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ForeRunner™ ATM Switch User's Manual

1. LED Color Meaning Green Input voltage is OK PWR OK extinguished No input voltage or unit has shut down Yellow Power supply has faulted FAULT extinguished No faults detected in power supply Yellow Operating temperature out of range TEMP P 8 P 8 extinguished Running within safe temperature range Yellow Overload condition ILIM extinguished Load in range 1 2 5 4 2 Shutdown Conditions To avoid damaging itself or the switch the model B ASX 1000 AC power supply shuts itself down under the following error conditions Input undervoltage Output undervoltage Output overvoltage Overtemperature The AC line voltage is below 87 t5VAC RMS Output 1 is 42 2 VDC or Output 2 is below 4 5 0 25 VDC Shutdown from undervoltage is defeated during power up period 2 seconds maximum to allow slow start The voltage at Output 1 or Output 2 is above 125 8 of the nominal voltage Any power semiconductor has reached 90 of its maximum junction temperature The ASX 1000 CEC can not shut down the model B power supply Only the power supply can shut down and restart itself If a model B power supply goes into shutdown it remains turned off until the fault condition is rectified At that point the power supply restarts itself except in the case of an overvoltage condition To recover from a shutdown caused by an overvoltage state the AC line input must be turned off for at least one
2. Description Specification Port Capacity Four SONET SDH ports per module Data Rate 155 52 Mbps Output Buffer 2 560 or 32 768 cell capacity Media Category 5 Unshielded Twisted Pair UTP Max Line Length 100m Connectors RJ 45 Line Encoding Non Return to Zero NRZ Framing STS 3c STM 1 Clock Accuracy 20 ppm Timing Internal timing or per port network timing Loopbacks Transmit and receive loopbacks Statistics Alarms SONET SDH statistics include Loss of Signal LOS Loss of Frame LOF Loss of Pointer LOP Far End Block Errors FEBE Alarm Indication Signal AIS Far End Receive Fail ure FERF Yellow Alarm Bit Interleaved Par ity errors Line BIP 24 Section BIP 8 Path BIP 8 Header Check Sequence HCS errors Compliance ATM Forum STS 3c UNI v3 1 ITU T 1 432 ANSI T1E1 2 93 020 ATM Forum AF PHY 0015 000 T1S1 92 185 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Hardware Specifications C 2 3 1 155 Mbps UTP Pinout Specifications 155 Mbps UTP network modules have a standard RJ 45 female connector and use RJ 45 net work equipment pinouts as illustrated in the table below Pin Number NC Signal Name 1 RX Receive Data 2 RX Receive Data 3 Not Used 4 Not Used 5 Not Used 6 Not Used 7 TX Transmit Data 8 TX Transmit Data C 2 3 2 Connecting Switches with 155 Mbps UTP Network Modules When connecting
3. ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual C 25 Hardware Specifications ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual ALPHA COPY Acronyms The networking terms in the following list are defined in the Glossary of this manual Glos sary items are listed alphabetically according to the full term AAL ATM Adaptation Layer ABR Available Bit Rate ACM Address Complete Message ACR Allowable Cell Rate ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation AHFG ATM attached Host Functional Group AIMUX ATM Inverse Multiplexing AIS Alarm Indication Signal AMI Alternate Mark Inversion AMI ATM Management Interface ANSI American National Standards Institute APCM Adaptive Pulse Code Modulation API Application Program Interface APP Application Program APS Automatic Protection Switching ARP Address Resolution Protocol ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange ATDM Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode AUI Attachment User Interface B8ZS Bipolar 8 Zero Substitution BCOB Broadband Connection Oriented Bearer BCOB A Bearer Class A BCOB C Bearer Class C BCOB X Bearer Class X BECN Backward Explicit Congestion Notification BER Bit Error Rate BES Bursty Errored Seconds BGP Border Gateway Protocol B ICI B ISDN Inter Carrier Interface 5 BIP Bit Interleaved Parity S B ISDN Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network E B ISUP Broadband ISDN User s Part v ForeRunner ATM Switch Use
4. 4 14 displaying current version 4 14 switch software upgrade ASX 200WG 0 ce cece eee 4 6 booting upgrading with Mini Loader 4 16 deleting current software 4 8 downloading Mini Loader 4 6 emptying the FLASH 4 7 upgrading to Mini Loader 4 7 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Index downloading with bootp etc services 4 25 adding a switch entry 4 23 inetd conf 04 4 25 OVerVieW eee 4 22 setting up a bootp server 4 22 setting up a TFTP server 4 25 tftpboot directory 4 25 instructions 00005 4 1 obtaining the upgrade via diskette uuu 4 4 Via ftp ces ts M os 4 2 placing the upgrade file 4 9 requirements 00 4 2 upgrading an ASX 200 4 12 upgrading an ASX 200BX or ASX 1000 s esses 4 9 switch specifications ASX T1000 cts n Me G3 C 5 ASX 200 eese C 2 ASX 200BX cue mEnE aR A h C 4 ASX 200WG C 3 C 4 C 5 T Technical Support ssssss ii temperature operating ASX 1000 0 000000 0 C 5 ASX 200 2 6 cece eee C 2 ASX 200BX 0 eee eee ee C 4 ASX 200WG sss C 3 storage ASX 1000 s esses C 5 ASX 200BX 0 eee eee C 4 ASX 200WG sss C 3 Index 3 Index temperature sensors 1 21 test AAL error 2 0 eee eee A
5. MPOA Service Area The collection of server functions and their clients A collection of physi cal devices consisting of an MPOA server plus the set of clients served by that server MPOA Target A set of protocol address path attributes e g internetwork layer QoS other information derivable from received packet describing the intended destination and its path attributes that MPOA devices may use as lookup keys Mu Law The PCM coding and companding standard used in Japan and North America Multicasting The ability to broadcast messages to one node or a select group of nodes Multi homed a device having both an ATM and another network connection like Ethernet Multimode Fiber Optic Cable MMF fiber optic cable in which the signal or light propagates in multiple modes or paths Since these paths may have varying lengths a transmitted pulse of light may be received at different times and smeared to the point that pulses may interfere with surrounding pulses This may cause the signal to be difficult or impossible to receive This pulse dispersion sometimes limits the distance over which a MMF link can operate Multiplexing a function within a layer that interleaves the information from multiple connec tions into one connection see demultiplexing Glossary 22 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary Multipoint Access user access in which more than one terminal equipment TE is supported by a single network te
6. b lt broadcast gt where ipaddr is the IP address of the switch to be upgraded lt netmask gt is the IP net mask of the subnet upon which your switch resides and broadcast is the broadcast IP address of your network 4 6 2 Setting the Gateway Address If the switch you are trying to upgrade is on a different subnet than the host from which you will load the upgrade file you must provide a proper gateway address in order for the switch to find the host Enter the following parameters at the loader prompt configuration gateway lt ipaddr gt where ipaddr is the IP address of the gateway leading out of the subnet on which the switch resides see Figure 4 1 Subnet B IP Address 2 IP Address 3 Gateway 1 Gateway 2 IP Address 1 lt ipaddr gt IP Address 4 Subnet A Subnet C HOST Figure 4 1 Example of Switch and Host on Different Subnets 4 18 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Software Upgrade Instructions 4 6 3 Performing the Upgrade Once you have set the parameters above and cleaned out the FLASH you may perform the upgrade Enter the following parameters at the loader gt prompt upgrade d ftp tftp gt bf lt bootfile gt h lt serverAddr gt u lt user gt pw lt password gt The parameters in this example have the following meaning ftp tftp Indicates the transfer mechanism used by M
7. Attempt Ethernet boot ie attach ieQ ethernet address 00 20 48 20 00 19 BootP Waiting 68 seconds This cycle will continue indefinitely until the switch is powered down or reset If you see out put similar to this after an upgrade then you will need to set up a bootp server as detailed in the following sections ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Software Upgrade Instructions 4 7 1 Overview Each SCP on a ForeRunner switch comes with its hardware address Ethernet MAC address burned in from the factory but it does not come preconfigured with an IP address Any time that the switch is turned on the SCP attempts to boot from FLASH memory If an SCP cannot boot from its FLASH e g the FLASH has recently been initialized or the switch software image in the FLASH is corrupt it attempts to locate a bootp server on its Ethernet interface The SCP broadcasts its Ethernet MAC address in a bootp datagram Bootp servers on the net work that receive that broadcast look up that MAC address in their bootptab file If they find an entry for that MAC address they broadcast a reply to the SCP that contains a pointer to a switch software image file residing on the bootp server When the SCP sees the bootp reply it initiates a TFIP session with the bootp server using the path and filename returned in the datagram from the server 4 7 2 Setting Up a bootp Server If the process described above is to happen you need to provide the boot
8. Chapter 1 Switch Hardware Provides a description of the various ForeRunner ATM switch hardware components Chapter 2 Switch Setup Provides information for the installation of a switch and how to verify a successful installation Chapter 3 Hardware Maintenance Procedures Describes the hot swap replacement pro cedures for the switch and network modules Chapter 4 Software Upgrade Instructions Describes how to configure a TFIP server upgrade switch software and change between multiple versions of software Appendix A Troubleshooting Contains basic troubleshooting information for switches and adapters Appendix B SCP Diagnostics Describes the diagnostic software for the SCP Appendix C Hardware Specifications Provides cabling pinout hardware and general operating specifications for ForeRunner ATM switches and network modules ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual PETER Preface Technical Support In the U S A you can contact FORE Systems Technical Support using any one of the follow ing methods 1 Ifyou have access to the Internet you may contact FORE Systems Technical Sup port via e mail at support fore com 2 You may FAX your questions to support at 412 742 7900 3 You may send questions via U S Mail to FORE Systems Inc 1000 FORE Drive Warrendale PA 15086 4 You may telephone your questions to support at 800 671 FORE 3673 or 412 635 3700 Technical su
9. ForeRunner ASX 200 The ForeRunner ASX 200 ATM switch has the following specifications Features Specification Switching Fabric 2 5 Gbps non blocking Number of Ports 2 to 24 ports Traffic Policing UPC dual leaky bucket support Switch Transit Delay lt 10 microseconds Connection Setup Time lt 10 milliseconds 100 calls second Control Processor SPARC RISC switch control processor Maximum Port Speed 622 Mbps OC 12 STM 4c Ethernet Interface 802 3 compatible DB 15 female connector Serial Interface 2 DB 25 female connectors ports A and B Power nominal 120VAC 60Hz 2 3 amps maximum 276 watts 240VAC 50Hz 1 3 amps maximum 312 watts Dimensions H 5 8 15 cm W 19 48 cm D 23 3 59 cm Weight 40 Ibs 18 kg maximum O eneral Specifications Standards Compliance ITU 1 361 ATM Layer ATM Forum UNI v3 0 Emissions FCC Part 15 Class A CISPR 22 Class A VCCI Class 1 Safety US UL 1950 Canada CSA 22 2 No 950 M89 Europe EN 60950 Electromagnetic EN 50082 1 comprised of ESD Susceptibility IEC Compatibility 801 2 Level 3 Radiated Susceptibility IEC 801 3 EMC Level 2 and Electrical Fast Transient Compatibility IEC 801 4 Level 2 Operating Temperature 0 C to 40 C up to 5 000 ft Operating Humidity 0 to 95 relative humidity non condensing ForeRunner ATM Sw
10. Layer Four of the OSI reference model that is responsible for maintaining reliable end to end communications across the network trap a program interrupt mechanism that automatically updates the state of the network to remote network management hosts The SNMP agent on the switch supports these SNMP traps 11 110 3 Trivial File Transfer Protocol TFTP Part of IP a simplified version of FIP that allows files to be transferred from one computer to another over a network Twisted Pair Insulated wire in which pairs are twisted together Commonly used for tele phone connections and LANs because it is inexpensive Unassigned Cells a generated cell identified by a standardized virtual path identifier VPI and virtual channel identifier VCI value which does not carry information from an applica tion using the ATM Layer service Unavailable Seconds UAS a measurement of signal quality Unavailable seconds start accru ing when ten consecutive severely errored seconds occur UNI 3 0 3 1 the User to Network Interface standard set forth by the ATM Forum that defines how private customer premise equipment interacts with private ATM switches Unicasting The transmit operation of a single PDU by a source interface where the PDU reaches a single destination Universal Test amp Operations Interface for ATM UTOPIA Refers to an electrical interface between the TC and PMD sublayers of the PHY layer Unshielded Twiste
11. bd address set data breakpoint If no address is given all current breakpoints are displayed o e U o 5 Q 5 o 7 de address delete specified instruction or data breakpoint repeat previous command test clock test Real Time Clock test dram test DRAM test dc bank chip test DRAM chip chip in bank bank test ethernet test Ethernet test flash test Flash test fc chip test Flash chip chip test serial test Serial Port test sram test SRAM test timer test Timer test all test all devices except Flash and SRAM test manufact test all devices ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual B 3 SCP Diagnostics B 1 2 Running the Hardware Tests This last portion from the displayed list is the group of hardware tests that the user can run on the SCP test clock test Real Time Clock test dram test DRAM test dc bank chip test DRAM chip chip in bank bank test ethernet test Ethernet test flash test Flash test fc chip test Flash chip chip test serial test Serial Port test sram test SRAM test timer test Timer test all test all devices except Flash and SRAM test manufact test all devices Type the test command at the prompt to run the individual test A test that completes correctly will be reported as OK on both the terminal connected to the serial port and on the display LED on the front panel of the SCP A t
12. upgrading an ASX 200 proceed to Section 4 4 If you are using a ForeRunner ASX 200WG certain steps are required before performing the software upgrade The FLASH on an ASX 200WG is not large enough to hold more than one copy of switch software at a time Therefore the following steps are necessary 1 You should have already downloaded the software upgrade file to a UNIX work station If not see Section 4 1 2 Download the Mini Loader software to the same UNIX workstation as you did the upgrade file see Section 4 2 1 3 Delete everything but the current version of switch software from FLASH see Sec tion 4 2 2 Upgrade your switch to Mini Loader see Section 4 2 3 Delete the active version of switch software from FLASH see Section 4 2 4 Perform the software upgrade see Section 4 3 4 2 1 Downloading the Mini Loader Software You can obtain the Mini Loader software just as you obtained the software upgrade file via FIP or distribution diskettes If you are obtaining the Mini Loader software via FTP follow the same instructions as in Section 4 1 1 but substitute the Mini Loader filename for the upgrade filename If you are obtaining the Mini Loader software from the FORE Systems distribution diskettes follow the same instructions as in Section 4 1 2 4 6 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Software Upgrade Instructions 4 2 2 Emptying the FLASH Once you have obtained the software upgrade file and the Mini Load
13. 4B5B 4B5B ATM AAL AAL Cells CS PDUs Cells CS PDUs Framing Hdr CRC VPI VCI Pay CRC Proto 161747 153692 142289 134685 0 0 20 0 0 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual A 5 Troubleshooting If the firmware is not running correctly atmstat hangs and nothing is returned indicating either a problem with the firmware a problem with the board or a severe software failure Call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance If the output shows zeros for all possible values the firmware may not have been initialized Try rebooting the system If there is still a problem call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance A 1 6 Check Physical Link To see the carrier state of the board issue the following command atmstat d fa0 The d option displays device statistics in the following format Device statistics Buffer Allocation Failures Type 1 Type 2 Small Large Small Large Receive Queue Full Carrier 0 0 0 0 0 ON If ON is displayed in the Carrier field then the physical link is fine If the board does not see a carrier OFF is displayed in the Carrier field then there is either a problem with the loopback fiber or there is a hardware problem with the optical drivers on the board Check the fiber If the fiber is bad replace the fiber and run looptest again If the fiber is not bad then call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance Alternatively if you have access to the back of the hos
14. C 2 6 1 5 Mbps DS1 Circuit Emulation Services Module The following specifications apply to network module NMCE 6 DS1A Description Specification Port Capacity Six DS1 CES ports per module Data Rate 1 544 Mbps Output Buffer 13 312 cell capacity Max Connections 127 Media Unshielded Twisted Pair UTP Max Line Length 655 ft Connector RJ 48c Line Encoding B8ZS or AMI user configurable Framing ESF or SF user configurable Clock Accuracy 32 ppm Timing Primary and secondary 8kHz reference from internal default or network Loopbacks Transmit and receive loopbacks Impedance 100 ohms nominal Statistics Alarms Line Code Violations LCV framing bit errors FER CRC 6 Bit Error Events BEE Out Of Frame events OOF Header Check Sequence HCS errors cells received RxCells cells transmitted TxCells signal clock detec tion and AIS indication Compliance ATM Forum 94 0033R8 ANSI Bellcore T1 102 T1 107 T1 408 TR TSY 000009 ITU T G 703 G 704 G 804 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Hardware Specifications C 2 6 1 DS1 Pinout Specifications DS1 network modules have a standard RJ 45 female connector that uses RJ 48C CPE pinouts as illustrated in the table below Pin Number Nn an Signal Name 1 RX Receive Data 2 RX Receive Data 3 Not Used 4 TX Transmit Data 5 TX Transmit Data 6 Not Used 7 Not Used 8 Not
15. DSTI 3 Frame Synchronization Error an error in which one or more time slot framing bits are in error Frame Based UNI FUNI An ATM switch based interface which accepts frame based ATM traffic and converts it into cells Frame Relay Service FRS A connection oriented service that is capable of carrying up to 4096 bytes per frame Framing a protocol that separates incoming bits into identifiable groups so that the receiving multiplexer recognizes the grouping Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM a method of dividing an available frequency range into parts with each having enough bandwidth to carry one channel Gbps gigabits per second billion Generic Cell Rate Algorithm GCRA an algorithm which is employed in traffic policing and is part of the user network service contract The GCRA is a scheduling algorithm which ensures that cells are marked as conforming when they arrive when expected or later than expected and non conforming when they arrive sooner than expected Generic Connection Admission Control GCAC This is a process to determine if a link has potentially enough resources to support a connection Generic Flow Control GFC the first four bits of the first byte in an ATM cell header Used to control the flow of traffic across the User to Network Interface UNI and thus into the net work Exact mechanisms for flow control are still under investigation and no explicit defini tion for this field exists
16. FT PNNI a FORE Systems routing and signalling protocol that uses pri vate ATM NSAP addresses a precursor to ATM Forum PNNI see PNNI Forward Error Correction FEC A technique used by a receiver for correcting errors incurred in transmission over a communications channel without requiring retransmission of any information by the transmitter typically involves a convolution of the transmitted bits and the appending of extra bits by both the receiver and transmitter using a common algorithm Forward Explicit Congestion Notification FECN Bit set by a Frame Relay network to inform data terminal equipment DTE receiving the frame that congestion was experienced in the path from source to destination DTE receiving frames with the FECN bit set can request that higher level protocols take flow control action as appropriate Fractional T1 the use of bandwidth in 64Kbps increments up to 1 544Mbps from a T1 facility Glossary 14 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary Frame a variable length group of data bits with a specific format containing flags at the beginning and end to provide demarcation Frame Check Sequence FCS In bit oriented protocols a 16 bit field that contains transmis sion error checking information usually appended to the end of the frame Frame Relay a fast packet switching protocol based on the LAPD protocol of ISDN that per forms routing and transfer with less overhead processing than X 25
17. ner ATM switch Some instructions in this chapter apply only when upgrading certain switches in certain situations and you may or may not have to go through every section Read the following list to better understand how the instructions are ordered before moving on Of ldi E Software Upgrade Instructions o sa a5 co 2c To EE O g Q o Section 4 1 Obtaining the Software Upgrade File Section 4 2 Requirements for Upgrading an ASX 200WG Section 4 3 Performing the Software Upgrade Section 4 4 Loading the New Software Image onto the ASX 200 Section 4 5 Changing between Multiple Versions of Software Section 4 6 Booting and Upgrading with Mini Loader Section 4 7 Using bootp to Download Software to the Switch CAUTION As a precaution it is recommended that you back up your CDB before beginning the upgrade process For more information see the ATM Management Interface Manual Each of the SCPs on an ASX 1000 must be upgraded individually The operation upgrade command can be issued one of two ways depending on how TFIP is configured on the UNIX workstation that holds the upgrade file For more information about using this command see Section 4 3 and Section 4 7 4 E ForeRunner ATM Switch Users Manual 4 1 Software Upgrade Instructions 4 1 Obtaining the Software Upgrade File Before beginning the upgrade process you will need the upgrade file from FORE Systems This file can be obtained via FIP or
18. o So I o E Q o n The ASX 1000 CEC can not shut down the model E A power supply Only the power supply can shut itself down in an overload state If a model A power supply goes into shutdown it will remain shut down until the power switch is turned off and turned on again power cycle The power switch must remain off long enough for the SHUTDOWN LED to extinguish this allows the capacitors to discharge WARNING A replacement AC power supply should never be placed in an ASX 1000 that already contains a DC power supply and vice versa If these instructions are not heeded there is a risk of electrical shock danger to personal health and serious damage to the equipment ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 1 17 Switch Hardware If the power supply needs to be replaced please refer to Chapter 3 for hot swap information 1 2 5 4 ASX 1000 AC Power Supply Model B The model B AC power supply for an ASX 1000 is shown in Figure 1 12 ON OFF Switch FEN T A FAIT Captive j d BTERF fasteners Handle F mm Figure 1 12 Model B ASX 1000 AC Power Supply 1 2 5 4 1 Power Supply LEDs There are four LEDs on the front panel of the model B ASX 1000 AC power supply which indi cate the status of the power supply The LEDs and their functions are described in Table 1 6 1 18 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Switch Hardware Table 1 6 ASX 1000 Power Supply LED Descriptions
19. some of the data may not be restored properly test sram SRAM OK B 1 2 9 Timer Test This test checks to see if the timer is counting correctly It takes about two seconds to run test timer o 9 U o 5 Q 5 o 7 Timer OK B 1 2 10 Hardware Test This series of tests checks the functionality of all of the hardware devices in the SCP except the FLASH chips and SRAM It takes about fifteen seconds to run test all Clock OK DRAM OK Ethernet OK Timer OK Serial OK ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual B 7 SCP Diagnostics B 1 2 11 Complete Hardware Test This series of tests checks the functionality of all of the hardware devices in the SCP including the FLASH chips and SRAM It takes about six minutes to run test manufact Clock OK DRAM OK Ethernet OK Timer OK Serial OK SRAM OK Flash Test Erase Chip Pattern 1 Erase Chip Pattern 2 Erase Chip Pattern 3 Flash OK It is recommended that you back up your CDB before running this test The chips are saved before testing each one and then restored However if a power failure would occur or if the switch were rebooted during the test some of the data may not be restored properly ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual SCP Diagnostics B 2 SCP ASXHA Diagnostics The diagnostics on the SCP ASXHA SCP provide more test options than the current SCP The new diagnostic commands are listed below
20. vo Troubleshooting Start Test the software as in Figure A 3 Looptest passed Hn Reseat the reseating the board board Firmware download successful Tried reseating the board Run netstat r Has driver detected presence of n Reseat the board Tried rebooting the system n Reboot the system running correctly Run atmstat d Is the physical link Figure A 1 Adapter Hardware Troubleshooting Flowchart ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Troubleshooting A 1 1 Run Looptest To determine if an interface is functioning properly run the looptest utility on a host that has been disconnected and isolated from the network Before running looptest the Receive and E Transmit connectors on the backplate of the card must be connected to each other using a short loop of fiber optic cable This fiber should remain on throughout this test The looptest utility uses FORE Systems ATM user level Application Programming Inter face For proper operation looptest requires read write access to the ATM device To run looptest enter the following command at the system prompt in the working directory Em faj z D 7 gt fe o 5 a looptest fa0 where fa0 is the default device name for a single ATM a
21. 3 readme 51578 bytes 226 Transfer complete local asx scp 4 1 0 1 3 readme remote asx scp 4 1 0 1 3 readme 51578 bytes received in 1 seconds 50 Kbytes s ftp binary ENTER 200 Type set to I ftp get asx scp 4 1 0 1 3 2 ENTER 200 PORT command successful 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for asx scp 4 1 0 1 3 2 8147013 bytes 226 Transfer complete local asx scp 4 1 0 1 3 2 remote asx scp 4 1 0 1 3 Z 8147013 bytes received in 2 3e 02 seconds 35 Kbytes s ftp quit ENTER 221 Goodbye ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 4 3 Software Upgrade Instructions If you have retrieved a software file with a Z extension then you need to uncompress the file using the following command uncompress lt filename gt where lt filename gt represents the full name of the upgrade file you have retrieved For example using the software file from the previous example uncompress asx scp 4 1 0 1 3 Z If you have retrieved a software file with a tar E extension do NOT untar it The operation upgrade command in the ATM Management Interface AMI will expect the upgrade file to be in tarfile format If you have difficulty retrieving the files or if you have any other questions regarding the FIP site please contact FORE Systems Technical Support by sending e mail to support fore com or by calling 800 671 FORE Once you have successfully retrieved the software upgrade file via FIP follow the instruc
22. A 1 6 Check Physical LINK fers es Rosi El xe ek E a A aaa A 6 A 2 Testing Network Connectivity Using PVCs 000 c eee eee A 7 A 2 1 Verifying the Outgoing ATM ARP Entry 000000 A 9 A 2 2 atmstat iv esses vxo ae ows a pa iS a ele RORCRCR Wie A 10 A 2 2 1 No Cells Received by Remote End A 11 A 2 2 2 Cells and VPI VCI Errors Received by Remote A 11 A 2 2 3 Cells and AAL Errors Received by Remote A 11 A 2 2 4 Cells and No Errors Received by Remote and Transmitting No Cells n naana aaan a A 12 A 2 2 5 Cells and No Errors Received by Remote and Transmitting Cells 2 0 0 0 ccc ee A 12 A 3 Collecting Additional Information 0 cece eee A 13 A 3 1 Basic Information llle A 13 A 3 2 Adapter Information 0 0 0 cece eee A 13 A 3 3 Switch Information lllsssesseesese e A 16 TOC 4 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Table of Contents APPENDIX B SCP Diagnostics B 1 ASX 200WG ASX 200BX ASX 1000 Diagnostics 00 0005 B 1 a B 1 1 Accessing the Monitor Mode 0 c ee eee eese B 2 B 1 2 Running the Hardware Tests 0 00 0000 e eee B 4 9 BIZT Glock Teis cue eoe p I Ro eee Raph CER B 4 9 B 1 2 2 DRAM Test ssulslesssssel nnn B 4 z3 B 1 2 3 DRAM Chip T SE 5353 pew arate ee ee eae B 5 S B 1 2 4 Ethernet Testo Ha AU D DE codo eas Ma a B 5 ui Bit 2 5 F
23. Chapter 2 of the User s Manual for the adapter 2 Open the computer as shown in Chapter 2 of the User s Manual for the adapter and reseat the board 3 Reboot the system If the board still fails after a reseat then it should be returned for repair Call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance A 1 3 Firmware Download Automatically Performed Before operating as an ATM interface the firmware is automatically downloaded from the system RAM to the onboard i960 processor during host system boot A message similar to XXX 200 initializing is displayed on the console indicating that the board is being initialized When the initialization is complete success is indicated with the message done and failure is indicated with the message failed If the download is successful check to see if the hardware has been detected by the driver as described in the next subsection If the firmware failed to download then there is most likely a hardware problem Call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance A 1 4 Hardware Detected by Driver To determine if the driver software on the host has detected the presence of an ATM adapter board issue the following command once the host system has come up completely netstat i A 4 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Troubleshooting If the driver has located the ATM board the screen output shows a0 in response to the net stat command
24. DS1 all configuration information for that slot will be deleted and the DS1 will be initial ized with DS1 defaults If a 6 port DS1 is replaced by a 2 port DS1 all configuration informa tion for the slot will be deleted and the new DS1 initialized with DS1 defaults If a network module is placed into a previously vacant slot it will be initialized into the default state appropriate to that type of network module U O is Qa m I 7 aoueUdIUIeEWY QAeMpPIeH ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 3 1 Hardware Maintenance Procedures 3 1 2 Multicast Mode When hot inserting or hot swapping a network module the mode in which the switch is run ning must also be considered A ForeRunner 200 Series switch can operate in one of two multi cast modes extended mode or non extended mode e Extended mode The added features of Series C network modules give ForeRun ner switches greater flexibility when choosing VCIs for multicast connections This flexibility provides more successful multicast point to multipoint or PMP connection setups If a switch fabric is empty or if it contains only Series C or Series LC network modules the switch will operate in extended mode e Non extended mode If a switch fabric contains at least one Series A or B network module that switch fabric will operate in non extended or mixed mode Series A and B network modules can not operate in the same switch fabric as Series LC network m
25. First 4 Max Hosts A 1 126 16 387 064 B 129 191 64 516 C 192 223 254 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary 17 Glossary Network mask values are used to identify the network portion and the host portion of the address Default network masks are as follows Class A 255 0 0 0 Class B 255 255 0 0 Class C 255 255 255 0 Subnet masking is used when a portion of the host ID is used to identify a subnetwork For example if a portion of a Class B network address is used for a subnetwork the mask could be set as 255 255 255 0 This would allow the third byte to be used as a subnetwork address All hosts on the network would still use the IP address to get on the Internet Internet Control Message Protocol ICMP the protocol that handles errors and control mes sages at the IP layer ICMP is actually a part of the IP protocol layer It can generate error mes sages test packets and informational messages related to IP Internet Engineering Task Force IETF a large open international community of network designers operators vendors and researchers whose purpose is to coordinate the operation management and evolution of the Internet to resolve short and mid range protocol and archi tectural issues Internet Protocol IP a connectionless best effort packet switching protocol that offers a com mon layer over dissimilar networks Internetwork Packet Exchange IPX Protocol a NetWare protocol similar to the Xerox
26. Net work Systems XNS protocol that provides datagram delivery of messages Interoperability The ability of software and hardware on multiple machines from multiple vendors to communicate Interworking Function IWF provides a means for two different technologies to interoperate IP Address a unique 32 bit integer used to identify a device in an IP network You will most commonly see IP addresses written in dot notation e g 192 228 32 14 IP Netmask a 32 bit pattern that is combined with an IP address to determine which bits of an IP address denote the network number and which denote the host number Netmasks are use ful for sub dividing IP networks IP netmasks are written in dot notation e g 255 255 0 0 ISA Bus a bus standard developed by IBM for expansion cards in the first IBM PC The origi nal bus supported a data path only 8 bits wide IBM subsequently developed a 16 bit version for its AT class computers The 16 bit AT ISA bus supports both 8 and 16 bit cards The 8 bit bus is commonly called the PC XT bus and the 16 bit bus is called the AT bus Isochronous signals carrying embedded timing information or signals that are dependent on uniform timing usually associated with voice and or video transmission International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications ITU T an international body of member countries whose task is to define recommendations and standards relating to the international teleco
27. Switch User s Manual 1 9 Switch Hardware Switch configuration information i e CDB configuration FLASH configuration etc can be synchronized between the controlling and standby SCP so that this information is maintained if SCP failover occurs If a failure is detected on the controlling SCP the standby SCP takes control of the fabric At this point PVC connections are dropped and any SVCs that had been established are torn down at the switch Once the standby SCP takes control of the switch fabric PVCs will be re established according to the last synchronized CDB and end stations will signal the switch to create new SVCs The larger the CDB e g number of PVCs the longer the standby SCP will take to fully restore the switch The failed SCP can then be removed and replaced with another HA based SCP A standby SCP SCP ASXHA or later can be E hot inserted into the slot from which a failed SCP has been removed Repeated and successive hot insertion or removal of a standby SCP can potentially cause a reset on the primary SCP This occurrence is intermittent but will result in cell loss if it does occur For proper synchronization of information E between SCPs ensure that the amount of free space on both SCPs is roughly equal before performing these commands 1 2 3 1 Adding a Standby SCP If only one SCP is installed in the switch fabric it automatically assumes itself to be the con trolling SCP In this
28. X 25 Link Down Trap an SNMP trap sent when an interface changes from a normal state to an error state or is disconnected Link Layer layer in the OSI model regarding transmission of data between network nodes Link Up Trap an SNMP trap sent when an interface changes from an error condition to a nor mal state Load Sharing Two or more computers in a system that share the load during peak hours During periods of non peak hours one computer can manage the entire load with the other acting as a backup Local Access and Transport Area LATA Geographic boundaries of the local telephone net work specified by the FCC in which a single LEC may perform its operations Communica tions outside or between LATAs are provided by IXCs Local Area Network LAN a data network intended to serve an area of only a few square kilo meters or less Because the network is known to cover only a small area optimizations can be made in the network signal protocols that permit higher data rates Glossary 20 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary Logical Link Control LLC protocol developed by the IEEE 802 committee for data link layer transmission control the upper sublayer of the IEEE Layer 2 OSI protocol that complements the MAC protocol IEEE standard 802 2 includes end system addressing and error checking Loopback a troubleshooting technique that returns a transmitted signal to its source so that the signal can be
29. addressing E1 Wide area digital transmission scheme used predominantly in Europe that carries data at a rate of 2 048 Mbps E1 lines can be leased for private use from common carriers E3 Wide area digital transmission scheme used predominantly in Europe that carries data at a rate of 34 368 Mbps E3 lines can be leased for private use from common carriers Edge Device A physical device which is capable of forwarding packets between legacy inter working interfaces e g Ethernet Token Ring etc and ATM interfaces based on data link and network layer information but which does not participate in the running of any network layer routing protocol An Edge Device obtains forwarding descriptions using the route distri bution protocol elarp a FORE program that shows and manipulates MAC and ATM address mappings for LAN Emulation Clients LECs elconfig a FORE program that shows and modifies LEC configuration Lets the user set the NSAP address of the LAN Emulation Configuration Server display the list of Emulated LANs configured in the LECS for this host display the list of ELANSs locally configured along with the membership state of each and locally administer ELAN membership Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory EEPROM an EPROM that can be cleared with electrical signals rather than the traditional ultraviolet light Electromagnetic Interference EMI signals generated and radiated by an electronic device th
30. an AC equipped ASX 200BX and vice versa However no damage will be done if this occurs 1 15 5 So I o E Q o oJ Switch Hardware 1 2 5 3 ASX 1000 AC Power Supply Model A The model A AC power supply for an ASX 1000 is shown in Figure 1 11 E wor LESSE Retention screws gt et Ejection insertion handle Figure 1 11 Model A ASX 1000 AC Power Supply 1 2 5 3 1 Power Supply LEDs There are four status LEDs on the front panel of the model A ASX 1000 AC power supply The LEDs and their functions are described in Table 1 5 1 16 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Switch Hardware Table 1 5 ASX 1000 Power Supply LED Descriptions LED Color Meaning Green Input voltage is OK AC OK extinguished No input voltage or unit has shut down Green Backplane output is OK DC OK extinguished Backplane output is not present or out of range Green Backplane standby voltage is OK 5VDC OK extinguished Backplane standby voltage not present or out of range Yellow Supply is in shutdown SHUTDOWN extinguished Supply is operating correctly or is OFF 1 2 5 3 2 Shutdown Conditions To avoid damaging itself or the switch the model B ASX 1000 AC power supply shuts itself down under the following condition Overload The power supply is overloaded or the AC input is out of specification and the supply voluntarily shuts down to avoid damage to the system
