81 Waste Water Unit to Storm Water Copy Graph Values Copy Graph Image Results screen 8 Other gt Other Graphs June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 126 of 176 Report Generation Wizard Heatherwood Development Tutorial 1 E or Contaminant Sources for Suspended So gt Lanablock Stormwater Output gt Utilisation of Neighbourhood 17 Source of Suspended So for N1 Landblock Stormwater Output fw scale Load Monthly Line Load Yearly Line Concentration Monthly Line Concentration Yearly Line 63 Rainwater Tank to Storm Water 76 Garden runoff to Storm Water 55 Pavement Runoff to Storm Water 1 1 i i i i i i i 1 i i 5 5 N p 4 p yyyttue ras 90 Land Block Storm Water Output eee an Sheree rs Se i I EIE Paths omitted because 77 Roof to Storm Water output they have zero flow amp 1 vaste Water Unit to Storm Water Copy Graphivalues EUM o os Results screen 9 Other gt Other Graphs June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 127 of 176 5 kL raintanks for laundry and bathroom Tutor
61. Imported Water frame Supplies Open Space Irrigation When this option is selected imported water is used to provide open space irrigation Study area parameters Water servicing options that treat all the stormwater and wastewater from a study site are detailed in the Study Area Water Management screen Figure 19 The physical characteristics and treatment removal efficiencies of wastewater and stormwater storage and treatment are required for this screen These processes mimic the large scale centralised treatment systems that are found in most developed cities I Study Area Water Management Features New Project Wastewater Store Stormwater Store Storage Capacity kL Storage Capacity kL Exposed Surface ne Exposed Surface s Initial Storage Level kL First Flush kL Overflow C Initial Storage Level kL Supplies Selected Neighbourhoods Supplies Selected Neighbourhoods Garden Irrigation Garden Irrigation Lune pen Space Irrigation pen Space Irrigation ERE Toilet E Toilet ERI Contaminant Removal Efficiency 7z Contaminant Removal Efficiency i Ci iii CINE zi i Fi oii CNN i Cal As nif N Cal As nil nf Ma Cd Zn toc Ma Caf Zn Toc Figure 19 Sample of the Study Area Water Management Features screen Table 9 describes the data requirements for the Study Area Water Management Feature screen June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 45 of 176 Table 9 Study Area Wa
62. Integrated Urban Water Management takes a comprehensive approach to urban water services viewing water supply stormwater and wastewater as components of an integrated physical system and recognises that the physical system sits within an organisational framework and a broader natural landscape There are a broad range of tools which are employed within Integrated Urban Water Management including but not limited to water conservation and efficiency water sensitive planning and design including urban layout and landscaping utilisation of non conventional water sources including roof runoff stormwater greywater and wastewater the application of fit for purpose principles stormwater and wastewater source control and pollution prevention stormwater flow and quality management the use of mixtures of soft ecological and hard infrastructure technologies and non structural tools such as education pricing incentives regulations and restriction regimes Integrated Urban Water Management recognises that the whole urban region down to the site scale needs to be considered as urban water systems are complex and inter related Changes to a system will have downstream or upstream impacts that will affect cost sustainability or opportunities Therefore proposed changes to a particular aspect of the urban water system must include a comprehensive view of the other systems and consider the influence on them The most important benefit of an integr
63. MANCE Study Area 8769 4544 4849 3238 6752 2500 4680 8310 105810 105726 105726 105726 106016 105726 105726 105726 105726 5641 13726 8769 4544 4843 3238 5752 2500 4580 13508 8310 6446 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100125 91967 96882 101133 100853 102740 98920 103179 101063 92415 97345 99258 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Neighbourhood Wastewater Treatment Unit kL mth Study Area Total 10000 J Demand 8000 S Inflow 6000 Deficit kL mth FT 4 2000 4A Spillage o k hRELT V 7 j c j _ Usage 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1961 1953 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 Graph Controls gt iR v Thick Lines Copy Graph Values Copy Graph Image Copy Table Close Note that Annual Reliability is 10096 June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 133 of 176 Exercise 6 As an exercise reduce the size of the Wastewater Store as much as possible whilst retaining an Annual Reliability of 10096 Note the difference in performance between the Wastewater Store and Stormwater Store both in water supply and contaminant removal June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 134 of 176 Other Helpful hints e When setting up your own study area characteristics you should assign each neighbourhood within your study area with a number to correspond with the numbered tabs within each screen before you begin e The Template button allows you to copy the parameter
64. N 1 6 N 1 6 N 1 6 P 0 21 P 0 21 P 0 21 SS 75 SS 75 SS 75 Fertiliser to garden mg m N 0 N 0 N 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 SS 0 SS 0 SS 0 Fertiliser to POS public open space N 0 N 0 N 0 mg ha P 0 P 0 P 0 SS 0 SS 0 SS 0 Evaporation mg L N 0 N 0 N 0 Set evaporation to zero P 0 P 0 P 0 SS 0 Ss 0 SS 0 Ground water mg L N 20 11 N 20 11 N 20 11 P 0 007 P 0 007 P 0 007 SS 0 26 SS 0 26 SS 0 26 Imported mg L N 0 11 N 0 11 N 0 11 P 0 007 P 0 007 P 0 007 SS 0 26 SS 0 26 SS 0 26 June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 109 of 176 Rainfall mg L N 71 33 N 71 33 N 71 33 P 0 87 P 0 87 P 0 87 SS 17 SS 17 SS 17 Pavement runoff mg L N 1 6 N 1 6 N 1 6 P 0 21 P 0 21 P 0 21 SS 75 SS 75 SS 75 Contaminant soil store removal frame Calibration Variables screen Contaminant values mg L N 40 N 40 N 40 P 70 P 70 P 70 SS 70 SS 70 SS 70 If you are using the worksheets enter the contaminants on the worksheets corresponding with the relevant screen Observed neighbourhood and study area flow and contaminant concentrations UVQ does not require that you specify the average volumes of imported water stormwater and wastewater for each neighbourhood and the study area to carry out a simulation For new build developments actual measurement of these values will not be possible However these values are useful to provide a first cut cross check of simulated values when calibrati
65. Pedes as 143 User defined graplis 2 2 rrr o e e aab esto eue salud Mea o QUEM EROR Edom Re sade Ede go Hee a Eod 143 Generated result files irt ostro do poet eiie aeter di ru epa oue on oe RF E cs eUn 144 Cont Bul Neighbourhood NESW xo e tutte ets tniio de MEE 145 CONG BG StU GY Ule CSV eaeoe are AER snt sou eemeiaaedasu uus desta sees seine EE ERORO 146 StudyAregBalunte 6sV s intus oer et bb SEHR ERE c urbe Ebr pr eni aues seEis 146 DNV LOM BIGEIN SU siete cores E R seats exte tete t asbasto t uns elet mtus iaa role ci each ad 148 Daily Neiabbourh o CSV rere iat oki EIA anette cati c eR LS UMP DD M LIES 151 MENYN BREC SW a cr Sate iar A ae Ne ecg uct oa Ecoute creshusuesta Mete E IDEA ULIS UE 152 WWII SUG UAE d 65 oeises sores hve tees saaeas ea ded oes tencanteasecatea OR 155 Year NBAMCSV e 157 vear UVA ENEN accu te tuum pei SIM ID AL MAI SI OE 160 AISUWRS Output PIES sritno ossseteesnnnctcaegecescersst ceideececreas teens E SEDE E USC D e PRO GEE FOLE Re EE dose PUSE 162 UW EIVIG OPC TO GW Ars qup RE 162 U FMIPOSTO GWARE aineis E EAIA EEI AA RR HERRERA dansancuxabeuacesandionsenteaencasees 162 UFMSWinfiltrationBasinT OCW EXE iiie Ett tipi dtt ra EEEE AEREA 162 VEM TOPTOGW KE oe sec Ar AA E ET E TA ONA 162 PIMUVOQS WIN DUCAXE ssasicwsassines coasossteaiasacessandetasdane seniael TD E EAEE DEE 163 PEO V OW VAIS ENE as ico ase Et 163 buie IS SUS EN m 163 June 2010 Version 1 2 Physical Characteristics of
66. Table 8 show the irrigation values and trigger to irrigate values estimated for the Heatherwood development project Table 7 Heatherwood percentage irrigated area values Data Requirement Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood 2 Neighbourhood 3 residential commercial industrial Percentage of garden 70 30 0 irrigated 96 Percentage of open 100 100 0 space irrigated 96 Table 8 Estimated Heatherwood irrigation values Data Requirement Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood 2 Neighbourhood 3 residential commercial industrial Garden trigger to 0 5 0 5 0 5 irrigate ratio Open space trigger to 0 5 0 5 0 irrigate ratio If you are using the worksheets on the Physical Characteristics worksheet specify the percentage of the open space requiring irrigation in the Neighbourhood frame and the garden area requiring irrigation in the Land Block frame June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 102 of 176 On the Calibration variables worksheet specify the garden trigger to irrigate ratios in the Irrigation frame Defining the wastewater characteristics The quantity and quality of wastewater generated within an area and ultimately the amount of water available for utilisation is affected by the physical capacity and condition of the wastewater system To simulate how much water is available for utilisation and where within the wastewater system water may be used UVQ requires that
67. UVQ User Manual June 2010 Urban Water CSIRO Systems amp Technologies CMIT Report No 2005 282 Authors Grace Mitchell Clare Diaper UVQ development team UVQ was initially developed to support the assessment of alternative urban water system scenarios within the feasibility stage of the CSIRO Urban Water Program An existing model AQUACYLE was enhanced by extending the water balance model to include a number of new water flow paths and incorporating contaminant balance modelling The UVQ development Team is Grace Mitchell Clare Diaper Mike Rahilly Eric Dell Oro Andrew Grant Stephen Gray Melinda Brack Trevor Farley Acknowledgements Funding for the enhancement of UVQ was provided by the EU 5FD grant no EVK1 CT 2002 00100 Assessing and Improving Sustainability of Urban Water Resources and Systems AISUWRS The financial support of the Australian Government through an IAP International S amp T Competitive Grant from the Department of Education Science and Technology DEST is gratefully acknowledged The CRC for Catchment Hydrology and Grace Mitchell are acknowledged for allowing CSIRO Urban Water to access the source code of Aquacycle Change Register Date Version Description Author s 2007 1 1 Created Grace Mitchell Clare Diaper June 2010 1 2 Minor updates text Esther Coultas formatting tutorial Stephen Cook screen shots Mike Rahilly June 2010 Version 1 2
68. a high percentage of nitrogen and the user can specify a lower removal efficiency 3096 Suggested removal efficiencies for specific wastewater treatment processes can be found in Metcalf and Eddy 1991 and for stormwater processes see Australian Runoff Quality 2004 There are three basic contaminant balance calculations use mix and sludge calculation and all contaminants are modelled using the same operations in UVQ Use operation In this operation contaminant concentrations from one stream are directly transferred to other streams and this operation is used to represent streams that have identical concentrations For example the contaminant concentration in imported water to the land June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 74 of 176 block is the same as imported water to the toilet kitchen bathroom laundry garden and public open space Ci Ck C C Ci C Coos Where C is the concentration of any given contaminant and the subscripts k b t g and POS refer to imported water kitchen bathroom laundry toilet garden and public open space input water supplies respectively Mix operations Mix operations combine the contaminant loads for multiple input streams and calculate a summed load output which is associated with the volume provided by the water balance thus producing a concentration It is assumed that there is no accumulation or destruction of mass or water anywhere in the mix An example of a mix operation is the wa
69. aerated biological system is being represented removal of suspended material will be between 40 and 60 If a higher level of treatment is assumed i e membrane bioreactor then up to 10096 of suspended material will be removed Some suggested values for removal efficiencies of the different wastewater treatment processes are given in Metcalf and Eddy 1991 June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 84 of 176 Land block Neighbourhood Once the sludge calculation is complete and the associated contaminants are removed from the process the remaining contaminants are either retained within the wastewater store or flow to the land block toilet raintank or garden the neighbourhood public open space groundwater or overflow to stormwater or sewer The destination of the treated wastewater is user specified The calculated concentration of these all these streams will be the same 13 To toilet Precipitation Evaporation 84 To raintank 133 23 85 1 garden Land block Retained volume 159 Neighbourhood To public Wastewater store 204 open space Overflow to sewer Overflow to stormwater out neighbourhoods Other Figure 35 Neighbourhood wastewater store contaminant inputs and outputs Study area stormwater store treatment Flows and contaminants to the study area stormwater store can originate from the stormwater flows from user specified neighbourhoods Precipitation to the exposed surface of the store is also an input T
70. age 26 of 176 Table 1 describes the data requirements for each field within the Project Information screen Table 1 Project Information screen data descriptions Field Data Description Project Description Brief description of the project Max 32 characters This is usually the name of the area being modelled Study Area Size The total area of the site you are modelling Number of Neighbourhoods A study area is divided into zones that have similar surface area dimensions and imported water use requirements Within UVQ these zones are represented as neighbourhoods Maximum number of neighbourhoods is 75 Identify the number of neighbourhoods within your study area and specify the number of here Soil Store Type The two conceptual models of pervious surface soil stores within rainfall runoff models are the partial area runoff approach or the saturation excess approach UVQ supports both these approaches It uses the term Partial Area when referring to the partial area runoff approach and 2 Layer when referring the saturation excess approach Choose the approach that best represents your conception of the surface soil store within your study area Contaminants for Analysis in this Study Area Neighbourhoods and Land Blocks Select the contaminants you wish to represent within your study area Select the check box and specify the contaminant in the data field All user specified contamina
71. ain and evaporation snowmelt p RSM impervious surface maximum initial impervious surface storage runoff loss RDST RST PST IRUN runoff onto pervious area total impervious area NEAR Figure 23 The impervious surface runoff process The equation to calculate amount of impervious surface runoff for a paved area is There are equivalent equations for roof and road areas The equations associated with the impervious surface runoff process are e Evaporation Eimp e Non effective surface runoff NEAR e Effective surface runoff IRUN Evaporation from impervious surfaces Eimp Evaporation is the amount of water emptied from the impervious surface stores roof paving and road by evaporation The amount of water in each surface is calculated separately and then combined according to the proportional area of each store The equation to calculate the impervious surface evaporation is Non effective impervious surface runoff NEAR Non effective impervious area runoff is the amount of runoff from the impervious areas roofs paving roads within a neighbourhood or study area that does not drain to the June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 52 of 176 stormwater collection system and flows onto adjacent pervious surfaces roof and paved area to garden road to neighbourhood open space The impervious areas have depression storage only and no infiltration and produce surface runoff quickly during an event The water in d
72. akage 96 The percentage of the imported water that leaks into the groundwater through broken and cracked pipes Wastewater as Exfiltration ratio Land Block frame The ratio of wastewater exfiltrating leaking from the wastewater pipes Number of Land Blocks Total number of identical land blocks within this neighbourhood Block Area m UVQ treats land blocks within a neighbourhood homogeneously You must specify the average size of the land blocks within your neighbourhood Average Occupancy Average number of people using water indoors within the land block UVQ accepts whole and decimal numbers Garden Area m The average garden area within the average land block Roof Area m The average roof area including sheds and garages within the average land bock Paved Area m The average paved area within the average land bock Percentage of Garden Irrigated 96 Roof Runoff to Spoondrain ratio Indoor Water Usage amp Contaminants frame The percentage of the garden area that is irrigated The whole area may not or may not be irrigated The ratio of total roof runoff that drains into an on site soak away Bathroom Toilet Kitchen and Laundry L c d Bathroom Toilet Kitchen and Laundry Contaminant Loads mg c d Other Contaminants frame Specify the number of litres of water used per person per day within the bathroom toilet kitchen and laundry Specify t
73. al Loss mm Effective Roof Area 96 Paved Area Maximum Initial Loss mm Effective Paved Area 96 Road Area Maximum Initial Loss mm Effective Road Area 96 Base Flow Index ratio Base Flow Recession Constant ratio Contaminant Soil Store Removal Frame Contaminants Wastewater Frame Infiltration Index ratio Infiltration store recession constant ratio Percentage Surface Runoff as Inflow Dry Weather Overflow Rate 96 Wastewater System Capacity kL Irrigation Frame Garden Trigger to Irrigate ratio Open Space Trigger to Irrigate ratio June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 164 of 176 Observed Neighbourhood Flow Volumes and Quality for Calibration Field Average Volumes Frame Neighbour Neighbourhood 1 hood Tab Neighbourhood 2 Neighbourhood 3 Imported Water Observed kL y or ML y Wastewater Observed kL y or ML y Stormwater Observed kL y or ML y Quality Frame contaminants Neighbourhood Tab Stormwater Observed Wastewater Observed Observed Study Area Flow Volumes and Quality for Calibration Field Study Area Average Volumes Frame Study Area Tab Imported Water Observed kL y or ML y Wastewater Observed kL y or ML y Stormwater Observed kL y or ML y Quality Frame contaminants Study Area Tab S
74. ale Study Area Stormwater store Study area stormwater runoff Toilet flushing garden and Option to divert a first flush to stormwater system Any neighbourhood can be supplied by open space irrigation study area stormwater store January 2008 Version 1 2 10 of 191 fen O l dd id ee LS UMEN Wastewater treatment and Study area wastewater discharge Toilet flushing garden and Option of disposing of effluent to stormwater or wastewater system Any neighbourhood storage open space irrigation can be supplied by study area wastewater store where more than one source or use is listed any or all of the different sources uses can be selected by the user January 2008 Version 1 2 11 of 191 Contaminant concentrations or loads The mapping of contaminants in the model coincides with the mapping for the water balance thus directly representing the way in which alterations in the water flows affect the movement and distribution of contaminants This is a simplification of the processes that occur and does not consider temporal variations in water quality As UVQ models at a daily time step this approach is applicable and provides detail on sources and flows of contaminants In addition as the majority of data collected on temporally varying contaminants flows in the urban environment is expressed as event mean concentrations this approach is suitable During the development of the UVQ software an extensive literature review of repor
75. area scale wastewater store demand Study area scale wastewater store usage Study area scale wastewater store spillage Study area scale wastewater store deficit Study area scale wastewater store spillage Study area scale wastewater store volumetric vulnerability Neighbourhood stormwater store supply to land blocks in study area Neighbourhood wastewater store supply to land blocks in study area Study area stormwater store supply to land blocks m 3 mth m 3 mth number mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth number mth ratio m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth number mth ratio m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth The annual neighbourhood scale output file is called YearlyNBHn csv where n is the neighbourhood number This file contains information on the water balance components of the neighbourhood as well as information on the performance of each water management method June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 155 of 176 The header lists the items contained the output file in order These items are written a line for each year in the simulation period The file consists of 66 items in the following order 1 Year 2 Precipitation mm y 3 Potential evaporation mm y 4 Neighbourhood actual evaporation mm y 5 Neighbourhood pervious area actual evaporation mm y 6 Depth of actual evapotranspiration from neighb
76. at do not during a rainfall runoff event van de Griend 1985 These contributing areas vary within a study area according to the antecedent study area conditions allowing for the spatial variability of surface storage in a study area The use of the partial area saturation overland flow approach is simple and provides a good representation of the physical processes occurring in most Australian catchments Daily infiltration capacity is rarely exceeded and the major source of runoff is from saturated areas Chiew et al 1995 Figure 24 illustrates this process June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 55 of 176 rain and non effective actual m area runoff snowmelt evapotranspiration iirigation NEAR RS Ea IR pervious surface runoff rainfall excess EXC SRUN partial area partial area ingredi store 1 infiltration store 2 PS1 PS2 store recharge RIS groundwater did recharge GWR septic disposal SD Al k k total garden area A Figure 24 Partial area surface store process The equation to calculate the partial area pervious soil storage status for store 1 is There is an equivalent equation for store 2 Actual evapotranspiration E for partial area soil store Actual evapotranspiration is the amount of water that evaporates from the pervious areas The approach used to calculate actual evapotranspiration is based on work of Denmead and Shaw 1962 In the partial area approach it is assumed that
77. ated approach to urban water systems is the potential to increase the range of opportunities available in order to be able to develop more sustainable systems In as much as the robustness of ecological systems is increased June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 1 of 176 through diversity so too will the sustainability of urban water systems be improved if an increased range of options is made available enabling solutions to be tailored to local circumstances Speers and Mitchell 2000 What UVQ is UVQ is an urban water balance and contaminant balance analysis tool that was developed to e analyse how water and contaminants flow through an urban area e examine these flows from source to sink e highlight the interconnectedness of the water supply stormwater and wastewater system and e provide a tool to investigate how a wide range of non traditional practices enhance the urban water cycle UVQ was initially developed to support the assessment of alternative urban water system scenarios within the feasibility stage of the CSIRO Urban Water Program An existing model AQUACYLE was enhanced by extending the water balance model to include a number of new water flow paths and incorporating contaminant balance modelling Thus UVQ comprises two components the water flow balance model which calculates water flows through an urban water system and the contaminant balance model which calculates contaminant loads and concentrations throughout an urba
78. aved surface before runoff occurs Effective Paved Area 96 The proportion of paved area which is directly connected to the land block stormwater system Road Area Maximum Initial Loss mm The amount of water it takes to wet the road surface before runoff occurs Effective Road Area 96 The proportion of road area which is directly connected to the neighbourhood stormwater system Base Flow Index ratio for partial area Figure 13 a Calibration Variables Partial area soil store screen b Calibration variable 2 layer soil store screen The ratio of water overflowing from the soil stores due to excess in capacity which recharges the groundwater Drainage Factor ratio for 2 layer Figure 13 a Calibration Variables Partial area soil store screen b Calibration variable 2 layer soil store screen Base Flow Recession Constant ratio Contaminant Soil Store Removal 96 Controls the rate at which water in the upper soil stores drains into the lower store and the rate at which water in the low store drains to groundwater and the infiltration store Controls the rate in which water leaves the groundwater store and contributes to the stormwater flowing out of the neighbourhood Highlighted contaminants Wastewater Infiltration Index ratio Infiltration Store Recession Constant ratio The percentage of the contaminant removed from the water as it drains through the soil The proportion o
79. block scale water balance output file for each neighbourhood in the catchment These files contain information on the water balance components of the unit blocks within each neighbourhood The header lists the items contained the output file in order These items are written a new line for each day in the simulation period The file consists of 63 items in the following order 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 June 2010 Year Month Day Precipitation depth mm d Rain depth mm d Snowfall depth mm d Potential evaporation mm d Garden actual evaporation mm d Land block actual evaporation mm d Land block imported water depth mm d Land block imported water volume m 3 hh d Land block stormwater runoff depth mm d Land block impervious surface runoff depth less first flush mm d Land block wastewater output depth mm d Daily change in land block storage depth mm d Daily land block water balance check mm d Groundwater recharge depth from garden mm d Groundwater recharge volume from garden m 3 hh d Groundwater storage level mm Rain day 1 yes 0 no Garden irrigation demand volume m 3 hh d Garden irrigation demand depth mm d Garden irrigation volume supplied m 3 hh d Version 1 2 Page 146 of 176 June 2010 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
80. ck toilet raintank or garden the neighbourhood public open space groundwater or overflow to stormwater or sewer The user specifies which end uses are operational The calculated concentration of all output streams will be the same 14 To toilet Precipitation Evaporation 80 s To raintank 124 From ASR i i Retained 151 LZ2 88 7 garden volume From 123 158 land block 119 To public Neighbourhood open space From public Stormwater store open space L5 Overflow to 3 stormwater 3 From road 203 am From waste 135 L To ASR 2 water store From other Neighbourhoods 136 To Groundwater Overflow to sewer Figure 34 Neighbourhood stormwater store contaminant inputs and outputs Neighbourhood Waste water store treatment Flows and contaminants to the neighbourhood wastewater store can originate from the following sources e Land Blocks e Other upstream neighbourhoods which will occur if wastewater collection from upstream neighbourhoods selected e Precipitation to the exposed surface of the store All these contaminants loads are mixed within the store and any load associated with the evaporation stream specified is subtracted The wastewater store sludge is then calculated from the user specified removal efficiency The appropriate removal efficiency will depend on the contaminant and the type of treatment process being modelled For example if a simple two stage settlement and
81. d block indoor water demands if there is a shortfall in supply from higher priority Sources June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 24 of 176 Data descriptions There are eight input screens in UVQ each requiring specific data about the area to be modelled The screens have been formatted so that related information is grouped on one screen The screen descriptions are as follows Project Information screen details generic information relevant to the whole project area to be modelled Physical Characteristics Physical characteristics of land blocks and neighbourhoods screen details pervious and impervious areas in both land blocks and neighbourhood and associated water flows and contaminant loads or concentrations Water Flow Neighbourhood wastewater and stormwater flow links screen details the wastewater and stormwater flows between neighbourhoods Calibration Variables screen details the calibration parameters required for the pervious and impervious surfaces and the wastewater system In addition this screen can be used to compare simulated stormwater and wastewater flows and concentrations with observed values part of the calibration process see Tutorial Snow variables snow accumulation and redistribution screen details the temperature thresholds and accumulation and redistribution variables required to simulate the snow processes Land Block land block water management features screen details the phys
82. d in study area Neighbourhood wastewater store usage in study area m 3 mth mm mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth number mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth number mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth number mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth number mth m 3 mth m 3 mth m 3 mth Version 1 2 Page 154 of 176 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 YearNBHn csv Neighbourhood wastewater store spillage in study area Neighbourhood wastewater store deficit in study area Neighbourhood wastewater store event failure in study area Study area ASR volume available for injection Study area ASR demand for recovery Study area ASR volume injected Study area ASR volume recovered Study area ASR deficit Study area ASR event failure Study area ASR volumetric vulnerability Study area scale stormwater store inflow Study area scale stormwater store demand Study area scale stormwater store usage Study area scale stormwater store spillage Study area scale stormwater store deficit Study area scale stormwater store event failure Study area scale stormwater store volumetric vulnerability Study area scale wastewater store inflow Study
83. den is sufficiently dry to require watering and secondly the gardener responds to the particular days weather with cold cloudy overcast days not triggering a perceived need to water Davis 1992 June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 59 of 176 average garden trigger percentage to irrigate storage 1 level garden area pervious Percentage area storage 1 of pervious irrigation n store 1 IR max TG E PS1 0 lc max TG PS2 0 100 A1 GI Pervious T storage 2 level percentage area of pervious store 2 pervious storage 2 capacity Pervious surface runoff SRUN for partial area store Pervious surface runoff is the amount of runoff from pervious stores 1 and 2 contributing to the total stormwater flow The amount of pervious surface runoff SRUN is equal to the excess soil moisture less that which goes to infiltration and that which goes to groundwater recharge The equation to calculate the amount of pervious surface runoff is rainfall ground water excess recharge pervious infiltration runoff source Nn rem EXC GWR 2 layer pervious soil store This approach represents the unsaturated zone of the soil profile with an upper and lower soil store The upper soil store receives precipitation irrigation and non effective area runoff inputs Each store has the same maximum storage depth and field capacity Pervious surface runoff SRUN occurs when the upper store is full or saturated When water
84. dustrial or institutional sites such as a factory or a school and the configuration of the land block will change based on how the land block is used A land block containing an industrial property for example may only contain a factory building and car parking areas Figure 5 illustrates a typical land block used as an industrial site The user specified values of roof area paved area and garden area and contaminant loads and concentrations will be significantly different from a residential block June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 14 of 176 Figure 5 An example land block used as an industrial site Modelling the land block allows you to investigate the effect of the land block characteristics such as size occupancy water demands and the cumulative effect of individuals water usage habits on a neighbourhood or study area The land block is the smallest management scale possible for water supply stormwater runoff and wastewater disposal which is why it is a useful fundamental spatial scale for this type of modelling Neighbourhood A Neighbourhood represents a multiple number of identical land blocks in addition to roads and public open space which form a local area or suburb A common example of a neighbourhood is a group of residential land blocks with a shared open space and roads Figure 6 To model the water flows in the neighbourhood the user must define the number of land blocks in the neighbourhood the total area the road and pub
85. dy area Total neighbourhood wastewater store event failure in study area Study area ASR volume available for injection Study area ASR demand for recovery Study area ASR volume injected Study area ASR volume recovered Study area ASR deficit Study area ASR event failure Study area ASR volumetric vulnerability Study area scale stormwater store inflow Study area scale stormwater store demand Study area scale stormwater store usage Study area scale stormwater store spillage Study area scale stormwater store deficit Study area scale stormwater store event failure Study area scale stormwater store volumetric vulnerability Study area scale wastewater store inflow Study area scale wastewater store demand Study area scale wastewater store usage Study area scale wastewater store spillage Study area scale wastewater store deficit Study area scale wastewater store event failure Study area scale wastewater store volumetric vulnerability ratio AISUWRS output files UFMGardenToGW txt UFMPOSToGW txt UFMSWiInfiltrationBasinToGW txt UFMTapToGW txt June 2010 Version 1 2 m 3 y m 3 y number y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y number y ratio m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y number y ratio m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y number y Page 160 of 176 These files provide the AISUWRS unsaturated flow models and groundwater models with Garden Public Open Space Stormwater Infiltration from an Infiltration Basin and leaka
86. e Exposed Surface m The surface area of the stormwater store which is open to the elements rather than covered First Flush kL The amount of stormwater which is already held in the store on the first day of the simulation run Initial Storage Level kL The volume of stormwater that is diverted away from the stormwater store This is done when the initial flow of stormwater runoff is of lower quality than the remaining runoff and its diversion improves the overall quality of water in the store Act as Infiltration Basin When this option is selected then the stormwater store acts as an infiltration basin with the floor of the store being pervious rather than impervious Contaminant Removal Efficiency frame Highlighted contaminants Specify the removal efficiency that occurs in the neighbourhood stormwater store for the selected contaminants June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 41 of 176 Field Sources frame Description Collect Road Runoff When this option is selected then the road runoff from the neighbourhood is directed into the stormwater store Collect Land Block runoff When this option is selected then the runoff from the land blocks is directed into the stormwater store Collect Stormwater from Upstream Neighbourhoods When this option is selected then the stormwater that flows into this neighbourhood from upstream neighbourhoods is directed into
87. e for each month in the simulation period The file consists of 69 items in the following order 1 Year June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 150 of 176 June 2010 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Month Day Precipitation Potential evaporation Actual evaporation from pervious area Actual evaporation from neighbourhood Depth of actual evapotranspiration from neighbourhoods gardens Stormwater inflow into neighbourhood Surface runoff out of neighbourhood Runoff from pervious surfaces Impervious surface runoff out of neighbourhood Base flow Stormwater discharge out of neighbourhood Wastewater runoff into neighbourhood Wastewater runoff out of neighbourhood Neighbourhood groundwater recharge Bulk imported water depth into neighbourhood Bulk imported water volume into neighbourhood Change in neighbourhood total storage Number of rain days in month Neighbourhood irrigation demand depth Neighbourhood irrigation demand volume Volume of garden irrigation demand in neighbourhood Volume of irrigation supplied to neighbourhood Volume water for garden irrigation supplied in neighbourhood Total depth of recharge from the neighbourhoods gardens Volume of water running off roofs into rain tanks Demand for water from rainwater tank Use of rainwater tank water Deficit
88. e Template function can be used for parameters which are common to all neighbourhoods To save time inputting data it is worth entering all common data and then using the Template function The Template function may also be used for changing the order of neighbourhoods within the study area if required after inputting all parameters Table 4 Heatherwood indoor water usage Data Requirement Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood 2 Neighbourhood residential commercial 3 industrial Average occupancy 3 36 30 Kitchen L c d 13 2 13 2 7 Bathroom L c d 56 8 56 8 30 Toilet L c d 21 21 299 represents all non potable industrial demand Laundry L c d 44 8 44 8 24 If you are using the worksheets on the Physical Characteristics worksheet specify average occupancy and the volume of water for each of the indoor areas in the equivalent fields on the worksheet June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 100 of 176 Contaminants added when water is used indoors Contaminants are added to water during its usage indoors creating wastewater In the Heatherwood Development Project the contaminants Nitrogen N Phosphorus P and Suspended Solids SS have been chosen to be simulated as they are important in the performance of wastewater treatment plant and in the health of surface waters Table 5 Heatherwood water usage contaminant values Field Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood 2 Neighbourh
89. e criteria Figure 20 Water Balance Daily flow calculation Contaminant Balance Daily flux calculation euin DuisseooJgd Water balance results Contaminant balance results Figure 20 Water balance and contaminant balance interaction Thus the contaminant balance implementation is based on the same representation of flows as the water balance a basic representation for the conventional anthropogenic water cycle is shown in Figure 21 Full details of all the flows represented in both the water and contaminant balance are given in Appendix I Contaminant Flow Diagrams Conventional water system processes This section describes UVQ equations associated with e Precipitation processes e Stormwater processes June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 48 of 176 e Water supply processes e Wastewater processes Figure 21 illustrates the interactions between the water system processes represented in UVQ rain and co D snowmelt imported RSM water l ee mc i i i mmm i a mm nnn mn il ne mln i in a E H evaporation Eim l actual leakage l evapotranspiration LD Ea v d irrigation IR i E store rainfall AD s RDST RST PST excess EXC apres disposal SD ESSE i V infiltration infiltrati non effective pervious store store uu nie lon infiltration 5
90. e epe evi revu re eet NESADNE rA te e eco RS re su reet ug 93 Data input Conventional SerVielhg eco dee roov aerea esee see esa eo pt esti dee voapteevoa p iei equae 94 How t profilean urban reds pires iter strurrece xn uui nd eose ri puto ge ESENE EEEE e ut 94 DEFINING the spatial GIMCASIONS actis ed babe oadese estin omine ERR e Rae PLUR shaagoealiaddowtaraateesia 94 DEFINING ThE sunate arem CoVelage tiat v are er PRSE ELO E OE E DOasP tanger nats 99 Defining the land block surface dimensions sees eere ener nnns 99 Defining the neighbourhood surface dimensions essen 100 DEFINING the water usage FIles norisa anae an r EOT AAEE EE T REE 101 Specifying average occupancy and indoor water usages rates 101 Contaminants added when water is used Indoors ertet tate tient epe ipee 102 Defining the wastewater characteristics usse isnt earth Erba deal Vea sx ebd RV koh la raa ru 104 Specifying the wastewater exfiltration ratio esses esee 106 Estimating wastewater infiltration parameters eese eene enne enn 106 Estimating the surface runoff as inflow percentage essen 107 Estimating the dry weather overflow Fate ce sioe rte ERE estos aree Oe 107 Estimating the Wastewater System Capacity esses eese enne nnne 107 Defining the stormwater characteristics s o coosa cese apo supra rEe epa Ere EX Eee R ek Fe VERE Lo HERR a seeds 107 Estimating ma
91. e of Engineers Australia pp 255 260 Chiew F H S Stewardson M J and McMahon T A 1993 Comparison of six rainfall runoff modelling approaches Journal of Hydrology Vol 147 1993 pp 1 36 Clark R D S 1990 Asset Replacement Can We Get It Right Water Vol Feb pp 22 24 Cordery 1977 Quality Characteristics of Urban Storm Water in Sydney Australia Water Resources Research Vol 13 1 Feb 1977 pp 197 202 Davis L 1992 Domestic Watering and Consequent Waste Runoff in Melbourne University of Melbourne Dendrou S A 1982 Overview of Urban Stormwater Models Urban Stormwater Hydrology Washington D C American Geophysical Union 271pp Version 1 2 Page 166 of 176 June 2010 Denmead O T and Shaw R H 1962 Availability of Soil Water to Plants as Affected by Soil Moisture Content and Meteorological Conditions Agronomy Journal Vol 54 5 pp 385 389 Digney J E and Gillies J A 1995 Artificial Recharge in Saskatchewan Current Developments Water Resources Bulletin Vol 31 1 pp 33 42 Diskin M H and Simon E 1977 A Procedure for the selection of objective functions for hydrologic simulation models Journal of Hydrology Vol 34 1977 pp 129 149 Duncan H P and Wight D J 1991 Rainwater Tanks For Domestic Water Supply In The Melbourne Area Board of Works Eiswirth M Ht zl H Mitchell V G Burn L S amp Gray S 2001 Contaminant loads wit
92. e to cracks and breaks It flows into the groundwater store The equation to calculate the amount of wastewater exfiltration is June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 71 of 176 exfiltration indoor rate water usage infiltration wastewater septic exfiltration inflow disposal L piscis es EXF ExRate IWU ISI INF SD Overflow OF Overflow can occur during dry weather and wet weather via different mechanisms During dry weather overflow occurs due to breaks in the pipes and cracks caused by big tree roots etc Overflow also occurs due to the wastewater flow exceeding the capacity of the system conveying the wastewater This can happen during wet weather but also happens when the system reaches capacity for other reasons The equation to calculate the overflow is overflow during overflow wet weather overflow during dry weather OF OF gy OF wet Dry weather overflow OF The equation to calculate the dry weather overflow is dry weater indoor overflow water usage wastewater overflow inflow exfiltration OF gy OF IWU ISI INF EXF infiltration Wastewater System Capacity overflow OF wet Formerly labelled wet weather overflow The equation to calculate the Wastewater System Capacity overflow is June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 72 of 176 minimum wet exinfiltration weather overflow inflow indoor water usage infiltration OF IWU ISI INF EXF Septic Disposal
93. e wastewater treatment system A diagram representing this system is shown below Figure 29 The only user specified input is the first flush from the roof The kitchen laundry bathroom toilet input is calculated from a mix operation as specified above The complex sludge operation assumes a retained volume as specified in the user interface and associated contaminants The incoming streams are mixed with this treatment volume before the compositions of the output streams are calculated Users can specify an initial volume or storage level retained in the treatment processes From roof first flush To toilet On site Waste To pervious Water Treatment soil store From laundry toilet of volume V Sludge bathroom kitchen created To stormwater To wastewater out out Figure 29 Flows of contaminants to and from the on site wastewater treatment process The contaminant profile of the retained volume is equivalent to the calculated profiles of the mixture and will vary daily depending on the input loads of contaminants Retained volume at day one is as specified in the user interface However at day one it is assumed that there June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 77 of 176 are no contaminants in the store The volume of the treatment process has a user specified maximum storage capacity of on site wastewater unit in the Land Block tab of the user interface and the retained volume will always be below this limit Upon exc
94. ea field within the Neighbourhood frame section Defining the water usage rates In a conventional water supply system all indoor uses and outdoor irrigation uses would be supplied by imported water Leakage will also occur from the water supply reticulation pipes Therefore the total amount of water imported to the study site is the sum of indoor water usage outdoor water usage and pipe leakage June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 99 of 176 How you use water indoors in a study area impacts upon the quantity and quantity of the subsequent wastewater generated To simulate the usage of water UVQ requires that you specify the e amount of water used indoors in the kitchen bathroom and laundry and toilet within each land block e percentage of water that leaks from broken and cracked pipes within each neighbourhood e percentage area of gardens and open space which is irrigated in each neighbourhood e estimate of the trigger to irrigate parameter for gardens and open space Defining the indoor water usage characteristics Specifying average occupancy and indoor water usages rates To calculate the amount of water used in a neighbourhood for indoor water use UVQ requires that you specify the average number of people occupying each land block within each neighbourhood and the average amount of water used per person in the bathroom toilet laundry and kitchen Table 4 shows the indoor water usage statistics for the Heatherwood project Note th
95. ed water from all surfaces within the neighbourhood Contaminant evaporation from all surfaces is assumed the same Groundwater mg L Specify the contaminant concentration of the groundwater bore water leaving the groundwater store within a neighbourhood Fertiliser to garden mg m day Water Outputs frame Specify the contaminant loads within the fertiliser used on the gardens within land blocks Wastewater from Neighbourhood goes to Stormwater from Neighbourhood goes to The identification number of the neighbourhood into which the wastewater from this neighbourhood flows The wastewater flows paths are set up and implemented in the Water Flow screen and so the value in this screen cannot be edited The identification number of the neighbourhood into which the stormwater from this neighbourhood flows The stormwater flows paths are set up and implemented in the Water Flow screen and so the value in this screen cannot be edited June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 30 of 176 Water Flows screen In this screen the stormwater and wastewater flows between neighbourhoods and out of the study area are routed Figure 12 a is a simple example of a three neighbourhood case study with all flows of stormwater and wastewater going directly to the study area outlet Figure 12 b shows a more complex example of routing of wastewater and stormwater flows between neighbourhoods Nem Move r Displa
96. eeding this maximum value the water and contaminants in the treatment process overflow or spill to the output streams The volumetric flows of the output streams are calculated by the water balance For the on site wastewater treatment unit the load of contaminant C1 in the treatment process OnWWTmix c will be calculated as follows OnWWTmixica RFFici Lica Bica Tici Kica RVici t 1 Where RFF is roof first flush L is laundry B is bathroom T is toilet K is kitchen Rv is retained volume of previous day and the subscript LC1 refers to the load of contaminant 1 The calculated load is present in the volume calculated from the water balance The sludge removal calculation is then carried out for contaminant C1 where 96 removal efficiency of the process RemEff is specified by the user in the land block tab in the user interface OnWWToutici OnWWTmixXici X 1 RemEff From the above total load of contaminant 1 and the water balance pre calculated volumes of pervious soil store stormwater and wastewater output streams the concentration of contaminant C1 in the output streams OnWWTmixcc and the in the current days retained volume can be calculated OnWWToutcc1 OnWWrTout c Output R In the example of the on site wastewater treatment system all output streams contaminant concentrations are calculated and all will have the same value However if specified output streams are present such as evaporation these a
97. entage of the total garden area and public open space area that is irrigated The equation to calculate the amount of irrigation in a 2 layer pervious soil store is actual upper irrigation store level L i IR max TG LS ax LS 1 O A 96GI maximum total garden area upper store level Pervious Surface Runoff SRUN for a 2 layer soil store SRUN is the amount of water overflowing from the upper soil store which subsequently contributes to the total stormwater flow from the neighbourhood The equation to calculate the amount of pervious surface runoff from a 2 layer pervious store is 2 A Note that people respond to the weather in two ways firstly watering occurs after a lag period following a rain event when the gardener perceives the garden is sufficiently dry to require watering and secondly the gardener responds to the particular days weather with cold cloudy overcast days not triggering a perceived need to water Davis 1992 June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 66 of 176 upper pervious store water capacity pervious surface runoff SRUN max LS1 LS1 0 upper pervious store water level Groundwater process The equations associated with the groundwater process are e Ground water store GWS e Baseflow BF Groundwater storage GWS Groundwater storage is the amount of water held in aquifers below the ground surface and represents the saturated zone of the soil profile The equation
98. ential evapotranspiration as supplied in the climate input file No allowance is made for the effect of heating of impervious surfaces on the actual evaporation rate Evaporation is removed from the impervious surface store at the end of the day effectively after the rain event The concentration of evaporated contaminants is assumed to be the same from all surfaces Evaporation of all contaminants can be set to zero Contaminants evaporate from surface stores on all impervious surfaces and from subsurface stores of pervious surfaces Combined sewer systems Each neighbourhood can have either a separate or combined sewer system In a neighbourhood with a combined sewer system all of the surface runoff generated from impervious surfaces in that neighbourhood which has not been intercepted and utilised by rainwater tanks or stormwater stores is directed into the wastewater system e The parameter percentage surface runoff as inflow should be set to 10096 e The Wastewater System Capacity should be enabled and set to OkL Base flow from the groundwater store flows onto the stormwater system regardless of whether a separate or combined sewer system is selected in a neighbourhood Stormwater flowing into a neighbourhood from an upstream neighbourhood stays in the stormwater system this can be used to represent streams and creeks flowing through a neighbourhood Overflows from a combined sewer system are directed into the neighbourhood
99. epression storage is lost to evaporation daily The equation to calculate non effective area runoff is effective roof area average roof area roof area maximum i NT in a land block initial loss non effective rain and roof surface neighbourhood area runoff snowmelt storagelev el area a ae NEAR 100 ERA 100 RS RIL RST roof ea Neigh 100 EPA 100 RS PIL PST paved neigh area effective L paved area average paved paved area surface store area ina initial loss 100 ERDA 100 RS_ RDIL RDST road ea Neighsrea L road area road area effective road maximum road surface within a area initial loss store level neighbourhood Effective impervious surface runoff IRUN Effective impervious surface runoff is the amount of water from impervious surfaces road paved and roof that contributes to the total stormwater flow The concept of effective impervious area has been used in several rainfall runoff models such as ILLUDAS Maidment 1993 ILLSAX O Loughlin 1991 STORM Abbott 1977 Dendrou 1982 and SWMM Metcalf amp Eddy Inc et al 1971 and Aquacycle Mitchell 2000 This concept is used to represent the proportion of impervious surfaces which are directly connected to the stormwater drainage system The remainder of the impervious surfaces which are not directly connected drain onto adjacent pervious surfaces see Non effective impervious surface run