31. and ASX 200BX before they can be installed in a rack refer to Section 2 2 1 The following items should be addressed when rack mounting a switch WARNING When rack mounting equipment make sure that a hazardous condition is not created due to uneven weight distribution CAUTION FORE Systems recommends that the maximum operating temperature not exceed 40 C Consideration must be made if the switch is to be installed in a closed or multi unit rack assembly because the ambient temperature of the rack environment may be greater than the room ambient temperature CAUTION Take care not to block the air vents of the switch as this would compromise the amount of air flow required for proper cooling 2 4 1 Required Tools Rack mounting equipment a cable relief strain rail and 6 Phillips head screws are supplied with each switch for rack mounting the unit You will need to supply a Phillips screwdriver 2 4 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Switch Setup WARNING To prevent user injury and possible damage to equipment FORE Systems recommends that at least two people be present when rack mounting a switch 2 4 2 Installing the Rack mount Brackets Steps 1 3 apply only to the ASX 200WG and E ASX 200BX If you are mounting an ASX 200 move on to Step 4 To install the rack mount brackets and cable relief strain rail use the following procedure 1 Carefully place the switch unit upside down on a clean fla
32. are not heeded there is a risk of electrical shock danger to personal health and serious damage to the equipment 1 Determine which power supply is defective either by consulting ForeView or by examining the power supplies themselves A red LED or an extinguished LED indicates the failed supply Power supply 1 is in the slot labeled PS1 on the chas sis and power supply 2 is in the slot labeled PS2 on the chassis WARNING Failure to perform Steps 2 or 3 can result in serious injury to the user or damage to the equipment 2 Turn OFF down the circuit breaker switch on the failed power supply 3 Shut off DC power to the feed wires of the failed supply Typically each ASX 1000 resides in its own circuit on a Breaker Interface Panel BIP Turning off the top cir cuit breaker on the BIP removes DC power to the feed wires 4 Remove the protective plastic cover from the terminal block exposing the DC feed wires 5 Remove the feed wires from the front of the unit 6 Unscrew the four retaining screws that secure the power supply in the chassis using a 3 32 inch Allen wrench 7 Pull forward on the ejection insertion handle to remove the failed supply v O is Q E I 7 SITITVES UTI RSS L2 93128 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 3 15 Hardware Maintenance Procedures WARNING Failure to perform Step 8 can result in serious injury to the user or damage to the equipment 8 Ensur
33. at this time This field is used only at the UNI for NNI NNI use between network nodes these four bits provide additional network address capacity and are appended to the VPI field GIO a proprietary bus architecture used in certain Silicon Graphics Inc workstations Header protocol control information located at the beginning of a protocol data unit Header Error Control HEC a CRC code located in the last byte of an ATM cell header that is used for checking cell header integrity only High Density Bipolar HDB3 A bipolar coding method that does not allow more than 3 con secutive zeroes High Level Data Link Control HDLC An ITU TSS link layer protocol standard for point to point and multi point communications ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary 15 Glossary High Performance Parallel Interface HIPPI ANSI standard that extends the computer bus over fairly short distances at speeds of 800 and 1600 Mbps High Speed Serial Interface HSSI a serial communications connection that operates at speeds of up to 1 544 Mbps Host In a network the primary or controlling computer in a multiple computer installation HPUX the Hewlett Packard version of UNIX Hub a device that connects several other devices usually in a star topology 1 0 Module FORE s interface cards for the LAX 20 LAN Access Switch designed to connect Ethernet Token Ring and FDDI LANs to ForeRunner ATM networks Institute o
34. case the SCP periodically checks the fabric for the presence of a second SCP If a second SCP is detected the switch will begin to run in dual SCP mode While in dual mode the controlling SCP continually monitors the presence of the standby SCP If the controlling SCP fails to detect a second SCP the controlling SCP disables all syn chronization and runs in standalone mode not dual 1 10 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Switch Hardware 1 2 3 2 Rebooting the Controlling SCP When the switch is running in dual mode a reboot request on the controlling SCP i e after a software upgrade will not cause the standby SCP to take control of the switch Instead the controlling SCP will send a pause signal to the standby SCP This pause request will force the standby SCP to disregard the absence of the controlling SCP for two minutes Once the controlling SCP comes back up both SCPs will assume normal dual mode operation 1 2 3 3 Ethernet Connection When two SCPs are installed in an ASX 200BX Ethernet connectivity is only available if the Ethernet port on each SCP is physically connected to the network If dual SCP mode is utilized on an ASX 1000 the Ethernet connection can be made using the individual SCPs or the Ether net port on the ASX 1000 s Common Equipment Card CEC If the SCP is accessed via ATM the Ethernet connection is not necessary If two SCPs are installed in a switch fabric each E SCP must have its own ent
35. change these configurations through the use of AMI For more information please refer to the ATM Management Interface Manual 1 26 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Switch Hardware 1 2 8 3 2 Power Supply LEDs There are two power supply LEDs on the front panel of the CEC one for each power supply The LEDs for the two power supplies should be illuminated yellow indicating that the CEC is on and that the power supply corresponding to that LED is functioning correctly The LED for a failed power supply will be extinguished On an ASX 1000 power supply 1 is in the slot labeled PS1 on the enclosure while power supply 2 is in the slot labeled PS2 on the enclo sure 1 2 8 3 3 Switch Board LEDs There are four switch board LEDs on the front panel of the CEC one for each possible switch board These LEDs should be blinking indicating that the switch has booted and is operating correctly If the SCP is removed the LEDs may remain in a steady on or steady off state Even if the SCP has booted correctly the LEDs will not illuminate if the SCP is running a software version prior to ForeThought 3 2 0 If the switch board in the slot corresponding to the LED is not intended for an ASX 1000 e g it is an ASX 200BX board or if the entire switch board cor responding to that LED is removed then that LED will be extinguished On an ASX 1000 the SW1 LED corresponds to switch board 1 which is in the slot labeled 1 on the enclosu
36. gt atmarp 1l device vpi vci aal If the ATM ARP cache entry is valid then perform the instructions in the next subsection for atmstat A 2 2 atmstat To determine a particular failure state enter the following command on the remote worksta tion while continuously pinging atmstat fa0 1 PHY ATM AAL statistics Output Input Errors ATM AAL ATM AAL 4B5B 4B5B ATM AAL AAL Cells CS PDUs Cells CS PDUs Framing Hdr CRC VPI VCI Pay CRC Proto 161747 153692 142289 134685 0 0 20 0 0 The failure states are determined by examining the output from the atmstat fa0 1 com mand string The failures are classified by whether or not cells are sent or received and whether or not errors are received The output shown below is typical of the first response from the atmstat fa0 1 command string Succeeding lines of data continue in the same col umn format Refer to the following subsections for a description of each type of failure A 10 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Troubleshooting A 2 2 1 No Cells Received by Remote End If no cells are received by the remote end the Input ATM Cells field displays zero then run the following command on the local machine to verify that cells are going out to the ATM interface atmstat fa0 1 If there are no cells going out the ATM Output Cells field shows zero then there is most likely an IP routing problem rather than an ATM problem Please have your network adminis tra
37. hoi RE NE use PERO IND SS ok Testing Jlookups Wilooseveeseiedwesaewesd4 eu dWessq ve ce ok TESS taser LOOKUP Se 5 se asiacs dieses ctos oe se oat de a ysis REN Qe e e Dac oe ok Testing LOOKUPS OQ cv uso URNA NATO AT RATER I A a ok Testing Lookups Jerem NOS RN TE ok Testing Lookups 8 422909 60000069 90909908 ok Testing HOOKUPS 9 oi ode ordo sdb de sd eie deddes ok Testing output flfOoS viven Rete RT eve Rte ev A a are ate RR RR ok Test passed Switch is operational you may now reconnect attachments Press return to reboot the switch o e U J 5 Q 5 o 7 After the switch reboots all open AMI sessions will be terminated by the switch Connection closed by foreign host To begin another session on the switch log in to AMI again ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual B 11 SCP Diagnostics B 12 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Tadd 2 6 Hardware Specifications This appendix provides information about the hardware for all of FORE Systems ForeRunner ATM switch products Information provided includes fiber optic and UTP cabling specifications pinout specifications and hardware and general operating specifica tions The products described in this appendix include the following e ForeRunner ATM Switches e ForeRunner ATM Network Modules C 1 ForeRunner ATM Switches FORE Systems offers a complete line of ATM switches that provide scalable ATM connectivity ranging from desktop to desk
38. in the power cord to the new power supply 12 Turn the power switch on the new supply to the ON position ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Hardware Maintenance Procedures 3 2 2 2 Replacing an ASX 1000 AC Power Supply Model B A model B AC power supply module for an ASX 1000 is shown in Figure 3 3 ON OFF Switch d EE Captive xm fasteners l A Handle Figure 3 3 Model B ASX 1000 AC Power Supply v O a I 7 SITLTVES PTT RSS L2 93128 ForeRunner ATM Switch Users Manual 3 11 Hardware Maintenance Procedures The procedure for replacing a model B ASX 1000 AC power supply module is as follows WARNING A replacement DC power supply should never be placed in an ASX 1000 that already contains an AC power supply and vice versa If these instructions are not heeded there is a risk of electrical shock danger to personal health and serious damage to the equipment WARNING It is highly recommended that you use the included grounding strap when handling this or 7 any other component 1 Determine which power supply is defective by either consulting ForeView to tell which is the bad supply or by examining the power supplies themselves An extin guished PWR OK LED or an illuminated FAULT LED indicates the failed supply On an ASX 1000 power supply 1 is in the slot labeled PS1 on the chassis top while power supply 2 is in the slot labeled PS2 on the chassis bott
39. ldim Hardware Maintenance Procedures This chapter discusses various hardware maintenance procedures for the ForeRunner ATM switches Items discussed include the following e Section 3 1 Network Module Replacement e Section 3 2 Power Supply Replacement e Section 3 3 Fan Tray Replacement e Section 3 4 Switch Control Processor Replacement e Section 3 5 Switch Board Replacement 3 1 Network Module Replacement 3 1 1 Overview The network modules in all ForeRunner ATM switches are hot swappable meaning that they can be removed and replaced with the unit under power Network modules should only be hot swapped for purposes of replacing a failed unit Therefore they should be replaced with a network module of the same type the same Series and with the same number of ports A net work module s type is the class to which the network module belongs e g DS1 OC 3 E3 TAXI etc If a network module is removed and replaced by a network module of another type or by a network module with fewer ports all configuration information for that network module s slot will be deleted and the new network module will be configured with the defaults for its type For example if a 4 port Series A OC 3c is replaced by a 4 port Series C OC 3c the Series C network module will use the same configuration of the Series A network module Any addi tional configurable variables will contain OC 3c defaults If a 4 port OC 3c is replaced by a 4 port
40. parameters Setting Comment ATEO Turn off Echoing ATQ1 No Return Codes AT amp CO Force Carrier Detect CD High AT amp DO Ignore Data Terminal Ready DTR AT amp W Save Modem Configuration ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 2 11 Switch Setup 2 8 Configuring IP Addresses The recommended configuration for a ForeRunner ATM switch is to assign an IP address to its network interfaces This allows you to communicate with the switch from any workstation connected to your ATM LAN IP addresses must be assigned to the network interfaces in order to perform any SNMP functions Additionally if you intend to connect the switch to an Ethernet you should assign an IP address to the switch s Ethernet network interface To configure the IP addresses log in to an AMI session on the switch To modify the IP address of the SCP s IP interfaces enter the following parameters On an ASX 1000 the IP address must be Eu configured individually for each SCP configuration ip address interface address The interface variable indicates the name of the IP interface to be managed The address variable indicates the IP address for this interface To modify the IP subnet mask enter the following parameters configuration ip mask interface mask The interface variable indicates the name of the IP interface The mask variable indi cates the subnet mask for this IP interface The IP address that you assign for the
41. second ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 1 19 So I o E Q o o Switch Hardware WARNING A replacement AC power supply should never be placed in an ASX 1000 that already contains a DC power supply and vice versa If these instructions are not heeded there is a risk of electrical shock danger to personal health and serious damage to the equipment If the power supply needs to be replaced please refer to Chapter 3 Hardware Maintenance Procedures for hot swap information 1 2 5 5 ASX 1000 48 Volt DC Power Supply On the front of the 48 volt ASX 1000 power supply there are two three terminal barrier termi nal strips one for each power supply The screw terminals are 6 screws The 48 volt feed wires should be attached to the terminal strips using wire terminals designed to fit 6 studs FORE Systems recommends using either ring terminals or locking forked tongue terminals Wire gauge should be AWG 12 or larger Be sure to observe polarity when attaching the WARNING p ty g wire leads to the terminals Failure to observe polarity may result in injury or cause permanent damage to the unit The higher potential wire should be connected to the positive terminal and the lower potential wire to the negative terminal The chassis ground wire should be connected to the center terminal L and connected to an earth ground The ASX 1000 has a single power supply LED on the front pan
42. switch board with a 3 32 inch Allen wrench On an ASX 1000 press the top black locking tab up towards the top and bottom black locking tab down towards the bottom of the chassis until they are parallel with the front panel of the switch 5 Using the tabs as a handle pull the switch board out of the chassis CAUTION Make sure the replacement board is properly aligned in the slot in the next step 6 Carefully slide the replacement board into the chassis using enough force to ensure that the connectors on the board mate with the connectors in the chassis 7 Besure to align the holes properly and screw the board into the chassis using the screws at the top and bottom of the board Tighten until snug but do not overtighten 8 Re install the network modules using the instructions found in Section 3 1 Net work Module Replacement Reconnect all fibers or coaxial cables to the ports 9 Re install the SCP using the instructions found in Section 3 4 Switch Control Pro cessor Replacement Once the SCP has been installed and the system reboots the PVCs will be re established if all of the steps have been performed correctly and in the proper sequence v O is Qa m I 7 aoueUdIUIeEWY QAeMpPIeH ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 3 21 Hardware Maintenance Procedures ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual This chapter details the steps necessary to upgrade the ForeThought software on your ForeRun
43. switch s ATM interface must be an address within a subnet that is assigned to your ATM LAN In general the entire ATM LAN should be config ured as a single IP subnet Consequently the ATM interfaces of all ForeRunner switches in the ATM LAN should be in the same IP subnet Consult your systems administrator for help if you are unsure of how to do so 2 12 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Switch Setup 2 9 AMI Security The administrative password on your ForeRunner ATM switch may be changed to provide password protected access to AMI FORE Systems recommends that you do this to prevent unauthorized users from accessing your ForeRunner ATM switch This option is available in AMI at the operation level Be sure that you want to change the password because upon entering the command string operation password the user is prompted to enter a new password immediately For complete information about how to assign or change the password please refer to the ATM Management Interface Manual ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 2 13 Switch Setup 2 10 Subsequent Operation After its initial configuration is complete a ForeRunner switch DOES NOT require a terminal for normal operation FORE Systems strongly recommends that you disconnect the serial cable once you have configured the switch and then access the switch over the ATM network or over Ethernet i All further communication with your ForeRunner switch can be performed ove
44. switches using 155 Mbps UTP network modules you need to use a category 5 UTP crossover cable with the following specifications e Pin 1 to pin 7 in both directions e Pin 2 to pin 8 in both directions 155 Mbps UTP Pin Pin 155 Mbps UTP RX 1 1 Rx 9 o 1c RX 2 2 RX S 3 3 E 4 4 oo 5 5 o 6 6 TX 7 7 3x TX 8 8 TX ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual C 9 Hardware Specifications C 2 4 622 Mbps OC 12c STM 4c MM Module The following specifications apply to network module NM 1 622MMSCC Description Specification Port Capacity One SONET SDH port per module Data Rate 622 08 Mbps Output Buffer 65 536 cell capacity Media Multimode fiber Max Line Length 300 m Connectors SC Line encoding Non Return to Zero NRZ Framing STS 12c STM 4c Clock Accuracy 20 ppm Timing Primary and secondary 8kHz reference from internal default or network Loopbacks Transmit and receive loopbacks Power 20 to 14 dBm transmit power 26 to 14 dBm receive sensitivity 0 to 6 dB path attenuation for 62 5 um fiber 0 to 2 dB path attenuation for 50 um fiber Core Diameter 62 5 um 50 um Fiber Diameter 125 um Wavelength 1270 1380 nm Statistics Alarms SONET SDH statistics include Loss of Signal LOS Loss of Frame LOF Loss of Pointer LOP Far End Block Errors FEBE Alarm Indication Signal AIS Far End Receive Fail ure FERF Yellow Alarm Bit In
45. test some of the data may not be restored properly test flash Flash Test o 9 U o 5 Q 5 o 7 Save Chip 0 Erase Chip Pattern 0 Erase Chip Pattern 1 Erase Chip Pattern 2 Erase Chip Pattern 3 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual B 5 SCP Diagnostics Erase Chip Pattern 1 Erase Chip Pattern 2 Erase Chip Pattern 3 Flash OK B 1 2 6 FLASH Chip Test This test checks the functionality of an individual FLASH chip It takes about one and a half minutes to run It is recommended that you back up your CDB E before running this test The chip is saved before it is tested and then restored However if a power failure would occur or if the switch were rebooted during the test some of the data may not be restored properly test fc 1 Save Chip 1 Erase Chip Pattern 0 Erase Chip Pattern 1 Erase Chip Pattern 2 Erase Chip Pattern 3 Flash OK B 6 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual SCP Diagnostics B 1 2 7 Serial Port Test This test checks the serial port s functionality It takes about two seconds to run gt test serial Serial OK B 1 2 8 SRAM Test This test checks the SRAM s functionality It takes about two seconds to run It is recommended that you back up your CDB E before running this test The SRAM is saved before testing and then restored However if a power failure would occur or if the switch were rebooted during the test
46. thermal temperature sensor resides on each switch board and reads out the board s local temperature By default the switch control software will trigger an alarm at 65 C and will reset the alarm when the temperature drops back down to 60 C or lower However the user can configure these alarm and reset thresholds in the software on an indi vidual board via AMI Please refer to the ATM Management Interface Manual for more informa tion about configuring these thresholds If the temperature of an individual switch board were to reach 75 C the switch board would shut itself down immediately o zl 5 I g x a 9 o CAUTION This overtemperature condition is detectable by software and will trigger an alarm condition which is visible through ForeView Network Management Upon detection of an overtemperature condition the ASX 1000 should be turned off to avoid damage to internal components ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 1 21 Switch Hardware 1 2 8 ASX 1000 Common Equipment Card CEC The CEC provided with the ASX 1000 performs several functions Because each SCP contains an Ethernet port a major function of the CEC is to provide a single unified Ethernet port con nection for all of the SCPs The CEC is also responsible for monitoring the environmental con ditions of the switch and reporting this information to the SCPs The CEC reports conditions such as malfunctioning fans overheated power supplies and an over
47. to Equipment Do not make mechanical or electrical modifications to the equipment FORE Systems Inc is not responsible for regulatory compliance of a modified FORE product Placement of a FORE Systems Product CAUTION lo ensure reliable operation of your FORE Systems product and to protect it from overheating openings in the equipment must not be blocked or covered A FORE Systems product should never be placed near a radiator or heat register vi ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Power Cord Connection WARNING A WARNING A ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual FORE Systems products are designed to work with single phase power systems having a grounded neutral conductor To reduce the risk of electrical shock do not plug FORE Systems products into any other type of power system Contact your facilities manager or a qualified electrician if you are not sure what type of power is supplied to your building Your FORE Systems product is shipped with a grounding type 3 wire power cord To reduce the risk of electric shock always plug the cord into a grounded power outlet Preface vii EETTCTRI Preface viii ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual es P dE Iz Switch Hardware FORE Systems offers a full line of ForeRunner ATM products that work together to provide a complete ATM network solution The ForeRunner ASX 200 ATM switch and the ForeRun ner ASX 200WG ATM switch provide high perfo
48. to the installation It is important to read through the ENTIRE E installation procedure before attempting to turn on the power to the unit ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 2 1 Switch Setup 2 2 Unpacking Upon receipt of and before opening your ForeRunner ATM switch inspect the package for any damage that may have occurred during shipping If the package shows any signs of external damage or rough handling notify your carrier s representative When unpacking your ForeRunner ATM switch be sure to keep all original packing materials They may be needed for storing transporting or returning the product CAUTION All products returned to FORE Systems under warranty must be packed in their original packing materials 2 2 1 Inventorying the Unit An inventory of the switch package should be performed before supplying power to the unit The ForeRunner ATM switch package should contain the following e ForeRunner ATM switch e ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual this manual e ForeRunner ATM Switch Configuration Manual e ATM Management Interface Manual Power cords e Modem serial cable e Anti static grounding strap e Product registration card e Rack mount kit containing 1left rack mount bracket 1 right rack mount bracket 1cable strain relief rail 6 Phillips head screws If any of the items listed above are missing or damaged please contact FORE Systems Techni cal Support immediately 1
49. virtual con nection can be either a virtual path or a virtual channel Virtual Local Area Network VLAN Work stations connected to an intelligent device which provides the capabilities to define LAN membership Virtual Network Software VINES Banyan s network operating system based on UNIX and its protocols Virtual Path VP a unidirectional logical association or bundle of VCs Virtual Path Connection VPC a concatenation of VPLs between virtual path terminators VPTs VPCs are unidirectional Virtual Path Identifier VPI the address or label of a particular VP a value stored in a field in the ATM cell header that identifies an individual virtual path to which the cell belongs A vir tual path may comprise multiple virtual channels Virtual Path Link VPL a means of unidirectional transport of ATM cells between the point where a VPI value is assigned and the point where that value is translated or removed Virtual Path Switch a network element that connects VPLs it translates VPI not VCI values and is directed by Control Plane functions The Virtual Path Switch relays the cells of a Virtual Path Virtual Path Terminator VPT a system that unbundles the VCs of a VP for independent pro cessing of each VC Glossary 36 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary Virtual Private Data Network VPDN a private data communications network built on public switching and transport facilities rather than dedi
50. when two high sig nals occur without an intervening low signal or vice versa B ISDN Inter Carrier Interface B ICI An ATM Forum defined specification for the interface between public ATM networks to support user services across multiple public carriers Aiessoj5 Bit Error Rate BER A measure of transmission quality generally shown as a negative expo nent e g 107 which means 1 out of 107 bits 1 out of 10 000 000 bits are in error Bit Interleaved Parity BIP an error detection technique in which character bit patterns are forced into parity so that the total number of one bits is always odd or always even This is accomplished by the addition of a one or zero bit to each byte as the byte is transmitted at the other end of the transmission the receiving device verifies the parity odd or even and the accuracy of the transmission Bit Robbing The use of the least significant bit per channel in every sixth frame for signaling Bit Stuffing A process in bit oriented protocols where a zero is inserted into a string of ones by the sender to prevent the receiver from interpreting valid user data the string of ones as control characters a Flag character for instance Border Gateway Protocol BGP used by gateways in an internet connecting autonomous net works It is derived from experiences learned using the EGP bps bits per second Bridge a device that expands a Local Area Network by forwarding frames b
51. workstation and the incoming entry on the remote workstation do not match Check both ATM AAL types using atmstat to see if they match If they are dif ferent set the AAL parameter to the same type and rerun the test If they match and the error persists then call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual A 11 Troubleshooting A 2 2 4 Cells and No Errors Received by Remote and Transmitting No Cells If the remote workstation is receiving cells with no errors but is not transmitting any cells then either the outgoing IP address on the remote end is incorrect or the IP encapsulation does not match on both ends A Classical IP PVC uses LLC SNAP encapsulation while a regular PVC uses AAL5 based Multiplexing based NULL encapsulation First check the outgoing IP address on the remote end using atmarp a If it is not config ured properly then correct the configuration and rerun the test If the outgoing ARP entry is configured properly then check to see if the IP encapsulation matches on both ends using atmarp a If the IP encapsulation does not match on both ends then correct the configuration and rerun the test If the IP encapsulation matches on both ends and the error persists then there may be an IP routing problem on the remote host The network administrator should verify the IP routing If there is still a problem then call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assi
52. 1 2 8 3 1 Alarm bEDS essi rA Bale Ua 1 26 1 2 8 3 2 Power Supply LEDs 0000 4 1 27 1 2 8 3 3 Switch Board LEDs 2 1 27 1 2 8 4 Ethernet Port ee eee a aided ere ee area Gus 1 27 CHAPTER2 Switch Setup 2 1 Introduction 2 see eR atau ea EE Vp eder eee reddas 2 1 2 2 UNPACKING hate sie cet Det RE UM ee Seta mur ON Sen Sa aes weitere 2 2 2 2 1 Inventorying the Unit 2 2 llle 2 2 2 3 Electrical Considerations liie 2 3 2 4 Rack Mounting an ASX 200 200WG or 200BX 0 2 cee eee 2 4 2 4 1 Required Tools 25i lt fawswie eal eee dia ne e Petes eek beet x 2 4 2 4 2 Installing the Rack mount Brackets 0 000 cee eee eee 2 5 2 5 Rack Mounting an ASX 1000 0 0 eee 2 7 2 5 1 Installing the ASX 1000 02 0 eee eee eee 2 8 2 6 Installing the Serial Cable liiis 2 9 TOC 2 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Table of Contents 2 7 Modem Configuration ee dee tiad decide tedenig ede ddadhaeiedace 2 10 2 7 1 Serial Port Configuration for an ASX 200 200000 eee 2 10 3 2 7 2 Modem Parameters 000 0 eres 2 11 z 2 8 Configuring IP Addresses unana uaaa 2 12 9 2 9 AMI SecuUtily pute Feet do dev redet eo P aes ah ets ns eh 2 13 Q 2 10 Subsequent Operation u est ere caes mia eI whale at 2 14 2 11 Verifying the Installation sses ran iera aa e eee 2 15 A 2 12 Product Registration Information 00 cee ee 2 15 CHAPTE
53. 1 8 1 2 2 2 8 Power LED llle ee ees 1 9 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual TOC 1 Table of Contents 1 2 3 Dual SCP Setup mie nioa a ated e a E be eeu ulated ag 1 9 1 2 3 4 Adding a Standby SCP 0 0002s 1 10 1 2 3 2 Rebooting the Controlling SCP 0 00 1 11 1 2 3 3 Ethernet Connection n sasaaa aaan 1 11 1 2 4 Network Modules sdice enri r rten a tees 1 11 1 2 4 1 PortNumbering m ereraa e cece eee 1 12 1 2 5 Power Supply Modules 0 0c cece eee eee eee 1 13 1 2 5 1 ASX 200BX AC Power Supply 0 00000e0 ee 1 13 1 2 5 2 ASX 200BX 48 Volt DC Power Supply 1 14 1 2 5 8 ASX 1000 AC Power Supply Model A 1 16 1 2 5 3 1 Power Supply LEDs 0 00000 1 16 1 2 5 3 2 Shutdown Conditions 0 1 17 1 2 5 4 ASX 1000 AC Power Supply Model B 1 18 1 2 5 4 1 Power Supply LEDs 2 0 00005 1 18 1 2 5 4 2 Shutdown Conditions 2 1 19 1 2 5 5 ASX 1000 48 Volt DC Power Supply 1 20 1 2 6 ASX 1000 Fan Tray z i dte mbieesuetiehejsneetieiheeeue xs 1 21 1 2 7 ASX 1000 Temperature Sensing 0 00 eee eee eee 1 21 1 2 8 ASX 1000 Common Equipment Card CEC 5 1 22 1 2 8 1 CEC Front Panels ue tesise raiar eee 1 22 1 2 8 2 Alarm Relay Contacts 0 0c eee eee 1 23 1 24 88 CEC Status LEDs 0 0 0 0 cece eee 1 25
54. 1 8 extended mode 0 0c cece eens 3 2 Index 1 Index F PAM CRAY ined oe ek ted ote ale Sees 1 21 hot swapping on an ASX 1000 3 17 FLASH mode ACCESSING 6 eee eee 1 8 ForeRunner Hardware Specifications C 1 H hardware ASX 1000 reete eat ata ake 1 3 ANSX 200 Lii LIN cl Ra 1 2 ASX 200BX rS eR Ie REA 1 3 ASX 200WG 2 0 ccc cee 1 2 humidity operating ASX 1000 ssssss C 5 ASX 200 2 2 cc ccc eee C 2 ASX 200BX C 4 ASX 200WG C 3 storage ASX 1000 ssssss C 5 ASX 200BX C 4 ASX 200WG C 3 l install serial cable 0 2 9 installation Verifying xz ed 2 15 inventorying the unit 2 2 IP address configuring 00 2 12 M Mini Loader upgrade gateway addresses 4 18 setting the switch IP address 4 18 mixed mode ssssess 3 2 modem access uena eee ee eee 2 10 modem configuration 2 10 Index 2 Monitor mode accessing 6 ee eee eee eee 1 8 B 2 multicast mode 2 00005 3 2 N network module specifications 155 Mbps UTP module C 8 DS1 module C 11 C 12 DS3 module C 21 El module C 14 BS module 2 Rime C 20 J2 module ssuuuss C 16 OC 12c multimode module C 10 OC 12c single mode module C 25 OC 3c mixed
55. 1 Module 2 0 ce eee C 14 C 2 71 E1 Pinout Specifications liliis aaea C 15 C 2 8 6 Mbps J2 Module ns idu ya Ean AEE E A eae C 16 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual TOC 5 Table of Contents C 2 9 25 Mbps TP25 Module ud siaaa me bL ER REA C 17 C 2 9 0 Connecting Switches with TP25 Network Modules C 18 C 2 9 2 Connecting Switches with Token Ring Pinouts to ForeRunner Switches llis C 18 C 2 9 8 Connecting Adapters with Token Ring Pinouts to ForeRunner Switches llis C 19 C 2 10 34 Mbps E3 Module 0 00 eee C 20 C 2 11 45 Mbps DS8 Module 0 000 lesse C 21 C 2 12 155 Mbps OC 3c STM 1 SM Module 00 cece eee C 22 C 2 13 155 Mbps OC 3c STM 1 3MM 1SM Module 005 C 23 C 2 14 622 Mbps OC 12c STM 4c SM Module 0 00 eee ee C 25 Acronyms Glossary Index TOC 6 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Preface This manual provides the technical information needed to install ForeRunner ATM Switches ForeRunner LAN and WAN network modules and the accompanying ForeThought software This document also provides safety instructions general product information diag nostic information and troubleshooting information This document was created for users with various levels of experience If you have any questions or problems with the installation please contact FORE Systems Technical Support Chapter Summaries
56. 11 adapter firmware A 4 adapter hardware A 4 adapter self test A 4 atmst lt eco xe Creed A 10 GATIC i leves re eR us A 6 ARVET us Iu LI eu A 4 looptest esent ae ee A 3 network connectivity A 9 no cell transmission A 12 no cells received A 11 physical link 00 A 6 VPI VCI error sss A 11 troubleshooting 000 A 1 U unpacking ds een e RUPEM ES i 2 2 V VME BM LED 1f xReLIAELReIRG 1 5 Index 4 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual
57. 3 Upgrading the Switch to Mini Loader 0 00020 0 ue 4 7 4 2 4 Deleting the Active Switch Software 0 000 e eee eee 4 8 4 3 Performing the Software Upgrade 0000 c eee eee 4 9 4 4 Loading the New Software Image onto the ASX 200 2 0000005 4 12 4 5 Changing between Multiple Versions of Software 000 eee eee 4 14 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual TOC 3 Table of Contents 4 6 Booting and Upgrading with Mini Loader 0 0 0 0 c eee eee ee 4 16 4 6 1 Setting the IP Address of the Switch 0 00005 4 18 4 6 2 Setting the Gateway Address 0 ccc cece eee 4 18 4 6 3 Performing the Upgrade 0 c eee eee 4 19 4 7 Using bootp to Download Software to the Switch 0005 4 21 4 7 1 OVOtVIOW 54d Lc letus See us ues d cic dg 4 22 4 7 2 Setting Up a bootp Server 0 0 2 0 cee lees 4 22 4 7 3 Adding a Switch Entry in the bootptab File 4 23 4 7 4 Setting Up a TFTP Server 0000 cee eee 4 25 APPENDIX A Troubleshooting A 1 Adapter Hardware Troubleshooting llle A 1 A 1 1 hurrLooptestis ics ves uh tee eee Eee ak ae a ee Be aie ed A 3 A 1 2 Check Self Test Automatically Performed 00 A 4 A 1 3 Firmware Download Automatically Performed A 4 A 1 4 Hardware Detected by Driver 0 00 e eee eee A 4 A 1 5 Check Firmware 0 0 00 cee ete A 5
58. 32 ANSI T1E1 2 93 020 T151 92 185 ITU T G 957 Bellcore TR NWT 000253 C 24 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Hardware Specifications C 2 14 622 Mbps OC 12c STM 4c SM Module The following specifications apply to network module NM 1 622SMIRC Description Specification Port Capacity One SONET SDH port per module Data Rate 622 08 Mbps Output Buffer 65 536 cell capacity Media Single mode fiber Max Line Length 14km Connectors FC Line Encoding Non Return to Zero NRZ Framing STS 12c STM 4c Clock Accuracy 20 ppm Timing Primary and secondary 8kHz reference from internal default or network Loopbacks Transmit and receive loopbacks Power 8 to 15 dBm transmit power 8 to 28 dBm receive sensitivity 0 to 13 dB path attenuation Core Diameter 10 um Fiber Diameter 125 um Wavelength 1310 nm Statistics Alarms SONET SDH statistics include Loss of Signal LOS Loss of Frame LOF Loss of Pointer LOP Far End Block Errors FEBE Alarm Indication Signal AIS Far End Receive Fail ure FERF Yellow Alarm Bit Interleaved Par ity errors Line BIP 24 Section BIP 8 Path BIP 8 Header Check Sequence errors HCS cells received RxCells cells transmitted TxCells Compliance ATM Forum STS 12c UNI v3 1 ITU T 1 432 ANSI T1E1 2 93 020 T151 92 185 ITU T G 957 Bellcore TR NWT 000253 oJeMpseH Nn E o f 3 D
59. 45 Line Encoding 4B 5B with NRZI Clock Accuracy 100 ppm Timing Primary and secondary 8kHz reference from internal default or network Loopbacks Receive loopback Impedance 100 ohms Statistics Alarms Header Check Sequence HCS errors cells received RxCells cells transmitted TxCells and symbol errors Compliance ATM Forum 25 6 Mbps specification AF PHY 0040 000 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Nn E o f 3 D oJeMpseH Hardware Specifications C 2 9 1 Connecting Switches with TP25 Network Modules The TP25 network modules have a standard RJ45 connector that uses pins 1 2 7 and 8 When connecting switches using TP25 network modules you will need to use a UTP crossover cable with the following specification e Pin 1 to pin 7 in both directions e Pin 2 to pin 8 in both directions TP25 Pin Pin TP25 RX 1 1 RX RX 2 2 RX 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 TX 7 7 TX TX 8 8 TX C 2 9 2 Connecting Switches with Token Ring Pinouts to ForeRunner Switches Although FORE Systems Switches use the 1 2 7 and 8 pin assignment recommended by the ATM Forum some switches use pins 3 4 5 and 6 Connecting one of these switches to a Fore Runner Switch would require the connections to be mapped as follows e Pin 3 to pin 7 in both directions e Pin 4 to pin 1 in both directions e Pin 5 to pin 2 in both directions e Pin 6 to pin 8 in both directions Alternati
60. 6 28 UG 0 2080 fa0 92 88 243 19 UG 0 0 ie0 92 88 243 19 UG 0 2696 ie0 92 88 243 19 UG 0 7853 ie0 98 29 16 85 UG 0 0 fa0 92 88 243 54 U 350 9188789 ie0 92 88 243 19 UG 1 1677 ied 98 29 16 8 UG 0 87706 fa0 98 29 16 2 UG 0 0 fa0 98 29 0635 UG 5 16417 fa0 92 88 243 53 UG 6 I22731 ied ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Troubleshooting netstat in Name Mtu Network Address Ipkts Ierrs Opkts Oerrs Coll ecO 1500 192 88 243 192 88 243 171 1173050 39926 509363 0 107115 fa0 9188 198 29 38 198 29 38 206 0 0 0 0 0 qaa0 9180 198 29 22 198 29 22 206 0 0 0 0 0 qaal 9180 none none 0 0 0 0 0 qaa2 9180 none none 0 0 0 0 0 qaa3 9180 none none 0 0 0 0 0 loO0 8304 127 slo Gy OOL 32048 0 32048 0 0 z 2 3 adinfo fa0 2 amp FORE Systems Release ForeThought_3 0 1b 1 20 fa0 esa 200 media 4b5b 100 hw 1 0 0 fw 2 3 0 serial 2 slot 0 atmstat d fa0 Device statistics Buffer Allocation Failures Type 1 Type 2 Small Large Small Large Receive Queue Full Carrier 0 0 0 0 0 ON ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual A 15 Troubleshooting A 3 3 Switch Information On the host at a command line type the following commands and note the responses e atmstat fa0 command e netstat ai command e asxmon command e cport command Log in to the ATM Management Interface AMI and open a session on the switch fabric to check the following e configuration spans show e configuration port show e configuration uni show e Configuration of Network M
61. 751 Clock Accuracy 20 ppm Timing Primary and secondary 8kHz reference from internal default or network Loopbacks Transmit and receive loopbacks Impedance 75 ohms nominal Statistics Alarms Line code violations LCV framing bit errors FER P bit and C bit errors header check sequence HCS errors cells received RxCells cells transmitted TxCells signal clock detec tion code violations bit errors parity errors and AIS indication Compliance ATM Forum AF PHY 94 0406 R5 ITU T G 703 G 751 G 832 G 804 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Hardware Specifications C 2 11 45 Mbps DS3 Module The following specifications apply to network modules NM 2 DS3C and NM 4 DS3C Description Specification Port Capacity Two or four DS3 ports per module Data Rate 44 736 Mbps Output Buffer 13 312 cell capacity Media Coaxial Max Line Length 450 ft Connector BNC Line Encoding B3ZS Framing C bit parity or clear channel optionally PLCP Clock Accuracy 20 ppm Timing Primary and secondary 8kHz reference from internal default or network Loopbacks Transmit and receive loopbacks Impedance 75 ohms nominal Statistics Alarms Line code violations LCV framing bit errors FER P bit and C bit errors header check sequence HCS errors cells received RxCells cells transmitted TxCells signal clock detec tion and AIS indication Compliance ATM Forum DS3 UNI v3 1 ANSI Bell