100. es for which the calculation must be made to find a minimum or maximum value are separated by commas For example in the equation below the required value of Drain is the minimum value of June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 49 of 176 either LS1 LSg multiplied by the Draingay or LS1 LSe multipied by the Drainy This notation is used throughout the water balance algorithms Drain min LS1 LS Draings Drainmaxl Precipitation processes Precipitation is the amount of rain or snow that falls on an area over a specified time period This is obtained from the climate file which is an input file to UVQ A description of the climate file and the required format is given in Climate Input File Representing snowfall and snowmelt If the simulate snow option is selected in the snow screen UVQ converts precipitation into snow when the days mean air temperature is less than or equal to the snowfall threshold temperature specified in the snow screen A snowfall threshold temperature of 0 C is often used in hydrologic models that represent snow accumulation and ablation Westerstrom 1984 You can specify if the snow does or does not accumulate on the roads paved areas and roofs in the snow screen while snow automatically accumulates on the garden and open space surfaces If the snow falling on these impervious surfaces does not accumulate then it is immediately converted to snow melt effectively becoming rain on the surface Accumula
101. es maximum initial loss for the Heatherwood development project Table 11 Estimated Heatherwood maximum initial loss parameters Data Requirement Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood 2 Neighbourhood 3 residential commercial industrial Roof area maximum 1 1 1 initial loss mm Paved area maximum 2 2 2 initial loss mm Road area maximum 2 2 2 initial loss mm If you are using the worksheets on the Calibration Variables worksheet enter the roof paved and road areas maximum initial loss within the neighbourhood in the equivalent fields in the Stormwater frame section of the worksheet June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 107 of 176 Estimating effective impervious surface area The effective impervious surface area is the percentage of the impervious surfaces that is connected directly to a stormwater drainage system The concept of effective impervious area has been used in several rainfall runoff models such as ILLUDAS Maidment 1993 ILLSAX O Loughlin 1991 STORM Abbott 1977 Dendrou 1982 and SWMM Metcalf amp Eddy Inc et al 1971 and Aquacycle Mitchell 2000 The percentage of impervious surfaces that are directly connected to the drainage system varies greatly In one survey of nine Australian urban neighbourhoods Boyd et al 1993 found that the proportion of impervious area directly connected ranged from 3196 to 10096 Table 12 lists the initial estimates of effective impervio
102. evable at a later time An aquifer has a finite maximum rate at which it can accept water through an injection well Pavelic et al 1992 this rate is a function of the hydraulic gradient aquifer permeability and length and type of screen in the injection well Oaksford 1985 The maximum rate of retrieval of the injected water through pumping is also finite The use of a temporary surface store would lessen the problem of limits on the rate at which water can be transferred into or out of the aquifer The operation of the aquifer storage and recovery system can be represented by the following water balance equations with the first equation relating to the surface section of the system and the second relating to the sub surface section of the system as shown in Figure 41 AS AS 4 Ing lj R Ca Oa E P Ar Atitl R where AS is the surface storage volume at the end of the current time step A is the aquifer storage volume at the end of the current time step In is the supply of water for recharge in the current time step C is the volume of water taken from the surface store for water consumption in the current time step O is the surface store overflow in the current time step lj is the volume of water injected into the aquifer in the current time step R is the volume of water recovered from the aquifer in the current time step E is the evaporation from the surface store in the current time step P is the precipitat
103. ewater exfiltration impacts the quality and quantity of water within the groundwater and ultimately the stormwater The estimated wastewater exfiltration ratio for the wastewater system within each neighbourhood within the Heatherwood Development Project is 0 03 If you are using the worksheets on the Physical Characteristics worksheet enter the wastewater exfiltration ratio for each neighbourhood June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 104 of 176 Estimating wastewater infiltration parameters Wastewater infiltration is the water that flows into the wastewater system from the surrounding soil and pipe bedding media following rainfall runoff events To calculate infiltration UVQ requires that you provide an initial estimate of the infiltration index ratio and the infiltration store recession constant ratio for each neighbourhood within a study area The infiltration index is the ratio of water that flows from the soil stores into the temporary infiltration store due to the excess in soil storage capacity The infiltration store recession constant regulates the rate at which water flows into the wastewater pipes from the temporary infiltration store Table 10 gives the initial estimates of the infiltration parameters for the Heatherwood Development Project Table 10 Estimated Heatherwood infiltration parameters Data Requirement Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood 2 Neighbourhood 3 residential commercial industrial Infiltration Ind
104. ex 0 05 0 0 05 ratio Infiltration Store 0 1 0 0 1 Recession Constant ratio If you are using the worksheets on the Calibration Variables worksheet enter the infiltration parameters for each neighbourhood Estimating the surface runoff as inflow percentage The surface runoff as inflow is the percentage of the surface runoff generated in the neighbourhood which flows into the wastewater pipe system rather than the stormwater system due to possible illegal connections The surface runoff as inflow percentage for each neighbourhood within the Heatherwood Development Project is estimated to be 3 percent If you are modelling a combined sewer system where stormwater and wastewater flow through the same pipes this value needs to be set to 100 If you are using the worksheets on the Calibration Variables worksheet enter the surface runoff as inflow for each neighbourhood in the wastewater frame Estimating the dry weather overflow rate The dry weather overflow rate is the percentage of wastewater that overflows from the wastewater system into the stormwater system due to pipe choking or blockage This type of overflow can occur on a daily basis As the Heatherwood Development Project is a new build site the dry weather overflow rate for each neighbourhood within the study area wastewater system is estimated to be 0 If you are using the worksheets on the Calibration Variables worksheet enter the dry weather o
105. f water overflowing from the soil stores due to excess in capacity which flows into the temporary infiltration store Controls the rate in which water flows into wastewater pipes from the temporary infiltration store Percentage Surface Runoff as Inflow 96 Proportion of surface runoff generated in the neighbourhood which flows into the wastewater pipe system rather that the stormwater system Dry Weather Overflow Rate The proportion of wastewater which overflows from the wastewater system due to pipe chokes Wastewater System Capacity kL June 2010 The trigger represents the maximum amount of wastewater the neighbourhood wastewater system can convey each day All wastewater flowing into the wastewater system in excess of this capacity then becomes overflow Version 1 2 Page 34 of 176 Field Irrigation frame Description Garden Trigger to Irrigate This is a ratio value between 0 and 1 representing the level of soil wetness that the garden irrigator wishes to maintain If the soil water storage level in the proportion of the garden that is irrigated drops below this trigger level then irrigation water is requested from the various sources available to it Open Space Trigger to Irrigate Average Volumes frame This Neighbourhood tab This is a ratio value between 0 and 1 representing the level of soil wetness that the open space irrigator wishes to maintain If the soil water st
106. ff from larger areas such as an urban catchment can also display a pattern of initially higher concentrations of contaminants Cordery 1977 Infiltration from a stormwater store only occurs when the two layer soil store is selected Infiltration is calculated from the area of the store and the infiltration index In order to increase the overall quality of the runoff entering the tank an initial quantity of runoff may be diverted from the inflow Therefore the option to divert the first flush of flow away from a stormwater store is available Wastewater treatment and storage operation Compared to stormwater runoff which is intermittent the discharge of wastewater is constant Wastewater treatment units usually operate on the basis of inflow displacing water within the plant creating outflow It can be assumed at a daily scale that there is no lag between inflow and the consequent outflow hence a continuous flow of effluent leaves a treatment unit This effluent flow may either be stored for latter use or disposed of Since it is assumed that the wastewater treatment process causes no lag in the flow only the storage of the wastewater effluent requires modelling The operation of the wastewater store Figure 40 can be represented by the water balance equation W Wi Myw C uw uw Eb P where W is the wastewater storage volume at the end of the current time step and W1 is the wastewater storage level at the end of the previou
107. ficit of rainwater tank water Number of times rain tanks in neighbourhood failed to fully meet demand Subsurface greywater available for irrigation Demand for subsurface greywater irrigation water Use of subsurface greywater irrigation water Spillage from subsurface greywater irrigation water Deficit of subsurface greywater irrigation water m 3 y number y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y Number of times subsurface greywater irrigation systems in neighbourhood failed to fully meet demand Inflow to on site wastewater store Demand for on site wastewater On site wastewater store usage Spillage from on site wastewater store Deficit of on site wastewater store Annual volumetric vulnerability of on site wastewater store number y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y ratio Number of times on site treated wastewater store in neighbourhood failed to fully meet demand Inflow to neighbourhood stormwater store Neighbourhood stormwater store demand Neighbourhood stormwater store usage Neighbourhood stormwater store deficit Neighbourhood stormwater store spillage Neighbourhood stormwater store event failure Inflow to neighbourhood scale wastewater storage Demand for neighbourhood scale wastewater store water Use of neighbourhood scale wastewater store water Spillage of neighbourhood scale wastewater store water Deficit of neighbourhood scale wastewater store water number y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m 3 y m
108. ge from the potable pipe network flows and contaminant loads PlmUVOSWinput txt PlmUVOWWinput txt These files provide the AISUWRS pipe leakage model input flows and contaminant loads Worksheets This section contains the worksheets you will use during the tutorial Each screen within UVQ has a corresponding worksheet You will add information to these worksheets throughout the tutorial then use the information to create your simulations The worksheets you will use are e Project information e Physical characteristics of land blocks and neighbourhoods e Water Flow e Calibrated variables e Land Block Parameters e Neighbourhood Parameters e Study Area Parameters Project Information Field Data Project description Study area ha Number of neighbourhoods Soil store types Contaminants for analysis in this study Optional user defined contaminants June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 161 of 176 Physical Characteristics of Land Blocks and Neighbourhoods Physical Characteristics of Land Blocks and Neighbourhoods Field Neighbourhood Frame Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood 2 Neighbourhood 3 Total Area ha Road Area ha Open Space Area ha Percentage of Open Space Irrigated 26 Imported supply leakage 96 Wastewater as Exfiltration ratio Land Block Frame Number of Land Blocks Block Area m Average Occupancy Garden Area
109. ghbourhood Selecting this option enables the Select Neighbourhoods function Any combination of neighbourhoods can be selected from this drop down list Toilet The water in the stormwater store can be used for toilet flushing in any neighbourhood Selecting this option enables the Select Neighbourhoods function Any combination of neighbourhoods can be selected from this drop down list Contaminant Removal Efficiency frame Highlighted Contaminants Specify the removal efficiency that occurs in the study area stormwater store for the selected contaminants UVQ Processes The chapter describes in detail the processes represented within UVQ and the algorithms used for their calculation The process are described in three sections firstly the generic concepts of both the water and contaminant balance are described These concepts are applicable to all other processing steps occurring in UVQ Secondly the standard and alternative water system processes are explained These are the processes which describe the hydrologic water cycle such as precipitation pervious and impervious surface runoff evaporation soil store processes and groundwater recharge Also described are the anthropogenic water cycle processes irrigation groundwater extraction imported water supply and leakage stormwater discharge wastewater discharge infiltration exfiltration and overflow The alternative water management approaches that are represented i
110. he average contaminant loads due to householders in the bathroom toilet kitchen and laundry within a land block Imported mg L Specify the contaminant concentration of the water imported into the neighbourhood This value is used for all imported water to the study area Rainfall mg L Specify the contaminant concentration of the rainfall throughout the neighbourhood This value is used for all rainfall in the study area Pavement Runoff mg L Specify the average contaminant concentration of the pavement runoff within your average land block Roof Runoff mg L Specify the average contaminant concentration of the average roof runoff within an average land block Road Runoff mg L Specify the event mean contaminant concentrations of the road runoff in a neighbourhood June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 29 of 176 Field Roof First Flush mg L Data Description The roof first flush is the water that is prevented from entering a rain water tank to prevent pollutants from entering the tank The first flush runoff may carry more pollutants in it than the following runoff Specify the average contaminant concentrations of the roof first flush within an average land block Fertiliser to POS mg ha day Specify the contaminant loads of fertiliser used on the public open spaces within the neighbourhoods Evaporation mg L Specify the contaminant concentrations of evaporat
111. he contaminants loads are mixed within the store and any load associated with the evaporation stream specified is subtracted The stormwater store sludge is then calculated from the user specified removal efficiency The removal efficiency will depend on the contaminant and the type of process being modelled For example if a simple retention basin is being represented removal of suspended material will be between 40 and 60 If a higher level of treatment is assumed i e microfiltration then up to 99 9 of suspended material will be removed Some suggested values for removal efficiencies of the stormwater treatment processes are given in Australian Runoff Quality 2004 Once the sludge calculation is complete and the contaminants have been removed from the store the remaining contaminants are either retained within the stormwater store or flow to the land block toilet or garden the neighbourhood public open space or overflow to the study area total stormwater output The destination of the output from the store is specified by the user The calculated concentration of these output streams is the same June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 85 of 176 Land block Neighbourhood Precipitation Evaporation 1 d 12 To toilet From 1 Land Neighbourhoods Retained Bead block 168 volume udy area To garden 172 Stormwater store 205 To public Neighbour open space hood To study area Study area stormwater out Figure 36 Study area s
112. hin the urban water system Scenario analyses and new strategies Karlsruhe Germany Farley T Zoppou C Gray S amp Mitchell G 2003 Development and Implementation of the Water Contaminant Balance Model Urban Volume and Quality UVQ Report No T1 7 of the CSIRO Urban Water Program Farley T F N 2000 Contaminant Balance Component of Urban Water Volume and Quality UVQ Model Technical Description Report for the CSIRO Urban Water Program CSIRO Canberra Federer C A 1979 A Soil Plant Atmosphere Model for Transpiration and Availability of Soil Water Water Resources Research Vol 15 3 pp 555 562 Foster S S D Morris B L and Lawrence A R 1994 Effects of urbanisation on groundwater recharge Groundwater problems in urban areas London Thomas Telford pp 43 63 Heeps D P 1977 Efficiency in Industrial Municipal and Domestic Water Use Australian Water Resources Council Technical Paper Research Project No 72 41 Huber W C and Dickinson R E 1992 Storm Water Management Model Version 4 User Manual EPA 600 3 88 001a U S Environment Protection Agency Klemes V 1986 Operational testing of hydrological simulation models Hydrological Sciences Vol 31 1 pp 13 24 Law I B 1997 Domestic Non Potable Reuse Why Even Consider it AWWA 17th Federal Convention Melbourne AWWA pp 135 142 Maidment D R Ed 1993 Handbook of Hydrology New York McGraw Hill Inc Versi
113. hood 1 Neighbourhood 2 Neighbourhood 3 residential commercial industrial Number of land blocks 711 1 75 Block Area m average 620 12000 9300 size If you are using the worksheets on the Physical Characteristics Of Land Blocks and Neighbourhoods worksheet enter the number of land blocks within each neighbourhood in June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 97 of 176 the Number of Land Blocks field and the average land block size in the Block Area field in the Land Block frame section Defining the surface area coverage Because different surface types impact upon the quality and the quantity of water in the urban water cycle UVQ requires detailed information abut the impervious and pervious surface coverage within your study area This section shows you how to define the surface area coverage within your study area in the manner required by UVQ Defining the impervious and pervious surface dimensions To simulate the impact of the impervious and pervious surfaces on the quantity of stormwater and wastewater systems UVQ requires that you specify the dimensions of pervious and impervious surface at the neighbourhood scale and the land block scale Pervious areas comprise of open space within neighbourhoods and gardens within land blocks Impervious surfaces areas are the surfaces within the study area that water does not infiltrate to the soil The impervious surfaces UVQ regards as having a significant effect on the amoun
114. hs option Data can be presented in a number of ways histograms pie graphs or monthly and yearly time series Many combinations of different sources and uses for the many flow streams can also be selected The numbering of the flow stream correlates to the identifying numbers used in the contaminant flow diagrams in Appendix I Contaminant Flow Diagrams Version 1 2 Page 118 of 176 Viewing Results Heatherwood Development Tutorial 1 EIE Summary Statistics Technology Performance Other Table Type Water C Contaminant Select Spatial Scale Neighbourhood Study Area THE ANNUAL WATER BALANCE areal depth mm Study Area Precipitation Imported water Stormwater inflow Wastewater inflow Evaporation Stormwater runoff Wastewater discharge Change in storage Transfer of water ve means net input Copy T able Close Results screen 1 Summary statistics gt Water and Contaminant Balance June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 119 of 176 Viewing Results Heatherwood Development Tutorial 1 Summary Statistics Technology Performance Other Select Spatial Scale f Neighbourhood 1 4 E C Study Area AVERAGE LANDBLOCK WATER USAGE HEIGHBOURHOOD 1 i Irrigation kL hh mth Kitchen Bathroom amp Laundry 10 W Toilet 0 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 Graph Controls lt
115. ial O study area neighbourhood goes outflow to Stormwater from O study area O study area O study area neighbourhood goes outflow outflow outflow to Note The stormwater system configuration may be defined in the same way However within this tutorial the stormwater from all neighbourhoods is set to 0 flowing to the Study Area Output If you are using the worksheets on the Water Flow worksheet enter the neighbourhood to which the wastewater flows for each neighbourhood within the study area Defining the wastewater system exfiltration and inflow infiltration parameters The physical condition of the wastewater infrastructure impacts upon the quantity of the wastewater and thus the overall quality of water flows from the study area Water from cracked and broken pipes within the wastewater infrastructure enables water to flow into infiltration and out of exfiltration the wastewater system To determine the impact these processes have on the movement of water and contaminants through the study area UVQ requires that you specify estimate the e wastewater exfiltration ratio e wastewater infiltration parameters e surface runoff as inflow percentage e dry weather overflow rate e wastewater system capacity Specifying the wastewater exfiltration ratio Wastewater exfiltration is the ratio of water leaking from the wastewater system into the groundwater store through cracked and broken pipes Wast
116. ial 2 Investigating alternative servicing approaches Land Block options The effect of installing a rainwater tank and an on site wastewater treatment unit on the imported water stormwater and wastewater flows can be investigated by creating storages in the Land Block Water Management Features screen 1 OpenUVQ 2 From the File drop down menu click the Open Project option Open Tutorial2 uvq which will be located in the input directory of your installation package 3 From the toolbar buttons on the Main screen click Land Block to view the Land Block Water Management Features screen The tutorial file Tutorial2 uvq has 5 kL raintanks for laundry and bathroom uses for all the houses in Neighbourhood 1 and an on site wastewater treatment plant for toilet flushing and garden irrigation in all the houses in Neighbourhood 1 The on site wastewater unit will need to treat to a high quality to provide water suitable for use inside the home thus 9096 removal for all contaminants is suggested Land Block Water Management Features Heatherwood Development project d rz xj Ex Ed ck s within Neighbourhood 1 5 kL on site Tip On Site Wastewater Unit Supplies to First Flush to Treat the Following Soi Wa stewa t er 5 kL v Bathroom Stomwate Sti ity 5 kL Bathroom i eee units for 0 kL M Laundy C Garden Esposed Surface 0 mf v Laundry First Flush 0
117. ic open space areas the percentage of open space irrigated and the leakage from potable supply and exfiltration from wastewater collection network To model the contaminant balance the user must also define contaminant concentration in the runoff from roads and the fertiliser added to open space areas June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 15 of 176 land block open space road area Figure 6 An example of a residential neighbourhood Alternatively the land blocks in the neighbourhood could be used for commercial industrial or institutional purposes A neighbourhood that simulates an industrial area may only contain industrial land blocks and roads Figure 7 A neighbourhood that simulates an area used for institutional purposes such as large university campuses may contain the institutional land blocks a number of open spaces and roads Alternatively a neighbourhood may contain solely open space or solely roads or solely land blocks Figure 7 An example industrial neighbourhood Modelling the neighbourhood allows you to investigate the impact of alternate water management options for a neighbourhood and how the demand for water changes according to the pattern of the relevant land use There is also the opportunity to represent the behaviour of a cooperative group of land blocks which share a stormwater storage facility or wastewater treatment plant June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 16 of 176 The land block scale functions still occur
118. ical characteristics supply and usage options and process efficiencies for land block raintank and on site wastewater treatment systems Neighbourhood neighbourhood water management features screen details the physical characteristics supply and usage options and process efficiencies of neighbourhood stormwater wastewater and groundwater storage and treatment options Study Area study area water management features screen details the physical characteristics supply and usage options and process efficiencies of study area stormwater and wastewater storage and treatment options June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 25 of 176 Project information screen Figure 10 shows the default Project Information screen which describes overall project data This screen can be used to select the type of soil store to be represented and the contaminants to be simulated including three user specified options Further details of the user input to this screen are found in Tutorial Project Information Project Description New Prec Study Area Size z la Number of Neighbourhoods 1 Soil Store Type Partial Area C Two Layer Contaminants Active Short name Long name Active Short name Long name A om En Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Nitrogen Arsenic Copper Nickel TTT xI c S S 4 cg o Figure 10 Sample Project Information screen June 2010 Version 1 2 P
119. ilet Land block From Neighbourhoods Retained 170 volume 177 Study area To garden Wastewater store 206 To public Neighbour open space hood 176 To study area wastewater out Bry area Figure 37 Study area wastewater store contaminant inputs and outputs June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 86 of 176 Study area evaporation The study area total evaporated contaminants is calculated from the sum of all the user specified evaporated contaminants and will have the same concentration as the user specified value which can be different for different neighbourhoods The representation of contaminants evaporation in UVQ is the contaminants evaporate from surface stores on all impervious surfaces and from subsurface stores of pervious surfaces Whilst this is not an accurate representation of the behaviour of evaporated contaminants this simplification was required in order to match water and contaminants flow calculations Contaminants loads from the land block paved area garden and roof the neighbourhood roads open space and stormwater and wastewater stores all loads from other neighbourhoods and from the study area stormwater and wastewater stores are summed to provide the total study area evaporation From Study area Total Study area wastewater store Evaporation From Study area stormwater store Paved Garden Roof area From land block Road From Neighbourhood B C Public water Waste open Store water