62. A two byte header and trailer are added to this basic segment The header identi fies the message type beginning end continuation or single and contains sequence number ing and message identification The trailer gives the SAR PDU payload length exclusive of pad and contains a CRC check to ensure the SAR PDU integrity The result is a 48 byte PDU that fits into the payload field of an ATM cell Selector SEL A subfield carried in SETUP message part of ATM endpoint address Domain specific Part DSP defined by ISO 10589 not used for ATM network routing used by ATM end systems only ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary 29 Glossary Semipermanent Connection a connection established via a service order or via network man agement Serial Line IP SLIP A protocol used to run IP over serial lines such as telephone circuits or RS 232 cables interconnecting two systems Service Access Point SAP the point at which an entity of a layer provides services to its LM entity or to an entity of the next higher layer Service Data Unit SDU a unit of interface information whose identity is preserved from one end of a layer connection to the other Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol SSCOP an adaptation layer protocol defined in ITU T Specification Q 2110 Service Specific Convergence Sublayer SSCS The portion of the convergence sublayer that is dependent upon the type of traffic that is being conver
63. B BeGRAZZILEMSN ET MRSS ictto TEL VIMO ELTE This equipment is in the Class 1 category Information Technology Equipment to be used in commercial and or industrial areas and conforms to the standards set by the Voluntary Control Council For Interference by Information Technology Equipment aimed at preventing radio interference in commercial and or industrial areas Consequently when used in a residential area or in an adjacent area thereto radio interference may be caused to radios and TV receivers etc Read the instructions for correct handling FCC REQUIREMENTS Notice to Users of DS1 Service The following instructions are provided to ensure compliance with the Federal Communications Commission FCC Rules Part 68 1 This device must only be connected to the DS1 network connected behind an FCC Part 68 registered channel service unit Direct connection is not allowed 2 Before connecting your unit you must inform the telephone company of the following information Port ID REN SOC FIC USOC NM 6 DS1C 6 0N 04DU9 BN RJ48C 04DU9 DN NM 2 DS1C 6 0N 04DU9 1ZN and RJ48C 04DU9 1SN 3 If the unit appears to be malfunctioning it should be disconnected from the telephone lines until you learn if your equipment or the telephone line is the source of the trouble If your equipment needs repair it should not be reconnected until it is repaired 4 If the telephone company finds that this equipment is exceedi
64. Ds on the CEC of the ASX 1000 switch The LEDs have been designed to provide information pertaining to the state of the switch at a glance PS2 SWA x A1 0 Oz swe A2 O SW A y PS1 SW3 Figure 1 16 CEC Status LEDs Model A ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 1 25 o So I o E Q o n Switch Hardware AL2 AL1 Psi PS2 sw3 sw4 swi sw2 Q Figure 1 17 CEC Status LEDs Model B There are eight status LEDs located on the front panel of the CEC in a 2 x 4 arrangement On the model A CEC the only LEDs that are actually labeled are AL1 and AL2 but for the pur poses of discussion the other LEDs will be referred to as labeled in Figure 1 16 The LEDs have been broken down into the following function groups alarm LEDs power supply LEDs and switch board LEDs On the model B CEC the status LEDs are E labelled the same from top to bottom as discussed here see Figure 1 17 1 2 8 3 1 Alarm LEDs The LEDs labeled AL1 and AL2 are alarm relay LEDs During boot up AL1 and AL2 are in an indeterminate state During normal operation they will be off During a state of alarm they will illuminate red By default AL1 is the major alarm indicator for fan failure an overtemper ature condition or a power supply failure By default AL2 is the minor alarm indicator for SPANS failure and for link failure The user may display and or
65. End Receive Failure FERF Yellow Alarm Bit Interleaved Parity errors Line BIP 24 Section BIP 8 Path BIP 8 Header Check Sequence errors HCS Compliance ATM Forum STS 3c UNI v3 1 ITU T 1 432 ANSI T1E1 2 93 020 T1S1 92 185 ITU T G 957 Bellcore TR NWT 000253 Nn E o f 3 D ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual C 23 Hardware Specifications The following specifications apply to ports 1 2 and 3 on network modules NM 4 155SR3SCC and NM 4 155LR3SCC Description Specification Data Rate 155 52 Mbps Output Buffer 32 768 cell capacity Media Multimode fiber Max Line Length 2 km Connectors SC Line Encoding Non Return to Zero NRZ Framing STS 3c STM 1 Clock Accuracy 20 ppm Timing Primary and secondary 8kHz reference from internal default or network Loopbacks Transmit and receive loopbacks Power 14 to 20 dBm transmit power 14 to 30 dBm receive sensitivity 0 to 10 dB path attenuation Core Diameter 62 5 um Fiber Diameter 125 um Wavelength 1310 nm Statistics Alarms SONET SDH statistics include Loss of Signal LOS Loss of Frame LOF Loss of Pointer LOP Far End Block Errors FEBE Alarm Indication Signal AIS Far End Receive Fail ure FERF Yellow Alarm Bit Interleaved Par ity errors Line BIP 24 Section BIP 8 Path BIP 8 Header Check Sequence errors HCS Compliance ATM Forum STS 3c UNI v3 1 ITU T 14
66. ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual O R F MANUO 149 01 March 1997 SYSTEMS Software Version 4 1 x FORE Systems Inc 1000 FORE Drive Warrendale PA 15086 Phone 412 742 4444 FAX 412 772 6500 http www fore com Legal Notices Copyright 1995 1997 FORE Systems Inc All rights reserved FORE Systems is a registered trademark and ForeRunner ForeView ForeThought ForeRunnerLE PowerHub and CellPath are trademarks of FORE Systems Inc All other brands or product names are trademarks of their respective holders U S Government Restricted Rights If you are licensing the Software on behalf of the U S Government Government the following provisions apply to you If the Software is supplied to the Department of Defense DoD it is classified as Commercial Computer Software under paragraph 252 227 7014 of the DoD Supplement to the Federal Acquisition Regu lations DFARS or any successor regulations and the Government is acquiring only the license rights granted herein the license rights customarily provided to non Government users If the Software is supplied to any unit or agency of the Government other than DoD it is classified as Restricted Computer Software and the Government s rights in the Soft ware are defined in paragraph 52 227 19 of the Federal Acquisition Regulations FAR or any successor regulations or in the cases of NASA in paragraph 18 52 227 86 of the NASA Supplem
67. LASH Tests zai o ened RV EXE aie bed ati rarEeiu B 5 B 1 2 6 FLASH Chip Test 0000 cece eee eee B 6 B 1 2 7 Serial Port Test 2 2 0 eee B 7 Bi12 9 SRAM Test ee ek he Ed E Dn aie B 7 B 1 2 9 Timer Test 0 a E ee eee B 7 B 1 2 10 Hardware Test 0000 ees B 7 B 1 2 11 Complete Hardware Test 000 cece eee eee B 8 B 2 SCP ASXHA Diagnostics llle B 9 B 3 ASX 200 Diagnostics lselseeeseeeeee hh B 10 APPENDIX C Hardware Specifications C 1 ForeRunner ATM Switches iu educa va ead ead XA ORE We xe Qed ERA RR ee C 1 C 1 1 ForeRunner ASX 200 isses C 2 C 1 2 ForeRunner ASX 200WG sssssselses res C 3 C 1 3 ForeRunner ASX 200BX 00 llle es C 4 C 1 4 ForeRunner ASX 1000 ssssssssseeeeel res C 5 C 2 ForeRunner ATM Network Modules 200 e eee eee eee C 6 C 2 1 100 Mbps TAXI Module sssseeel BB C 6 C 2 2 155 Mbps OC 3c STM 1 MM Module 0 000 ele C 7 C 2 3 155 Mbps STS 3c STM 1 UTP Module 0 000000 C 8 C 2 8 1 155 Mbps UTP Pinout Specifications C 9 C 2 3 2 Connecting Switches with 155 Mbps UTP Network Modules C 9 C 2 4 622 Mbps OC 12c STM 4c MM Module llle else C 10 C 2 5 1 5 Mbps DS1 Module lslllslllllll eee C 11 C 2 6 1 5 Mbps DS1 Circuit Emulation Services Module C 12 C 2 6 14 DS1 Pinout Specifications llle C 13 C 2 7 2 Mbps E
68. M endstations SPANS must be disabled because it automatically creates ATM connections which may alter the test results All of the failure conditions are the result of running a continuous ping with the following command ping lt IP_address_of_remote_workstation gt E x E z 7 gt E vo A 2 1 Verifying the Outgoing ATM ARP Entry To verify the outgoing ATM ARP cache entry for the endstation originating the ping enter the following command on the host atmarp a The following is an example of a typical ATM ARP cache display Outgoing connections fa0 ws2 atm 198 29 21 74 vpi vci 0 100 aal 5 switch port flags PVC encapsulation NULL peak rate unlimited fa0 ws3 atm 198 29 21 94 vpi vci 0 200 aal 5 switch port flags PVC encapsulation NULL peak rate unlimited Incoming connections fa0 switch port vpi vci 0 100 aal 5 flags PVC decapsulation NULL fa0 switch port vpi vci 0 200 aal 5 flags PVC decapsulation NULL Make sure the ARP cache entry does indeed match the IP address of the remote endstation and is using the PVC configured on the switch fabric ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual A 9 Troubleshooting If the prompt is returned with no information displayed this indicates that the ATM ARP cache is empty Use the following two commands to create a PVC on the host atmarp s lt hostname gt lt device gt lt vpi gt lt vci gt lt aal
69. R to reboot Reboot the switch yl y Once the SCP reboots all active AMI sessions will be terminated on the SCP You will need to log in to AMI again if you want to begin another session 4 10 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Software Upgrade Instructions If something went wrong during the upgrade E process a new file named UPGRADE will appear v in the FLASH file system and you will not be gt 9 prompted with the Reboot the switch y 2 S c message g EN og If you are following the instructions for a E upgrading an ASX 200WG and your switch lost power for any reason during the upgrade your switch will reboot using Mini Loader software If this happens see Section 4 6 If the upgrade is unsuccessful or if you have any other problems with the upgrade please con tact FORE Systems Technical Support ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 4 11 Software Upgrade Instructions 4 4 Loading the New Software Image onto the ASX 200 Once you have loaded the software upgrade file on your workstation you need to invoke the upgrade process on your ASX 200 Log in to AMI and enter the following parameters at the localhost gt prompt operation upgrade This will display the specific parameters that you need to enter as follows upgrade lt remotehost gt lt full path to remotefile gt Enter the remote machine name or IP address of the workstation to which you extracted the upgrade or retrieved th
70. R 3___ Hardware Maintenance Procedures 3 1 Network Module Replacement 0 0 c eee eee 3 1 3 1 1 OVERVIEW EE 3 1 3 1 2 Multicast Mode currens ur rure e ea a r ea IIIA 3 2 3 1 3 Hot swapping Network Modules 0 0000 cee eee eee 3 3 3 2 Power Supply Module Replacement liliis eee eee 3 4 3 2 1 ASX 200BX Power Supply Module Replacement 3 4 3 2 1 1 Replacing an ASX 200BX AC Power Supply 3 4 3 2 1 2 Replacing an ASX 200BX DC Power Supply 3 6 3 2 2 ASX 1000 Power Supply Module Replacement 3 8 3 2 2 4 Replacing an ASX 1000 AC Power Supply Model A 3 8 3 2 2 2 Replacing an ASX 1000 AC Power Supply Model B 3 11 3 2 2 8 Replacing an ASX 1000 DC Power Supply 3 14 3 3 ASX 1000 Fan Tray Replacement 00000 cece eee eens 3 17 3 4 Switch Control Processor Replacement 0 00 c eee cence 3 18 3 5 Switch Board Replacement 00 000 e eee e eee 3 20 CHAPTER4 Software Upgrade Instructions 4 1 Obtaining the Software Upgrade File 0 00 c eee 4 2 4 1 1 Obtaining the Software Upgrade File viaFTP 4 2 4 1 2 Obtaining the Software Upgrade File via Diskette 4 4 4 2 Requirements for Upgrading an ASX 200WG 000 cece ee 4 6 4 2 1 Downloading the Mini Loader Software u nan uaaa auauna 4 6 4 2 2 Emptying the FLASH 00 000 cece res 4 7 4 2
71. S Compliance ATM Forum STS 3c UNI v3 1 ITU T 1 432 ANSI T1E1 2 93 020 T151 92 185 G 957 Bellcore TR NWT 000253 ITU T ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Hardware Specifications C 2 13 155 Mbps OC 3c STM 1 3MM 1SM Module The 155 Mbps OC 3c STM 1 3MM 1SM network module contains one SONET SDH single mode port port 4 and three SONET SDH multimode ports ports 1 2 and 3 per module The following specifications apply to port 4 on network modules NM 4 155SR3SCC and NM 4 155LR3SCC Description Specification Data Rate 155 52 Mbps Output Buffer 32 768 cell capacity Media Short or long reach single mode fiber Max Line Length 2 km short reach 40km long reach Connectors FC Line Encoding Non Return to Zero NRZ Framing STS 3c STM 1 Clock Accuracy 20 ppm Timing Primary and secondary 8kHz reference from inter nal default or network Loopbacks Transmit and receive loopbacks Power Short Reach 8 to 15 dBm transmit power 8 to 23 dBm receive sensitivity 0 to 8 dB path attenuation Power Long Reach 0 to 5 dBm transmit power 10 to 34 dBm receive sensitivity 10 to 29 dBm path attenuation Core Diameter 10 um Fiber Diameter 125 um Wavelength 1310 nm oJeMpseH Statistics Alarms SONET SDH statistics include Loss of Signal LOS Loss of Frame LOF Loss of Pointer LOP Far End Block Errors FEBE Alarm Indication Sig nal AIS Far
72. S 1s 4 STS 3cs or any mixture STS 12c OC 12c 622 08 Mb s Concatenated indivisible payload STS 48 OC 48 2488 32 Mb s 48 STS 1s 16 STS 3cs or any mixture DIP Dual In line Package Switch a device that has two parallel rows of contacts that let the user switch electrical current through a pair of those contacts to on or off They are used to reconfigure components and peripherals Domain Name Server a computer that converts names to their corresponding Internet num bers It allows users to telnet or FIP to the name instead of the number ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary 11 Glossary Domain Naming System DNS the distributed name and address mechanism used in the Internet Duplex Two way communication DXI a generic phrase used in the full names of several protocols all commonly used to allow a pair of DCE and DTE devices to share the implementation of a particular WAN protocol The protocols define the packet formats used to transport data between DCE and DTE devices DXI Frame Address DFA a connection identifier associated with ATM DXI packets that serves the same functions as and translates directly to the VPI VCI on an ATM cell Dynamic Allocation A technique in which the resources assigned for program execution are determined by criteria applied at the moment of need E 164 A public network addressing standard utilizing up to a maximum of 15 digits ATM uses E 164 addressing for public network
73. S defects Controlled slips are not included in determining BESs Bursty Second a second during which there were at least the set number of BES threshold event errors but fewer than the set number of SES threshold event errors Byte A computer readable group of bits normally 8 bits in length Call an association between two or more users or between a user and a network entity that is established by the use of network capabilities This association may have zero or more connec tions Carrier a company such as any of the baby Bell companies that provide network commu nications services either within a local area or between local areas Carrier Group Alarm CGA A service alarm generated by a channel bank when an out of frame OOF condition exists for some predetermined length of time generally 300 millisec onds to 2 5 seconds The alarm causes the calls using a trunk to be dropped and trunk condi tioning to be applied Carrier Identification Parameter CIP A 3 or 4 digit code in the initial address message identi fying the carrier to be used for the connection cchan a FORE program that manages virtual channels on a ForeRunner switch running asxd Glossary 6 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary Cell an ATM Layer protocol data unit PDU The basic unit of information transported in ATM technology each 53 byte cell contains a 5 byte header and a 48 byte payload Cell Delay Variation CDV a
74. Service Specific Convergence Sublayer Straight Tip or Stick and Turn Synchronous Transfer Mode ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual ALPHA COPY Acronyms STP STS SVC SVCC SVPC TAXI TC TCP TCP IP TCR TCS TDM TE TFTP TM UAS UBR UDP UNI UPC UTOPIA UTP VBR vc vec VCI VCL VINES VLAN VP VPC VPDN vPI VPL VPN VPT VS VD VT WAN ZBTSI Shielded Twisted Pair Spanning Tree Protocol Synchronous Transport Signal Switched Virtual Circuit or Channel Switched Virtual Channel Connection Switched Virtual Path Connection Transparent Asynchronous Transmitter Receiver Interface Transmission Convergence Transmission Control Protocol Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol Tagged Cell Rate Transmission Convergence Sublayer Time Division Multiplexing Terminal Equipment Trivial File Transfer Protocol Traffic Management Unavailable Seconds Unspecified Bit Rate User Datagram Protocol User to Network Interface Usage Parameter Control Universal Test amp Operations Interface for ATM Unshielded Twisted Pair Variable Bit Rate Virtual Channel or Circuit Virtual Channel Connection Virtual Channel Identifier Virtual Channel Link Virtual Network Software Virtual Local Area Network Virtual Path Virtual Path Connection Virtual Private Data Network Virtual Path Identifier Virtual Path Link Virtual Private Network Virtual Path Terminator Virtual Source Virtual Destination Virtual
75. TM Switch User s Manual Acronyms 3 gt 7 53 lt 3 Acronyms IDU IEEE IETF ILMI IP IPX IS ISDN ISO ITU T IWF IXC JPEG Kbps LAN LANE LAPB LATA LBO LCV LE ARP LEC LECS LES LLC LOF LOP LOS LSB MAC MAN MAU MBS MCDV MCLR MCR MCTD MIB MIC MID MMF MPEG MPOA Acronyms 4 ALPHA COPY Interface Data Unit Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Internet Engineering Task Force Interim Local Management Interface Internet Protocol Internetwork Packet Exchange Intermediate system Integrated Services Digital Network International Standards Organization International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Interworking Function Interexchange Carriers Joint Photographic Experts Group Kilobits per second Local Area Network LAN Emulation Link Access Procedure Balanced Local Access and Transport Area Line Build Out Line Code Violations LAN Emulation Address Resolution Protocol LAN Emulation Client LAN Emulation Configuration Server LAN Emulation Server Logical Link Control Loss Of Frame Loss Of Pointer Loss Of Signal Least Significant Bit Media Access Control Metropolitan Area Network Media Attachment Unit Maximum Burst Size Maximum Cell Delay Variance Maximum Cell Loss Ratio Minimum Cell Rate Maximum Cell Transfer Delay Management Information Base Media Interface Connector Message Identifier Multimode Fiber Optic Cable Motion Picture Ex
76. The ASX 200 and the ASX 200WG each come with one power cord The ASX 200BX and the ASX 1000 each come with two power cords 2 The rack mount kit is not applicable to the ASX 200 or to the ASX 1000 The rack mount kit is optional for the ASX 200WG and may be purchased separately 2 2 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Switch Setup 2 3 Electrical Considerations The following items should be considered when setting up the switch CAUTION Consideration should be given to the connection of the equipment to the supply circuit and the effect that the overloading of circuits could have on overcurrent protection and supply wiring Appropriate consideration of equipment nameplate ratings should be used when addressing this concern CAUTION Reliable grounding of rack mounted equipment should be maintained Particular attention should be given to supply connections other than direct connections to the branch i e use of power strips ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 2 3 Switch Setup 2 4 Rack Mounting an ASX 200 200WG or 200BX This section applies only to the ASX 200 ASX E 200WG and ASX 200BX See Section 2 5 for information about rack mounting an ASX 1000 The ASX 200 ASX 200WG and ASX 200BX are designed to be installed as stand alone units placed on the desktop or as rack mounted units The ASX 200 chassis can be rack mounted without modification however rack mount brackets must be attached to the ASX 200WG
77. Tributary Wide Area Network Zero Byte Time Slot Interchange gt 1 E lt 3 7 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Acronyms 7 Acronyms ALPHA COPY Acronyms 8 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary Aiessoj5 10Base T a 10 Mbps baseband Ethernet specification utilizing twisted pair cabling Category 3 4 or 5 10BaseT which is part of the IEEE 802 3 specification has a distance limit of approx imately 100 meters per segment 802 1d Spanning Tree Bridging the IEEE standard for bridging a MAC layer standard for transparently connecting two or more LANs often called subnetworks that are running the same protocols and cabling This arrangement creates an extended network in which any two workstations on the linked LANs can share data 802 3 Ethernet the IEEE standard for Ethernet a physical layer standard that uses the CSMA CD access method on a bus topology LAN 802 5 Token Ring the IEEE physical layer standard that uses the token passing access method on a ring topology LAN AAL Connection an association established by the AAL between two or more next higher layer entities Adapter A fitting that supplies a passage between two sets of equipment when they cannot be directly interconnected Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation ADPCM A technique that allows analog voice signals to be carried on a 32K bps digital channel Sampling is done at 8Hz with 4 bits used to de
78. Used oJeMpseH wn ke e E o I D ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual C 13 Hardware Specifications C 2 7 2 Mbps E1 Module The following specifications apply to network modules NM 2 E1C and NM 6 E1C Description Specification Port Capacity Two or six E1 ports per module Data Rate 2 048 Mbps Output Buffer 13 312 cell capacity Media Unshielded Twisted Pair UTP Max Line Length 655 ft Connector RJ 48c Line Encoding HDB3 Framing CRC 4 Multiframe Clock Accuracy 32 ppm Timing Primary and secondary 8kHz reference from internal default or network Loopbacks Transmit and receive loopbacks Impedance 120 ohms nominal Statistics Alarms Line Code Violations LCV framing bit errors FER Far End Block Errors FEBE CRC error events Header Check Sequence HCS errors cells received RxCells cells transmitted TxCells signal clock detection and AIS indi cation Compliance ATM Forum AF PHY 94 0422 R5 ITU T G 703 G 704 G 804 1 432 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Hardware Specifications C 2 7 1 E1 Pinout Specifications E1 network modules have a standard RJ 45 female connector that uses RJ 48C CPE pinouts as illustrated in the table below Pin Number Nn an Signal Name 1 RX Receive Data 2 RX Receive Data 3 Not Used 4 TX Transmit Data 5 TX Transmit Data 6 Not Used 7 Not
79. Used 8 Not Used oJeMpseH wn ke e E o I D ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual C 15 Hardware Specifications C 2 8 6 Mbps J2 Module The following specifications apply to network module NM 4 J2C Description Specification Port Capacity Four J2 ports per module Data Rate 6 312 Mbps Output Buffer 13 312 cell capacity Media Coaxial Max Line Length 1300 ft Connector BNC Line Encoding B8ZS Framing Per ITU T G 704 Clock Accuracy 30 ppm Timing Primary and secondary 8kHz reference from internal default or network Loopbacks Transmit and receive loopbacks Impedance 75 ohms nominal Statistics Alarms Line Code Violations LCV framing bit errors FER CRC error events Header Check Sequence HCS errors cells received RxCells cells transmitted TxCells signal clock detec tion and AIS indication Compliance ATM Forum AF PHY 0029 000 NTT Technical Reference of Cell Relay Interface v1 ITU T G 708 G 704 G 804 C 16 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Hardware Specifications C 2 9 25 Mbps TP25 Module The following specifications apply to network module NM 6 25UTPEC Description Specification Port Capacity Six TP25 ports per module Data Rate 25 6 Mbps Output Buffer 2 560 cell capacity Media Cat 3 4 or 5 Unshielded Twisted Pair UTP Max Line Length 100m Connector RJ
80. a framing protocol that runs on top of the T1 or E1 framing protocol Physical Medium PM Refers to the actual physical interfaces Several interfaces are defined including STS 1 STS 3c STS 12c STM 1 STM 4 DS1 E1 DS2 E3 DS3 E4 FDDI based Fiber Channel based and STP These range in speeds from 1 544Mbps through 622 08 Mbps Physical Medium Dependent PMD a sublayer concerned with the bit transfer between two network nodes It deals with wave shapes timing recovery line coding and electro optic con versions for fiber based links Plesiochronous two signals are plesiochronous if their corresponding significant instants occur at nominally the same rate with variations in rate constrained to specified limits Point of Demarcation the dividing line between a carrier and the customer premise that is governed by strict standards that define the characteristics of the equipment on each side of the demarcation Equipment on one side of the point of demarcation is the responsibility of the customer Equipment on the other side of the point of demarcation is the responsibility of the carrier Glossary 26 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary Point to Multipoint Connection a collection of associated ATM VC or VP links with associated endpoint nodes with the following properties 1 One ATM link called the Root Link serves as the root in a simple tree topology When the Root node sends information all of the re
81. al and local networks worldwide The Internet uses the TCP IP suite Networks with only e mail connectivity are not considered on the Internet internet while an internet is a network the term internet is usually used to refer to a collec tion of networks interconnected with routers Internet Addresses the numbers used to identify hosts on an internet network Internet host numbers are divided into two parts the first is the network number and the second or local part is a host number on that particular network There are also three classes of networks in the Internet based on the number of hosts on a given network Large networks are classified as Class A having addresses in the range 1 126 and having a maximum of 16 387 064 hosts Medium networks are classified as Class B with addresses in the range 128 191 and with a maximum of 64 516 hosts Small networks are classified as Class C having addresses in the range 192 254 with a maximum of 254 hosts Addresses are given as dotted decimal numbers in the following format nnn nnn nnn nnn In a Class A network the first of the numbers is the network number the last three numbers are the local host address In a Class B network the first two numbers are the network the last two are the local host address In a Class C network the first three numbers are the network address the last number is the local host address The following table summarizes the classes and sizes Class
82. analyzed for errors Typically a loopback is set at various points in a line until the section of the line that is causing the problem is discovered 11 110 3 looptest program that tests an interface for basic cell reception and transmission functional ity usually used for diagnostic purposes to determine if an interface is functioning properly Loss Of Frame LOF a type of transmission error that may occur in wide area carrier lines Loss Of Pointer LOP a type of transmission error that may occur in wide area carrier lines Loss Of Signal LOS a type of transmission error that may occur in wide area carrier lines or a condition declared when the DTE senses a loss of a DS1 signal from the CPE for more the 150 milliseconds the DTE generally responds with an all ones Blue or AIS signal Management Information Base MIB the set of parameters that an SNMP management station can query or set in the SNMP agent of a networked device e g router Maximum Burst Size MBS the Burst Tolerance BT is conveyed through the MBS which is coded as a number of cells The BT together with the SCR and the GCRA determine the MBS that may be transmitted at the peak rate and still be in conformance with the GCRA Maximum Burst Tolerance the largest burst of data that a network device is guaranteed to handle without discarding cells or packets Bursts of data larger than the maximum burst size may be subject to discard Maxi
83. ane High speed communications line to which individual components are connected Backward Explicit Congestion Notification BECN A Resource Management cell type gener ated by the network or the destination indicating congestion or approaching congestion for traffic flowing in the direction opposite that of the BECN cell Bandwidth usually identifies the capacity or amount of data that can be sent through a given circuit may be user specified in a PVC Baud unit of signalling speed equal to the number of discrete conditions or signal events per second If each signal event represents only one bit the baud rate is the same as bps if each signal event represents more than one bit such as a dibit the baud rate is smaller than bps Bayonet Neill Concelman BNC a bayonet locking connector used to terminate coaxial cables BNC is also referred to as Bayonet Network Connector Bipolar 8 Zero Substitution B8ZS a technique used to satisfy the ones density requirements of digital T carrier facilities in the public network while allowing 64 Kbps clear channel data Strings of eight consecutive zeroes are replaced by an eight bit code representing two inten tional bipolar pulse code violations 000V10V1 Glossary 4 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary Bipolar Violation BPV an error event on a line in which the normal pattern of alternating high one and low zero signals is disrupted A bipolar violation is noted
84. at cause interference with radio communications among other effects Electronics Industries Association EIA a USA trade organization that issues its own stan dards and contributes to ANSI developed RS 232 Membership includes USA manufacturers Embedded SNMP Agent an SNMP agent can come in two forms embedded or proxy An embedded SNMP agent is integrated into the physical hardware and software of the unit Emulated Local Area Network ELAN A logical network initiated by using the mechanisms defined by LAN Emulation This could include ATM and legacy attached end stations Glossary 12 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary End System ES a system where an ATM connection is terminated or initiated an originat ing end system initiates the connection a terminating end system terminates the connection End System Identifier ESI This identifier distinguishes multiple nodes at the same level in case the lower level peer group is partitioned End to End Connection when used in reference to an ATM network a connection that travels through an ATM network passing through various ATM devices and with endpoints at the termination of the ATM network 11 110 3 Enterprise Terminology generally referring to customers with multiple non contiguous geo graphic locations Equalization EQL the process of compensating for line distortions Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory EPROM A PROM which may
85. ate with other members of that subgroup Coaxial Cable Coax is a type of electrical communications medium used in the LAN environ ment This cable consists of an outer conductor concentric to an inner conductor separated from each other by insulating material and covered by some protective outer material This medium offers large bandwidth supporting high data rates with high immunity to electrical interference and a low incidence of errors Coax is subject to distance limitations and is rela tively expensive and difficult to install Cold Start Trap an SNMP trap which is sent after a power cycle see trap Collision Overlapping transmissions that occur when two or more nodes on a LAN attempt to transmit at or about the same time Committed Information Rate CIR CIR is the information transfer rate which a network offer ing Frame Relay Services FRS is committed to transfer under normal conditions The rate is averaged over a minimum increment of time Common Channel Signaling CCS A form signaling in which a group of circuits share a sig naling channel Refer to SS7 Glossary 8 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary Common Management Interface Protocol CMIP An ITU TSS standard for the message for mats and procedures used to exchange management information in order to operate adminis ter maintain and provision a network Concatenation The connection of transmission channels similar to a chain Conc
86. bd addr mode test dl test sim lt simm gt march data lt addr gt march address lt addr gt test sdb boot flash boot ethernet set data breakpoint If no address is given all current breakpoints are displayed default mode is set to ANY access test test test test test DRAM in a longer more robust test DRAM SIMM 4 lt simm gt the integrity of the data bus the integrity of the address bus SDB attempt to boot from the Flash attempt to boot from the Ethernet bcopy src dest lt len in bytes gt wbyte addr data wshort addr data wint addr data Sbyte lt addr gt sshort addr sint addr erase flash erase fc chip ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual write lowest byte of data to addr write lowest short of data to addr write data to addr show the value of the byte at addr show the value of the short at addr show the value of the int at addr Erase entire FLASH memory Erase FLASH chip chip o e U o 5 Q 5 o 7 SCP Diagnostics B 3 ASX 200 Diagnostics If you suspect a hardware problem with your ASX 200 you should run the ASX 200 switch diagnostics by logging into the ATM Management Interface AMI and opening a session on the switch Network connections should be disconnected E from all ports before performing any switch diagnostics Enter the following parameters at the prompt to run the ASX 200 diagnostics tes
87. be erased and rewritten to perform new or different functions normally done with a PROM burner Errored Second ES a second during which at least one code violation occurred Ethernet a 10 Mbps coaxial standard for LANs in which all nodes connect to the cable where they contend for access Excessive Zeroes EXZ Error Event An Excessive Zeroes error event for an AMI coded signal is the occurrence of more than fifteen contiguous zeroes For a B8ZS coded signal the defect occurs when more than seven contiguous zeroes are detected Explicit Forward Congestion Indication EFCI the second bit of the payload type field in the header of an ATM cell the EFCI bit indicates network congestion to receiving hosts On a con gested switch the EFCI bit is set to 1 by the transmitting network module when a certain number of cells have accumulated in the network module s shared memory buffer When a cell is received that has its EFCI bit set to 1 the receiving host notifies the sending host which should then reduce its transmission rate Explicit Rate ER The Explicit Rate is an RM cell field used to limit the source ACR to a spe cific value It is initially set by the source to a requested rate such as PCR It may be subse quently reduced by any network element in the path to a value that the element can sustain ER is formatted as a rate Extended Industry Standard Architecture EISA bus architecture for desktop computers that
88. cated leased facilities such as T1s Virtual Private Network VPN a private voice communications network built on public switch ing and transport facilities rather than dedicated leased facilities such as T1s Virtual Source Virtual Destination VS VD An ABR connection may be divided into two or more separately controlled ABR segments Each ABR control segment except the first is sourced by a virtual source A virtual source implements the behavior of an ABR source end point Backwards RM cells received by a virtual source are removed from the connection Each ABR control segment except the last is terminated by a virtual destination A virtual destination assumes the behavior of an ABR destination endpoint Forward RM cells received by a virtual destination are turned around and not forwarded to the next segment of the con nection Aiessoj5 Virtual Tributary VT a structure used to carry payloads such as DS1s that run at significantly lower rates than STS 1s Warm Start Trap an SNMP trap which indicates that SNMP alarm messages or agents have been enabled Wide Area Network WAN a network that covers a large geographic area Wideband Channel Communications channel with more capacity 19 2K bps than the stan dard capacity of a voice grade line X 21 ITU T standard for serial communications over synchronous digital lines The X 21 pro tocol is used primarily in Europe and Japan X 25 a well established data
89. ce and dynamically establish connections to ports on the new switch Furthermore scaling the network is accomplished without costly and time consuming address reconfiguration and LAN segmentation This chapter provides an overview of the FORE Systems family of ForeRunner ATM switches It details the hardware requirements necessary to use these switches and also provides infor mation on the contents of each of the switch packages ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 1 1 Switch Hardware 1 1 Switch Hardware Configurations For information about the technical and E operating specifications for all of the ForeRunner ATM switches see Appendix C ForeRunner Hardware Specifications in this manual The ASX 200 as shown in Figure 1 1 is a self contained ATM switch that provides an Ethernet connection for network management access The ASX 200 hardware consists of a single switch board a SPARC RISC switch control processor SCP network modules and fans housed in a rack mount 19 inch horizontal enclosure These components work together to provide ATM switching capabilities as well as distributed connection setup and management Tee Taat IL Vee ILLI ol Figure 1 1 ASX 200 Switch Configuration The ASX 200WG as shown in Figure 1 2 is a self contained ATM switch that provides an Ethernet connection for network management access The ASX 200WG ATM switch hardware consists of a single switch board with an i960 SCP netw
90. ceived by remote Cells and no errors received by remote and transmitting no cells Cells and no errors received by remote and transmitting cells Run atmstat faO 1 Are cells going out Verify PVC on switch Verify AAL types on local and remote ws Verify outgoing entry on remote end the local interface Verify PVC i y on switch Verify VPI VCI of incoming ARP entry on remote ws Have network manager check IP configuration Have network manager check IP configuration n encapsulation same on bot remote end encapsulation orrect Continuous ping from remote Run atmarp a Correct switch configuration x Run atmarp a Correct the ARP cache entry Buioouse qnoj Troubleshooting This test sequence requires that the switch fabric be configured with a valid PVC and the end stations to have the proper IP configuration and ATM ARP cache entries The tests in Figure A 3 assume that there is no IP connectivity between the two endstations The lack of an IP con nection is checked by trying a ping and getting no response ping failed The tests in Figure A 3 also require that if a switch fabric is used it is a FORE Systems switch fabric on which SPANS has been disabled on both the ports of the switch fabric and on the AT
91. cond Time Division Multiplexing TDM a method of traditional digital multiplexing in which a sig nal occupies a fixed repetitive time slot within a higher rate signal Token Ring a network access method in which the stations circulate a token Stations with data to send must have the token to transmit their data ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary 33 Glossary topology a program that displays the topology of a FORE Systems ATM network An updated topology can be periodically re displayed by use of the interval command option Traffic the calls being sent and received over a communications network Also the packets that are sent on a data network Traffic Management TM The traffic control and congestion control procedures for ATM ATM layer traffic control refers to the set of actions taken by the network to avoid congestion condi tions ATM layer congestion control refers to the set of actions taken by the network to mini mize the intensity spread and duration of congestion The following functions form a framework for managing and controlling traffic and congestion in ATM networks and may be used in appropriate combinations Connection Admission Control Feedback Control Usage Parameter Control Priority Control Traffic Shaping Network Resource Management Frame Discard ABR Flow Control Traffic Parameter A parameter for specifying a particular traffic aspect of a connection Trailer the protocol c
92. core T1 102 T1 107 TR TSY 000009 oJeMpseH Nn E o f 3 D ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual C 21 Hardware Specifications C 2 12 155 Mbps OC 3c STM 1 SM Module The following specifications apply to network modules NM 4 155SMSRC and NM 4 155SMLRC Description Specification Port Capacity Four SONET SDH ports per module Data Rate 155 52 Mbps Output Buffer 32 768 cell capacity Media Short or long reach single mode fiber Max Line Length 2 km short reach 40 km long reach Connectors FC Line Encoding Non Return to Zero NRZ Framing STS 3c STM 1 Clock Accuracy 20 ppm Timing Primary and secondary 8kHz reference from internal default or network Loopbacks Transmit and receive loopbacks Power Short Reach 8 to 15 dBm transmit power 8 to 23 dBm receive sensitivity 0 to 8 dB path attenuation Power Long Reach 0 to 5 dBm transmit power 10 to 34 dBm receive sensitivity 10 to 29 dB path attenuation Core Diameter 10 um Fiber Diameter 125 um Wavelength 1310 nm Statistics Alarms SONET SDH statistics include Loss of Signal LOS Loss of Frame LOF Loss of Pointer LOP Far End Block Errors FEBE Alarm Indication Signal AIS Far End Receive Fail ure FERF Yellow Alarm Bit Interleaved Par ity errors Line BIP 24 Section BIP 8 Path BIP 8 Header Check Sequence errors HC
93. cuit breaker switch on the front of the new supply to the ON up position 3 16 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Hardware Maintenance Procedures 3 3 ASX 1000 Fan Tray Replacement The ASX 1000 has a removable fan tray with large fans that cool the switch hardware and power supply modules Located at the base of the upright unit the fan tray is removable from the front of the unit and is hot swappable meaning that it can be replaced with the ASX 1000 under power The procedure for replacing a fan tray is as follows WARNING It is highly recommended that you use the included grounding strap when handling this or any other component 1 Remove the four retaining screws at the top of the fan tray with a 3 32 inch Allen wrench 2 Remove the fan tray by pulling it away from the switch unit 3 Set the old fan tray aside and place the new fan tray in front of the vacant slot in the ASX 1000 4 Insert a new fan tray in the slot and slide it all the way into the chassis Seat the connectors by pressing firmly on the unit this will apply power to the fan tray 5 Once seated replace the four screws removed in Step 1 above This will properly secure the unit in the chassis CAUTION Do not run the unit for any great length of time without the fan tray installed or the unit will shut itself down because of an overtemperature condition v x O oO a c o 7 SITLTVES PTT RSS L2 93128 ForeRunner ATM S
94. current and installed versions but will not change anything In this example to change the current version of software from FT400 35 to FT410 25 type the following localhost operation gt version FT410 25 Current software version is FT410 25 Software versions installed FT400 35 FT410 25 By using the operation version command E and specifying a version you change the version to which CURRENT is pointing 4 14 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Software Upgrade Instructions ENT is pointing to FT410 25 To At this point the switch is still running FT400 35 but CURRI make the change complete enter the following localhost operation gt reboot o sa a5 co 2c To ES O g Q o Are you sure you want to reboot this switch n y ENT is pointing In this case it When the SCP reboots it will look to see to which version CURRI will see FT410 25 and boot using that version ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Software Upgrade Instructions 4 6 Booting and Upgrading with Mini Loader The instructions in this section are only E necessary if you have deleted your active version of switch software from FLASH memory AND lost power to your switch before successfully completing a full software upgrade A Mini Loader session can only be accessed via the serial port of the switch This session can be opened on a terminal connected directly to the switch via a modem connected to the swi
95. d Pair UTP a cable that consists of two or more insulated conductors in which each pair of conductors are twisted around each other There is no external protection and noise resistance comes solely from the twists Unspecified Bit Rate UBR a type of traffic that is not considered time critical e g ARP mes sages pure data allocated whatever bandwidth is available at any given time UBR traffic is given a best effort priority in an ATM network with no guarantee of successful transmis sion Uplink Represents the connectivity from a border node to an upnode Usage Parameter Control UPC mechanism that ensures that traffic on a given connection does not exceed the contracted bandwidth of the connection responsible for policing or enforcement UPC is sometimes confused with congestion management see congestion man agement User Datagram Protocol UDP the TCP IP transaction protocol used for applications such as remote network management and name service access this lets users assign a name such as RVAX 2 S to a physical or numbered address User to Network Interface UNI the physical and electrical demarcation point between the user and the public network service provider ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary 35 Glossary V 35 ITU T standard describing a synchronous physical layer protocol used for communica tions between a network access device and a packet network V 35 is most commonl
96. d between hosts with no previously established communications path Payload Scrambling a technique that eliminates certain bit patterns that may occur within an ATM cell payload that could be misinterpreted by certain sensitive transmission equipment as an alarm condition Payload Type PT bits 2 4 in the fourth byte of an ATM cell header The PT indicates the type of information carried by the cell At this time values 0 3 are used to identify various types of user data values 4 and 5 indicate management information and values 6 and 7 are reserved for future use Peak Cell Rate at the PHY Layer SAP of a point to point VCC the Peak Cell Rate is the inverse of the minimum inter arrival time TO of the request to send an ATM SDU Peak Cell Rate PCR parameter defined by the ATM Forum for ATM traffic management In CBR transmissions PCR determines how often data samples are sent In ABR transmissions PCR determines the maximum value of the ACR Peer Entities entities within the same layer Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI a local bus standard created by Intel ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary 25 Glossary Permanent Virtual Channel Connection PVCC A Virtual Channel Connection VCC is an ATM connection where switching is performed on the VPI VCI fields of each cell A Perma nent VCC is one which is provisioned through some network management function and left up indefinitely Permanent Virtual C
97. d in Figure 1 5 and are described in the subsections that follow Figure 1 5 ASX 200 SPARC RISC Switch Control Processor Front Panel 1 4 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Switch Hardware 1 2 2 1 1 RESET Switch The RESET switch on the SPARC RISC SCP allows the user to reset the SCP After a reset all open ATM Management Interface AMI sessions are ended on the SCP and all ports on the switch board lose any active sessions and initially go off line The ports then return to the con figuration stored in the configuration database CDB 1 2 2 1 2 ABORT Switch When activated the ABORT switch on the ASX 200 causes the SCP to go into Open Boot PROM mode This mode allows the user to run diagnostics on the controller hardware from a terminal connected to Serial Port A The SCP halts normal switch operations when in the Open Boot PROM mode 1 2 2 1 3 RUN RESET LED The RUN RESET LED is red when any reset signal on the switch is active It is off when the switch itself is not active In all other cases it is green 1 2 2 1 4 VME BM LED The VME BM LED on the ASX 200 reflects all accesses from the SCP to the ASX 200 switch board When the SCP accesses the switch this LED illuminates green In all other cases it is off 1 2 2 1 5 STATUS LED The STATUS LED on the ASX 200 indicates that the SCP is functional by illuminating green In all other cases it is off o zl 5 I g x a 9 o 1 2 2 1 6 Diagnost
98. d to enter on your SCP myswitch ht ether ha 002048200019 sm 255 255 255 0 bf upgrade file 21ip 123 123 123 123 Make sure the last line added to boot ptab ends E in a colon and not a backslash Otherwise that line will merge with the next entry causing your switch to cycle in its attempts to find a bootp server ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Software Upgrade Instructions If two SCPs are installed in a switch fabric each E SCP must have its own entry in the bootptab file to assign each SCP a unique IP address Using only one entry i e the same IP address causes unpredictable Ethernet ARP behavior The variables in the previous example are defined as follows myswitch Indicates the name you have assigned to your SCP ht Indicates the hardware type For the purposes of switch software image loading this is ether stands for Ethernet ha Indicates the hardware address This is the Ethernet MAC address of your SCP that is burned in from the factory If you connect a terminal device to the SCP s serial port you will see the Ethernet MAC address displayed during the EPROM boot sequence sm Indicates the subnet mask This is the subnet mask for your network bf Indicates the bootfile This is your boot image file name ip Indicates the IP address of the SCP s Ethernet interface For more information about bootp please refer E to RFC 1048 and RFC 951 Once these lin
99. dapter The looptest utility verifies that the board of an adapter is operating correctly Correct operation means that all of the following conditions are true 1 The self test has been passed successfully 2 The firmware has been downloaded successfully 3 The driver has detected the existence of the hardware 4 The firmware is running 5 The physical link is up If Looptest passes then the board hardware of the adapter is OK The next step is to test the software as shown in Figure A 3 If looptest fails the point of failure will be indicated by messages generated for each of the five items above Refer to the following subsections for instructions about testing the individ ual items ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual A 3 Troubleshooting A 1 2 Check Self Test Automatically Performed During a system boot the ATM adapter automatically performs a self test of the hardware running a low level diagnostic which checks memory read write capability Upon completion of the self test a message is printed to the console of the workstation indicating whether or not the hardware failed If the self test is successful proceed to the instructions regarding the firmware download as described in the next subsection If the self test fails reseat the board by performing the following steps to ensure that failure was not due to improper insertion of the board 1 Halt the system being sure to follow the procedures outlined in
100. detected failure such as when a condi tion like OOF exists for 2 5 seconds causing a CGA Carrier Group Alarm Reduced Instruction Set Computer RISC a generic name for CPUs that use a simpler instruc tion set than more traditional designs Redundancy In a data transmission the fragments of characters and bits that can be elimi nated with no loss of information Registration The address registration function is the mechanism by which Clients provide address information to the LAN Emulation Server Relaying a function of a layer by means of which a layer entity receives data from a corre sponding entity and transmits it to another corresponding entity Glossary 28 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary Request To Send RTS an RS 232 modem interface signal sent from the DTE to the modem on pin 4 which indicates that the DTE has data to transmit Requests For Comment RFCs IETF documents suggesting protocols and policies of the Internet inviting comments as to the quality and validity of those policies These comments are collected and analyzed by the IETF in order to finalize Internet standards RFC1483 Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 RFC1490 Multiprotocol Interconnect over Frame Relay RFC1577 Classical IP and ARP over ATM RFC1755 ATM Signaling Support for IP over ATM Robbed Bit Signaling In T1 refers to the use of the least significant bit of every word of frame
101. diskette To obtain the file via FIP you must have FIP access To obtain the file from diskette you will need the distribution diskettes from FORE Systems You will also need a UNIX workstation with at least 5 Mbytes of free disk space 12 Mbytes if you are upgrading an ASX 200 If you are upgrading from the distribution diskettes the UNIX workstation must also be equipped with a floppy drive The UNIX workstation must be connected via ATM or Ethernet to the SCP being upgraded 4 1 1 Obtaining the Software Upgrade File via FTP The software upgrade can be retrieved from FORE Systems via anonymous FIP using the fol lowing procedure First FIP to ftp fore com and log in as anonymous Enter your full e mail address e g jdoe8 somewhere com when you are prompted for a password For security reasons your password is not E echoed Once you connect to FORE s FIP site you will see the ftp prompt you must change to the priv release sunny directory This directory contains the ForeThought software upgrade files and the readme files which contain important information about the software release Because the contents of this directory cannot be E listed please contact FORE Technical Support to obtain the latest list of file names If you are upgrading an ASX 200WG you will need both the switch software upgrade and the Mini Loader software The readme files can be retrieved as ASCII text However before you retrieve the soft
102. e CEC Ethernet port off No Ethernet collisions have been detected Table 1 11 CEC Polarity POL LED Description LED Color Meaning amber A reverse polarity condition has been detected on the twisted pair cable connected to the CEC Ether net port The polarity is automatically corrected but the amber light will remain illuminated until a corrected twisted pair cable is inserted into the Ethernet port off The polarity of the twisted pair cable connected to the CEC Ethernet port is OK ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual es P lda Switch Setup This chapter contains the following information about setting up a ForeRunner ATM switch e Section 2 1 Introduction e Section 2 2 Unpacking e Section 2 3 Electrical Considerations e Section 2 4 Rack Mounting an ASX 200 200WG or 200BX e Section 2 5 Rack Mounting an ASX 1000 e Section 2 6 Installing the Serial Cable e Section 2 7 Modem Configuration e Section 2 8 Configuring IP Addresses e Section 2 9 AMI Security e Section 2 10 Subsequent Operation e Section 2 11 Verifying the Installation e Section 2 12 Product Registration Information 2 1 Introduction Before installing a ForeRunner ATM switch there are several important factors that must be taken into consideration depending on the type of installation site The following sections dis cuss in detail how to install a ForeRunner ATM switch and any prerequisites
103. e T Carrier systems Nyquist Theorem In communications theory a formula stating that two samples per cycle is sufficient to characterize a bandwidth limited analog signal in other words the sampling rate must be twice the highest frequency component of the signal i e sample 4 KHz analog voice channels 8000 times per second Object Identifier OID the address of a MIB variable Octet a grouping of 8 bits similar but not identical to a byte One s Density The requirement for digital transmission lines in the public switched telephone network that eight consecutive 0 s cannot be in a digital data stream exists because repeaters and clocking devices within the network will lose timing after receiving eight 0 s in a row a number of techniques are used to insert a 1 after every seventh consecutive 0 see Bit Stuffing Open Shortest Path First OSPF Protocol a routing algorithm for IP that incorporates least cost equal cost and load balancing Open Systems Interconnection OSI the 7 layer suite of protocols designed by ISO commit tees to be the international standard computer network architecture OpenView Hewlett Packard s network management software Operation and Maintenance OAM Cell a cell that contains ATM LM information It does not form part of the upper layer information transfer Glossary 24 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary Optical Carrier level n OC n The optical c
104. e failed supply On an ASX 1000 power supply 1 is in the slot labeled PS1 on the chassis while power supply 2 is in the slot labeled PS2 on the chassis WARNING Failure to perform Step 2 can result in serious injury to the user or damage to the equipment 2 Turn OFF the power switch on the front of the defective power supply Wait for the yellow SHUTDOWN LED to extinguish before moving to Step 3 Unplug and remove the power cord from the failed supply Unscrew the four retaining screws with a 3 32 inch Allen wrench and pull for ward on the handle located below the power cord 5 Remove the defective supply and prepare to install the new one v O is Q E I 7 aoueUdIUIe Y QAeMpPIeH ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 3 9 Hardware Maintenance Procedures WARNING Failure to perform Steps 6 or 7 can result in serious injury to the user or damage to the equipment 6 Ensure that the power switch on the new power supply is turned OFF before inserting it into the enclosure Ensure that the fuses on the new unit are rated at 12 5A 250V Carefully align the guide rails on the new AC power supply in the slot Push on the center of the front panel of the power supply to slide it back into the enclosure 10 To ensure maximum safety and to ensure that the connectors have been seated properly re tighten the four retaining screws using a 3 32 inch Allen wrench 11 Reconnect and plug
105. e maintained between the network module and any other assemblies which use or generate a voltage shown in the table below The larger distance shown in brackets applies where the local environment within the host is subject to conductive pollution or dry non conductive pollution which could become conductive due to condensation Failure to maintain these minimum distances invalidates the approval Clearance mm Creepage mm Voltage Used or Generated by Host or by Network Modules 2 0 2 4 8 8 Up to 50 Vins or Vac 2 6 3 0 4 8 Up to 125 Vims or Vac 4 0 5 0 8 0 Up to 250 Vims or Vac 4 6 6 4 10 0 Up to 300 Vims or Vac For a host or other expansion card fitted in the host using or generating voltages greater than 300V rms or dc advice from a competent telecommunications engineer must be obtained before installation of the relevant equipment Above 300 Vims or Vac NOTE Installing the network modules in the appropriate FORE Systems hosts according to the installation instructions provided satisfies the requirements listed above The following tables show the available ports and their safety status NM 6 E1C and NM 2 E1C Ports Safety Status E1 Ports TNV operating at SELV Bus Connector SELV NM 4 E3C and NM 2 E3C Ports Safety Status E3 Ports TNV operating at SELV Bus Connector SELV CE NOTICE Marking by the symbol CE indicates co
106. e manager used to monitor objects that are not directly manageable Public Data Network PDN a network designed primarily for data transmission and intended for sharing by many users from many organizations Pulse Code Modulation PCM a modulation scheme that samples the information signals and transmits a series of coded pulses to represent the data Q 2931 Derived from Q 93B the narrowband ISDN signalling protocol an ITU standard describing the signalling protocol to be used by switched virtual circuits on ATM LANs Quality of Service QoS Quality of Service is defined on an end to end basis in terms of the following attributes of the end to end ATM connection Cell Loss Ratio Cell Transfer Delay Cell Delay Variation Queuing Delay QD refers to the delay imposed on a cell by its having to be buffered because of unavailability of resources to pass the cell onto the next network function or element This buffering could be a result of oversubscription of a physical link or due to a connection of higher priority or tighter service constraints getting the resource of the physical link Radio Frequency Interference RFI the unintentional transmission of radio signals Computer equipment and wiring can both generate and receive RFI Real Time Clock a clock that maintains the time of day in contrast to a clock that is used to time the electrical pulses on a circuit Red Alarm In T1 a red alarm is generated for a locally
107. e party responsible for compliance could void this user s authority to operate this equipment NOTE The ASX 200 the ASX 200WG the ASX 200BX and the ASX 1000 have been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual may cause harmful interference to radio communications Operation of the equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense DOC CLASS A NOTICE This digital apparatus does not exceed Class A limits for radio noise emission for a digital device as set out in the Radio Interference Regulations of the Canadian Department of Communications Le present appareil numerique n emet pas de bruits radioelectriques depassant les limites applicables aux appareils nume riques de la class A prescrites dans le reglement sur le brouillage radioelectrique edicte par le ministere des Communica tions du Canada VCCI CLASS 1 NOTICE COME ERRUR E ACAR B TERS nA ARMA HERE CHLAEWMCORRMEY ILE Hg lrA ESEE E ESL BAA VCCHAEM IMAL TBO EF tio Cy EERE CIE OBR LeHIRCOHA Toe SYF 7VvUU7a Y SABRES CS
108. e sliding tray and screw down the four nuts securing the inner tray 9 Check to see that the fuses on the new unit are of the same type and rating as the fuses in the replaced power supply The fuses should be 4A 240V WARNING Failure to perform Step 10 can result in serious injury to the user or damage to the equipment 10 Ensure that the power switch on the new power supply is turned OFF before inserting it into the enclosure 11 Push the sliding tray back into the enclosure being careful to align the card guides 12 To ensure maximum safety and to ensure that the connectors have seated properly re tighten the captive fasteners using a straight blade screwdriver 13 Once the new supply is completely installed re insert and plug in the power cord and turn the power switch to the ON position v O is Qa m I 7 SITITVES TIS RSS 93128 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 3 5 Hardware Maintenance Procedures 3 2 1 2 Replacing an ASX 200BX DC Power Supply The procedure for hot swapping an ASX 200BX DC power supply module is as follows WARNING To reduce risk to the user and to prevent damage to the equipment it is recommended that you use the included grounding strap when handling this or any other component A replacement DC power supply will not function in an AC equipped ASX 200BX and vice versa However no damage will result if this occurs 1 Determine which power supply is defect
109. e that the circuit breaker switch on the new power supply is turned OFF down before inserting it into the enclosure 9 Carefully align the guide rails on the new DC power supply in the slot then push on the ejection insertion handle to slide it into the enclosure 10 To ensure maximum safety and to ensure that the connectors have been seated properly re tighten the four retaining screws using a 3 32 inch Allen wrench 11 Once completely installed reconnect the feed wires to the terminal strip on the front of the unit Ensure that the DC feed wires are 12 AWG or larger The screw terminals are 6 screws The 48 volt feed wires should be attached to the terminal strips using wire terminals designed to fit 6 studs FORE Systems recommends the use of either ring terminals or locking forked tongue terminals CAUTION Be sure to observe polarity in the following step Failure to observe polarity may cause permanent damage to the unit and may cause injury to the 4 user The higher potential wire should be connected to the positive terminal and the lower potential wire to the negative terminal A third chassis ground wire should also be con nected to the center terminal L and connected to an earth ground 12 Once the feed wires have been connected replace the protective cover on the ter minal block 13 Return DC power to the feed wires coming into the supply by turning on the top breaker on the BIP 14 Turn the cir
110. e upgrade file If you obtained the upgrade file via FIP lt full E path to remotefile is the name of the uncompressed file If you obtained the file from diskette lt full path to remotefile isthe name printed during extraction ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 4 9 Software Upgrade Instructions For example if you used FTP you would enter something similar to the following operation upgrade 169 144 3 54 asx scp 4 1 0 1 3 If you extracted the file from diskette you would enter something similar to the following operation upgrade 169 144 3 54 A5X 200BX 4 1 0 1 3 In either case you should receive messages similar to the following Received 688128 bytes in 5 3 seconds upgrade successful Reboot the switch yl You have an important decision to make now At E this point the boot pointer will have the new software s filename in it A reboot will load the new version of software to FLASH and the switch will be running the upgraded version when it comes up If you wish however you can still run the old version of software If you want to use the old version and change to the new version at a later time enter n at the reboot prompt and follow the instructions in Section 4 5 If you are using an ASX 200WG the above E option is not valid since you can only hold one version of switch software in FLASH To use the new version of software that you have just loaded type y and press ENTER or simply press ENTE
111. e upgrade via FIP and the full path name of the remote upgrade file If you obtained the upgrade file via FIP u11 E path to remotefile is the name of the uncompressed file If you obtained the file from diskette fu11 path to remotefile isthe path name printed during extraction For example you would enter something similar to the following operation upgrade 169 144 3 54 asx 200 4 1 0 1 3 Enter your login ID for the workstation to which you extracted the upgrade remote userid ENTER YOUR LOGIN ID HERE ENTER Enter your password for the workstation to which you extracted the upgrade remote password ENTER YOUR PASSWORD HERE ENTER For security reasons the switch will not echo Eu your keystrokes when you enter your password 4 12 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Software Upgrade Instructions After the password is entered the switch will then download the upgrade and install it The switch will respond with the following script which indicates that the upgrade is taking place HAE AE AE aE FE aE AE aE EE EH AE EE EEE EEE EEE EE EEE EE FEE o sa a5 co 2c To ES O g Q o Transfer successful Processing the upgrade file nstalling version 4 1 0 of the ForeThought switch control software rhe old distribution has been saved in fore4 1 0 Extracting new software nstalled ForeThought switch control software version 4 1 0 The system must be rebooted in order for the cha
112. eRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary 23 Glossary Network Redundancy Duplicated network equipment and or data which can provide a backup in case of network failures Network Service Access Point NSAP OSI generic standard for a network address consisting of 20 octets ATM has specified E 164 for public network addressing and the NSAP address structure for private network addresses Network to Network Interface or Network Node Interface NNI the interface between two pub lic network pieces of equipment Node A computer or other device when considered as part of a network Non Return to Zero NRZ a binary encoding scheme in which ones and zeroes are represented by opposite and alternating high and low voltages and where there is no return to a zero ref erence voltage between encoded bits Non Return to Zero Inverted NRZI A binary encoding scheme that inverts the signal on a 1 and leaves the signal unchanged for a 0 Also called transition encoding Nonvolatile Storage Memory storage that does not lose its contents when power is turned off NuBus a high speed bus used in Macintosh computers structured so users can put a card into any slot on the board without creating conflict over the priority between those cards nx64K This refers to a circuit bandwidth or speed provided by the aggregation of nx64 kbps channels where n integer gt 1 The 64K or DSO channel is the basic rate provided by th
113. ection Queuing Delay Quality of Service gt 1 E lt 3 7 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Acronyms 5 Acronyms RD RFCs RFI RIP RISC RTS SA SA SAP SAR SCR SCSI SDLC SDU SEAL SECAM SEL SES SGMP SIR SLIP SMDS SMF SMTP SNA SNAP SNI SNMP SONET SPANS SPARC SPE SPVC SS7 SSCOP SSCS ST STM Acronyms 6 ALPHA COPY Routing Domain Requests For Comment Radio Frequency Interference Routing Information Protocol Reduced Instruction Set Computer Request To Send Source Address Source MAC Address Service Access Point Segmentation And Reassembly Structured Cabling or Structured Connectors or Stick and Click Sustainable Cell Rate Small Computer Systems Interface Synchronous Data Link Control Service Data Unit Simple and Efficient Adaptation Layer Systeme En Coleur Avec Memoire Selector Severely Errored Seconds Super Frame Simple Gateway Management Protocol Sustained Information Rate Serial Line IP Switched Multimegabit Data Service Single Mode Fiber Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Systems Network Architecture SubNetwork Access Protocol Subscriber Network Interface Simple Network Management Protocol Synchronous Optical Network Simple Protocol for ATM Network Signalling Scalable Processor Architecture Reduced instruction set Computer Synchronous Payload Envelope Smart PVC Signaling System No 7 Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol
114. ed up and is in good status off There is no power to the SCP A power switch is located on the upper right hand corner of the ASX 200WG When the power is turned on the power LED located to the right of the display LED illuminates green and the initial power on diagnostics are run When the power is turned off the power LED is extinguished 1 2 83 Dual SCP Setup This section explains SCP failover support available when two SCPs are installed in a single ASX 200BX or ASX 1000 switch fabric For more information about configuring dual SCP s via AMI see the ATM Management Interface Manual o 5 So I o E Q o oJ Only SCP ASXHAs or later support the dual E SCP configuration Using an earlier version SCP in a redundant configuration can cause irreparable damage to your switch fabric When two SCPs are installed in a switch fabric the switch recognizes their presence and auto matically runs in dual SCP mode When the switch boots the SCP which resides in slot X is designated as the primary SCP by default However this designation can be altered via AMI The SCP which resides in slot Y is designated as the standby SCP by default While in dual SCP mode the controlling SCP emits a heartbeat at regular intervals This heartbeat is monitored by the standby SCP In the event of a hardware failure on the control ling SCP the heartbeat disappears and the standby SCP takes over ForeRunner ATM
115. el Associated Signaling CAS a form of circuit state signaling in which the circuit state is indicated by one or more bits of signaling status sent repetitively and associated with that specific circuit Channel Bank A device that multiplexes many slow speed voice or data conversations onto high speed link and controls the flow Channel Service Unit CSU An interface for digital leased lines which performs loopback testing and line conditioning Channelization capability of transmitting independent signals together over a cable while still maintaining their separate identity for later separation Circuit A communications link between points Circuit Emulation Service CES The ATM Forum circuit emulation service interoperability specification specifies interoperability agreements for supporting Constant Bit Rate CBR traffic over ATM networks that comply with the other ATM Forum interoperability agree ments Specifically this specification supports emulation of existing TDM circuits over ATM networks Classical IP CLIP IP over ATM which conforms to RFC 1577 Clear to Send CTS and RS 232 modem interface control signal sent from the modem to the DTE on pin 5 which indicates that the attached DTE may begin transmitting issuance in response to the DTE s RTS Clocking Regularly timed impulses Closed User Group A subgroup of network users that can be its own entity any member of the subgroup can only communic
116. el of each 48V DC power sup ply module Under normal conditions the LED is green indicating that the voltage supplied to the module is above 40 volts DC If the LED is red or is extinguished the power supply module should be removed and examined for defect However the LED may turn red because the voltage being supplied to the module is insufficient If the power supply itself is found to be defective please refer to Chapter 3 Hardware Maintenance Procedures for information about how to hot swap the failed power supply 1 20 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Switch Hardware WARNING A replacement DC power supply should never be placed in an ASX 1000 that already contains an AC power supply and vice versa If these instructions are not heeded there is a risk of electrical shock danger to personal health and serious damage to the equipment 1 2 6 ASX 1000 Fan Tray The ASX 1000 comes with a removable fan tray The speed of each fan is monitored by cir cuitry in the CEC and is available via SNMP In this manner the failure of any fan can be detected immediately The fan tray is hot swappable and the entire tray may be replaced in the event of single or multiple fan failure For information about how to hot swap a fan tray refer to Chapter 3 Hardware Maintenance Procedures The fans in the ASX 200 the ASX 200WG and E the ASX 200BX are not removable 1 2 7 ASX 1000 Temperature Sensing In the ASX 1000 a built in
117. ent to the FAR or any successor regulations Printed in the USA No part of this work covered by copyright may be reproduced in any form Reproduction adaptation or translation with out prior written permission is prohibited except as allowed under the copyright laws This publication is provided by FORE Systems Inc as is without warranty of any kind either express or implied includ ing but not limited to the implied warranties or conditions of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose FORE Systems Inc shall not be liable for any errors or omissions which may occur in this publication nor for incidental or conse quential damages of any kind resulting from the furnishing performance or use of this publication Information published here is current or planned as of the date of publication of this document Because we are improving and adding features to our products continuously the information in this document is subject to change without notice RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND Use duplication or disclosure by the government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph c 1 ii of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252 227 7013 October 1988 and FAR 52 227 19 June 1987 The VxWorks software used in the Mini Loader is licensed from Wind River Systems Inc Copyright 91984 1996 FCC CLASS A NOTICE WARNING Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by th
118. entrator a communications device that offers the ability to concentrate many lower speed channels into and out of one or more high speed channels DS TT 3 Configuration The phase in which the LE Client discovers the LE Service Congestion Management traffic management feature that helps ensure reasonable service for VBR connections in an ATM network based on a priority sustained cell rate SCR and peak cell rate PCR During times of congestion bandwidth is reduced to the SCR based on the priority of the connection Connection the concatenation of ATM Layer links in order to provide an end to end informa tion transfer capability to access points Connection Admission Control CAC the procedure used to decide if a request for an ATM connection can be accepted based on the attributes of both the requested connection and the existing connections Connection Endpoint CE a terminator at one end of a layer connection within a SAP Connection Endpoint Identifier CEI an identifier of a CE that can be used to identify the con nection at a SAP Connectionless Broadband Data Service CBDS A connectionless service similar to Bellcore s SMDS defined by European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI Connectionless Service a type of service in which no pre determined path or link has been established for transfer of information supported by AAL 4 Connectionless Service CLS A service which allows t
119. er Priority the parameter of ATM connections that determines the order in which they are reduced from the peak cell rate to the sustained cell rate in times of congestion Connections with lower priority 4 is low 1 is high are reduced first Private Branch Exchange PBX a private phone system switch that connects to the public telephone network and offers in house connectivity To reach an outside line the user must dial a digit like 8 or 9 Private Network Node Interface or Private Network to Network Interface PNNI a protocol that defines the interaction of private ATM switches or groups of private ATM switches Programmable Read Only Memory PROM a chip based information storage area that can be recorded by an operator but erased only through a physical process Protocol a set of rules and formats semantic and syntactic that determines the communica tion behavior of layer entities in the performance of the layer functions ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary 27 Glossary Protocol Control Information the information exchanged between corresponding entities using a lower layer connection to coordinate their joint operation Protocol Data Unit PDU a unit of data specified in a layer protocol and consisting of protocol control information and layer user data Proxy the process in which one system acts for another system to answer protocol requests Proxy Agent an agent that queries on behalf of th
120. er software you must open an AMI session and delete everything except your current version of switch software from the FLASH of the switch being upgraded For example if you are running FT 4 1 0 and you still have an image for FT 3 4 3 in FLASH you must delete the foreos exe file from the t 343 x directory then delete the t343 x directory itself Enter something similar to the following at the localhost gt prompt o sa a5 co 2c To ES O g Q o operation flash delete ft343 x foreos exe operation flash delete ft343 x If there are any other files or directories stored in FLASH EXCEPT the active version of switch software you should delete them according to the above conventions CAUTION Make sure you do not delete the active version of switch software from FLASH until you reach Section 4 2 4 4 2 3 Upgrading the Switch to Mini Loader Once you have deleted any extra items from FLASH you must upgrade the software on your switch to Mini Loader Before initiating the upgrade you must ensure that the Mini Loader software resides in the t ft pboot directory on the UNIX workstation to which you down loaded the software See Section 4 7 4 for instructions on how to create the t tpboot direc tory if necessary and how to move the Mini Loader software into that directory Once the Mini Loader software is in the t tpboot directory enter the following parameters at the localhost gt prompt operati