120. impact on the hydrological cycle June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 3 of 176 Abdulrazzak et al 1989 It has proved to be both flexible and readily understandable van de Ven 1988 Dexter and Avery 1991 Whilst there have been a number of models developed for predicting movement of contaminants within rural areas or from urban areas to sub surface or open water courses few have focused on the tracking of water borne contaminants within the existing urban environment in detail Additionally none examine the impacts of alternative water servicing options on the flows of contaminants within the urban environment and the effects on discharges to subsurface and open watercourses as well as to existing treatment plants and infrastructure Water quality aspects as well as water quantity and sizing of infrastructure are essential assessment considerations for alternative water servicing options Thus in addition to providing an integrated approach to water servicing options in the urban environment UVQ also provides a method for tracking water associated contaminants through the urban environment The mapping of the contaminants in the model coincides with the mapping for the water balance This approach allows direct representation of the effects of alterations to water services on the movement and distribution of contaminants in the urban environment Contaminants are all modelled conservatively with no conversion or degradation within the existing
121. in which stormwater and wastewater flow though the study area Figure 9 June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 17 of 176 77 Neighbourhood Wastewater and Stormwater Flow Links Doncaster Project B X Wastewater pe Stormwater Move Display Menma Wastewater Study Area M Outlet Line Width Thick hd Study Area Outlet Figure 9 Example of stormwater and wastewater flows between neighbourhoods as represented in UVQ Pervious and impervious areas In the modelling approach used in UVQ two types of surface are represented pervious and impervious Pervious surface areas Pervious areas are any areas where water penetrates and re distributes into the soil through infiltration such as gardens parks and open spaces There are two conceptual representations of pervious surface areas and their underlying pervious soil 1 partial area approach 2 two layer approach See the UVQ Processes chapter for an explanation of how these two soil store representations differ Impervious surface areas Impervious surface areas are areas where water does not infiltrate through the surface They are divided into three separate surfaces within each neighbourhood e roads e roofs and e paved areas June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 18 of 176 The redistribution of water from these surfaces requires some understanding of the surface types their location in the study area and their physical characteristics
122. infrastructure and with simple mixing and removal processes as the basis for calculations What UVQ does UVQ simulates an integrated urban water system within an urban area and estimates the contaminant loads and the volume of the water flows throughout the water systems from source to discharge point It has been designed to be very flexible in the manner in which water services are represented and provides the ability to represent a wide range of conventional and more recently emerging techniques for providing water supply stormwater and wastewater services to either an existing urban area or a site which is to be urbanized UVQ uses the concept of an urban volume which is a cube with unit surface horizontal area that extends from a height above the roof level to a depth below the groundwater table Figure 2 illustrates the urban volume precipitation evapotranspiratio imported water stormwater recharge pumping Urban Volume Figure 2 The conceptual representation of the urban water cycle June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 4 of 176 This concept allows water transfers to be modelled as depths with individual surface components accumulating or dispersing water The concept allows the modelling of a wide range of urban forms and increased model capability Some examples of UVQ functions are e provide insight into the movement of water and contaminants in the urban area e ascertai
123. into the groundwater store from the reticulated water infrastructure is required it can be set to 0 Estimates for this value can be made or local water supply organisations may provide a value Table 6 specifies the imported supply leakage percentage for each neighbourhood within the Heatherwood project as advised by the Metropolis City Water Board June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 101 of 176 Table 6 Heatherwood water system leakage parameters Data Requirement Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood 2 Neighbourhood 3 residential commercial industrial Imported water 5 5 5 leakage 96 If you are using the worksheets on the Physical Characteristics worksheet enter the imported water leakage percentage for each neighbourhood in the Imported Supply Leakage field Setting the irrigation parameters Irrigation is the amount of water provided to supplement precipitation to maintain the desired vegetation condition or growth rate UVQ requires that you specify the percentage of garden and open space within each neighbourhood which is irrigated For UVQ to calculate the volume of irrigation required to maintain growth you must also estimate a trigger to irrigate ratio The trigger to irrigate represents the level of soil wetness that the irrigator wants to maintain If the soil water storage level drops below this trigger level then irrigation is requested from the various sources available to it Table 7 and
124. ion entering the surface store in the current time step AS is the surface storage volume at the end of the previous time step and A1 is the aquifer storage volume at the end of the previous time step The recharge of the aquifer is limited by the maximum rate of recharge and the availability of the aquifer storage while the recovery of water from the aquifer is limited by the maximum rate of recovery and the availability of water in the aquifer Since the aquifer is an underground store there is no loss due to evaporation or storage gain through incident precipitation There is also assumed to be no deep seepage from the aquifer June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 90 of 176 s BEEGHSHODUES A i surface section water supply In evaporation E overflow O water demand C surface store AS S sub surface recovery Ra section recharge Ij Aquifer storage A Figure 41 Aquifer storage and recovery system structure Transfer of water between neighbourhoods Stormwater and wastewater can be transferred between neighbourhoods for reuse For example when water from Neighbourhood 2 is used in Neighbourhood 1 this is considered a transfer of water out of Neighbourhood 2 and into Neighbourhood 1 It is not a flow due to stormwater or wastewater drainage it is a flow due to the reuse of stormwater or wastewater A positive value for the Transfer of water indicates the amount of water sourced from other Neighb
125. is No E ad Calibration Variables epa e t orte Er oer pP Se ARE REN Pee ep toD POR IERI Eoo SERE E EUENE 31 TeTo fale ETA EIS aA SEET EE A E EAE E T QT 32 Snow accumulation and redistribution SCI een secius sarete tiri iner REE 36 Land Block Water Management Features SCreCN sccccsssssceesssscesssssecesssnseeesssaeeeesesseeeeeses 38 Neighbourhood scale management feature screen esses eese enne 40 Study area parameters ise voass erras bv rekc sk e vues EH vel daba bas ckiv au ako Feu dab EV Pu S2 REY yVa SERT Pa DERE dd 45 UVA rore Lii HIDE 47 Generic Concepts o ede ei to ERO Feed Quid re a deo Feed mure i perd Fee Eai 47 Conventional water system pFOCesses esed nde tua ride ua kinda ride san vua ee dug a ke uve genae guai 48 PKecIDILOLIOD DI OCOSSBS ceo ecesos tek ve any adieu nns eas agus a duse ssaspeu sese AEA ERE EEA sce Cus 50 Representing Snowfall and snowmelt eese esee nnne ener nnne ennt anat nnn 50 Main Stormwater DIDEBSSBSA ics tescsachotana tais tte a eo oi aee oet EEA EEEN 51 June 2010 Version 1 2 Evaporation from impervious su faces Exsghuucagssuinircsdibssa A TR 52 Non effective impervious surface runoff NEAR esses 53 Effective impervious surface runoff IRUN sessi 54 Pervious Soll store PROCESSES sie poetas tb d ERREUR AUR RA PR T CR ERRARE ERR GRRRPA ERU PERRO MEN Ru 55 EXcese MUNI ONE KC ue e iiu EIDEM MI M M 55 Actual evapotranspiration
126. isture level throughout Surface ponding and overland flow do not occur until the soil moisture storage capacity of the store is exceeded This may over estimate the ability of precipitation and irrigation to wet the soil profile and underestimate runoff in intense rainfall events when infiltration capacity of the soil profile is exceeded There is no lateral movement of moisture in the soil profile Therefore there is no transfer of moisture between the soil and groundwater stores in different neighbourhoods All soil below impervious surfaces is regarded as dry If there is no garden on the land block there can be no leach field associated with a septic tank June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 21 of 176 The removal of contaminants by the pervious soil store is specified by the user as a percentage Contaminant concentrations in runoff from the garden and public open space are calculated separately from their different input loads Partial area approach Assumptions specific to the partial area approach are There is no transfer of moisture between the two pervious stores Any moisture in excess of either of the two partial area soil storages capacity overflows the store and is separated into surface runoff groundwater recharge and infiltration into the wastewater system according to user defined calibration parameters The septic tank system leach field drains into both soil stores If there is no garden on the land block there can be
127. ixes with any loads associated with land block treatment or reuse processes either greywater or on site wastewater streams Any contaminant load associated with evaporation specified is subtracted and then the sludge load is calculated from the user specified soil store removal efficiency Once the sludge is calculated remaining contaminants are either retained within the soil store or flow to infiltration or groundwater stores The calculated concentration of these two streams 71 and 72 will be the same June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 81 of 176 Land block Precipitation Fertiliser From raintank E From roof P I From tap p e 76 Runoff to From pavement p B Garden surface stormwater From storm water store Z2 Mix operation out From Land block From wastewater store 3 From groundwater P us gt store From Study area 75 storm water store From study area 74 gt Evapogation wastewater store i Subsurface AZ greywater irrigation Retained volume On site wastewater 93 leachfield or b8 irrigation 4 Infiltration To Groundwater From hood area From Study Neighbour Garden subsurface 200 From Land block Figure 32 Garden pervious soil store contaminants inputs and outputs Public open space In order to represent contaminant fluxes to and from the open space pervious soil store the store is split into surface and subsurface operations Precipitation specified and any
128. kL Kitchen Gn site wu Initial Storage Level OkL IV Kitchen tol let and Toilet v Toilet garden Garden Backup Supply from 7 Supplies to Excess Drain to Storage Backup Trigger Level ratio 0 Iv Toilet C Stormwater 5 v Garden Wastewater Stormwater Store in Neighbourhood No 0 G A Leachfield Wastewater Store in Neighbourhood No 0 r Contaminant Removal Efficiency r Contaminant Removal Efficiency B 0d 0 SS 60 F Strep N A 0 B ga SS g0 F Strep 0 NA K Dnf 3507 T Enddis T NA K UN 30 soe T Endds J 7 Imported Na p P 30 TOC o Vis 0 N A 0 Na Oop 90 TOC 0 irus 0 N A 0 t water r Sub Surface Greywater Irrigation r Imported Water i Collected from Kitchen Bathroom Laundry r supplies garden Template Cancel irrigation IS unchecked 4 Run the model then check the effect on total water and wastewater flows in the Calibration Variable screen 5 For more detailed results go to the Results Screen via the View menu then select the Technology Performance gt Rainwater Tank or gt On site wastewater June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 128 of 176 drop down menu item The results are shown in Results Screens 10 and 11 below BE viewing Results Heatherwood Development project Summary Statistics Technology Performance Other Table Type Select Spalial Scale Water Neighbourhood 1 4 gt Contaminant C Study Area RAINTANK SYSTEM PERFORMANCE NEIGHBOURHOOD 1 2 5 Rai
129. l evaporation and average daily temperature It is preferable that the precipitation and potential evaporation and for a given day are the 24 hour measurements for midnight to midnight Although 9 am readings for the 24 hours preceding 9 am can be used with little impact expected Project File The project file contains all the data input through the UVQ model interface and the climate data User settings defined in UVQ are saved to this file The user can create scenarios by changing parameter settings and saving under a different project file name Results UVQ reports results within the interface and also via csv files The types of results generated in the UVQ interface are e Summary statistics e Technology performance June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 140 of 176 e User defined graphs Within each of these categories there are a number of tabular and graphical representations of model simulation results as outlined below Summary Statistics The summary statistics results reports are e Water and contaminant balance e Climate statistics e Land block water use e Land block irrigation e Public open space and land block irrigation For more detail of these results screen see Tutorial Technology Performance The technology performance results reports are e Rain tank e Sub surface greywater irrigation e On site wastewater e Neighbourhood stormwater e Neighbourhood wastewater e Aquifer storage and recovery e Study area stormwater
130. lation run Collected Wastewater from Land Blocks in this When this option is selected then the wastewater Neighbourhood leaving the land blocks in the neighbourhood is directed into the wastewater store Collect Wastewater from Upstream When this option is selected then the wastewater Neighbourhoods that flows into this neighbourhood from upstream neighbourhoods is directed into the wastewater store Overflow to Stormwater Wastewater Contaminant Removal Efficiency frame The user has the choice of directing the overflow from the wastewater store into the neighbourhood stormwater or wastewater system Highlighted contaminants Specify the removal efficiency that occurs in the neighbourhood wastewater store for the selected contaminants June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 43 of 176 Field Description Wastewater Store Supplies frame Garden The water in the wastewater store can be used for garden irrigation in any neighbourhood Selecting this option enables the Select Neighbourhoods function Any combination of neighbourhoods can be selected from this drop down list Open Space Irrigation The water in the wastewater store can be used for open space irrigation in any neighbourhood Selecting this option enables the Select Neighbourhoods function Any combination of neighbourhoods can be selected from this drop down list Toilet The water in the wastewater store can be used for toi
131. let flushing in any neighbourhood Selecting this option enables the Select Neighbourhoods function Any combination of neighbourhoods can be selected from this drop down list Groundwater and Imported Water tab Figure 18 is a sample of the Neighbourhood Scale Management Feature screen with the Groundwater and Imported Water tab active Neighbourhood Water Management Features New Project r Neighbourhood 1 Stormwater amp ASR Wastewater Groundwater amp Imported Water Groundwater and Imported Water Groundwater Imported Water IV Supplies Open Space Irrigation Initial Storage Level kL Supplies Garden Irrigation Open Space Irrigation Template Cancel Figure 18 Sample Neighbourhood Scale Management Features screen with the Groundwater and Imported Water tab active June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 44 of 176 Table 8 describes the data requirements for the Groundwater and Imported Water tab in the Neighbourhood Scale Management Feature screen Table 8 Groundwater and Imported Water tab in the Neighbourhood scale management feature screen data descriptions Field Description Groundwater frame Initial Storage Level kL The amount of water which is already held in the groundwater store on the first day of the simulation run Supplies Garden Irrigation Open Space Irrigation Groundwater can be used to provide garden and or open space irrigation within the neighbourhood
132. levels in the stores are between the field capacity and the maximum storage capacity the water in each store drains downwards through the action of gravity The upper store drains water into the June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 60 of 176 lower store which subsequently drains into the groundwater store representing the process of groundwater recharge If there is insufficient spare capacity in the lower store drainage from the upper store is limited If a septic disposal leach field is present a land block the treated wastewater enters the lower soil store Figure 26 illustrates the pervious soil store process actual rain and evapotranspiration snowmelt non effective NER E a1 RS irrigation area runoff IR NEAR pervious surface runoff SRUN LS max upper soil store 1 actual nee evapotranspiration drain 1 septic disposal SD Ea2 VA LS max lowersoil Petes E store 2 i LS re drain 2 infiltration store recharge RIS groundwater recharge GWR total garden area A Figure 26 Pervious soil store process June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 61 of 176 The equation to calculate the level of water in the upper 2 layer store level is 2 layer upper soil non effective actual store level area runoff evapotranspiration le E L5 1 2LS1 RS NEAR IR E SRUN I l1 I rain and irrigation pervious snowmelt surface runoff The equation to calculate the level of
133. ll event A user specifies the proportion of water draining from the lower soil store which flows into the infiltration store via the infiltration index The equation to calculate the amount of infiltration source recharge from a 2 layer pervious soil store is drainage infiltration amount from store recharge lower soil store rs RIS II Drain infiltration index June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 65 of 176 Irrigation IR for a 2 layer soil store Irrigation is the amount of water provided to supplement precipitation to maintain the desired garden condition or growth rate Irrigation is applied only to the pervious stores The quantity of irrigation is a function of the water requirements of plants in the garden and the personal behaviour of the gardener The water requirements of plants in a garden is determined by prevailing climatic conditions type of vegetation contained in the garden soil type and the amount of area that is irrigated Heeps 1977 Power et al 1981 The personal behaviour of the gardener is affected by perceived plant water need desired garden condition and response to cost of water As a result individual watering practices are extremely variable Irrigation is applied to the upper soil store when the storage level drops below the user defined trigger to irrigate level in order to make up the deficit To determine the volume of water required to meet the irrigation demand the user specifics the perc
134. low volumes calculated by the water balance model are combined with contaminant concentration data Temporal scale UVQ uses a daily time step for computation with the model output summed to monthly and annual totals UVQ uses a climate file to define the temporal period simulated The maximum time period of a single simulation is limited to 100 years June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 13 of 176 Spatial scales UVQ uses three spatial scales to represent the urban area The and block scale the neighbourhood scale and the study area scale UVQ requires the configuration parameters of each spatial scale before it can simulate the urban area Land block A land block represents a single property that may contain building s paved areas and garden areas A common example of a land block is a residential property that contains a house driveway and garden Figure 4 For the water balance the user must specify the water usage per occupant for kitchen bathroom laundry and toilet end uses the total block area roof area paved area and garden area the occupancy of the household and the percentage of garden area irrigated For the contaminant balance the user must specify input loads of contaminants to the laundry kitchen bathroom and toilet fertiliser load to the garden and the quality of roof runoff pavement runoff drinking water and rainwater Figure 4 An example of a residential land block Land blocks may also represent commercial in
135. m 55 v a a 200 Roof Runoff to Spoondrain Water Outputs Wastewater from Neighbourhood Goes to 3 Stormwater from Neighbourhood Goes to 0 Template Cancel 6 Click Cancel to return to the Main screen without saving any changes Calibration Variables screen 7 From the toolbar buttons at the left of the Main screen click Calibration Variables The calibration screen provides information on calibration variables used to calibrate UVQ to data collected from the study area The observed values in the calibration screen are those recorded from the study area and are entered to provide an easy cross check of modelled versus actual values The Calibration screen for the Heatherwood Development project is shown below June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 114 of 176 Calibration Variables Heatherwood Development Tutorial 1 2 s Calibration Neighbourhood 1 Stormwater this Neighbourhood Study Area x Percentage Area of Soil Store 1 Capacity of Soil Store 1 fa o e Average Volumes Units Scale C kly ML y bserved Simulated Imported 190 ML y Wastewater 115 ML y Capacity of Soil Store 2 Roof Area Maximum Initial Loss Effective Roof Area Paved Area Maximum Initial Loss Effective Paved Area Road Area Maximum Initial Loss Stormwater 285 ML Effective Road Area Quality 0 4 0 0000 BaseFlow Index Ratio Conc mg L C Load Ka y
136. may relate to the suburbs in the study area or areas of a single land use A common example of a study area is a suburb which contains residential commercial and industrial neighbourhoods Figure 42 illustrates a typical study area June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 93 of 176 industrial neighbourhood N residential neighbourhood Figure 42 An example study area To model a study area you must identify the number of neighbourhoods that make up the study area and the configuration characteristics of each neighbourhood within the study area Modelling a study area allows you to investigate the cumulative effects of different water management strategies within the neighbourhoods within a study area or to explore the feasibility of having different water systems within neighbourhoods that have different characteristics The drainage network linking these neighbourhoods in terms of the flow of stormwater and wastewater can be stated and the way in which stormwater and wastewater flow though the study area from neighbourhood to neighbourhood can be represented The study area of the Heatherwood development site is 143 hectares If you are using the worksheets on the Project Information worksheet enter the total size of the Heatherwood development project study area 143 ha and define the description as The Heatherwood Project Defining your neighbourhood dimensions UVQ requires that you identify zones within your study area that have si
137. milar e land use e pervious and impervious surface area configurations e indoor and outdoor water usage rates When setting up the neighbourhoods in UVQ remember that flows can only be directed from a lower number neighbourhood to a higher number Thus it is useful to have stormwater and wastewater drainage systems so that upstream and downstream zones can be represented accordingly Once these zones have been identified they can be split further into smaller neighbourhoods representing the different housing types within these zones The purpose for which a neighbourhood is used may impact upon the quantity and the quality of the stormwater and wastewater it produces For example a neighbourhood used June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 94 of 176 for commercial purposes may produce less wastewater with fewer contaminants within it than an industrial area Identifying quality and quantity requirements for a range of water uses end uses and the quantity and quality of wastewater and stormwater produced within the different neighbourhoods within your study area allows you to determine where and how you can modify the demand for water supply or reduce contaminant loads for example Modifications include water efficient practices or the reuse of wastewater and stormwater A Neighbourhood represents a number of land blocks roads and public open space which form a local area or suburb A common example of a neighbourhood is a group of residential land blocks
138. n The default value is O degrees Celsius Snow Melt Threshold c The threshold daily mean temperature at which snow that has built up melts The default value is O degrees Celsius Melt Rate Factor mm c d The rate at which snow melts when the temperature is above the Snow Melt Threshold Typical values range from 2 to 10 mm d Accumulation frame Roads in neighbourhood When this option is selected snow builds up on the road surfaces in the neighbourhood If it is not selected then snow falling on the road surface instantaneously melts Paved area in land block When this option is selected snow builds up on the paved areas within the land blocks of the neighbourhood If it is not selected then snow falling on the paved surfaces instantaneously melts Roofs in land block When this option is selected snow builds up on the roof within the land blocks of the neighbourhood If it is not selected then snow falling on the roofs instantaneously melts June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 37 of 176 Field Data Description Redistribution frame not available in this version of UVQ Paved Area to garden If this option is selected snow that falls on the paved area within a land block is removed to the garden within that land block Road to open space If this option is selected snow that falls on the roads within the neighbourhood is removed to the user selected open space area either within that