121. erna tional Standards Organization American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII a standard character set that typically assigns a 7 bit sequence to each letter number and selected control characters AppleTalk a networking protocol developed by Apple Computer for communication between Apple s products and other computers Independent of the network layer AppleTalk runs on LocalTalk EtherTalk and TokenTalk Application Layer Layer seven of the ISO reference model provides the end user interface Application Program APP a complete self contained program that performs a specific func tion directly for the user Application Program Interface API a language format that defines how a program can be made to interact with another program service or other software it allows users to develop custom interfaces with FORE products Assigned Cell a cell that provides a service to an upper layer entity or ATM Layer Manage ment entity ATMM entity asxmon a FORE program that repeatedly displays the state of the switch and its active ports Glossary 2 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing ATDM a multiplexing technique in which a trans mission capability is organized into a priori unassigned time slots The time slots are assigned to cells upon request of each application s instantaneous real need Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM a transfer mode i
122. ervice between Local Access Transport Areas LATAs Interface Data the unit of information transferred to from the upper layer in a single interac tion across a SAP Each Interface Data Unit IDU controls interface information and may also contain the whole or part of the SDU Interface Data Unit IDU The unit of information transferred to from the upper layer in a sin gle interaction across the SAP Each IDU contains interface control information and may also contain the whole or part of the SDU Glossary 16 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary Interim Local Management Interface ILMI the standard that specifies the use of the Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP and an ATM management information base MIB to provide network status and configuration information Intermediate System IS a system that provides forwarding functions or relaying functions or both for a specific ATM connection OAM cells may be generated and received DSTI 3 International Standards Organization ISO a voluntary non treaty organization founded in 1946 that is responsible for creating international standards in many areas including comput ers and communications International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee CCITT the international stan dards body for telecommunications Internet note the capital I the largest internet in the world including large national back bone nets and many region
123. es are added the bootp server will be able to tell your SCP where to find the switch software image to be downloaded The next step in performing the upgrade is to set up a workstation as a tftpboot server and put the upgrade file the line indicated by bf in the pre vious example there 4 24 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Software Upgrade Instructions 4 7 4 Setting Up a TFTP Server To set up a TFIP server on a SunOS 4 1 x system perform the following steps o sa a5 co 2c me ES O g Q o This procedure only has to be performed the first E time that the switch is turned on and each SCP is upgraded The next time that the software is upgraded put the upgrade file in t tpboot 1 In etc inetd conf uncomment the last line shown below so that the file appears as follows Tftp service is provided primarily for booting Most sites run this only on machines acting as boot servers Since these can be security holes they are commented out by default tftp dgram udp wait root usr etc in tftpd in tftpd s tftpboot s tftpboot in the line above indicates the E server is running secure TFIP If s tftpboot does not appear many of the command examples in this chapter are invalid 2 Add the following line to etc services tftp 69 udp 3 Set up the tftpboot directory with the following command lines host mkdir tftpboot host ep upgrade file tftpboot 4 At the roo
124. est that is not successful will be reported as failure on the terminal connected to the serial port and as BAD on the display LED If any of the tests fail contact FORE Systems Technical Support The following subsections depict an example of how to perform each test through the serial port and the SCP s confirmation message to the terminal connected to the serial port that the test was successful The user input is in bold courier font and the SCP s response is shown in courier font B 1 2 1 Clock Test This test checks the real time clock to verify that it is ticking correctly It takes about two sec onds to run test clock Clock OK B 1 2 2 DRAM Test This test checks the DRAM s functionality It takes about two seconds to run test dram DRAM OK B 4 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual SCP Diagnostics B 1 2 3 DRAM Chip Test This test checks the functionality of a DRAM chip It takes about two seconds to run test dc a DRAM chip OK B 1 2 4 Ethernet Test This test checks the functionality of the Ethernet chip It takes about two seconds to run test ethernet Ethernet OK B 1 2 5 FLASH Test This test checks the functionality of each FLASH chip It takes about five minutes to run It is recommended that you back up your CDB E before running this test The chips are saved before testing each one and then restored However if a power failure would occur or if the switch were rebooted during the
125. etween data link layers associated with two separate cables usually carrying a common protocol Bridges can usually be made to filter certain packets to forward only certain traffic Bridge Protocol Data Unit BPDU A message type used by bridges to exchange management and control information Broadband a service or system requiring transmission channels capable of supporting rates greater than the Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN primary rate Broadband Access an ISDN access capable of supporting one or more broadband services Broadband Connection Oriented Bearer BCOB Information in the SETUP message that indi cates the type of service requested by the calling user BCOB A Bearer Class A Indicated by ATM end user in SETUP message for connection ori ented constant bit rate service The network may perform internetworking based on AAL information element IE BCOB C Bearer Class C Indicated by ATM end user in SETUP message for connection ori ented variable bit rate service The network may perform internetworking based on AAL information element IE BCOB X Bearer Class X Indicated by ATM end user in SETUP message for ATM transport service where AAL traffic type and timing requirements are transparent to the network ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary 5 Glossary Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network B ISDN a common digital network suitable for voice video and high speed da
126. f Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE the world s largest technical profes sional society Based in the U S the IEEE sponsors technical conferences symposia amp local meetings worldwide publishes nearly 2576 of the world s technical papers in electrical elec tronics amp computer engineering provides educational programs for members and promotes standardization IEEE 802 Standards for the interconnection of LAN computer equipment Deals with the Data Link Layers of the ISO Reference Model for OSI IEEE 802 1 Defines the high level network interfaces such as architecture internetworking and network management IEEE 802 2 Defines the Logical Link Control interface between the Data Link and Network Layers IEEE 802 3 Defines CSMA CD Ethernet IEEE 802 4 Defines the token passing bus IEEE 802 5 Defines the Token Ring access methodology This standard incorporates IBM s Token Ring specifications IEEE 802 6 Defines Metropolitan Area Networks IEEE 802 7 The broadband technical advisory group IEEE 802 8 The fiber optics technical advisory group IEEE 802 9 Defines integrated data and voice networks Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN an emerging technology that is beginning to be offered by the telephone carriers of the world ISDN combines voice and digital network ser vices into a single medium or wire Interexchange Carriers IXC Long distance communications companies that provide s
127. f the supply have mated with those on the backplane 11 To ensure maximum safety and to ensure that the connectors have mated properly tighten the two captive fasteners on the front of the supply using a straight blade screwdriver 12 Once completely installed you may reconnect the AC line and turn the power switch to the ON position 13 After a second or two the PWR OK LED on each supply illuminates green indi cating that the supply is functioning properly v O a m I 7 SITITVES UTI RSS 93128 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 3 13 Hardware Maintenance Procedures 3 2 2 3 Replacing an ASX 1000 DC Power Supply The DC power supply module for an ASX 1000 is shown in Figure 3 4 Retaining screws Power supply LED B42 DE Circuit breaker A switch Positive Terminal Ground Terminal Negative Terminal mE Ejection insertion handle Retaining f 4 screws Figure 3 4 ASX 1000 DC Power Supply 3 14 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Hardware Maintenance Procedures The procedure for hot swapping an ASX 1000 DC power supply module is as follows WARNING To reduce risk to the user and to prevent damage to the equipment it is recommended that you use the included grounding strap when handling this or any other component WARNING A replacement DC power supply should never be placed in an ASX 1000 that already contains an AC power supply and vice versa If these instructions
128. f there is more than one adapter card the next board will be named a1 and so on If you have configured a Classical IP interface this will also be shown The option i shows the state of interfaces that were auto configured as happens when the FORE software is loaded and run upon system boot Interfaces statically configured in a system but not located at boot time are not shown If the driver does not see the ATM board no response will be given Reseat the board by per forming the following steps to ensure that failure was not due to improper insertion of the board 1 Halt the system being sure to follow the procedures outlined in Chapter 2 of the User s Manual for the adapter 2 Open the computer as shown in Chapter 2 of the User s Manual for the adapter and reseat the board 3 Reboot the system Em faj z D o gt fo o 5 Co If the board still fails after a reseat then it should be returned for repair Call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance A 1 5 Check Firmware To check whether or not the firmware is running correctly issue the following command atmstat fa0 1 In this command the last parameter 1 causes the command to be repeated at one second intervals If the firmware is running correctly the response will show Input Output and Error Statistics for the adapter in the following format PHY ATM AAL statistics Output Input Errors ATM AAL ATM AAL
129. floppies If there is a command to eject a floppy on your system set the following environment variable so the fore extract script can properly eject the floppies o sa a5 co 2c To ES O g Q o setenv FORE EJECT eject command for csh or FORE EJECT eject command export FORE EJECT for sh On a Sun running SunOS 4 1 x set the following environment variable so the fore extract script can properly eject the floppies setenv FORE EJECT eject Execute the ore extract script with the following command fore extract device Once again device is the block device name of the floppy drive You will be asked to insert the remaining disks in sequence If these steps are performed correctly something simi lar to the following should appear on the screen filename ASX 200BX_ lt version gt directory directory from which it was extracted The fore extract script will create a file called ASX 200BX version or ASX 200 version depending on the switch being upgraded in the current directory This is the file that the SCP will use to upgrade its software You will need to provide this filename and path later during the upgrade process ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Software Upgrade Instructions 4 2 Requirements for Upgrading an ASX 200WG This section applies only to an ASX 200WG E upgrade If you are upgrading an ASX 200BX or an ASX 1000 proceed to Section 4 3 If you are
130. gent a component of network and desktop management software such as SNMP that gathers information from MIBs alarm an unsolicited message from a device typically indicating a problem with the system that requires attention Alarm Indication Signal AIS In T1 an all ones condition used to alert a receiver that its incoming signal or frame has been lost The loss of signal or frame is detected at the receiv ing end and the failed signal is replaced by all the ones condition which the receiver interprets as an AIS The normal response to this is AIS is for the receiving end to generate a yellow alarm signal as part of its transmission towards the faulty end The AIS itself is sometimes called a Blue Signal A Law The PCM coding and companding standard used in Europe Allowable Cell Rate ACR parameter defined by the ATM Forum for ATM traffic manage ment ACR varies between the MCR and the PCR and is dynamically controlled using con gestion control mechanisms Alternate Mark Inversion AMI A line coding format used on T1 facilities that transmits ones by alternate positive and negative pulses Alternate Routing A mechanism that supports the use of a new path after an attempt to set up a connection along a previously selected path fails American National Standards Institute ANSI a private organization that coordinates the set ting and approval of some U S standards It also represents the United States to the Int
131. gent for a given adapter card Source Part of communications system which transmits information Source Address SA The address from which the message or data originated Source MAC Address SA A six octet value uniquely identifying an end point and which is sent in an IEEE LAN frame header to indicate source of frame Source Traffic Descriptor a set of traffic parameters belonging to the ATM Traffic Descriptor used during the connection set up to capture the intrinsic traffic characteristics of the connec tion requested by the source Spanning Tree Protocol provides loop free topology in a network environment where there are redundant paths Static Route a route that is entered manually into the routing table Statistical Multiplexing a technique for allowing multiple channels and paths to share the same link typified by the ability to give the bandwidth of a temporarily idle channel to another channel Stick and Click SC Designation for an Optical Connector featuring a 2 5 mm physically con tacting ferrule with a push pull mating design Commonly referred to as Structured Cabling Structured Connectors or Stick and Click Stick and Turn ST A fiber optic connector designed by AT amp T which uses the bayonet style coupling rather than screw on as the SMA uses The ST is generally considered the eventual replacement for the SMA type connector Store and Forward the technique of receiving a message storing it until
132. he length of this field is two octets The digits of the data country code are encoded in Binary Coded Decimal BCD syntax The codes will be left justified and padded on the right with the hexadecimal value F to fill the two octets Data Link Communications connection used to transmit data from a source to a destination Data Link Connection Identifier DLCI connection identifier associated with frame relay pack ets that serves the same functions as and translates directly to the VPI VCI on an ATM cell Data Link Layer Layer 2 of the OSI model responsible for encoding data and passing it to the physical medium The IEEE divides this layer into the LLC Logical Link Control and MAC Media Access Control sublayers Data Set Ready DSR an RS 232 modem interface control signal sent from the modem to the DTE on pin 6 which indicates that the modem is connected to the telephone circuit Usually a prerequisite to the DTE issuing RTS Data Terminal Equipment DTE generally user devices such as terminals and computers that connect to data circuit terminating equipment They either generate or receive the data carried by the network Glossary 10 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary Data Terminal Ready DTR an RS232 modem interface control signal sent from the DTE to the modem on pin 20 which indicates that the DTE is ready for data transmission and which requests that the modem be connected to the telephone ci
133. he transfer of information among ser vice subscribers without the need for end to end establishment procedures Connection Oriented Service a type of service in which information always traverses the same pre established path or link between two points supported by AAL 3 Constant Bit Rate CBR a type of traffic that requires a continuous specific amount of band width over the ATM network e g digital information such as video and digitized voice Controlled Slip CS a situation in which one frame s worth of data is either lost or replicated A controlled slip typically occurs when the sending device and receiving device are not using the same clock Convergence Sublayer CS a portion of the AAL Data is passed first to the CS where it is divided into rational fixed length packets or PDUs Protocol Data Units For example AAL 4 processes user data into blocks that are a maximum of 64 kbytes long Corresponding Entities peer entities with a lower layer connection among them cpath a FORE program used to manage virtual paths on a ForeRunner switch running asxd ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary 9 Glossary cport a FORE program that monitors and changes the state of ports on a ForeRunner switch running asxd Cross Connection a mapping between two channels or paths at a network device Customer Premise Equipment CPE equipment that is on the customer side of the point of demarcation as opposed
134. heated enclosure Two different CECs currently exist model A and B Both CECs operate in exactly the same way and both are inserted removed in the same way The only difference between the model A and model B CEC is in the front panel labelling On the model B card component labels are read left to right with the CEC installed vertically in the switch Also the alarm relay con tacts and alarm LEDs are labelled individually for easier identification 1 2 8 1 CEC Front Panel The front panel of the ASX 1000 CEC includes the following features alarm relay contacts CEC status LEDs and an Ethernet port with four LEDS These features are illustrated in Fig ure 1 13 model A and Figure 1 14 model B Refer to the following subsections for detailed descriptions of these features AL1 AL2 AL1 RXO O COL d AL2 eo o LI O O POL ETH Figure 1 13 CEC Front Panel Status Indicators Model A 1 22 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Switch Hardware AL1 AL2 s AL2 AL1 PS1 PS2 O Sw3 SW4 O swi sw2 OO POL COL o zl 5 I g E a 9 o Figure 1 14 CEC Front Panel Status Indicators Model B 1 2 8 2 Alarm Relay Contacts Pins 1 and 2 are the contacts for AL1 and pins 3 and 4 are the contacts for AL2 Although the pins are not actually labeled on an ASX 1000 CEC they will be referred to seq
135. hing similar to the following lt DIR gt LD100 0 lt DIR gt FT410 29 CURRENT If the upgrade filename appears above the CURRENT pointer in FLASH the upgrade was suc cessful You should now reboot the switch to begin using the new version of ForeThought soft ware Enter the following at the loader gt prompt reboot The switch will reboot using the upgraded software If you have any problems with the upgrade please contact FORE Systems Technical Support 4 20 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Software Upgrade Instructions 4 7 Using bootp to Download Software to the Switch Section 4 7 needs to be performed only if your SCP fails to boot from FLASH o sa a5 co 2c me ES O g Q o on your switch If you use bootp to start your switch then you must upgrade the software image in FLASH memory according to the instructions in Section 4 3 Booting via bootp does not upgrade the software If your SCP fails to boot from FLASH and no bootp server is available the output on your ter minal will look similar to the following Switch Control Processor 16 Jan 17 1995 Copyright 1994 FORE Systems Inc Copyright 1992 Intel Corporation Attempt Ethernet boot ie attach ie0 ethernet address 00 20 48 20 00 19 BootP Waiting 68 seconds BootP Waiting 142 seconds BootP Waiting 202 seconds BootP in display BootP Waiting 262 seconds BootP Waiting 322 seconds No response to BootP
136. ics Display The diagnostics display on the ASX 200 performs a count during a boot as part of normal power up diagnostics A short LED test causes the display to flash a series of numbers indicat ing that the switch is booting properly This display is only functional during the boot up pro cess 1 2 2 1 7 RS 232 Serial Ports The RS 232 serial ports A and B on the ASX 200 provide terminal access for any VT100 or similar terminal or terminal emulation package to the SCP Hardware software flow control is not E supported on the RS 232 serial ports of the SPARC RISC SCP ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 1 5 Switch Hardware 1 2 2 1 8 Ethernet AUI Port The Ethernet AUI port on the front panel of the ASX 200 s SCP has a standard DB 15 female connector to provide Ethernet access to the switch 1 2 2 2 i960 Switch Control Processor The front panel of an i960 SCP for the ASX 200WG ASX 200BX and the ASX 1000 includes the following features a RESET button an RS 232 serial port an Ethernet 10BaseT port a NEXT pushbutton a SELECT pushbutton a display LED and a power LED All of the fea tures are illustrated in Figure 1 6 and are described in detail in the subsections that follow Figure 1 6 i960 Switch Control Processor Front Panel 1 2 2 2 1 RESET Button The RESET button allows the user to reset the switch control software on the SCP Using RESET soft boots the SCP and runs the initial power on diagnos
137. ideband digital carrier facility used for transmission of digitized voice digital data and digitized image traffic This link is composed of two twisted wire pairs that can carry 24 digital channels each operating at 64K bps at the aggregate rate of 1 544M bps full duplex Also referred to as DS 1 T3 a specification for a transmission line the equivalent of 28 T1 lines T3 lines run at 44 736 Mbps In common usage the term T3 is used interchangeably with DS3 Tachometer in ForeView the tachometer shows the level of activity on a given port The num ber in the tachometer shows the value of a chosen parameter in percentage with a colored bar providing a semi logarithmic representation of that percentage Tagged Cell Rate TCR An ABR service parameter TCR limits the rate at which a source may send out of rate forward RM cells TCR is a constant fixed at 10 cells second Telephony The conversion of voices and other sounds into electrical signals which are then transmitted by telecommunications media Telnet a TCP IP protocol that defines a client server mechanism for emulating directly con nected terminal connections Terminal Equipment TE Terminal equipment represents the endpoint of ATM connection s and termination of the various protocols within the connection s Throughput Measurement of the total useful information processed or communicated by a computer during a specified time period i e packets per se
138. if the switch were rebooted during the test some of the data may not be restored properly 841 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual B 1 SCP Diagnostics B 1 1 Accessing the Monitor Mode To access the Monitor mode on an i960 SCP to run these tests perform the following steps Soft boot the SCP by pressing the RESET button on the front panel of the SCP Because the RESET button was designed to avoid accidental resets you will need to use a straightened paper clip to push the RESET button Press and hold the SELECT button on the front panel of the SCP The display LED will cycle through the following parameters 1 12 00 a m TTY Test DRAM 00 15 MB DRAM OK Timer T Clock T TEST BUS FLASH When the display LED shows FLASH press the NEXT button ETHERNT will be shown on the display LED Press the NEXT button again so that MONITOR is shown on the display LED Press the SELECT button The will disappear from MONITOR on the display LED indicating that MONITOR has been chosen The terminal device will indicate that user is in the SCP Debug Monitor Press the RETURN key on your terminal device s keyboard to get to the gt prompt At the gt prompt type and press the RETURN key The following menu will be displayed Available commands he 2 ve rs rb do ps st go cmd cmd offset address address address are help info for optional cmd help info for
139. ight 1992 Intel Corporation Adding 2072 symbols for standalone VxWorks version 5 2 Kernel version WIND version 2 4 CPU FORE Systems WSCP BSP version 1 0 Creation date Mon Apr 8 13 41 58 EDT 1996 ForeWorks Loader 1 0 Copyright c 1996 FORE Systems Inc All Rights Reserved Attaching network interface lo0 done Attaching network interface ei0 done loader gt If you connect to the switch via the serial port after the switch has lost power you will proba bly see nothing on the terminal you are using Hit lt ENTER gt and you should see the loader gt prompt If Mini Loader does not boot automatically i e you do not see the loader gt prompt within one minute see Section B 1 1 of this manual for more information about manually booting the switch from FLASH If you cannot get the switch to boot from FLASH see Section 4 7 for information on using bootp Once the switch boots successfully however you will see the loader gt prompt Before you can upgrade with Mini Loader you must configure several parameters on the switch ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual o sa a5 co 2c me ES O g Q o Software Upgrade Instructions 4 6 1 Setting the IP Address of the Switch The first thing you need to do is set the IP address of the switch being upgraded Enter the fol lowing parameters at the 1oader prompt configuration ip lt ipaddr gt n lt netmask gt
140. ini Loader to perform the upgrade ftp will force Mini Loader to use FIP tftp will force Mini Loader to use TFIP bootfile Indicates the full name of the upgrade file which should be preceded by a backslash serverAddr Indicates the IP address of the UNIX workstation on which the upgrade file resides user Indicates a valid username for logging on to the UNIX workstation containing the upgrade file user is only needed if FIP is used to transfer the file password Indicates a valid password for logging on to the UNIX workstation containing the upgrade file password is only needed if FIP is used to transfer the file For example you might enter something similar to the following at the 1oader prompt upgrade d tftp bf S ForeThought 4 1 0 1 29 tar h 169 144 3 54 You should see something similar to the following D ing Garbage COlLpecbdOt ug aene os rec og ee ws free flash space 1461726 Transferring file foreos exe to memory 1060339 bytes Transferring file version to memory 9 bytes Transferring file sbloader gz to memory 6631 bytes Writing file foreos exe to flash 1060339 bytes Creating flash directory FT410 29 Creating flash file CURRENT ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 4 19 o sa a5 co 2c To ES O g Q o Software Upgrade Instructions Enter the following at the loader gt prompt to ensure that an image of the upgrade file resides in FLASH flash dir You should see somet
141. ion of LECs It provides information about available ELANs that a LEC may join together with the addresses of the LES and BUS associated with each ELAN LAN Emulation Server LES the LES implements the control coordination function for an ELAN by registering and resolving MAC addresses to ATM addresses LAN Emulation LANE technology that allows an ATM network to function as a LAN back bone The ATM network must provide multicast and broadcast support address mapping MAC to ATM SVC management and a usable packet format LANE also defines Ethernet and Token Ring ELANs lane a program that provides control over the execution of the LAN Emulation Server LES Broadcast Unknown Server BUS and LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS on the local host Latency The time interval between a network station seeking access to a transmission chan nel and that access being granted or received Layer Entity an active layer within an element Layer Function a part of the activity of the layer entities Layer Service a capability of a layer and the layers beneath it that is provided to the upper layer entities at the boundary between that layer and the next higher layer ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary 19 Glossary Layer User Data the information transferred between corresponding entities on behalf of the upper layer or layer management entities for which they are providing services le a FORE program tha
142. ircuit or Channel PVC a circuit or channel through an ATM network provisioned by a carrier between two endpoints used for dedicated long term information transport between locations Permanent Virtual Path Connection PVPC A Virtual Path Connection VPC is an ATM con nection where switching is performed on the VPI field only of each cell A PVPC is one which is provisioned through some network management function and left up indefinitely Phase Alternate Line PAL Largely a German British development in the late 60s used in the UK and much of Europe The B Y and R Y signals are weighted to U and V then modulated onto a double sideband suppressed subcarrier at 4 43MHz The V R Y signal s phase is turned through 180 degrees on each alternate line This gets rid of NTSC s hue changes with phase errors at the expense of de saturation The carrier reference is sent as a burst in the back porch The phase of the burst is alternated every line to convey the phase switching of the V signal The burst s average phase is V see NTSC for U S Physical Layer PHY the actual cards wires and or fiber optic cabling used to connect com puters routers and switches Physical Layer Connection an association established by the PHY between two or more ATM entities A PHY connection consists of the concatenation of PHY links in order to provide an end to end transfer capability to PHY SAPs Physical Layer Convergence Protocol PLCP
143. itch User s Manual Hardware Specifications C 1 2 ForeRunner ASX 200WG The ForeRunner ASX 200WG ATM switch has the following specifications Features Specification Switching Fabric 2 5 Gbps non blocking Number of Ports 12 to 24 ports Traffic Policing UPC dual leaky bucket support Switch Transit Delay lt 10 microseconds Connection Setup Time lt 10 milliseconds 100 calls second Control Processor i960 CA switch control processor Maximum Port Speed 622 Mbps OC 12 STM 4c Ethernet Interface Standard RJ 45 connector Serial Interface DB 9 female connector Power nominal 90 270VAC 47 63Hz 2 2 amps maximum 198 594 watts Dimensions H 4 75 12 1 cm W 17 5 44 5 cm D 18 45 7 cm Weight 17 9 Ibs 8 1 kg maximum General Specifications Standards Compliance ITU L361 ATM Layer ATM Forum UNI v3 0 Emissions FCC Part 15 Class A CISPR 22 Class A VCCI Class 1 Safety US UL 1950 Canada CSA 22 2 No 950 M89 Europe EN 60950 Operating Temperature 5 C to 40 C up to 10 000 ft Operating Humidity 10 90 relative humidity non condensing Storage Temperature 40 C to 70 C up to 30 000 ft Storage Humidity 5 to 95 relative humidity non condensing ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 7 ke E o f 3 D JeMpILeH Hard
144. ive Terminal MADEINUSA Retaining Screw Figure 1 9 Rear Panel of a DC powered ASX 200BX CAUTION Be sure to observe polarity Failure to do so may cause permanent damage to the unit The higher potential wire should be connected to the positive terminal and the lower potential wire to the negative terminal The chassis ground wire also should be connected to the center terminal L and connected to an earth ground 1 14 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Switch Hardware oo OG oo oo LM m Figure 1 10 Front View of an ASX 200BX s DC Power Supplies The ASX 200BX has two power supply LEDs one for each removable hot swappable power supply Each LED is located to the left of the power switch on the front panel for that supply as shown in Figure 1 10 On the DC power supply for the ASX 200BX the LED is green under normal circumstances indicating that the 5 volt supply coming from that particular power supply is functioning properly CAUTION A ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual If the power supply LED is red the faulty supply should be turned off as soon as possible using the single power switch which controls power to that supply The problem should then be diagnosed and repaired Please refer to Chapter 3 Hardware Maintenance Procedures for details about how to hot swap a power supply in the ASX 200BX A replacement DC power supply will not function in
145. ive by either consulting ForeView or by examining the power supplies themselves A red LED or an extinguished LED indicates the failed supply Power supply 1 is on the left hand side of the unit and power supply 2 is on the right hand side while facing the front of the unit WARNING Failure to perform Steps 2 or 3 can result in serious injury to the user or damage to the equipment 2 Turn OFF the power switch on the front of the failed power supply Wait for 10 sec onds before moving on to Step 3 3 Shut off DC power to the feed wires of the failed supply Typically each ASX 200BX resides in its own circuit on a Breaker Interface Panel BIP Turning off the top cir cuit breaker on the BIP will remove DC power to the feed wires 4 On the rear of the unit remove the protective plastic cover from the terminal block exposing the DC feed wires 5 Remove the feed wires from the terminal corresponding to the failed supply The terminal strip on the right side while facing the rear of the unit corresponds with power supply 1 on the left side while facing the front of the unit 6 Unscrew the two captive fasteners on the front of the failed supply using a straight blade screwdriver 3 6 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Hardware Maintenance Procedures 7 Pull forward on the handle to remove the sliding tray 8 Unscrew the four nuts securing the inner tray to the sliding tray then lift the inner tray fr
146. les The ForeRunner LAN and WAN network modules are the physical ATM port interface cards that provide LAN WAN connectivity to other ATM switches ATM compatible desktop com puters and servers hubs routers multiplexers and carrier ATM services Currently network modules are available to provide ATM connections ranging from 1 5 Mbps to 622 Mbps over both fiber optic and copper media This section details the technical specifications for each of the network modules All ForeRun ner network modules are hot swappable reducing network and maintenance downtime For complete information about hot swapping ForeRunner network modules please refer to Chap ter 3 in this manual C 2 4 100 Mbps TAXI Module The following specifications apply to network modules NM 6 100SCC and NM 6 100STC Description Specification Port Capacity Six TAXI ports per module Data Rate 100 Mbps Output Buffer 13 312 cell capacity Media Multimode fiber Max Line Length 2 km Connectors ST or dual SC Line Encoding 4B 5B Loopbacks Transmit and receive loopbacks Power 14 to 20 dBm transmit 14 to 30 dBm receive 0 to 10 dB path attenuation Core Diameter 62 5 um Fiber Diameter 125 um Wavelength 1310 nm Statistics TAXI statistics including Header Check Sequence HCS errors Compliance ATM Forum TAXI UNI v3 1 ITU T 1 432 ANSI X3T9 5 ISO DIS9314 3 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Hard
147. llowing good repeatable performance despite numerous mating Normally referred to as Fiber Connector FC actually stands for Face Contact and sometimes linked with PC Point Contact designated as FC or FC PC FCC Part 68 The FCC rules regulating the direct connection of non telephone company pro vided equipment to the public telephone network Federal Communications Commission FCC a board of commissioners appointed by the Pres ident under the Communications Act of 1934 with the authority to regulate all interstate tele communications originating in the United States including transmission over phone lines Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI high speed data network that uses fiber optic as the physical medium Operates in similar manner to Ethernet or Token Ring only faster File Transfer Protocol FTP a TCP IP protocol that lets a user on one computer access and transfer data to and from another computer over a network ftp is usually the name of the program the user invokes to accomplish this task First In First Out FIFO method of coordinating the sequential flow of data through a buffer Flag a bit pattern of six binary 1 s bounded by a binary 0 at each end forms a 0111 1110 or Hex 7E It is used to mark the beginning and or end of a frame Flow Control The way in which information is controlled in a network to prevent loss of data when the receiving buffer is near its capacity ForeThought PNNI
148. ly for the ASX 200BX the LED is green under normal circumstances indicating that the 5 volt supply coming from that particular power supply is functioning properly S 2 I g Q 9 i CAUTION If the power supply LED is red the faulty supply should be turned off as soon as possible using the single power switch which controls power to that supply The problem should then be diagnosed and repaired Please refer to Chapter 3 Hardware Maintenance Procedures for details about how to hot swap a power supply in the ASX 200BX A replacement AC power supply will not E function in a DC equipped ASX 200BX and vice versa However no damage will be done if this occurs ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 1 13 Switch Hardware 1 2 5 2 ASX 200BX 48 Volt DC Power Supply On the back of the DC equipped ASX 200BX there are two three terminal barrier terminal strips one for each 48 volt DC power supply as shown in Figure 1 9 The screw terminals are 6 screws The 48 volt feed wires should be attached to the terminal strips using wire termi nals designed to fit 6 studs FORE Systems recommends using either ring terminals or lock ing forked tongue terminals Wire gauge should be AWG 16 or larger Retaining Screw Positive Terminal FO R E ud ASX 200BX DC S Y S T E M S U S PATENT 5 323 389 RECEIVED INCLUDING INTERFERENCE THAT MAY CAUSE UNDESIRED OPERATION E Negat
149. maining nodes on the connection called Leaf nodes receive copies of the information 11 110 3 2 Each of the Leaf Nodes on the connection can send information directly to the Root Node The Root Node cannot distinguish which Leaf is sending information without additional higher layer information See the following note for Phase 1 3 The Leaf Nodes cannot communicate directly to each other with this connection type Note Phase 1 signalling does not support traffic sent from a Leaf to the Root Point to Point Connection a connection with only two endpoints Point to Point Protocol PPP Provides a method for transmitting packets over serial point to point links Policing the function that ensures that a network device does not accept traffic that exceeds the configured bandwidth of a connection Port Identifier The identifier assigned by a logical node to represent the point of attachment of a link to that node Presentation Layer Sixth layer of the OSI model providing services to the application layer Primary Reference Source PRS Equipment that provides a timing signal whose long term accuracy is maintained at 1 x 10 11 or better with verification to universal coordinated time UTC and whose timing signal is used as the basis of reference for the control of other clocks within a network Primitive an abstract implementation independent interaction between a layer service user and a layer service provid
150. mmunications industry The fundamental standards for ATM have been defined and published by the ITU T Previously CCITT Glossary 18 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary J2 Wide area digital transmission scheme used predominantly in Japan that carries data at a rate of 6 312 Mbps Jitter analog communication line distortion caused by variations of a signal from its reference timing position Joint Photographic Experts Group JPEG An ISO Standards group that defines how to com press still pictures 11 110 3 Jumper a patch cable or wire used to establish a circuit often temporarily for testing or diag nostics also the devices shorting blocks used to connect adjacent exposed pins on a printed circuit board that control the functionality of the card Kbps kilobits per second thousand LAN Access Concentrator a LAN access device that allows a shared transmission medium to accommodate more data sources than there are channels currently available within the trans mission medium LAN Emulation Address Resolution Protocol LE ARP A message issued by a LE client to solicit the ATM address of another function LAN Emulation Client LEC the component in an end system that performs data forwarding address resolution and other control functions when communicating with other components within an ELAN LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS the LECS is responsible for the initial configura t