139. n UVQ include rainwater tanks greywater irrigation on site wastewater systems neighbourhood and study area stormwater and wastewater stores and treatment processes aquifer storage and recovery ASR the transfer of water between neighbourhoods The final section describes the contaminant balance operations associated with both standard and alternative processes The section describes the basic operations generic to all contaminant balance operations contaminant balance operations between spatial scales and specific calculations for individual water system components June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 47 of 176 Generic concepts The contaminant balance was implemented by adding a code module to the code already written for the water balance Mitchell 1999 Mitchell and Maheepala 1999 The water balance program loop calculates the flows through the urban water system on a daily basis A call to the contaminant balance code at the end of this program loop utilizes the pre calculated daily water flows to calculate the flows of contaminants through the system see Figure 20 The water balance and contaminant balance operations occur sequentially for each daily time step The water balance calculations are based on the concept of the urban volume and the fundamental unit of operation is depth in mm The contaminant balance operations are based on the water volumes calculated in the water balance and user specified concentrations loads and performanc
140. n demand depth Study area irrigation volume supplied Study area garden irrigation demand Study area garden irrigation supplied Study area volume of roof runoff entering rainwater tank Study area rainwater tank demand Study area rain water tank use Study area rainwater tank spillage Study area rainwater tank deficit Study area rainwater tank event failure sum of all neighbourhoods Study area subsurface greywater available Study area subsurface greywater demand Study area subsurface greywater use Study area subsurface greywater deficit Study area subsurface greywater excess Study area subsurface greywater event failure sum of all neighbourhoods Study area onsite wastewater store inflow Study area onsite wastewater store demand Study area onsite wastewater store usage Study area onsite wastewater store spillage Study area onsite wastewater store deficit Study area onsite wastewater store vulnerability Study area onsite wastewater store event failure Total neighbourhood stormwater store inflow in study area Total neighbourhood stormwater store demand in study area Total neighbourhood stormwater store usage in study area Total neighbourhood stormwater store deficit in study area Total neighbourhood stormwater store spillage in study area Total neighbourhood stormwater store event failure in study area Neighbourhood wastewater store inflow in study area Neighbourhood wastewater store deman
141. n how and where within the urban water cycle contaminants impact on the quality of water e understand how alterations in different parts of the urban water cycle impact on the rest of the system e estimate the impacts of different water servicing scenarios on the water cycle of planned urban development e alter the urban form and degree of drainage connectivity and see how these actions modify the characteristics of stormwater runoff e identify the quantity of water that may be available for reuse throughout the water cycle and the purposes for which you may reuse it e investigate the impact of implementing demand and supply side water management actions at different spatial scales such as land block neighbourhood and whole of study area e tailor different mixes of servicing approaches to different portions of the study area e investigate the relationship between the spatial pattern of demand supply and storage capacity on the reliability of a range of alternative water sources e provide insight into the potential consequences of implementing a number of non structural changes to the system such as changing household occupancy water usage behaviour use of household chemical products or amount of fertiliser applied to gardens and open spaces Getting Started This chapter describes the system requirements and how to get started within UVQ System requirements The operating system requirements for the software are Minimum Functi
142. n the simulation period The file consists of 46 items in the following order 64 Year 65 Month 66 Day 67 Precipitation depth mm d 68 Rain depth mm d 69 Snow depth mm d 70 Neighbourhood imported water depth total including leakage mm d 71 Depth of imported water leakage mm d 72 Neighbourhood imported water usage depth mm d 73 neighbourhood actual evaporation depth mm d 74 Depth of stormwater input from upstream neighbourhoods mm d 75 Volume of stormwater input from upstream neighbourhoods m 3 d 76 neighbourhood stormwater surface runoff output depth mm d 77 neighbourhood impervious surface stormwater runoff depth mm d 78 neighbourhood road runoff volume m 3 d 79 neighbourhood stormwater baseflow depth mm d 80 neighbourhood stormwater discharge depth surface amp baseflow mm d 81 neighbourhood stormwater discharge volume surface amp baseflow m 3 d 82 Depth of wastewater input from upstream neighbourhoods mm d 83 Volume of wastewater input from upstream neighbourhoods m 3 d 84 Daily neighbourhood wastewater inflow infiltration volume m 3 d 85 Daily neighbourhood wastewater inflow volume m 3 d 86 Daily neighbourhood wastewater infiltration volume m 3 d 87 neighbourhood wastewater overflow volume m 3 d June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 149 of 176 88 Daily neighbourhood wastewater exfiltration volume 89 neighbourhood wastewater output depth mm d 90 neighbourhood wastewater output volume m 3 d 91 Daily change
143. n water system While there are several models devoted to urban water cycle modelling see Mitchell et al 2003 typical representations of the urban water cycle consider the man made and natural systems as separate entities Within these two systems modelling approaches generally only concentrate on one aspect of the water cycle UVQ integrates all these networks into a single framework to provide a holistic view of the water cycle UVQ uses simplified algorithms and conceptual routines to provide this holistic and integrated view Figure 1 illustrates the UVQ framework and the water and contaminant flow paths represented by the model June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 2 of 176 evaporation rain and imported snow fs water ceo ERAN cer Mene dis DU Une rene dh evaporation s actual leakage evapotranspiration Y s irrigation road roo paving rainfall l x z store store store x indoor water e ie um septic disposal use em cm cq ns infiltration infiltrati non effective pervious store store d tn infiltration E area runoff gt recharge store z bore wastewater H pervious surface z runoff extraction exfiltration v v effective impervious _ surface runoff groundwater z recharge v z baseflow groundwater lt store lt
144. nant profiles required for the contaminant balance esesesess 13 Table 3 Preferences in supplying a demand from multiple available sources 24 Table 4 Project Information screen data descriptions essen 27 Table 5 Physical Characteristics of Land Blocks and Neighbourhoods screen data descriptions 28 Table 6 Calibration Variables Partial Area and 2 layer soil store screen data descriptions 33 Table 7 Snow accumulation and redistribution screen data descriptions sss 37 Table 8 Land Block Water Management Features screen data descriptions s 38 Table 9 Stormwater amp ASR tab in the Neighbourhood scale management feature screen data descripBlODs anco meteo Ete beu ta eene d iode a e ttu us UT e ted oA E PITE ENS 40 Table 10 Wastewater tab in the Neighbourhood scale management feature screen data descriptions sss n Fed e ura tilt ifeniiu tede HEU 43 Table 11 Groundwater and Imported Water tab in the Neighbourhood scale management feature screen data GESCHIPTIONS secre mec Nna vere poe eye a eo do RR ER e dux vr rue ene nae ra 44 Table 12 Study Area Water Management Feature screen data descriptions 45 Table 13 Specified contaminants and their units sse 75 Table 14 Simple sludge operations in UVQ sssesssssseseseeen nnnm ennemi
145. ndoor water demands before outdoor demands 3 Use the water sources within the land block before neighbourhood sources 4 Use neighbourhood scale water sources before study area scale water sources 5 Use all local sources of water before importing water reticulated water If a particular potential source of water has not been selected by the user then the next highest priority source is used instead June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 23 of 176 Table 3 Preferences in supplying a demand from multiple available sources Water Supply source Water Demand Land block Land block Land block Land block toilet Land block Neighbourhood public kitchen bathroom laundry irrigation open space irrigation Land block direct sub surface greywater irrigation kitchen 1 and or bathroom and or laundry ater 1 2 Land block rain tank 1 1 1 2 3 Neighbourhood wastewater store located in own 3 4 1 Neighbourhood or another Neighbourhood Neighbourhood stormwater store located in own 4 5 2 Neighbourhood or another Neighbourhood Aquifer storage and recovery via Neighbourhood stormwater 4 5 2 store Study area wastewater store 5 6 3 Study area stormwater store 6 7 4 Reticulation 28 28 28 7 8 5 Aquifer storage and recovery operates in conjunction with a Neighbourhood scale stormwater store see Aquifer store and recovery operation section P Reticulated water is automatically supplied to Lan
146. ng UVQ and so some estimation of their value is recommended design parameters may be available Average volumes Table 15 estimates the average volumes of imported water wastewater and stormwater flowing into and out of the Heatherwood development project neighbourhoods and study area Table 15 Heatherwood average volumes Data Requirement Study Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood 2 Neighbourhood 3 Area residential commercial industrial Observed imported 523 190 18 315 water ML y Observed wastewater 438 115 3 438 ML y Observed stormwater 877 285 27 565 ML y If you are using the worksheets on the Calibration Variables worksheet enter the average volume of imported water wastewater and stormwater for each neighbourhood and the study area in the average volumes frames June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 110 of 176 Observed concentrations of imported water wastewater and stormwater Table 16 shows the estimates of the average concentrations of imported water wastewater and stormwater generated within the Heatherwood development project neighbourhoods and study area Table 16 Observed Heatherwood contaminant concentrations Field Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood 2 Neighbourhood 3 Residential Commercial Industrial Observed neighbourhood contaminants Quality frame Calibration Variables screen Observed Wastewater mg L N57 N52 N 100 P 7 3 P 13 P12 SS 266 SS 392 SS
147. no leach field 2 layer soil store approach Assumptions specific to the 2 layer soil store approach are Any water entering the upper soil store in excess of capacity becomes runoff Irrigation is applied to the upper soil store only Drainage of the soil stores behaves like a simple decay function The septic tank system leach field drains into the lower soil store The spoon drain routes water into the lower soil store Infiltration is a constant proportion of the drainage from the lower soil store Irrigation The model assumes irrigation to be fully effective in recharging the soil moisture stores to the prescribed level with no wastage In reality part of the water applied to a garden or open space will be wasted as some will evaporate before soaking into the soil depending on the timing of irrigation and the method used All outdoor water use is due to irrigation of either gardens or public open space Treatment processes All treatment processes are modelled as continuously stirred tank reactors CSTRs and contaminant removal is described as a percentage Sludge accumulates in the treatment process Treatment process calculations occur on a daily basis and the retained volume and contaminants from the previous day are the starting volume and contaminants for the current day The retained volume and contaminants reported in results screens are for the final day only Wastewater exfiltration and overflow processes Exfilt
148. nstruction and its maintenance age and condition The condition of the reticulation system is affected by soil movement corrosive conditions pipe material workmanship age supply pressure number of joints and connections and the occurrence of bursts cracks due to overburden loading or water hammer Heeps 1977 In UVQ leakage of the reticulation system is assumed to be proportional to the bulk water use IR IWU of an area The equation to calculate leakage is June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 70 of 176 leakage irrigation depth percentage of imported water indoor water that leaks usage cei i LD L IR IWU 100 L Bore extraction BE Bore extraction represents the pumping of water from the groundwater store for irrigation purposes Wastewater generation processes The processes associated with wastewater generation are e Wastewater discharge Ww e Wastewater exfiltration EXF e Overflow OF e Infiltration INF e Inflow ISI e Septic Disposal SD Wastewater discharge W Wastewater discharge is the amount of wastewater discharged from an area The equation to calculate the amount of wastewater discharge is infiltration of wastewater stormwater into the discharge wastewater system exfiltration indoor water use inflow overflow E es e Wy IWU INF ISI EXF OF Wastewater Exfiltration EXF Wastewater exfiltration is the amount of wastewater leaking out of the wastewater pipes du
149. ntank System kL hh mth Neighbourhood 1 kL hh mth 40000 nl UN AA Tt PUT LM S 4 Demand Z Inflow J Deficit Spillage Usage r Graph Controls lt gt R m thicktines Copy Graph Values Copy Graph Image CopyTabie m Results Screen 10 Technology Performance gt Rainwater Tank W Viewing Results Heatherwood Development project Summary Statistics Technology Performance Other Table Type Contaminant Metrics Monitoring Select Spatial Scale Ei C Water Contaminant C TA C Concentration mg L C Study Area C Koy issa C Neighbourhood PT gt On site Wastewater Average Annual Contaminant LOAD for Neighbourhood 1 Indoor to on site WWT 11544 7 Raintank first flush to on site Ww 0 103930 2 1258 2 0 0 524 0 63 44 On site wwt to sewerage system 451 9 54 74 On site wwt to stormwater system 0 0 Copy Table Results Screen 11 Technology Performance gt On site wastewater June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 129 of 176 Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 As is demonstrated by the graph and the statistics on the above screen the 5kL Rainwater Tank cannot meet the bathroom and laundry demands As an exercise incrementally upsize the Rainwater Tank until Average Annual Reliability is increased to 9096 Also try amending the first flush value and assume tank is full at beginning of each run As is demonstrated b
150. nts are assumed to have concentrations in mg l June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 27 of 176 Physical characteristics screen Figure 11 is a sample of the default Physical Parameters of land block and Neighbourhood screen In this screen the physical characteristics of both the land block and the neighbourhood are described In addition data on the water usage for the four main household indoor uses toilet bathroom laundry and kitchen and the associated contaminant loads is required This segregation of end uses allows simulation of different recycled water streams and qualities to the different end uses This screen also details all the specified contaminant data required to complete the simulation Physical Characteristics of Land Blocks and Neighbourhoods New Project r Measured Quantities for Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood Indoor Water Usage amp Contaminants doeet Kitchen Bathroom Toilet Laundry Road Area L c d Bathroom Contaminant Loads mg c d Percentage of Open Space Irrigated Na Pb Imported Supply Leakage Ca As Wastewater as Exfiltration Mg Cd Number of Land Blocks Land Block s Other Contaminants Block Area Roof First Flush Fertiserto POS Evaporation Groundwater Fertiliser to Garden Average Occupancy Imported Rainfall Pavement Runoff Roof Runoff Road Runoff Open Space Area Garden Area Roof Area Imported Contaminants mg L Paved Area Na Pb Cu P Pe
151. nts are being added to the road surface or positive when the road surface removes contaminants from the input streams Thus the assumed road load ARoadici for contaminant 1 is calculated by ARoadic Pici Evapici PSSici SSysici Where P is precipitation Evap is evaporation PSS is pervious soil store and Ssys is the stormwater system The subscript LC1 refers to loads for contaminant 1 The process will be repeated for all contaminants All cases of simple sludge operations are shown in Table 2 Table 2 Simple sludge operations in UVQ Description and location Spatial scale Pavement Land block Roof Land block June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 76 of 176 Description and location Spatial scale Ground water store Land block Road Neighbourhood Ground water store Neighbourhood Complex sludge In the complex sludge operation input contaminant profiles are known because they are specified or calculated from previous operations but not all output contaminant profiles are known and the complex sludge operation calculates them For complex sludges the process has a user specified maximum volume and there is a user specified process efficiency The complex sludge operation is used to calculate the accumulation of contaminants within a process of a given efficiency and to calculate the load and concentration of unknown output streams An example of a complex sludge operation in UVQ is the on sit
152. o ea tore tv Era dope tee dare e a qe eb e Pese p EIER REP ae eR Rre de Hb sO 81 On site wastewater store treatment eese enne tenn nsns eset tn nnns seen 82 Garden PETVIOUS SOI STOVE m S 82 PUBIC OP CIVS PGCE EA A A stcteccctastiseecstaaaesteadloctaiaadoleiaudes Sageadentciaaanessaance tsiadeutast 83 Neighbourhood stormwater store treatment cesses esee eee eene 84 Neighbourhood Waste water store treatment ccccccceesccessseessecesscecesscecsesesececseecnesseesaes 85 Study area stormwater store treatment 5 5 5 rare aede ect veia ve ea baeo iecb pode 86 Study a reg wastewater store tregatImentians icai diui Ert DH LER pel RR Id 87 StUAW GEG evaporat ON rica m resisti testae A idu Nea R ipa ue dauixa Pasce p Daioh at coat tae 88 The Water system variation pl OCesses 5 coron ce retirer tud roe gaeneds pic eene Fue qe peer ege dd 89 Stormwater store ODeFatiOhu stica ite redes ape Seca eae co seal ceases d eR qme ba nde EUH 89 Wastewater treatment and storage operation eese eee enne 90 Aquifer store and recovery operation ei i adire ee E baa MER aad dE Re Aaa iaaii aana a 91 Transfer of water between neighbourhoods eese nh anna nnne 92 June 2010 Version 1 2 Assessing performance of a reuse scheme esses esee enne ernannt hannes 93 T t rid We o 93 The simulation DrOCess cinco eec etc rese k rP
153. off NEAR The proportion of impervious surfaces that are directly connected to the drainage system varies greatly In one survey of nine Australian urban catchments Boyd et al 1993 found that the proportion of impervious area directly connected ranged from 31 to 100 June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 53 of 176 In UVQ each impervious surface is modelled as a single storage runoff saturation excess process The water retained in each store represents the initial losses due to interception and depression storage The equation to calculate the impervious surface runoff is roof area effective maximum average roof area roof area initial loss in a land block effective impervious rain and roof surface neighbourhood surface runoff snowmelt storage level area dris el P IRUN ERA RS RIL RST rOOf ea Neighaea Ms ee EPA RS PIL PST paved area neighse nee average paved paved area in a paved area neighbourhood surface store FRDA RS RDIL RDST road area neigh area road area road area within maximum effective road initial loss road surface a neighbourhood area storage level Pervious soil store processes The pervious surface runoff processes are e Excess Rainfall EXC e Actual evaporation E e Groundwater recharge GWR e Infiltration store recharge RIS e Irrigation IR e Pervious surface runoff SRUN Pervious soil storage is the amount of water stored within
154. on 1 2 Page 167 of 176 June 2010 Metcalf amp Eddy Inc University of Florida Water Resources Engineers Inc 1971 Storm Water Management Model Volume 1 Final Report EPA 11024 DOC 07 71 Metcalf and Eddy 1991 Wastewater Engineering treatment disposal and reuse McGraw Hill International Editions Singapore Mitchell V G 1999 Aquacycle User Manual CRC for Catchment Hydrology Monash University Mitchell V G Diaper C Gray S R amp Rahilly M 2003 UVQ Modelling the Movement of Water and Contaminants through the Total Urban Water Cycle The Institution of Engineers Australia 28th International Hydrology and Water Symposium 10 14 November 2003 Wollongong NSW Mitchell V G Gray S amp Farley T 2000 Accounting for Water and Contaminants in Urban Areas Xth World Water Congress 12 17 March 2000 Melbourne IWRA Mitchell V G McMahon T A Mein R G 1997 The Utilisation of Stormwater and Wastewater to Transform the Supply and Disposal Requirements of an Urban Community Proc 24th Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium Auckland 24 27 November 1997 pp 417 422 Mitchell V G McMahon T A and Mein R G 2004 Components of the Total Water Balance of an Urban Catchment Environmental Management in press Mitchell V G and Maheepala S 1999 Urban Water Balance Modelling CSIRO Urban Water Program Report T1 11 BCE 99 195 National Water Quality Management Strategy 1996
155. on in melt rate factor due to season snow condition or snow density The melt rate factor represents the water depth equivalent amount of snow Snow automatically accumulates in garden and open space surfaces The user can specify whether there is accumulation on paved roof and road surfaces Rainfall passes straight through the snow pack onto the surface below June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 19 of 176 Evaporation from surfaces The effect of wind turbulence due to increased surface roughness sheltering by buildings and other microclimate variations due to urbanisation does not have a significant impact on the accuracy of the method used to calculate actual evapotranspiration from pervious areas and evaporation from impervious areas There is little known about the actual difference between urban and non urban evapotranspiration Actual evapotranspiration of pervious areas varies depending on the soil moisture storage at the beginning of the day and the evaporative demand estimated by potential evapotranspiration as supplied in the climate input file This accords with the approach of Boughton 1966 a simplified Denmead and Shaw 1962 relationship given in Equation 12 The presence of a layer of snow covering a particular surface garden public open space roof road paved does not alter the calculation of actual evapotranspiration from these surface stores The maximum rate of evaporation from impervious surfaces is assumed as the pot
156. onality e Operating System Windows 2000 or later Windows XP is preferred e 1024x768 or higher Screen Resolution Recommended e Small Fonts Selection for Display Adapter Settings e Windows Regional Settings set as Australian UK or US English Recommended e Microsoft Excel 2000 or later English Edition for viewing output files June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 5 of 176 e Adobe Reader 6 0 Required for Viewing the User Manual Getting around UVQ The UVQ model runs in a Windows environment It uses Windows based screens and navigational devices such as buttons drop down menus and toolbars UVQ Modelling Approach The chapter describes UVQ s modelling approach It outlines the e key concepts e assumptions about the model processes Key concepts Before UVQ can simulate an urban water system you must provide UVQ with a set of simulation parameters that characterize the urban area you want to represent You must define the characteristics and parameters relating to the e Urban Water System e Contaminant concentrations or loads e Spatial scales e Surface areas Urban water system UVQ simulates an integrated urban water system defined here to be the combined water supply wastewater and stormwater networks the deliver water to residential commercial industrial and other users within an urban area and manage the wastewater and stormwater generated within that same area June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 6 of 176 precipita
157. only to the pervious stores The quantity of irrigation is a function of the water requirements of plants in the garden and the personal behaviour of the gardener The water requirements of plants in a garden is determined by prevailing climatic conditions type of vegetation contained in the garden soil type and the amount of area that is irrigated Heeps 1977 Power et al 1981 The personal behaviour of the gardener is affected by perceived plant water need desired garden condition and response to cost of water As a result individual watering practices are extremely variable The decision to water a garden has been formulated as the minimum soil moisture storage level or wetness allowable termed here as the trigger to irrigate TG Therefore the model irrigates the pervious area whenever the soil moisture storage level drops below the trigger to irrigate If the soil storage level in either of the two pervious stores drops below the user defined trigger to irrigate level then irrigation is applied to make up the deficit To determine the volume of water required to meet the irrigation demand the user specifies the percentage of the total garden area and public open space area that is irrigated The equation to calculate the amount of irrigation applied in a given days is Note that people respond to the weather in two ways firstly watering occurs after a lag period following a rain event when the gardener perceives the gar
158. ontaminarit Valles iicet rie nales er eee et yb sa rideo 110 Heatherwood average volumes ccsccccscssececesnececsecaeeecseaaeeecesaeeeeseaeeeeseaeeseseeeeeseaaes 112 Observed Heatherwood contaminant concentrations esses 112 Version 1 2 The philosophy behind UVQ This chapter discusses the philosophy behind UVQ It describes e integrated urban water management e what UVQ is e what UVQ does Integrated water management Conventional urban water management considered water supply wastewater and stormwater as separate entities planning delivering and operating these services with little reference to one another The current urban water systems harvest large volumes of water from remote catchments and groundwater sources and deliver drinking quality water to all urban uses and subsequently collect the generated wastewater This wastewater is removed taken to treatment plants usually located on the fringe of the city or town where the majority is discharged to the surrounding environment Large volumes of stormwater are also generated within urban areas due to the increased imperviousness of urban catchments The majority of this stormwater flows out of the urban area with some management of its quality but little attempt at collection storage and use As a result the adverse impact of conventional urban water management of the water balance of these areas is substantial Mitchell et al 1997 2004 In comparison