151. mode module C 23 OC 3c multimode module C 7 OC 3c single mode module C 22 TAXI module C 6 TP25 module C 17 network modules hot swapping 06 3 1 port numbering 1 11 replacing oaair k n a 3 1 NEXT pushbutton 1 6 1 8 non extended mode 00005 3 2 O overcurrent protection 2 3 P pinouts serial port 1 6 1 7 port numbering 08 1 12 powerbEbD ctieesd br SERT 1 6 1 9 power switch 0 0 00 1 9 product registration 2 15 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual R rack mount kit 00000005 2 2 rack mounting ASX T00 esten ned Eres 2 7 ASX 200BX esses 2 4 RESET button 20 0 0c cece eee 1 6 RESET switch 0 0 00 cece ee eee 1 5 RS 232 serial port 06 1 5 1 6 RUN RESET LED 1 5 S SCP replacing an i960 SCP 3 18 SELECT pushbutton 1 6 1 8 serial cable 0 ccc cece 2 9 serial Port zeit eee xeu 1 6 configuring on an ASX 200 2 10 pinouts lessen 1 6 1 7 STATUS LED puramen a EE 1 5 SWitchibOardy sist d gebe 1 4 hot swapping on an ASX 1000 3 20 switch control processor 1 4 switch fabric eee eee 1 4 switch software changing between versions 4 14 changing the current version
152. module 2 Loosen the two captive fasteners on either edge of the network module using a straight screwdriver 3 Pull firmly but carefully on the captive fasteners removing the network module from the switch as shown in Figure 3 1 b LS Ta Ud TO nta a Bae Loosen captive fasteners and pull STRAIGHT out Figure 3 1 Removal of Network Modules 4 Insertthereplacement module by sliding it into the card guides Push firmly to seat the network module so that the faceplate is flush with the switch Re tighten the captive fasteners CAUTION lo ensure safety tighten the captive fasteners with a straight screwdriver 5 Restore the network connections from Step 1 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual v O is Qa m I 7 SITITVES UTI RSS 93128 Hardware Maintenance Procedures 3 2 Power Supply Module Replacement The power supplies in the ASX 200BX and the ASX 1000 are hot swappable meaning that they can be removed replaced without having to shut down the switch WARNING DO NOT attempt to replace a power supply module without reading this section Serious injury to the user or damage to the equipment may result if proper replacement procedures are not followed 3 2 1 ASX 200BX Power Supply Module Replacement 3 2 1 1 Replacing an ASX 200BX AC Power Supply The procedure for hot swapping an ASX 200BX AC power supply module is as follows WARNING To reduce risk to
153. mpliance of this system to the EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility directive of the European Community and compliance to the Low Voltage Safety Directive Such marking is indicative that this system meets or exceeds the following technical standards e EN 55022 Limits and Methods of Measurement of Radio Interference Characteristics of Information Tech nology Equipment EN 50082 1 Electromagnetic compatibility Generic immunity standard Part 1 Residential commercial and light industry IEC 1000 4 2 Electromagnetic compatibility for industrial process measurement and control equipment Part2 Electrostatic discharge requirements IEC 1000 4 3 Electromagnetic compatibility for industrial process measurement and control equipment Part3 Radiate electromagnetic field requirements IEC 1000 4 4 Electromagnetic compatibility for industrial process measurement and control equipment Part 4 Electrical fast transient burst requirements SAFETY CERTIFICATIONS ETL certified to meet Information Technology Equipment safety standards UL 1950 CSA 22 2 No 950 and EN 60950 Table of Contents Ey o o 9 O 3 Preface S Chapter Summaries nannaa aaaea i o Technical Support s iai iaa aie e a ea aa a EE hh hn ii Typographical Styles 2 2 0 ccc teen eee iii Important Information Indicators 0 saasaa auaa aaa iv Easer NotlC6 sto distin See ed Bee SoS Lie be es Pie eee oe V Safety Precautio
154. mum Cell Delay Variance MCDV This is the maximum two point CDV objective across a link or node for the specified service category Maximum Cell Loss Ratio MCLR This is the maximum ratio of the number of cells that do not make it across the link or node to the total number of cells arriving at the link or node Maximum Cell Transfer Delay MCTD This is the sum of the fixed delay component across the link or node and MCDV Maximum Transmission Unit MTU the largest unit of data that can be sent over a type of physical medium Mbps megabits per second million Media Access Control MAC a media specific access control protocol within IEEE 802 specifi cations currently includes variations for Token Ring token bus and CSMA CD the lower sublayer of the IEEE s link layer OSI which complements the Logical Link Control LLC Media Attachment Unit MAU device used in Ethernet and IEEE 802 3 networks that provides the interface between the AUI port of a station and the common medium of the Ethernet The MAU which can be built into a station or can be a separate device performs physical layer functions including conversion of the digital data from the Ethernet interface collision detec tion and injection of bits onto the network ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary 21 Glossary Media Interface Connector MIC fiber optic connector that joins fiber to the FDDI controller Message Identifier MID mes
155. n SS aai aa 000 cc hh hh vi Modifications to Equipment 0 0 et eee vi Placement of a FORE Systems Product 0 000 cece eee eee nee vi Power Cord Connection s senasa uaaa cette eee vii CHAPTER 1 Switch Hardware 1 1 Switch Hardware Configurations 0 06 0 cee eae 1 2 1 2 Switch Hardware Components 0000 0c cece eee ete eee 1 4 1 2 1 SWItCH Board L2 uite et d aod ER a aes aed e e aj a 1 4 1 2 2 Switch Control Processor 0 0 0 000 cece e 1 4 1 2 2 1 SPARC RISC Switch Control Processor 1 4 1 2 2 1 1 RESET SWIICH 5 uoo re tto erate aie omar 1 5 1 2 2 1 2 ABORT Switch 0005 1 5 1 2 2 1 8 RUN RESETLED 1 5 1 2 2 1 4 VMEBMLED anaana anna 1 5 1 2 2 1 5 STATUS LED see 1 5 1 2 2 1 6 Diagnostics Display 004 1 5 1 2 2 1 7 RS 232 Serial Ports 00005 1 5 1 2 2 1 8 Ethernet AUI Port 0 20 00 eee ee eee 1 6 1 2 2 2 i960 Switch Control Processor 0 00000 eee 1 6 1 2 2 2 1 RESET Button oed aae d 1 6 1 2 2 2 2 RS 232 Serial Port 0000 aae 1 6 1 2 2 2 3 Ethernet 10BaseT Port 000 1 7 2 2 2 An OTI POM es rei Baye ier redet a Pe eae Peas 1 8 1 2 2 2 5 NEXT Pushbutton 020000 e eens 1 8 1 2 2 2 6 SELECT Pushbutton 1 8 1 2 2 2 7 Display LED score pet ee ek
156. n on the display LED are as follows Flash When chosen the SCP will attempt to boot from the FLASH file Ethernet When chosen the SCP boots from the network Monitor When chosen the user can connect a terminal to the serial port and run hardware self diagnostics Auto When chosen the SCP will attempt to boot from the FLASH If this is unsuccessful then the SCP will perform an Ethernet boot To access the modes listed above press the NEXT pushbutton while the switch is booting until the mode you want to access is displayed LED Then press the SELECT pushbutton After the boot process and self diagnostics are complete the name of the SCP is shown in the display LED during normal operations if an SCP name has been assigned If an SCP name has not been assigned it will display ATM SWITCH For information on creating or modifying the SCP name please refer to the section on configuring the SCP name in the ATM Management Interface Manual 1 8 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Switch Hardware 1 2 2 2 8 Power LED The power LED that is located to the right of the display LED on the front panel of the SCP reflects the current state of power to the SCP Table 1 2 lists the states of the power LED and their meanings Table 1 4 Power LED Description LED Color Meaning red The SCP has power but has failed The individual SCP not the entire switch has not passed self diagnostics green The SCP is power
157. n the same VC but must queue them for sequential transmission Simple Gateway Management Protocol SGMP the predecessor to SNMP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SMTP the Internet electronic mail protocol used to transfer electronic mail between hosts Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP the Internet standard protocol for managing nodes on an IP network Glossary 30 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary Simple Protocol for ATM Network Signalling SPANS FORE Systems proprietary signalling protocol used for establishing SVCs between FORE Systems equipment Single Mode Fiber SMF Fiber optic cable in which the signal or light propagates in a single mode or path Since all light follows the same path or travels the same distance a transmitted pulse is not dispersed and does not interfere with adjacent pulses SMF fibers can support longer distances and are limited mainly by the amount of attenuation Refer to MMF DS TIT 3 Small Computer Systems Interface SCSI a standard for a controller bus that connects hard ware devices to their controllers on a computer bus typically used in small systems Smart PVC SPVC a generic term for any communications medium which is permanently provisioned at the end points but switched in the middle In ATM there are two kinds of SPVCs smart permanent virtual path connections SPVPCs and smart permanent virtual channel connections SPVCCs snmpd an SMNP a
158. n which the information is organized into cells It is asynchronous in the sense that the recurrence of cells containing information from an individual user is not necessarily periodic 11 110 3 ATM Adaptation Layer AAL the AAL divides user information into segments suitable for packaging into a series of ATM cells AAL layer types are used as follows AAL 1 constant bit rate time dependent traffic such as voice and video AAL 2 still undefined a placeholder for variable bit rate video transmission AAL 3 4 variable bit rate delay tolerant data traffic requiring some sequencing and or error detection support originally two AAL types connection oriented and connectionless which have been combined AAL 5 variable bit rate delay tolerant connection oriented data traffic requiring minimal sequencing or error detection support ATM Address Defined in the UNI Specification as 3 formats each having 20 bytes in length ATM Forum an international non profit organization formed with the objective of accelerating the use of ATM products and services through a rapid convergence of interoperability specifi cations In addition the Forum promotes industry cooperation and awareness ATM Inverse Multiplexing AIMUX A device that allows multiple T1 or E1 communications facilities to be combined into a single broadband facility for the transmission of ATM cells ATM Layer link a section of an ATM Layer connection between tw
159. ner ASX 1000 ATM switch has the following specifications Features Specification Switching Fabric 10 Gbps non blocking Number of Ports 2 to 96 ports Traffic Policing UPC dual leaky bucket support Switch Transit Delay 12 microseconds Connection Setup Time lt 8 milliseconds 120 calls second Control Processor 1960 HA multiple switch control processor Maximum Port Speed 622 Mbps OC 12 STM 4c Ethernet Interface Standard RJ 45 connector Serial Interface DB 9 female connector Power nominal 97 264VAC 47 63Hz 12 amps maximum Model A 36 to 72VDC 20 amps maximum Power nominal 100 120VAC Q 50 60Hz 12 amps maximum Model B 200 240VAC Q 50 60Hz 6 5 amps maximum Dimensions H 24 5 62 2 cm W 19 48 3 cm D 18 45 7 cm Weight AC 89 7 lbs 41 kg DC 83 1 Ibs 38 kg General Specifications Standards Compliance ITU L361 ATM Layer ATM Forum UNI v3 1 s I Emissions FCC Part 15 Class A CISPR 22 Class A VCCI 5 Class 1 E Safety US UL 1950 Canada CSA 222 No 950 M89 D Europe EN 60950 Operating Temperature 5 C to 40 C up to 10 000 ft Operating Humidity 10 90 relative humidity non condensing Storage Temperature 40 C to 70 C up to 30 000 ft Storage Humidity 5 to 95 relative humidity non condensing ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual C 5 Hardware Specifications C 2 ForeRunner ATM Network Modu
160. nfigured at 9600 E baud 8 bits no parity and 1 stop bit When you turn on the switch you should see the switch boot on the tty device connected to the switch s serial port The switch is ready for user configuration as E soon as it is connected to a tty type device To access the switch enter asx at the prompt of the tty device ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 2 9 Switch Setup 2 7 Modem Configuration All ForeRunner ATM switches support modem access This may be useful if a switch is installed in a remote location where direct physical access to the switch is not possible or practical Keep the following in mind when using a modem to access a ForeRunner ATM switch e To allow the ForeRunner ATM switch to communicate with the modem a Null Modem Adapter must be installed on the factory supplied serial cable e The ForeRunner ATM switch will not disconnect an ATM Management Interface AMI session on loss of carrier therefore you must ensure that you have com pletely exited from an open AMI session before disconnecting the modem session The following two items apply ONLY to a E ForeRunner ASX 200 ATM switch e Onan ASX 200 do not attempt to send a BREAK character through the modem to the ASX 200 A BREAK character may force an abnormal halt of the ASX 200 e Onan ASX 200 power cycling a modem while it is attached to the ASX 200 may force an abnormal halt of the switch To allow a modem to w
161. ng causes your switch to reboot it will do so using the Mini Loader software 4 2 4 Deleting the Active Switch Software Now that Mini Loader is safely loaded on your switch you can delete the active version of switch software from FLASH Deleting this file and the directory in which it resides will not affect the operation of your switch The switch software will continue to run in active memory after its image is deleted from FLASH Enter something similar to the following at the local host prompt operation flash delete ft400 x foreos exe operation flash delete ft400 x These commands will delete the image of the active version of switch software in FLASH as well as the directory in which it is contained The parameter t 400 x will vary depending on which version of switch software you are currently using At this point you should upgrade your switch to ForeThought 4 1 x see Section 4 3 4 8 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Software Upgrade Instructions 4 3 Performing the Software Upgrade The software upgrade is performed with the operation upgrade command in AMI The underlying file transfer mechanism used in the upgrade is TFIP TFIP can run in secure or unsecure mode and it is assumed that your TFIP server is running in secure mode There fore if TFIP is to run properly between the file s being transferred must reside in the t ft pboot directory on the source machine see Section 4 7 4 for more inf
162. ng tolerable parameters the telephone company can temporarily disconnect service although they will attempt to give you advance notice if possible 5 Under the FCC Rules no customer is authorized to repair this equipment This restriction applies regardless of whether the equipment is in or out of warranty 6 If the telephone company alters their equipment in a manner that will affect use of this device they must give you advance warning so as to give you the opportunity for uninter rupted service You will be advised of your right to file a complaint with the FCC CANADIAN IC CS 03 COMPLIANCE STATEMENT NOTICE The Industry Canada label identifies certified equipment This certification means that the equipment meets cer tain telecommunications network protective operational and safety requirements The Industry Canada label does not guarantee the equipment will operate to the user s satisfaction Before installing this equipment users should ensure that it is permissible to be connected to the facilities of the local tele communications company The equipment must also be installed using an acceptable method of connection In some cases the company s inside wiring associated with a single line individual service may be extended by means of a certified con nector assembly telephone extension cord The customer should be aware that compliance with the above conditions may not prevent degradation of service in some situations Repai
163. nges to take effect Once the system reboots you will be closed out of all active sessions on the switch After pressing lt ENTER gt to reboot the system and then typing lt ENTER gt at the prompt for the sys tem to come up as shown below you will need to log in to AMI again if you want to begin another session on the switch Press return in order to reboot the system and type return at the prompt for the system to come up If the upgrade is unsuccessful or if you have any other problems with the upgrade please con tact FORE Systems Technical Support ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Software Upgrade Instructions 4 5 Changing between Multiple Versions of Software It is possible to select between multiple versions of installed software at any time not just dur ing an upgrade procedure You can display all the versions that are installed by typing the fol lowing localhost operation flash gt dir FT400 35 CURRENT FT411 25 However in this list CURRENT is simply a pointer to the version that will be used as the cur rent switch software during a reboot To display the version to which CURRENT is pointing as well as all the versions that are installed type the following localhost operation gt version Software versions installed FT400 35 FT410 25 Current software version is FT400 35 Notice that no parameter for version was specified above If no parameter is specified it will list the
164. nt panel of the switch board Re tighten the captive fasteners with a straight screwdriver to ensure the SCP is secure Plug any necessary power cords into the switch then plug into an approved outlet Turn power switches on any installed power supplies to the ON position Once the SCP has been installed and the switch boots the PVCs will be re established pro vided that none of the network modules were replaced after the SCP was removed and pro vided that all of these steps have been performed properly v O a m I 7 eoueuejule J 946 MpJeH ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 3 19 Hardware Maintenance Procedures 3 5 Switch Board Replacement The switch boards in the ASX 1000 are hot swappable meaning that they can be removed and replaced with the chassis under power The proper procedure for hot swapping a switch board is as follows WARNING It is highly recommended that you use the included grounding strap when handling this or any other component gt CAUTION Ensure that any unpopulated switch board slots are covered with a blank panel before turning on your ASX 1000 Operating the switch with any of these slots left open can cause a significant temperature rise in a very short time As a precaution it is recommended that you back up your CDB before performing this process Instructions for backing up your CDB can be found in the ATM Management Interface Manual Replace a switch boa
165. nterconnect lines and trunks Switched Connection A connection established via signaling Switched Multimegabit Data Service SMDS a high speed datagram based public data net work service expected to be widely used by telephone companies in their data networks Switched Virtual Channel Connection SVCC A Switched VCC is one which is established and taken down dynamically through control signaling A Virtual Channel Connection VCC is an ATM connection where switching is performed on the VPI VCI fields of each cell Switched Virtual Circuit or Channel SVC a channel established on demand by network sig nalling used for information transport between two locations and lasting only for the dura tion of the transfer the datacom equivalent of a dialed telephone call Switched Virtual Path Connection SVPC a connection which is established and taken down dynamically through control signaling A Virtual Path Connection VPC is an ATM connec tion where switching is performed on the VPI field only of each cell Switching System A set of one or more systems that act together and appear as a single switch for the purposes of PNNI routing Symmetric Connection a connection with the same bandwidth specified for both directions Synchronous signals that are sourced from the same timing reference and hence are identical in frequency Synchronous Data Link Control SDLC IBM s data link protocol used in SNA networks Synch
166. o 33 0 250 enabled 00 00 disabled 0OC3 55 0 250 enabled 00 00 disabled 0OC3 550 250 enabled 00 00 disabled OC3 55 0 250 enabled 00 00 disabled 0OC3 35 0 250 enabled 00 00 disabled 0OC3 55 0 250 enabled 00 00 disabled 0OC3 55 0 250 enabled 00 00 disabled 0OC3 550 250 enabled 00 00 disabled OC3 2560 0 100 disabled 00 00 disabled ASX BP 2560 0 100 disabled 00 00 disabled ASX BP 2560 0 100 disabled 00 00 disabled ASX BP 80 0 5000 enabled 00 00 disabled ASX CTL configuration uni show Version State ILMI Side Type OperType RemoteAddress uni30 a up up network auto FT PNN 169 144 64 42 auto a down down network auto privUN uni30 a up up user auto FT PNN 169 144 64 85 auto a down down network auto privUN uni30 a up up user auto FT PNN 169 144 64 232 auto a down down network auto privUN uni30 a up down network auto privUN ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Port 2A1 2A2 2A3 2A4 2A5 2A6 Port 1A1 1A2 Port 4C1l 4C2 4C3 4c4 4C5 4C6 Port 2A1 2A2 2A3 2A4 2A5 2A6 Port 1C1 1C2 LES 1C4 1D1 configuration port taxi show Carrier State Loopback yes up none no down none no down none no down none no down none no down none configuration port ds3 show Troubleshooting Carrier Status Mode Framing Loopback Timing Scrambling EmptyCells Length yes 0x1 plcp cbit none internal off yes 0x1 plcp cbit none internal off configuration port dsl show Carrier Status Mode Framing L
167. o adjacent active ATM Layer entities ATM entities ATM Link a virtual path link VPL or a virtual channel link VCL ATM Management Interface AMI the user interface to FORE Systems ForeThought switch con trol software SCS AMI lets users monitor and change various operating configurations of FORE Systems switches and network module hardware and software IP connectivity and SNMP network management ATM Peer to Peer Connection a virtual channel connection VCC or a virtual path connection VPC directly established such as workstation to workstation This setup is not commonly used in networks ATM Traffic Descriptor a generic list of parameters that can be used to capture the intrinsic traffic characteristics of a requested ATM connection ATM User to User Connection an association established by the ATM Layer to support com munication between two or more ATM service users i e between two or more next higher layer entities or between two or more ATM entities The communication over an ATM Layer connection may be either bidirectional or unidirectional The same Virtual Channel Identifier VCI is used for both directions of a connection at an interface ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary 3 Glossary atmarp a FORE program that shows and manipulates ATM ARP entries maintained by the given device driver This is also used to establish PVC connections ATM attached Host Functional Group AHFG The gr
168. odules The mode in which the switch operates is determined each time the SCP restarts If a switch is running in extended mode and a Series A or B network module is hot inserted the switch will not automatically revert to non extended mode The switch must be restarted immediately so that it operates in non extended mode If it is not restarted all multicast connections fail on the Series A or B network module You can display the multicast mode in which your switch is operating by using the configu ration board show command in the ATM Management Interface AMI If a switch is running in non extended mode E originating path 0 should always exist on port 1 of each Series C network module for multicast connection setups to succeed Multicast connection information for all of the ports of Series C network modules is stored in the space allocated for port 1 and path 0 on each Series C network module 3 2 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Hardware Maintenance Procedures 3 1 3 Hot swapping Network Modules When removing or replacing network modules use the following procedure WARNING To reduce risk to the user and to prevent damage to equipment it is recommended that you use the included grounding strap when handling this or any other component All AMI sessions should be terminated before swapping network modules of different types 1 Label and remove all network connections from the ports on the network
169. odules TAXI DS3 DS1 SONET E3 E1 and or J2 Typical responses are shown under each command The responses from these commands enables support to gather sufficient information to resolve the majority of problems atmstat fa0 PHY ATM AAL statistics Output Input Errors ATM AAL ATM AAL 4B5B 4B5B ATM AAL AAL Cells CS PDUs Cells CS PDUs Framing Hdr CRC VPI VCI Pay CRC Proto 476058 469354 276580 273789 0 0 0 0 0 netstat ai Name Mtu Network Address Ipkts Ierrs Opkts Oerrs Coll ecO 1500 fore gar eth 1174803 39928 509563 0 107117 ALL SYSTEMS MCAST N 08 00 69 07 e3 93 fa0 9188 198 29 38 198 29 38 206 0 0 0 0 0 ALL SYSTEMS MCAST N qaa0 9180 fore sw 198 29 22 206 0 0 0 0 0 qaal 9180 none none 0 0 0 0 0 lo0 8304 loopback localhost 32072 0 32072 0 0 ALL SYSTEMS MCAST N A 16 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Troubleshooting asxmon lt switch_name gt ASX 200 switch up 3 35 17 ports 9 active software 2 3 5 hardware 1 1 port name uptime VPs max VCs max Kb s free max total Mb Bl 198 29 22 34 22577 575 0 0 140000 847 B2 198 29 22 18 3 235 3 3 0 0 140000 141 C1 198 29 22 2 3 35 4 4 0 0 140000 83035 c2 198 29 22 3 3235 4 4 0 0 140000 11 D1 198 29 22 2 3 35 2 2 0 0 100000 11 D2 198 29 22 11 3 35 3 3 0 0 100000 Ll CTL 198 29 22 37 3 35 36 36 0 0 80000 203 In the output above the Kb s and free columns do not contain valid data Em faj z D 7 gt fo o 5 a cport l
170. om WARNING Failure to perform Step 2 can result in serious injury to the user or damage to the equipment 2 Turn OFF the power switch on the front of the defective power supply Wait at least one 1 second after turning off the power before moving on to the next step 3 Disconnect the AC line from the front of the defective power supply Unscrew the two captive fasteners one on the upper left corner of the faceplate and one on the lower right corner of the faceplate see Figure 3 3 using a straight blade screwdriver 5 Pull forward on the power supply s handle located below the power switch and AC plug to remove it from the chassis 6 Setthe failed supply aside and prepare to install the new one 3 12 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Hardware Maintenance Procedures WARNING Failure to perform Steps 7 or 8 can result in serious injury to the user or damage to the 7 equipment 7 Ensure that the power switch on the new AC power supply is turned OFF before inserting the supply into the metal enclosure 8 Check to see that the fuses on the new unit are rated at 15A 250V 9 Setthe supply on the guide rails in the enclosure so that the supply is properly aligned in the slot Position the supply so that the rear connectors are on top 10 Once the rails are properly aligned push on the handle on the front of the supply to slide it back into the chassis Press firmly to ensure that the connectors on the rear o
171. om the sliding tray 9 Place the new power supply inner tray assembly in the sliding tray and screw down the four nuts securing the inner tray WARNING Failure to perform Step 10 can result in serious injury to the user or damage to the equipment 10 Ensure that the power switch on the new power supply is turned OFF before inserting it into the enclosure 11 Push the sliding tray back into the enclosure being careful to align the card guides 12 To ensure maximum safety and to ensure that the connectors have seated properly re tighten the two captive fasteners using a straight blade screwdriver WARNING Be sure to observe polarity in the following step Failure to observe polarity may cause permanent damage to the unit and may cause injury to the PN user 13 Once completely installed reconnect the feed wires to the terminal strip on the rear of the unit Ensure that 16 AWG or larger wire is used for the DC feed wires The screw terminals are 6 screws The 48 volt feed wires should be attached to the ter minal strips using wire terminals designed to fit 6 studs FORE Systems recommends the use of either ring terminals or locking forked tongue terminals The higher potential wire should be connected to the positive terminal and the lower potential wire to the negative terminal A third chassis ground wire should also be con nected to the center terminal L and connected to an earth ground 14 Once the feed
172. on upgrade lt remotehost gt lt full path to remotefile gt In the above example you must enter the IP address of the UNIX workstation to which you downloaded Mini Loader in place of lt remotehost gt You must enter the Mini Loader file name in place of lt full path to remotefile gt Enter something similar to the following at the localhost gt prompt operation upgrade 204 95 89 91 foreworks loader tar ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Software Upgrade Instructions The switch will initiate a TFIP session with the host workstation and you will see something similar to the following Getting foreworks loader tar from 204 95 89 91 EE ERATE EE FE AE AE FE FE FE HE EH EE EE EE EEE EE EEE EE AE AE a ETE AE AE FE RE TERRE RE EEE ETT EE FE H FE AE AE AE EEE EE FE AE AE FE FE FE HEE EH EE ERE EE EE EEE EE FE EE E If the upgrade is successful the series of symbols will be followed by switch upgrade was successful You will then be prompted to reboot the switch Reboot the switch y Type n and press lt ENTER gt at the prompt If the upgrade fails for some reason try again First however delete the file from FLASH called UPGRADE that will have been created but is not complete during the failed upgrade If you have problems with the upgrade to Mini Loader please contact FORE Systems Techni cal Support After a successful upgrade CURRENT points to E an image for Mini Loader in FLASH If somethi
173. ontrol information located at the end of a PDU Transit Delay the time difference between the instant at which the first bit of a PDU crosses one designated boundary and the instant at which the last bit of the same PDU crosses a sec ond designated boundary Transmission Control Protocol TCP a specification for software that bundles and unbundles sent and received data into packets manages the transmission of packets on a network and checks for errors Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol TCP IP a set of communications protocols that has evolved since the late 1970s when it was first developed by the Department of Defense Because programs supporting these protocols are available on so many different computer systems they have become an excellent way to connect different types of computers over networks Transmission Convergence TC generates and receives transmission frames and is responsi ble for all overhead associated with the transmission frame The TC sublayer packages cells into the transmission frame Transmission Convergence Sublayer TCS This is part of the ATM physical layer that defines how cells will be transmitted by the actual physical layer Transparent Asynchronous Transmitter Receiver Interface TAXI Encoding scheme used for FDDI LANs as well as for ATM supports speed typical of 100 Mbps over multimode fiber Glossary 34 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary Transport Layer
174. oopback Timing Scrambling no Oxla0 hcs ESF none internal off no Oxla0 hcs ESF none internal off no Oxla0 hcs ESF none internal off no Oxla0 hcs ESF none internal off no Oxla0 hcs ESF none internal off no Oxla0 hcs ESF none internal off configuration port cesdsl show Framing Carrier Line Loopback Port Line Mode State Code State Timing Length down ESF no B8ZS none internal 130 down ESF no B8ZS none internal lt 130 down ESF no B8ZS none internal lt 130 down ESF no B8ZS none internal lt 130 down ESF no B8ZS none internal lt 130 down ESF no B8ZS none internal lt 130 configuration port sonet show Line Stat 64 64 64 64 64 64 unassigned Gt225 unassigned Gt225 Length Lt110 Lt110 Lt110 Lt110 Lt110 Lt110 us Width Line Mode Loopback Timing Scrambling EmptyCells sts3c MM sonet none internal on unassigned sts3c MM sonet none internal on unassigned sts3c MM sonet none internal on unassigned sts3c MM sonet none internal on unassigned stsl2c MM sonet none N A on unassigned ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual EmptyCells unassigned unassigned unassigned unassigned unassigned unassigned E E Sg 7 gt e E vo Troubleshooting Port 1B1 1B2 Port 1D1 1D2 1D3 1D4 Port 1B1 1B2 1B3 1B4 Carrier Status Mode no 0x262 hcs CRC no 0x262 hcs CRC Carrier Status Mode no 0x58 hes none no 0x58 hcs none no 0x58 hcs none no 0x58 hcs none LineLength Loo
175. optional cmd print out version header reset board retaining baud rate reset board and autobaud download using Xmodem single step through program skipping procedure calls single step through program go from start or continue from breakpoint ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual SCP Diagnostics fr address times display one or more real 32 bit floating point numbers fl address times display one or more long real 64 bit floating point numbers fx address times display one or more extended real 80 bit floating point numbers da address times disassemble one or more instructions db address bytes display one or more bytes ds address shrts display one or more shorts di address words display one or more words dd address times display one or more sets of double words dt address times display one or more sets of triple words dq address times display one or more sets of quad words re dump contents of registers di reg display the contents of the register reg mo reg modify a register Reg can NOT be fp0 fp3 mo address words modify one or more words in memory mb address modify a byte in memory doesn t read byte first fi address address data fill memory with data value tr option on off turn on or off one of the following trace options branch call return or supervisor call br address set instruction break If no address is given all current breakpoints are displayed
176. ork modules and fans These compo nents work together to provide ATM switching capabilities as well as distributed connection setup and management GO OO OO OG oo 00 oO O0 Figure 1 2 ASX 200WG Switch Configuration 1 2 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Switch Hardware The ASX 200BX as shown in Figure 1 3 is a self contained ATM switch that provides an Ethernet connection for network management access The ASX 200BX hardware consists of a single switch board with an i960 SCP network modules redundant power supplies and fans These components work together to provide ATM switching capabilities as well as distrib uted connection setup and management oo O09 OG G odi odi odie d Figure 1 3 ASX 200BX Switch Configuration The ASX 1000 as shown in Figure 1 4 is a self contained ATM switch that provides an Ethernet connection for network management access The hardware for the ASX 1000 consists of up to four switch boards each with an i960 SCP network modules redundant power supplies a Common Equipment Card CEC and a removable fan tray These components work together to provide ATM switching capabilities as well as distributed connection setup and management o z i 3 I o a o i M a u al ta Figure 1 4 ASX 1000 Switch Configuration ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 1 3 Switch Hardware 1 2 Switch Hardware Components 1 2 1 Switch Board The
177. ork with a ForeRunner ATM switch you must complete two sets of con figurations First the speed of the serial port on the ForeRunner ATM switch must be set to match that of the attached modem and second the modem parameters must be configured correctly 2 7 1 Serial Port Configuration for an ASX 200 The ASX 200 supports three modem speeds 1200 2400 and 9600 baud To match the speed of the modem you have installed log in to AMI on the switch Enter the following parameters to change the serial port speed configuration rs232 speed A B speed The A B variable indicates the port letter of the serial port that is to be modified On a local session on an ASX 200 the port may be A or B The speed variable indicates the speed at which the serial port will run The default is set to 9600 2 10 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Switch Setup Once the speed of the serial port has been altered the speed of the attached serial device must be altered in order to access the ASX 200 through the serial port The ASX 200WG ASX 200BX and ASX 1000 only support a modem speed of 9600 baud 2 7 2 Modem Parameters You should use a Hayes compatible modem as the configuration parameters supplied here are applicable to this type of modem The following parameters should be applied to your Hayes compatible modem to allow it to function properly with the switch s serial port You may attach a tty device to the modem to set these
178. ormation o sa a5 co 2c To FEES O g Q o To perform an upgrade the switch initiates a TFIP session with the specified host which searches for the file requested The host which is running TFTP looks for the file in t ftp boot The TFIP process on the server automatically appends tftpboot to the path or filename specified by the client For example issuing operation upgrade 169 144 3 54 asx scp 4 1 0 1 3 will cause the TFTP server to locate and transfer the file tftpboot asx scp 4 1 0 1 3 For this reason it is imperative that you place the upgrade file in the t tpboot directory on the workstation to which you downloaded or extracted the file If this directory does not already exist it is likely that TFIP is not running on the workstation See Section 4 7 4 for instructions on setting up a TFIP server and placing the upgrade file in the t tpboot directory Once you have verified your TFIP server and placed the software upgrade file you need to invoke the upgrade process on the SCP Log in to AMI and enter the following parameters at the localhost gt prompt operation upgrade This will display the specific parameters that you need to enter as follows upgrade lt remotehost gt lt full path to remotefile gt In the remotehost field enter the remote machine name or IP address of the workstation which holds the upgrade file In the lt full path to remotefile field enter ONLY the filename of th
179. ounterpart of STS n the basic rate of 51 84 Mbps on which SONET is based is referred to as OC 1 or STS 1 Organizationally Unique Identifier OUI Part of RFC 1483 A three octet field in the SubNet work Attachment Point SNAP header identifying an organization which administers the meaning of the following two octet Protocol Identifier PID field in the SNAP header Together they identify a distinct routed or bridged protocol DSTI 3 Out of Band Management refers to switch configuration via the serial port or over Ethernet not ATM Out of Frame OOF a signal condition and alarm in which some or all framing bits are lost Packet An arbitrary collection of data grouped and transmitted with its user identification over a shared facility Packet Assembler Disassembler PAD interface device that buffers data sent to from charac ter mode devices and assembles and disassembles the packets needed for X 25 operation Packet Internet Groper ping a program used to test reachability of destinations by sending them an ICMP echo request and waiting for a reply Packet Level Protocol PLP Network layer protocol in the X 25 protocol stack Sometimes called X 25 Level 3 or X 25 Protocol Packet Switched Network PSN a network designed to carry data in the form of packets The packet and its format is internal to that network Packet Switching a communications paradigm in which packets messages are individually route
180. oup of functions performed by an ATM attached host that is participating in the MPOA service atmconfig a FORE program used to enable or disable SPANS signaling atmstat a FORE program that shows statistics gathered about a given adapter card by the device driver These statistics include ATM layer and ATM adaptation layer cell and error counts This can also be used to query other hosts via SNMP Attachment User Interface AUI IEEE 802 3 interface between a media attachment unit MAU and a network interface card NIC The term AUI can also refer to the rear panel port to which an AUI cable might attach Auto logout a feature that automatically logs out a user if there has been no user interface activity for a specified length of time Automatic Protection Switching APS Equipment installed in communications systems to detect circuit failures and automatically switch to redundant standby equipment Available Bit Rate ABR a type of traffic for which the ATM network attempts to meet that traffic s bandwidth requirements It does not guarantee a specific amount of bandwidth and the end station must retransmit any information that did not reach the far end Backbone the main connectivity device of a distributed system All systems that have con nectivity to the backbone connect to each other but systems can set up private arrangements with each other to bypass the backbone to improve cost performance or security Backpl
181. p server with the SCP s Ethernet MAC address and the path to the switch software image Before the bootp server will work you must add or uncomment the following line in etc inetd conf bootps dgram udp wait root etc bootpd d4 etc bootptab with the bootpd and the bootptab files in the etc directory Also the following line must appear in etc services bootp 67 udp bootps Before any of the above changes can take effect inetd must re read the configuration file If you need to set up a TFIP server as described E in Section 4 74 the following process is not necessary at this time Instead make inetd re read its configuration file after setting up your server 4 22 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Software Upgrade Instructions Determine the process number of inetd by entering the following host ps aux grep inetd Something similar to the following will be displayed o sa a5 co 2c me ES O g Q o root 216 0 0 0 0 48 07 IW Jan 27 0 14 inetd where 216 represents the process number of inetd Now that you know the process number enter the following command line to make inetd re read its configuration file host kill HUP 216 4 7 3 Adding a Switch Entry in the bootptab File On the workstation that is the bootp server add the following lines to et c bootptab The lines given here are an example See the E descriptions that follow for an explanation of the values that you nee
182. pback short none short none short none short none configuration el show LineType Loopback Timing none none configuration port Loopback Timing internal internal internal internal configuration port Timing network network network network internal internal e3 show LineLength EmptyCells Lt110 idle Lt110 idle Scrambling EmptyCells off off off off j2 show unassigned unassigned unassigned unassigned ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 7 Tad ad zi 98 1 SCP Diagnostics The tests provided in this section are very specific diagnostics that are only to be run if you have determined that there is a problem with your SCP The diagnostics for the ASX 200WG ASX 200BX and ASX 1000 are described first The diagnostics for the ASX 200 begin in Sec tion B 3 B 1 ASX 200WG ASX 200BX ASX 1000 Diagnostics If you have determined that there is a hardware problem on a switch control processor SCP run the SCP diagnostics that are available by connecting a terminal device to that SCP s serial port These diagnostics will only test the SCP not the switch fabric o I U g 5 f 3 fo D 7 All AMI sessions should be closed before these test are run It is recommended that you back up your CDB before running any tests that check the FLASH and or the SRAM The chips are saved before testing each one and then restored However if a power failure would occur or
183. perts Group Multiprotocol over ATM ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual ALPHA COPY Acronyms MSB MTU NM NML NMS NNI NPC NRZ NRZI NSAP NTSC OAM OC n OID OOF OSI OSPF OUI PAD PAL PBX PCI PCM PCR PDN PDU PHY ping PLCP PLP PM PMD PNNI PPP PROM PRS PSN PT PVC PVCC PVPC QD QoS Most Significant Bit Maximum Transmission Unit Network Management Entity Network Management Layer Network Management Station Network to Network Interface or Network Node Interface Network Parameter Control Non Return to Zero Non Return to Zero Inverted Network Service Access Point National TV Standards Committee Operation and Maintenance Cell Optical Carrier level n Object Identifier Out of Frame Open Systems Interconnection Open Shortest Path First Protocol Organizationally Unique Identifier Packet Assembler Disassembler Phase Alternate Line Private Branch Exchange Peripheral Component Interconnect Pulse Code Modulation Peak Cell Rate Public Data Network Protocol Data Unit Physical Layer Packet Internet Groper Physical Layer Convergence Protocol Packet Level Protocol Physical Medium Physical Medium Dependent Private Network Node Interface or Private Network to Network Interface Point to Point Protocol Programmable Read Only Memory Primary Reference Source Packet Switched Network Payload Type Permanent Virtual Circuit or Channel Permanent Virtual Channel Connection Permanent Virtual Path Conn
184. pport for non U S A customers should be handled through your local distributor No matter which method is used for support please be prepared to provide your support con tract ID number the serial number s of the product s and as much information as possible describing your problem question ii ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Preface Typographical Styles Throughout this manual all specific commands meant to be entered by the user appear on a separate line in bold typeface In addition use of the Enter or Return key is represented as lt ENTER gt The following example demonstrates this convention cd usr ENTER File names that appear within the text of this manual are represented in the following style the fore install program installs this distribution Command names that appear within the text of this manual are represented in the following style using the 1ush cache command clears the bridge cache Subsystem names that appear within the text of this manual are represented in the following style to access the bridge subsystem Parameter names that appear within the text of this manual are represented in the following style using seg 1ist allows you to specify the segments for which you want to display the specified bridge statistics Any messages that appear on the screen during software installation and network interface administration are shown in Courier font to disting
185. provides a 32 bit data passage and maintains compatibility with the ISA or AT architecture Extended Super Frame ESF a T1 framing format that utilizes the 193rd bit as a framing bit but whose Superframe is made up of 24 frames instead of 12 as in D4 format ESF also pro vides CRC error detection and maintenance data link functions Exterior Gateway Protocol EGP used by gateways in an internet connecting autonomous networks Fairness related to Generic Flow Control fairness is defined as meeting all of the agreed quality of service requirements by controlling the order of service for all active connections ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary 13 Glossary Far End Block Error FEBE an error detected by extracting the 4 bit FEBE field from the path status byte G1 The legal range for the 4 bit field is between 0000 and 1000 representing zero to eight errors Any other value is interpreted as zero errors Far End Receive Failure FERF a line error asserted when a 110 binary pattern is detected in bits 6 7 8 of the K2 byte for five consecutive frames A line FERF is removed when any pat tern other than 110 is detected in these bits for five consecutive frames Far End in a relationship between two devices in a circuit the far end device is the one that is remote Face Contact FC Designation for fiber optic connector designed by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone which features a movable anti rotation key a
186. quantification of cell clumping for a connection The cell clump ing CDV yk is defined as the difference between a cell s expected reference arrival time ck and its actual arrival time ak The expected reference arrival time ck of cell k of a specific connection is max T is the reciprocal of the negotiated peak cell rate Aisessoj5 Cell Delineation the protocol for recognizing the beginning and end of ATM cells within the raw serial bit stream Cell Header ATM Layer protocol control information Cell Loss Priority CLP the last bit of byte four in an ATM cell header indicates the eligibility of the cell for discard by the network under congested conditions If the bit is set to 1 the cell may be discarded by the network depending on traffic conditions Cell Loss Ratio In a network cell loss ratio is 1 x y where y is the number of cells that arrive in an interval at an ingress of the network and x is the number of these y cells that leave at the egress of the network element Cell Loss Ratio CLR CLR is a negotiated QoS parameter and acceptable values are network specific The objective is to minimize CLR provided the end system adapts the traffic to the changing ATM layer transfer characteristics The Cell Loss Ratio is defined for a connection as Lost Cells Total Transmitted Cells The CLR parameter is the value of CLR that the network agrees to offer as an objective over the lifetime of the connection It is exp
187. r s Manual Acronyms 1 Acronyms BITS BNC BPDU bps BPV B TE BUS CAC CAS CBDS CBR CCITT CCS CDV CE CEI CES CGA CIP CIR CLIP CLP CLR CLS CMIP CMR CPE CRA CRC CRS CS CSU CTD CTS DACS DARPA DCC DCE DCS DES DFA DLCI Acronyms 2 ALPHA COPY Building Integrated Timing Supply Bayonet Neill Concelman Bridge Protocol Data Unit Bits per Second Bipolar Violation Broadband Terminal Equipment Broadcast and Unknown Server Connection Admission Control Channel Associated Signaling Connectionless Broadband Data Service Constant Bit Rate International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee Common Channel Signaling Cell Delay Variation Connection Endpoint Connection Endpoint Identifier Circuit Emulation Service Carrier Group Alarm Carrier Identification Parameter Committed Information Rate Classical IP Cell Loss Priority Cell Loss Ratio 1 15 Connectionless service Common Management Interface Protocol Cell Misinsertion Rate Customer Premise Equipment Cell Rate Adaptation Cyclic Redundancy Check Cell Relay Service Controlled Slip or Convergence Sublayer Channel Service Unit Cell Transfer Delay Clear To Send Digital Access and Cross Connect System Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Data Country Code Data Communications Equipment Digital Cross connect System Destination End Station DXI Frame Address Data Link Connection Identifier ForeRunner ATM Switch U
188. r the ATM net work or over Ethernet For example you can access AMI using telnet WARNING Once installed before any service is performed on the unit the power should be turned off and the power cord disconnected except when following the hot swap instructions in this manual On an ASX 200 if you leave a terminal or modem attached to the ASX 200 via the serial port turning off the power to the terminal or modem may halt the operation of the ASX 200 On an ASX 200 if you leave a workstation attached to the ASX 200 via the serial port rebooting the workstation may halt the operation of the ASX 200 On an ASX 200 do not turn the power off without first halting the ASX 200 You may halt the ASX 200 via AMI at the operation level 1b 2 14 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Switch Setup 2 11 Verifying the Installation To verify that your switch is up and running log in to AMI and open a session on the switch Enter the following parameters at the localhost gt prompt to show the configuration of all of the ports on an individual switch fabric configuration port show 2 12 Product Registration Information After you have successfully completed the installation process please fill out the enclosed product registration card for your ForeRunner ATM switch and return it to FORE Systems immediately ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 2 15 Switch Setup ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual S2
189. rcuit Datagram a packet of information used in a connectionless network service that is routed to its destination using an address included in the datagram s header 11 110 3 DECnet Digital Equipment Corporation s proprietary LAN Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA the US government agency that funded the ARPANET Demultiplexing a function performed by a layer entity that identifies and separates SDUs from a single connection to more than one connection see multiplexing Destination End Station DES An ATM termination point which is the destination for ATM messages of a connection and is used as a reference point for ABR services See SES Digital Access and Cross Connect System DACS Digital switching system for routing T1 lines and DS 0 portions of lines among multiple T1 ports Digital Cross connect System DCS an electronic patch panel used to route digital signals in a central office Digital Standard n 0 1 1C 2 and 3 DSn a method defining the rate and format of digital hierarchy with asynchronous data rates defined as follows DSO 64kb s 1 voice channel DS1 1 544Mb s 24 DSOs DS1C 3 152 Mb s 2 DS1s DS2 6 312 Mb s 4 DS1s DS3 44 736 Mb s 28 DS1s Synchronous data rates SONET are defined as SIS 1 OC 1 51 84 Mb s 28 DS1s or 1 DS3 STS 3 OC 3 155 52 Mb s 3 STS 1s byte interleaved STS 3c OC 3c 155 52 Mb s Concatenated indivisible payload STS 12 OC 12 622 08 Mb s 12 ST
190. rd ONLY with another switch board of the same type i e an ASX 1000 switch board with an ASX 1000 switch board To ensure that the switch will work with the previously established network configuration the relative position of the network modules must not change when you transfer them to the new fabric For example an OC 3c network module that is removed from slot A of the old switch fabric must be installed in slot A of the new switch fabric Therefore it is recommended that you label all network connections and network modules before removing them UP 3 20 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Hardware Maintenance Procedures To maintain your CDB the SCP must be E removed before the network modules are removed and it must be installed in the new fabric after the network modules have been installed 1 Logoutofall open AMI sessions on the switch board that is to be replaced 2 Remove the SCP from the old switch board using the instructions found in Section 3 4 Switch Control Processor Replacement Place the SCP on a clean static free work area 3 Labeland remove all fibers or coaxial cables connected to the ports on the switch board that is to be replaced Then label and remove all network modules from the old switch board using the instructions found in Section 3 1 Network Module Replacement Place the network modules on a clean static free work area 4 Unscrew the retaining screws at the top and bottom of the
191. re and so on 1 2 8 4 Ethernet Port The Ethernet port located on the CEC of the ASX 1000 has a standard RJ 45 female connector and is designed to provide a single unified Ethernet connection It is connected via the back plane and simple Ethernet repeater to each SCP s Ethernet port thus eliminating the need to attach each SCP individually This Ethernet port has four LEDs which indicate its current sta tus as shown in Figure 1 18 These LEDs are described in Tables 1 8 through 1 11 o S 2 I D B a S B RX C coL ie C Po ETH Figure 1 18 CEC Ethernet Port and LEDs The Ethernet port on the model B CEC is rotated E 180 degrees but the Ethernet port LEDs are in the same relative location as before ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 1 27 Switch Hardware 1 28 Table 1 8 CEC Receive RX LED Description LED Color Meaning green The Ethernet port is receiving traffic normally off The Ethernet port is NOT receiving traffic Table 1 9 CEC Link Integrity LI LED Description LED Color Meaning green The status of the twisted pair cable connected to the CEC Ethernet port is OK off The Ethernet port is NOT receiving link integrity pulses Check the integrity of the connection Table 1 10 CEC Collision COL LED Description LED Color Meaning red An Ethernet collision has been detected on th
192. ressed as an order of magnitude having a range of 10 1 to 10 15 and unspecified Cell Misinsertion Rate CMR the ratio of cells received at an endpoint that were not originally transmitted by the source end in relation to the total number of cells properly transmitted Cell Rate Adaptation CRA a function performed by a protocol module in which empty cells known as unassigned cells are added to the output stream This is because there always must be a fixed number of cells in the output direction when there are not enough cells to transmit unassigned cells are added to the output data stream Cell Relay Service CRS a carrier service which supports the receipt and transmission of ATM cells between end users in compliance with ATM standards and implementation specifications Cell Transfer Delay the transit delay of an ATM cell successfully passed between two desig nated boundaries See CTD Cell Transfer Delay CTD This is defined as the elapsed time between a cell exit event at the measurement point 1 e g at the source UNI and the corresponding cell entry event at the measurement point 2 e g the destination UNI for a particular connection The cell transfer delay between two measurement points is the sum of the total inter ATM node transmission delay and the total ATM node processing delay Channel A path or circuit along which information flows ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary 7 Glossary Chann
193. rmance ATM connectivity for LAN work group and desktop applications The ForeRunner ASX 200BX ATM switch and the ForeRunner ASX 1000 ATM switch offer high reliability and port density for LAN backbone and LAN WAN internetworking applications Together with the ForeRunner series of ATM LAN and WAN Network Modules these switches meet the networking demands of today s distributed time critical applications All of the ForeRunner ATM switches deliver high performance switching capacity and speed for ATM applications A non blocking switching capacity of 2 5 Gbps is continually available on the ASX 200 the ASX 200WG and the ASX 200BX Each switch provides up to 4 ports of connectivity each running at speeds up to 622 Mbps or up to 16 ports each running at speeds up to 155 Mbps or up to 24 ports each running at speeds up to 100 Mbps The ASX 1000 pro vides 10 Gbps of switching capacity for up to 16 ports of connectivity each running at speeds up to 622 Mbps or up to 64 ports each running at speeds up to 155 Mbps or up to 96 ports each running at speeds up to 100 Mbps Wide area network WAN connectivity is seamlessly integrated into the ASX 200BX and the ASX 1000 for connection to private networks or ATM SONET DS3 DS1 E3 E1 or J2 services o S 2 I D B a S o Interconnecting multiple ForeRunner switches at various speeds is simple Once a new switch is added to the network all other switches recognize its presen
194. rmination Multipoint to Multipoint Connection a collection of associated ATM VC or VP links and their associated endpoint nodes with the following properties 1 All N nodes in the connection called Endpoints serve as a Root Node in a Point to Multi point connection to all of the N 1 remaining endpoints 11 110 3 2 Each of the endpoints can send information directly to any other endpoint but the receiv ing endpoint cannot distinguish which of the endpoints is sending information without additional e g higher layer information Multipoint to Point Connection a Point to Multipoint Connection may have zero bandwidth from the Root Node to the Leaf Nodes and non zero return bandwidth from the Leaf Nodes to the Root Node Such a connection is also known as a Multipoint to Point Connection Multiprotocol over ATM MPOA An effort taking place in the ATM Forum to standardize pro tocols for the purpose of running multiple network layer protocols over ATM Narrowband Channel sub voicegrade channel with a speed range of 100 to 200 bps National TV Standards Committee NTSC Started in the US in 1953 from a specification laid down by the National Television Standards Committee It takes the B Y and R Y color differ ence signals attenuates them to I and Q then modulates them using double sideband sup pressed subcarrier at 3 58MHz The carrier reference is sent to the receiver as a burst during the back porch An indus
195. ronous Optical Network SONET a body of standards that defines all aspects of trans porting and managing digital traffic over optical facilities in the public network Glossary 32 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary Synchronous Payload Envelope SPE the payload field plus a little overhead of a basic SONET signal Synchronous Transfer Mode STM a transport and switching method that depends on infor mation occurring in regular fixed patterns with respect to a reference such as a frame pattern Synchronous Transport Signal STS a SONET electrical signal rate Aiessoj5 Systeme En Coleur Avec Memoire SECAM Sequential and Memory Color Television Started in France in the late 60s and used by other countries with a political affiliation This is The B Y and R Y signals are transmitted on alternate lines modulated on an FM subcarrier The memory is a one line delay line in the receiver to make both color difference signals available at the same time on all lines Due to FM the signal is robust in difficult terrain Systems Network Architecture SNA a proprietary networking architecture used by IBM and IBM compatible mainframe computers T1 a specification for a transmission line The specification details the input and output char acteristics and the bandwidth T1 lines run at 1 544 Mbps and provide for 24 data channels In common usage the term T1 is used interchangeably with DS1 T1 Link A w
196. rs to certified equipment should be made by an authorized Canadian maintenance facility designated by the supplier Any repairs or alterations made by the user to this equipment or equipment malfunctions may give the telecommunica tions company cause to request the user to disconnect the equipment Users should ensure for their own protection that the electrical ground connections of the power utility telephone lines and internal metallic water pipe system if present are connected together This precaution may be particularly important in rural areas Caution Users should not attempt to make such connections themselves but should contact the appropriate electric inspection authority or electrician as appropriate E1 AND E3 NOTICE The El NM 6 E1C and NM 2 E1C and E3 NM 4 E3C and NM 2 E3C network modules that are described in this manual are approved for use in FORE Systems host systems providing that the instructions below are strictly observed Failure to follow these instructions invalidates the approval Pan European Approval CE Marking Pan European approval of the E1 network module was issued by BABT following assessment against CTR12 This means that it can be connected to ONP and unstructured PTO provided private circuits with 120 Q interfaces in all European countries according to Telecommunications Terminal Equipment TTE Directive 91 263 EEC Thus the following CE mark applies C 168X The E1 and E3 network module
197. ry in the bootptab file used for network booting to assign each SCP a unique IP address Using only one entry i e the same IP address causes unpredictable Ethernet ARP behavior see Chapter 4 for more information o zl 5 I g x a 9 o 1 2 4 Network Modules The network modules in a ForeRunner switch board act as the physical input output ports to the switch board A network module may have one two four or six physical ports depend ing on its configuration ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 1 11 Switch Hardware 1 2 4 4 Port Numbering The individual ports on a network module are numbered according to the Board Network Module Port BNP notation Board Network Module Port Refers to the number of the switch board that contains the port being numbered Board is always 1 in an ASX 200 ASX 200BX or an ASX 200WG since these switches each contain only one switch board Board can be 1 2 3 or 4 in an ASX 1000 depending on the number of the physical switch board that contains the port being numbered Refers to the slot A B C or D in the switch board that contains the port being numbered Refers to the physical port 1 6 being numbered on the individual network module For example according to this notation the fourth port on a network module in slot B of switch board 2 is port 2B4 Figure 1 8 illustrates how the ports of various network modules located in
198. s 6 and 12 D4 or 6 12 18 and 24 ESF for signaling purposes DSTI 3 Route Server A physical device that runs one or more network layer routing protocols and which uses a route query protocol in order to provide network layer routing forwarding descriptions to clients Router a device that forwards traffic between networks or subnetworks based on network layer information Routing Domain RD A group of topologically contiguous systems which are running one instance of routing Routing Information Protocol RIP a distance vector based protocol that provides a measure of distance or hops from a transmitting workstation to a receiving workstation Routing Protocol A general term indicating a protocol run between routers and or route servers in order to exchange information used to allow computation of routes The result of the routing computation will be one or more forwarding descriptions SBus hardware interface for add in boards in later version Sun 3 workstations Scalable Processor Architecture Reduced instruction set Computer SPARC a powerful work station similar to a reduced instruction set computing RISC workstation Segment a single ATM link or group of interconnected ATM links of an ATM connection Segmentation And Reassembly SAR the SAR accepts PDUs from the CS and divides them into very small segments 44 bytes long If the CS PDU is less than 44 bytes it is padded to 44 with zeroes
199. s conform to safety standard EN60950 1992 following the provisions of Low Voltage Product Safety Directive 73 23 EEC and CE Marking Directive 93 68 EEC and can be marked accordingly with the CE symbol The E1 and E3 network modules conform to EN55022 1994 and EN50082 1 1992 following the provisions of the EMC Directive 89 336 EEC and can be marked accordingly with the CE symbol National Approvals UK Network Module Connects to Approval Number El Structured and unstructured AA60953 PTO provided private circuits with 75 Q interfaces E3 PTO provided private circuits NS 4387 1 T 605954 with 75 Q interfaces Germany Network Module Connects to Approval Number E3 Structured PTO provided private circuits A127535H for the ASX 1000 with 75 Q interfaces A127534H for the ASX 200BX or ASX 200WG Switzerland Network Module Connects to Approval Number with 75 Q interfaces El Structured PTO provided private circuits 96 0872 N with 120 Q interfaces E3 Structured PTO provided private circuits 96 0873 N Required User Guide Statements UK Installation The use of auxiliary products not authorized by FORE Systems in FORE Systems ATM Switches may cause the power spec ification to be exceeded and is a potential safety hazard The equipment must be installed such that with the exception of the connections to the host clearance and creepage distances shown in the table below ar
200. sage identifier used to associate ATM cells that carry segments from the same higher layer packet Metasignalling an ATM Layer Management LM process that manages different types of sig nalling and possibly semipermanent virtual channels VCs including the assignment removal and checking of VCs Metasignalling VCs the standardized VCs that convey metasignalling information across a User to Network Interface UNI Metropolitan Area Network MAN network designed to carry data over an area larger than a campus such as an entire city and its outlying area MicroChannel a proprietary 16 or 32 bit bus developed by IBM for its PS 2 computers inter nal expansion cards also offered by others Minimum Cell Rate MCR parameter defined by the ATM Forum for ATM traffic manage ment defined only for ABR transmissions and specifying the minimum value for the ACR Most Significant Bit MSB highest order bit in the binary representation of a numerical value Motion Picture Experts Group MPEG ISO group dealing with video and audio compression techniques and mechanisms for multiplexing and synchronizing various media streams MPOA Client A device which implements the client side of one or more of the MPOA proto cols i e is a SCP client and or an RDP client An MPOA Client is either an Edge Device Functional Group EDFG or a Host Behavior Functional Group HBFG MPOA Server An MPOA Server is any one of an ICFG or RSFG
201. scribe the difference between adjacent samples Adaptive Pulse Code Modulation APCM A technique that effectively reduces occupied band width per active speaker by reducing sampling rates during periods of overflow peak traffic Address A unique identity of each network station on a LAN or WAN Address Complete Message ACM A B ISUP call control message from the receiving exchange to sending exchange indicating the completion of address information Address Mask a bit mask used to identify which bits in an address usually an IP address are network significant subnet significant and host significant portions of the complete address This mask is also known as the subnet mask because the subnetwork portion of the address can be determined by comparing the binary version of the mask to an IP address in that sub net The mask holds the same number of bits as the protocol address it references Address Prefix A string of 0 or more bits up to a maximum of 152 bits that is the lead portion of one or more ATM addresses Address Resolution The procedure by which a client associates a LAN destination with the ATM address of another client or the BUS ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary 1 Glossary Address Resolution Protocol ARP a method used to resolve higher level protocol addressing such as IP into the appropriate header data required for ATM i e port VPI and VCI also defines the AAL type to be used A
202. seT Transmit LED Description LED Color Meaning red There is a collision on the port green The port is transmitting normally Table 1 3 Ethernet 10BaseT Receive LED Description LED Color Meaning red The port is failing link integrity green The port is receiving normally ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 1 7 Switch Hardware 1 2 2 2 4 CTL Port A control port inside the SCP referred to in the switch software as the CTL port is a logical not physical location where cells that are directed to the SCP itself are sent The CTL port has two roles serving as both a host and a switch board controller All signalling from the switch host and every attached host must interact with the switch board controller 1 2 2 2 5 NEXT Pushbutton The NEXT pushbutton lets you scroll through the menu that is shown on the display LED after the power is turned on or after the SCP is reset rebooted 1 2 2 2 6 SELECT Pushbutton The SELECT pushbutton lets you choose an option from the menu that is shown on the dis play LED after the power is turned on or after the SCP is reset rebooted 1 2 2 2 7 Display LED During the boot process and the initial power on diagnostics the display LED shows mes sages about what is happening to the SCP It is also used to show the menu choices for the NEXT and SELECT pushbuttons after the power is turned on or after the SCP is reset reboo ted The choices show
203. ser s Manual ALPHA COPY Acronyms DNS DSn DSR DTE DTR EEPROM EFCI EGP EIA EISA ELAN EMI EPROM EQL ER ES ESF ESI EXZ FC FCC FCS FDDI FDM FEBE FEC FECN FERF FIFO FRS FTP FT PNNI FUNI GCAC GCRA GFC HDB3 HDLC HEC HIPPI HSSI ICMP Domain Naming System Digital Standard n n 0 1 1C 2 and 3 Data Set Ready Data Terminal Equipment Data Terminal Ready Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory Explicit Forward Congestion Indication Exterior Gateway Protocol Electronics Industries Association Extended Industry Standard Architecture Emulated Local Area Network Electromagnetic Interference Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory Equalization Explicit Rate End System or Errored Second Extended Super Frame End System Identifier Excessive Zeroes Error Event Face Contact Federal Communications Commission Frame Check Sequence Fiber Distributed Data Interface Frequency Division Multiplexing Far End Block Error Forward Error Correction Forward Explicit Congestion Notification Far End Receive Failure First In First Out Frame Relay Service File Transfer Protocol ForeThought PNNI Frame Based UNI Generic Connection Admission Control Generic Cell Rate Algorithm Generic Flow Control High Density Bipolar High Level Data Link Control Header Error Control High Performance Parallel Interface High Speed Serial Interface Internet Control Message Protocol ForeRunner A
204. ssing eiii rea eE a a ere 1 8 C Common Equipment Card CEC 1 22 ALl and ALZ 1 24 alarm indicators 1 24 alarm LEDs 0005 1 26 alarm relay contacts 1 23 Ethernet port 1 27 Ethernet port LEDs 1 27 front panel 00 1 22 front panel model A 1 22 front panel model B 1 23 model ssn it bts 1 22 model B oc a 1 22 power supply LEDs 1 27 status LEDs model A 1 25 status LEDs model B 1 26 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual switch board LEDs 1 27 controL port cse puer epe ae 1 8 D DC power supply ASX 1000 i tereti Rm 1 20 ASX 200BX 0 0 00 cece eee 1 14 hot swapping ASX 1000 3 14 hot swapping ASX 200BX 3 6 diagnostics for an ASX 200 000005 B 10 for i960 SCPs 00 0 ce eee B 1 diagnostics display on an ASX 200 0 0 00 e eee 1 5 display LED 00 1 6 1 8 reading ATM Switch 1 8 dual SCPs adding a standby SCP 1 10 dual SCP mode 1 9 Ethernet connection 1 11 rebooting 008 1 11 SCP failover lusus 1 9 SCP heartbeat 00 1 9 E Ethernet 10BaseT port 1 6 1 7 Ethernet AUI port 00 1 6 Ethernet mode accessing 6 cece eee eee eee ee
205. stance A 2 2 5 Cells and No Errors Received by Remote and Transmitting Cells If the remote end is receiving cells with no errors and is transmitting cells in response then the remote end is OK Looking at Figure A 2 reverse the direction From the remote host start a continuous ping and then run these same tests starting again with Section A 2 1 Watch the results of these tests on the local host A 12 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Troubleshooting A 3 Collecting Additional Information Once basic adapter installation and network connectivity have been tested this section explains how to obtain all of the additional information that you need to have ready before calling FORE Systems Technical Support This information should exist either on line by redi recting the output to a file or in hard copy form A 3 1 Basic Information The following basic network information is very useful in helping FORE Systems Technical Support staff troubleshoot your problem 3 1 Host platform configuration gt Vendor name e Platform type a RAM MB Disk drive size approximate 2 Patches installed very important for SunOS and Solaris 3 Network topology physical configuration Sketch and FAX in if possible Please have your support contract ID number and serial number ready also A 3 2 Adapter Information On the host at a command line type the following six commands and note the responses e uname a Sho
206. switch board 4 of an ASX 1000 for example would be numbered PORT PORT PORT PORT 4C1 4C2 4C3 404 a PORT 4A1 PORT PORT PORT PORT PORT PORT 4D1 4D2 4D3 4D4 4D5 4D6 ILLOD PORT PORT 4B1 4B2 Figure 1 8 Network Module Port Numbering 1 12 For information about the technical and operating specifications for all ForeRunner ATM network modules see Appendix C ForeRunner Hardware Specifications in this manual ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Switch Hardware 1 2 5 Power Supply Modules The ASX 200BX and the ASX 1000 each come with two removable power supply modules either AC or DC In the event of a single power supply failure the power supply indicator LED s on the front panel of the supplies will indicate the failed supply The failed power sup ply can be removed and replaced while the other supply continues to provide power to the enclosure In this manner a single power supply failure will not cause the switch to stop func tioning WARNING The ASX 200 and the ASX 200WG come with internal non removable power supplies Attempting to remove these power supplies could result in serious injury or may cause permanent damage to the unit 1 2 5 1 ASX 200BX AC Power Supply The ASX 200BX has two power supply LEDs one for each removable hot swappable power supply Each LED is located to the left of the power switch on the front panel for that supply On the AC power supp
207. switch board also referred to as the switch fabric contains the VPI VCI lookup tables and routing circuitry to ensure that a cell received from an input port is correctly switched to one or more output ports The ASX 200 the ASX 200WG and the ASX 200BX each come with one switch board The ASX 1000 can be populated with as many as four switch boards Each switch board can accept up to four network modules which themselves can contain up to six ports each The switch board also has an interface controlled by the SCP that is functionally equivalent to an ATM host interface 1 2 2 Switch Control Processor The SPARC RISC SCP in the ASX 200 and the i960 SCP in the ASX 200WG ASX 200BX and the ASX 1000 provide the distributed connection setup for a network of ATM switches The SCP primarily provides management access through SNMP and is responsible for storing and updating all SNMP management information Additionally the SCP has direct access to the switch board The SCP and associated software manages the behavior of the switch board i e connection setup but is not involved in the actual cell switching 1 2 2 1 SPARC RISC Switch Control Processor The front panel of the ASX 200 s SPARC RISC SCP includes a RESET switch an ABORT switch three single LEDs the RUN RESET LED the VME BM Bus Master LED and the STATUS LED a diagnostics display two serial ports labeled A and B and an Ethernet port All of the features are illustrate
208. switching and transport method that relies on a significant amount of processing to ensure reliable transport over metallic media Yellow Alarm An alarm signal sent back toward the source of a failed signal due to the pres ence of an AIS may be used by APS equipment to initiate switching Zero Byte Time Slot Interchange ZBTSI A technique used with the T carrier extended super frame format ESF in which an area in the ESF frame carries information about the location of all zero bytes eight consecutive 0 s within the data stream Zero Code Suppression The insertion of a 1 bit to prevent the transmission of eight or more consecutive 0 bits Used primarily with T1 and related digital telephone company facilities which require a minimum 1 s density in order to keep the individual subchannels of a mul tiplexed high speed facility active Zero Bit Insertion A technique used to achieve transparency in bit oriented protocols A zero is inserted into sequences of one bits that cause false flag direction ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary 37 Glossary Glossary 38 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Index A ABORT switch 32 Texten 1 5 AC power supply ASX 1000 00 1 16 1 18 ASX 200BX 0 ccc eee 1 13 hot swapping ASX 1000 3 8 3 11 hot swapping ASX 200BX 3 4 alarm relay contacts 0 1 24 ASX 200 SCP front panel ssssss 1 4 Auto mode acce
209. t sturdy work surface with the front of the unit still facing front 2 Usinga Phillips screwdriver remove the four feet from the bottom of the unit 3 Eachrack mount bracket has three screws that secure the bracket to the bottom of the unit The holes that run along the bottom of the switch are used to secure the bracket to the bottom of the unit Tighten the three screws to secure the left bracket marked HWST0027 0001 to the left side of the unit Tighten the three screws to secure the right bracket marked HWST0027 0002 to the right side of the unit CAUTION When attaching the rack mount brackets the use of screws other than those provided could result in damage to the unit 4 Once the brackets are secure choose a rack position for the switch The switch should be placed right side up in the rack with the front of the unit facing forward CAUTION When it is mounted in the equipment rack do not use the switch chassis to support other equipment This could overload the mounting brackets and cause damage to the unit ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 2 5 Switch Setup 5 Once the switch is mounted in the rack you can attach the cable strain relief rail if you wish Line up the holes in the rail with a set of holes directly above or below the switch rack mount brackets then secure the rail using the enclosed screws lt The switch is an operational ATM switch at this point if used with other ForeRunner s