159. ood It provides a guide to how well the calibration parameters are simulating the observed volume of stormwater Simulated Stormwater UVQ s calculated volume of stormwater leaving the Quality frame This Neighbourhood tab neighbourhood It provides a guide to how well the calibration parameters are simulating the observed volume of wastewater Concentration or Load Provides the option of using the units of concentration mg l or loads kg yr for observed and simulated imported water stormwater and wastewater contaminants June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 35 of 176 Field Wastewater Observed Contaminants Description Measured event mean concentrations or loads of selected wastewater contaminants leaving the neighbourhood This is a user defined parameter and should be obtained from actual site data if possible It represents the value that UVQ should replicate when input and calibration parameter values are set correctly Stormwater Observed Contaminants Measured concentrations or loads of selected wastewater contaminants leaving the neighbourhood This is a user defined parameter and should be obtained from actual site data if possible It represents the value that UVQ should replicate when input and calibration parameter values are set correctly Simulated Wastewater UVQ s calculated concentration or load of contaminants leaving the neighbourhood in the wastewater It provides a guide
160. ood 3 Residential Commercial Industrial Indoor Usage amp Contaminants frame Physical Characteristics screen Kitchen Contaminants mg c d N 238 N 238 N 238 P 42 P 42 P 42 SS 3990 SS 3990 SS 3990 Bathroom Contaminants mg c d N 462 N 462 N 462 P 22 P 22 P 22 SS 8303 SS 8303 SS 8303 Toilet Contaminants mg c d N 13709 N 13709 N 13709 P 1568 P 1568 P 1568 SS 36240 SS 36240 SS 36240 Laundry Contaminants mg c d N 327 N 327 N 327 P 152 P 152 P 152 SS 4858 SS 4858 SS 4858 These contaminants were selected because the primary objectives of the study are to reduce wastewater and stormwater flows and contaminants from the site Table 5 outlines the contaminants added to the water when used in the kitchen bathroom laundry and toilet If you are using the worksheets on the Physical Characteristics worksheet specify the water usage contaminant loads in the equivalent fields on the worksheet In the Project Information worksheet specify that N P and SS are the contaminants analysed in this study Defining the reticulated water supply leakage parameters The physical condition of the reticulated water system infrastructure impacts upon the quantity of water leaking out of the water supply pipes Water from cracked and broken water supply pipes flows into the groundwater store and ultimately into the stormwater system A figure for the percentage of water leaking
161. orage level in the proportion of the open space that is irrigated drops below this trigger level then irrigation water is requested from the various sources available to it KL y Option of displaying observed and simulated imported water stormwater and wastewater flow results as kL y or ML y Observed Imported Observed Wastewater Measured volume of water imported into the neighbourhood This is a user defined parameter and should be obtained from actual site data if possible It represents the value that UVQ should replicate when the calibration parameters values are set correctly Measured volume of wastewater leaving the neighbourhood This is a user defined parameter and should be obtained from actual site data if possible It represents the value that UVQ should replicate when the calibration parameters values are set correctly Observed Stormwater Measured volume of stormwater leaving the neighbourhood This is a user defined parameter and should be obtained from actual site data if possible It represents the value that UVQ should replicate when the calibration parameters values are set correctly Simulated Imported UVQ s calculated volume of water imported into the neighbourhood It provides a guide to how well the calibration parameters defined on this screen are simulating the observed volume of imported water Simulated Wastewater UVQ s calculated volume of wastewater leaving the neighbourh
162. oration Study area stormwater surface runoff output Study area garden surface runoff Study area impervious surface runoff Study area baseflow Study area stormwater discharge Study area groundwater recharge Study area garden groundwater recharge Study area wastewater output Study area imported water depth Study area imported water volume Study area change in storage Rain days Study area irrigation demand volume Version 1 2 mm y mm y mm y mm y mm y mm y mm y mm y mm y mm y mm y mm y mm y mm y m 3 y mm y number m 3 y Page 158 of 176 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 June 2010 Study area irrigation demand depth Study area garden irrigation demand Total irrigation area Study area irrigation volume supplied Study area garden irrigation supplied Study area volume of roof runoff entering rainwater tank Study area rainwater tank demand Study area rain water tank use Study area rainwater tank spillage Study area rainwater tank deficit Study area rainwater tank event failure sum of all neighbourhoods Study area subsurface greywater available Study area subsurface greywater demand Study area subsurface greywater use Study area subsurface greywater excess Study area subsurface greywater deficit
163. ourhoods gardens mm y 7 Neighbourhood stormwater input from upstream neighbourhoods mm y 8 Neighbourhood stormwater surface runoff output mm y 9 Neighbourhood impervious surface runoff mm y 10 Runofffrom gardens in neighbourhood mm y 11 Neighbourhood baseflow mm y 12 Neighbourhood stormwater discharge mm y 13 Neighbourhood wastewater input mm y 14 Neighbourhood wastewater output mm y 15 Depth of groundwater recharge from neighbourhood mm y 16 Depth of groundwater recharge from neighbourhoods gardens mm y 17 Neighbourhood imported water depth mm y 18 Neighbourhood imported water volume m 3 y 19 Neighbourhood change in total storage mm y 20 Rain days number y 21 Neighbourhood irrigation demand volume m 3 y 22 Neighbourhood irrigation demand depth mm y 23 Neighbourhood garden irrigation demand volume m 3 y 24 Volume of irrigation supplied to neighbourhood m 3 y 25 Volume water for garden irrigation supplied in neighbourhood m 3 y 26 Neighbourhood irrigated area m 2 27 Volume of water running off roofs into rain tanks m 3 y 28 Demand for water from rainwater tank m 3 y 29 Use of rainwater tank water m 3 y 30 Volume of water spilling from rainwater tanks m 3 y June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 156 of 176 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 June 2010 De
164. ourhoods in the results screen water balance table for reuse see Results Conversely negative value for the Transfer of water indicates the amount of water sourced by other Neighbourhoods for reuse A positive value indicates a net transfer into the neighbourhood and a negative value indicates a net transfer out of the neighbourhood Assessing performance of a reuse scheme UVQ uses several measures of performance number of event failures deficit and annual volumetric reliability In the case of event failure an inability to provide anything but all of the demand in a time step is considered a failure reducing the storage s overall reliability Performance is reported in the number of days of event failure see Results At study area scale the event failure reported in output files is the sum of all the neighbourhoods The deficit of a store is the shortfall of water in kL when compared to demand Annual volumetric reliability Ry as a percentage is defined as Re 100 S D where S is the total volume supplied and Dv is the volume demanded in the simulation period Volumetric reliability measure s the severity of failure to meet the supply of water demanded June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 91 of 176 Tutorial The tutorials contained in this section of the user manual describe the simulation process and show you how to use UVQ to represent a conventional water servicing approach and investigate the use of alternative water servicing
165. portion Roof Runoff to Spoondrain field can either be left blank or have a zero entered into it June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 98 of 176 Defining the neighbourhood surface dimensions The neighbourhood spatial scale represents a number of land blocks roads and public open space Figure 46 illustrates the proposed configuration of the residential neighbourhood within the Heatherwood Project land block open space road area Figure 46 Heatherwood project residential neighbourhood surface configuration The next level of detail required is to specify the number of hectares within a neighbourhood that contain roads or other impervious surfaces and the number of hectares that contain pervious surfaces such as parks or bush land UVQ assumes road areas are 10096 impervious and impervious footpaths and guttering should be included as part of the road area Table 3 shows the dimensions of the road areas and open spaces within Heatherwood Development Project Table 3 Heatherwood neighbourhood surface area dimensions Data Requirement Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood 2 Neighbourhood 3 residential commercial industrial Road area ha 11 378 1 14 10 05 Open space area ha 2 3 4 0 If you are using the worksheets on the Physical Characteristics Of Land Blocks And Neighbourhoods worksheet enter the dimensions of the road area into the Road Area field and the open space dimensions into the Open Space Ar
166. quirement Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood Neighbourhood residential 2 commercial 3 industrial Base Flow Index 0 45 0 45 0 45 Base Flow Recession 0 00001 0 00001 0 00001 Constant June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 108 of 176 If you are using the worksheets on the Calibration Variables worksheet enter the base flow characteristics for each neighbourhood in the stormwater frame Defining the other contaminant characteristics The way water flows through a water system affects the movement and distribution of contaminants You must define certain contaminant concentrations and loads present in the flow paths of the water cycle Table 14 outlines the other contaminant values within the water system for the Heatherwood Development Project Whilst different rainwater imported water evaporation can be specified for each neighbourhood the template identical values for the entire study area Table 14 Heatherwood contaminant values and groundwater concentrations function can be used to specify Field Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood 2 Neighbourhood 3 Residential Commercial Industrial Other Contaminants frame Physical Characteristics screen Road runoff mg L N 1 6 N 1 6 N 1 6 P 0 21 P 0 21 P 0 21 SS 75 TSS 75 TSS 75 Roof first flush mg L N 3 2 N 3 2 N 3 2 assumed to be twice concentration of P 0 42 P 0 42 P 0 42 runoff SS 150 SS 150 SS 150 Roof runoff mg L
167. r Storm Water Study Area M Duet r Line Width Thick X New climate files can be loaded via the option on the File drop down menu or via the button on the UVQ main screen Only complete year climate files should be used in UVQ UVQ displays the climate file details in the Load Climate File screen The Run option can be used to further define the simulation date range if you require the date range to be smaller than the range within the climate file June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 137 of 176 The file name and path is displayed UVQ displays the first row of the climate file in the description field The climate file start and end dates are displayed in the Available Start Date and Available End Dates fields June 2010 Click the Browse button to open the climate file 2 Load Climate File Version 1 2 Page 138 of 176 You can use the Run Model menu option to run the model or the Run button You can also run the model from the Calibration Variables screen W UvQ Heatherwood Develorment Project File Edit Run View Help Run Model Physical Characteristics Suspended Solids Neighbourhood Load Climate File Save Run Exit Study Area 8 02 2004 4 47 PM Change the date range if you want the simulate the climate variables over a specific period Specify the time step required for the output files Ag xi w UVQ Hea
168. r from Land Blocks in this Neighbourhood box 14 Click on the Select Neighbourhoods tab for Open Space Irrigation and highlight Neighbourhood 1 15 Run the model June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 132 of 176 Neighbourhood Water Management Features Heatherwood Development project sai xl J pS ee Neighbourhood 1 Stormwater amp ASR Wastewater Groundwater amp Imported Water r Wastewater Store Storage Capacity 1000 kL J7 Collect Wastewater from Land Blocks in this Neighbourhood Exposed Surface 104 Collect Wastewater from Upstream Neighbourhoods Initial Storage Level 800 kL C Overflow to Stormwater Upstream of neighbourhood stormwater store intake Overtlow to Wastewater Contaminant Removal Efficiency Wastewater Store Supplies Go To af ocf o ss 90 FStep 0 Naf 0 Garden D ___ Select Neighbourhoods K oO Nf sof v Enddis cv wa 9 OpenSpace fr TUE Neid 5 Naf oo P so roc o V5 c wa O Toe Select Neighbourhoods Template OK Cancel 16 Now go to the Viewing Results screen and select Technology Performance Neighbourhood Wastewater The results screen should look something like this M Viewing Results Heatherwood Development project Me xl Summary Statistics Technology Performance Other Table Type Water Contaminant Select Spatial Scale C Neighbourhood Study Area NEIGHBOURHOOD WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM PERFOR
169. ration from the wastewater network is a constant proportion of the generated wastewater flow Wastewater overflow is comprised of two components dry weather overflow and Wastewater System Capacity formerly labelled wet weather overflow Dry weather overflow is a constant proportion of generated wastewater flow up to capacity flow levels June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 22 of 176 Wastewater System Capacity is all generated wastewater flow in excess of the system capacity e Contaminant concentration in exfiltration stream is the same as that in the flow in the wastewater network Wetting and drying of pervious and impervious surfaces e Only one wetting and drying cycle occurs within a day In reality there may be multiple wetting and drying cycles due to multiple rain events occurring within the day e Precipitation is spread evenly over the entire area with no variation due to wind turbulence and localised storms Other contaminant balance assumptions e Specified contaminant loads have no associated water volume Supply Source preferences If there is more than one source selected to supply a particular demand e g both rain tank and on site wastewater treatment unit then there is a set order in which these sources will be used to meet that demand The rules used to determine the priorities for each demand are as follows 1 Usethe lowest quality water source available which meets the requirements of the demand first 2 Supply i
170. rcentage of Garden Irrigated Ca As Ni N Roof Runoff to Spoondrain Mg Cd Zn TOC Water Outputs Wastewater from Neighbourhood Goes to Stormwater from Neighbourhood Goes to Template Cancel Figure 11 Sample Physical Characteristics of Land Blocks and Neighbourhoods screen Table 2 describes the data requirements for the Physical Parameters of land block and Neighbourhood screen Table 2 Physical Characteristics of Land Blocks and Neighbourhoods screen data descriptions Field Data Description Neighbourhood frame Total Area ha The neighbourhood spatial scale represents a number of individual properties and any associated roads and public open space The total area of a neighbourhood is the sum of the open space areas road areas and the individual properties within the neighbourhood User input of this value provides a cross check that other areas within the neighbourhood have been specified correctly Road Area ha The number of hectares of roads within a neighbourhood Note the road area is the sum of the roads and the footpaths June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 28 of 176 Field Open Space Area ha Data Description The number of hectares of open space such as parks wildlife corridors and so on within a neighbourhood Percentage of Open Space Irrigated The percentage of the open space irrigated The whole area may or may not be irrigated Imported Supply Le
171. rden on site WW Provides the option of selection of where the first flush of rainwater is disposed Standard practice in this regard varies for different countries Storage backup trigger level ratio When the rainwater tank storage level drops below this level then backup water is requested from the selected neighbourhood stormwater or wastewater store Stormwater Store in Neighbourhood No Wastewater Store in Neighbourhood No Contaminant Removal Efficiency frame The neighbourhood stormwater store that is used to provide a backup water source for the rainwater tank The neighbourhood wastewater store that is used to provide a backup water source for the rainwater tank Highlighted contaminants Sub Surface Greywater Irrigation frame Collected from Bathroom Laundry Kitchen On Site Wastewater Unit Specify the removal efficiency that occurs in the raintank for the selected contaminants Sources of greywater that are used for sub surface garden irrigation One or more can be selected Storage capacity kL The maximum volume of treated wastewater that the onsite treatment unit can hold All of this volume is available for use Exposed surface m Initial storage level kL June 2010 Version 1 2 The treatment unit which is open to the elements rather surface area of the on site wastewater than covered On site wastewater treatment units are typically fully covered
172. re removed from the treatment before the mixture load is calculated All cases of complex sludge operations are shown in Table 3 Table 3 Complex sludge operations in UVQ Description and location Spatial scale Pervious soil store Land block June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 78 of 176 Rain tank Land block On site waste water treatment Land block Pervious soil store Neighbourhood Neighbourhood Stormwater store Neighbourhood Neighbourhood Wastewater store Neighbourhood Study area Stormwater store Study area Study area Wastewater store Study area Retained volumes The retained volumes and associated contaminants for all the processes represented in UVQ that use a complex sludge operation are all included in the mix of input loads The previous day s contaminants that are present in the store of treatment process are added to the mix prior to the sludge operation being carried out Contaminant operations between spatial scales As with water balance flows contaminants flow between the three spatial scales represented in UVQ the land block the neighbourhood and the study area The diagrams representing all possible flow paths in UVQ show flow to and from alternative water servicing options such as raintanks on site wastewater treatment processes neighbourhood and study area stormwater and wastewater stores In addition all the standard flow paths are represented such as groundwater infiltration
173. rea scale output file is called MthlyStudyArea csv This file contains information on the water balance components of the study area as well as information on the performance of each water method The header lists the items contained the output file in order These items are written a line for each month in the simulation period The file consists of 80 items in the following order 1 Year 2 Month 3 Days 4 Precipitation mm mth 5 Potential evaporation mm mth 6 Study area garden actual evaporation mm mth 7 Study area total pervious area actual evaporation mm mth 8 Study area actual evaporation mm mth 9 Study area stormwater surface runoff output mm mth 10 Study area impervious surface runoff mm mth 11 Study area garden surface runoff mm mth 12 Study area baseflow mm mth 13 Study area stormwater discharge mm mth 14 Study area groundwater recharge mm mth 15 Study area garden groundwater recharge mm mth 16 Study area wastewater output mm mth 17 Study area imported water depth mm mth 18 Study area imported water volume m 3 mth 19 Study area change in storage mm mth 20 Rain days number mth June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 153 of 176 June 2010 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Study area irrigation demand volume Study area irrigatio
174. rwood Development project are already loaded with the project file 9 Click the Run button at the bottom of the Calibration screen to simulate your conventional water system for the first time Run for the total 25 year climate file do not select Daily Monthly and Yearly output files Also prefix all output files with the test Heatherwood base Model Running Parameters Heatherwood Development Tutorial 1 Climate File Date Range Available for Simulation STARTING YEAR 1960 ENDING YEAR 1985 Simulation Date Range Prefix all results Star Year 1980 End Year 1985 files with the Results Options text i f Prefix all Results filenames with the following text Heatherwood base Heatherwood base Produce Qutput Result Files Monthy Annual and Total Run Do not select OK Cancel Daily Monthly and Yearly Completion output files at this stage 10 Once you have run the model a small dialog declares Finished Calculations Click OK to close it On the Calibration Variable screen and compare the observed and simulated output values in both the Average Volumes panel for water flows and in the Quality panel for contaminants June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 116 of 176 Calibration Variables Heatherwood Development Tutorial 1 1 lz 13 Calibration Neighbourhood 1 Stormwater this Neighbourhood Study Area Di Percentage Area of Soil Store 1 Capacity of Soil Store 1 Average Vol
175. s file contains details of all input and output flows and contaminant loads for the total land blocks within neighbourhood N and the input and output flows for the entire neighbourhood Flows are reported in kL and masses are reported as raw data values i e if input concentrations in specified in mg L the output loads reported in this file are in mg or if input concentrations are in cfu L the outputs loads are in cfu This file provides also reports the assumed loads to the roof paved areas and roads Contaminant streams reported in this file are detailed below The numbers associated with the streams are the contaminant profile IDs which can be viewed in the contaminant balance flow sheets see Appendix I Contaminant Flow Diagrams Land block Imported Water 1 66 Precipitation 50 Fertiliser 86 Kitchen 33 Bathroom 34 Laundry 35 Toilet 36 Assumed pavement load 195 Assumed roof load 198 Assumed groundwater removal 196 Pervious soil store sludge 200 Pervious soil store retained volume 93 Infiltration 72 Raintank sludge 199 Raintank retained volume 84 Evaporation 91 Other Neighbourhood SW store in 14 79 80 Other Neighbourhood WW store in 73 84 Study area SW store in 74 Study area WW store in 75 Stormwater out 90 Wastewater out 89 June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 143 of 176 Neighbourhood e Imported Water 120 115 1 66 e Precipitation 100 e Fertiliser to
176. s from one neighbourhood tab to another on the Physical Characteristics of Land Blocks and Neighbourhoods screen Specify parameters that you know are applicable to more than one neighbourhood i e Imported water contaminant concentrations or wastewater as exfiltration Then click the Template button and copy the values to appropriate neighbourhoods Use these tabs to enter the data for each neighbourhood Remember fields with a yellow background are mandatory Physical Characteristics of Land Blocks and Neighbourhoods Heatherwozd Development Project r Measured Quantities for Neighbourhood 1 2 m r Neighbourhood r Indoor Water Usage amp Contaminants Ies 5745 8 Kitchen Bathroom Toilet Laundry Road Area 11 378 ha zm 558 L c d Breras Bathroom Contaminant Loads mg c d Percentage of Open Space Irrigated 100 B cl SS F Strep N A Imported Supply Leakage 5 kK e N soy peg End dis N A a Wastewater as Exfiltration 0 03 ratio Na P TOC Virus N A Number of Land Block s 0 r Land Block r Other Contaminants Block Area n Roof First Flush FertlisertoPOS Evaporation Groundwater FettiizertoGarden Average Occupancy Imported Rainfall Pavement Runoff Roof Runoff Road Runoff Garden Area me Roof Area nt Imported Contaminants mg L Payed Area mj i BI e EE 026 F Strep N Percentage of
177. s time step Inww is the inflow of wastewater into the store in the current time step Cww is the volume of wastewater extracted from the store for water consumption in the current time step Oww is the wastewater overflow volume in the current time step E is the potential evaporation from the wastewater store in the current time step and P is the precipitation entering the wastewater store in the current time step precipitation P A wastewater treatment inflow Inyw evaporation E overflow to i Se disposal Oww storage volume Www water consumption Cww Figure 40 Structure of the wastewater treatment and storage unit The subscript ww in the symbols refers to the fact that these quantities relate to the operation of store associated with a wastewater store June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 89 of 176 Aquifer store and recovery operation Aquifer storage and recovery ASR is the process of storage of water in an aquifer for later withdrawal and use Artificial recharge of an aquifer is the process by which human action is responsible for the transfer of surface water to the groundwater system Digney and Gillies 1995 ASR is used to i increase the yield of an aquifer that is already exploited or ii take advantage of natural subsurface storage capacity instead of relying on surface storage In UVQ the aquifer is assumed to have a fixed storage capacity with all recharge water retri
178. s will be the same The on site wastewater store can supply the garden either through a leachfield or irrigation and the toilet The overflow is directed to either the neighbourhood wastewater or stormwater system June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 80 of 176 Land block 2 From kitchen ny b tained sadly leachfield or arden From bathroom 21 x volume ic 9 x 22 9e To toilet U Efom taiet On site wastewater D 25 store 62 To land block From laundry wastewater out From roof D p 0 201 first flush L3 To land block complex sludge P 9 stormwater out Figure 31 On site wastewater store contaminants inputs and outputs Garden pervious soil store In order to represent contaminant fluxes to and from the garden pervious soil store the store is split into surface and subsurface operations Raintank roof specified pavement and tap specified flows from the land block are all inputs to the top pervious soil store along with stormwater wastewater and groundwater stores specified from the neighbourhood and flows from study area stormwater and wastewater stores Precipitation and specified and any fertiliser load specified are also inputs All these contaminants are mixed and the load of contaminants from the surface to the subsurface is calculated This load is split between the flow to runoff and the flow to subsurface to give two streams with equal concentration The subsurface flow then m
179. scriptions Field Description Stormwater frame partial area Figure 13 a Calibration Variables Partial area soil store screen b Calibration variable 2 layer soil store screen Percentage Area of Soil Store 1 The proportion of the pervious area garden and open space in the neighbourhood which is covered by Soil Store 1 Capacity of Soil Store 1 mm The maximum depth of water Soil Store 1 can store Capacity of Soil Store 2 mm The maximum depth of water Soil Store 2 can store Stormwater frame 2 layer Figure 13 a Calibration Variables Partial area soil store screen b Calibration variable 2 layer soil store screen Maximum Soil Storage Capacity mm The maximum depth of water the upper and lower soil store can hold Soil Store Field Capacity mm The level to which the water in the upper and lower soil store freely drains due to the action of gravity Maximum Daily Drainage Depth mm The maximum depth of water which will drain from the upper and lower soil store in a day due to the action of gravity June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 33 of 176 Field Roof Area Maximum Initial Loss mm Description The amount of water it takes to wet the roof surface before runoff occurs Effective Roof Area 96 The proportion of roof area which is directly connected to the roof drainage system Paved Area Maximum Initial Loss mm The amount of water it takes to wet the p
180. se neighbourhoods has similar surface configurations and imported water usage statistics and water pollutant characteristics Figure 44 illustrates the neighbourhoods within the proposed Heatherwood study area industrial neighbourhood commercial neighbourhood residential neighbourhood Figure 44 Heatherwood study area neighbourhoods UVQ requires that you specify the total area of each of your neighbourhoods The developers of the Heatherwood site are proposing a residential neighbourhood of 57 46 hectares a commercial neighbourhood of 5 74 hectares and an industrial neighbourhood of 79 8 hectares If you area using the worksheets e Onthe Project Information worksheet enter the number of neighbourhoods e On the Physical Characteristics of Land Blocks and Neighbourhoods worksheet enter the total area of each neighbourhood in the Total area field in the Neighbourhood frame section of the worksheet Define the residential neighbourhood as Neighbourhood 1 the commercial neighbourhood as Neighbourhood 2 and the industrial neighbourhood as Neighbourhood 3 Defining your land block dimensions The land block is the smallest management scale possible for water supply stormwater runoff and wastewater disposal used within UVQ and it is a useful fundamental spatial scale for this type of modelling It is used to represent a single property within a neighbourhood that may contain building s paved areas and garden
181. ss eene enne nennen 52 Figure 24 Partial area surface store process ssssssssssessseeee eene enne nennen nns 57 Figure 25 The calculation of pervious surface evapotranspiration for the partial area storage method AE tuo ece sive Dee iustas e curtis E Sue euice sa ness cua causcacaandsd sane E be eO ptu eba co esueDe d dueDed indui on dus deci etue ntes OE 58 Figure 26 Pervioussoll stoFe pEOGGSS ie rus crore ort Heat a a vae yeud ecu ac i Race T Ps re ecu pa ot equ Rub 62 Figure 27 2 layer pervious surface evapotranspiration calculation ccceceesseceeesteeecesteeeeeeaaes 64 Figure 28 Flows of contaminants to and from the road area ssssesssesseeee 77 Figure 29 Flows of contaminants to and from the on site wastewater treatment process 78 Figure 30 Rainwater tank contaminant inputs and outputs essere 81 Figure 31 On site wastewater store contaminants inputs and outputs sseesesesee 82 Figure 32 Garden pervious soil store contaminants inputs and outputs eussssessss 83 Figure 33 Public open space soil store contaminant inputs and outputs usssssss 84 Figure 34 Neighbourhood stormwater store contaminant inputs and outputs 85 Figure 35 Neighbourhood wastewater store contaminant inputs and outputs 86 Figure 36 Study area stormwater store contaminant inputs
182. ste Water Store Store D Speifyloador y 5 777777000 ji concentration a aaeeeo o gt a Land Block Sewerage j E FM 5 a es dem S e E un e S 5 ge e ec i z e gz e Calculate sludge System Output 4 Difference between A specified streams in and specified streams out June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 172 of 176 Legend Rain Tap Water Tank Water Black Water Grey Water Storm Water Ground Water 0 other neighbourhood Located at this level Link at another level e Connection 27 65 Identical flows at different scales Specify load or concentration Calculate sludge Difference betwee v 7 specified streams irta specified streams out June 2010 Neighbourhood Contaminant Flows 101 j94 Road Precipitation 100 ee we we ew ew ew ew ew ew ew ew ew ew ew ew ew ew ew gt 103 153 105 Evaporation Fertiliser 155 107 108 109 Public open space pervious soil store surface Surface to subsurface d 18 T Study area Waste Water ARE E T 9 Studyarea itt gt 1 Storm Water U o eee I 112 Ground Water 2225 Store 192 I eo 2 2 242 202 Public open space Pervious Soil Store Jub surface Neighbourhood Waste 204 Water Store x Neighbo
183. stewater output from a land block where outputs from the toilet laundry bathroom and kitchen are mixed Thus the load of contaminant 1 C1 from the land block wastewater LB WW output mix operation LB WW Load C1 can be expressed as V C1 V4C1 ViC1 V C1 LB WW Load C1 Where V is the volume or flow and C1 is the concentration of contaminant 1 associated the kitchen bathroom laundry or toilet flow paths respectively The calculated output load is associated with a flow calculated from the water balance and thus the concentration of the mixed flow path can be calculated The process will be repeated for all contaminants C1 to Cn Sludge operations Sludge operations allow for the mixing of multiple input contaminant profiles the production of multiple output contaminant profiles and the removal of contaminants Sludge operations are used to e model treatment processes e calculate contaminants removed by soil stores e predict input loads to impervious surfaces e track differences in known contaminant loads As a general rule a sludge operation is used where there is loss or addition of contaminants from the water system There are two types of sludge operation the simple sludge operation in which the input and output contaminant profiles are known and the process is assumed to have no volume and the complex sludge in which outputs streams may be unknown and the process is assumed to have some volume which may retain con
184. store and the lower soil store The amount of drainage for each store is calculated separately Upper soil store drainage Drain1 When the amount of water stored in the upper soil store LS1 is greater than the field capacity LS then Drain min LS1 LS Drainga Drainuaxl Else Drain 0 Where Draing4 is the drainage factor as specified by the user in the Calibration Variables screen and Drainya is the Maximum Daily Drainage depth as specified in Calibration Variables screen Lower soil store drainage Drain1 When the amount of water stored within the lower soil LS2 is greater than field capacity LS then Drain min LS2 LS Draingact Drainmax Else June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 64 of 176 Drain O Groundwater recharge GWR for 2 layer soil store The equation to calculate the amount of groundwater recharge from the 2 Layer pervious store is groundwater recharge infiltration store recharge i i GWR Drain RIS drainage amount from lower soil store Infiltration store recharge RIS for 2 layer soil store Infiltration store recharge is the runoff amount that flows from the pervious soil stores into the infiltration store This occurs during periods of excess soil moisture storage and acts as a temporary store mimicking the time delay between the rainfall event and the infiltration into the wastewater pipes It is distinct from inflow which occurs in the same day as the rainfa
185. subsurface greywater m 3 hh d Excess volume of greywater available for subsurface irrigation m 3 hh d Volume of wastewater entering onsite wastewater unit m 3 hh d Demand for onsite wastewater m 3 hh d Usage of onsite wastewater m 3 hh d Volume of wastewater spilling from onsite wastewater unit m 3 hh d Volume of wastewater draining to septic disposal leachfield m 3 hh d Version 1 2 Page 147 of 176 55 Onsite wastewater storage level retained at end of day m 3 56 Onsite wastewater not fully meeting demand event failure 1 yes 0 no 57 Deficit in onsite wastewater m 3 hh d 58 Percentage of onsite wastewater demand met 96 59 Volume of land block groundwater bore used m 3 hh d 60 Land block usage of stormwater from neighbourhood store m 3 hh d 61 Land block usage of wastewater from neighbourhood store m 3 hh d 62 Land block usage of stormwater from study area store m 3 hh d 63 Land block usage of wastewater from study area store m 3 hh dYear June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 148 of 176 DailyNeighbourhoodn csv The daily cluster scale water balance file is called DailyNeighbourhoodn csv where n is the neighbourhood number So there is a separate neighbourhood scale water balance output file for each cluster in the study area These files contain information on the water balance components of each neighbourhood The header lists the items contained the output file in order These items are written a new line for each day i
186. t of water that flows into the stormwater system are the roads within neighbourhood and the roofs and paved areas within a land block Defining the land block surface dimensions Because UVQ treats the land blocks within neighbourhoods homogeneously you must calculate the average size of the impervious and pervious areas within the land blocks in each neighbourhood UVQ requires the average dimensions of the roof paving and garden surface areas within the land block How the land block is used determines the amount of roof paving and garden surface areas within the land block For example a residential property may have more garden area than an industrial property Table 2 shows the average dimensions of the pervious and impervious surfaces within the land blocks in Heatherwood Development Project Table 2 Heatherwood land block pervious and impervious surface dimensions Data Requirement Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood 2 Neighbourhood residential commercial 3 industrial Garden area m 370 0 1300 Roof area m 200 4000 2300 Paved area m 50 8000 5700 If you are using a worksheet on the Physical characteristics of land blocks and neighbourhoods worksheet enter the garden dimensions into the Garden Area field the roof dimensions into the Roof Area field and the Paved dimensions into the Pave Area field into the Land Block frame section At this site spoondrains are not being used so the Pro
187. taminants June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 75 of 176 Simple sludge In the simple sludge operation both input and output contaminant profiles are known either because they are specified or calculated from previous operations For simple sludges the process is assumed to have no volume and there is no given efficiency for the process The simple sludge operation is used for two purposes to calculate the accumulation of contaminants within a process in which input and output streams are specified or to provide an estimation of the possible additional load of contaminants to a process Three cases in UVQ where the simple sludge operation is used to provide an estimation of additional contaminants are the pavement roof and road assumed loads see Results Cont Bal Neighbourhood N csv where N is the neighbourhood A diagram representing the flows of contaminants to the road area is shown below Figure 28 There is similar representation of pavement and roof assumed loads Precipitation Assumed Road Load Evaporation To stormwater out gt w LOO dh To pervious soil store Figure 28 Flows of contaminants to and from the road area As the contaminants in all input and output streams are specified in the user interface the simple sludge operation calculates the difference between the input and the outputs to provide a value for an assumed load to the road surface The value for the assumed road load will be negative if unknown contamina
188. ted snow remains in the snow store of that particular surface type until it melts There is a separate store for each roof paved area garden area and open space in each neighbourhood Figure 22 shows the snow store for a paved area snow snow store cl mE ELEC S CDL CLE LL LLL CE evaporation paved area runoff paved area storage PST Figure 22 Paved area snow store The snow melting process is driven by the snow melt threshold temperature the melt rate factor and the average air temperature The equation to calculate amount of snow melt is June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 50 of 176 average air temperature melt rate snow melt factor threshold Eb d Melt aveq MRF T SMT The amount of snow that melts is limited by the amount of snow available in the store to melt Melt rate factors vary depending on the condition of the snow and the local environmental conditions The melt rate factor can range from approximately 2 to 6 mm C day in sheltered forests to exposed fields while a melt rate of 6 mm C day has been reported for undisturbed clean suburban snow and 8 4 mm C day for snow in a downtown park Sem Deni Davies et al 2000 Main stormwater processes Stormwater is the amount of runoff discharged from a neighbourhood or study area In UVQ stormwater is generated from surface runoff base flow and overflow from the wastewater system Surface runoff is further separated into components sources from
189. ted values for water related contaminant loads and concentrations was undertaken Table 2 lists the contaminant sources considered in the model Variability in the load or concentration from each source arises from land use and source characteristics and depending on data availability certain assumptions can be made UVQ software developers realized the data hungry nature of the model and that collecting data from case study sites for all the streams required in the contaminant balance is an onerous task Thus literature values for many input streams can be used where appropriate and where data for the area being modelled is not available The method of describing contaminant loads from sources also allows different systems to be analysed as flows from various sources can be combined diverted or treated separately The assigning of contaminant loads as input to the indoor water use sources also allows the model to effectively deal with water recycled to the house as the load is independent of the quality of water used June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 12 of 176 Table 2 Contaminant profiles required for the contaminant balance ee S 4 ee anne ball a r HENE E Mem E E Rem NE LANE NN LUN Note Yellow cells in table denote data for contaminant balance calibration rather than model input Rural open space requires the same data as for public open space To track the movement of contaminants through the urban landscape the water f
190. ter this Neighbourhood Percentage Area of Soil Store 1 BEI OUI Study Area Capacity of Soil Store 1 r Average Volumes Units Scale f kL y C MLA Observed Simulated Imported kL y kL y Wastewater kL y kL y Stormwater kL y kL y Quality Capacity of Soil Store 2 Roof Area Maximum Initial Loss Effective Roof Area Paved Area Maximum Initial Loss Effective Paved Area Road Area Maximum Initial Loss Effective Road Area BaseFlow Index Ratio C Conc ma Load Ka UN Base Flow Recession Constant Wastewater Stormwater Contaminant Sail Store Removal Observed Simulated Observed Simulated Set Soil Removal Capacity to 100 Sodum Calcium Na He Pb Cu e Magnesium Ca ma As Ni E Lead Mg es Cd i Zn emi Arsenic Wastewater Infiltration Index Infiltration Store Recession TO ILLE Cadmium Copper Nickel Zine Phosphorus Nitrogen 7 0 C z 8 a 8 Percentage Surface Runoff as Inflow Dry Weather Overflow Rate Wastewater System Capacity Enabled x EN E Irrigation Garden Trigger to Irrigate LIL LIB Open Space Trigger to lrrigate Rur Template Cancel June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 32 of 176 Calibration Variables New Project Calibration Neighbourhood 1 Stormwater this Neighbourhood Study Area 3 Maximum Soil Storage Capacity
191. ter Management Feature screen data descriptions Field Study Area Wastewater Store frame Data Description Storage Capacity kL The maximum volume of water that the study area wastewater store can hold All of this volume is available for use Exposed Surface m The surface area of the study area wastewater store which is open to the elements rather than covered Initial Storage Level kL The amount of wastewater which is already held in the store on the first day of the simulation run Overflow Stormwater Wastewater Supplies Select Neighbourhoods frame The user has the choice of directing the overflow from the study area wastewater store into the neighbourhood s stormwater system or wastewater system Garden Irrigation The water in the wastewater store can be used for garden irrigation in any neighbourhood the Select combination of neighbourhoods can be selected from this drop down list Selecting this option enables Neighbourhoods function Any Open Space Irrigation The water in the wastewater store can be used for open space irrigation in any neighbourhood Selecting this option the Select Neighbourhoods function Any combination of neighbourhoods can be selected from this enables drop down list Toilet Contaminant Removal Efficiency frame Highlighted Contaminants Study Area Stormwater Store frame The water in the wastewater store can be used for toilet
192. ter discharges the Metropolis City Council have implemented a sustainable water management policy This policy requires that all new suburban development projects implement an integrated water system see section ntegrated water management with a focus on sustainability principles The Eco Suburban Development Company has applied to the city to develop 143 hectares of an area known as the Heatherwood into a new suburb This area will contain three distinctive usage zones a 57 46 hectare residential zone a 5 74 hectare commercial zone and a 79 8 hectare industrial zone Before Metropolis City approves the project Eco Suburban Development Company must supply the City with an impact study that outlines how their proposed integrated water system minimizes the impact of Heatherwood development project on the existing water system The impact study must outline how they will e minimize imported water supplied to the site e minimize amount of wastewater and the contaminant loads flowing from the study site into the conventional central wastewater system e ensure stormwater and the contaminant loads flowing from the study area into the adjacent waterway are maintained at predevelopment levels June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 92 of 176 How to profile an urban area Before you can begin your simulation you must profile the urban area and its current water system UVQ simulates an urban area based on configuration parameters you enter relating to the
193. ter resources modelling Simulation data for this more complex calibration process can be found in the output files produced by UVQ Because UVQ simulates an integrated water system which accounts for the interactions between stormwater wastewater and water supply an individual calibration parameter can influence more than one of the simulated output flows As a result an iterative approach to parameter calibration is suggested Within the Calibration Variables screen notice how the variables that most influence the volume of stormwater generated are grouped in the Stormwater frame variables that most influence the volume of wastewater June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 115 of 176 are grouped in the Wastewater frame and variables that influence the imported water volume area grouped in the Irrigation frame The following directions show After you have simulated your conventional water system for the first time you need to check whether the Observed values within the Average Volumes frame in the Calibration variables screen match the Simulated values for each Neighbourhood and the Study Area When the observed and the simulated values do not match you need to alter the stormwater wastewater and imported water calibration variables and recheck input data values To obtain an optimum parameter set 8 Enter initial estimates of calibration parameter values ascertained from local knowledge and modelling experience Initial values for the Heathe
194. terstrom G 1984 Snowmelt Runoff from Porson Residential Area Lulea Sweden In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Urban Storm Drainage Gothenburg Sweden June 4 8 Vol 1 pp 315 323 Wong T Coleman J Duncan H Fletcher T Jenkins G Siriwardena L Wootton R 2002 Music Model for Urban Stormwater Improvement Conceptualisation CSRIO Catchment Hydrology Version 1 2 Page 169 of 176 Appendix I Contaminant Flow Diagrams June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 170 of 176 Indoor Scale Water Flows Mr SEEE Legend PE Study area I I I I Waste Water Rain Tap Water Store I Tank Water l2 p 1 Black Water r E i Studyarea Grey Water tii lu Storm Water Storm Water l Store f Ground Water 1 F eee e 1 i Neighbourhood i other 12 Waste Water i neighbourhood M Store WM pate I EE csdkaicaccicdca i STR Located at i 18 Neighbourhood i this deyel poa i Storm Water p 4 mnmc7777 777770 7 N Store Located at od a a another level i tid 14 3 Link at this Level f i I 1 I 1 Link af another level P 16 W 18 27165 MEC i wosBssctes2ssncissliss eae Mix of streams 1 Pervious i l i I 1 H 1 Bop RRS SSSR SSS SSeS a 1 l l 1 anie MES acie i 1 o LandBlek 4 i f 2 Sewerage System 28 1 Identical flows at 31 67 I 1 i Output I different scales i f SN upu i i 1 19 7K See a 20 7
195. tewater Store in Neighbourhood No Contaminant Removal Efficiency Contaminant Removal Efficiency Naf Pb Cul P Na Pb Cu P Cal As nif n Caf As Ni N Ma Ca Zn Toc Ma ca Zn TOC Sub Surface Greywater Irrigation Imported Water Collected from Kitchen Bathroom Laundry jw Supplies Garden Irrigation Template Cancel Figure 15 Sample Land Block Water Management Features screen Table 5 describes the data requirements for the Land Block Water Management Features screen June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 38 of 176 Table 5 Land Block Water Management Features screen data descriptions Field Raintank frame Description Storage capacity kL The maximum volume of water that an individual rainwater tank within each land block can hold All of this volume is available for use Initial storage level kL The amount of water which is already held in the rainwater tank on the first day of the simulation run First flush kL Supplies to Bathroom Laundry Kitchen Toilet Garden The volume of roof runoff that is diverted away from the rainwater tank at the beginning of a rainfall runoff event This is done when the initial roof runoff is of lower quality than the remaining runoff and has the effect of improving the overall quality of water stored in the rainwater tank Water uses that can be selected from the rainwater tank First flush to Stormwater ga
196. the soil profile in garden and open space areas Because UVQ allows you to represent pervious areas using either the partial area approach or the 2 layer approach separate processes and algorithms are required to calculate the water balance of each soil store type and the associated actual evaporation groundwater recharge infiltration store recharge irrigation and pervious surface runoff For excess rainfall there is one algorithm describing the process for both partial area and two layer soil stores June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 54 of 176 Excess rainfall EXC Excess rainfall is the amount of run off from the two pervious storage areas PS1 and PS2 into the stormwater system The amount of excess soil moisture is calculated separately for each store and combined according to the proportional area of each store The equation to calculate the rainfall excess is pervious rain and storage 1 snowmelt capacity Percentage area excess pervious of pervious rainfall storage 1 level store 1 T ee zh EXC 2 max RS PS1 PS1 0 A1 max RS PS2 PS2 0 100 A1 T pervious storage 2 level percentage area of pervious store 2 pervious storage 2 capacity Partial area pervious soil store PS1 PSZ The partial area pervious soil store represents the unsaturated zone of the soil profile The use of partial areas is based on the division of a study area into areas which produce runoff contributing areas and those th
197. the units L c d litres per capita per day e Kitchen K e Bathroom Bn e Laundry L e Toilet Ta June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 69 of 176 The user also specifies the average occupancy Occ and the number of land blocks in the neighbourhood NLB The equation to calculate the amount of indoor water use is indoor water usage of neighbourhood average n mber bathroom toilet occupancy Tf it IWU K B L T Occ NLB n neighbourhood number kitchen laundry number of land blocks in the neighbourhood If the user would like represent a land use other than residential they can mimic the non residential indoor land block water usage by altering either the occupancy Occ or one or more of the end users Ky Bn Ln Tn The important thing to note is that the toilet end use is the only indoor one that can be supplied by the e On site wastewater treatment unit store e Neighbourhood stormwater and wastewater store Study area stormwater and wastewater store So if you want to mimic a non residential land block such as an industrial operation which has a large demand for sub potable water for cooling purposes this indoor demand should be represented by setting T OCC to equal the appropriate L d value Leakage LD Leakage is the amount of water that leaks from the imported water system into the groundwater store Leakage from a reticulation system varies due to the care exercised in co
198. therwood Development Project File Edit Run View Help _ Calibration Variable r Simulation Date Range Start Year Snow Variables Produce Output Result Files End Year ise F Daily Yearly Close Land Block _ Pues m mam Completion 2 Load Cimate Fie Sae fun Et Neighbourhood 8 02 2004 4 47 PM June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 139 of 176 Input File Structure Climate Input File The climate data file contains historic daily precipitation potential evaporation and average temperature data series Precipitation and potential evaporation are in the units of millimetres per day while average daily temperature is in the units of degrees Celsius The series must start at the beginning of a calendar year 1 January and stop at the end of a calendar year The date format used is YYYYMMDD so 3rd December 1995 is represented as 19951203 The following is an example of a climate data file 19960101 MTTAMBORINE 20061231 CapodiMonte 19960101 4 80 3 4 15 25 19960102 3 86 3 8 16 5 19960103 84 47 2 6 17 25 19960104 22 37 1 18 19960105 5 16 2 2 19 The first line contains the start date location identifier climate file key end date and a dummy text string The location identifier can be any continuous string of alphanumeric stating the region that the climate series applies to The second to final line contains the date precipitation potentia
199. this instance First Flush can be set to zero The sources of water will be from Road Runoff Land Block Runoff and Open Space Runoff The contaminant removal efficiency can be set to 3096 4096 amp 6096 for N P amp SS respectively Version 1 2 Page 130 of 176 Neighbourhood Water Management Features Heatherwood Development project E BEES 1 2 3 Neighbourhood 1 Stormwater amp r Stormwater Store ASR Wastewater Groundwater amp Imported Water Storage Capacity 4000 kL First Flush D kL Act as Infiltration Basin Exposed Surface w m nitial Storage Level 30 kL Contaminant Removal Efficiency zr Stormwater Store Supplies Go To 1 e 9 E 9 ss sU FStepf o NA v Garden Irrigation i Select Neighbourhoods E 9 A m so i Endde 7 Naf o pen Space Irrigation E a E v p ue nud Viue o0 aps esr Toilet Select Neighbourhoods r Sources Aquifer Storage amp Recovery Collect Road Runoff Storage Capacity ok v Collect Land Block Runoff Storage Level i kL Collect Stormwater from Upstream Neighbourhoods Maximum Recharge Rate kL d I Collect Open Space Runoff ML 9 kd Template OK Cancel 5 Click on the Select Neighbourhoods button for Garden Irrigation and highlight Neighbourhood 1 Then click OK 6 Repeatthe process for Open Space Irrigation 7 Now return to the UVQ main screen and click Run 8 Enter a start year of 1960 and