210. t and can see the LED displays on the adapter backplate a red LED on the R Receive port also indicates carrier failure A 6 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Troubleshooting A 2 Testing Network Connectivity Using PVCs The network connectivity tests require that two ATM adapters be connected to an ATM switch fabric with PVCs as shown in Figure A 2 The carrier lights should be extinguished on the adapters and on the switch fabric indicating that the fibers are OK Local Host ATM Switch Remote Host E z 7 gt ie 2 Q Run ping IP Run atmstat fa0 1 Figure A 2 Hardware Configuration for Checking PVCs The network connectivity test suite shown in Figure A 3 examines higher level functionality after basic adapter board performance has been verified by passing all the tests and checks shown in Figure A 1 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual A 7 Jenue N sJes YAMS NIY JeuungaJo4 SOAd SWSN AWAQIIUUOD Suppl0MjoN Evy ani Board hardware OK from tests in Figure A 1 4 Verify outgoing ATM ARP cache entry Run atmarp a y y n outgoing ATM ARP cache entry Run atmarp s Create an Run atmstat fa0 on remote end when x continuously pinging Run ping IP No cells Cells and VPI VCI received by errors received by remote end remote Cells and AAL errors re
211. t implements both the LAN Emulation Server LES and the Broad cast Unknown Server BUS Leaky Bucket informal cell policing term for the Generic Cell Rate Algorithm which in effect receives cells into a bucket and leaks them out at the specified or contracted rate i e PCR Least Significant Bit LSB lowest order bit in the binary representation of a numerical value lecs a FORE program that implements the assignment of individual LECs to different emu lated LANs leq a FORE program that provides information about an ELAN This information is obtained from the LES and includes MAC addresses registered on the ELAN together with their corre sponding ATM addresses Line Build Out LBO Because T1 circuits require the last span to lose 15 22 5 dB a selectable output attenuation is generally required of DTE equipment typical selections include 0 0 7 5 and 15 dB of loss at 772 KHz Line Code Violations LCV Error Event A Line Coding Violation LCV is the occurrence of either a Bipolar Violation BPV or Excessive Zeroes EXZ Error Event Link An entity that defines a topological relationship including available transport capacity between two nodes in different subnetworks Multiple links may exist between a pair of sub networks Synonymous with logical link Link Access Procedure Balanced LAPB Data link protocol in the X 25 protocol stack LAPB is a bit oriented protocol derived from HDLC See also HDLC and
212. t level determine the process number of inetd by entering the following host ps aux grep inetd Something similar to the following will be displayed root 216 0 0 0 0 48 07 IW Jan 27 0 14 inetd where 216 represents the process number of inetd 5 Enter the following command to make inetd re read its configuration file host kill HUP 216 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Software Upgrade Instructions ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual P zz Troubleshooting The troubleshooting tests detailed in this appendix will clearly indicate and identify the most common problems in establishing ATM networks Therefore before calling FORE Systems Technical Support perform these tests to correct or at least pinpoint the problem If you need to call Technical Support please have the results of these tests ready in addition to the information requested in Section A 3 when reporting your problem A 1 Adapter Hardware Troubleshooting The flowchart in Figure A 1 illustrates the tests used to check the basic hardware functionality of a FORE Systems adapter with the adapter card isolated from the network The tools used to perform the tests are provided by FORE Systems and the computer hardware vendor Each of the tests indicated by the diamond shaped blocks in Figure A 1 is described individually in the following subsections ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual A 1 E x E z 7 gt E
213. t suite operation test lt board number gt The board number variable indicates the switch fabric number Enter 1 for the board number since there is only 1 switch fabric To test the ASX 200 enter the following parame ters operation test 1 The switch will respond with the following warning to verify that you want to take this action KKKKK WARNING KKKKK Testing the switch requires physically disconnecting all of its ATM connections thus disrupting all traffic passing through this switch The switch will also be rebooted after testing is completed Test switch board 1 n By entering n or pressing the RETURN key the switch will return with the prompt B 10 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual SCP Diagnostics By entering y this will cause a sequence of tests to run on the ASX 200 A test that completes correctly will be reported as ok If any of the tests report failed contact FORE Systems Technical Support Test switch board 1 n y Did init_symbol_table Testing board control logiG6 amp oo saved caved 9909s ok Testing memory bank Lo 16g ocry sede se oa gd ve nea segs ck I gale i ge deos ok Testing memory bank 2 luus OR dete ATA eee aa ok Testing memory bank 3 3 9 5c gigs Boag Siege Se yale ok Ilestindg routing Ao cosine raedo ke cose coe 90809069 ok Testing LOOKUP Se Lo xs Ese ES Sn ok T sbting look Bs Que IRR RR v ete ere eta eye ate vn nta era etg ok Testing LOOKUP SSe e eee
214. t switch_name gt Input Output Port Type Mb s State Time VPs VCs BW Cells VPs VCs BW Cells Bl user 00 down 9 08 15 2 00 0 2 LOO 137783 B2 user 00 down 9 08 15 2 00 0 2 LOO 137784 B3 user 00 up 9 08 15 3 00 141332 4 100 149078 B4 user 00 down 9 08 15 2 00 0 2 LOO 137784 Cl user 40 up 9 08 15 4 40 140569 3 140 148928 C2 net 40 up 02 44 38 7 40 1046 M 6 140 193732 C3 net 40 up 9 08 15 5 40 1297 M 6 140 455400 C4 user 40 up 9 06 25 7 5 40 138800 5 140 1046 M CTL user 80 up 9 08 13 22 80 1M 22 80 1M ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual A 17 Troubleshooting The following commands are run by logging in to AMI and opening a session on the switch fabric Enter the following parameters at the prompt for the type of network modules that are installed in your switch fabric Port ICI LEZ 1C3 1C4 LD1 LD2 LD3 LD4 LCTL Port 2A1 2A2 2A3 2A4 2C1 2C2 2C3 2C4 2E1 2E3 2E4 VPI CT AO RS O G Oar CX dx SS configuration spans show State Type CDVT Action RemoteAddress down uni 250 tag down uni 250 tag down uni 250 tag up uni 250 tag 169 144 60 108 down uni 250 tag down uni 250 tag down uni 250 tag down uni 250 tag up uni 0 tag 10 10 10 48 configuration port show Carrier Mbps CDVT Policing VBROB BuffOB AIS RDI Model no no no no no no no no no no no 2CTL yes Port LD1 LD2 LD3 LD4 LD5 LD6 LCTL VPI CF 0 gt XO E
215. ta services running at rates beginning at 155 Mbps Broadband ISDN User s Part B ISUP A protocol used to establish maintain and release broadband switched network connections across an SS7 ATM network Broadband Terminal Equipment B TE An equipment category for B ISDN which includes terminal adapters and terminals Broadcast Data transmission to all addresses or functions Broadcast and Unknown Server BUS in an emulated LAN the BUS is responsible for accept ing broadcast multicast and unknown unicast packets from the LECs to the broadcast MAC address FFFFFFFFFFFF via dedicated point to point connections and forwarding the pack ets to all of the members of the ELAN using a single point to multipoint connection Brouter bridging router a device that routes some protocols and bridges others based on con figuration information Buffer A data storage medium used to compensate of a difference in rate of data flow or time of occurrence of events when transmitting data from one device to another Building Integrated Timing Supply BITS a master timing supply for an entire building which is a master clock and its ancillary equipment The BITS supplies DS1 and or composite clock timing references for synchronization to all other clocks and timing sources in that building Bursty Errored Seconds BES a BES contains more than 1 and fewer than 320 path coding violation error events and no severely errored frame or AI
216. tall the ASX 1000 in the equipment rack use the following procedure 1 Choose a rack position for the ASX 1000 WARNING A Because of the unit s weight two people should lift the unit to place it in the equipment rack 2 Place the ASX 1000 in the rack with the front of the unit facing forward CAUTION A 3 After mounting the enclosure verify that the enclosure is screwed tightly to the rack to ensure that proper grounding is maintained Additionally the rack should When it is mounted in the equipment rack do not use the ASX 1000 chassis to support other equipment This could overload the mounting brackets and cause damage to the unit be connected to an earth ground i i The ASX 1000 is an operational ATM switch at this point if used with other ForeRunner switches or with ForeRunner ATM interface cards However if other vendor equipment is connected you may have to complete an initial user configuration If you wish to have remote access to the switch you must first install a serial cable and configure a modem Please refer to Section 2 6 and Section 2 7 for more information ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Switch Setup 2 6 Installing the Serial Cable Connect the serial cable supplied with the switch from the switch s serial port to any tty type device such as a terminal or the serial port of a workstation or PC running a terminal emula tion program The switch s serial port comes co
217. tch s serial port through a telnet session to a workstation whose serial port is connected to the switch etc If you are connecting to the switch via a terminal connected to the serial port make sure you are using a true dumb terminal or a true VI 100 terminal emulation program If you are connecting to the switch via a modem see Section 2 7 for more information about modem con figuration If you want to telnet to a host whose serial port is connected to the switch one way to start a session with the switch is by using the tip command tip establishes a full duplex terminal connection to a remote host Once the connection is established a remote session using tip behaves like an interactive session on a local terminal Once you telnet to the connected host enter the following at the host prompt host tip 9600 dev ttya where 9600 represents the speed to which the switch s serial port has been set see Section 2 6 and Section 2 7 and the a in ttya represents the serial port of the workstation having the connection to the serial port of the switch this value could also be b as in t t yb 4 16 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Software Upgrade Instructions If you were already connected to the switch via the serial port before the switch lost power you should see something similar to the following when Mini Loader boots the switch Switch Control Processor 16 Jan 17 1995 Copyright 1994 FORE Systems Inc Copyr
218. ted Session Layer Layer 5 in the OSI model that is responsible for establishing and managing ses sions between the application programs running in different nodes Severely Errored Seconds SES a second during which more event errors have occurred than the SES threshold normally 10 3 Shaping Descriptor n ordered pairs of GCRA parameters LL used to define the negotiated traffic shape of an APP connection The traffic shape refers to the load balancing of a network where load balancing means configuring data flows to maximize network efficiency Shielded Pair Two insulated wires in a cable wrapped with metallic braid or foil to prevent interference and provide noise free transmission Shielded Twisted Pair STP two or more insulated wires twisted together and then wrapped in a cable with metallic braid or foil to prevent interference and offer noise free transmissions Signaling System No 7 SS7 The SS7 protocol has been specified by ITU T and is a protocol for interexchange signaling Simple and Efficient Adaptation Layer SEAL also called AAL 5 this ATM adaptation layer assumes that higher layer processes will provide error recovery thereby simplifying the SAR portion of the adaptation layer Using this AAL type packs all 48 bytes of an ATM cell infor mation field with data It also assumes that only one message is crossing the UNI at a time That is multiple end users at one location cannot interleave messages o
219. terleaved Par ity Line BIP 24 Section BIP 8 Path BIP 8 errors Header Check Sequence HCS errors cells received RxCells cells transmitted TxCells Compliance ATM Forum AF PHY 0046 000 ITU T 1 432 ANSI T1E1 2 93 020 T1S1 92 185 ITU T G 957 Bellcore TR NWT 000253 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Hardware Specifications C 2 5 1 5 Mbps DS1 Module The following specifications apply to network modules NM 2 DS1C and NM 6 DS1C Description Specification Port Capacity Two or six DS1 ports per module Data Rate 1 544 Mbps Output Buffer 13 312 cell capacity Media Unshielded Twisted Pair UTP Max Line Length 655 ft Connector RJ 45 Line Encoding B8ZS Framing ESF optionally PLCP Clock Accuracy 32 ppm Timing Primary and secondary 8kHz reference from internal default or network Loopbacks Transmit and receive loopbacks Impedance 100 ohms nominal Statistics Alarms Line Code Violations LCV framing bit errors FER CRC 6 Bit Error Events BEE Out Of Frame events OOF Header Check Sequence HCS errors cells received RxCells cells transmitted TxCells signal clock detec tion and AIS indication Compliance ATM Forum AF PHY 0016 000 ANSI Bellcore T1 102 T1 107 T1 408 TR TSY 000009 ITU T G 703 G 704 G 804 oJeMpseH Nn E o f 3 D ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual C 11 Hardware Specifications
220. the proper outgoing line is available then retransmitting it with no direct connection between incoming and out going lines Straight Tip ST see Stick and Turn Structured Cabling SC see Stick and Click ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Glossary 31 Glossary Structured Connectors SC see Stick and Click Sublayer a logical subdivision of a layer SubNetwork Access Protocol SNAP a specially reserved variant of IEEE 802 2 encoding SNAP indicates to look further into the packet where it will fine a Type field Subscriber Network Interface SNI the interface between an SMDS end user s CPE and the network directly serving the end user supported by either a DS1 or DS3 access arrangement Super Frame SF a term used to describe the repeating 12 D4 frame format that composes a standard non ESF T1 service Super User a login ID that allows unlimited access to the full range of a device s functionality including especially the ability to reconfigure the device and set passwords Sustainable Cell Rate SCR ATM Forum parameter defined for traffic management For VBR connections SCR determines the long term average cell rate that can be transmitted Sustained Information Rate SIR In ATM this refers to the long term average data transmis sion rate across the User to Network Interface In SMDS this refers to the committed informa tion rate similar to CIR for Frame Relay Service Switch Equipment used to i
221. the user and to prevent damage to the equipment it is recommended that you use the included grounding strap when handling this or any other component A replacement AC power supply will not function in a DC equipped ASX 200BX and vice versa However no damage will result if this occurs 1 Determine which power supply is defective by either consulting Fore View to tell which is the bad supply or by examining the power supplies themselves A red LED or an extinguished LED indicates the failed supply Power supply 1 is on the left hand side of the unit and power supply 2 is on the right hand side while facing the front of the unit 3 4 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Hardware Maintenance Procedures WARNING Failure to perform Step 2 can result in serious injury to the user or damage to the equipment 2 Turn OFF the power switch on the front of the defective power supply 3 Unplug and remove the power cord from the rear of the unit that corresponds to the failed supply When facing the front of the unit power supply 1 on the left corresponds to the top power cord in the rear 4 Unscrew the two captive fasteners on the front of the unit using a straight blade screwdriver Pull forward on the handle to remove the sliding tray Unscrew the four nuts securing the inner tray to the sliding tray Lift the inner tray from the sliding tray 9o Sy n Place the new power supply inner tray assembly in th
222. tics All open AMI sessions are ended by the SCP and all ports lose any active sessions and initially go off line after a reset The ports then return to the configuration stored in the CDB Because the RESET button is small to avoid accidental resets it is recommended that you use a straightened paper clip to push the RESET button 1 2 2 2 2 RS 232 Serial Port The RS 232 serial port provides terminal access for any VT100 or similar terminal or terminal emulation package to the SCP The serial port has a standard DB 9 female connector as shown in Figure 1 7 Pin 5 Pin 1 Pin9 Pin6 Figure 1 7 RS 232 Serial Port Pinouts 1 6 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Switch Hardware Table 1 1 describes the RS 232 serial port pinouts that are illustrated in Figure 1 7 Table 1 1 RS 232 Serial Port Pinouts Pin Number Ree an Signal Name 1 DCD Data Carrier Detect 2 RXD Receive Data 3 TXD Transmit Data 4 DTR Data Terminal Ready 5 GND Signal Ground 6 DSR Data Set Ready 7 RTS Request to Send 8 CTS Clear to Send 9 Not Used 1 2 2 2 3 Ethernet 10BaseT Port The Ethernet 10BaseT port on the front panel of the SCP has a standard RJ45 connector There is a transmit LED to the left of this port and a receive LED to the right of this port Table 1 2 and Table 1 2 describe the states of the LEDs and their meanings S eg I D w a S a Table 1 2 Ethernet 10Ba
223. tions in Section 4 3 4 1 2 Obtaining the Software Upgrade File via Diskette Using the FORE Systems distribution diskettes the upgrade software must be installed on a workstation attached via Ethernet or ATM to the SCP being upgraded The first disk contains a part of the distribution software as well as a script that extracts the remaining software from the rest of the disks and builds the upgrade distribution on the workstation The first disk can be extracted using the tar command tar xvf device where device is the block device name of the floppy drive This disk should then be ejected from the floppy drive On a SunOS system the following command will eject a disk eject device where device is the block device name of the floppy drive On other operating systems there may be a different command for ejecting a floppy disk or there may be a manual eject button If there is a manual eject button eject the disk and proceed If there is a UNIX com mand for ejecting the floppy use that command to eject the floppy and proceed 4 4 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Software Upgrade Instructions At this point two files should have been created fore_extract and ASX 200BX version where version is the new software version This file will be named ASX 200 version if you are using the distribution diskettes for an ASX 200 The fore extract file is the script that will extract the files from the other
224. to equipment that is on a carrier side See also point of demarcation Cut Through Establishment of a complete path for signaling and or audio communications Cyclic Redundancy Check CRC an error detection scheme in which a number is derived from the data that will be transmitted By recalculating the CRC at the remote end and com paring it to the value originally transmitted the receiving node can detect errors D3 D4 Refers to compliance with AT amp T TR Technical Reference 62411 definitions for coding supervision and alarm support D3 D4 compatibility ensures support of digital PBXes M24 services Megacom services and Mode 3 D3 D4 channel banks at DS 1 level D4 Channelization refers to compliance with AT amp T Technical Reference 62411 regarding DS1 frame layout the sequential assignment of channels and time slot numbers within the DS1 D4 Framed Framing Format in T1 a 193 bit frame format in which the 193rd bit is used for framing and signaling information the frame framing bit To be considered in support of D4 Framing a device must be able to synchronize and frame up on the 193rd bit Data Communications Equipment DCE a definition in the RS232C standard that describes the functions of the signals and the physical characteristics of an interface for a communication device such as a modem Data Country Code DCC This specifies the country in which an address is registered The codes are given in ISO 3166 T
225. top connections to those spanning wide area networks ForeRun ner ATM switches provide high performance high reliability ATM connectivity for LAN workgroup and desktop applications LAN backbone applications and LAN WAN internet working applications Together with the ForeRunner series of ATM LAN and WAN network nodules these switches meet the networking demands of today s distributed time critical applications All of the ForeRunner ATM switches deliver high performance switching capacity and speed for ATM applications A non blocking switching capacity of 2 5 Gbps is continually available on the ASX 200 the ASX 200WG or the ASX 200BX Each switch provides up to 4 ports of connectivity each running at speeds up to 622 Mbps or up to 16 ports each running at speeds up to 155 Mbps or up to 24 ports each running at speeds up to 100 Mbps The ASX 1000 pro vides 10 Gbps of switching capacity for up to 16 ports of connectivity each running at speeds up to 622 Mbps or up to 64 ports each running at speeds up to 155 Mbps or up to 96 ports each running at speeds up to 100 Mbps This section provides an overview of the FORE Systems family of ForeRunner ATM switches It details operating environmental and general specifications as well as the hardware require ments necessary to use the different switches ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual C 1 i o E o f 5 D JeMpIeH Hardware Specifications C 1 1
226. tor check the IP configuration If cells are going out the ATM Output Cells field shows a value other than zero then the PVC on the switch fabric may be configured incorrectly Check the PVC configuration If it is not set up properly then correct the PVC and rerun the test If the PVC is configured correctly and the error persists call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance Ems faj z D 7 gt fe o a A 2 2 2 Cells and VPI VCI Errors Received by Remote If the remote workstation is receiving cells and is receiving VPI VCI errors then this indicates that cells are coming into the workstation but are on a VPI VCI that may not be configured correctly Check the PVC configuration If it is not set up properly then correct the PVC and rerun the test If the PVC is configured correctly and the error persists then the incoming ARP entry on the remote workstation is most likely the problem List the ATM ARP cache using atmarp a and check the incoming ARP entry for that connection If the incoming ARP entry is not configured properly then correct the configuration and rerun the test If the incoming ARP entry is configured properly and the error persists then call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance A 2 2 3 Cells and AAL Errors Received by Remote If the remote workstation is receiving cells and AAL errors it is likely that the AAL types of the outgoing entry on the local
227. try group that defines how television signals are encoded and trans mitted in the US See also PAL SECAM for non U S countries Near End in a relationship between two devices in a circuit the near end device is the one that is local Network Layer Layer three In the OSI model the layer that is responsible for routing data across the network Network Management Entity NM body of software in a switching system that provides the ability to manage the PNNI protocol NM interacts with the PNNI protocol through the MIB Network Management Layer NML an abstraction of the functions provided by systems which manage network elements on a collective basis providing end to end network monitoring Network Management Station NMS system responsible for managing a network or portion of a network by talking to network management agents which reside in the managed nodes Network Module ATM port interface cards which may be individually added to or removed from any ForeRunner ATM switch to provide a diverse choice of connection alternatives Network Parameter Control NPC Defined as the set of actions taken by the network to moni tor and control traffic from the NNI Its main purpose is to protect network resources from malicious as well as unintentional misbehavior which can affect the QoS of other already established connections by detecting violations of negotiated parameters and taking appropri ate actions Refer to UPC For
228. uentially from top to bottom i e pin 1 is the top pin when the CEC is installed in the switch and pin 4 is the bottom pin ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 1 23 Switch Hardware Pin 1 e Pin 2 e Pin 3 gt e Pin 4 e Figure 1 15 Alarm Relay Contacts for AL1 and AL2 The alarm relay contacts are normally closed when there is no power to the switch The user can attach alarm circuits to these contacts to trigger an external alarm in the case of an alarm condition on the switch The user can define AL1 and AL2 as major and minor alarm indicators and can display which condition is alarming through the use of AMI For more information please refer to the alarm configuration section in the ATM Management Interface Manual 1 24 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Switch Hardware Table 1 7 Alarm Relay Contact Status During Major and Minor Alarms Condition Pins 1 and 2 Pins 3 and 4 Switch Powered OFF Jumped Jumped During Boot Indeterminate Indeterminate Normal Operation Open Open Minor Alarm Only Jumped Open Major Alarm Only Open Jumped Major and Minor Alarms Jumped Jumped 1 2 8 3 CEC Status LEDs In Table 1 7 Jumped indicates that the circuit between the indicated pins has been closed i e an external alarm would be triggered if connected to the pins This subsection discusses the meaning of the status LE
229. uish them from the rest of the text as fol lows Are all four conditions true ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual EET TCR Preface Important Information Indicators To call your attention to safety and otherwise important information that must be reviewed to ensure correct and complete installation as well as to avoid damage to the FORE Systems product or to your system FORE Systems utilizes the following WARNING CAUTION NOTE indicators WARNING statements contain information that is critical to the safety of the operator and or the system Do not proceed beyond a WARNING statement until the indicated conditions are fully understood or met This information could prevent serious injury to the operator dam age to the FORE Systems product the system or currently loaded software and is indicated as follows WARNING Hazardous voltages are present To reduce the risk of electrical shock and danger to personal health follow the instructions carefully CAUTION statements contain information that is important for proper installation opera tion Compliance with CAUTION statements can prevent possible equipment damage and or loss of data and are indicated as follows CAUTION You risk damaging your equipment and or software if you do not follow these instructions NOTE statements contain information that has been found important enough to be called to the special attention of the operator and is set off from the te
230. ve switch Pin Pin ForeRunner Switch 1 1 RX 2 2 RX RX 3 3 TX 4 4 TX 5 5 RX 6 6 7 aoe 7 TX 8 8 TX C 18 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Hardware Specifications C 2 9 3 Connecting Adapters with Token Ring Pinouts to ForeRunner Switches Like switches some adapters use different pin assignments than those mentioned before Con necting one of these adapters to a ForeRunner Switch would require the connections to be mapped as follows e Pin3 to pin 1 in both directions e Pin 4 to pin 7 in both directions e Pin 5 to pin 8 in both directions e Pin 6 to pin 2 in both directions Alternative Pin Pin ForeRunner Switch adapter 1 1 RX Lh 2 RX TX 3 3 RX 4 4 RX 5 5 TX 6 6 7 7 TX 8 8 TX The cable used in the connections shown in Eu Section C 2 9 2 and Section C 2 9 3 must be either a UTP 3 or UTP 5 bidirectional crossover cable with 8 pin male RJ 45 modular connectors at each end ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual C 19 i o E o f 5 D JeMpIeH Hardware Specifications C 2 10 34 Mbps E3 Module The following specifications apply to network modules NM 2 E3C and NM 4 E3C Description Specification Port Capacity Two or four E3 ports per module Data Rate 34 368 Mbps Output Buffer 13 312 cell capacity Media Coaxial Max Line Length 450 ft Connector BNC Line Encoding HDB3 Framing Per ITU T G 832 or G
231. ware files you must switch the transfer mode to binary The following script is an example of how you might retrieve the software and readme files User input is shown in bold courier font 4 2 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Software Upgrade Instructions server jdoe 52 ftp ftp fore com Connected to ftp fore com o 220 ftp fore com FTP server Version wu 2 4 4 Tue Apr 11 13 53 34 EDT 1995 ready a S Name ftp fore com jdoe anonymous E E 331 Guest login ok send your complete e mail address as password S Password TYPE YOUR FULL E MAIL ADDRESS HERE ENTER aS 230 7 E 230 WELCOME to the FORE Systems FTP Server a 230 230 We are currently making many changes to the server to make it easier 230 for you use and search for the files that you are looking for 230 Announcements regarding these changes will be posted here as they 230 are completed 230 230 If you have any problems finding the files that you are looking for 230 you can contact FORE Systems Technical Support by phone or send email 230 to support fore com 230 230 Abuse of any FORE Systems Technical Services system is grounds for the 230 immediate removal of all access 230 230 230 Guest login ok access restrictions apply ftp cd priv release sunny ENTER 250 CWD command successful ftp get asx scp 4 1 0 1 3 readme ENTER 200 PORT command successful 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for asx scp 4 1 0 1
232. ware Specifications C 1 3 ForeRunner ASX 200BX The ForeRunner ASX 200BX ATM switch has the following specifications Features Specification Switching Fabric 2 5 Gbps non blocking Number of Ports 2 to 24 ports Traffic Policing UPC dual leaky bucket support Switch Transit Delay lt 10 microseconds Connection Setup Time lt 8 milliseconds 120 calls second Control Processor i960 HA switch control processor Maximum Port Speed 622 Mbps OC 12 STM 4c Ethernet Interface Standard RJ 45 connector Serial Interface DB 9 female connector Power nominal AC 90 270VAC 47 63Hz 2 2 amps maximum 198 594 watts DC 36 76 VDC 10 amps maximum Dimensions H 4 75 12 1 cm W 17 5 44 5 cm D 18 45 7 cm Weight 24 9 Ibs 11 3 kg maximum General Specifications Standards Compliance ITU 1 361 ATM Layer ATM Forum UNI v3 1 Emissions FCC Part 15 Class A CISPR 22 Class A VCCI Class 1 Safety US UL 1950 Canada CSA 22 2 No 950 M89 Europe EN 60950 Operating Temperature 5 C to 40 C up to 10 000 ft Operating Humidity 10 90 relative humidity non condensing Storage Temperature 40 C to 70 C up to 30 000 ft Storage Humidity 5 to 95 relative humidity non condensing ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Hardware Specifications C 1 4 ForeRunner ASX 1000 The ForeRun
233. ware Specifications C 2 2 155 Mbps OC 3c STM 1 MM Module The following specifications apply to network modules NM 4 155MMSCC and NM 4 155MMSTC Description Specification Port Capacity Four SONET SDH ports per module Data Rate 155 52 Mbps Output Buffer 32 768 cell capacity Media Multimode fiber Max Line Length 2 km Connectors ST or dual SC Line Encoding Non Return to Zero NRZ Framing STS 3c STM 1 Clock Accuracy 20 ppm Timing Internal timing or per port network timing Loopbacks Transmit and receive loopbacks Power 14 to 20 dBm transmit 14 to 30 dBm receive 0 to 10 dB path attenuation Core Diameter 62 5 um Fiber Diameter 125 um Wavelength 1310 nm Statistics Alarms SONET SDH statistics include Loss of Signal LOS Loss of Frame LOF Loss of Pointer LOP Far End Block Errors FEBE Alarm Indication Signal AIS Far End Receive Fail ure FERF Yellow Alarm Bit Interleaved Par ity errors Line BIP 24 Section BIP 8 Path BIP 8 Header Check Sequence HCS errors Compliance ATM Forum STS 3c UNI v3 1 ITU T 1432 ANSI T1E1 2 93 020 T151 92 185 ITU T G 957 Bellcore TR NWT 000253 oJeMpseH Nn E o f 3 D ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual C 7 Hardware Specifications C 2 3 155 Mbps STS 3c STM 1 UTP Module The following specifications apply to network modules NM 4 155UTP5EC and NM 4 155UTP5C
234. wires have been connected replace the protective cover on the ter minal block 15 Return DC power to the feed wires coming into the supply by turning on the top breaker on the BIP 16 Turn the circuit breaker switch on the front of the power supply to ON up v 7 is Qa c oO 7 SITITVES TITRES L2 93128 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 3 7 Hardware Maintenance Procedures 3 2 2 ASX 1000 Power Supply Module Replacement 3 2 2 1 Replacing an ASX 1000 AC Power Supply Model A A model A AC power supply module for an ASX 1000 is shown in Figure 3 2 Retention screws EE Ejection insertion handle Figure 3 2 Model A ASX 1000 AC Power Supply 3 8 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Hardware Maintenance Procedures The procedure for hot swapping a model A ASX 1000 AC power supply is as follows WARNING A replacement DC power supply should never be placed in an ASX 1000 that already contains an AC power supply and vice versa If these instructions are not heeded there is a risk of electrical shock danger to personal health and serious damage to the equipment WARNING It is highly recommended that you use the included grounding strap when handling this or any other component 1 Determine which power supply is defective by either consulting ForeView to tell which is the bad supply or by examining the power supplies themselves A red LED or an extinguished LED indicates th
235. witch User s Manual 3 17 Hardware Maintenance Procedures 3 4 Switch Control Processor Replacement The following procedure explains how to remove an i960 switch control processor SCP from a switch fabric and install a new SCP WARNING It is highly recommended that you use the included grounding strap when handling this or any other component CAUTION Do not attempt to remove or replace an SCP without first removing all connections to the SCP i e serial or Ethernet connections Only HA based SCPs are hot swappable If you are replacing an earlier model SCP you must power down the switch before starting this procedure 1 If replacing a CF based SCP or earlier turn the power switch on any installed power supplies to the OFF position unplug and remove all power cords Loosen the captive fasteners on either edge of the SCP using a straight screwdriver Pull firmly and carefully on the two captive fasteners removing the SCP from the switch fabric as shown in Figure 3 5 Loosen captive fasteners and pull STRAIGHT out Figure 3 5 Removal of an SCP 3 18 ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 8 9 Hardware Maintenance Procedures Set the old SCP aside CAUTION Take care to properly align the SCP in the card guides in the following step Insert the new SCP into the switch fabric by sliding it into the card guides Push firmly to seat the SCP so that its faceplate is flush with the fro
236. witches or with ForeRunner ATM interface cards However if other vendor equipment is connected you may have to complete an initial user configuration If you wish to have remote access to the switch you must first install a serial cable and configure a modem Please refer to Section 2 6 and Section 2 7 for more information ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Switch Setup 2 5 Rack Mounting an ASX 1000 The ASX 1000 switch is designed to be rack mounted The following items should be addressed when rack mounting this switch WARNING When rack mounting equipment make sure that a hazardous condition is not created due to uneven weight distribution gt CAUTION FORE Systems recommends that the maximum operating temperature not exceed 40 C Consideration must be made if the switch is to be installed in a closed or multi unit rack assembly because the ambient temperature of the rack environment may be greater than the room ambient temperature A Take care not to block the air vents of the switch as this would compromise the amount of air flow required for proper cooling CAUTION Ensure that any unpopulated switch board slots are covered with a blank panel before turning on your ASX 1000 Operating the switch with any of these slots left open can cause a significant temperature rise in a very short time gt ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual 2 7 Switch Setup 2 5 1 Installing the ASX 1000 To ins
237. ws operating system and platform names and versions e ifconfig fa0 Shows adapter interface configuration e netstat nr Shows routing table with destinations gateways and flags e netstat in Shows device names and addresses and usage information e adinfo fa0 Shows adapter device name and version information e atmstat d fa0 Shows carrier state and a variety of error counters Typical responses are shown under each command The responses from these commands enable support to gather sufficient information to resolve the majority of problems ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual A 13 Troubleshooting The assumed adapter name in the examples is a0 On your particular system the adapter may have a different designation To check the name of your adapter use the command netstat in uname a IRIX beluga 5 3 11091812 IP22 mips ifconfig fa0 fa0 flags 863 lt UP BROADCAST NOTRAILERS RUNNING MULTICAST gt inet 198 29 38 206 netmask Oxffffff00 broadcast 198 29 38 255 Routing tables Destination 27 0 0 1 98 29 24 0 default 629 204 B29 229 29 294 92 204 329 229 29 29 3 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 95 88 16 89 25x 26 Ads LO 243 0 120 44 0 28 29 215 234 O OG O O O o O O O O netstat nr Gateway Flags Refcnt Use Interface 27 0 0 1 UH 3 2264661 100 98 29 16 74 UG 1 9751 fa0 92 88 243 19 UG 3 123714 ied 98 29 16 54 U 29 10892307 fa0 98 29 1
238. xt as follows If you change the value of the LECS control E parameters while the LECS process is running the new values do not take effect until the LECS process is stopped and then restarted iv ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Preface Laser Notice Class 1 Laser Product This product conforms to applicable requirements of 21 CFR 1040 at the date of manufacture PETER Class 1 lasers are defined as products which do not permit human access to laser radiation in excess of the accessible limits of Class 1 for applicable wavelengths and durations These lasers are safe under reasonably foreseeable conditions of operation Every FORE Systems network module having a fiber optic interface contains a Class 1 laser The Laser Notice section only applies to E products or components containing Class 1 lasers ForeRunner ATM Switch User s Manual Preface Safety Precautions For your protection observe the following safety precautions when setting up equipment e Follow all warnings and instructions marked on the equipment e Ensure that the voltage and frequency of your power source matches the voltage and frequency inscribed on the equipment s electrical rating label e Never push objects of any kind through openings in the equipment Dangerous voltages may be present Conductive foreign objects could produce a short circuit that could cause fire electric shock or damage to your equipment Modifications
239. y used in the United States and Europe and is recommended for speeds up to 48 Kbps Variable Bit Rate VBR a type of traffic that when sent over a network is tolerant of delays and changes in the amount of bandwidth it is allocated e g data applications Virtual Channel or Circuit VC a communications path between two nodes identified by label rather than fixed physical path Virtual Channel Connection VCC a unidirectional concatenation of VCLs that extends between the points where the ATM service users access the ATM Layer The points at which the ATM cell payload is passed to or received from the users of the ATM Layer i e a higher layer or ATMM entity for processing signify the endpoints of a VCC Virtual Channel Identifier VCI the address or label of a VC a value stored in a field in the ATM cell header that identifies an individual virtual channel to which the cell belongs VCI values may be different for each data link hop of an ATM virtual connection Virtual Channel Link VCL a means of unidirectional transport of ATM cells between the point where a VCI value is assigned and the point where that value is translated or removed Virtual Channel Switch a network element that connects VCLs It terminates VPCs and trans lates VCI values The Virtual Channel Switch is directed by Control Plane functions and relays the cells of a VC Virtual Connection an endpoint to endpoint connection in an ATM network A

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ForeRunner™ ATM Switch User's Manual