200. tion v Suspen imported P water l REEREHRRRERHRERERREEEREEERSEEREEERESERERSRRRERRRRRRRRRRERRE RRERRRRRRRRRRSRERERRRERRRERERRRRRRRERERRRERERERERERRER RERRRRHRERHA evaporation l actual leakage li evapotranspiration v irrigation 71 roof paving rainfall indoor water store store use excess septic disposal Y l infiltration non effective pervious store store infiltration infiltration area runoff gt recharge gt store gt K pervious surface bore wastewater runoff extraction exfiltration effective impervious surface runoff 7 groundwater recharge v Vv lt baseflow __ groundwater store inflow overflow stormwater wastewater mmof _ discharge Figure 3 Integrated conventional urban water system The UVQ model has been developed with the objective of maximum applicability to all urban areas in both Australia and Europe and so has undergone modification to include representation of a wider range of system configurations Incorporating this flexibility into the model allows UVQ to represent e Avariety of land use types residential industrial commercial and open space e Different conventional water infrastructure designs such as combined sewers septic tanks separate stormwater systems and groundwater bores e Local climatic condi
201. tions Another purpose of UVQ is to represent the multitude of alternative options for water supply stormwater and wastewater service provision enabling the assessment of the impact of alternative water servicing approaches on the total water cycle Options that can be represented in UVQ include e At land block scale water usage efficiency rain tanks on site infiltration of roof runoff greywater collection and sub surface irrigation on site wastewater collection treatment and reuse e At neighbourhood scale open space irrigation efficiency aquifer storage and recovery stormwater infiltration stormwater collection treatment and use and local wastewater collection treatment and use June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 7 of 176 e At study area development estate scale stormwater collection treatment and use and wastewater collection treatment and use UVQ represents the urban water system at three spatial scales The methods described above are provided in Table 1 with a description of some of their sources uses and limitations June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 8 of 176 Table 1 Methods for available in UVQ for using stormwater and wastewater a l cid i d pe eee Spatial scale Land block Rain tank Roof runoff Kitchen bathroom laundry Option to include a first flush device and divert to garden on site wastewater treatment or toilet garden irrigation stormwater system Supplies the land block that the rain tank is located
202. to how well the set of input parameters are simulating the observed concentrations or loads of stormwater Simulated Stormwater UVQ s calculated concentration or load of contaminants leaving the neighbourhood in the stormwater It provides a guide to how well the set of input parameters are simulating the observed concentrations or loads of stormwater Snow accumulation and redistribution screen Figure 14 is the default Snow accumulation and redistribution screen This screen is used to select the threshold temperatures for snowfall and snow melt and to define the impervious areas where snow collects and the impervious areas to which snow distributes Please note the redistribution process is not available in this version of UVQ Table 4 describes the data requirements for the Snow accumulation and redistribution screen June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 36 of 176 Snow Accumulation and Redistribution New Project Simulate Snow Process Snowfall Threshold L Snow Melt Threshold SE Melt Rate Factor mm C day Accumulation Template Cancel Figure 14 Sample Snow Accumulation and Redistribution screen Table 4 Snow accumulation and redistribution screen data descriptions Field Data Description Simulate Snow Process Switches on or off the routines in UVQ which simulate snow Snowfall threshold c The threshold daily mean temperature at which precipitation falls as snow rather than rai
203. tormwater Observed Wastewater Observed June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 165 of 176 Bibliography June 2010 Abbott J 1977 Guidelines for Calibration and Application of Storm The Hydrologic Engineering Center US Army Corps of Engineers Training document No 8 Anderson J M 1995 Water Conservation and Recycling in Australia Scenarios for Sustainable Urban Water Use in the 21st Century AWWA 16th Federal Convention Sydney pp 389 395 Australian Runoff Quality Manual 2004 The Institute of Engineers Australia and North East Catchment Management Authority Boughton W C 1993 A Hydrograph based Model For Estimating The Water Yield Of Ungauged Catchments Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium Newcastle IEAust pp 317 324 Boyd M J Bufill M C and Knee R M 1993 Pervious and impervious runoff in urban catchments Hydrological Sciences Vol 38 6 pp 463 478 Chiew F H S 1990 Estimating Groundwater Recharge Using an Integrated Surface and Groundwater Model Unpublished PhD thesis University of Melbourne Chiew F H S and McMahon T A 1993 Assessing the Adequacy of Catchment Streamflow Yield Estimates Australian Journal of Soil Research Vol 31 pp 665 680 Chiew F H S Osman E H and McMahon T A 1995 Modelling daily and monthly runoff in urban catchments The Second International Symposium on Urban Stormwater Management Melbourne Australia Institut
204. tormwater store contaminant inputs and outputs Study area wastewater store treatment Flows and contaminants to the study area wastewater store can originate from the wastewater flows from user specified neighbourhoods Precipitation to the exposed surface of the store is also an input The contaminants loads are mixed within the store and any load associated with the evaporation stream specified is subtracted The wastewater store sludge is then calculated from the user specified removal efficiency The removal efficiency will depend on the contaminant and the type of process being modelled For example if a simple two stage settlement and aerated biological system is being represented removal of suspended material will be between 40 and 60 If a higher level of treatment is assumed i e membrane bioreactor then up to 100 of suspended material will be removed Some suggested values for removal efficiencies of the wastewater treatment processes are given in Metcalf and Eddy 1991 Once the sludge calculation is complete and the contaminants have been removed from the store the remaining contaminants are either retained within the wastewater store or flow to the land block toilet or garden the neighbourhood public open space or overflow to the total study area wastewater output The destination of the treated wastewater is specified by the user The calculated concentration of these output streams is the same Precipitation Evaporation To to
205. tudy Area Size 143 ha Number of Neighbourhoods 3 Soil Store Type Partial Area C Two Layer Contaminants Active r Long name Active Short name Long name Boro Nitrogen Phasphorus Suspended So TUL Short name E Ex EET E A Po Bs om crea 4 Click the Cancel button to return to the Main screen without saving any changes June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 112 of 176 UVQ Main screen The main UVQ screen provides a summary of project information provides access to all other UVQ functions provides the facility to load different climate files and allows you to Save and Run projects The large buttons on the left hand side of the screen the UVQ toolbar access all the data input screens as does the Edit drop down menu UVQ Heatherwood Development Tutorial 1 File Edit Run View Help Project Description Heatherwood Development Tutorial 1 Climate File loaded e Project File C XProgram FilesNU VT utorial 1 uvq Study Area Size 143 ha Number of Neighbourhoods 3 Soil Type PatalAea Contaminants Water Flow Nitrogen Phosphorus Suspended So Ka 1 Pq Land Block a Study Area Load Climate File 10 05 2010 1 39 PM Physical Characteristics screen 5 From the toolbar buttons at the left of the Main screen click Physical Characteristics The Physical Characteristics Screen provides the detail on the land blocks occupancy water usage and contaminant
206. umes Capacity of Soil Store 2 Units Scale C kly Roof Area Maximum Initial Loss Observed Simulated Imported 180 ML y 191 ML j Wastewater 115 wi TIG ML y Stormwater 285 ML y 289 ML v Quality Effective Roof Area Paved Area Maximum Initial Loss Effective Paved Area Road Area Maximum Initial Loss Effective Road Area BaseFlow Index Ratio Cone mg L C Load Kgy NUM Base Flow Recession Constant 0 0000 Wastewater Stormwater Contaminant Soil Store Removal Observed Simulated Observed Simulated Set Soil Removal Capacity to 100 Boron Potassium B el s 70 F St Sodium K N 40 S042 End hloride Na P 70 TOC Virus Nitrogen Phosphorus Wastewater 5 uspended Infiltration Index Infiltration Store Recession Total Organi x Percentage Surface Runoff as Inflow Faecal Strep Endocrine Di Virus Dry Weather Overflow Rate Wastewater System Capacity Enabled z E Irrigation Garden Trigger to Irrigate HULU Open Space Trigger to Irrigate 11 12 13 14 June 2010 Template The Observed and Simulated stormwater wastewater and imported water volumes are a good match for Neighbourhood 1 2 and 3 If in your study there is not a good match then vary the calibration parameters in the wastewater and stormwater frames to match until the simulated wastewater volume and
207. urhood Storm 142 Water Output en sek ee IET r Sewerage 154 System Input Y 4 eae Care a 146 Y Neighbourhood Sewerage System Output i 155 v Version 1 2 Page 173 of 176 ASR June 2010 Legend Rain Tap Water Tank Water Black Water Study area Water Flows Grey Water ee eee eee rod Storm Water Tay Ground Water other neighbourhood r Located at this level Link at another level e9 27 65 Identical flows at different scales BEA Specify load or Concentration 163 164 Store I j LI 1 i I i Waste Water m i I j i LU 6 177 Calculate sludge 4 Difference between J PY v specified streams in and specified streams out Version 1 2 Sewerage System Output m Page 174 of 176 E ecu
208. urhood scale stormwater storage m 3 mth 50 Spillage of neighbourhood scale stormwater storage m 3 mth 51 Deficit of neighbourhood scale stormwater storage m 3 mth 52 Number of times neighbourhood scale stormwater storage failed to fully meet demand number mth 53 Inflow to neighbourhood scale wastewater storage m 3 mth 54 Demand for neighbourhood scale wastewater store water m 3 mth 55 Use of neighbourhood scale wastewater store water m 3 mth 56 Spillage of neighbourhood scale wastewater store water m 3 mth 57 Deficit of neighbourhood scale wastewater store water m 3 mth 58 Number of times neighbourhood scale wastewater store failed to fully meet demand number mth 59 Volume available for neighbourhood scale ASR injection m 3 mth 60 Demand for neighbourhood scale ASR recovery m 3 mth 61 Amount of water injected into ASR in the neighbourhood m 3 mth 62 Amount of water recovered form ASR in the neighbourhood m 3 mth 63 Deficit of water available for recovery from ASR m 3 mth 64 Number of times ASR in neighbourhood failed to fully meet demand recovery number mth June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 152 of 176 65 Monthly volumetric vulnerability of ASR in neighbourhood ratio 66 Nettransfer of water into or out of neighbourhood m 3 mth 67 Use of study area scale stormwater storage m 3 mth 68 Use of study area scale wastewater storage m 3 mth 69 Leakage from imported water pipes mm mth MthlyStudyArea csv The monthly study a
209. us surface parameters within the Heatherwood development project Table 12 Estimated Heatherwood effective impervious surface parameters Data Requirement Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood 2 Neighbourhood 3 residential commercial industrial Effective roof area 96 80 100 80 Effective paved area 40 100 40 Effective road area 96 90 90 100 If you are using the worksheets on the Calibration Variables worksheet enter the percentage of the effective roof paved and road areas within the neighbourhood in the equivalent fields in the Stormwater frame section of the worksheet Estimating base flow characteristics Base flow is the amount of water drained from the groundwater store that contributes to the total stormwater flow To represent the amount of base flow UVQ requires that you provide an initial estimate of the e baseflow index or drainage factor if using two layer soil store e baseflow recession constant The base flow index is the proportion of excess water from the soil stores which recharges the groundwater The base flow recession constant is the rate at which water leaves the groundwater store and contributes to the stormwater flowing out of the neighbourhood Table 13 is the initial estimate of the base flow characteristics within the Heatherwood Development Project neighbourhoods Table 13 Estimated Heatherwood baseflow characteristics Data Re
210. use an increase in the moisture content of a small area If there is no pervious area adjacent to an impervious area then the effective impervious area is 10096 All of the impervious surface must be directly connected to the stormwater system since there are no adjacent surfaces for the runoff to spill on to Contaminants from impervious surfaces Contaminant concentrations in the runoff from the garden and public open space are calculated separately from respective input loads Contaminant concentrations in the runoff from the pavement to the garden or stormwater are identical No contaminant load is added to stormwater from impervious surfaces but the model calculates the difference between rainfall and stormwater EMCs event mean concentrations to provide users with an indicator of this load Pervious soil store All public open space is 10096 pervious The input and output of water occurs in a set order each day Precipitation is added to and actual evaporation is removed from the soil moisture stores simultaneously at the beginning of the day The irrigation demand is calculated and is applied at the end of the day for more details of the algorithms describing the soil store see UVQ Processes Precipitation and irrigation wet the entire root zone to a constant level This assumes the moisture is instantaneously distributed throughout the root zone when in reality a wetting front forms and the soil is slow to reach a constant soil mo
211. verflow rate for each neighbourhood in the wastewater frame June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 105 of 176 Estimating the Wastewater System Capacity The Wastewater System Capacity formerly labelled wet weather overflow trigger represents the maximum amount of wastewater the neighbourhood wastewater system can convey each day All wastewater flowing into the wastewater system in excess of this capacity then becomes overflow and spills into the stormwater system You can either leave this field blank or estimate a capacity for each neighbourhood within the study area If you leave the field blank then the wastewater system is assumed to have an infinite capacity so overflow does not occur All of the wastewater system in the Heatherwood Development Project is assumed to have infinite capacity so the Wastewater System Capacity is left blank or disabled for all neighbourhoods Defining the stormwater characteristics Because different surface and baseflow characteristics impact upon the quality and the quantity of the water that flows into the stormwater and wastewater systems and the amount of water required for irrigation UVQ requires information about the impervious and pervious surfaces and the baseflow response of the groundwater store within your study area This section shows you how to define the surface characteristics within your study area in the manner required by UVQ To simulate the surface areas accurately UVQ requires information
212. water drains into the wastewater system The equation to calculate the infiltration store level is June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 68 of 176 Infiltration rifiltration storage storage level Previous day s recharge infiltration storage level infiltration See INFS 2INFS RIS INF Imported water supply processes In a conventional system all imported water supply would be provided through the potable pipe system supplying all indoor and outdoor irrigation uses as well as leakage occurring from the pipes Total water use is separated into indoor and irrigation components The equation to calculate the amount of imported water is imported bore water irrigation extraction Indoor water T The imported water processes are e Indoor water usage IWU e Leakage e Irrigation e Bore extraction Note that a system which uses stormwater and or wastewater as supply sources will use less imported water with additional terms included in the above equation Indoor water usage IWU Indoor water usage is the volume of water used in an urban area and subsequently transformed into wastewater Water in residential and non residential land blocks is used for different purposes and so the approach used to determine the volume of water also differs Indoor use is disaggregated into components kitchen bathroom laundry and toilet and the user specifies water usage in the interface for each neighbourhood for these four end uses in
213. water in the lower 2 layer store level is 2 layer lower soil lower actual store level evapotranspiration septic disposal 2 L l LS2 LS1 Drain E Drain2 SD upper lower drainage drainage Actual evaporation Ea for 2 layer store Actual evapotranspiration is the amount of water that evaporates from the pervious soil stores The method used to calculate actual evapotranspiration is based on work of Denmead and Shaw 1962 In the 2 layer approach actual evapotranspiration is drawn preferentially from the upper store although if the upper store does not meet the potential demand the remaining demand is sought from the lower store It is assumed that when either soil store is holding between 75 and 10096 of maximum storage capacity the upper limit on actual evapotranspiration is the maximum capacity of the vegetative cover to transpire E Between 096 and 7596 of maximum storage capacity the upper limit on actual evapotranspiration is a linear function of available water in the store June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 62 of 176 The maximum amount of evapotranspiration that can occur in a given day due to climatic conditions is termed E the potential evapotranspiration rate and is provided as input to the model by the user in the form of the climate file see Climate Input File Actual evapotranspiration is calculated by UVQ to represent the amount which did actually evapotranspire in that day given
214. when modelling at the neighbourhood and study area scale but they occur within the land block section of the model Varying land use and garden watering patterns are accounted for at the land block scale within a neighbourhood Study area A study area represents an urban area containing a number of neighbourhoods that have mixture of land uses such as residential industrial commercial and institutional These neighbourhoods may relate to the suburbs in the study area or areas of single land use An example of a study area containing residential commercial and industrial neighbourhoods is shown in Figure 8 Figure 8 An example study area To model a study area you must identify the number of neighbourhoods that make up the study area and the configuration characteristics of each neighbourhood within the study area Modelling a study area allows you to investigate the cumulative effect of different water management strategies within the neighbourhoods within a study area or to explore the feasibility of having different water systems within neighbourhoods that have different characteristics The study area is used within the model to represent the spatial scale at which suburban or city water supply and water disposal operations are managed The drainage networks linking neighbourhoods in terms of the flow of stormwater and wastewater can be stated allowing the spatial relationship between neighbourhoods to be represented and the way
215. within Sub surface irrigation of One or more of kitchen bathroom and Garden irrigation Distributes greywater directly to the garden through a sub surface drainage field according greywater laundry to the daily irrigation requirement On site wastewater treatment One or more of kitchen bathroom Toilet flushing garden Treats and stores household wastewater Supplies the land block that it is located within laundry toilet irrigation Option to dispose of effluent to leachfield stormwater or wastewater system Spatial scale Neighbourhood Stormwater store One or more of land block runoff road Toilet flushing garden and Option to divert a first flush to the stormwater system A neighbourhood may service runoff public open space runoff open space irrigation particular demands from its own or from another neighbourhood s stormwater store stormwater from upstream neighbourhoods Wastewater treatment and One or more of land block wastewater Toilet flushing garden and Option to disposing of overflow to stormwater or wastewater system A neighbourhood storage and wastewater from upstream open space irrigation may service particular demands from its own or from another neighbourhood s wastewater neighbourhoods store Aquifer storage and recovery Neighbourhood stormwater store Toilet flushing garden and The recharge rate and recovery rate must be specified open space irrigation via the stormwater store Spatial sc
216. xim Initia lOS orrera ern aE N EIRE ENSE EAEE EE 109 Estimating effective impervious surface area sessi nnns 109 Defining the other contaminant characteristics ases 110 Observed neighbourhood and study area flow and contaminant concentrations 111 Tutorial 1 Conventional servicing scccccsssscccessssececssseeeeceessneecesenaeeecesseneeeeeseaaeeees 114 Open the tutorial file aire er ert E aA ROUEN 114 Projectin or muon SERE sesto c e et uM LS UM EMI LIE 114 Menu g 115 Physical Characteristics SCKeBI casses tesi Ee eR a RARE ES LR eoa dae quB Ne Rod 115 Calibkaton VOlQDIBSSCEEBI ect icc sna olei cu ubt EN cede ers tmb E NEE 116 June 2010 Version 1 2 Tutorial 2 Investigating alternative servicing approaches sseseeeeees 130 Land BIOCKIOPLIONS ERE DO NEL D E 130 Neighbourhood options retro Fee eR see E pes cre eet cae NANNES Eres de kde Pr xus a 132 Other Hepu NIN oosina ree ed ie Eo eub tuere errem ede dedu ettet eu eere iede 137 UMAR File SCE Ur OPEN CD 142 Clilmateslnipitiblle eire teretes mae tUe eee Pene edm aes armen steer iste rix ena er Rex RUE EN en 142 Proe ct FIE e PT 142 Beisil Es eodein bred eia seta OR ERR a peace Dru ata E cU a eraa UR eM Dou IE GONE 142 Summary Statist S s sis doris cores eese diee eere atten erue Queue or oer vena e tharos ase 143 Technology Perfokmablte sie e ee E ede reete po E cos ba Pedes gute
217. y M Stormwater iv Wastewater Study Area M uie r Line Width UNE J Wastewater pr Stormwater Study Area M Duet r Line Width Thick g m dsrs MN aa RODA Study Area Outlet Em Figure 12 a Simple example of Water Flow screen b Complex example of routing in Water Flow screen Calibration variables The calibration variable screen will contain different parameters dependent of the type of soil store selection partial area or 2 layer The parameters describing the soil store change dependent upon the modelling approach selected in the Project Description screen June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 31 of 176 Partial Area screen Figure 13 a and b are the default Calibration Variables Screens for both partial area and the 2 layer soil stores These screens detail the parameters required to calibrate the model to a specific site The variables defined in this screen are the controls for the output flows and concentrations The physical characteristics of the area to be modelled as defined in the Physical Characteristics screen are set values whereas the calibration variables are used to manipulate the simulated outputs For this reason this screen also presents the simulated outputs for the neighbourhood and the study area and provides the ability to allow their comparison to observed values Calibration Variables New Project Calibration Neighbourhood 1 Stormwa
218. y the statistics for the on site wastewater system the majority of contaminants end up as sludge in the system As an exercise change the removal efficiency of the on site wastewater unit and or the concentration of contaminants entering the system mimicking use of eco friendly products and see what effect this has on the sludge produced Try using Sub Surface Greywater Irrigation rather than an on site wastewater treatment process for garden irrigation See what impacts this has on contaminant flows to the garden and sewerage system Note When carrying out the above exercises the Observed values for Imported Water Wastewater and Stormwater do not correlate with Simulated values This should not cause any alarm for the user however because the water flow processes within the Neighbourhood have been altered Neighbourhood options In this section the setting up of a neighbourhood stormwater and wastewater store is described Using the Tutorial1 uvq project file follow the instruction below 1 2 June 2010 Open UVQ From the File drop down menu click the Open Project option Open Tutoriall uvq which will be located in the input directory of your installation package From the UVQ toolbar click the Neighbourhood button to open the Neighbourhood Water Management Features Screen Set up a 4000 kL Stormwater Store to Neighbourhood 1 The initial storage can be set at 3500 kL and the exposed surface can be set at 400 m In
219. you define the e configuration of the wastewater system within a study area e amount of surface runoff flowing into the wastewater system due to stormwater inflow and infiltration e wastewater system exfiltration parameters e capacity of the wastewater system Defining the configuration of the wastewater system To determine where and how much wastewater you may reclaim UVQ requires that you define the configuration of the wastewater system You do this by arranging the flow pathways in the Water Flow screen As a default each neighbourhood s wastewater flows straight to the Study Area Output You can direct the wastewater to any neighbourhood which has a higher neighbourhood number or the Study Area Output Within the Heatherwood development project the wastewater from the residential and commercial neighbourhoods flows through separate pipes into the industrial neighbourhood Figure 47 illustrates this process wastewater stormwater Figure 47 The Heatherwood development project stormwater and wastewater system configuration June 2010 Version 1 2 Page 103 of 176 Table 9 specifies the configuration of the Heatherwood wastewater and stormwater systems using the neighbourhood identification numbers Table 9 Neighbourhood wastewater configuration identifiers Data Requirement Neighbourhood 1 Neighbourhood 2 Neighbourhood 3 residential commercial industrial Wastewater from 3 industrial 3 industr

Urban Volume and Quality (UVQ) User Manual 21st June 2010

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